2019冠状病毒病黎巴嫩疫情

Background.

On 12 January, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, who had initially come to the attention of the WHO on 31 December 2019.  Unlike SARS of 2003, the case fatality rate for COVID-19 has been much lower, but the transmission has been significantly greater, with a significant total death toll.

Timeline.

!Date!Cases!Deaths!Recoveries

February 2020.

On 21 February 2020, Lebanon confirmed its first case of COVID-19: a 45-year-old woman traveling back from pilgrimage in Qom, Iran tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and was transferred to a hospital in Beirut.  On 26 February, a second woman, who returned from Iran on the same Mahan Air flight as the first patient, also tested positive.  On 27 February, a 77-year-old Iranian man, who arrived from Iran on 24 February, tested positive and was admitted to Rafik Hariri University Hospital in Beirut.  On 28 February, a Syrian woman tested positive and was admitted to Rafik Hariri University Hospital in Beirut.  On 29 February, the total reached 7 confirmed cases.

March 2020.

On 1 March, the Ministry of Health announced 3 new cases, which had been in self-isolation following their arrival to Lebanon from Iran days before, bringing the total to 13 cases.  On 4 March, total confirmed cases reach 15.  On 10 March, the first coronavirus-related death is recorded.  On 11 March, Rafik Hariri University Hospital announced the second death due to the virus in Lebanon to a 55-year-old man. There were also 9 new cases. The first fully recovered patient was also announced.  On 12 March, the third death was reported for a 79-year-old man. He was infected from the first deceased patient at a hospital in Byblos.  On 13 March, total number reaches 78 in Lebanon, which includes an employee at the Ministry of Public Health.  On 14 March, 15 new coronavirus cases are announced in Lebanon, bringing the total of 93.  On 15 March, 6 new cases are announced, total at 99. Lebanon declared a state of medical emergency. The government announced the closure of Beirut Airport, seaports and land entrances for 2 weeks, starting from March 18.  On 21 March, Prime Minister Hassan Diab in a televised speech urged people in Lebanon to implement "self-curfew," adding that the lockdown measures will be enforced more strictly by the security forces.  On 26 March, Lebanon imposed a partial curfew from 7 p.m. to 5 a.m. to slow the spread of the virus. 35 new cases were also announced, bringing the total number of infected to 368.  On 30 March, there were 446 confirmed cases and 11 deaths.

April 2020.

On 2 April, Philippine ambassador to Lebanon, Bernardita Catalla, died of COVID-19 in Beirut at the age of 62. She was the first Filipino diplomat to succumb to the disease. Human Rights Watch released a report saying that at least 21 Lebanese municipalities have introduced discriminatory restrictions on Syrian refugees that do not apply to Lebanese residents as part of their efforts to combat COVID-19, undermining the country's public health response.  On 4 April, the Minister Of Health department announced there were 520 total cases of COVID-19.  On 9 April, the Lebanese Cabinet extended the national lockdown, which started on 15 March and was extended on 26 March, for an additional 2 weeks until 26 April.  On 22 April, a Palestinian from Syria became the first case reported in a refugee camp, located in the Wavel refugee camp in Bekaa. The total number of cases was 682, with 22 deaths.

May 2020.

On 5 May, the national lockdown was extended by the government for an additional 2 weeks until 24 May. The total number of cases was 741, with 25 deaths as of 5 May.  On 7 May, 25 Lebanese citizens who boarded an inbound flight from Nigeria tested positive.  On 13 May, a full lockdown went into effect until 18 May due to a large increase in positive cases. Over 100 new cases in the previous 4 days were announced, bring the total number of infected to 870, with 26 deaths.  On 21 May, Lebanon's Health Ministry reported 63 new cases of the coronavirus, the largest single-day increase since the outbreak of the pandemic. Many of the new cases were the result of Lebanese expatriates returning home, Information Minister Manal Abdel Samad said.

Containment.

Education.

On 28 February, the Minister of Education Tarek al-Majzoub announced the closure of all educational institutions starting on 29 February until 8 March. The decision was seen as unnecessarily strict by some universities including the American University of Beirut, the Lebanese American University, and the Univeristé Saint-Joseph who called for evidence-based decision-making to avoid unnecessary panic. After initially announcing that it would stay open in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, and ignoring the Lebanese Ministry of Education and Higher Education's request that it shut down, in early March 2020 the university announced that it would close down. The universities did ultimately abide by the decision and close after discussions with the Minister of Education. The American University of Beirut has consequently formed an expert committee for independent advising on the pandemic.  On 6 March, the Minister of Health Hamad Hassan declared that "Lebanon is no longer in Coronavirus containment stage" following the entry of several new cases to Lebanon coming from countries previously classified as not infected and urged the population to take preventive measures such as avoiding public venues, like resorts and theaters. Following this statement, the closure of schools, universities, and nurseries was extended to March 14.

Religion.

In reaction to the pandemic, several religious institutions in Lebanon decided to act proactively changing traditional ceremony methods to limit the spread of the virus. Churches and Mosques have been cleaned and disinfected, and practices have been adjusted. Within Christian communities, churches have emptied fonts of Holy water, and communion is carried out by handing the Eucharist instead of placing directly in the mouth. Similarly, within Muslim communities, it was recommended that people use their own prayer rugs and do ritual cleaning at home. Instructions by both religious parties recommend greetings without hand-shaking nor kissing.  Churches and Mosques were reopened on 10 May at reduced capacity. The number of worshipers is not allowed to exceed 30% of the total capacity, and sanitary conditions and preventive measures must be followed. Churches and Mosques were closed since 15 March to prevent the spread of the virus.

Public places and businesses.

On 21 January, weeks before the first case in Lebanon was confirmed, the Lebanese Football Association announced that they would suspend operations due to financial reasons; this suspension caused all remaining games of the 2019–20 Lebanese Premier League season to be cancelled.  On 6 March, gyms, cinemas, theaters, and nightclubs were ordered to close their doors.  On 11 March, all restaurants in Lebanon closed.  On 12 March, most major malls announced their closure until further notice.  On 4 May, restaurants and barbers were allowed to reopen, although at reduced capacity.

Government.

On 9 March, Lebanese Parliament closed down. All people were instructed by the government to stay home and the army was asked to interfere by order from Lebanese president and prime minister.  On 12 March, the government announced that internet service through the public provider Ogero would be boosted through the end of April, to encourage users to stay home. Other private internet companies and phone line companies followed suit with similar discounts/boosts for their customers.

Technology.

On 21 February 2020, the international Lebanese website, "Lebanon Info Center", was the first Lebanese website to officially cover the COVID-19 situation in Lebanon, with its page "Lebanon Coronavirus (COVID-19) Emergency", thus, it was the first to offer official emergency and cases numbers, non-commercial recommendations and advice that are based on science and the actual situation on the Lebanese territories.  On 12 March 2020, a media site in Lebanon, The961, announced the launch of a live tracker monitoring the number of confirmed cases, deaths, and recoveries in Lebanon in real-time, manually cross-referencing three sources by directly communicating with the Ministry of Health, World Health Organization and the Lebanese Red Cross. In the announcement thread, The961 founder, Anthony Kantara, explained the frustration of the lack of consistent and clear information as the motivator. The dedicated page also includes the latest news, updates and FAQs surrounding COVID-19.  On 19 March, the Information Minister Manal Abdul Samad launched a government site dedicated to the COVID-19 outbreak in Lebanon. However, the website updates may depend on the ministry availability constraints.

Politicization.

As the first flight introducing coronavirus patients was a flight from Qom, Iran—a city plagued by the coronavirus—some Lebanese citizens and media have cast blame onto Iran and Hezbollah for being silent about the issue and not taking necessary measures against it. Some agents blamed Iran for bringing in the virus to the country. Following that, Information Minister Manal Abdul-Samad warned against involving political tensions in the pandemic.

Economic impact.

Non-payment of salaries was reported. A suffocating economic crisis has left Lebanon's poor with little or no means to cope with extra hardship.

Controversy.

Lebanon has faced a significant shortage of test kits amidst the outbreak. Al Jazeera reported that undocumented migrants have no access to testing. Refugees of the Syrian civil war are living in crowded refugee camps with poor sanitary conditions and little water like most Lebanese. The majority lack residency permits and are afraid they will be deported to Syria if they seek testing or treatment because they reside in Lebanon illegally.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (). The virus was confirmed to have reached Lebanon in February 2020. As of 10 June 2020, some of the hardest-hit cities and towns in the country include Beirut and its metropolitan area, Bcharre in the North of the country and Majdel Anjar in the Beqaa Governorate.

2019冠状病毒病黎巴嫩疫情,介绍在2019新型冠状病毒疫情中,在黎巴嫩发生的情况。


胜安航空185号班机空难

Aircraft.

The aircraft operating flight 185 was a Boeing 737-300 with manufacturer serial number 28556, registered as 9V-TRF and was powered by two CFM56-3B2 engines. Having completed its maiden flight in January 1997, the aircraft was delivered to SilkAir in February 1997, 10 months before the crash. At the time of the accident, it was the newest aircraft in SilkAir's fleet and had accumulated 2,238 flight hours in 1,306 cycles. This is the first and only fatal hull loss for SilkAir.

Accident.

Carrying 97 passengers and a crew of seven, the Boeing 737 departed Jakarta's Soekarno-Hatta International Airport's runway 25R at 15:37 local time (08:37 UTC) for a planned 80-minute flight to Singapore Changi Airport, with captain, 41, of Singapore, a former A-4 Skyhawk pilot, at the controls along with first officer Duncan Ward, 23, of New Zealand. Generally fair weather was expected for the route, except for some thunderstorms near Singkep Island, south of Singapore.  The aircraft was cleared to climb to flight level 350 (FL350), about, and to head directly to Palembang. At 15:47:06, while climbing through, the crew requested clearance to proceed directly to waypoint. At 15:53, the crew reported reaching the cruise altitude of FL350 and was cleared to proceed directly to PARDI, and to report abeam Palembang. The cockpit voice recorder (CVR) ceased recording at 16:05. The TV series "Mayday" argues Captain Tsu may have taken the opportunity of leaving the cockpit for tripping the CVR circuit breaker in order to turn off the CVR. At 16:10, the air traffic controller informed the flight that it was abeam Palembang and instructed the aircraft to maintain FL350 and to contact Singapore Control upon reaching PARDI. First Officer Ward acknowledged this call. At 16:11, nearly six minutes after the CVR ceased recording, the flight data recorder (FDR) also stopped recording. "Mayday" shows that Tsu is thought probably to have come up with an excuse to get Ward out of the cockpit. Having done so, the pilot then proceeded to lock his co-pilot out of the flight deck before disabling the data recorder; Tsu is presumed to have done this in order to ensure that there would be no record of what he was going to do next.  Flight 185 remained level at FL350 until it started a rapid and nearly vertical dive around 16:12. While descending through, parts of the aircraft, including a great extent of the tail section, started to separate from the aircraft's fuselage due to high forces arising from the nearly supersonic dive. Seconds later, the aircraft impacted the Musi River, near Palembang, Sumatra, killing all 104 people on board. The time it took the aircraft to dive from cruise altitude to the river was less than one minute. The plane was travelling faster than the speed of sound for a few seconds before impact. Parts of the wreckage were embedded into the riverbed.  The aircraft broke into pieces before impact, with the debris spread over several kilometres, though most of the wreckage was concentrated in a single by area at the river bottom. No complete body, body part or limb was found, as the entire aircraft and passengers disintegrated upon impact. Only six positive identifications were later obtained from the few recovered human remains.

Passengers and crew.

Silk Air issued a press release on 19 December 1997 with a passenger count by nationality, and another the following day with crew details and a complete passenger manifest.  Among those killed in the crash was Singaporean model and author Bonny Hicks.

Investigation and final report.

The accident was investigated by the Indonesian NTSC, which was assisted by expert groups from the US, Singapore, and Australia.  Around 73% of the wreckage (by weight) was recovered, partially reconstructed, and examined. Both of the aircraft recorders, the CVR (cockpit voice recorder) and the FDR (flight data recorder) were retrieved from the river and their data were extracted and analyzed.  The investigators tested 20 different simulations for various equipment failure scenarios, and found that the only scenario that matched the actual radar trajectory of the descent and crash of the flight was a high speed steep dive commanded by one of the pilots. Furthermore, the investigators had found the trim jackscrew for the horizontal stabilizer, which revealed that flight inputs from one of the pilots had moved the stabilizer from level flight to a full nose down descent.  It was initially speculated that first officer Duncan Ward had deliberately crashed the aircraft, as he was the only person in the cockpit when the CVR stopped recording. However, this was quickly ruled out, as Ward's friends, family and co-workers said that he had not displayed any signs of depression nor suicide during his career at SilkAir and was in a good mood on the morning of the accident flight.  At 16:00, the CVR showed that Captain Tsu left the cockpit; five minutes later, the CVR stopped recording. Tests indicated that a click would be heard on the CVR recording if the CVR circuit breaker had tripped normally, but not if it had been pulled out manually. As there was no click, it is likely that Captain Tsu pulled out the CVR circuit breaker after leaving the cockpit. The NTSC and NTSB investigators thought that if Captain Tsu was responsible for the crash, he must have made up some excuse to get the First Officer to leave the flight deck before disabling the FDR (which would have immediately triggered a Master Caution on both pilots' control panels), so that his actions would not be noticed. Several minutes later, as recorded by Indonesian ground radar, the aircraft entered a rapid descent, disintegrated, and crashed into the Musi River.  On 14 December 2000, after three years of investigation, the Indonesian NTSC issued its final report. The NTSC chairman overrode the findings of his investigators—that the crash was caused deliberately by pilot input—so that the report stated that the evidence was inconclusive and that the cause of the accident could not be determined:  The US NTSB, which also participated in the investigation, concluded that the evidence was consistent with a deliberate manipulation of the flight controls, most likely by the captain.  In a letter to the NTSC dated 11 December 2000, the NTSB wrote:  The examination of all of the factual evidence is consistent with the conclusions that: 1) no airplane-related mechanical malfunctions or failures caused or contributed to the accident, and 2) the accident can be explained by intentional pilot action. Specifically, a) the accident airplane’s flight profile is consistent with sustained manual nose-down flight control inputs; b) the evidence suggests that the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) was intentionally disconnected; c) recovery of the airplane was possible but not attempted; and d) it is more likely that the nose-down flight control inputs were made by the captain than by the first officer.  Geoffrey Thomas of "The Sydney Morning Herald" said that "a secret report confirmed that the Indonesian authorities would not issue a public verdict because they feared it would make their own people too frightened to fly." Santoso Sayogo, an NTSC investigator who worked on the SilkAir 185 case, said that the NTSB opinion was shared by some Indonesian investigators, who were over-ruled by their boss.

Potential motives.

In the aftermath of the crash, several potential motives for the captain's alleged suicide and homicide were suggested, including recent financial losses of $1.2 million (his share-trading showed trading of more than one million shares and his securities-trading privileges had been suspended 10 days before the accident due to nonpayment), his obtaining a $600,000 life insurance policy the previous week which was to have gone into effect on the day of the accident (though it later emerged that this was a routine policy taken out as part of a mortgage requirement), his receipt of several recent disciplinary actions on the part of the airline (including one that related to improper manipulation of the CVR circuit breaker), and the loss of four squadron mates during his military flight training, 18 years earlier on the exact date of the crash. He had also had several conflicts with Ward and other co-pilots who had questioned his command suitability. Investigations later revealed that his total assets were greater than his liabilities, although his liquid assets could not cover his immediate debts; his monthly income was less than his family's monthly expenditure; and he had some outstanding credit card debts.  An official investigation by the Singapore Police Force into evidence of criminal offence leading to the crash found "no evidence that the pilot, copilot or any crew member had suicidal tendencies or a motive to deliberately cause the crash of [the aircraft]".  Tsu was formerly a Republic of Singapore Air Force pilot and had over 20 years of flying experience in the older T/A-4S Skyhawks, as well as the newer T/A-4SU Super Skyhawks. His last appointment was instructor pilot of a Skyhawk squadron.

PA announcement.

Captain Tsu made what appeared to be a routine public address announcement about the flight at 15:44:37, about 7 min after takeoff, which was recorded by the CVR and transcribed by the NTSC:  Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen, this is your Captain. My name is Tsu Wai Ming. On the flight deck this afternoon with me is first officer Duncan Ward. We’d like to welcome you aboard and ah we are now climbing through nineteen thousand feet. We’ll be cruising today at thirty five thousand heading towards the north west tracking initially towards the eastern coast of Sumatra towards the town of Palembang before turning right towards Singapore. Flight time one hour twenty minutes. You can expect ah to arrive at Singapore at about six o’clock in the evening Singapore time which is one hour ahead of Jakarta time. Time in Singapore is now four forty five in the afternoon, this is about five minutes ahead of schedule. Weather conditions, clear skies out of Jakarta, very hot afternoon, and at the moment we are still in good weather, however toward Singapore we can expect a bit of showers, thunderstorm towards the southern part of Singapore. Arrival at Singapore should be fine with a temperature of about twenty eight degrees Celsius. The seatbelt sign is now off, feel free to move around the cabin, however while seated, for your own safety have your seatbelt fastened. Sit back and relax, enjoy the services provided today on SilkAir one eight five and I’ll get back to you just before our descent into Singapore with an updated weather forecast. Thank you.  Tsu's announcement ended at 15:46. At 16:05, 19 minutes later, the CVR stopped recording. Six minutes later, at 16:11, the FDR stopped recording, and at 16:12 the aircraft plunged into its fatal dive.

CVR and FDR deactivation.

The cockpit voice recorder and flight data recorder stopped recording minutes before the abrupt descent, but not at the same time. The CVR stopped functioning approximately 6 minutes before the dive as the captain was leaving the cockpit for a short break. The FDR was deactivated 5 minutes later approximately one minute before the dive. Overload and short circuit tests show that a distinctive 400-Hz tone is recorded by the CVR when the CVR circuit breaker trips. The investigators could not find this sound on Flight 185's CVR, which made them conclude that the CVR circuit breaker was manually pulled out. The radio continued to work after the failure of the CVR, which indicates that power failure was not the cause. Subsequent investigations, including a National Geographic Channel documentary, revealed that this FDR had previously failed, for periods lasting between ten seconds and ten minutes. Testing of the unit by NTSC found no evidence that a malfunction or failure caused either recorder to stop recording data.

Servo valve issue.

Starting in 1991, several accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737 were the result of uncommanded movement of their rudders. On 3 March 1991, United Airlines Flight 585, a 737-200, crashed in Colorado Springs, Colorado, killing 25 people. On 8 September 1994, USAir Flight 427, a 737-300, crashed near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, killing 132 people. There were four more incidents where a 737 rudder power control unit (PCU) malfunction was suspected.  The "Seattle Times" devoted a series of 37 articles to Boeing 737 loss of control malfunctions. The accident occurred in the middle of a controversy over the NTSB's role in accidents caused by the rudder control unit.  During the investigation of Flight 427, the NTSB discovered that the PCU's dual servo valve could jam, as well, and deflect the rudder in the opposite direction of the pilots' input, due to thermal shock, caused when cold PCUs are injected with hot hydraulic fluid. As a result of this finding, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ordered the servo valves to be replaced and new training protocol for pilots to handle unexpected movement of flight controls to be developed. The FAA ordered an upgrade of all Boeing 737 rudder control systems by 12 November 2002.  According to the series "Mayday", the rudder issue had been corrected before construction started on the accident aircraft. Nevertheless, the theory of a rudder malfunction was investigated with the possibility of corrosion of and/or debris getting stuck in the power control unit, and was disproved.

Aftermath.

Lawsuits.

SilkAir paid US$10,000 compensation to each victim's family, the maximum under the Warsaw Convention. Boeing also paid an undisclosed amount of compensation. In 2001, six families who had sued SilkAir for damages based on the allegation that the crash was caused by the pilot were turned down by a Singapore High Court judge, who ruled that "the onus of proving that flight MI185 was intentionally crashed has not been discharged."  Despite the fact that the NTSB and Parker Hannifin had already ruled out the possibility of mechanical failure as a cause to the crash of Flight 185 due to a defective PCU servo valve-unit (manufactured by Parker Hannifin), an independent and private investigation refocused on and further examined the recovered PCU device whose malfunctioning has been pointed out in other sudden Boeing 737 crashes. The manufacturer's records relating to this particular unit revealed that it had failed some routine tests, but they claimed to have corrected these problems. A metals expert, with the use of images from a scanning electron microscope, concluded that the servo valve had 'chip-outs' and numerous burrs "that could easily have interfered with the smooth operation of the valve". After this investigation was complete, in 2004, a Los Angeles Superior Court jury in the United States, which was not allowed to hear or consider the NTSB's conclusions about the accident, found that the crash was caused by a defective servo valve in the plane's rudder. The hydraulic PCU device manufacturer, Parker Hannifin, was ordered to pay the three families of victims involved in that case US$43.6 million. After threatening to appeal the verdict, Parker Hannifin later compensated all families involved (although it did not accept liability). Parker Hannafin spokesperson Lorrie Paul Crum stated that a federal law disallowed them from using the NTSB final report as evidence in the company's favour during the lawsuit. The lawyer representing the plaintiffs, Walter Lack, stated that the law only disallowed using the NTSB report's conclusion and suggestions, while statements of fact are admissible.

SilkAir.

In the aftermath of the crash, as well as with worsening conditions for Asian aviation in general due to the financial crisis, SilkAir terminated its Singapore–Jakarta service, and has not returned since. Before the crash, the route was served by both SilkAir and parent company Singapore Airlines; as of 2017, the route, the second-busiest international route in the world, is served by Singapore Airlines and its budget offshoot Scoot, which combined, serve Jakarta a combined 79 times weekly (up to 12 daily flights).

Dramatisation.

The Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic TV series "Mayday" (also called "Air Crash Investigation" or "Air Disasters") dramatised the accident in a 2013 episode titled "Pushed to the Limit" (broadcast in some countries as "Pilot Under Pressure").

In popular culture.

Singaporean singer JJ Lin's 2013 song "Practice Love" (修煉愛情) from the album "Stories Untold (因你而在)" is based on this accident, as a close friend of the artist was killed on the flight.

SilkAir Flight 185 was a scheduled SilkAir passenger flight operated by a Boeing 737-300 from Jakarta, Indonesia to Singapore that crashed into the Musi River near Palembang in southern Sumatra, on 19 December 1997, killing all 97 passengers and seven crew on board.

胜安航空185号班机(SilkAir Flight 185)是由印尼雅加达到新加坡的定期航班。1997年12月19日,该航班由一架编号9V-TRF的波音737-36N客机执行此任务,起飞后一切正常,却突然以超高速俯冲,超出了波音737型客机机体结构所能承受的临界值,机身在空中解体,坠毁于印尼的穆西河中,机上104人无人生还。


Research findings and issues.

A 2015 survey of contributors to Wikipedia found that less than 15% of contributors were women. This gender contribution has received significant attention from researchers and the media. A group of researchers and practitioners offered several opinions on why this has been an issue. The gender research literature suggests that the difference in contribution rates could be due to three factors: (1) the high levels of conflict in discussions, (2) dislike of critical environments, and (3) lack of confidence in editing other contributors' work. Consequently, Wikipedia has been criticized by some academics and journalists for having primarily male contributors, and for having fewer and less extensive articles about women or topics important to women. "The New York Times" pointed out that Wikipedia's female participation rate may be in line with other "public thought-leadership forums". In 2009, a Wikimedia Foundation survey revealed that 6% of editors who made more than 500 edits were female, with the average male editor having twice as many edits.  In the English Wikipedia and five other language editions that were studied by researchers, the ratio of articles about women to articles about men was higher than in three other databases. However, analysis with computational linguistics concluded that the way women and men are described in articles demonstrates bias, with articles about women more likely to use more words relating to gender and family. The researchers believe that this is a sign Wikipedia editors consider male the "null gender" (in other words, that "male" is assumed unless otherwise specified, an example of male as norm). Another critique of Wikipedia's approach, from a 2014 "Guardian" editorial, is that it has difficulty making judgments about "what matters". To illustrate this point they noted that the page listing pornographic actresses was better organized than the page listing women writers.  In 2010, United Nations University and UNU-MERIT jointly presented an overview of the results of a global Wikipedia survey. A 30 January 2011, "New York Times" article cited this Wikimedia Foundation collaboration, which indicated that fewer than 13% of contributors to Wikipedia are women. Sue Gardner, then executive director of the foundation, said that increasing diversity was about making the encyclopedia "as good as it could be". Factors the article cited as possibly discouraging women from editing included the "obsessive fact-loving realm", associations with the "hard-driving hacker crowd", and the necessity to be "open to very difficult, high-conflict people, even misogynists". In 2013, the results of the survey were challenged by Hill and Shaw using corrective estimation techniques to suggest upward corrections to the data from the survey and to recommend updates to the statistics being surveyed, giving 22.7% for adult US female editors and 16.1% overall.  In February 2011, "The New York Times" followed up with a series of opinions on the subject under the banner, "Where Are the Women in Wikipedia?" Susan C. Herring, a professor of information science and linguistics, said that she was not surprised by the Wikipedia contributors' gender gap. She said that the often contentious nature of Wikipedia article "talk" pages, where article content is discussed, is unappealing to many women, "if not outright intimidating". Joseph M. Reagle reacted similarly, saying that the combination of a "culture of hacker elitism", combined with the disproportionate effect of high-conflict members (a minority) on the community atmosphere, can make it unappealing. He said, "the ideology and rhetoric of freedom and openness can then be used (a) to suppress concerns about inappropriate or offensive speech as "censorship" and (b) to rationalize low female participation as simply a matter of their personal preference and choice." Justine Cassell said that although women are as knowledgeable as men, and as able to defend their point of view, "it is still the case in American society that debate, contention, and vigorous defense of one’s position is often still seen as a male stance, and women’s use of these speech styles can call forth negative evaluations."  The "International Journal of Communication" published research by Reagle and Lauren Rhue that examined the coverage, gender representation, and article length of thousands of biographical subjects on the English-language Wikipedia and the online "Encyclopædia Britannica". They concluded that Wikipedia provided better coverage and longer articles in general, that Wikipedia typically has more articles on women than "Britannica" in absolute terms, but Wikipedia articles on women were more likely to be missing than articles on men relative to "Britannica". That is, Wikipedia dominated "Britannica" in biographical coverage, but more so when it comes to men. Similarly, one might say that "Britannica" is more balanced in whom it neglects to cover than Wikipedia. For both reference works, article length did not consistently differ by gender.  In April 2011, the Wikimedia Foundation conducted its first semi-annual Wikipedia survey. It suggested that 9% of Wikipedia editors are women. It also reported, "Contrary to the perception of some, our data shows that very few women editors feel like they have been harassed, and very few feel Wikipedia is a sexualized environment." However, an October 2011 paper at the International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration found evidence that suggested that Wikipedia may have "a culture that may be resistant to female participation".  A study published in 2014 found that there is also an "Internet skills gap" with regard to Wikipedia editors. The authors found that the most likely Wikipedia contributors are high-skilled men and that there is no gender gap among low-skilled editors, and concluded that the "skills gap" exacerbates the gender gap among editors. During 2010–14, women made up 61% of participants of the college courses arranged by the Wiki Education Foundation program that included editing Wikipedia as part of the curriculum. Their contributions were found to shift the Wikipedia content from pop-culture and STEM towards social sciences and humanities.  In 2016, Wagner et al. found that gender inequality manifests itself in Wikipedia's biographical content in multiple ways, including unequal thresholds for determining a subject's notability, topical bias, linguistic bias, and structural inequalities. The authors found that when editors determine if a subject is notable enough to include on Wikipedia, they hold women to a higher standard of notability, resulting in women on Wikipedia being slightly more notable than men on Wikipedia. As for topical bias, biographies about women tend to focus more on family-, gender-, and relationship-related topics. This is especially true for biographies of women born before 1900. The authors also found structural differences in terms of meta-data and hyperlinks, which have consequences for information-seeking activities.  A 2017 study found that women participating in an experiment by editing a Wikipedia-like site tended to view other editors as male, and to view their responses as more critical than if the other editor was gender-neutral. The study concluded that:  A study by Ford and Wajcman observes that research on the gender bias continues to frame the problem as a deficit in women. In contrast, their central argument states that infrastructure studies in feminist technoscience allows the gender analysis to be taken to a further level. It looks at three issues within the infrastructure: content policies, software, and the legalistic framework of operation. It suggests that progress can be made through altering that culture of knowledge production through encouraging alternate knowledge, reducing the technical barriers to editing, and addressing the complexity of Wikipedia policies.  In February 2018, in the Pipeline of Online Participation Inequalities, Shaw and Hargittai concluded from their studies that to solve the problems of participation inequality including gender bias requires a broader focus on subjects other than inequality. They recommended a focus on encouraging participants of all educational backgrounds, skill levels, and age groups will help Wikipedia to improve. They recommended further that informing more women that Wikipedia is free to edit and open to everyone is critical in eliminating gender bias.  In March 2018, mathematician Marie A. Vitulli wrote in "Notices of the American Mathematical Society", "The percentage of women editors on Wikipedia remains dismally low."  In October 2018, when Donna Strickland won a Nobel Prize in Physics, numerous write-ups mentioned that she did not previously have a Wikipedia page. A draft had been submitted, but was rejected for not demonstrating "significant coverage (not just passing mentions) about the subject".  In 2014, Noopur Raval, a PhD candidate at UC Irvine, wrote in The Encyclopedia Must Fail!- Notes on Queering Wikipedia, that "making a platform open access does not automatically translate to equality of participation, ease of access, or cultural acceptance of the medium." In 2017, researchers Matthew A. Vetter and Keon Mandell Pettiway explain that the white, cis-gendered male dominance amongst Wikipedia editors has led to the "erasure of non-normative gender and sexual identities," in addition to cis-gendered females. The "androcentric and heteronormative discourses" of Wikipedia editing insufficiently allow "marginalized gender and sexual identities to take part in language use and the construction of knowledge."

Possible causes.

Several causes for this gender disparity have been suggested. A 2010 study revealed a Wikipedia female participation rate of 13 percent, observed to be close to the 15 percent overall female participation rate of other "public thought-leadership forums". Wikipedia research fellow Sarah Stierch acknowledged that it is "fairly common" for Wikipedia contributors to remain gender-anonymous. A perceived unwelcoming culture and tolerance of violent and abusive language are also reasons put forth for the gender gap. According to a 2013 study, another cause of the gender gap in Wikipedia is the failure to attract and retain female editors, resulting in a negative impact on Wikipedia's coverage. As well, Wikipedia "...editors that publicly identify as women face harassment" from other Wikipedia editors.  Former Wikimedia Foundation executive director Sue Gardner cited nine reasons why women don't edit Wikipedia, culled from comments by female Wikipedia editors:  Though the proportion of female readership to male readership on Wikipedia is roughly equal (47%), females are less likely to convert themselves to editors (16%). Several studies suggest that there may be a formed culture in Wikipedia that discourages women from participating. Lam "et al". link this culture due to a disparity in male-to-female centric topics represented and edited, the tendency for female users to be more active in the social and community aspects of Wikipedia, an increased likelihood that edits by new female editors are reverted, and/or that articles with high proportions of female editors are more contentious.  Collier and Bear in 2012 summarized the reason for working barriers of women in Wikipedia in three words: conflict, criticism and confidence. Conflict means online harassment, trolling and competition which women generally do not like; Criticism refers to women's unwillingness to edit someone else's work and to let their work be edited by someone else; Confidence shows that women are often not too confident about their own expertise and ability in editing and contributing to a certain work. Wikipedia's free to edit policy gives Internet users an open platform, while also unconsciously breeding a competitive and critical environment that limits women's incentives to participate.  Through examining the power infrastructure of Wikipedia, Ford and Wajcman pointed out another cause that may reinforce Wikipedia's gender bias. Editing on Wikipedia requires "particular forms of sociotechnical expertise and authority that constitute the knowledge or epistemological infrastructure of Wikipedia". People who are equipped with this expertise and skill are considered more likely to reach positions with power in Wikipedia. These are proposed to be predominantly men.  Studies have also considered the gender bias in Wikipedia from a historical perspective. Konieczny and Klein indicated that Wikipedia is just a part of our biased society which has a long history of gender inequality. As Wikipedia records daily activities by individual editors, it serves as both "a reflection of the world" and "a tool used to produce our world". Even though gender bias is reducing slowly, it remains an existing problem.

Reactions.

The Wikimedia Foundation has officially held, since at least 2011 when Gardner was executive director, that gender bias exists in the project. It has made some attempts to address it but Gardner has expressed frustration with the degree of success achieved. She has also noted that "in the very limited leisure time women had, they tended to be more involved in social activities instead of editing Wikipedia. 'Women see technology more as a tool they use to accomplish tasks, rather than something fun in itself. In 2011, the Foundation set a target of having 25 percent of its contributors identifying as female by 2015. In August 2013, Gardner said, "I didn't solve it. We didn't solve it. The Wikimedia Foundation didn't solve it. The solution won't come from the Wikimedia Foundation."  Writing for "Slate" in 2011, Heather Mac Donald called Wikipedia's gender imbalance a "non-problem in search of a misguided solution." Mac Donald asserted, "The most straightforward explanation for the differing rates of participation in Wikipedia—and the one that conforms to everyday experience—is that, on average, males and females have different interests and preferred ways of spending their free time."  In August 2014, Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales announced in a BBC interview the Wikimedia Foundation's plans for "doubling down" on the gender content gap at Wikipedia. Wales said the Foundation would be open to more outreach and more software changes.

Efforts to increase female editorship.

Dedicated edit-a-thons have been organized to increase the coverage of women's topics in Wikipedia and to encourage more women to edit Wikipedia. These events are supported by the Wikimedia Foundation, which sometimes provides mentors and technology to help guide newer editors through the process. Recent edit-a-thons have given specific focus to topics such as Australian female neuroscientists and women in Jewish history.  VisualEditor, a project funded by the Wikimedia Foundation that allows for WYSIWYG-style editing on Wikipedia, is said to be aimed in part at closing the gender gap.  The project was launched with the goal to provide a user-friendly environment for newcomers, with a particular goal of boosting women's participation in Wikipedia.  In 2013, FemTechNet launched "Wikistorming" as a project that offers feminist scholarship and encourages Wikipedia editing as part of school and college teaching.  In July 2014, the National Science Foundation announced that it would spend $200,000 to study systemic gender bias on Wikipedia.  An early-2015 initiative to create a "women-only" space for Wikipedia editors was strongly opposed by Wikipedians.  In the summer of 2015, the WikiProject Women in Red was launched on the English-language version of Wikipedia, focusing on the creation of new articles about notable women. Mainly through its monthly virtual editathons, Women in Red encourages editors to participate in extending Wikipedia's coverage. Thanks in part to the efforts of this project, by June 2018 some 17,000 new women's biographies had been added to Wikipedia.  In 2017, Wikimedia Foundation put a funding of $500,000 in building a more encouraging environment for diversity on Wikipedia.  Many Wikiprojects are committed to promoting editors' contribution on gender and female studies, which include ",,, and the ".  Expanding beyond the male/female gender binary, Wikiproject LGBT creates a space for "re/writing the inclusion and representation of LGBTQ culture into Wikipedia mainspace."  In 2015, Jennifer C. Edwards, history department chairperson at Manhattan College, explained that educational institutions can use Wikipedia assignments such as encyclopedia’s gender gap analysis and coverage of female topics to inspire students to alter the current gender imbalance.

Gender bias on Wikipedia reflects findings that a dominant majority of volunteer Wikipedia editors, particularly on the English-language site, are male. Also, there are fewer and less extensive articles about women or topics important to women. It figures among the most frequent criticisms of Wikipedia, sometimes as part of a more general criticism about systemic bias in Wikipedia. The Wikimedia Foundation, which runs Wikipedia, agrees with these criticisms and has made an ongoing attempt to increase female editorship of Wikipedia. Edit-a-thons have been held to encourage female editors and increase the coverage of women's topics.

维基百科的性别偏误是一项针对维基百科的批评;认为在内容的质与量上都是有偏误的,原因是来自于大多数的维基百科编辑者都是男性。


2019冠状病毒病卡塔尔疫情

Background.

Qatar is highly dependent on migrant laborers; more than 90% of residents are not Qatari nationals. Numerous laborers live in overcrowded camps on the outskirts of Doha, which, according to the World Bank, are "fertile ground for transmission of COVID-19".

Timeline.

February 2020.

On February 27, Qatar reported its first confirmed case of Coronavirus (COVID-19). The patient was a 36 year old Qatari male who had been evacuated out of Iran on a government-chartered plane.

March 2020.

On March 9, 2020, Qatar announced a closure of all schools and universities until further notice and placed a travel ban on 15 countries: Bangladesh, China, Egypt, India, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Lebanon, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Syria, and Thailand.  On March 11, 2020, the Qatari Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) announced the confirmation of 238 new cases of the disease in a single day, bringing the country's total to 262. These new cases were infected by 3 COVID-19 patients who were living in the building, unaware of having the virus. On March 13, 2020, the Ministry of Public Health announced the confirmation of 58 new cases of the disease, bringing the total to 320. That same day, the CEO of Qatar Airways, Akbar Al Baker, stirred controversy by claiming that there was no scientific evidence proving that coronavirus can be transmitted during the incubation period.  On March 14, 2020, the Qatar Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) confirmed 17 new cases. Qatar expanded its travel ban to include three new countries: Germany, Spain and France. On March 16, 2020, the Ministry of Public Health announced the recovery of four people from the disease at a press conference. Eight new coronavirus cases are reported, bringing the total to 460 on 19 March. Two of the new cases were Qataris who had been to Europe, while the others were migrant workers. Most of the reported cases were linked to migrant workers, although the government had not reported nationalities. Preparations for the 2022 FIFA World Cup continued on schedule.  Ten new coronavirus cases were reported on 20 March, bringing the total to 470. There were 11 new coronavirus cases reported on 21 March taking the total to 481. The Ministry of Municipality and Environment closed all parks and public beaches to try to curb the spread of coronavirus (Covid19).  Ministry of Public Health announced 13 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 as well as six further cases of people who have recovered from the virus, bringing total recoveries to 33 on 22 March.  On March 23, Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) sought volunteers to support Qatar's response to the Covid-19 outbreak. A spokesperson for the Supreme Committee for Crisis Management, HE Lolwah Rashid AlKhater, said: “We are looking for volunteers to help Qatar’s healthcare sector as the number of Covid-19 cases increases and creates a strain on resources. We need to stand together as a community and work to support Qatar’s public and private sectors during these trying times.” That same day, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry in a circular said it had decided to temporarily close all restaurants, cafes, food outlets, and food trucks in the following locations from March 23 until further notice: Sports clubs, Lusail Marina, food trucks area, Doha Corniche, Al Khor Corniche, and Aspire Park.  On March 23, the Ministry of Public Health announced 7 new confirmed cases and four new recoveries. The new cases of infection are related to travellers who recently came to the State of Qatar and to expatriate workers, including two cases of Qatari citizens.  On March 24, Qatar's Health Ministry announced that 25 new coronavirus cases have been reported in the country.  On March 25, The Ministry of Public Health today announced the registration of 11 new confirmed cases of coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19) in the State of Qatar. Some of the new cases of infection are related to the travelers who came recently to the State of Qatar and others belong to people in contact with infected cases, including 5 cases of Qatari citizens. The newly infected cases are in isolation, and they are receiving medical care. The Ministry of Public Health continues to conduct checks for all citizens travelling from abroad, as well as all contacts of infected cases. The total number of people tested for COVID-19 by the Ministry of Public Health has now reached more than 12,000. The Ministry of Public Health urges all agencies and individuals to follow preventive measures and adhere to the requirements of home isolation to ensure their safety and that of their community, and not to go out unless absolutely necessary.  On March 26, Spokesperson of the Supreme Committee for Crisis Management H E Lolwah bint Rashid bin Mohammed Al Khater announced 12 new cases of coronavirus (COVID-19) in Qatar. Total recovery cases are now at 43, with two new cases. The Spokesperson stated the new cases are in complete isolation. The total number of COVID-19 tests done in Qatar now stands at 13681.  On March 27, The Ministry of Public Health reported the registration of 13 new confirmed cases of coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19) in the State of Qatar. The total number stands at 562. Some new cases are related to travellers who came to the State of Qatar and others to contacts. The new cases have been put into quarantine and are receiving the necessary medical care.  On March 28, Qatar reported its first death case from the novel coronavirus, in addition to 28 new infections, bringing the total of confirmed cases to 590, according to the Ministry of Public Health and two more recoveries, taking the tally to 45 cured patients. The ministry revealed that it has tested more than 16,582 people for Covid-19.  On March 29, The Ministry of Public Health along with other new articles have stated that 44 more cases were confirmed for coronavirus (Covid-19) in the State of Qatar. Which brings the total number of cases to 634.  On March 30, The Ministry of Public Health announced the registration of 59 new confirmed cases of coronavirus (COVID-19), in addition to 3 more cases of patients recovered from the virus.  On March 31, The Ministry of Public Health announces 88 new confirmed cases of coronavirus (COVID-19) and 11 more patients having recovered.

April 2020.

On April 1, The Ministry of Public Health announced 54 new confirmed cases of coronavirus (COVID-19) and 9 more patients having recovered from the virus which brings the total cases of recovery in Qatar to 71.  On April 2, The Ministry of Public Health announced the registration of 114 new confirmed cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the recovery of one patient in addition to the announcement of a third death due to COVID-19 in Qatar.  On April 3, The Ministry of Public Health announced the registration of 126 new confirmed cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the recovery of 21 patients in Qatar.  On April 4, The Ministry of Public Health announced the registration of 250 new confirmed cases of coronavirus (COVID-19) and stated that 16 more people have recovered from COVID-19, bringing the total number of people have recovered in Qatar to 109.  On April 5, the fourth death was announced, along with 279 new confirmed cases and 14 cases of recovery by the MoPH. The deceased patient had been receiving intense medical care since March 3. On April 6, 228 more cases were announced as well as 8 more recoveries.  On April 7, a 74-year-old resident and a 59-year-old resident – both suffering from chronic diseases – died from COVID-19, bringing the death toll to 6. In addition, a further 225 cases were announced as well as 19 recovered patients. There were now a total of 2057 confirmed cases and 150 confirmed recoveries.  On April 8, the MoPH announced that Primary Health Care Cooperation will be designating two health centers, one in Umm Salal and one in Gharrafat Al Rayyan, for screening, testing, and quarantining COVID-19 patients. Another 153 people had also been tested positive, and 28 more cases of recovery were announced.  On April 9, the MoPH announced the registration of 166 new confirmed cases of COVID-19. MoPH announces a hotline for psychological aid.  On April 10, the MoPH announced the registration of 136 new confirmed cases of COVID-19.  On April 11, the MoPH announced the registration of 216 new confirmed cases of COVID-19.  On April 12, the MoPH reported 251 new cases of COVID-19 along with a new death case, bringing the total deaths of the country to 7.  On April 13, the MoPH reported 252 new confirmed cases of COVID-19.  On April 14, the MoPH reported 197 new confirmed coronavirus cases.  On April 15. the MoPH reported 283 new confirmed cases of coronavirus (COVID-19).  On April 16, the MoPH reported 392 new confirmed cases of coronavirus (COVID-19).  On April 17, the MoPH reported 560 new confirmed cases of coronavirus (COVID-19).  On April 18, one more death was reported along with 345 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 by MoPH, bringing the total deaths of the country to 8.  On April 19, the MoPH reported 440 new confirmed cases of coronavirus (COVID-19).  On April 20, the MoPH reported 567 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 along with one more death, bringing the total deaths of the country to 9.  On April 21, the MoPH announced the registration of 518 new confirmed cases of coronavirus(COVID-19).  On April 22, the MoPH announced the registration of 608 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 along with another death, bringing the COVID-19 death toll of the country to 10.  On April 23, the MoPH reported 623 new confirmed cases of COVID-19.  On April 24, the MoPH reported 761 new confirmed cases of COVID-19.  On April 25, the MoPH reported 833 new confirmed cases of COVID-19.  On April 26, Qatar reached the 10,000 mark of coronavirus cases with 929 new confirmed cases reported by MoPH.  On April 27, The Ministry of Public Health announced the registration of 957 new confirmed cases of coronavirus (COVID-19) and the recovery of 54 patients in Qatar.  On April 28, the MoPH announced the registration of 677 new confirmed cases of coronavirus (COVID-19) and the recovery of 68 more patients in Qatar. The number of recoveries of the country stands at 1,134.  On April 29, the MoPH announced the registration of 643 new confirmed cases of coronavirus (COVID-19) and the recovery of 109 more patients in Qatar.  On April 30, the MoPH announced the registration of 845 new confirmed cases of coronavirus (COVID-19) and the recovery of 129 more patients in Qatar.

May 2020.

On May 1, the MoPH announced the death of 2 COVID-19 patients along with registration of 687 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the recovery of 64 more patients in Qatar.  On May 2, the MoPH announced the registration of 776 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the recovery of 98 more patients in Qatar.  On May 3, the MoPH announced the registration of 679 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the recovery of 130 more patients in Qatar.  On May 4, the MoPH announced the registration of 640 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the recovery of 146 more patients in Qatar.  On May 5, the MoPH announced the registration of 951 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the recovery of 114 more patients in Qatar.  On May 6, the MoPH announced the registration of 830 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the recovery of 146 more patients in Qatar.  On May 7, the MoPH announced the registration of 918 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the recovery of 216 more patients in Qatar.  On May 8, Qatar reached the 20,000 mark of coronavirus (COVID-19) cases with 1,311 new confirmed cases and the recovery of 84 more patients in Qatar.  On May 9, the MoPH announced the death of 1 COVID-19 patient along with the registration of 1,130 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the recovery of 129 more patients in Qatar.  On May 10, the MoPH announced the death of 1 COVID-19 patient along with the registration of 1,189 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the recovery of 254 more patients in Qatar.  On May 11, the MoPH announced the registration of 1,103 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the recovery of 87 more patients in Qatar.  On May 12, the MoPH announced the registration of 1,526 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the recovery of 179 more patients in Qatar.  On May 13, the MoPH announced the registration of 1,390 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the recovery of 124 more patients in Qatar.  On May 14, the MoPH announced the registration of 1,733 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the recovery of 213 more patients in Qatar.  On May 15, the MoPH announced the registration of 1,153 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the recovery of 190 more patients in Qatar.  On May 16, Qatar reached the 30,000 mark of coronavirus cases with 1,547 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the recovery of 242 more patients in Qatar along with 1 more death of a COVID-19 patient announced by the MoPH.  On May 17, the MoPH announced the registration of 1,632 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the recovery of 582 more patients in Qatar.  On May 18, the MoPH announced the registration of 1,365 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the recovery of 529 more patients in Qatar. The Ministry of Education has announced that the schools will open on September 1,2020 and the retests of the students of Classes 1st-12th) for the previous academic year 2019-20 would be conducted from August 23,2020 to August 31,2020.  On May 19, the MoPH announced the registration of 1,637 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the recovery of 735 more patients in Qatar.  On May 20, the MoPH announced the registration of 1,491 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the recovery of 966 more patients in Qatar.  On May 21, The MoPH announced the registration of 1,554 new confirmed cases of COVID-19, and the recovery of 688 more patients in Qatar.  On May 22, Qatar reached the 40,000 mark of coronavirus cases with 1,830 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the recovery of 605 more patients in Qatar along with 2 more COVID-19 patient deaths announced by the MoPH.  On May 23, the MoPH announced the death of 2 more COVID-19 patients along with the registration of 1,732 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the recovery of 620 more patients in Qatar. The total number of recoveries of the country stands at 8,513 with 21 deaths.  On May 24, Ministry of Public Health today recorded 1501 new confirmed cases of coronavirus (Covid-19), with 657 patients infected with the virus having recovered in the last 24 hours, bringing the total number of recovered cases in the State of Qatar to 9170. The Ministry also announced two deaths due to the virus.  On May 25, Ministry of Public Health today announced 1751 new confirmed cases of coronavirus (COVID-19) and 1193 new recoveries in the last 24 hours, bringing the total number of recovered people in Qatar to 10363. The Ministry today also reported 3 deaths due to the virus.  On May 26, the Ministry of Public Health reported 1742 new confirmed cases registered from the conduct of 3927 tests and a total of 1481 recovery cases reported along with 2 new death  On May 27, the Ministry of Public Health today announced 1740 new confirmed cases of coronavirus (COVID-19) out of 4769 sample tests and 1439 new recoveries in the last 24 hours, bringing to the total number of recovered people in Qatar to 13,283. The Ministry today also reported 2 deaths due to the virus. 12 new people were admitted to the intensive care unit with a total of critical case 203.  On May 28, the Ministry of Public health after performing a 5853 test in the last 24 hours, 1967 new confirmed case has been announced. 2116 cases get recovered and 3 new death registered with the total death of 33. The total affected cases in the country are 50,914 and totally recovered as of today are 15,399.  On May 29, the Ministry of Public health after performing a 5864 test in the last 24 hours, 1993 new confirmed case has been registered as well as 5205 cases get recovered and 3 new death registered with the total death of 36. The total affected cases in the country are 52,907 and totally recovered as of today are 20,604.

June 2020.

On June 3, The cabinet has decided to allow four people inside a vehicle from Thursday, June 4 and families are exempted. The Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MoCI) announce the permitted working hours for private sector is also changed from 7am until 8pm. Ministry of Public Health today announces the registration of 1,901 new confirmed cases of COVID-19, with 1,506 people having recovered from the virus in the last 24 hours, bringing the total number of recovered people in the State of Qatar to 37,542. The Ministry also announces two deaths due to the virus.  On June 4, MoPH announced total 1,581 confirmed new cases registration, with 1,926 people being recovered in the last 24 hours, bringing the total number of recovered people in Qatar to 39,468. The total number of positive COVID-19 cases recorded in Qatar till now stands at 63741 and 24,228 active cases under treatment. So far, 45 people had died and conducted 4649 tests in last 24 hours taking the total tests done so far to 241086 tests.  On June 8, Ministry of Public Health announces the registration of 1,368 new confirmed cases of coronavirus (COVID-19) and that 1,597 people have recovered from the disease in the last 24 hours, bringing the total number of recoveries in the State of Qatar to 45,935. The Ministry also announces that three people have died from the virus in the last 24 hours. The Assistant Foreign Minister and Spokesperson of the Supreme Committee for Crisis Management Lolwah Rashid Al Khater give an update in a press conference to ease COVID-19 restrictions from the country in four phases. Gradual lifting of restrictions will be based on striking a balance between health risks and social and economic benefits. First phase will begins on June 15, second phase on July 1, 3rd and 4th phase will be in August and September respectively.

Response.

The Qatari government worked to contain the virus by locking down the country and cutting off areas with migrant workers. Parks, mosques, shops, restaurants, and other establishments were closed. Starting in mid-May, face masks became mandatory in public places.  A government official said that "anyone who tests positive for coronavirus immediately receives high-quality medical treatment at no cost."

Controversies.

Shaming of citizens.

Qatar state television named and shamed 14 citizens who violated restrictions set to curb the spread of the coronavirus, adding that nine of the persons had been arrested by authorities. The 14 individuals were said to have violated a home quarantine pledge they undertook after returning from abroad, a presenter on Qatar state TV said. Home isolation was an option given to citizens who returned to Qatar after the nation reported a spike in COVID-19 cases.

Treatment of migrant workers.

"The Guardian" reported in early May on the poor economic status of migrant workers in Qatar. The article presented some interviews regarding their treatment, alleging that many of them have lost their jobs and have been forced to beg for food as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The deputy director of the Government Communications Office dismissed these allegations as "isolated incidents".

Statistics.

As of June 18, 2020.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Qatar is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (). The first case in Qatar was confirmed on 27 February 2020. As of 21 June 2020, Qatar has the highest number of confirmed cases per capita of any country in the world, and the second-highest total of confirmed cases in the Arab world after Saudi Arabia at 87,369. The total recoveries stand at 68,319, with total deaths reported at 98. As such, there are 18,952 active cases under treatment. The total number of tests performed in Qatar was 320,792.

2019冠状病毒病卡塔尔疫情,介绍在2019新型冠状病毒疫情中,在卡塔尔发生的情况。


Francoism.

Despite allegedly not being a communist, his opposition to the Francoist system led Múgica to join the outlawed PCE in 1953, where he remained for a decade. In February 1956 Múgica, Javier Pradera and Ramón Tamames wrote a manifesto calling to a National Universitary Congress not subjected to the authority of SEU, Falange's student union. This led to the first public universitary protest against the Francoist regime, and following a clash with Falangist activists they were arrested along with other opposing figures. This incident led to the destitution of Education Minister Joaquín Ruiz-Giménez, the decline of SEU which was sidelined from the Youth Front for losing the grip on the student body, and the start of the organized universitary protest movement. For his actions Múgica was imprisoned for three months in Carabanchel Prison.

Transition to democracy and first PSOE government.

In the first democratic elections Múgica was elected as a deputy for PSOE in the Congress, where he would serve for the next 23 years. In the late 1970s he additionally served as PSOE's Secretary for Political Relations. In 1980 he and Joan Reventós met general Alfonso Armada in a lunch organized by Lleida's mayor Antonio Ciurana. According to Múgica, Armada was "deeply worried" about the autonomous system and terrorism and asked them for an UCD–PSOE coalition led by an independent figure but didn't propose himself nor anyone else from the military for such role. Months later Armada took part in the 1981 attempted coup d'état.  In 2009 former Catalan President Jordi Pujol claimed in the second volume of his memories that in 1980 Múgica had proposed to him to have Prime Minister Adolfo Suárez replaced by a democratically-leaning military. Múgica denied such claim as a "made up fancy". Commanding officer involved in the coup Ricardo Pardo Zancada recognized in his book that Armada contemplated Múgica as Minister of Health in the hypothetical government that emerged from the coup.  In 1979 he was a founding executive of the Amistad España–Israel association, and he and his brother Fernando had a leading role in convincing Felipe González to establish diplomatic relations with Israel and managing the process, which was finally sealed in 1986. Múgica was highly attached to Israel and as a Jew he felt proud to be "part of a people always in search of freedom and wisdom", listing Spain, the Basque Country and Israel as his "three loves".

Justice Minister.

Múgica was the first Jew to take part in the Spanish government since the Inquisition. Under his tenure the law regulating anonymous societies and demarcation and judicial plan were approved, and the penal reforms leading to the creation of the "Juzgados de lo Penal" were carried out.  He harshly opposed the insubordinate movement against the then compulsory military service, admonishing them that the full weight of law would fall on them for "using conscientious objection to destabilize the democratic state and being supported by radicals and violent [elements]".  In September 1990 he was questioned in the Congress of Deputies by Loyola de Palacio for allegedly replying to Cristina Alberdi's petition to increase the female representation in the General Council of the Judiciary as quoted: "Have they installed kitchens in the new offices?". Múgica apologized to those offended while defending his comment as a joke, which De Palacio harshly criticized.  He was dismissed in March 1991 along with several other ministers. His meeting with González was reported in the press to have been the most difficult of the round as he had expected to receive a different portfolio and his expression was of "disbelief mixed with anger" after realizing he would not.

Ombudsman.

Múgica left PSOE in 2000 after being chosen as Spain's ombudsman. He was the first ombudsman to serve for two terms, extending his service until 2010.  He favored restoring formal address in schools in order to improve the classroom environment, arguing that students addressing teachers as "usted" instead of "tú" doesn't imply a "breach" in their relation but "mutual respect".  He supported the 2010 Abortion Law except for the clause allowing girls between the age of 16 – 18 to abort without the knowledge or authorisation of their parents, and expressed that he didn't "give a damn about being excommunicated or not" for it.

Political controversies.

During his ten-year service Múgica remained outspoken in political matters. In 2004, he defended the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier by the Government of Israel, arguing that it was Palestinian terrorism that "legitimized the fence", which generated great controversy due to the position he held.  Likewise, it should be noted: his controversy with the anti-bullfighting movement, his disapproval of the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia (against which he filed an appeal of unconstitutionality) in 2006, his statements against the Historical Memory Law, his refusal to appeal the Aliens Act of 2000 (which the Constitutional Court would later amend) or opposition to contacts between the government of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero and ETA.

Enrique Múgica Herzog (20 February 1932 – 10 April 2020) was a Spanish lawyer and politician.

恩里克·穆希卡·埃尔佐格(,1932年-2月20日-2020年-4月10日)是西班牙律师、政治家。1988年至1991年担任西班牙司法大臣。


加尔默罗圣母圣衣堂 (威尼斯)

History.

The church originally was called Santa Maria Assunta, and first dated to the 14th century (circa 1348). The brick and marble facade contains sculpted lunettes by Giovanni Buora. Among the roofline decorations are images of Elisha and Elijah, thought to be founders of the Carmelite order. The bell tower, designed by Giuseppe Sardi, is topped by a statue of the Madonna del Carmine sculpted in 1982 as a replacement by Romano Vio. The previous original was destroyed by lightning.

Description.

The chancel and side chapels in the interior were rebuilt in 1507-14 by Sebastiano Mariani from Lugano. The counter-facade has a large monument (1602) to Jacopo Foscarini who was a procurator of San Marco, admiral of the fleet, and whose family palace lies across the canal.  The second altar on the right has an altarpiece depicting the "Adoration of the Shepherds" (1509–11) by Cima da Conegliano.  The third altar on the right has a "Madonna del Carmelo with saints" (1595) by Pase Pace and Giovanni Fontana.  The statues of "Virginity" (left) and "Humility" on the right of the nave were completed (1722–1723) by Antonio Corradini and Giuseppe Torritti respectively. The bronze angels on the balustrade are by Girolamo Campagna. The wooden frontal represents the "Miracles of the Madonna" (1724) and was carved by Francesco Bernadoni. The "Tabernacle" is by Giovanni Scalfarotto.  The fourth altar on the right has the funereal monument to Andrea Civran (1572), a Venetian general.  The "Glorification of the Scapular" (1709) was frescoed by Sebastiano Ricci on the nave ceiling. The stucco work was completed by Pietro Bianchini to designs of Abbondio Stazio. In the fresco, the angels uphold a scapular, and a painted inscription say it is an ornament of Mt Carmel.  The fourth altar on the left, past the entry to the sacristy, was erected by the guild of the "Compravendi Pesce" or fishmongers (1548) with an altarpiece depicting the "Presentation of Jesus at the Temple" (1541–1542) by a young Jacopo Tintoretto.  The third chapel on the left has an altarpiece depicting the "Lamentation of the Dead Christ" (c. 1476) by Francesco di Giorgio Martini. In front of the chancel are paintings by Marco Vicentino, Palma il Giovane, and Gaspare Diziani.  The second altar on the left has two statues depicting the prophets Elijah and Elisha by Tommaso Rues. Elijah holds a flaming sword. The first altar has a painting of "St Nicholas of Bari in Glory between St John the Baptist and St Lucy" (1529) by Lorenzo Lotto.  The upper register of the nave is lined with 24 large canvases from the 1666-1730s, painted by artists such as Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini, Gaspare Diziani, Girolamo Brusaferro and Pietro Liberi. The choirs includes 3 paintings (c. 1545) by Andrea Meldolla.  Near the entrance to the cloister is a relief of the "Madonna and Child" (1340) by Arduino Tagliapietra.

Santa Maria dei Carmini, also called Santa Maria del Carmelo and commonly known simply as the Carmini, is a large Roman Catholic church in the sestiere, or neighbourhood, of Dorsoduro in Venice, northern Italy. It nestles against the former "Scuola Grande di Santa Maria del Carmelo", also known as the "Scuola dei Carmini". This charitable confraternity was officially founded in 1597, and arose from a lay women's charitable association, the "Pinzocchere dei Carmini". The members of this lay group were associated as tertiaries to the neighbouring Carmelite monastery. They were responsible for stitching the scapulars for the Carmelites.

加尔默罗圣母圣衣堂(意大利语:Chiesa di Santa Maria dei Carmini)是一座大型罗马天主教教堂,位于意大利威尼斯多尔索杜罗区,邻近慈善协会加尔默罗大学校(Scuola Grande di Santa Maria del Carmelo)以及加尔默罗会修道院。


Plot.

Marlo, a mother of two, is pregnant with an unplanned third child. Jonah, her son, has a developmental disorder that doctors have been unable to diagnose; she uses the Wilbarger Protocol to brush his skin in an attempt to reduce his sensitivity. When Marlo and her husband Drew visit her wealthy brother Craig's house for dinner, he offers to pay for a night nanny as a baby shower gift, but Marlo rebuffs him.  Marlo gives birth to a daughter she names Mia, and quickly becomes overwhelmed and exhausted. After Jonah's principal recommends that he be placed in a different school, Marlo breaks down, and she retrieves the contact information for the night nanny.  That night, Marlo is visited by Tully, the night nanny. Despite an initial awkwardness, Marlo and Tully develop a close friendship over the course of several nights. Tully proves to be an exceptional nanny, cleaning the house and baking cupcakes for Jonah's class. When Marlo mentions that Drew has a fetish for women in 1950s diner waitress uniforms, Tully puts on a uniform that Marlo had previously purchased and they engage in a threesome with Drew.  One night, Tully arrives to work visibly distressed, and says that she has had a fight with her roommate due to her roommate's anger over Tully bringing home too many hook-ups. Tully impulsively suggests going into the city for a drink, to which Marlo reluctantly agrees, and the pair drive to Marlo's old neighborhood in Bushwick, Brooklyn. While at a bar, Tully suddenly tells Marlo that she can no longer work for her, explaining that she was only there to "bridge a gap", and that she feels that she is no longer needed. While driving home, Marlo falls asleep at the wheel, and swerves the car into a river.  Marlo sees herself trapped underwater, and envisions Tully as a mermaid coming to rescue her. She awakens at a hospital with Drew. A staff psychiatrist approaches Drew and informs him that Marlo was suffering from extreme sleep deprivation and exhaustion. When the doctor asks about their nanny, Drew tells her that he does not know much about her. A hospital clerk asks Drew for Marlo's maiden name, and he provides it: "Tully". Tully does not exist; Marlo imagined her from her past self aged 26 as a means to cope with stress. Marlo is visited by Tully one last time in her hospital room, where they decide that they have to stop seeing each other, and part amicably.  Marlo returns home, where Jonah tells her that she no longer needs to brush his skin. She goes to the kitchen to listen to music and prepare the kids' lunches for the next day. Drew comes in and shares the music with her as he helps her.

Production.

As of September 22, 2016, "Tully" had begun filming in Vancouver, British Columbia.  Theron said she gained nearly 50 pounds (23 kg) for the role in a period of three and a half months, and ate around the clock to keep the weight on. It took her a year and a half to take the weight off after filming had wrapped.

Release.

In May 2017, Focus Features acquired distribution rights to the film and set the release date for April 20, 2018; however, in March 2018, the date was pushed back to May 4.  "Tully" was released on digital download on July 17, 2018, and on Blu-ray and DVD on July 31.

Reception.

Box office.

"Tully" grossed $9.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $6.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $15.6 million.  In the United States and Canada, "Tully" was released alongside "Overboard" and "Bad Samaritan", and was projected to gross $3–4 million from 1,353 theaters in its opening weekend. It ended up debuting to $3.2 million, finishing 6th at the box office, with a lower figure than Reitman's "Labor Day" ($5.1 million in 2014). 87% of its audience was over the age of 25. "Deadline Hollywood" noted an opening of $6.5 million would have been an ideal debut for the film. It made $2.2 million in its second weekend, dropping to 8th.

Critical response.

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 86% based on 272 reviews, and an average rating of 7.59/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Tully" delves into the modern parenthood experience with an admirably deft blend of humor and raw honesty, brought to life by an outstanding performance by Charlize Theron." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 75 out of 100, based on 52 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". According to PostTrak, filmgoers gave the film an overall positive score of 73%, with audience members over the age of 25 giving it a 71% and those under 25 giving it an 87%.  David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a "B", calling it "funnier than "Juno" and almost as ruthlessly honest as "Young Adult"", and saying: ""Tully" never pulls at your heartstrings quite as hard as it might, but there’s something beautiful about the way these two women both learn to love themselves, and in a way that also makes it easier for them to love each other." Writing for "Rolling Stone", Peter Travers praised the performances and script, giving the film 3.5 stars out of 4 and saying, "When the film takes a sharp turn and veers off-course in its final third, you hold on because Davis and Theron make sure you do. Together these two dynamite actresses cut to the soulful core of a movie that turns out to be funny, touching and vital."  Despite the film receiving positive reviews from many critics, one group of critics criticized the film for its portrayal of postpartum mental health. In particular they took exception to the normalization and the lack of recognition of post-partum depression and/or postpartum psychosis, which they deemed careless. The "New York Times"' review suggests that: Marlo very visibly sinks into postpartum depression — you can see Ms. Theron pulling Marlo deeper and deeper inside — the movie pretends that her burden is somehow too hidden for anyone to notice... it isolates Marlo, and once again it is a woman who’s the problem that needs solving.  Diana Spalding, the website "Motherly"'s digital education editor, midwife, and pediatric nurse, argues that Theron's character displays behaviors more typical of postpartum psychosis, the symptoms of which include delusions, hallucinations, periods of extreme activity, anger, paranoia and trouble communicating. Along with other negative critics of the movie, Spalding had looked forward to what a film about what motherhood was truly like, and instead finds the issue of postpartum mental illness "unaddressed", and her suicidal ideation is instead normalized. This condition is dangerous to both mother and child, according to Carolyn Wagner, a maternal mental health therapist based in Chicago, "it is extremely serious, and presents a grave danger to mom and infant. It does not involve fantastical imagined friend and caregiver, and it is certainly nothing to be made into a plot twist."

Tully is a 2018 American comedy-drama film directed by Jason Reitman and written by Diablo Cody. The film stars Charlize Theron, Mackenzie Davis, Mark Duplass, and Ron Livingston, and follows the friendship between a mother of three and her nanny. It is the fourth collaboration between Reitman and Cody, following "Juno" (2007), "Jennifer's Body" (2009), and "Young Adult" (2011), the last of which also starred Theron.

《厌世妈咪日记》(英语:"Tully")是一部于2018年上映的美国喜剧励志剧情片,由杰森·瑞特曼执导、迪亚布罗·科蒂编剧,并由莎莉·赛隆、麦坎西·黛维斯、马克·杜普拉斯和荣·利文斯通主演。电影定于2018年5月4日于美国上映,由焦点影业发行。


Production.

In an interview published in the October issue of Kadokawa's "Entermix" on August 20, 2015, Kishimoto discussed the ideas for his next work after finishing his famous long-running series "Naruto" in November 2014. He stated that his new work would be a science fiction manga and he had already finalized the character designs. In the same interview he stated that his next work possibly would not be a weekly serialization, due to a muscle strain put on him by the weekly serialization of "Naruto". In an interview published by "Jump Giga" in August 2016, Kishimoto stated that he already planned his next work and he has already done research for it. In December 2017, at the Jump Festa '18 "" stage panel, Kishimoto displayed several layouts art sequences that he drew for his new work, with a planned 2018 debut for the "Weekly Shōnen Jump"'s 50th anniversary.  During the Jump Festa 2019 event in December 2018, "Samurai 8: The Tale of Hachimaru" was formally announced. The new collaboration between Kishimoto and his former assistant Akira Ōkubo was set to debut in "Weekly Shōnen Jump" in spring 2019. At the event, Naruto's voice actress Junko Takeuchi read a comment from Kishimoto, which stated that the new manga will combine his love for Japanese culture and aesthetics with his love for science fiction settings and technology. In March 2019, Kishimoto held a press conference at Shueisha to share information about his new work, regarding as how long "Samurai 8: The Tale of Hachimaru" would be, Kishimoto expected to publish ten volumes or more, stating "I remember saying one time that "Naruto" would be 15 volumes. It always ends up being longer." Despite Kishimoto's expectations, it was announced in March 2020 that the manga would be finished with five volumes and 43 chapters published.

Publication.

"Samurai 8: The Tale of Hachimaru" is created, written, and storyboarded by Masashi Kishimoto and illustrated by Akira Ōkubo, who had been an assistant of Kishimoto's on "Naruto" from the early 2000s till the series' end. A four page preview of the manga was released in "Weekly Shōnen Jump"s combined issue #22-23 on April 27, 2019, being the final issue published in the Heisei period. "Samurai 8: The Tale of Hachimaru" began serialization in "Weekly Shōnen Jump"'s #24 issue on May 13, 2019, being the first series in the magazine published in the Japanese Reiwa period. The series finished in the 17th issue of "Weekly Shōnen Jump" on March 23, 2020. The first two "tankōbon" volumes were published on October 4, 2019, while the fifth and final volume was set to be published on May 1, 2020, but was delayed to May 13, 2020 due to COVID-19 concerns.  In North America, Viz Media published the preview chapter and published the chapters simultaneously with the releases in Japan on the "Shonen Jump" platform, while Shueisha published it on the "Manga Plus" platform. In October 2019, Viz Media announced that the series would be released in early 2020. In other countries, the volumes in Spain were simultaneously released in October 2019 by Planeta Cómic, in Italy in November 2019 by Panini Comics, in France in December 2019 by Kana, and in Germany starting in April 2020 by Carlsen Manga.

Reception.

Rebecca Silverman of Anime News Network ranked the first volume as a B-. Silverman considered that the series appeals to younger readers although the good-hearted nature of the series could appeal to older readers as well. She praised Okubo's art but considered the world's lore largely underdeveloped and felt that there are too noticeable gaps in the story's continuity.

In North America, Viz Media published the series on the "Shonen Jump" platform, and started the print release of the series in March 2020. Shueisha published it on the "Manga Plus" platform.

《SAMURAI 8 机侍 八丸传》(),是《火影忍者》作者岸本齐史原作、其弟子大久保彰作画的日本漫画作品,于集英社杂志《周刊少年Jump》2019年第24期(2019年5月13日)开始连载,2020年第17期(2020年3月23日)提前完结,单行本全5卷。


Television special.

The television special, titled "One World: Together at Home", was curated in collaboration between Global Citizen and singer-songwriter Lady Gaga, which benefited the World Health Organization's COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund. Jimmy Fallon, Jimmy Kimmel, and Stephen Colbert hosted the show, which was a syndicated broadcast that aired on April 18, 2020. The special was also simulcast on select U.S. cable television networks, streaming platforms, and international broadcast networks. In the UK, the show was hosted by Clara Amfo, Dermot O'Leary and Claudia Winkleman and was broadcast on BBC One. The special was broadcast on CBS, ABC, NBC and other global networks and platforms.

During the six-hour online pre-show.

Musical performances (in order of appearance).

Prior to the event, Alanis Morissette was announced to appear on the show, but did not do so. George the Poet, Little Mix, Rag'n'Bone Man and Tom Jones only appeared in the UK broadcast.

During the global television broadcast.

Prior to the event, actresses Bridget Moynahan and Lily Tomlin, actor James McAvoy, and tennis player Naomi Osaka were announced to appear in the show, but did not do so.

Broadcast.

The television special was broadcast on NBC, ABC, CBS, and The CW in the United States. It was also aired on Spanish-language television network Univisión. The special was also simulcast on networks owned by ViacomCBS (BET, BET Her, CMT, Comedy Central, Logo TV, MTV, MTV2, MTV Classic, MTV Live, Nick at Nite, Paramount Network, Pop, Tr3s, TV Land, and VH1), NBCUniversal (Bravo, E!, MSNBC, NBCSN, Syfy, Universo and USA Network), Walt Disney Television (Freeform and National Geographic), Katz Broadcasting (Bounce TV and Laff), Bloomberg Television, and on AXS TV. iHeartMedia also participated in the broadcast.  In the United Kingdom, the BBC commissioned a Britain-centric broadcast of "One World: Together at Home" that aired on BBC One on Sunday 19 April at 7:15pm, presented by BBC Radio personalities Clara Amfo, Claudia Winkleman and Dermot O'Leary. Produced for the BBC by Twofour, it featured additional performances from the acts featured in the main special along with exclusive performances from UK acts such as Little Mix and interviews with, and surprises for, front line workers. In Ireland, RTÉ (like the BBC) aired a unique version of "One World: Together at Home" fronted by comedienne and influencer Dorieann Garrihy and TV presenter Eoghan McDermott.  "Additional sources:" GlobalCitizen.org

Online streaming.

The special was also available on several digital platforms such as Apple, Facebook, Instagram, LiveXLive, Prime Video, Tidal, TuneIn, Twitch, Twitter, Roblox, Yahoo!, and YouTube. It was planned that Alibaba Youku and Tencent would make streaming in China, but that never happened with no reason made known.

Viewership.

Canada.

In Canada, the special was watched by 3.13 million viewers on CTV and 1.33 million on Global.

United States.

Broadcast network

Impact.

"One World: Together at Home" spurred sales gains for the songs performed as part of the event. On April 18, 2020, the songs performed on the show sold more than 12,000 digital downloads—a gain of 735% versus April 17, 2020. The most notable sellers from the two-hour television special were Taylor Swift's "Soon You'll Get Better", Maluma's "Carnaval" and Kacey Musgraves' "Rainbow", as they together accounted for 42% of the total song sales generated by the show. The songs performed during the pre-show broadcast generated 6,000 in sales—up 75% from April 17, 2020.  On April 19, it was reported that the special raised nearly $128 million for coronavirus health care workers. Raising $127 million "puts it on par with the other legendary fundraiser, Live Aid, as the highest grossing charity concert in history," says "Forbes". Instead of private individuals, funds were raised from corporations and institutions such as Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Rockefeller Foundation.  Guinness World Records announced on May 22 that the global broadcast special set records for the most musical acts to perform at a remote music festival and the most money raised for charity by a remote music festival. Craig Glenday, Guinness World Records Editor-in-Chief, said in a statement: "The One World: Together at Home special was an extraordinary response to an extraordinary situation. It demonstrates vividly how the power of music can unite us all and help us through challenging times. It's an honor to be able to officially recognize this unforgettable, 'I-Was-There' event as a record-breaker. Congratulations - and thank you - to everyone involved.”

inspiration.

"One World: Together at Home" inspired Japanese rock band Luna Sea to design and host a similar event in Japan. "Music Aid Fest. ~For Post Pandemic~" aired on Fuji TV One on May 31, 2020 and featured live remotely recorded performances by over 25 artists, including Miyavi, Koda Kumi, Ellegarden, Char and Glim Spanky, to elicit monetary donations to support medical workers and others on the frontline of the COVID-19 pandemic.

One World: Impact.

is a show that shows how things have gone two months after One World: Together at Home.

sequels.

Global Goal: Unite for Our Future.

is a campaign to ensure COVID-19 is avalible for everyone, everywhere.

One World: Together at Home (also known as Together at Home) was a historic event organised by Global Citizen and curated by singer Lady Gaga, in support of the World Health Organization. The special was intended to promote the practice of social distancing while staying together during the COVID-19 pandemic.

同一个世界:共同在家(英语:One World: Together at Home),是于2020年4月18日举行的虚拟系列演唱会,推广在2019冠状病毒病疫情期间保持社交距离等防疫理念,由全球公民和歌手嘎嘎小姐共同组织发起,以支持世界卫生组织。


History.

The viral trend of sharing recipes and photos of the do-it-yourself (DIY) coffee first gained prominence during the social distancing orders in South Korea, and for that reason it is dubbed the 'quarantine drink' or 'quarantine coffee'. The coining of the name is credited to the South Korean actor Jung Il-woo, who ordered a whipped coffee at an eatery in Macau during his appearance on a TV show called "Stars' Top Recipe at Fun-Staurant" (). He likened the taste to that of "dalgona", a type of Korean honeycomb toffee.  Under the hashtag #dalgonacoffeechallenge, homemade versions of dalgona coffee began spreading on South Korean YouTube channels before going viral on TikTok. The spike in interest during the quarantine period has been attributed to the calming, ASMR-like effects of watching online DIY videos. Although the beverage was popularized as a home-made version of beaten coffee, it is becoming a menu offering in many coffee shops in South Korea.  The drink is also said to closely resemble the Indian beverage known as "phenti hui" coffee, "phitti hui" coffee, or beaten coffee. The only difference is that when making "phenti hui" coffee, milk is poured on top of the whipped mix rather than spooning the whipped mix on top of the milk.  While most dalgona coffee doesn't actually contain "dalgona", one South Korean cafe does combine "dalgona" with milk tea or coffee. It is not possible to make dalgona coffee using ground coffee beans; instant coffee creates the dense and foamy topping and the reason for this has much to do with the drying process of the coffee granules.

Dalgona coffee () is a beverage made by whipping equal proportions of instant coffee powder, sugar, and hot water until it becomes creamy and then adding it to cold or hot milk. Occasionally, it is topped with coffee powder, cocoa, crumbled biscuits, or honey. It was popularized on social media during the COVID-19 pandemic, when people refraining from going out started making videos of whipping the coffee at home, by hand without using electrical mixers. The name is derived from "dalgona", a Korean sugar sweet, due to the resemblance in taste and appearance, though most dalgona coffee doesn't actually contain "dalgona".

椪糖咖啡()或400次咖啡是用即溶咖啡、食糖、热水搅拌而成的咖啡饮料。起源地为澳门一间老字号「汉记」,名为手打咖啡,于韩国节目《新品上市 便利餐厅》由演员丁一宇带领观众走访,而在2019冠状病毒病疫情期间于韩国爆红,不愿外出的人们在家里用手搅打400次咖啡制作成的影片开始流行。