Pieces.

The seven Soma pieces are six polycubes of order four, and one of order three:

Production.

Piet Hein authorized a finely crafted rosewood version of the Soma cube manufactured by Theodor Skjøde Knudsen's company Skjøde Skjern (of Denmark). Beginning in about 1967, it was marketed in the U.S. for several years by the game manufacturer Parker Brothers. Plastic Soma cube sets were also commercially produced by Parker Brothers in several colors (blue, red, and orange) during the 1970s. The package for the Parker Brothers version claimed there were 1,105,920 possible solutions. This figure includes rotations and reflections of each solution as well as rotations of the individual pieces. The puzzle is currently sold as a logic game by ThinkFun (formerly Binary Arts) under the name Block by Block.

Solutions.

Solving the Soma cube has been used as a task to measure individuals' performance and effort in a series of psychology experiments. In these experiments, test subjects are asked to solve a soma cube as many times as possible within a set period of time. For example, In 1969, Edward Deci, a Carnegie Mellon University graduate assistant at the time, asked his research subjects to solve a soma cube under conditions with varying incentives in his dissertation work on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation establishing the social psychological theory of crowding out.  In each of the 240 solutions to the cube puzzle, there is only one place that the "T" piece can be placed. Each solved cube can be rotated such that the "T" piece is on the bottom with its long edge along the front and the "tongue" of the "T" in the bottom center cube (this is the normalized position of the large cube). This can be proven as follows: If you consider all the possible ways that the "T" piece can be placed in the large cube (without regard to any of the other pieces), it will be seen that it will always fill either two corners of the large cube or zero corners. There is no way to orient the "T" piece such that it fills only one corner of the large cube. The "L" piece can be oriented such that it fills two corners, or one corner, or zero corners. Each of the other five pieces have no orientation that fills two corners; they can fill either one corner or zero corners. Therefore, if you exclude the "T" piece, the maximum number of corners that can be filled by the remaining six pieces is seven (one corner each for five pieces, plus two corners for the "L" piece). A cube has eight corners. But the "T" piece cannot be oriented to fill just that one remaining corner, and orienting it such that it fills zero corners will obviously not make a cube. Therefore, the "T" must always fill two corners, and there is only one orientation (discounting rotations and reflections) in which it does that. It also follows from this that in all solutions, five of the remaining six pieces will fill their maximum number of corners and one piece will fill one fewer than its maximum (this is called the deficient piece).

Similar puzzles.

Similar to Soma cube is the 3D pentomino puzzle, which can fill boxes of 2×3×10, 2×5×6 and 3×4×5 units.  The Bedlam cube is a 4×4×4 sided cube puzzle consisting of twelve pentacubes and one tetracube. The Diabolical cube is a puzzle of six polycubes that can be assembled together to form a single 3×3×3 cube.

The Soma cube is a solid dissection puzzle invented by Piet Hein in 1933 during a lecture on quantum mechanics conducted by Werner Heisenberg. Its name is alleged to be derived from the fictitious drug "soma" consumed as a pastime by the establishment in Aldous Huxley's dystopic novel "Brave New World".

索马立方(Soma cube)是一个1933年由皮亚特·海恩发明的实体智力游戏,在维尔纳·海森堡一次量子力学的演讲中发明的游戏。用七块多立方体组成一个3x3x3的立方体。这些多立方体也可以组成许多不同的三维形状。索马立方用到的多立方体包括1个三立方体及6个四立方体,因此3 + (6 x 4)为27,恰好是3 x 3 x 3立方体的大小。


Design.

The German 1898 Naval Law called for the replacement of the fleet's older cruising vessels—steam corvettes, unprotected cruisers, and avisos—with modern light cruisers. The first tranche of vessels to fulfill this requirement, the, were designed to serve both as fleet scouts and as station ships in Germany's colonial empire. They provided the basis for subsequent designs, beginning with the that was designed in 1901–1903. The principle improvements consisted of a larger hull that allowed for an additional pair of boilers and a higher top speed.  "Bremen" was long overall and had a beam of and a draft of forward. She displaced as designed and up to at full load. Her propulsion system consisted of two triple-expansion steam engines with steam provided by ten coal-fired Marine-type water-tube boilers. Her propulsion system was rated at for a top speed of. "Bremen" carried up to of coal, which gave her a range of at. She had a crew of 14 officers and 274–287 enlisted men.  The ship was armed with ten SK L/40 guns in single mounts. Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle, six were located amidships, three on either side, and two were placed side by side aft. The guns could engage targets out to. They were supplied with 1,500 rounds of ammunition, for 150 shells per gun. For defense against torpedo boats, she carried ten Maxim guns in individual mounts. She was also equipped with two torpedo tubes with five torpedoes. They were submerged in the hull on the broadside. The ship was protected by an armored deck that was up to thick. The conning tower had thick sides, and the guns were protected by thick gun shields.

Service history.

"Bremen" was ordered under the contract name "L" and was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in the ship's namesake city on 1 August 1902 and was launched on 9 July 1903. At her launching ceremony, Bremen's "Bürgermeister" (mayor), Dr. Pauli, christened the ship. The ship was moved to the "Kaiserliche Werft" (Imperial Shipyard) in Wilhelmshaven for fitting-out work. She was commissioned for sea trials on 19 May 1904 under the command of "Korvettenkapitän" ("KK"—Corvette Captain) Paul Schlieper; during her initial testing, she reached a maximum speed of, far in excess of her design speed and very high for warships of the period. Trials were completed on 15 July and "Bremen" was scheduled to be decommissioned, but the naval command instead decided to send her to replace the light cruiser on a deployment to the American Station. "KK" Richard Koch then took command of the ship.

Deployment to the American Station.

1904–1907.

After making preparations for her deployment in Kiel, she left the port on 27 August and crossed the Atlantic, stopping in Funchal on the island of Madeira en route to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, arriving there on 25 September. There, she met the flagship of the East-American Cruiser Division, the protected cruiser. By this time, the dispute with Venezuela that had prompted the Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903 between that country and Britain, Germany, and Italy had been settled, so she was no longer needed to enforce the settlement. Instead, "Bremen" was tasked with showing the flag to protect German economic interests, German nationals living overseas, and assist with German diplomatic efforts. At the time, the German division used the Danish port of Charlotte Amalie on the island of Saint Thomas in the Danish West Indies as its primary base of operations.  "Bremen" spent the rest of 1904 cruising with one of the other members of the division, the gunboat, through mid-April 1905. During this period, the two ships stopped in Kingston, Jamaica from early December 1904 to early January 1905, and in mid-March, she toed the British barque "Malva" to St. George's, Bermuda. On 15 March, the division was dissolved and "Bremen" was then classified as an individual station ship and Koch became the senior-most officer of the German vessels in the area. "Bremen" then conducted training exercises with "Panther" before visiting Newport News, Virginia from 19 April to 23 May, during which time she underwent an overhaul. For the rest of 1905, "Bremen" cruised in Central American waters, during which time she stopped in Veracruz, Mexico, where she was visited by members of the Mexican government.  In 1906, the ship returned to Newport News for another overhaul that lasted from 23 March to 14 May. After completing the repairs, "Bremen" cruised the east coast of South America, steaming as far south as Bahía Blanca, Argentina. She met the training ship in Port of Spain, Trinidad, on the way back north. While in Kingston, "Bremen" received a distress call from the Hamburg America Line (HAPAG) steamer, which had run aground on a coral reef nearby. She steamed to the ship and took off the passengers, but attempts to pull the ship free with help from "Panther" failed and she had to be abandoned. In December, "Fregattenkapitän" ("FK"—Frigate Captain) Hermann Alberts relieved Koch. "Bremen" sailed to Newport News for another overhaul from 2 March to 14 April 1907, after which she joined the armored cruiser, which had sailed from Germany to represent the country at the Jamestown Exposition commemorating the 300th anniversary of the arrival of colonists in Chesapeake Bay on 26 April. "Roon" left for Germany on 3 May, but "Bremen" embarked on a tour of harbors along the East Coast of the United States before rejoining "Panther" in Central American waters, though the latter was transferred to German West Africa on 4 July, leaving "Bremen" alone on the American station. In June, "Bremen" steamed down the Saint Lawrence River to visit Montreal, Canada, and thereafter toured ports in Labrador. The excellent conduct of the ship's crew during the visits to Canada prompted Kaiser Wilhelm II to issue an order recognizing the men.

1908–1911.

"Bremen" arrived in Port-au-Prince, Haiti on 16 March 1908, where civil unrest threatened German nationals in the country; the Haitian government suppressed the revolt, but "Bremen" carried fifty-seven Germans to Kingston. She next cruised north to visit Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from 30 May to 9 June, making her the first German warship to visit the city. From there, she proceeded to New York, staying there from 10 to 19 June. She then cruised back to South American waters, and in late August assisted the Hamburg Süd (HSDG) steamer, which had run aground in the bay off Bahía Blanca. "Bremen" and the Norddeutscher Lloyd (NDL) steamer took off the passengers and crew. "Bremen" then continued on her voyage south, stopping in Punta Arenas, Chile, on 10 November before passing through the Strait of Magellan and entered the Pacific Ocean before retracing her course back to the east coast. Later in November, "FK" Albert Hopman replaced Alberts as the ship's commander. She stopped in La Guaira, Venezuela, in early 1909 where now-"KzS" Hopman made an official visit to President Juan Vicente Gómez. She stopped in Havana, Cuba, from 29 March to 2 April, where she helped suppress a fire in the harbor, along with the NDL steamer.  The ship then steamed north for another overhaul at Newport News from 6 April to 15 May. In early August, she cruised back to Port-au-Prince, where further unrest had broken out. She visited Veracruz again in early September, where Hopman and his staff visited President Porfirio Díaz. She then steamed north to join the protected cruisers and and the light cruiser, which had traveled from Germany to represent the country at the Hudson–Fulton Celebration in New York, which marked the 300th anniversary of Henry Hudson's discovery of the Hudson River and the 100th anniversary of Robert Fulton's development of the paddle steamer. The ships' contributed a total of three hundred sailors to take part in an international parade. While there, "Bremen" received a new commander, "FK" Ernst Goette. The four cruisers remained in the port until 14 October, when "Bremen" got underway to visit Buenos Aires, Argentina, arriving there on 14 December. While there, the French armored cruisers and also arrived and the Argentine government held a celebration for the three ships' officers.  By early January 1910, "Bremen" had moved to Punta Arenas, where she received orders to sail to the coast of Chile. She arrived in Tocopilla, Chile, on 16 March, where she was instructed to return to Argentina to represent Germany for the 100th anniversary of the country's independence. While on the way, she encountered a hurricane on the night of 29 April, and in the heavy seas, she suffered an explosion in her starboard side auxiliary engine room, which severely injured one man. The ship arrived in Buenos Aires on 10 May, along with the light cruiser, which was on its way to join the East Asia Squadron. The celebrations commemorating the May Revolution ended on 30 May and "Emden" continued her voyage to Asia, though "Bremen" remained in the port until 15 June before embarking once again for the west coast of South America. Her voyage up the western coast of the continent stopped in Callao, Peru, when "Bremen" once again received a change of orders on 4 September, directing her to return south to Chile to take part in celebrations marking the 100th anniversary of the start of the Chilean War of Independence. She lay in the harbor at Valparaiso for celebrations that lasted from 28 September to 3 October.  "Bremen" then resumed her northward voyage, stopping next in Guayaquil, Ecuador in late October. There, she received instructions to steam to Amapala, Honduras, where unrest threatened foreigners in the country. The United States and Britain also sent warships—the American gunboats and and the British sloop —which operated with "Bremen" to protect civilians in the area. The four ships sent men ashore to form an international landing corps to defend the consulates and the international quarter. After the situation in Amapala stabilized, the ships recalled their men and "Bremen" departed on 13 November, bound for Puerto San José, Guatemala. She left the port on 1 December to begin the voyage back south to return to the Atlantic. While in Puntarenas, Costa Rica, "Bremen"s navigators conducted a survey of the harbor at the rest of the port authorities. While the ship as there from 8 to 14 December, her crew was able to visit German nationals in the country. She was present for the funeral of President Pedro Montt on 3 February 1911, who had died the previous year. After passing through Punta Arenas, she reached the Atlantic on 28 February.

1911–1914.

While "Bremen" was in Rio de Janeiro on 19 March, she met the battlecruiser, which was then on a long-distance trials cruise to test the vessel's ability to operate at long range. "Bremen" returned to Newport News for another overhaul that lasted from 5 to 22 May. While cruising in Canadian waters in July, she was ordered to steam to Haiti, where a revolution had broken out. She arrived in Port-au-Prince on 2 August and sent several small landing parties ashore to protect foreign nationals in the city. She was able to recall the men and leave the port on 15 August. She returned to Newport News for additional maintenance that lasted from 26 September to 24 November. During this period, in October, "KK" Hans Seebohm replaced Goette. In early 1912, she cruised in the Gulf of Mexico and later in the year she moved to the Atlantic coast of the United States. In April, Seebohm temporarily transferred command to "KK" Heinrich Retzmann for a month, before resuming command in May. On 30 May, she met the battlecruiser and the light cruiser off Cape Henry, Virginia. The two ships had been sent from Germany as the Detached Cruiser Division for an official visit to the United States, following a visit by an American squadron to Kiel the previous summer. On 3 June, all three ships entered Hampton Roads for ceremonies with the United States Navy. The Detached Cruiser Division departed for Germany on 13 June, while "Bremen" got underway to return south.  "Bremen" cruised south and passed through the Strait of Magellan for another voyage along the west coast of South America; no events of note took place during the voyage. After returning to the Atlantic and steaming north off Pernambuco in Brazil on 20 December, she received orders to cross to West Africa to support the gunboats and "Panther" during unrest in Liberia. After arriving in Monrovia, Liberia on 25 December, but the Liberian government had begun to gain control of the situation, so "Bremen" was able to leave on 12 January 1913 and return to her station area, first by way of a visit to Freetown, Sierra Leone. The ship received orders to return to Germany in late June. She visited Rio de Janeiro, where she put out the fire that had broken out aboard the HSDG steamer, preventing the ship's destruction. "Bremen" then sailed to Saint Helena, then to Duala in the German colony of Kamerun; from there, she stopped again in Freetown and then steamed to Las Palmas in the Canary Islands. By 24 September, she had reached Funchal, where the order to return home was cancelled. The cruiser scheduled to replace her,, was not yet ready, and so "Bremen" was instructed to remain on station until another cruiser, "Dresden", could be readied to temporarily take "Karlsruhe"s place.  The ship then steamed to the coast of Mexico in response to the Mexican Revolution, which had prompted several countries to send warships to protect their nationals in the area. "Bremen" operated with US Navy warships along the east coast of Mexico between early November and the end of January 1914. She came to the aid of German, Austro-Hungarian, Dutch, French, and Spanish civilians during this period, and the HAPAG steamers and evacuated some 1,200 foreigners throughout the relief effort. On 21 January, "Dresden" arrived in the region, allowing "Bremen" to return home. But before she could leave the region, she had to steam to Port-au-Prince, where renewed instability in Haiti threatened Germans there. "Bremen" relieved "Vineta" there, but forces under Oreste Zamor quickly defeated the government and on 13 February, "Bremen" was free to return to Germany after having spent nearly nine and a half years abroad. She was instructed to return to her namesake city, where the mayor and the Senate of Bremen greeted the ship and held a celebration for her crew on 15 March. The cruiser then moved to Wilhelmshaven three days later, where she was decommissioned on 27 March.

World War I and loss.

After decommissioning, "Bremen" was taken into the "Kaiserliche Werft" in Wilhelmshaven to be modernized. Four of her 10.5 cm guns were replaced with a pair of SK L/45 guns, one forward and one aft; she retained the six broadside 10.5 cm guns. Her electrical system was also improved and a new forward mast was fitted. During this period, World War I broke out in July 1914, though "Bremen" remained in the shipyard until 27 May 1915, when she was recommissioned. After completing sea trials, she was assigned to the naval forces stationed in the Baltic Sea. She left Kiel on 2 July and arrived in Libau six days later, where she joined the Reconnaissance Unit for the Baltic Sea Command under now-"Konteradmiral" Hopman. The unit was tasked with offensive operations in the eastern Baltic. "Bremen" immediately embarked on operations with the rest of the fleet stationed in the area. She joined a sweep conducted by the pre-dreadnought battleships of IV Battle Squadron that advanced as far as the area north of Gotland. On 14 July, she was attacked twice by submarines but both attempts missed. "Kommodore" (Commodore) Johannes von Karpf, the deputy commander of the Reconnaissance Unit, came aboard "Bremen" on 30 July.  In early August, elements of the High Seas Fleet, the main German naval force, entered the Baltic to support the German Army fighting against Russian forces by breaking into the Gulf of Riga, thereby opening the way for the Army to seize Riga. The first day of the Battle of the Gulf of Riga, 8 August, "Bremen" left Libau for an operation to rescue the crew of the torpedo boat, which had struck a naval mine and sank off Zerel on the island of Ösel. After picking up the survivors, she transferred them to the pre-dreadnought. "Bremen" took part in both attempts to break into the Gulf of Riga; during the first, later on 8 August, she engaged in a battle with the Russian armored gunboat. During the second, on 16 August, she and the cruisers,, and escorted the dreadnought battleships and while they attempted to force their way into the Gulf. The German flotilla forced the Russian pre-dreadnought to withdraw, penetrated the minefields by 19 August, and steamed into the Gulf. During this period, "Bremen" also shelled Russian positions at Arensburg. The Germans were forced to withdraw shortly thereafter due to the threat of Allied submarines and mines.  "Bremen" continued operations after the High Seas Fleet returned to the North Sea. She took part in two sweeps to the north of Gotland in September, neither of which resulted in contact with Russian forces. On 30 September, Karpf was replaced by "Kommodore" Hugo Langemak, and he took the ship on another patrol to the coast of Gotland from 5 to 6 October. After returning to port, Langemak transferred to the light cruiser "Augsburg". The Reconnaissance Unit conducted further sweeps into the northern Baltic over the next week, and on 12 October "Bremen" towed the seaplane tender "Answald" free after she ran aground. While on patrol with the torpedo boats and on 17 December, "Bremen" entered a Russian minefield. "V191" struck a mine at 17:10, and "Bremen" moved to begin rescue operations while "V186" attempted to take the damaged torpedo boat under tow. "V191" had been fatally damaged, however, and she soon sank. After lowering her boats to pick up survivors, "Bremen" struck a pair of mines as well. The majority of "Bremen"s crew died in the sinking, with 250 men killed. Only fifty-three were pulled aboard "V186".

SMS "Bremen" ("His Majesty's Ship "Bremen"") was the lead ship of the seven-vessel of light cruisers, built for the German "Kaiserliche Marine" (Imperial Navy) in the early 1900s. She and her sister ships were ordered under the 1898 Naval Law that required new cruisers be built to replace obsolete vessels in the fleet. The design for the "Bremen" class was derived from the preceding, utilizing a larger hull that allowed for additional boilers that increased speed. "Bremen" was armed with a main battery of ten guns and had a top speed of.

陛下之舰不来梅号()是德意志帝国所建造的七艘不来梅级小巡洋舰的主导舰,以德国城市不来梅命名。它由同名城市的承建,于1902年开始、1903年7月、至1904年5月投入舰队使用。其主舰炮包括有十门105毫米40倍径速射炮和两具450毫米鱼雷发射管,最高速度可达22节。


Early years.

Ricardo Wolf was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1887. He was one of 14 children born to Moritz Wolf, a pillar of that city’s Jewish community.  Before the First World War, Wolf emigrated from Germany to Cuba, which became his second home. In 1924, he married Francisca Subirana, a tennis champion of the 1920s.

Later years.

For many years, Ricardo Wolf and his brother Sigfried Wolf worked to develop a process for recovering iron from smelting process residue. Ultimately successful, his invention was utilized in steel factories all over the world, bringing him considerable wealth.  Wolf lent both moral and financial support to Fidel Castro from the onset of the Cuban revolution. Beholden to Ricardo Wolf for his unswerving support, and cognizant of his personality and natural gifts as a diplomat, the Cuban leader offered him the position of Minister of Finance and, after Wolf declined, responded to Wolf’s request and appointed him in 1961 Cuban Ambassador to Israel.  Wolf held this position until 1973, the year Cuba severed diplomatic ties with Israel. Upon relinquishing his diplomatic post, Wolf decided to remain in Israel, where he spent his final years.

Establishment of Wolf Foundation.

In 1975, Ricardo Wolf established the Wolf Foundation. The Wolf Prize has been awarded since 1978 by the Wolf Foundation. The Wolf Prize is awarded in six fields: Agriculture, Chemistry, Mathematics, Medicine, Physics, and an Arts prize that rotates annually between architecture, music, painting and sculpture. Each prize consists of a diploma and US$100,000.  In February 1981, Ricardo Wolf died at his home in Herzliya, Israel.

Ricardo Wolf (originally Richard Wolf; 1887–1981) was an Israeli inventor, diplomat, and philanthropist. He was the former Cuban ambassador to Israel. He was the founder of the Wolf Foundation.

里卡多·沃尔夫博士(英语:Ricardo Wolf,,,)是一名具有犹太、德国、古巴、以色列等国籍的发明家、外交官、慈善家和前古巴驻以色列大使。是沃尔夫基金会(沃尔夫奖)的创立者。


Geography.

The largest island of the Amakusa group is Shimoshima, which is 26.5 miles long and 13.5 miles at its widest (). It is situated at 32°20'N, 130°E, separated from the rest of Kumamoto Prefecture by the Yatsushiro Sea.  While lacking high mountains with only four peaks surpassing, the island terrain is ruggedly hilly. To cope with the lack of flat arable land, farming is carried out on a terrace system of cultivation.

History.

Amakusa, along with the neighboring Shimabara Peninsula, became the site of the Shimabara rebellion in the 17th century, led by Christians. Following the rebellion, Kakure Kirishitan, the Christians who had survived, continued to practice their faith in secret, despite severe persecution.

Economy.

Amakusa produces a little coal and pottery stone, both being used by the potters of Hirado ware and Satsuma ware. Many kilns remain on the islands today, and pottery and pottery stone are still exported.  Amakusa pottery has been recognised by the government. The retail company Muji brought out its own line of "Hakuji" home ware, which is produced out of ground translucent Amakusa stones kneaded into clay, using traditional techniques.

People.

Hidenoshin Koyama, who built Thomas Blake Glover's House in Glover Garden, came from this island.

Government.

At present, the islands are organized as Amakusa District, Amakusa City, and Kami-amakusa City, all of which are under the administration of Kumamoto Prefecture.

Transport.

The islands are served by Amakusa Airfield, located on the north end of Shimoshima. The islands are connected to the mainland by the Five Bridges of Amakusa and by ferry from Hondo and Matsushima.  There are also ferries between the islands and the neighboring prefectures of Kagoshima Prefecture and Nagasaki Prefecture. The ferry from Oniike on the north Shimoshima to Kuchinotsu, at the southern tip of the Shimabara Peninsula, is run by the Shimabara Railway and operates hourly each day. The ferry boat from Tomioka Port in Reihoku, sailing north to Mogi in Nagasaki Prefecture, is operated by Yasuda Sangyo Kisen Co. Ltd. Two ferries from Shinwa and Ushibuka, in the south of Shimoshima, connect Amakusa to Nagashima in Kagoshima Prefecture.

, which means "Heaven's Grass," is a series of islands off the west coast of Kyushu, the southernmost of the four main islands of Japan.

天草群岛()是日本天草滩与有明海、八代海之间的群岛。


Career.

Meleager, son of Neoptolemus, is first mentioned in the war against the Getae in 335 BC. At the Battle of the Granicus in the following year, he commanded one of the divisions of the phalanx, a post which he continued to hold throughout Alexander's campaigns in Asia. He was appointed, together with Coenus and Ptolemy, the son of Seleucus, to command the newly married troops who were sent home from Caria to spend the winter in Macedon, and rejoined Alexander at Gordium during the following summer.  Meleager was present at the Battles of Issus and Gaugamela, and was associated with Craterus in the task of dislodging the enemy who guarded the passes into Persia. He took part in the passage of the Hydaspes and in various other operations in India.  Despite a long series of services, Alexander did not promote Meleager to any higher position, nor did Meleager take part in any separate command of importance. There are accounts that suggest that the two did not get along or at least had a history of disagreements. For instance, when Alexander gave gifts to the Indian prince Taxiles, Meleager was recorded to have quipped bitterly that it was a pity for the king to travel all the way to India only to give a man such lavish rewards with Alexander retorting that envious men only hurt themselves.

Politics and death.

After the death of Alexander in 323 BC, Meleager was the first to propose in the council of officers, that either Arrhidaeus or Heracles, the son of Barsine, should at once be chosen as king, rather than waiting to see if the pregnant Roxana would bear a son. There are sources who suggest that this proposal was motivated by a desire to install a king who was a Macedonian instead of one who had Persian roots or Persian sympathies. The Roman historian Justin, for instance, stated that Meleager was quoted saying: "It was unlawful that kings should be chosen for the Macedonians from the blood of those kingdoms they had overthrown." The Roman historian, Curtius, states that Meleager broke out into violent invectives against the ambition of Perdiccas and then abruptly quit the assembly in order to encourage the soldiery to express their opposition against Perdiccas. The Greek historian, Diodorus, states that Meleager was sent by the assembled generals to appease the clamours and discontent of the troops, but instead of doing so, he joined the mutineers.  Meleager assumed the leadership of the opposition to Perdiccas and his party and placed himself at the head of the infantry, who had declared themselves (possibly at his instigation) in favour of the claims of Arrhidaeus to the vacant throne. Meleager ordered the execution of Perdiccas, but the implementation of this instruction was nullified by the boldness of the regent. The greater part of the cavalry, together with almost all the generals, sided with Perdiccas, and leaving Babylon, established themselves in a separate camp outside the walls of the city. A reconciliation between both sides was achieved, principally thanks to the intervention of Eumenes, and it was agreed that the royal authority should be divided between Arrhidaeus and the expected son of Roxana and that, in the meantime, Meleager should be associated with Perdiccas in the regency.  It was impossible that Meleager and Perdiccas could long continue on friendly terms, and Meleager proved no match for Perdiccas. Perdiccas contrived to lull his rival into a false sense of security, while he made himself master of Philip Arrhidaeus. Then he struck the first blow. The whole army was assembled under the pretence of a general review. Then the king, at the instigation of Perdiccas, suddenly demanded the surrender and punishment of all the leaders of the recent disorders. The infantry were taken by surprise, with 300 of the alleged mutineers being singled out and executed. Although Meleager was not personally attacked, he fled and took refuge in a temple, where he was pursued and put to death on the orders of Perdiccas.

Meleager ( "Meleagros"; died 323 BC) was a Macedonian officer who served Alexander the Great with distinction. Among the king's generals who went with him to Asia, he was the most experienced as the only military figure who exceeded his experience was the Macedonian general Antipater who remained in Macedon during Alexander's entire Asian campaign.

墨勒阿革洛斯 (希腊语: ;?-前323年),涅俄普托勒摩斯之子,并且是亚历山大大帝麾下杰出的马其顿将领。


Structure.

Unlike sodium percarbonate and sodium perphosphate, the compound is not simply an adduct with hydrogen peroxide. Rather, it contains a perborate anion consisting of a cyclic –B–O–O–B–O–O– core with two hydroxy groups attached to each boron atom. The ring adopts a chair conformation.

Hydrates.

The compound also crystallizes from water as the hexahydrate, ·6, that is, or.  The anhydrous compound is commonly but incorrectly called a "monohydrate" after the original formulation · instead of the correct. Likewise, the hexahydrate is usually called "tetrahydrate" and formulated as ·4.  Both forms are white, odorless, water-soluble solids. The "monohydrate" and the "tetrahydrate" are the commercially important forms.

Chemistry.

Sodium perborate undergoes hydrolysis in contact with water, producing hydrogen peroxide and borate.  More precisely, in solution the cyclic anion hydrolizes into two anions, which then enter in equilibrium with boric acid, hydrogen peroxide, the hydroperoxyl anion, and the tetrahydroxyborate anion :  <chem> + 2 H2O <=> 2 [B(OH)3(OOH)]- </chem>  <chem>[B(OH)3(OOH)]- <=> B(OH)3 + HOO- </chem>  <chem>B(OH)3 + HOO- + H2O <=> [B(OH)4]- + H2O2 </chem>  As the concentration of the solution increases, other peroxoborate species become significant. With excess, the anions,, and eventually appear. At high borate concentrations, the sodium perborate with dimeric anion crystallizes out, due to its relatively low solubility.  The monohydrate form dissolves better than the tetrahydrate and has higher heat stability; it is prepared by heating the tetrahydrate.

Preparation.

Sodium perborate is manufactured by reaction of borax and sodium hydroxide to give sodium metaborate, which is then reacted with hydrogen peroxide to give hydrated sodium perborate:  <chem>Na2B4O7 + 2NaOH -> 4 NaBO2 + H2O </chem>  <chem> NaBO2 + 2H2O2 -> Na2B2O4(OH)4 </chem>  A surfactant may be added to control crystal size.

Uses.

Sodium perborate serves as a stable source of active oxygen in many detergents, laundry detergents, cleaning products, and laundry bleaches. It is a less aggressive bleach than sodium hypochlorite and other chlorine-based bleaches, causing less degradation to dyes and textiles. Borates also have some non-oxidative bleaching properties. Sodium perborate releases oxygen rapidly at temperatures over 60 °C. To make it active at lower temperatures (40–60 °C), it has to be mixed with a suitable activator, typically tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED).  Sodium perborate is also present in some tooth bleaching formulas for non vital root treated teeth. The compound is inserted in the root canal and left in place for an extended period of time to allow it to diffuse into the tooth and bleach stains from the inside out. However, this use has been banned in the European Union.  The compound has antiseptic properties and can act as a disinfectant. It is also used as a "disappearing" preservative in some brands of eye drops.  Sodium perborate is also used as an oxidizing reagent in organic synthesis. For example, it converts thioethers into sulfoxides and sulfones.

Safety.

In the European Union, sodium perborate, like most borates, was classified as "carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic for reproduction" (CMR), category 1B of Regulation (EC) 790/2009, as a result of being included in Part 3 of Annex VI of the regulation 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) of substances and mixtures. As a result, their use has been automatically banned in cosmetic products in the EU, in any concentration, starting 1 December 2010. That extends to the use of perborates for tooth whitening.

Sodium perborate is chemical compound whose chemical formula may be written,, or, more properly, ·. Its name is sometimes abbreviated as PBS.

过硼酸钠(PBS)是一个无味的白色固体,可溶于水,化学式为NaBO。它有三种水合物:一水NaBO.HO、四水NaBO.4HO及三水NaBO.3HO,其中一水和三水合过硼酸钠在工业上较重要。 它是高效氧系漂白剂,也有杀菌、织物保色等功能,广泛应用于漂白粉、洗衣粉、洗涤剂等日用材料中。


Family.

Piñera is the sixth child of the marriage between José Piñera Carvallo and Magdalena Echenique Rozas. Among his ancestors on his maternal side is his mother's great-great-grandmother, Luisa Pinto Garmendia, the sister of President Aníbal Pinto Garmendia and daughter of President Francisco Antonio Pinto and Luisa Garmendia Alurralde, who was a descendant of the penultimate Inca emperor, Huayna Capac. He is a nephew of the oldest living Roman Catholic bishop in the world, Bernardino Piñera.

Education.

Piñera's family moved to Belgium one year after his birth and later to New York City, where his father was the Chilean ambassador to the United Nations. Piñera returned to Chile in 1955 and enrolled in the Colegio del Verbo Divino ("Divine Word College"), from which he graduated in 1967. Piñera then matriculated at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, from which he graduated in 1971 with an undergraduate degree in commercial engineering. Upon graduation, he was awarded the Raúl Iver Oxley Prize, which is given to the best overall student of each class. Piñera continued on to Harvard University on a partial Fulbright Program for postgraduate studies in economics. During his time at Harvard, Piñera and a classmate coauthored an article, "The Old South's Stake in the Inter-Regional Movement of Slaves", for the "Journal of Economic History". After three years at Harvard, Piñera graduated with both an M.A. and Ph.D. in Economics.

Teaching career.

Piñera was an economics lecturer from 1971 until 1988 at the University of Chile, the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, and Adolfo Ibáñez University. In 1971, he was in charge of Economic Political Theory in the School of Economics at the University of Chile and in 1972, at the Valparaiso Business School.

Foundations.

In 1989, with Cecilia Morel, Danica Radic, and Paula Délano, Piñera created the Enterprising Women Foundation ("Fundación Mujer Emprende"), originally called The House of Youth ("La Casa de la Juventud"). The foundation aims to assist in the development of young women of lower income.  In 1973, Piñera created the foundation "Fundación Futuro", of which he is president and whose directors are Cristián Boza D., María Teresa Chadwick P., Hugo Montes B., Cecilia Morel M., Renato Poblete S.J., and Fabio Valdés C. The head director of the foundation is Magdalena Piñera. The foundation's mission is to help in Chile's development of justice, freedom and democracy. The foundation was renamed "Fundación Cultura y Sociedad" after Piñera was elected president.  Under the "Fundación Cultura y Sociedad" (formerly "Fundación Futuro"), the "Grupo Tantauco" has the mission of environmentalism, and is administered by Juan Carlos Urquidi. It was created to support the proposals Piñera plans to institute during his presidency. In 2005, Piñera created Tantauco Park (Spanish: "Parque Tantauco"), a 1,180 km2 (456 sq mi) private natural reserve he bought and owns on the south end of Chiloé Island, in order to protect 118,000 hectares of the region's unique ecosystem. His foundation runs the park, which is open to the public and is an ecotourist location.  In fact, Piñera bought the 118,000 hectares in Chiloé through an offshore company in Panama. He has faced pressure to cede eight hectares to 16 indigenous families whose presence pre-dates Piñera's purchase and who have spent years negotiating to obtain title to their familial lands.  An additional project, "Grupo Tantauco: Derechos Humanos", was proposed in hopes of beginning a reconciliation between the Chilean people who suffered human rights violations during Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship.

Businesses.

Piñera was general manager of the Banco de Talca. In 1982, a warrant was issued for his arrest on charges of violating banking law. Piñera spent 24 days in hiding while his lawyers appealed the order. A writ of habeas corpus, first rejected by the Appeals Court but then approved by the Supreme Court, acquitted Piñera.  Piñera once owned 90% of Chilevisión (a terrestrial television channel broadcasting nationwide). He also owned 27% of LAN Airlines (LAN); 13% of Colo-Colo, a football (soccer) club; and other minor stock positions in companies such as Quiñenco, Enersis, and Soquimich.  In July 2007, Piñera was fined approximately US$680,000 by Chile's securities regulator (SVS) for not withdrawing a purchase order after receiving privileged information (an infraction similar to insider trading) of LAN Airlines stock in mid-2006. Later that month, he resigned from the boards of LAN and Quintec.  To avoid a conflict of interest he sold Chilevisión for $160 million in 2010 to Time Warner. He also sold his shares of LAN in several rounds between February and March 2010, as well as his stake in Colo-Colo.  Piñera has built an estimated fortune of $US2.8 billion, according to "Forbes" magazine. His wealth is greatly due to his involvement in introducing credit cards to Chile in the late 1970s and his subsequent investments, mainly in LAN Airlines stock. Piñera acquired shares of the formerly state-owned company from Scandinavian Airlines in 1994, as part of a joint venture with the Cueto family.

Political career.

In 1988 as Pinochet had lost the referendum and Chile was returning to democracy Piñera offered his support for the Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle in his pre-candidacy for president.  In 1998, Piñera opposed the arrest and detention of Augusto Pinochet, in London, initiated by Baltasar Garzón, arguing that it was an attack on the sovereignty and dignity of Chile.  On 14 May 2005, in a surprise move Piñera announced his candidacy for the 2005 presidential election (RN was supposed to support UDI's Lavín.) He has described his political philosophy as Christian humanism.

Presidential elections of 2009–2010.

Piñera ran for President of Chile in the 2009–2010 election. Since August 2009, he led in opinion polls, competing with Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, Marco Enríquez-Ominami and Jorge Arrate; all of whom are left-of-center candidates. In 13 December 2009 election, Piñera placed first in the results with 44.05% of the votes, while Frei placed second with 29.6% of the votes. Neither candidate received more than half of the total votes; therefore, according to the Constitution, Chileans returned to the polls for a final run-off election on Sunday, 17 January 2010.  That evening, the third and final preliminary results were announced by the Deputy Interior Ministry. These showing accounted for 99.77% of the total ballot boxes. Of the votes, Piñera received 51.61% and Frei received 48.39%. Piñera invested an estimated 13.6 million USD in his presidential campaign, which included items such as a campaign anthem and "Thank You" banners. Piñera's banners and billboards have carried statements throughout the country such as "Delinquents, your party is over," and "Small businesses, Big opportunities". Piñera's campaign released a featuring a male gay couple, something never seen before in a presidential campaign run in Chile. Amongst his promises were increasing education rates and improving international relations with the neighboring country of Perú.  Piñera's victory meant a shift towards the right, breaking two-decades of center-left political leadership and becoming the first elected right-wing leader in 52 years.  On 28 January, Piñera suspended his membership in National Renewal, becoming unofficially an independent. RN's bylaws require successful presidential candidates from the party to renounce their association in order to govern the country fairly, foremost with the interest of the people, not with the interest of a political party or particular political philosophy.

Private to public transition.

Piñera became the first billionaire to be sworn into the Chilean Presidency. He offered to sell his shares in major corporations before being sworn in on 11 March 2010, in order to avoid conflicts of interest. Piñera has placed US$400 million in blind trusts.  The Monday following Piñera's election, expectations of sale from his largest holdings created a surge in trade of Axxion and LAN shares, causing three brief suspensions (19–20, 22 January 2010) in the Santiago Stock Exchange in order to ease trade. Axxion shares more than tripled before falling 39% on Friday, 22 January. Bachelet's Finance Minister Andrés Velasco urged Piñera to get the sale "sorted out quickly." The value of Piñera's interest in Axxion was estimated at 700 million dollars USD, of his 1.2 billion dollar USD fortune at the beginning of that week.  On 5 February, Piñera confirmed plans to sell his 26.3% stake in LAN airlines at an extraordinary shareholders' meeting for his main holding company, Axxion. Under the pact, Axxion shareholders have agreed to fix the price of the sale, estimated at US$1.5 billion. The Cueto family, who at that point held 25.5% of LAN through their holding company "Costa Verde Aeronáutica", had the first option to purchase the stake. On 18 February, Axxion posted a statement on their website confirming the sale of a 21.18% stake in LAN Airlines to the Cueto family for US$1.23 billion. Announcement regarding the sale of the remaining shares was pending until March 2010, when the whole package left Piñera's hands. Piñera sold his 9.7% stake in the upscale private hospital "Clinica Las Condes" at a price of 25,113 CLP per share (US$48.00) through his holding company Bancard on Tuesday, 16 February. The total sale of the 792,000 shares grossed US$37.85 million and was purchased by the brokerage firm "Celfin". The proceeds from the sale will go to paying off Bancard debt.  Piñera announced on February he had the intention to transfer 100% of his stake in Chilevisión to a non-for-profit organization called "Fundación Cultura y Sociedad" (formerly "Fundación Futuro"), of which he is owner. The foundation's board will include some of the station's current executives. Under that proposal, Piñera maintains the right to remove and replace the foundation's president at any given time. Cristián Patricio Larroulet Vignau, current Minister of the Secretariat of the Presidency of Chile, stated that Piñera was honoring his promise of removing himself from private corporations, as Chilevision will become the property of a non-profit organization. MP Cristián Monckeberg (RN), stated there is no law obligating Piñera to do otherwise and thus this decision is legally legitimate."". The option above finally did not take place, Piñera decided to sell the TV station, and after a failed attempt in May 2010 with the Linzor Capital investment fund, the President announced it sold Chilevisión to Time Warner, in late August 2010.  Piñera said he won't sell his 12.5% stake in "Blanco y Negro", company that owns the nation's popular soccer team Colo-Colo. He has stated, "We want big things and not only achieve local victories. The idea is to return the Copa Libertadores to Chile. That is our great goal." Although he will remain part owner, he will take no administrative duties or role while President.

Council of Ministers.

Piñera announced what he calls his "cabinet of unity" on Tuesday, 9 February 2010, at 18:00 hours (local time), in Chile's National Historical Museum. The list of names was presented the previous day to the leader of the National Renewal Party, Carlos Larraín, and the leader of the Independent Democratic Union, Juan Antonio Coloma. The cabinet is made up of 16 men and 6 women, with an average age of 49. Amongst Piñera's nominees is Jaime Ravinet, who is defense minister of the current president's cabinet and a former member of the Christian Democratic Party, from which he resigned upon accepting Piñera's cabinet offer. Also a nominee is Cristián Larroulet, who was an economic planning adviser under Pinochet.  During his first official meeting with his Council of Ministers on Wednesday, 10 February, Piñera issued a formal memorandum calling upon all members to renounce their positions in all private companies by 28 February in order to avoid conflicts of interest. The memorandum also said that in regards to national heritage, secretaries of state whose affiliation with companies having direct receipt of fiscal monies must either remove themselves from those associations or honor the restrictions of their competitors. Ten of his 22 ministers have involvement in companies with significant financial means.

2017 presidential elections.

On 17 December 2017, Sebastián Piñera was elected president of Chile for a second term. He received 36% of the votes, the highest percentages among all 8 candidates in the 2017 elections. In the second round, Piñera faced Alejandro Guillier, a television news anchor who represented Bachelet's New Majority (Nueva Mayoría) coalition. Piñera won the elections with 54% of the votes.

First presidency (2010–2014).

Piñera was sworn in as the 34th President of the Republic of Chile on 11 March 2010, in a ceremony held in a plenary session of the National Congress in Valparaíso. In the same ceremony, Piñera's Cabinet ministers were sworn in. The ceremony was also marked by a 6.9 M earthquake and subsequent aftershocks that upset the invitees. Shortly after, the National Congress building was evacuated due to a tsunami alert that proved to be false a couple of hours later. On 12 October 2010, Piñera rallied his countrymen in the rescue of 33 trapped miners, all of whom were rescued after 70 days following a mining accident. "Chile will never be the same", he said to the miners' foreman, Luis Urzúa, as he (the last of the miners to emerge from the cavern) greeted Piñera, in a broadcast carried live across the globe. Despite much goodwill in Chile following this, many Chileans are still waiting on Piñera to rectify anti-terrorism laws in Chile which effectively mean the indigenous Mapuche people can be dealt with as "terrorists". This matter has led to hunger strikes which started before the mining disaster, and are set to continue afterwards.  In January 2011 he faced the protest in Magallanes Region in response to a proposed increase in the price of natural gas there by 16.8%. The protests left more than two thousand cars isolated while trying to cross from the Argentine province of Tierra del Fuego to the province of Santa Cruz through Chilean territory. Another 1,500 tourists were left without movement in Torres del Paine National Park after routes to Puerto Natales and El Calafate were cut. In consequence, on 14 January, Minister Secretary General of Government Ena von Baer announced changes in Sebastián Piñera's government cabinet, including the resignation of Ricardo Raineri as Energy Minister. Laurence Golborne became Mining and Energy Minister, on 16 January.  In March 2011, President Piñera led a state visit to Spain to boost relations between the two countries. While in Spain, President and Mrs Piñera, with Prince Felipe and Princess Letizia, opened the exhibition ”Don Qui. El Quijote de Matta”, at the Cervantes Institute of Madrid.  Amidst the severe 2011 Chilean student protests Piñera shuffled his cabinet and removed Joaquín Lavín from the post of minister of education. With respect to the protest, Piñera has defended for-profit activity in education and proposed to legalize it, rejecting the students' demands for the public ownership of educational establishments. During August 2011, Piñera's public approval declined precipitously amidst continuous protests, to the extent that some polls indicated that he was the least popular Chilean leader since Augusto Pinochet. His approval ratings dropped to as low as 22% according to a CERC survey. As such, Piñera's chances of passing sought reforms were seen as remote.  As president, Piñera expressed support for the Argentine claim on the Falkland Islands, referring to "the unrenounceable rights of Argentina on the islands".  In March 2012, Piñera visited Vietnam with the intention of increasing cooperation between the two countries in general and with Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam's most populous and largest economic hub, in particular. HCM City also called for a Chilean sister city while receiving Piñera on 23 March. The visit included the signing of a bilateral trade agreement and several cooperation pacts in education, tourism, culture and finance.

Criticism.

Early in 2012 physicist Frank Duarte sharply criticized Piñera's performance in the handling of the Chilean–Peruvian maritime dispute at The Hague, deemed as favoring commercial interests over the interest of the Chilean people, and called for Chile's withdrawal from The Hague. Following the adverse ruling against Chile in 2014, several political figures in Chile, from a variety of political parties, also called for Chile's withdrawal from The Hague that would, in addition, imply a withdrawal from the Pact of Bogota.  In December 2011 during a state visit to Mexico a joke made by Piñera where he compared women with politicians caused uproar in Chile, sparking criticism from his own minister Carolina Schmidt who said of the joke that it was "hurting to many women". In the joke Piñera said that "when a lady says "no" it means maybe, when she says maybe it means yes and when she says yes she is not a lady." The Chilean Network Against Domestic and Sexual Violence called the joke "misogynic" and "a shame for the whole country". Previously on a state visit to Peru in 2011 Piñera received criticism for his informal style after he revealed to Peruvian president-elect Ollanta Humala that he was a descendant of the Inca Huayna Capac. Senator Jorge Pizarro criticized Piñera's comment to Ollanta Humala, calling for more careful and respectful attitudes.

Second presidency (2018–present).

On 17 December, Piñera won the second round of the Chilean General election, defeating the left wing candidate Alejandro Guillier to become President-Elect. Piñera took office for a second time on 11 March 2018, succeeding the outgoing Michelle Bachelet.  Environmental NGOs accuse the government of yielding to pressure from the mining lobby in an attempt to thwart any draft legislation. In 2018, Sebastián Piñera buried an initiative to ban industrial activities near glaciers. In 2019, a draft law from the ranks of the opposition caused tensions. It is supposed to convert glaciers and their surrounding environment "into protected areas, prohibiting any intervention except scientific and that can benefit sustainable tourism". At least 44 mining projects are likely to be completed between 2019 and 2028.  In May 2018, his government adopted "The Women's Agenda" in response to massive feminist demonstrations, which combined a conservative vision (in which women were mostly reduced to the role of mothers) and economic neoliberalism.

Cabinet.

In January 2018, Piñera unveiled his cabinet to harsh criticism: his interior minister, Andrés Chadwick, was a vocal supporter of Pinochet dictatorship, which had previously appointed him president of the Catholic University Students Federation. In 2012 Chadwick expressed "deep repentance" for this support after discovering "over the years" serious human rights violations committed by the dictatorship, while defending the regime on other grounds.  Chadwick and justice minister Hernán Larraín were also "supporters and defenders of the secretive German enclave Colonia Dignidad, which was established by the fugitive Nazi officer and paedophile Paul Schäfer in the early 60s". Colonia Dignidad was used by Pinochet security officials to torture and murder opponents of the regime.  Other appointees with ties to the Pinochet includes mining minister Baldo Prokurica, a governor under the Pinochet dictatorship.

Response to 2019 Chilean protests.

In response to the widespread protests that broke out across Chile in October 2019, Piñera declared a state of emergency on 18 October, authorizing the deployment of Chilean Army forces across the main regions to enforce order and prevent the destruction of public property, and invoked before the courts the "Ley de Seguridad del Estado" ("State Security Law") against dozens of detainees. As a result, Piñera has been heavily criticized, decreasing his approval ratio down to 9% by October 24th, according to a poll by Active Research., although it slowly recovered back up to 29% by May 25th 2020, against 60% disapproval. This consistent low level of support has been attributed to losing support from officials due to failure to restore order andnforce the rule of law. On 12 December 2019 the National Congress rejected an opposition led motion to impeach him. The impeachment resolution accused him of failure to protect human rights in relation to the protests.

Response to COVID-19 Pandemic.

Under Piñera's leadership, Chile has had one of the largest outbreaks of COVID-19 in the world. As of June 19, 2020, it has had recorded 231,393 cases of COVID-19 and 4,093 deaths from COVID-19, the third highest totals for each in South America. Only Brazil and Peru have more of each. In response, Piñera has banned events with more than 500 people and issued lockdown orders in certain areas of the country, most notably the Santiago Metropolitan Region

Public image.

Piñera has often publicly been associated with bad luck. The BBC has listed a series of situations of "bad luck" concerning Piñera's presidency: the 2010 Maule earthquake followed by another quake during Piñera's inauguration ceremony, the mining accident of 2010, the 2010 Santiago prison fire, the 2011 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption and the 2012 wildfires.  José Mujica, president of Uruguay, stated Piñera's low approval rates might be caused by a lack of "glamour".  In April 2012 "The Economist" described Piñera as being considered an "inept politician" by both the opposition and supporters. The Chilean government responded by stating that "The Economist's" comment was disrespectful. His lapses, errors and inconveniences have been labelled "piñericosas" in Chile.  In June 2013, after visiting President Obama in the White House, he said, "I'm going to sit at the President of the United States' desk," breaking the White House's political protocols. Alfredo Moreno Charme, Minister of Foreign Affairs, said "How many other presidents have done the same?" and Obama responded, "This is the only one," causing laughter between those there. Piñera then justified his abrupt actions by stating his daughter was born in the United States.

Use of bellicose rhetoric.

During the 2019–20 Chilean protests Piñera made himself known for the use of a bellicose language. When Piñera addressed the nation on the evening of 20 October during the height of the unrest he remarked that the country was "at war with a powerful and relentless enemy" and announced that the state of emergency would be extended across much of the country. Some opposition politicians described his rhetoric as "irresponsible", while a Latin America editor for BBC News Online expressed concern about the impact his words would have on the protesters and on the chances for meaningful dialogue. Hours shortly after the President's speech, chief of national defense Javier Iturriaga del Campo spoke against this declaration, asserting that he was "content" and "not at war with anyone".  However the use of bellicose rhetoric can be traced back to at least 2018 when Piñera begun his second government. He has referred to a variety of subjects like drug trafficking, terrorism and organised crime as a "powerful and relentless enemies". Besides this Piñera has made frequent use of words like "battle", "conquest", "defeat" and "combat" in his verbal communication. The use of such language is not unique to Piñera but has also been heard from European right-wing populists and George W. Bush. According to economist Carlos Tromben who studied the political discourse of Piñera, the aim of this rhetoric is to rally the nation behind what is perceived as a common interest, but the success of this has been variable. Tromben also view the bellicose rhetoric as a defensive communicational strategy aimed to gain time for a "counterattack".

Personal life.

Piñera married Cecilia Morel in 1973. They were neighbours in the Avenida Américo Vespucio, Santiago. They have four children, born in 1975, 1978, 1982 and 1984. All of them have university degrees. Piñera is also a member of Washington D.C.-based think tank, the Inter-American Dialogue.

In popular culture.

Actor Bob Gunton portrays Piñera in the 2015 film "The 33", directed by Patricia Riggen.

Miguel Juan Sebastián Piñera Echenique (; born 1 December 1949) is the sitting President of Chile since 2018, having previously served from 2010 to 2014.

米格尔·胡安·塞瓦斯蒂安·皮涅拉·埃切尼克(;1949年-12月1日),智利知名企业家及政治人物,现任智利总统。


Structure.

There are 24 clubs in League One (though there are currently 23, due to the explusion of Bury). Each club plays every other club twice (once at home and once away). Three points are awarded for a win, one for a draw and zero for a loss. At the end of the season a table of the final League standings is determined, based on the following criteria in this order: points obtained, goal difference, goals scored, an aggregate of the results between two or more clubs (ranked using the previous three criteria) and, finally, a series of one or more play-off matches.  At the end of each season the top two clubs, together with the winner of the play-offs between the clubs which finished in 3rd–6th position, are promoted to EFL Championship and are replaced by the three clubs that finished at the bottom of that division.  Similarly, the four clubs that finished at the bottom of EFL League One are relegated to EFL League Two and are replaced by the top three clubs and the club that won the 4th–7th place play-offs in that division.

Media coverage.

Sky Sports currently show live League One matches with highlights shown on Quest TV on their show EFL on Quest. Highlights of all games in the Football League are also available to view separately on the Sky Sports website. In Sweden, has the rights of broadcasting from the league. A couple of league matches during the season of 09/10 including play-off matches and the play-off final to the Championship were shown. In Australia, beIN Sports broadcasts live Championship matches. In the US and surrounding countries including Cuba and Puerto Rico, some EFL Championship, EFL League One and EFL League Two games are shown on ESPN. In Spain, DAZN broadcasts live matches from League One and League Two.

Current members.

The following 23 clubs competed in League One during the 2019–20 season. The 24th club, Bury, were expelled from the EFL on 27 August 2019 and did not fulfill any of their fixtures for the season. Their manager at the time was Paul Wilkinson.

Relegated teams.

Expelled in August 2019 after financial breaches.

Financial Fair Play.

Starting from the 2012–13 season, a Financial Fair Play arrangement has been in place in all 3 divisions of the Football League, the intention being eventually to produce a league of financially self-sustaining clubs. In League One, this takes the form of a Salary Cost Management Protocol in which a maximum of 60% of a club's turnover may be spent on players' wages, with sanctions being applied in the form of transfer embargoes.

The English Football League One (often referred to as League One for short or Sky Bet League One for sponsorship reasons) is the second-highest division of the English Football League and the third tier overall in the entire English football league system.

英格兰足球甲级联赛(英语:Football League One)或加冠名赞助称为Sky Bet 甲级联赛(Sky Bet League 1),简称英甲(League One)是英格兰足球联赛第三级别联赛,次于英超及英冠。


History.

The city was built by Lysimachus in 309 BC, when he was preparing for war with his rivals; for the new city, being situated on the isthmus, commanded the road from Sestos to the north and the mainland of Thrace. In order to obtain inhabitants for his new city, Lysimachus destroyed the neighbouring town of Cardia, the birthplace of the historian Hieronymus, and settled the inhabitants of it and other Chersonesean cities here. Lysimachus no doubt made Lysimachia the capital of his kingdom, and it must have rapidly risen to great splendour and prosperity.  After his death the city fell under Seleucid dominion, and during the wars between Seleucus Callinicus and Ptolemy Euergetes it passed from the hands of the Seleucids into those of the Ptolemies. Whether these latter set the town free, or whether it emancipated itself, is uncertain; at any rate it entered into the relation of sympolity with the Aetolian League. In 287 BC, the city was severely damaged by an earthquake, as reported by the Roman historian Justin (17.1.1-3). In 277 BC, near Lysimachia the Macedonian king Antigonus II Gonatas defeated the Gauls. As the Aetolians were not able to afford the town the necessary protection, it was destroyed again in 197 BC by the Thracians during the war of the Romans against Philip of Macedonia. Antiochus the Great restored the place, collected the scattered and enslaved inhabitants, and attracted colonists from all parts by generous promises. This restoration, however, appears to have been unsuccessful, and under the dominion of Rome it decayed more and more.  The last time the place is mentioned under its ancient name, is in a passage of Ammianus Marcellinus. The emperor Justinian (527–565) restored it and surrounded it with strong fortifications, and after that time it is spoken of only under the name of Hexamilion. The place now occupying the site of Lysimachia, Eksemil, derives its name from the Justinianian fortress, though the ruins of the ancient city are more numerous in the neighbouring village of Ortaköy.

Lysimachia () was an important Hellenistic Greek town on the north-western extremity of the Thracian Chersonese (the modern Gallipoli peninsula) in the neck where the peninsula joins the mainland in what is now the European part of Turkey, not far from the bay of Melas (the modern Gulf of Saros).

利西马其亚 () 在希腊化时代是一座重要城镇,坐落在色雷斯切索尼斯(今日的盖利博卢半岛)西北方,靠近沙罗斯湾,为今土耳其在欧洲的部分。


Summary.

TV5 started on 2 January 1984 and was under the management of Serge Adda until his death in November 2004; the new director, named on 6 April 2005 is Jean-Jacques Aillagon, former French Minister for Culture and Communication. The present Director-General is Marie-Christine Saragosse.  In January 2006 TV5 underwent a major overhaul including re-branding as "TV5MONDE" to stress its focus as a global network ("Monde" is French for "World"). Also part of the changes are a new schedule and a new program line-up. Since 1993, "TV5 Monde" is part of the channel's corporate name. Its Canadian operations are branded "TV5 Québec Canada", however, though the shorter version TV5 is also used.  TV5MONDE claims to be one of the top three most available global television networks available around the world, alongside CNN and MTV.

History.

TV5 was formed on 2 January 1984, under the guidance of Claude Cheysson, French Minister for Foreign Affairs, and by TV5 President Serge Adda, by five public television channels: TF1, Antenne 2, and FR3 from France, the Swiss Télévision Suisse Romande and the Belgian RTBF. The "5" from the name TV5 comes from these five public broadcasters. On 18 December 1985, TV5 was amongst the first four channels carried by cable television in France, inaugurated in Cergy-Pontoise.  Following its privatisation in 1987, TF1 retired from the TV5 consortium, although it continued to supply its programmes to the channel up until 1995. On 1 September 1988 TV5 Québec Canada was created, then TV5 Afrique in 1991. The following year TV5 transmitted using digital compression towards Latin America and the Caribbean. Its coverage was expanded in 1996 with the launch of its Asian-Pacific signal with TV5 Asie-Pacifique and its subscription channel TV5 États-Unis in the United States. Two years later, the Middle East feed was launched with TV5 Moyen-Orient in 1998.  In early 1999, TV5 split its European signal into two, with the launch of TV5 France Belgique Suisse, a signal specific to Francophone Europe (France, Belgium, Switzerland, Monaco, Luxembourg, etc.). TV5 Europe continued to serve the wider continental audience.  A consortium formed by public channels Arte and La Cinquième entered into the capital of the channel, which brought with it new sources of programming. A new schedule was constructed, centred around news programmes such as news flashes on the hour, two TV5 bulletins and rebroadcasts of its partners' main news programmes ("20 Heures" from France 2; "Soir 3" from France 3; "Le Journal" from TSR/RTS; "13 Heures" from RTBF).  A meeting with ministers from TV5 in Vevey, Switzerland, gave a mandate to the channel's council of cooperation in order to reform the structure of the channel, in view of creating a unique worldwide channel. The national governments in charge of the five participants gave an agreement to turn management of TV5-Etats-Unis and TV5 Amerique-Latine over to TV5 Monde, the new name for the channel's head operations in Paris.  Following the September 2001 terrorist attacks and the period leading up to the 2003 Iraq War, the subsequent media coverage put the spotlight on TV5's particular way of broadcasting news bulletins from its member public broadcasters. International conflicts arising from the decision to go to war by the United States and the United Kingdom (in which France, notably had refused to participate) had relaunched the debate over whether to create an international news channel from a French perspective, resulting in the 2006 launch of France 24.  With the creation of France 24 placing TV5's own existence in doubt, its new CEO Jean-Jacques Aillagon decided, from 1 January 2006, to rename the channel TV5Monde to better underline its status as the only international Francophone channel available on-air (France 24 at this stage was only available in Europe, the Middle East, Africa and in the United States cities of New York and Washington, D.C. in French). Aillagon stepped down from his post on 3 March 2006.  The name TV5Monde only applies to its eight different signals, broadcast from its Paris headquarters. In Canada and in French-speaking Quebec, TV5 Quebec Canada is managed from Montreal, which keeps the original name TV5, as it is operated by an independent company distinct from TV5MONDE. As well as being part of the TV5 'family', TV5 Quebec Canada has its own management and its schedule is made with the Canadian viewer in mind (and to conform to Canadian broadcast regulations, amongst which, sets domestic production quotas and limits foreign investors to a minority stake).  In 2007 a new programme schedule saw the reduction of programming from France Télévisions (France 2, 3 and 5), for example, one daily news bulletin from France 2 (abandoning France 3's midday news programme). In 2008, TV5Monde became part of holding company France Monde.  In 2009, TV5Monde split its Asia-Pacific signal into two, one of them being TV5Monde Asie, a feed for territories located between GMT+8 (Hong Kong) and GMT+12 (New Zealand). TV5Monde's Pacific signal is an adaptation of its existing Asian signal which has been adopted to its time zones to better serve its viewers. It currently broadcasts in Oceania in addition to Japan, South Korea and South East Asia, despite the signal's name.  On 25 February 2015, a new signal named TV5Monde Brésil was launched, broadcasting its programming with Portuguese subtitles.

April 2015 cyber-attack and resulting disruption.

On the evening of 8 April 2015, TV5Monde was the victim of a cyberattack by a hacker group known as "CyberCaliphate", which claimed to have ties to the terrorist organization Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). The hackers breached the broadcaster's internal systems in what director Yves Bigot described as an "unprecedented" attack, overriding TV5Monde's broadcast programming for over three hours, with service only partially restored in the early hours of the following morning. Normal broadcasting services were still disrupted late into 9 April. Various computerised internal administrative and support systems including e-mail were also still shut down or otherwise inaccessible due to the attack. The hackers also hijacked TV5Monde's Facebook and Twitter pages to post the personal information of relatives of French soldiers participating in actions against the organization, along with messages critical of President François Hollande, arguing that the January 2015 terrorist attacks were "gifts" for his "unforgivable mistake" of partaking in conflicts that "[serve] no purpose".  As part of the official response to the attack, the French Minister of Culture and Communications, Fleur Pellerin, called for an emergency meeting of the heads of various major media outlets and groups. The meeting took place on 10 April at an undisclosed location. The French Prime Minister Manuel Valls called the attack "an unacceptable insult to freedom of information and expression". His cabinet colleague, the Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve attempted to allay public concern by stating that France "had already increased its anti-hacking measures to protect against cyber-attacks" following the aforementioned terrorist attacks on January earlier that year, which had left a total of 20 people dead.  French investigators later discounted the theory that the attack was connected to ISIL, instead suspecting the APT28 or "Pawn Storm", a hacking group with alleged links to the Russian government. Investigators concluded that the attack was a test of the same sorts of cyber-weaponry that were used to switch off a power station in Ukraine.  As a result, Airbus Defence and Space implemented the Keelback Net cyber sensor.

Content.

Most of its content is taken from mainstream networks in the French-speaking world, notably France Télévisions from France, RTBF from Belgium, RTS from Switzerland, and the Radio-Canada and TVA networks in Canada. In addition to international news, TV5MONDE broadcasts Ligue 1, Coupe de France final, France Six Nations matches, films and music magazines.

Ownership.

The number "5" in the name is the number of founding networks: Télévision Française 1 (TF1), Antenne 2 (France 2), FR 3 (France 3), TSR (RTS Un) and RTBF (La Une). Today, the partnership making up the TV5MONDE consortium are France Télévisions, Arte France, Institut national de l'audiovisuel, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Télé-Québec, RTBF and RTS. This consortium owns 51% of the service, while the other 49% is owned by France Médias Monde, a holding company that manages France's international broadcasting services.

Channels.

As of 2015, ten feeds are being transmitted:  (*)TV5MONDE États-Unis has certain programs subtitled in English. Particularly some newscasts and most movies are subtitled in English language. It is unusual to watch a French movie without English language subtitles on TV5MONDE États-Unis. (**)TV5 Québec Canada is produced in Montreal. (***)In Brazil, the French network has partnered with to stimulate the production of independent content in Brazilian pay TV.

Logos.

From 1984, for this television network, there are five different logos. The first logo of television network is used from 1984 to 1988, the second logo is used from 1988 to 1990, the third logo is used from 1990 to 1995, the fourth logo is used from 1995 to 2006, and the fifth and current logo is in use from 2006.  From 1991 to 2003, the digital on-screen graphic was located on the upper right corner of the screen. From 2003 onwards, it has been moved to the upper left corner of the screen.

Network availability.

Europe.

TV5MONDE FBS and TV5MONDE Europe are Free-To-Air and can be received by satellite. Additionally:

North America.

Neither TV5MONDE nor its supplementary services are Free-To-Air in North America.

Canada.

TV5 Canada is a French Canadian version of TV5MONDE. It offers largely the same programming schedule, with the exception that programming from Radio-Canada, which is already available across Canada, is replaced with content from the provincial educational networks Télé-Québec and TFO. As with TV5MONDE, TV5 Québec Canada is also a cooperative effort, though involving French Canadian networks and producers through l'Association des producteurs de films et de télévision du Québec. The Canadian license also includes "Unis", a channel focused on francophone communities outside Quebec.

United States.

In the United States, TV5MONDE États-Unis is one of several foreign-language premium channels offered through International Media Distribution. Broadcast is in standard definition only. The channel is offered nationwide on Dish Network, AT&T U-verse, and Verizon FiOS, and offered in most major markets on traditional cable systems such as Charter Spectrum, Cox Communications, Xfinity and Bright House Networks. TV5MONDE is offered on cable and satellite as an a la carte selection for $9.99 a month. On most systems, a subscription to another programming tier or a digital cable package may be required. Purportedly due to underfunding, TV5MONDE cannot yet offer accurate advance scheduling or on-time programming, but progress is being made in these fronts.  In addition, TV5MONDE USA offers a French-language children's channel, TiVi5MONDE, which offers a selection of Children's and young adult programming in French. The channel is currently available on Dish Network, as part of the TV5MONDE subscription. Daily blocks of TiVi5MONDE programming is also seen on the main TV5MONDE channel.  TV5MONDE launched TV5MONDE Cinema on Demand, a video on demand service available to Xfinity subscribers in July 2013 that features a selection of francophone films.

Mexico, Central America and Caribbean.

In Mexico and most countries of Central America and The Caribbean, TV5MONDE Amérique Latine & Caraïbes is available SKY México, a satellite television platform, on Channel 277.

South America.

Brazil.

In Brazil is transmitted with subtitles in Portuguese on their schedule. Negotiations are currently being held to launch the first original channel productions in the country. TV5MONDE Brésil is available on SKY Brasil on channel 108, Claro TV on channel 132, Net on channel 141, as well as Vivo TV.

Other countries.

TV5MONDE Amérique Latine & Caraïbes is not free-to-air in South America. The channel is available on main pay-TV operators in most Hispanic countries, with programming subtitled in Spanish.  In French Guiana, a French overseas territory in northern South America, the channel is free and broadcast with programming entirely in French.

Asia, Australia and New Zealand.

The channel is free to air from the AsiaSat 3S satellite, covering most of Asia and Australia. Triangle TV in Auckland, Nepal (Everest) and Wellington rebroadcasts some news programmes. In Nepal (Everest), TiVi5 Monde is broadcast by Dish Home on Channel no D-864. In Singapore, the StarHub TV service broadcasts it on Channel 152 for its digital service customers on MediaCorp TV Channel 5 and MediaCorp TV HD5. In India, Zee Network provides this channel for its Dish Network DTH services subscribers. Also, many others like Hathway cable TV and local cable TV operators offer TV5Monde free of cost. The channel is also available in Japan on the Fuji Television platform (as TV5MONDE Pacifique, though Japan is a part of the Asian continent) and on Television New Zealand in New Zealand.  In South Korea, ISP provider Qrix offers TV5 on its premium HD cable package.

Middle East and North Africa.

In most of the region, TV5MONDE Maghreb-Orient is available on Nilesat 101 and Badr 4 under the frequencies of 11900.00 V 27500 3/4 and 12073.00 H 27500 3/4, respectively. In Lebanon, it is also available on Cablevision (a cable television platform serving the country), and via Tele Liban's French channel, Tele Liban Le Neuf.

HD.

High-definition (HD) broadcasting of TV5MONDE FBS started on 1 July 2015 via satellite in the CanalSat mux as an upscaled HD feed. In March 2017 the HD feed was changed from upscaled into native HD (1440x1080).  TV5MONDE Maghreb-Orient has been broadcast in HD since March 2014 via Badr-4.  TV5MONDE Asie has been broadcast in HD in Taiwan since September 2014 and Singapore via StarHub TV since October 2015.

TV5Monde (; formerly known as TV5) is a French television network, broadcasting several channels of French language programming. It is an approved participant member of the European Broadcasting Union.

法国电视国际五台(TV5)是个全球性的法语电视网,于1984年1月首播。


Club career.

Early career.

Plašil, aged 18, was signed by Monaco in 2000, but in his first two-year spell, he only started 8 matches. He was subsequently loaned to Ligue 2 club Créteil. After a decent performance, Plašil returned to Monaco at the start of the 2003 season and for the next four years he was a regular in the starting team and even enjoyed his finest moment in the 2003–04 season when the principality side reached the final of the UEFA Champions League. In that season, Plašil contributed a goal to Monaco's record-breaking 8–3 defeat of Deportivo La Coruña.

Osasuna.

On 25 August 2007, Plašil signed a four-year deal at La Liga team CA Osasuna for a fee of €2.25 million, to replace the injured Javad Nekounam.  He made his debut on 16 September, replacing Javier García Portillo for the final 19 minutes of a goalless home draw against FC Barcelona. His first goal for the team from Pamplona came on 2 December, a left-foot volley to open a 2–1 victory at Deportivo de La Coruña. Three days later he got his first goal in the Reyno de Navarra Stadium, to begin a 1–1 draw against Sevilla FC. He finished the season with four goals from 35 games, the last being the only one in a win over rivals Real Zaragoza on 10 February 2008, in first-half added time.  On 5 October 2008, Plašil was sent off in the first half of a 0–1 home loss to Racing de Santander for handball from Ezequiel Garay's shot, although he missed the penalty kick. He again totalled four goals in 32 games, concluding on 31 May 2009 with an equaliser in a 2–1 home win over Real Madrid.

Bordeaux.

On 9 June 2009, French champions Bordeaux signed Plašil on a four-year deal for an estimated €3 million. He made his debut for Bordeaux when they won the 2009 Trophée des Champions.  On 31 May 2013, Plašil captained Bordeaux in its 3–2 defeat of Evian in the 2013 Coupe de France Final at the Stade de France.  On 2 September 2013, Plašil signed on loan for Serie A club Catania. He played 29 times for the Sicilians, scoring on 29 September to open a 2–0 win over Chievo, their first win of the season.  On 7 June 2017, Plašil extended his contract for one more year. Six months later, he was one of three "Girondins" sent off in a 2–1 loss at fourth-tier US Granville in the last 64 of the cup; he received a five-match ban for dissent.  In July 2019, Plašil retired at the age of 37. He immediately joined the coaching staff at Bordeaux's reserve team in the Championnat National 3.

International career.

Plašil made his debut for the Czech Republic on 31 March 2004, replacing Martin Jiránek for the final 21 minutes of a 2–1 friendly loss to the Republic of Ireland at Lansdowne Road. In his next game on 2 June he scored his first goal in a 3–1 friendly win over Bulgaria. He was selected for UEFA Euro 2004 in Portugal where his team reached the semi-finals; his lone appearance was a 2–1 win that eliminated neighbours Germany on 23 June at the Estádio José Alvalade. He started in what BBC Sport called an "under-strength" Czech team, making way for Karel Poborský with 20 minutes remaining.  He started all three of the Czechs' group games at the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany, their first since partition, where they were eliminated at the expense of eventual champions Italy. Plašil played 13 times in qualification for UEFA Euro 2008, scoring to cap a 3–0 win over Germany in the Allianz Arena on 17 October 2007 that qualified his team to the finals in Austria and Switzerland; it was Joachim Löw's first defeat as national manager. In the final tournament, Plašil started each game in Group A and scored to put the Czechs 2–0 up against Turkey in the last game, which they eventually lost 3–2 to be eliminated.  Plašil played every minute of the Czech Republic's campaign at UEFA Euro 2012 in Poland and Ukraine, where they were eliminated 1–0 by Portugal in the quarter-finals. He was called up for his fourth time at the continental championship when he was chosen for UEFA Euro 2016 in France. On 5 June in a pre-tournament friendly, he won his 100th cap in a 2–1 home friendly loss to South Korea. He started all three group matches at the tournament as the Czech national team exited with two losses and a draw.

Jaroslav Plašil (; born 5 January 1982) is a Czech former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

亚罗斯拉夫·普拉希尔(,1982年-1月5日),捷克足球运动员,司职中场,现效力于法甲球会波尔多。


History.

The statue's fame dates to the early sixteenth century, when Cardinal Oliviero Carafa draped the marble torso of the statue in a toga and decorated it with Latin epigrams on the occasion of Saint Mark's Day.  The Cardinal's actions led to a custom of criticizing the pope or his government by the writing of satirical poems in broad Roman dialect—called "pasquinades" from the Italian "pasquinate"—and attaching them to the statue "Pasquino".  Thus Pasquino became the first "talking statue" of Rome. He spoke out about the people's dissatisfaction, denounced injustice, and assaulted misgovernment by members of the Church. From this tradition are derived the English-language terms pasquinade and pasquil, which refer to an anonymous lampoon in verse or prose.

Etymological origins.

The origin of the name, "Pasquino", remains obscure. By the mid-sixteenth century it was reported that the name "Pasquino" derived from a nearby tailor who was renowned for his wit and intellect; speculation had it that his legacy was carried on through the statue, in "the honor and everlasting remembrance of the poor tailor".

Tradition of wit.

Before long, other statues appeared on the scene, forming a kind of public salon or academy, the "Congress of the Wits" ("Congresso degli Arguti"), with Pasquino always the leader, and the sculptures that Romans called Marphurius, Abbot Luigi, Il Facchino, Madama Lucrezia, and Il Babbuino as his outspoken colleagues. The "cartelli" (translated as posters, placards, boards; probably the equivalent of pamphlet) on which the epigrams were written were quickly passed around, and copies were made, too numerous to suppress. These poems were collected and published annually by the Roman printer Giacomo Mazzocchi as early as 1509, as "Carmina apposita Pasquino", and became well known all over Europe.  The lampooning tradition was ancient among Romans. For a first-century versified lampoon, see Domus Aurea.

Pasquino or Pasquin (Latin: "Pasquillus") is the name used by Romans since the early modern period to describe a battered Hellenistic-style statue perhaps dating to the third century BC, which was unearthed in the Parione district of Rome in the fifteenth century. It is located in a piazza of the same name on the southwest corner of the Palazzo Braschi (Museo di Roma); near the site where it was unearthed.

帕斯魁诺(Pasquino)是罗马人用来描述一尊希腊化文明风格雕像的名称,这尊雕像可以追溯到公元前三世纪,15世纪在罗马的Parione区出土。十八世纪古文物研究者维斯康蒂确定这尊雕像表现的主题是墨涅拉俄斯扶起帕特罗克洛斯的身体;《》比较著名的版本是在佛罗伦萨的佣兵凉廊。


Biography.

He was born Luca d'Egidio di Ventura in Cortona, Tuscany (some sources call him Luca da Cortona). The precise date of his birth is uncertain, but birth dates between 1441 and 1445 have been proposed. He died in 1523 in his native Cortona, where he is buried. He was likely between seventy-eight and eighty-two years old. He is considered to be part of the Tuscan school, although he also worked extensively in Umbria and Rome.  His first impressions of art seem to originate in Perugia — including the styles of artists such as Benedetto Bonfigli, Fiorenzo di Lorenzo and Pinturicchio. Lazzaro Vasari, the great-grandfather of art historian Giorgio Vasari, was Luca's maternal uncle. According to Giorgio Vasari, Lazzaro had Luca apprenticed to Piero della Francesca. In 1472 the young artist was painting at Arezzo, and in 1474 at Città di Castello. He presented to Lorenzo de' Medici a work which is likely "School of Pan." Janet Ross and her husband Henry discovered the painting in Florence circa 1870 and subsequently sold it to the Kaiser Frederick Museum in Berlin, though it was destroyed by allied bombs in WWII. The painting's subject is almost the same as that which he also painted on the wall of the Petrucci palace in Siena—the principal figures being Pan himself, Olympus, Echo, a man reclining on the ground, and two listening shepherds. Signorelli worked in Rome from 1478 to 1484. In 1484 he returned to his native Cortona, which remained his home until his death. In the Monastery of Monte Oliveto Maggiore in Siena he painted eight frescoes, forming part of a vast series depicting the life of St. Benedict; they are at present much injured. In the palace of Pandolfo Petrucci he worked upon various classic or mythological subjects, including the aforementioned "School of Pan". Signorelli remained healthy until his death, continuing to paint and accept commissions into his final year, including the altarpiece of the Church at Foiano.

Work in Orvieto.

From the Monastery of Monte Oliveto Maggiore near Siena, Signorelli went to Orvieto and produced his masterpiece, the frescoes in the chapel of S. Brizio (then called the Cappella Nuova), in the cathedral.  The Cappella Nuova already contained two groups of images in the vaulting over the altar, the Judging Christ and the Prophets, murals initially begun by Fra Angelico fifty years prior. The works of Signorelli in the vaults and on the upper walls represent the events surrounding the Apocalypse and the Last Judgment. The events of the Apocalypse fill the space which surrounds the entrance into the large chapel.  The Apocalyptic events begin with the "Preaching of Antichrist", and proceed to the "Doomsday" and "The Resurrection of the Flesh." They occupy three vast lunettes, each of them a single continuous narrative composition. In one of them, the Antichrist, after his portents and impious glories, falls headlong from the sky, crashing down into an innumerable crowd of men and women.  The events of the Last Judgment fill the facing vault and the walls around the altar. The series is composed of "Paradise", "the" "Elect and the Condemned", "Hell", the "Resurrection of the Dead", and the "Destruction of the Reprobate." To Angelico's ceiling, which contained the Judging Christ and the Prophets led by John the Baptist, Signorelli added the Madonna leading the Apostles, the Patriarchs, Doctors of the Church, Martyrs, and Virgins. The unifying factor of the paintings is found in the scripture readings in the Roman liturgies for the Feast of All Saints and Advent.  Stylistically, the daring and terrible inventions, with their powerful treatment of the nude and arduous foreshortenings, were striking in their day. Michelangelo is claimed to have borrowed, in his own fresco at the Sistine Chapel wall, some of Signorelli's figures or combinations. The lower walls, in an unprecedented style, are richly decorated with a great deal of subsidiary work connected with Dante, specifically the first eleven books of his "Purgatorio", and with the poets and legends of antiquity. A "Pietà" composition in a niche in the lower wall contains explicit references to two important Orvietan martyr saints, San Pietro Parenzo and San Faustino.  The contract for Signorelli's work is still on record in the archives of the Cathedral of Orvieto. He undertook the task of completing the ceiling on April 5, 1499 for 200 ducats, as well as 600 ducats for the walls, along with lodging, and a monthly payment of two measures of wine and two quarters of corn. The contract directed Signorelli to consult the Masters of the Sacred Page for theological matters. This is the first such recorded instance of an artist receiving theological advice, although art historians believe such discussions were routine. Signorelli's first stay in Orvieto lasted no more than two years. In 1502 he returned to Cortona, later returning to Orvieto to continue the lower walls. He painted a dead Christ, with Mary Magdalene, the Virgin Mary, and the local martyr Saints Pietro Parenzo and Faustino. The figure of the dead Christ, according to Vasari, is the image of Signorelli's son Antonio, who died from the plague during the course of the execution of the paintings.

Work in Siena, Cortona, Rome, and Arezzo.

After finishing the frescoes at Orvieto, Signorelli was often in Siena. In 1507 he executed a great altarpiece for S. Medardo at Arcevia in the Marche, the "Madonna and Child", with the "Massacre of the Innocents" and other episodes.  In 1508 Pope Julius II summoned artists to Rome, including Signorelli, Perugino, Pinturicchio and Il Sodoma to paint the large rooms in the Vatican Palace. They began work, but soon the Pope dismissed all to make way for Raphael. Their work was taken down, except for the ceiling in the Stanza della Segnatura. Luca returned to Siena, but mostly lived in his hometown of Cortona. He was constantly at work, but the products of his closing years were not of the quality of his works from 1490–1505.  In 1520 Signorelli went with one of his pictures to Arezzo. He was partially paralyzed when he began a fresco of the "Baptism of Christ" in the chapel of Cardinal Passerini's palace near Cortona, which is the last picture attributed to him (alternatively, a "Coronation of the Virgin" at Foiano). Signorelli stood in great repute as a citizen, entering the magistracy of Cortona as early as 1488 and holding a leading position by 1523, the year of his death.  Signorelli paid great attention to anatomy. It is said that he carried on his studies in burial grounds, and his mastery of the human form implies a familiarity resulting from dissections. He surpassed contemporaries in showing the structure and mechanism of the nude in immediate action, even going beyond nature in experiments of this kind, trying hypothetical attitudes and combinations. His drawings in the Louvre demonstrate this and bear a close analogy to the method of Michelangelo. He aimed at powerful truth rather than nobility of form; comparatively neglecting color, and his chiaroscuro exhibits sharp oppositions of lights and shadows. He had a vast influence over the painters of his own and of succeeding times, but had no pupils or assistants of high repute; one being a nephew named Francesco.  Vasari, who claimed Signorelli as a relative, described him as kindly, and a family man, and said that he always lived more like a nobleman than a painter. Vasari included Signorelli's portrait, one of seven, in his study in Arezzo, along with Michelangelo and himself. The Torrigiani Gallery in Florence contains a grand life-sized portrait by Signorelli of a man in a red cap and vest, and corresponds with Vasari's observation. In the National Gallery, London, are the "Circumcision of Jesus" and three other works. Legend holds that Signorelli depicted himself in the left foreground of his Orvietan mural "The Rule of Antichrist". Fra Angelico, his predecessor in the Orvieto cycle, is thought to stand behind him in the piece. However, the figure thought to be Fra Angelico is not dressed as a Dominican friar, and Signorelli's supposed portrait does not match that in Vasari's study.

Luca Signorelli (16 October 1523) was an Italian Renaissance painter who was noted in particular for his ability as a draftsman and his use of foreshortening. His massive frescoes of the "Last Judgment" (1499–1503) in Orvieto Cathedral are considered his masterpiece.

卢卡·西诺莱利(Luca Signorelli,约1445 – 1523年10月16日)是一位意大利文艺复兴时期的画家,他是当时托斯卡纳地区的重要画家之一,但也在罗马及翁布里亚绘制作品。


Use by Communist Party.

Because of its proximity to the capital, Beidaihe has been the location of many important official conferences, and has become well known as the Communist Party of China's summer retreat. It is still commonly used by the Party's highest leadership each July to slip away from the summer heat of Beijing and to plan important strategies in the privacy Beidaihe offers. "Beidaihe," an American diplomat once said, "is China's'smoke-filled room.'"  After Mao Zedong led the Communists to power in 1949, the new rulers also developed a taste for seaside atmosphere. Mao himself had a summer resort here. Sanatoriums sprang up to reward the efforts of model workers from every industry. A very large Friendship Guesthouse was constructed in 1954, one of dozens across China, to receive the Soviet "elder brothers" who came to assist Chinese development prior to tensions emerging between Soviet and Chinese leadership.  The most infamous event which occurred here involved Lin Biao, who on 13 September 1971, after he was accused of plotting a coup, fled his villa here with his wife and a son and boarded a plane for the Soviet Union at the local airport; the plane crashed in Mongolia, killing everyone on board.  These conferences were abandoned by order of Hu Jintao in 2004, mainly for two reasons. First, a conference in a resort area appeared to contradict Hu and Wen Jiabao's goal in projecting a frugal image for the party. Second, it was a desire of the leadership under Hu to work through formal party and state mechanisms rather than informal gatherings.

Administrative divisions.

There are two subdistricts and two towns in Beidaihe.  Subdistricts:  Towns:

Beidaihe District () is a popular beach resort and a district of the city of Qinhuangdao, Hebei province on China's Bohai Sea coast. It has an area of and,, a population of 66,000, as well as a coastline of. It is also known as a birding haven.

北戴河区,濒临渤海湾,是中国河北省秦皇岛市的一个市辖区。面积为70.3平方千米,海岸线22.5千米,人口6.1万。北戴河属暖温带、半湿润、季风型大陆性气候,受海洋的调节,又具有的海洋性气候特点。森林覆盖率70%以上,暑期平均气温只有24.5°C。