Early life and education.

When Song was born, she was sick and her parents and doctors thought that she would not survive. Upon her recovery, Song's parents registered her birth on February 26, 1982 (instead of her actual birthdate, November 22, 1981).  Song's parents divorced when she was a young girl, and she was raised by her mother. They moved from her birthplace in Daegu to the Gangnam District in Seoul, where she trained as a figure skater in elementary school but quit when she was in the eighth grade. Though Song considered herself shy and introverted, she was described by her high school teacher as having a "cheerful character, she mixed well with her friends and was always in a bright mood." Song Hye-kyo attended college at Sejong University, where she majored in Film Arts.

Career.

1996–2004: Debut, breakthrough and international fame.

In 1996, the 14-year-old Song, then a third-year junior high school student, won first place in the SunKyung Smart Model Contest, and she made her entertainment debut as a model for the school uniform company. This led to her being cast in a small role in her first television drama, "First Love". She would continue to appear in a string of various dramas and sitcoms, notably "Soonpoong Clinic". But it wasn't until the KBS drama "Autumn in My Heart" in 2000 with Song Seung-heon and Won Bin that she rose to fame in Korea and throughout Asia. The romantic melodrama series was a ratings success, pioneering a trend in Korean melodramatic series and launching a fever that is commonly referred to as the "Korean Wave" and leading to Song becoming a Hallyu star.  In 2003, her popularity continued to climb when she played a leading role alongside Lee Byung-hun in the gambling drama "All In", which drew solid viewership ratings nationwide throughout its run with a peak viewer rating of 47.7 percent. The following year, she co-starred with singer Rain in the hit romantic comedy series "Full House". The drama achieved pan-Asia success and established Song as one of the most well-known Korean actresses in Asia.

2005–2012: Film debut and overseas ventures.

Early 2005, Song went to San Francisco to study English and later traveled to Seattle. Song took time off to recharge herself after the successful Asia drama "Full House". "I have had a good rest. It was a good opportunity to reflect on myself," said Song. Song returned to Korea on March 5, 2005. The same year, Song made her big-screen debut in "My Girl and I" (a Korean remake of "Crying Out Love in the Center of the World"), which was panned by audiences and critics alike. Vocal about her dissatisfaction with typecasting in the roles she was being offered, Song proved in the following year that she took on different roles. She returned to the big-screen in 2007, as the titular gisaeng in the film adaptation of "Hwang Jin Yi". Because they found Song's image "too cute," Jun Ji-hyun and Soo Ae were the producers' original choices for the role, but Song went on a rigorous diet and surprised them with her will and desire to be Hwang Jini. A year later, she made her American debut in the Hollywood indie "Make Yourself at Home" (formerly titled "Fetish"), a psychological thriller about a girl who was born to a shaman mother and tries to flee her fate by becoming an immigrant bride in the U.S. Despite Song's attempts to challenge herself, both films underwhelmed at the box office.  She made her TV comeback in late 2008 with "The World That They Live In" (also known as "Worlds Within"), a series set at a broadcast station in which Song and Hyun Bin played drama PDs who work together and fall in love.  In 2010, she starred in "Camellia", an omnibus film made up of three short films directed by three Asian directors. Each episode is set in the past, present, and future of the city of Busan. In the film's final segment "Love for Sale", Song and Kang Dong-won played former lovers who forget their memories about each other which later leads them to a fatal destiny.  Considered one of Korea's most beautiful women, in early 2011 Song released the photobook "Song Hye-kyo's Moment" which was shot by top photographers in Atlanta, New York City, Buenos Aires, Patagonia, Paris, the Netherlands and Brazil. Proceeds from the sales of the photo book was donated to a children's foundation.  Song then played a documentary filmmaker who finds the strength to forgive the 17-year-old boy who killed her fiancé but instead of redemption finds only greater tragedy in "A Reason to Live" (Korean title: "Today"), which after several delays was released in October 2011. Song was a huge fan of director Lee Jeong-hyang and had actively sought her out, and though she had difficulty getting into character, Song said she fell in love with the script and felt her acting had matured. She considers the film "a turning point" in her life.  In 2011, she became the first Asian actress to sign a contract with French global agency Effigies, paving the way for her possible entry into the European market. She released a photo-essay book in 2012 titled "It's Time for Hye-kyo".  Song then played a supporting role in "The Grandmaster", Chinese director Wong Kar-wai's biographical film about Bruce Lee's kung fu master Ip Man, for which she learned Cantonese and martial arts. She later admitted there had been "a bit of friction and misunderstanding" with Wong while filming, but that the difficulties helped her mature.

2013–present: Career resurgence.

Song reunited with the writer and director of "Worlds Within" in "That Winter, the Wind Blows", a 2013 remake of 2002 Japanese drama "Ai Nante Irane Yo, Natsu" ("I Don't Need Love, Summer"). She played a blind heiress in the melodrama, opposite a con man pretending to be her long-lost brother (played by Jo In-sung). "That Winter, the Wind Blows" placed number one in its timeslot during most of its run, and Song and Jo were praised for their performances. Song won the Daesang (or "Grand Prize"), the highest award for television, at the 2nd APAN Star Awards.  In 2014, Song reunited with Kang Dong-won in "My Brilliant Life", E J-yong's film adaptation of Kim Aeran's bestselling novel "My Palpitating Life" about a couple who watched their son suffering from progeria grow prematurely old.  Romantic epic "The Crossing" was Song's second Chinese film to be released and was directed by John Woo (Woo's longtime friend and producer Terence Chang has been managing Song's overseas activities since 2008). Previously titled "1949" and "Love and Let Love", the long-gestating project had originally been announced at the Cannes Film Festival in 2008, then cancelled in 2009, and revived again in 2011. Woo's recovery from tonsil tumor removal in 2012 led to another delay due to scheduling conflicts among the cast, and Song finally began filming in June 2013. "The Crossing" is based on the true story of the "Taiping" steamer collision and follows six characters and their intertwining love stories in Taiwan and Shanghai during the 1930s; Song played the daughter of a wealthy banker.  Another Chinese film followed in 2015, "The Queens", a contemporary romantic comedy about three cosmopolitan women – an actress, a PR specialist and a gallery manager – who manipulate friends and put down their enemies as they play the game of love. Also starring Joe Chen and Vivian Wu, it was actress Annie Yi's directorial debut.  In 2016, Song starred in the mega-hit romantic comedy series "Descendants of the Sun", an intense drama about an army captain (played by Song Joong-ki) and a surgeon who fall in love while working amidst disaster-torn areas. The drama was incredibly popular in Korea with a peak viewership rating of 41.6% and in Asia, where it was viewed 2.5 billion times on iQiyi. The popularity of the drama reestablished Song as a leader of the Hallyu, and she topped popularity polls in Asia and was noted for her immense brand recognition in South Korea. Song won Daesang (Grand Prize), the highest award at the 2016 KBS Drama Awards along with her co-star, Song Joong-ki.  After a two-year hiatus, she returned in the small screen with romantic-melodrama "Encounter" alongside Park Bo-gum.

Personal life.

Marriage.

On July 5, 2017, Song and "Descendants of the Sun" co-star Song Joong-ki announced through their respective agencies that they were engaged. They married in a private ceremony on October 31, 2017 at Youngbingwan, Hotel Shilla in Seoul, amid intense media interest across Asia. It was attended by the couple's closest family and friends, including actors Lee Kwang-soo, Yoo Ah-in, and Park Bo-gum who also played the piano at the wedding reception.  On June 27, 2019, Song Joong-ki revealed that he had filed for divorce with Song Hye-kyo the previous day. The divorce was finalised in July 2019.  On July 25, 2019, Song filed a complaint against 15 online netizens for “spread of false information, defamation of character and insult.” While the reason for the divorce was cited by the talent agency as personal differences, rumors surrounding the scandal included claims that Song had entered into a sham marriage for the sake of enhancing her celebrity image. This allegation gained some credence as it was reported that the actress rarely or never attended her husband's family's events and the couple had purchased a $12 million home in Seoul which was never occupied. One of the netizens has been charged with defamation of character for writing a blog post this past June alleging that the reason for Song Hye Kyo and Song Joong Ki's divorce was the actress’ secret “sponsor” in China.

Legal.

In August 2014, following inadvertent exposure by a politician overseeing the administration of the National Tax Service of South Korea, Song made a public apology for committing tax evasion when she claimed undocumented expenses. With her omitted income tax from 2009 to 2011 totaling, she argued that her accountant had mishandled her paper work without her knowledge. After receiving notification from the NTS in October 2012, Song paid the tax balance due plus understatement of income tax penalties in the aggregate of (). Song was again billed another in April 2014 against her 2008 tax filing, a result of the legally required five-year audit neglected since the 2012 notification. On August 18 of that year, Park Beom-gye, a New Politics Alliance for Democracy member, subsequently led the aforementioned governmental inquiries of the NTS, making kompromat of a delinquent taxpayer receiving preferential treatment with reference to an "Actress 'S,'" whom the local newspaper DongA Ilbo the very next day revealed to be Song Hye-kyo.

Other activities.

Song actively participates in voluntary work, especially with animals. She participates in activities related by KARA regularly.  Song is also known for her frequent and large social donations.

Collaboration with Professor Seo Kyung-duk.

A representative from Song's agency said, "Because Song has travelled extensively for work, she has become aware of how important it is for tourists to be able to read information in their own language.” Song, in collaboration with professor Seo Kyung-duk of Sungshin Women's University, decided to donate brochures or information in Korean to various historic Korean sites, art galleries, and museums in the world. Professor Seo praised Song who is supporting her country quietly.

Song Hye-kyo (; born November 22, 1981) is a South Korean actress. She gained international popularity through her leading roles in television dramas "Autumn in My Heart" (2000), "All In" (2003), "Full House" (2004), "That Winter, the Wind Blows" (2013), "Descendants of the Sun" (2016), and "Encounter" (2018). Her film work includes "Hwang Jin Yi" (2007), "The Grandmaster" (2013), "My Brilliant Life" (2014), and "The Queens" (2015).

宋慧教(,1981年-11月22日-她的身份证上的出生日期为1982年2月26日|catIdx=Song, Hye-kyo}}),韩国女演员。在出道时,翻译员根据韩文「」而将她的名字音译作宋慧乔,而这个译名亦被媒体沿用至今,并且广为人知。


History.

The company was founded in 1997. According to the website, it started at the roots of Microsoft, where the co-founders worked in a variety of productivity and software development applications. After leaving Microsoft, the brand name came as one of several proposed by the company that they would not use at Microsoft due to policies. Chris Zimmerman showed the list to his wife for opinion, and she responded and did not care "as long as it isn't 'Sucker Punch'." Considering the opinion of a middle-aged woman would be completely contrary to the demographics of the target audience, they selected the name of the company. Its first game, "", was released for Nintendo 64. After signing a deal with Sony in 2000, the company created the "Sly Cooper" series, using the proprietary game engine SPACKLE (Sucker Punch Animation and Character Kinematics Life Engine). The company's second series, "Infamous", heralded a move from level-based games portraying cel-shaded, anthropomorphic animals to a fully streaming open world game, depicting realistic-looking characters with acrobatic abilities.  The company became one of Sony's "platformer trio", alongside Naughty Dog and Insomniac Games. Although they have started to venture into more mature outings, they have recently started to continue the series, such as Naughty Dog handing over to "Jak and Daxter" for High Impact Games and Insomniac for "Ratchet & Clank". Sucker Punch worked on "Sly Cooper" for Sanzaru Games and they produced "". Sanzaru Games released "The Sly Collection" for PlayStation 3. Nihilistic Software released"PlayStation Move Heroes", a fighting game featuring Sly Cooper, Ratchet and Jak. A sequel to "Infamous" was officially announced, when the cover of Game Informer's magazine revealed it. Sucker Punch teamed up with Capcom to include Cole MacGrath as a guest character for PlayStation versions of "Street Fighter X Tekken", and with SuperBot Entertainment to include Cole and Sly in "PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale".  The next game in development, "Ghost of Tsushima", was revealed at the 2017 Paris Games Week conference. It will be released on July 17, 2020.

Sucker Punch Productions is an American first-party video game developer based in Bellevue, Washington. Sony Interactive Entertainment acquired it on August 2, 2011.

Sucker Punch Productions是一间美国的电子游戏开发商,隶属于索尼互动娱乐的全球工作室旗下。公司于1997年成立于华盛顿州贝尔维尤。公司自2000年以来一直与索尼互动娱乐合作,2011年8月2日,索尼收购了Sucker Punch。


History.

Analytik Jena was founded jointly by the present-day Executive Board member Klaus Berka along with Jens Adomat in 1990, shortly after East Germany's peaceful revolution. At the beginning, the two former Zeiss employees managed the distribution of analytical measuring instruments, primarily in Thuringia, Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt.  In 1994, first shares in IDC Geräteentwicklungsgesellschaft mbH Langewiesen were acquired, a company whose products Analytik Jena had been selling since 1992. Due to the purchase of the laboratory analysis technology of Carl Zeiss Jena GmbH at the end of 1995, the Company's market share in the instrument business increased further. Analytik Jena had become a manufacturing company in the analytical technology segment, laying the foundation for the “Analytical Instrumentation” business unit. This acquisition marked the beginning of the research and development of analytical systems in the area of atomic absorption spectrometry and molecular spectroscopy.  On July 3, 2000, the shares of Analytik Jena AG were traded for the first time on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange's “Neuer Markt” segment. In this way, important liquidity for the further expansion of sales activity and the advancement of research and development was secured. In the subsequent years, Analytik Jena enforced its growth path due to strategic acquisitions, the expansion of international sales activities and the founding of subsidiaries in Germany and abroad. After expanding to Eastern and Western Europe and to the US, Analytik Jena has grown significantly in Asia. Especially China is an important foreign market of the Company.  In order to take advantage of the opportunities offered by the biotechnology market, Analytik Jena has found its third business unit “Life Science”. With the acquisition of Biometra GmbH, CyBio AG, and the US company UVP, LLC the Company expanded its product portfolio.  One of the most important business acquisitions in the history of Analytik Jena AG has been closed in 2014. With this acquisition, the Company entered the rapidly growing global ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) market. Analytik Jena thereby further broadened its atomic spectroscopy portfolio and is among the few suppliers that offer all three core technologies for elemental trace analysis (AAS, ICP-OES, and ICP-MS).  Today, Swiss group Endress+Hauser has the majority holding of Analytik Jena AG. In September 2015, Endress+Hauser submitted the squeeze-out request to the Analytik Jena AG. At this time, Endress+Hauser held a stake of 96.18% in the share capital of Analytik Jena AG. Since March 27, 2015 the shares of the Jena AG are no longer listed on the regulated market of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange.

Business Model.

Analytik Jena's business model is structured on the basis of corporate activities in the three operational segments Analytical Instrumentation and Life Science. With these symbiotically interwoven business units for specialized instruments, Analytik Jena offers products for a technology sector that is both modern and in demand.

Analytical Instrumentation.

Analytik Jena provides high-end analysis systems for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of liquids, solids, and gases in environmental, foodstuffs, pharmaceutical, medical, and agricultural Analysis.

Life Science.

Analytik Jena's business unit Life Science is a system provider for bioanalysis. It demonstrates the biotechnological competence of Analytik Jena AG and provides a wide product spectrum for automated total, as well as individual solutions for molecular diagnostics. Its products are focused to offer quality and the reproducibility of laboratory results. Besides the unit offers customized solutions, it is also able to adapt its products to the customer's needs. The wide product spectrum is made possible through the synergism between Analytik Jena and its product lines Biometra and.

Corporate Structure.

The Analytik Jena Group headquarter is located in Jena, Germany with additional branches. Outside Germany Analytik Jena is represented in Thailand (Far East Office), Russia (Moscow Office), China (Beijing Office), and UAE (Dubai Branch Office).  The following companies are domestic subsidiaries of Analytik Jena: Analytik Jena has also subsidiaries in foreign countries:

Analytik Jena AG, based in Jena (Thuringia, Germany), is a provider of analytical, bioanalytical and optical systems for industrial and scientific applications. Analytik Jena was founded in 1990 as a sales and service company for analytical technology. The company has been listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange from July 3, 2000 until March 27, 2015. Analytik Jena and its subsidiaries employ about 1,000 people in more than 90 countries. The international Group earns two-thirds of sales abroad and maintains business relationships in more than 120 countries around the globe.

德国耶拿分析仪器股份公司(Analytik Jena AG)是总部在德国图林根州耶拿的公司,主要提供工业及科研用的分析、生物分析以其它光学设备。耶拿分析仪器成立于1990年,当时是一家分析技术的销售服务公司。耶拿分析仪器前身为卡尔·蔡司公司的分析仪器部。


Early life.

Higashikokubaru was born in Miyakonojō, a city in Miyazaki Prefecture and attended Senshu University from 1976 to 1980, where he majored in economics. After graduating from Senshu, Higashikokubaru apprenticed to Takeshi Kitano and became a comedian in 1982.  He appeared on "Takeshi's Castle", which was dubbed on United States television as "Most Extreme Elimination Challenge" ("MXC"); Higashikokubaru was dubbed as "Kenny Blankenship" in the American version.

Incidents.

On December 9, 1986, Higashi was one of those who were arrested at the offices of "Friday" magazine, after he and other members of Takeshi Kitano's group attacked the magazine offices (among others spraying fire extinguishers) to protest a critical article about Takeshi Kitano that the magazine had published. All attackers were sentenced to six months in prison, suspended for two years.  On October 13, 1998, a manager of a so-called image club (a type of brothel) was arrested for employing underage girls. A 16-year-old employee pointed Higashi out as one of her customers. He was interrogated several times by the police, but was not indicted as he claimed he did not know the girl was under 18. His then-wife apologized on his behalf to the Japanese public via the media, and he himself took a five-month voluntary break from his work as an entertainer.  On November 22, 1999, at a year-end-party held for Takeshi Kitano office employees, he kicked another participant in the head, injuring him. He was prosecuted for this, and fined, after which he again took a voluntary leave from his entertainment activity.  Higashikokubaru shifted his interest to politics around 1999 after being involved in these publicized incidents. He enrolled in the School of Letters, Arts and Sciences II at Waseda University in 2000, and graduated in March 2004, re-entering as a politics and economics student in April 2004. He divorced from his wife in February 2006 and dropped out of Waseda in March 2006.

Governor of Miyazaki.

On January 21, 2007, Higashi was elected governor of Miyazaki Prefecture, replacing former governor Tadahiro Ando, who resigned after being arrested for bid rigging. He used his official name (Hideo Higashikokubaru) as governor of Miyazaki.  He declared a state of emergency in Miyazaki during a major outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in May 2010.  He decided not to run for re-election in 2010, and left office on January 20, 2011.

Later activity.

Higashikokubaru ran in the Tokyo gubernatorial election on April 10, 2011, in which he lost to incumbent governor Shintarō Ishihara.  Both Higashikokubaru and Ishihara ran as proportional representation candidates for the Japan Restoration Party in the December 2012 general election for the House of Representatives.  Higashikokubaru resigned from the JRP in December 2013 stating that "the political ideology and policies of the Japan Restoration Party as well as their directions have changed and they are now far different from mine."  Following the resignation of Tokyo governor Naoki Inose on December 19, Higashikokubaru was widely rumored to be a potential candidate for the gubernatorial election in February 2014. He denied that he had resigned in order to run for the governorship, saying "the timing is a little too good. People would suspect I'm up to something. I'm not. For me, [Inose's resignation] is just troublesome." On January 10 he stated that he had "2,000%" "no scheme, plan, or intention" to run.

Personal.

Higashikokubaru is an active runner and has completed several marathons. He ran the Lake Saroma ultra-marathon in 13 hours in June 1995, and has also run the Gold Coast Marathon and Okinawa Marathon three times each. He also played handball in high school and competed in the National Sports Festival of Japan in 1975.

He served as the Governor of Miyazaki Prefecture from 2007 to 2011, resigning to run against incumbent Shintarō Ishihara for Governor of Tokyo in the 2011 election, where he came in second. He was elected to the House of Representatives in the general election of 2012, but resigned in December 2013.

东国原英夫(1957年-9月16日),日本政治人物、搞笑艺人、演员与作家,曾任宫崎县知事,2012年当选众议院议员。宫崎县都城市出身、但实际上出生于鹿儿岛县雾岛市的东国原早年曾拜师北野武,是北野的开山弟子之一,也是北野领导的艺人团体「武军团」()的成员之一。东国原的艺名为,其中「」是「就是那样」()的意思;中文领域则常将「」翻译为「东东」。2006年底与北野事务所()解约、退出演艺圈之后,于次年以无党籍身份参与宫崎县知事的增补选举,并靠着超过44%的得票率胜过由执政党与主要反对党所支持的候选人,而当选宫崎县第17届民选知事。


Early life.

Jaymes, née Jessica Redding, was born in Anchorage, Alaska, on March 8, 1979 to Deborah and Michael Redding (1950-2003). Her mother is of Czech/French descent and her father worked as an undercover agent for the Drug Enforcement Administration and fought in the Vietnam War. She had a younger sister, Bonnie. Jaymes attended the New Mexico Military Institute in Roswell before graduating from Rio Salado College in Arizona. She then worked as a fourth- through sixth-grade teacher for three years. Her website states she held an art degree and could play classical piano.

Career.

Jaymes' adult film career began in the summer of 2002. Her stage name was a combination of her real first name and the first name of her then-lover, James. In 2004, she became Hustler Video's first contract model and the ""Hustler" Honey of the Year". She did exclusively all-female work until 2005, when she began appearing alongside male performers. In August 2008, she was the "Penthouse" Pet of the Month. She co-founded the pornographic film studio Spizoo in 2008.  Jaymes played a small role in two episodes of the television series "Weeds", in 2006 and 2007, in which she portrayed herself, and made appearances on various reality shows such as VH1's "Celebrity Rehab Sober House", HBO's "Vivid Valley", as well as "The Howard Stern Show".  She was credited with more than 300 appearances in both mainstream material and pornography.

Death.

Jaymes was found unconscious at her residence in North Hills, Los Angeles on September 17, 2019, and pronounced dead at the scene. Her ex-husband and Spizoo business partner found her when he went to check on her, after she had been inactive online and unresponsive to messages for nearly a week. Jaymes had a history of seizures, but the cause of her death was not immediately known. An autopsy was performed after which her body was released to her family, but a cause of death was deferred pending toxicology results. The Los Angeles County Coroner's report later listed her causes of death as a seizure and chronic ethanol abuse.

Jessica Jaymes (March 8, 1979 – September 17, 2019) was an American pornographic actress. She was "Hustler"s first contract model and the ""Hustler" Honey of the Year" in 2004, the August 2008 "Penthouse" Pet of the Month, as well as the co-founder of Spizoo, a pornographic film studio.

杰西卡·詹姆斯 (英语:Jessica Jaymes,1979年-3月8日-2019年-9月17日) 是一名美国色情女演员。她以成为《好色客》杂志的第一位签约模特儿以及2004年的『好色客年度宝贝』还有2008年8月《阁楼》杂志的『当月阁楼宠物』而知名。


Early career.

Also known as "El Negro", Cubilla was born in Paysandú and started his playing career in the youth team of Colón de Paysandú. In 1957 he joined Peñarol where he was part of the team that won four Uruguayan league championships, two Copa Libertadores and a Copa Intercontinental.

Career highlights.

In 1962 he joined FC Barcelona of Spain, where he was part of the team that won the Copa del Rey in 1963. He played 49 games and scored 12 goals with Barça.  Cubilla returned to South America in 1964 to play for River Plate of Argentina. In 1969, he returned to Uruguay joining Nacional where he won 4 more Uruguayan league titles, another Copa Libertadores, a Copa Interamericana and another Copa Intercontinental.  In the last years of his career he played for Santiago Morning of Chile and Defensor Sporting of Uruguay where he helped the club to win their first league championship and break the complete dominance of the league by Peñarol and Nacional.  Between 1959 and 1974 Cubilla played 38 games for the Uruguay national team in which he scored 11 goals. He played in three World Cups in 1962, 1970 and 1974.

Managerial career.

As a coach, Cubilla achieved enormous success with Olimpia Asunción of Paraguay, winning 7 international titles and several national championships. He also coached Nacional, Peñarol, Defensor Sporting, Danubio (all of Uruguay), Atlético Nacional of Colombia, Newell's Old Boys and River Plate of Argentina and Cerro Porteño and Club Libertad, both from Paraguay.  Between 1991–1993 Luis Cubilla was the head coach of the Uruguay National Team and worked together with his older brother Pedro Cubilla as his assistant coach and Alejandro Riccino as the physical trainer.  During 1994 he coached the famous Argentinean club Racing Club de Avellaneda.  In February 2007, Cubilla signed with the Ecuadorian team Barcelona de Guayaquil.  In 2010, he returned once again as a coach for Olimpia Asunción of Paraguay. He died, aged 72, in Asunción.

Luis Alberto Cubilla Almeida (28 March 1940 – 3 March 2013) was a Uruguayan football player and coach. He had a successful playing career winning 16 major titles. He then went on to become one of the most successful managers in South American football with 17 major titles.

路易斯·库维利亚(全名:路易斯·阿尔韦托·库维利亚·阿尔梅达;,本名,1940年-3月28日-2013年-3月3日),乌拉圭足球历史上最著名足球运动员和教练之一。


Executive.

Since the declaration of independence in 1912, Albania has experienced different models of governance, including an international protectorate, a monarchy, a state-party regime and the parliamentary republic as well. Throughout all this period, the function of the head of state has been exercised in various forms.  Nowadays, the President of Albania "(Presidenti)" is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military and the representative of the unity of the Albanian people. The President is indirectly elected to a five-year term by the Parliament by secret vote, requiring a three-fifths majority of the votes of all members. The President has the power to guarantee observation of the Constitution and all laws, act as commander-in-chief of the Albanian Armed Forces, exercise the duties of the Parliament, when the Parliament is not in session, and appoint the Prime Minister. The President has the power to declare war, to grant pardon and to conclude agreements of peace, alliance, and participation in international organizations; upon the request of the government a simple parliamentary majority is required to ratify such actions, agreements, or treaties. The Prime Minister of Albania "(Kryeministri)" is the head of government. According to the Constitution, the Prime Minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in the Albanian parliamentary system. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President; ministers are nominated by the President as well on the basis of the Prime Minister's recommendation. The Council of Ministers is responsible for carrying out both foreign and domestic policies. It directs and controls the activities of the ministries and other state organs. The Deputy Prime Minister of Albania "(Zëvendëskryeministri)" is the deputy head of government. In the absence of the Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Minister takes over his functions, such as chairing the Cabinet and the Council of Ministers.

Legislative.

The Parliament of Albania "(Kuvendi i Shqipërisë)" is a unicameral legislative body. It is composed of not less than 140 members elected to a four-year term on the basis of direct, universal, periodic and equal suffrage by secret ballot. As of Article 45 of the Constitution, which guarantees the right to vote, the People of Albania exercise their power through their elected representatives in the Parliament. When the Parliament is elected, the first session shall be held no later than 20 days after the completion of elections with the President as the speaker. There are 15 permanent committees. Extraordinary meets can be called by the President, by the Chairperson of the Parliament, by the Prime Minister or by the one fifth of the members. Decisions are made based on a majority vote if more than half of the members are present, except in cases where the Constitution provides for a special majority. As specified by the current electoral legislation in Albania, 140 members of the Parliament are elected in multi-seat constituencies. Within any constituency, parties must meet a threshold of 3 percent of votes, and pre-election coalitions must meet a threshold of 5 percent of votes. All laws passed by the Parliament are published through the Fletorja Zyrtare, the official journal of the government.  The Chairperson of the Parliament "(Kryetar i Kuvendit)" is the presiding officer of the Parliament and is elected by the members of the Parliament. The official function is to moderate debate, make rulings on procedure, announce the results of votes, decides who may speak and has the powers to discipline members who break the procedures of the chamber or house. When the President is temporarily absent or incapable of exercising its powers, the Chairperson takes over his functions.

Judiciary.

Albania follows the civil law tradition, which is based on the French law system. It has a three-tiered, independent judicial system governed by the constitution and national legislation enacted by the Parliament. The judicial branch of Albania is divided into three main institutions; the 'Highest Courts', which includes the Supreme Court (Gjykata e Lartë) and the Constitutional Court (Gjykata Kushtetuese), the 'Intermediate Courts' such as the Courts of Appeal (Gjykata e Apelit), Court of Appeals for Serious Crimes (Gjykata e Apelit për Krimet e rënda), and the Administrative Court of Appeals (Gjykata Administrative e Apelit) as well as the 'First Instance Courts' such as the District Courts (Gjykata e Rrethit Gjyqësor) and the Court of First Instance for Serious Crimes (Gjykata e Shkallës së Parë për Krime të Rënda).  The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in Albania; its hearings are open and judgments are made publicly, except in cases where the privacy of the accused is to be protected. It is composed of seventeen judges such as the President of the Supreme Court and sixteen Members of the Supreme Court. The judges are selected and appointed amongst judges with more than 10 years of seniority or prominent lawyers, who have exercised their activity for more than 15 years. The members can serve for a single term of 9-years, without the right of reappointment. The Constitutional Court is the final authority for the interpretation of the Constitution and the compliance of laws in accordance with the constitution.

Elections.

Following the collapse of the communist regime in the nation, the first multi-party elections were held in 1991, simultaneously with the 1991 parliamentary elections. The 1998 Constitution of Albania guarantees the right to vote without restriction due to sex, race, social status, education level, or wealth. Every Albanian citizen who has reached the age of 18 has the right to vote. Regular elections take place for the office of the President, parliamentary, county prefects, county assemblies, city and municipal mayors and city and municipal councils.  The President is elected through a secret vote and without debate by the Parliament by a majority of three-fifths majority of all its members, for 5 years. The Constitution sets a limit to a maximum of two terms in office. The Parliament is elected to a four-year term in twelve multi-seat constituencies analogous to the 12 county borders, with amendments to achieve a uniform number of eligible voters in each constituency to within 3%. Within the constituencies, seats are elected by closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of 3% for parties and 5% for alliances. Seats were allocated to alliances using the d'Hondt system, then to political parties using the Sainte-Laguë method.  The county prefects and city and municipal mayors are elected to four-year terms by majority of votes cast within applicable local government units. A runoff election is held if no candidate achieves a majority in the first round of voting. Members of county, city, and municipal councils are also elected to four-year terms through proportional representation.

Parties.

Albania has a multi-party system, with numerous parties in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must collaborate in order to form coalition governments. The two major parties are the Socialist Party of Albania (PS) and the Democratic Party of Albania (PD). Albania also has a number of minor parties. Following is a list of political parties with elected representation at the national level in the Parliament following the general parliamentary elections of 2013.

Foreign policy.

Foreign policy are conducted through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tirana. Albania maintains a network of 50 diplomatic missions abroad and holds relations with more than 115 countries. It is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), United Nations (UN), Council of Europe, International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank and several others. The citizens of the country has a visa-free or visa on arrival access to 98 countries and territories, ranking the Albanian passport 55th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley visa restrictions index. Today, Albania maintains strong diplomatic relations with countries like United States, Italy, Brazil, Greece, Austria, Croatia, China, Germany, Portugal, United Kingdom, Turkey, Kuwait and Switzerland.  Since the collapse of Communism in 1990, the country has extended its responsibilities and position in European and international affairs, supporting and establishing friendly relations with other nations. The main objectives are the Accession of Albania to the European Union, the International recognition of Kosovo, the recognition of Expulsion of Cham Albanians, helping and protecting of the rights the Albanians in Montenegro, Macedonia, Greece, southern Serbia, Italy and the Albanian diaspora.  Furthermore, the country became one the first eastern European countries to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Politicians of Albania considered admission to NATO as a top priority for the country. Since 1992, it has been extensively engaged with NATO, and has maintained its position as a stability factor and a strong ally of the United States and European Union in the troubled and divided region of the Balkans. At the April 2008 summit in Bucharest, NATO agreed to the accession of Albania and Croatia. One year later in April 2009, both countries joined the alliance. Although, the country received candidate status for the European Union membership in 2014, based on its 2009 application. Today, Albania plays a central role in the negotiation of the Berlin Process.

Administrative divisions.

With a total area of, Albania is divided into twelve administrative counties ('). The counties are further subdivided into 61 municipalities ('). In addition, the counties were further subdivided in 36 districts ("), which became defunct in 2000.  The counties were created on 31 July 2000 to replace the thirty-six former districts. The government introduced a new administrative division to be implemented in 2015, whereby municipalities were reduced to 61, while rural ones called (') are abolished. The defunct municipalities are known as Neighborhoods or Villages ('). There are overall 2980 villages or communities in the entire country, formerly known as localities ("). The municipalities are the first level of local governance, responsible for local needs and law enforcement. As part of the reform, major town centers in the country were physically redesigned and façades painted to reflect a more Mediterranean look.

Albania is a unitary parliamentary constitutional republic, where the President of Albania is the head of state and the Prime Minister of Albania the head of government in a multi-party system. The executive power is exercised by the Government and the Prime Minister with its Cabinet. Legislative power is vested in the Parliament of Albania. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The political system of Albania is laid out in the 1998 constitution. The Parliament adopted the current constitution on 28 November 1998. Due to political instability, the country has had many constitutions during its history. Albania was initially constituted as a monarchy in 1913, briefly a republic in 1925, then it returned to a democratic monarchy in 1928. It later became a socialist republic until the restoration of capitalism and democracy in 1992.

阿尔巴尼亚全称阿尔巴尼亚共和国,前一政权为阿尔巴尼亚社会主义人民共和国,首都是地拉那(Tirana)。


Soviet aircraft carrier Admiral Gorshkov

戈尔什科夫苏联海军元帅号航空母舰

History.

The ship was laid down in 1978 at Nikolayev South (Shipyard No.444) in Ukraine, launched in 1982, and commissioned in December 1987. The delay in commissioning was largely caused by software bugs in the new command and control system. The ship was renamed "Admiral Gorshkov" after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, as the city of Baku was now in independent Azerbaijan. Sergey Gorshkov was responsible for the expansion of the Soviet Navy during the Cold War.  In 1994, following a boiler room explosion, the ship was docked for a year of repairs. Although she returned to service in 1995, she was finally withdrawn in 1996 and offered for sale. On 20 January 2004, Russia agreed to sell "Admiral Gorshkov" to India after an extensive upgrade at Sevmash Enterprise. In December 2009, it was reported that India had agreed to pay a price of US$2.3 billion. The carrier, now christened INS "Vikramaditya", was commissioned into the Indian Navy on 16 November 2013.

Design.

The fourth of the Project 1143 aircraft carrying cruisers, "Baku" had many differences from the rest of the class, trialing technologies to be used on the "Admiral Kuznetsov". The most obvious is the massive passive electronically scanned array above the bridge. This was the phased array antenna for the Mars-Passat ("Sky Watch") 3D air search radar, comparable to the US SCANFAR radar. Like SCANFAR, Sky Watch proved troublesome and was probably never operational.  The biggest change to the weapon systems was the replacement of the SA-N-3 'Goblet' and SA-N-4 'Gecko' SAM launchers with four SA-N-9 'Gauntlet' VLS launchers. This allowed room for another two SS-N-12 'Sandbox' launchers. The two AA guns of the "Kiev"s were replaced with 100 mm guns, and the SUW-N-1 launcher was removed.  The air wing was the same as the other "Kiev"s, consisting of a squadron of twelve Yak-38 'Forger' V/STOL aircraft (until they were retired in 1992), twelve Ka-27 'Helix-A' ASW/SAR helicopters and two Ka-31 'Helix' AEW helicopters. Flight operations were assisted by the distinctive new Cake Stand TACAN.  "Baku" was used for trials of the Yak-141 Freestyle supersonic VTOL fighter.

Admiral Gorshkov was an aircraft carrier (heavy aircraft cruiser in Russian classification) of the Soviet Navy and the Russian Navy from 1987 to 1996. The ship's original name was Baku when she was commissioned in 1987. Sometimes "Admiral Gorshkov" is considered a separate class due to her improvements including a phased array radar, extensive electronic warfare installations, and an enlarged command and control suite. She was launched in 1982, and was in service from 1987 to 1991 in the Soviet Navy as "Baku", and from 1991 to 1996 in the Russian Navy as "Admiral Gorshkov". In 2004, she was sold to India and converted into a STOBAR carrier now named INS "Vikramaditya".

戈尔什科夫苏联海军元帅号航空母舰()是一艘基辅级航空母舰,原名为「巴库号」。原先该舰为苏联海军所建造,是基辅级航空母舰的四号舰。苏联解体后改由俄罗斯海军拥有,后转移给印度海军并由后者付钱进行改装工程,命名为维克拉玛蒂亚号,于2013年起在印度海军服役。


大众卡里宫 (威尼斯大运河)

History.

Previously a Byzantine palace, known as the "House with the Two Towers", stood on the site. This was bought by the Republic of Venice in 1429 from Bernardo Giustinian, to be the residence of the vice-captain of the Republic, Gianfrancesco Gonzaga. The palace consisted of two towers flanking a lower, central block and was used for entertaining illustrious guests of the Republic, including kings and diplomats. In 1439, the palace was given to another captain, Francesco Sforza. However, In 1447, Francesco Sforza betrayed the Republic and was deprived of the residence.  In 1453 the Republic of Venice regained possession of the palace and sold it by auction to the Doge of the time, Francesco Foscari; he had the palace demolished and rebuilt in late Venetian gothic style; the building was chosen by the doge for its position on the Grand Canal. Foscari immediately set about rebuilding the palace in a manner befitting his status: he moved the site of the new palace forward on to the bank of the Grand Canal. Buying and rebuilding the palace for himself meant for the doge affirming his political and military role: he actually represented the continuity of the military successes of that period, lasted 30 years, and was the promoter of the Venetian expansion in the mainland ("terraferma"). The huge new palace could hardly have been finished when Foscari was disgraced in 1457 and retired to his new home until his death.  In 1574 king Henry III of France was housed in the second floor of the building.  The most recent restoration of Ca' Foscari and the adjacent Palazzo Giustinian was commissioned in 2004, aiming to fulfill the new requirements of safety and practicality. Work lasted from January 2004 until the summer of 2006.  Presently the palace is the headquarters of the Ca' Foscari University, which has made accessible to the public some of the most beautiful halls, such as the "Aula Baratto" and the "Aula Berengo".  In 2013, thanks to a series of important technical measures for energy efficiency and thanks to the adoption of stringent environmental management practices put in place by the Ca' Foscari University, the building obtained the LEED certificate for sustainability, thus becoming the oldest building in the world to acquire this prestigious certification.

Description.

Ca' Foscari is a typical example of the residence of the Venetian nobles and merchants. The structure is one of the most imposing buildings of the city and its external courtyard is the biggest courtyard of a private house after that of the Doge's Palace. In common with other palaces, Ca' Foscari's principal and most decorated facade and entrance faced the Grand Canal - the city's main thoroughfare. This façade is characterized by a rhythmic sequence of arches and windows; this style, known as Floral Gothic, is emulated throughout the city and can be identified through the use of pointed arches and carved window heads. At Ca' Foscari, the tops of each column are decorated with carved quatrefoil patterns; the Gothic capitals are adorned with foliage, animals and masks. Above the Gothic window is a marble frieze with a helmet surmounted with a lion couchant representing the role of the doge as the captain of the republic; at each side of the central helmet we can find two putti holding a shield symbolising the Foscari's coat of arms with the winged lion of Saint Mark, symbol of Venice.  The practical function of Venetian palaces differed from those in other Italian cities. The nobility did not derive their income from landed estates as elsewhere, but from seafaring and trade. As a result, their "fondaco" houses had to serve not only as residences but also as the headquarters for their trading ventures. The main features of these early palaces were two-storey arcades or loggias along the waterfront; on the ground floor was a portal for loading and unloading merchandise. The portal often led into an entrance hall or "portico" used for business negotiations, with storerooms and offices on either side and a kitchen at the back. The living quarters were upstairs, with the rooms leading off great T-shaped central room; a well and an open staircase were placed in the courtyard. There were low towers at each end of the façade. The House of the two Towers too used to have this structure, before Francesco Foscari decided to destroy it and rebuild it in Gothic style.  The ground floor was used as storerooms; the first and second floors ("piani nobili") were used for formal entertaining and private residential use respectively. The central loggia of these two principal floors are designed in a similar Venetian floral Gothic style to the better known arcade of the Doge's Palace. The loggias, tied one above the other, are now glazed and light the large halls behind. The loggias are flanked by wings each of two bays containing smaller rooms.

Uses of the building.

After the death of Francesco Foscari in 1457, the palace was used for various and different purposes, according to the epoch. Some dates for events and particular uses of the building:

The portal.

The portal of Ca' Foscari is today the main entrance of the building and was restored in 2008. It is made of Istrian marble, is of rectangular shape, it is surmounted by a lunette; on its perimeter it is decorated with chequered patterns. The coat of arms inside the lunette is composed of a central blazon and three putti (one on each side and one on the top); inside the blazon is depicted the winged lion of St. Mark holding an open book. In 1797, following the forced surrender of Venice and overthrow of the Republic by Napoleon I, family blazons were abolished; consequently, they were hidden, taken down or, as at Ca' Foscari, covered with whitewash.

Entrance hall.

The entrance hall was restored in 1936 by the great Italian architect Carlo Scarpa. On that occasion Scarpa designed:

Mario Baratto Hall.

The great hall dedicated to Mario Baratto (a professor of Italian literature and antifascist, who died in 1984) is situated on the second floor (the piano nobile) of the palace. The room is used today for conferences, conventions, formal ceremonies, advanced training courses and important events of Ca’ Foscari University. Scarpa designed the Great Hall in order to replace the Museum of Commerce. A massive portal with the Latin inscription ′′STUDIA DECUS ORNAMENTUMQUE VITAE′′ introduces the hall.  The most relevant features of the rooms are represented by:  In 1979 a fire destroyed part of the room and consequently the architect Valeriano Pastor restored the room and the boiserie. After the fire the boiserie of Scarpa was in a very deteriorated state. Valeriano Pastor, student of Scarpa, restored it together with the same craftsman that worked with Scarpa in 1956.  Between 1935 and 1937 Mario Sironi was asked by the rector Agostino Lanzillo to decorate the Great Hall of Ca’ Foscari. He was chosen because he was considered an artist able to convey the faith and the fervor of the Italian Fascist youth of that period. The "Italy, Venice and Studies" fresco includes a student athlete holding a book and a musquet, the allegory of Technique, the allegory of Medicine, the city of Venice sitting on a throne, the lion of St. Mark and the domes of the basilica. It also shows a figure in chains called Motherland, which represents the victory of Italy in Ethiopia. There is an inscription over the Motherland figure: “Italy will do by itself”; it refers to the autarky pursued by Italy and to its ambition to become an imperial power. The second painting represents the school of philosophers. In the middle there is the thinker surrounded by the students. The painting presents traces of cubism, but there is also the three-dimensional element. The painting recalls Pablo Picasso's and Juan Gris's artistic style and Georges Braque's emphasis on colors.  In 2004 the room was restored once more, this time as part of the general restoration of the entire building. The craftsmen who had worked with Carlo Scarpa were called upon for the restoration of the boiserie and it was on this occasion that the chairs now present in the room were made.

Interventions by Carlo Scarpa.

In 1936 Carlo Scarpa restored and remodeled various parts of the university, including the great hall.  In 1956 Scarpa was asked to return to Ca' Foscari to transform the great hall into a lecture hall, and on this occasion he created the boiserie elements. Before the intervention of the architect, the space now occupied by the great hall was used to house a museum of the Faculty of Economics.  Scarpa's project for the great hall included:  Scarpa removed the student tribune and designed the boiserie panelling, using part of the same wood employed for the student gallery. The boiserie is both a connection and a separation between the room and the corridor. Its sliding cloth-covered frames are used to conceal the room, and when they're closed they remind the ogive of the gothic window. The image of the gothic window is mirrored on the glass of the boiserie, with notable light effects.

Frescoes.

"Venezia, l'Italia e gli Studi", by Mario Sironi.

Mario Sironi was commissioned to decorate the great hall Mario Baratto in 1936. The painting portrays a series of allegorical figures:

"La scuola", by Mario De Luigi.

Mario De Luigi was a close friend of Carlo Scarpa; they both attended the Academy of Fine Arts of Venice and they worked together in the field of design and town planning; he was assistant of Arturo Martini at the Academy, then he started teaching scenography at University IUAV of Venice. Deluigi was asked to decorate a room on the first floor of Ca' Foscari palace; afterwards the painting was moved to the second floor, in the great hall Mario Baratto. The painting portrays a philosopher among his students.

Ca' Foscari, the palace of the Foscari family, is a Gothic building on the waterfront of the Grand Canal in the Dorsoduro "sestiere" of Venice, Italy.

大众卡里宫(Ca' Foscari)是意大利威尼斯的一座意大利哥特式建筑,位于多尔索杜罗区的大运河畔,原为大众卡里家族的宫殿。


Origins.

American blues became known in Britain from the 1930s onwards through a number of routes, including records brought to Britain, particularly by African-American GIs stationed there in the Second World War and Cold War, merchant seamen visiting ports such as London, Liverpool, Newcastle upon Tyne and Belfast, and through a trickle of (illegal) imports. Blues music was relatively well known to British jazz musicians and fans, particularly in the works of figures like female singers Ma Rainey and Bessie Smith and the blues-influenced boogie-woogie of Jelly Roll Morton and Fats Waller. From 1955 major British record labels HMV and EMI, the latter, particularly through their subsidiary Decca Records, began to distribute American jazz and increasingly blues records to what was an emerging market. Many encountered blues for the first time through the skiffle craze of the second half of the 1950s, particularly the songs of Lead Belly covered by acts like Lonnie Donegan. As skiffle began to decline in the late 1950s, and British rock and roll began to dominate the charts, a number of skiffle musicians moved towards playing purely blues music.  Among these were guitarist and blues harpist Cyril Davies, who ran the London Skiffle Club at the Roundhouse public house in London's Soho, and guitarist Alexis Korner, both of whom worked for jazz band leader Chris Barber, playing in the R&B segment he introduced to his show. The club served as a focal point for British skiffle acts and Barber was responsible for bringing over American folk and blues performers, who found they were much better known and paid in Europe than America. The first major artist was Big Bill Broonzy, who visited England in the mid-1950s, but who, rather than his electric Chicago blues, played a folk blues set to fit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as the London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and rave reviews. Davies and Korner, having already split with Barber, now plugged in and began to play high powered electric blues that became the model for the subgenre, forming the band Blues Incorporated.  Blues Incorporated became something of a clearing house for British blues musicians in the later 1950s and early 1960s, with many joining, or sitting in on sessions. These included future Rolling Stones, Keith Richards, Mick Jagger, Charlie Watts and Brian Jones; as well as Cream founders Jack Bruce and Ginger Baker; beside Graham Bond and Long John Baldry. Blues Incorporated were given a residency at the Marquee Club and it was from there that in 1962 they took the name of the first British Blues album, "R&B from the Marquee" for Decca, but split before its release. The culmination of this first movement of blues came with John Mayall, who moved to London in the early 1960s, eventually forming the Bluesbreakers, whose members at various times included, Jack Bruce, Aynsley Dunbar, Eric Clapton, Peter Green and Mick Taylor.

British rhythm and blues.

While some bands focused on blues artists, particularly those of Chicago electric blues, others adopted a wider interest in rhythm and blues, including the work of Chess Records' blues artists like Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf, but also rock and roll pioneers Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley. Most successful were the Rolling Stones, who abandoned blues purism before their line-up solidified and they produced their first eponymously titled album in 1964, which largely consisted of rhythm and blues standards. Following in the wake of the Beatles' national and then international success, the Rolling Stones soon established themselves as the second most popular UK band and joined the British Invasion of the American record charts as leaders of a second wave of R&B orientated bands. In addition to Chicago blues numbers, the Rolling Stones also covered songs by Chuck Berry and The Valentinos, with the latter's "It's All Over Now", giving them their first UK number one in 1964. Blues songs and influences continued to surface in the Rolling Stones' music, as in their version of "Little Red Rooster" went to number 1 on the UK singles chart in December 1964.  Other London-based bands included The Yardbirds (who would number their ranks three key guitarists Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck and Jimmy Page), The Kinks (with the pioneer songwriter Ray Davies and rock-guitarist Dave Davies), and Manfred Mann (considered to have one of the most authentic sounding vocalists in the scene in Paul Jones) and the Pretty Things, beside the more jazz-influenced acts like the Graham Bond Organisation, Georgie Fame and Zoot Money. Bands to emerge from other major British cities included The Animals from Newcastle (with the keyboards of Alan Price and vocals of Eric Burdon), The Moody Blues and Spencer Davis Group from Birmingham (the latter largely a vehicle for the young Steve Winwood), and Them from Belfast (with their vocalist Van Morrison). None of these bands played exclusively rhythm and blues, often relying on a variety of sources, including Brill Building and girl group songs for their hit singles, but it remained at the core of their early albums. The British Mod subculture was musically centred on rhythm and blues and later soul music, performed by artists that were not available in small London clubs around which the scene was based. As a result, a number of mod bands emerged to fill this gap. These included The Small Faces, The Creation, The Action and most successfully The Who. The Who's early promotional material tagged them as producing "maximum rhythm and blues", but by about 1966 they moved from attempting to emulate American R&B to producing songs that reflected the Mod lifestyle. Many of these bands were able to enjoy cult and then national success in the UK, but found it difficult to break into the American market. Only the Who managed, after some difficulty, to produce a significant US following, particularly after their appearances at the Monterey Pop Festival (1967) and Woodstock (1969).  Because of the very different circumstances from which they came, and in which they played, the rhythm and blues these bands produced was very different in tone from that of African American artists, often with more emphasis on guitars and sometimes with greater energy. They have been criticised for exploiting the massive catalogue of African American music, but it has also been noted that they both popularised that music, bringing it to British, world and in some cases American audiences, and helping to build the reputation of existing and past rhythm and blues artists. Most of these bands rapidly moved on from recording and performing American standards to writing and recording their own music, often leaving their R&B roots behind, but enabling several to enjoy sustained careers that were not open to most of the more pop-oriented beat groups of the first wave of the invasion, who (with the major exception of the Beatles) were unable to write their own material or adapt to changes in the musical climate.

The British blues boom.

The blues boom overlapped, both chronologically and in terms of personnel, with the earlier, wider rhythm and blues phase, which had begun to peter out in the mid-1960s leaving a nucleus of instrumentalists with a wide knowledge of blues forms and techniques, which they would carry into the pursuit of more purist blues interests. Blues Incorporated and Mayall's Bluesbreakers were well known in the London Jazz and emerging R&B circuits, but the Bluesbreakers began to gain some national and international attention, particularly after the release of "Blues Breakers with Eric Clapton" album (1966), considered one of the seminal British blues recordings. Produced by Mike Vernon, who later set up the Blue Horizon record label, it was notable for its driving rhythms and Clapton's rapid blues licks with a full distorted sound derived from a Gibson Les Paul and a Marshall amp. This sound became something of a classic combination for British blues (and later rock) guitarists, and also made clear the primacy of the guitar, seen as a distinctive characteristic of the subgenre. Clapton stated, "I spent most of my teens and early twenties studying the blues - the geography of it and the chronology of it, as well as how to play it". Peter Green started what is called "second great epoch of British blues", as he replaced Clapton in the Bluesbreakers after his departure to form Cream. In 1967, after one record with the Bluesbreakers, Green, with the Bluesbreaker's rhythm section Mick Fleetwood and John McVie, formed Peter Green's Fleetwood Mac, produced by Mike Vernon on the Blue Horizon label. One key factor in developing the popularity of the music in the UK and across Europe in the early 1960s was the success of the American Folk Blues Festival tours, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau.  The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and, with a few exceptions, found it difficult to gain any recognition for their "imitations" of the blues in the US. In contrast, the next wave of bands, formed from about 1967, like Cream, Fleetwood Mac, Ten Years After, Savoy Brown, and Free, pursued a different route, retaining blues standards in their repertoire and producing original material that often shied away from obvious pop influences, placing an emphasis on individual virtuosity. The result has been characterised as blues rock and arguably marked the beginnings of a separation of pop and rock music that was to be a feature of the record industry for several decades. Cream, is often seen as the first supergroup, combining the talents of Clapton, Bruce and Baker, they have also been seen as the first groups to exploit the power trio. Although only together for a little over two years, from 1966–69, they were highly influential and it was in this period that Clapton became an international superstar. Fleetwood Mac are often considered to have produced some of the finest work in the subgenre, with inventive interpretations of Chicago Blues. They were also the most commercially successful group, with their eponymous début album reaching the UK top five in early 1968 and as the instrumental "Albatross" reached number one in the single charts in early 1969. This was, as Scott Schinder and Andy Schwartz put it, "The commercial apex of the British blues Boom". Free, with the guitar talents of Paul Kossoff, particularly from their self titled second album (1969), produced a stripped down form of blues that would be highly influential on hard rock and later heavy metal. Ten Years After, with guitarist Alvin Lee, formed in 1967, but achieved their breakthrough in 1968 with their live album "Undead" and in the US with their appearance at Woodstock the next year. Among the last British blues bands to gain mainstream success were Jethro Tull, formed from the amalgamation of two blues bands, the John Evan Band and the Mcgregor's Engine in 1967. Their second album Stand UP, reached number one in the UK in 1969.

Decline.

British blues entered a rapid decline at the end of 1960s. Surviving bands and musicians tended to move into other expanding areas of rock music. Some, like Jethro Tull, followed bands like the Moody Blues away from 12-bar structures and harmonicas into complex, classical-influenced progressive rock. Some played a loud version of blues rock that became the foundation for hard rock and heavy metal. Led Zeppelin, formed by Yardbirds guitarist Jimmy Page, on their first two albums, both released in 1969, fused heavy blues and amplified rock to create what has been seen as a watershed in the development of hard rock and nascent heavy metal. Later recordings would mix in elements of folk and mysticism, which would also be a major influence on heavy metal music. Deep Purple developed a sound based on "squeezing and stretching" the blues, and achieved their commercial breakthrough with their fourth and distinctively heavier album, "In Rock" (1970), which has been seen as one of heavy metal's defining albums. Black Sabbath was the third incarnation of a group that started as the Polka Tulk Blues Band in 1968. Their early work included blues standards, but by the time of their second album "Paranoid" (1970), they had added elements of modality and the occult that would largely define modern heavy metal. Some, like Korner and Mayall, continued to play a "pure" form of the blues, but largely outside of mainstream notice. The structure of clubs, venues and festivals that had grown up in the early 1950s in Britain virtually disappeared in the 1970s.

Survival and resurgence.

Although overshadowed by the growth of rock music the blues did not disappear in Britain, with American bluesmen like John Lee Hooker, Eddie Taylor, and Freddie King continuing to be well received in the UK and an active home scene led by figures including Dave Kelly and his sister Jo Ann Kelly, who helped keep the acoustic blues alive on the British folk circuit. Dave Kelly was also a founder of The Blues Band with former Manfred Mann members Paul Jones and Tom McGuinness, Hughie Flint and Gary Fletcher. The Blues Band was credited with kicking off a second blues boom in Britain, which by the 90s led to festivals all around the country, including The Swanage Blues Festival, The Burnley National Blues Festival, The Gloucester Blues and Heritage Festival and The Great British Rhythm and Blues Festival at Colne. The twenty-first century has seen an upsurge in interest in the blues in Britain that can be seen in the success of previously unknown acts like Seasick Steve, in the return to the blues by major figures who began in the first boom, including Peter Green, Mick Fleetwood, Chris Rea and Eric Clapton, as well as the arrival of new artists like British Blues Awards Winner and I-Tunes Blues chart topper Dani Wilde as well as Matt Schofield, Aynsley Lister and most recently in 2017 the Starlite Campbell Band. The British blues tradition lives on, as a style, outside of Britain as well. American guitarist Joe Bonamassa describes his main influences as the 1960s era British blues players, and considers himself a part of that tradition rather than the earlier American blues styles.

Significance.

Beside giving a start to many important blues, pop and rock musicians, in spawning blues rock British blues also ultimately gave rise to a host of subgenres of rock, including particularly psychedelic rock, progressive rock. hard rock and ultimately heavy metal. Perhaps the most important contribution of British blues was the surprising re-exportation of American blues back to America, where, in the wake of the success of bands like the Rolling Stones and Fleetwood Mac, white audiences began to look again at black blues musicians like Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf and John Lee Hooker, who suddenly began to appeal to middle class white Americans. The result was a re-evaluation of the blues in America which enabled white Americans much more easily to become blues musicians, opening the door to Southern rock and the development of Texas blues musicians like Stevie Ray Vaughan.

British blues is a form of music derived from American blues that originated in the late 1950s, and reached its height of mainstream popularity in the 1960s. In Britain, it developed a distinctive and influential style dominated by electric guitar and made international stars of several proponents of the genre including The Rolling Stones, The Animals, Eric Clapton, Fleetwood Mac and Led Zeppelin.

英国蓝调(英语:British blues)是源自美国蓝调的一种音乐形式,起源于1950年代后期,并且在1960年代达到主流人气的高峰,蓝调在当时开发了一种由电吉他主导支配着独特而有影响力的音乐风格,使得有一些艺术家和乐团是蓝调的支持者,包括滚石乐团、动物乐团、艾瑞克·克莱普顿、佛利伍麦克乐团和齐柏林飞船乐团。


Club career.

Early career in Middelfart and Odense.

Born in Middelfart, Denmark, Eriksen followed in his father Thomas' footsteps when he started playing football in the academy of local side, Middelfart G&BK. Eriksen's father was also one of the coaches at the time and in 2004 they helped the youth side finish unbeaten in the local youth championship for the third time in a period of four years. The following year, he joined Odense Boldklub who competed in the Danish youth championships and within a year had helped the club to an age-group title. It was at OB that Eriksen first began showing signs of his technical ability, with his dribbling and free-kick techniques lauded by then-coach, Tonny Hermansen. His form at youth level attracted the attention of a number of major European clubs, including the likes of Chelsea and Barcelona. Eriksen ultimately underwent trials with both clubs as well as Real Madrid, Manchester United and Milan, but finally decided to move to Ajax, stating, "My first step should not be too big. I knew that playing in the Netherlands would be very good for my development. Then Ajax arrived and that was a fantastic option."

Ajax.

2008–2010: Youth and first-team squad.

On 17 October 2008, Eriksen signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with Amsterdam-based club, Ajax. The transfer fee received by OB was estimated at €1 million (£847,199) while Middelfart also received a sum of €35 000 which they later used to construct a football pitch. He worked his way through the youth teams at Ajax and was promoted to the first team squad in January 2010, where he was given the number 51 shirt. Later that month, he made his first team debut in a 1–1 Eredivisie with NAC Breda. He scored his first goal for Ajax on 25 March in a 6–0 win over Go Ahead Eagles in the Dutch Cup and extended his contract with the club the following month. On 6 May, he played in the second match of the final of the 2009–10 Dutch Cup as Ajax beat Feyenoord 4–1, prevailing 6–1 on aggregate. At the end of his first professional season with the club, Eriksen had played 21 competitive matches, scoring one goal, and had made his international debut for Denmark. Eriksen's form throughout the campaign earned praise from manager Martin Jol who compared him to former youth products Wesley Sneijder and Rafael van der Vaart as well as Danish legend, Michael Laudrup for his reading of the game in the traditional "number 10" role.

2010–2013: Breakthrough years.

Eriksen took the number eight jersey ahead of the following campaign and began the 2010–11 season well, scoring his first Ajax league goal on 29 August 2010 in an away victory over De Graafschap. Over the course of the next few months, he scored his first home goal at the Amsterdam Arena, in a 3–0 Cup victory over BV Veendam, and his first European goal, in a 3–0 UEFA Europa League win over Anderlecht. In between the milestone goals, Eriksen was also named Danish Talent of the Year. His growing capabilities as the team's playmaker saw him become an undisputed starter in the side and he helped Ajax to their first Eredivisie title in seven years. At the end of the season he was named Ajax's Talent of the Year. His form throughout the campaign also earned him the Dutch Football Talent of the Year award which saw him become only the second Danish player to win the award since Jon Dahl Tomasson in 1996. Johan Cruyff, whose panel selected Eriksen for the award, described Eriksen as a typical product of the Danish school and added to previous comparisons between him and Brian and Michael Laudrup."  On 18 October 2011, Eriksen scored his first goal in the UEFA Champions League when Ajax beat Dinamo Zagreb 2–0 in the group stage. In the return fixture the following month, he provided assists to teammates Gregory van der Wiel and Siem de Jong as Ajax recorded a 4–0 victory. Five days later he was named Danish Football Player of the Year in recognition of his role in helping Ajax to the league title the season before and in Denmark's successful UEFA Euro 2012 qualification campaign. Eriksen continued to impress for Ajax and his strong contribution, both in terms of goal and assist returns, helped the club to a second consecutive league title.  Eriksen and Ajax repeated the feat in the 2012–13 season following which he opted not to renew his contract with the club. With only one year remaining on his current contract, Eriksen was permitted to search for a new club and he agreed terms with Tottenham Hotspur in England. Eriksen departed Ajax having made 162 appearances across all competitions and scored 32 goals. Along with his league success, he had also featured in three consecutive editions of the Johan Cruyff Shield, which Ajax won once.

Tottenham Hotspur.

2013–2016: Premier League introduction and League Cup runner-up.

On 30 August 2013, Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur announced that they had completed the transfer of Eriksen from Ajax in a deal believed to be worth £11 million (€12.45 million). Eriksen joined the club on the same day as Erik Lamela, who joined from Roma, and Vlad Chiricheș, who joined from Steaua București, and took the club's total spending for the 2013 summer transfer window to £109.5 million. He made his league debut against Norwich City on 14 September 2013 and provided an assist for Gylfi Sigurðsson in a 2–0 victory. After the match, Spurs manager André Villas-Boas commented, "It was a great debut for Christian, he is a pure number 10, a creative player and his individual quality made all the difference."  Five days later, Eriksen "clipped a wonderful dipping shot" over the goalkeeper to score his first Tottenham goal and complete a 3–0 win over Tromsø IL in the Europa League. He added to his Tottenham goal tally with a goal from a free kick in a 1–1 draw against West Bromwich Albion on Boxing Day 2013, and the second goal in Spurs' 1–2 away win against Manchester United on 1 January 2014. On 23 March, after goals from Jay Rodriguez and Adam Lallana had given Southampton a 2–0 lead against Tottenham at White Hart Lane, Eriksen scored twice to level the score and assisted Sigurðsson to score the winning goal. He continued his goalscoring form on 12 April 2014 when he scored a stoppage-time equaliser to help Tottenham come from 3–0 down to draw 3–3 at West Brom. By the end of the season, he had scored ten goals and registered 13 assists across all competitions, won the Danish Football Player of the Year award and was named Tottenham's Player of the Season.  Ahead of the 2014–15 campaign, Tottenham appointed Mauricio Pochettino as new club manager after the unsuccessful period under Villas-Boas and interim-manager Tim Sherwood. Between November and December 2014, Eriksen scored late winners against Aston Villa, Hull City and Swansea City which he credited to the Argentine manager for raising the team's fitness levels. By the end of the calendar year, Eriksen had scored 12 goals from open play – more than any other player in England – and was soon after awarded his second consecutive Danish Footballer of the Year award. On 28 January 2015, Eriksen scored twice in a 2–2 (3–2 aggregate) win over Sheffield United to send Tottenham into the League Cup Final. His first goal, a 30-yard curling free kick, was later lauded by former professionals Michael Owen and Gary Neville. The final, played against London rivals Chelsea, took place on 1 March and ended in a 2–0 defeat for Tottenham. Eriksen completed the 2014–15 campaign having featured in every Premier League game for Mauricio Pochettino, starting all-but one match, and scored 12 goals across all competitions.  On 9 June 2015, amid speculation that he would be joining Manchester United, Eriksen confirmed to Danish media whilst on international duty that he would stay at Tottenham for the foreseeable future and was quoted as saying, "I feel right at home at Tottenham and I haven't thought about leaving yet." He did in fact remain with the club and scored his first goals of the season in October, netting from two free-kicks in a 2–2 draw with Swansea. In January 2016, Eriksen was once again named Danish Footballer of the Year. In doing so he became the first ever player to win the award in three consecutive years. He ultimately scored 6 goals and registered 13 assists as Tottenham ended the league season in third place, thereby qualifying for the following season's Champions League campaign.

2016–2020: Premier League runner-up and PFA Team of the Year.

Ahead of the following season, Eriksen signed a new long-term contract with Tottenham and starred once again for the club, scoring eight goals and assisting a further 15 as the club ended the league campaign as runners-up to champions Chelsea. Eriksen's tally of assists was bettered only by Manchester City's Kevin De Bruyne who set up 18 goals for the season. Eriksen also recorded the joint-most assists in the FA Cup and later won the Tottenham Player of the Season award, claiming the award for the second time after previously winning it in his debut season with the club.  Eriksen broke the record for the most goals scored by a Danish player in the Premier League when he scored his 33rd goal in a 3–2 win over West Ham United on 23 September 2017, surpassing the record previously held by Nicklas Bendtner. On 9 December, he made his 200th career appearance for Tottenham and marked the occasion by scoring in a 5–1 Premier League win over Stoke City. The following month, he scored his 50th goal for the club when he netted after just 11 seconds in the 2–0 league win over Manchester United. Eriksen's goal was the third-fastest goal ever scored in the Premier League era, bettered only by Alan Shearer and former Spurs captain Ledley King. On 17 March 2018, Eriksen scored twice in an FA Cup fixture against Swansea to send Spurs to the semi-final for the second season running. On 1 April, Eriksen scored a 25-yard goal in the away match against Chelsea, helping Tottenham to their first win in 28 years at Stamford Bridge in a match that finished 3–1. Later that month, in the reverse fixture against Stoke, Eriksen scored twice to earn Tottenham a 2–1 win. Following the match, however, teammate Harry Kane, who was challenging for the season's Golden Boot award, claimed to have made the last touch on the ball for the second goal. Tottenham appealed to the Premier League panel who agreed that the ball touched Kane's shoulder and awarded him the goal. On 14 April, Eriksen was named in the PFA Team of the Year for the first time, alongside teammates Kane and Jan Vertonghen.  In the 2018–19 season, Eriksen scored his first goal of the season in a Champions League away match against Inter Milan. The match ended in a 2–1 loss for Tottenham, but in the home game against Inter, Eriksen scored again in the only goal of the game, giving Tottenham a 1–0 victory. He scored his first Premier League goal of the season on 15 December 2018 in the home match against Burnley, a late goal that earned Tottenham a 1–0 win. On 31 March, during a 2–1 defeat to Liverpool, he became only the second player after David Beckham to record 10+ assists in four successive Premier League seasons. Three days later, on the occasion of his 200th Premier League appearance, he assisted Son Heung-min for the first ever goal at the new Tottenham Hotspur Stadium before scoring a goal of his own in a 2–0 win over Crystal Palace.

Inter Milan.

On 28 January 2020, with his contract at Tottenham set to expire in six months, Eriksen signed a four-and-a-half-year deal with Serie A club Inter Milan, which will net him 10 million euros per season. He made his club debut the following day, coming on as a second-half substitute for Alexis Sánchez in 2–1 home win over Fiorentina in the Coppa Italia quarter-finals. On 20 February 2020, he scored his first goal for the club, netting the opener in a 2–0 away victory over Ludogorets Razgrad in the Europa League.

International career.

Youth squads.

Eriksen was called up to the Denmark national under-17 football team in July 2007, and impressed in his debut for the team on 31 July. In 2008, he scored nine goals in 16 games for the U-17s, and was named Danish U-17 Talent of the Year by the Danish FA. He was also one of four nominees for the 2008 Danish Talent of the Year award, which was won by Mathias Jørgensen. He played 27 games for the under-17 team until February 2009. He played a total of eight games for the Denmark U-18 and Denmark U-19 teams during 2009. Eriksen was also called up for the Danish U-21 squad to the European championship in Denmark in 2011, the Danish team only participated in the group stage and Eriksen scored a goal against Belarus.

Senior squad.

Eriksen received his first senior Denmark call-up in February 2010, making his debut in Denmark's friendly match against Austria in March, to become Denmark's fourth youngest full international, being the youngest debutant since Michael Laudrup.  On 28 May 2010, Denmark coach Morten Olsen announced that Eriksen would be part of the final squad of 23 participating in the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. He was the youngest player participating in the tournament. At the World Cup, Eriksen played two matches, against the Netherlands and Japan, but Denmark were unable to progress beyond the group stage.  On 9 February 2011, in a 2–1 friendly loss at home against England, Eriksen was named man of the match, and was praised for his performance by a number of prominent footballing figures, including Chelsea star Frank Lampard, Man Utd star Rio Ferdinand (on Twitter), manager Morten Olsen and several media experts in Denmark and England. On 4 June 2011, Eriksen scored his first national team goal to give Denmark a 2–0 lead over Iceland in their Euro 2012 qualifier. In doing so, he became the youngest Danish player ever to score a goal in European qualification, being nine days younger than Michael Laudrup when he scored his first goal in 1983.

2018 FIFA World Cup qualification and tournament.

In the build-up to the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Denmark were drawn in UEFA Group E alongside the likes of Poland and Romania. Eriksen played a key-role during the nation's qualification campaign during which time he scored eight goals to earn Denmark a play-off against the Republic of Ireland. The first leg of the play-off ended in a 0–0 home draw before Eriksen netted a hat-trick in Dublin's Aviva Stadium in a 5–1 win to earn Denmark a spot at the World Cup. Eriksen's treble took his tally to 11 goals for the qualification campaign, bettered only by Poland's Robert Lewandowski (16) and Portugal's Cristiano Ronaldo (15) in Europe, and earned the praise of national team manager Åge Hareide who stated that Eriksen was one of the top 10 players in the world.  In Denmark's opening match at the tournament, Eriksen assisted Yussuf Poulsen for the only goal in a 1–0 win over Peru before scoring his first goal for the tournament in the 1–1 draw with Australia the following week. Denmark ultimately progressed from their group after which they were drawn with Croatia in the Round of 16. There they were defeated after a penalty shoot-out, with Eriksen being one of three players to have his spot-kick saved by Croatia goalkeeper Danijel Subašić.  On 9 September 2018, Eriksen scored twice in a 2–0 win over Wales to lead Denmark to victory in the nation's inaugural UEFA Nations League match.

Style of play.

Described as a "classic number ten" in the media, Eriksen's favoured position is in a free role in the centre of the pitch as an attacking midfielder behind the forwards; however, he is a tactically intelligent and versatile player, who is also capable of playing as a central midfielder or mezzala in a 4–3–3 system (as was the case during his first years with Ajax), and even as a right winger in a 4–2–3–1 formation, although he has also been used on the left flank on occasion, and is even capable of playing as a second striker. Gifted with excellent vision, passing range, crossing accuracy, set-piece delivery, creativity, technical skills, movement, and an ability to read the game, as well as good balance and co-ordination, he is highly regarded by pundits for his ability to orchestrate attacking moves for his team with his distribution, create or exploit spaces with his runs, and provide assists to his teammates, which makes him an excellent playmaker and creator. He is also known for his eye for goal from midfield, and for his ability to strike the ball with power and accuracy with either foot, despite being naturally right-footed, in particular from distance; moreover, he has also established himself as a free kick specialist. A talented and hard-working player, his creative playing style, nationality, and role on the pitch has led pundits to compare him to compatriots Michael and Brian Laudrup, who were two of his major influences in his youth, as well as Wesley Sneijder and Rafael van der Vaart; Eriksen has also cited Francesco Totti as an inspiration.

Personal life.

Eriksen lives with his girlfriend Sabrina Kvist Jensen, Their first child, Alfred, was born on 4 June 2018. He is older brother of Louise Eriksen (born 1995), who also plays football and is the captain for KoldingQ in the Elitedivisionen.

Honours.

Club.

Ajax  Tottenham Hotspur

Christian Dannemann Eriksen (; born 14 February 1992) is a Danish professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Serie A club Inter Milan and the Denmark national team. Eriksen is also capable of playing as a central midfielder or mezzala in a 4–3–3 system.

基斯甸·丹纳曼·艾历臣(,1992年-2月14日),丹麦职业足球员,司职攻击中场,现效力意甲球队国际米兰。他先前在欧登塞效力并于2008年当选丹麦年度U17天才球员。2010年3月,他代表丹麦处子上阵,成为2010年世界杯中最年轻的参赛球员。


Religious relationship.

Subak is a traditional ecologically sustainable irrigation system that binds Balinese agrarian society together within the village's Bale Banjar community center and Balinese temples. The water management is under the authority of the priests in water temples, who practice Tri Hita Karana Philosophy, a self-described relationship between humans, the earth and the gods. Tri Hita Karana draws together the realm of spirit, the human world and nature. The overall subak system exemplifies this philosophical principle. Water temple rituals promote a harmonious relationship between people and their environment through the active engagement of people with ritual concepts that emphasize dependence on the life-sustaining forces of the natural world. Rice is seen as the gift of god, and the subak system is part of temple culture.

System.

Subak components are the forests that protect the water supply, terraced paddy landscape, rice fields connected by a system of canals, tunnels and weirs, villages, and temples of varying size and importance that mark either the source of water or its passage through the temple on its way downhill to irrigate subak land. Rice, the water required to grow rice, and subak, the cooperative canal system that controls the water, have together shaped the landscape over the past thousand years. Water from springs and canals flows through the temples and out onto the rice paddy field. In total, Bali has about 1,200 water collectives and between 50 and 400 farmers manage the water supply from one source of water. The property consists of five sites that exemplify the interconnected natural, religious, and cultural components of the traditional subak system.  The sites include:  These architectural sites are inspired by several different ancient religious traditions, including Shaiva Siddhanta and Samkhyā Hinduism, Vajrayana Buddhism and Austronesian cosmology.

World Heritage Site status.

On 6 July, 2012, subak was enlisted as a UNESCO world heritage site. Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy, consist of Supreme Water Temple "Pura Ulun Danu Batu"r and Lake Batur, Subak Landscape of "Pakerisan" Watershed, Subak Landscape of "Catur Angga Baturkaru", and Royal Temple of "Taman Ayun" has been inscribed upon a World Heritage List of The Conservation concerning the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Inscription on this list confirm the outstanding universal value of cultural or natural property which deserves protection for the benefit of all humanity.

Museum.

In 1981, the Subak Museum opened in Tabanan Regency.

Subak is the water management (irrigation) system for paddy fields on Bali island, Indonesia which was developed in the 9th century. For the Balinese, irrigation is not simply providing water for the plant's roots, but water is used to construct a complex, pulsed artificial ecosystem. The system consists of five terraced rice fields and water temples covering nearly. The temples are the main focus of this cooperative water management, known as "subak".

苏巴克()是印度尼西亚巴厘省境内的一整套稻田水利管理系统,发展于公元9世纪。对于岛上居民而言,这项由来已久的工程不仅仅为农作物提供了灌溉的功能,同时也构建了一套复杂的人造生态系统。整个系统由占地近20000公顷(49000英亩)的水稻梯田以及宗教寺庙组成。最初,“苏巴克”这个名称指的就是处于这套协作型水利系统中最显眼位置上的庙宇。


Equation.

For any Keplerian orbit (elliptic, parabolic, hyperbolic, or radial), the "vis-viva" equation is as follows:  where:  The product of GM can also be expressed as the standard gravitational parameter using the Greek letter μ.

Derivation for elliptic orbits (0 ≤ eccentricity < 1).

In the vis-viva equation the mass "m" of the orbiting body (e.g., a spacecraft) is taken to be negligible in comparison to the mass "M" of the central body (e.g., the Earth). The central body and orbiting body are also often referred to as the primary and a particle respectively. In the specific cases of an elliptical or circular orbit, the vis-viva equation may be readily derived from conservation of energy and momentum.  Specific total energy is constant throughout the orbit. Thus, using the subscripts "a" and "p" to denote apoapsis (apogee) and periapsis (perigee), respectively,  Rearranging,  Recalling that for an elliptical orbit (and hence also a circular orbit) the velocity and radius vectors are perpendicular at apoapsis and periapsis, conservation of angular momentum requires specific angular momentum formula_4, thus formula_5:  Isolating the kinetic energy at apoapsis and simplifying,  From the geometry of an ellipse, formula_11 where "a" is the length of the semimajor axis. Thus,  Substituting this into our original expression for specific orbital energy,  Thus, formula_14 and the vis-viva equation may be written  or  Therefore, the conserved angular momentum L = mh can be derived using formula_17 and formula_18,  where a is semi-major axis and b is semi-minor axis of the elliptical orbit, as follows -  and alternately,  Therefore, specific angular momentum formula_21, and  Total angular momentum formula_22

Practical applications.

Given the total mass and the scalars "r" and "v" at a single point of the orbit, one can compute "r" and "v" at any other point in the orbit.  Given the total mass and the scalars "r" and "v" at a single point of the orbit, one can compute the specific orbital energy formula_23, allowing an object orbiting a larger object to be classified as having not enough energy to remain in orbit, hence being "suborbital" (a ballistic missile, for example), having enough energy to be "orbital", but without the possibility to complete a full orbit anyway because it eventually collides with the other body, or having enough energy to come from and/or go to infinity (as a meteor, for example).  The formula for escape velocity can be obtained from the Vis-viva equation by taking the limit as formula_24 approaches formula_25:

In astrodynamics, the "vis-viva" equation, also referred to as orbital-energy-invariance law, is one of the equations that model the motion of orbiting bodies. It is the direct result of the principle of conservation of mechanical energy which applies when the only force acting on an object is its own weight.

活力公式(英语:"vis viva" equation),又称为轨道能量守恒方程(英语:orbital energy conservation equation),是天体力学中的一个方程,表示二体问题中的总能量守恒,即轨道上任一点的动能与势能之和为常数。


阿克苏-热巴格雷自然保护区

Geography.

The Aksu-Zhabagly Nature Reserve is located in the western mountains of the Talasskiy Alatau, in the western Tien Shan mountains. Its eastern border is delimited by the Kyrgyz Republic, the southern border by the valley of the Maidantal river and the Uzbekistan. In the West, the area is surrounded by the Kyzyl Kum, and in the North, by the Karatau Mountains. The Tien Shan mountains extend further to the East and South. The territory lies within the administrative region of the Tyul’kubaskiy- and Lengerskiy-Rayon, in the South Kazakhstan Province. The Nature Reserve stretches over an area of 131.934 ha., occupying elevations of 1100 – 4236 m a.s.l. Major mountain ranges are the Zhabagly in the North, the Talasskiy Alatau in the central part, the Baldybrektau and the Ugamskiy Alatau in the South. They form steep slopes as well as gentle plateaus. Peak Sayram, in the southern region, is the highest peak in the Reserve. The mountainous area is divided by the Jabagly, Aksu and Baldyrbek rivers, that all drain in a western direction into the Syrdarya that in turn flows into the Aral Sea. The Aksu river formed Aksu Canyon which is 500m deep, and can only be crossed in the southern part of the reserve by walking over a narrow pedestrian bridge.

Geology.

Paleozoic limestone, dolomite and carbonaceous tuff are the most dominant bedrock in the nature reserve Thick loess has accumulated on plateaus and in the foothills. Much less frequent is the siliceous magmatic bedrock of the Perm era.

Flora and vegetation.

The Aksu-Zhabagly Nature Reserve harbors 1312 vascular plants. Some of the largest genera are "Astragalus", "Gagea", "Allium", "Carex" and "Oxytropis". There are 44 rare plant species that are listed as endangered in the red data book of Kazakhstan, including the native wild apple ("Malus sieversii"), wild grape ("Vitis vinifera") and several wild tulip species (e.g.. "Tulipa greigii"). The lower parts of the reserve are covered by semi-desert, scrub and steppe, which form a colorful carpet of geophytes in the spring. The montane belt is a mosaic of open juniper forests with "Juniperus seravshanica" and "Juniperus semiglobosa", and meadows in which Eurosiberian and Middle Asian plants thrive. The Aksu Canyon harbors some forest fragments with Malus sieversii und the Turkestan Maple ("Acer turkestanicum"). Further up, in the subalpine and alpine belt, we find meadows, tall herb vegetation, and small cushion communities with "Onobrychis echidna", as well as short grass sods with "Carex melanantha" and "Kobresia persica". Gallery forests of willows and birches grow along the main rivers. Scree vegetation is frequent in the area and home to the rare onion species "Allium karataviense", also "Iris willmottiana" and "Tulipa kaufmanniana" can be found.

Fauna.

There are 44 mammal species in the Reserve that are enlisted as highly endangered in the red book of Kazakhstan. The most prominent species are the snow leopard which is, however, rarely seen. Somewhat more frequent is the Himalayan brown bear, the Tien Shan argali ("Ovis ammon karelini"), the Indian crested porcupine ("Hystrix indica"), and Menzbier's marmot.

The Aksu-Zhabagly Nature Reserve (, "Aqsý-Jabaǵyly Qoryǵy";, "Aksu-Zhabaglinskiy zapovednik") is the oldest nature reserve in Central Asia. It is located in the southern province of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It covers the north-western mountain chains of the Tian Shan. Its name is derived from the biggest river in the area, the Aksu, and the mountain chain Zhabagly which is located in the northern part of the area.

阿克苏-热巴格雷自然保护区(、、英语:Aksu-Zhabagly Nature Reserve)是中亚一处历史悠久的自然保护区,其成立于1926年,坐落在天山山脉西北部一带,由哈萨克斯坦南哈萨克斯坦斯坦州管辖。其名来自保护区内最大的河流-阿克苏河,以及保护区北边的主要山脉-热巴格雷山脉。2002年,阿克苏-热巴格雷自然保护区被列入哈萨克斯坦世界遗产名录预选名单。