History.

Avobenzone was patented in 1973 and was approved in the EU in 1978. It was approved by the FDA in 1988. Its use is approved worldwide.

Properties.

Pure avobenzone is a whitish to yellowish crystalline powder with a weak odor, dissolving in isopropanol, decyl oleate, capric acid/caprylic acid triglycerides and other oils.  Avobenzone is a dibenzoylmethane derivative. Avobenzone exists in the ground state as a mixture of the enol and keto forms, favoring the chelated enol. This enol form is stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen-bonding within the β-diketone. Its ability to absorb ultraviolet light over a wider range of wavelengths than many other sunscreen agents has led to its use in many commercial preparations marketed as "broad spectrum" sunscreens. Avobenzone has an absorption maximum of 357 nm.  It is subject to keto-enol tautomerism and exists predominantly enol:

Stability.

Avobenzone is sensitive to the properties of the solvent, being relatively stable in polar protic solvents and unstable in nonpolar environments. Also, when it is irradiated with UVA light, it generates a triplet excited state in the keto form which can either cause the avobenzone to degrade or it can transfer energy to biological targets and cause deleterious effects.  Avobenzone has been shown to degrade significantly in light, resulting in less protection over time. The UV-A light in a day of sunlight in a temperate climate is sufficient to break down most of the compound. Data presented to the Food and Drug Administration by the Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association indicates a -36% change in avobenzone's UV absorbance following one hour of exposure to sunlight. This degradation can be reduced by using a photostabilizer, like octocrylene. Other photostabilizers include:  Complexing avobenzone with cyclodextrins may also increase its photostability. Formulations of avobenzone with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin have shown significant reduction in photo-induced degradation, as well as increased transdermal penetration of the UV absorber.  According to some studies, "the most effective sunscreens contain avobenzone and titanium dioxide." Avobenzone can degrade faster in light in combination with mineral UV absorbers like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, though with the right coating of the mineral particles this reaction can be reduced. A manganese doped titanium dioxide may be better than undoped titanium dioxide to improve avobenzone's stability.

Various.

As an enolate, avobenzone forms with heavy metal ions (such as Fe) colored complexes, and chelating agents can be added to suppress them. Stearates, aluminum, magnesium and zinc salts can lead to poorly soluble precipitates. Manufacturers also recommend to avoid the inclusion of iron and ferric salts, heavy metals, formaldehyde donors and PABA and PABA esters. The makers of Coppertone advise that avobenzone binds iron and can cause staining of clothes washed in iron-rich water. The staining properties of sunblock made with avobenzone are particularly noticeable on fiberglass boats with white gelcoat.  Avobenzone also reacts with boron trifluoride to form a stable crystalline complex that is highly fluorescent under UV irradiation. The emission color of the crystals depends on the molecular packing of the boron avobenzone complex. The photoluminescence may also be altered by mechanical force in the solid state, resulting in a phenomenon called "mechanochromic luminescence". The altered emission color recovers itself slowly at room temperature or more swiftly at higher temperatures.

Preparation.

The compound is prepared by reacting 4-tert-butylbenzoic methyl ester (from 4-tert-butylbenzoic acid by esterification with methanol) with 4-methoxyacetophenone in toluene in the presence of sodium amide via Claisen condensation.  According to a recent patent application, yields of up to 95% are obtained with the same starting materials in toluene in the presence of potassium methoxide.

Safety.

Although avobenzone is considered safe, disintegration products may have significant health impacts and persist in the environment. A recent study at Lomonosov Moscow State University found that chlorinated water and ultraviolet light can cause avobenzone to disintegrate into various other organic compounds, including; aromatic acids, aldehydes, phenols, and acetophenones which may have adverse health effects.

Avobenzone (trade names Parsol 1789, Milestab 1789, Eusolex 9020, Escalol 517, Neo Heliopan 357 and others, INCI Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane) is an oil-soluble ingredient used in sunscreen products to absorb the full spectrum of UVA rays.

阿伏苯宗 (英语:Avobenzone,商品名: Parsol 1789, Eusolex 9020, Escalol 517 等。INCI名称:Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane) 阿伏苯宗为USAN名称。为一使用于防晒产品中的脂溶性成分,能够吸收所有波段的 UVA(约 315至400奈米),是二苯甲酰甲烷(DBM)的衍生物。其中,阿伏苯宗对于波长 357奈米的 UVA吸收率最高。


Etymology.

The name "Mihirakula" is most likely of Iranian origin and may have the meaning "Mithra's Begotten", as translated by Janos Harmatta. According to Harold Walter Bailey: "A name like Toramana and his son's name Mihirakula interpreted by North Iranian (and not by Western Iranian) are clearly Iranian".

Description.

According to Krishna Chandra Sagar, the Huna king Toramana was cruel and barbaric, his son Mihirakula even more so, during their rule. Mihirakula had conquered Sindh by 520 CE, had a large elephant and cavalry-driven army. Mihirakula destroyed Buddhist sites, ruined monasteries, according to Sagar. Yashodharman, about 532 CE, reversed Mihirakula's campaign and started the end of Mihirkula era. Mihirakula issued coins, like the Kushana era kings, showing Oesho or Shiva, which suggests that he may also have patronized Shaivism. Other scholars state that there are many legends surrounding this era and historical facts are difficult to ascertain. The Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang (Hsuan Tsang) mentions Mihirakula as conquering Kashmir first, then Gandhara. He is also mentioned as attempting to conquer central and eastern India, but getting vanquished by Yashodharman and the Gupta king Narasimhagupta Baladitya. Mihirakula was captured during the war, but his life spared because Baladitya's mother intervened and argued against capital punishment. He returned to Kashmir, states the Chinese pilgrim, with treachery seized power, attacked Gandhara, then died within a few months.

Cosmas Indicopleustes.

The 6th-century Alexandrian traveler Cosmas Indicopleustes states that the Hephthalites in India reached the zenith of its power under "Gollas", which is thought to be the same as Mihirakula from the last part of his name.

Xuanzang.

"The Record of the Western Regions" by the 7th-century Chinese traveler Hsüan-tsang states that Mihirakula destroyed Buddhism and killed monks in Gandhara. Xuanzang wrote in 630 CE that Mihirakula had conquered all India. The Narasimhagupta Baladitya defeated Mihirakula who was finally captured by the Indian king, who later spared his life. Xuanzang states that while Mihirkula lost his conquest, his brother seized power in Kashmir and Gandhara. Mihirakula returned to Kashmir, with treachery seized the throne, attacked Gandhara but died within a year.

Gwalior inscription.

The Gwalior inscription issued in the 15th regnal year created by Matricheta in a Surya temple, mentions Mihirakula. It confirms that Mihirakula reign had included Gwalior around 535 CE.

Sondani columns inscription.

Mihirakula suffered a defeat by the Aulikara king Yasodharman of Malwa in 528, and the Gupta emperor Narasimhagupta who previously paid Mihirakula tribute. The defeat at the battle of Sondani, resulted in the loss of Alchon possessions in the Punjab and north India by 542.

Mihirakula (Gupta script:, "Mihirakula"), also Mihiragula or Mahiragula, was one of the most important rulers of the Alchon Huns, who led a conquest and gained temporary control of Gandhara, Kashmir, northern and central India. Mihirakula was a son of Toramana, both of Huna heritage, and ruled the Indian part of the Hephthalite Empire. Mihirakula ruled his empire from 502 to 530, from his capital of Sagala (modern-day Sialkot, Pakistan).

密赫拉古拉(?-542年),《大唐西域记》中称作摩醯逻矩罗、大族王。公元6世纪初嚈哒在印度的统治者。其父亲头罗曼死后即位。以旁遮普的奢羯罗为首都。统治期间,打压佛教。他先后被摩腊婆统治者耶输达尔曼和笈多帝国皇帝那罗信诃笈多·婆罗阿迭多所打败。约533年,嚈哒在印度的统治被推翻,他逃亡迦湿弥罗国。后死于该地。


Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Brady has a total area of, of which, of it is land and of it (20.16%) is covered by water.

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Brady has a humid subtropical climate, "Cfa" on climate maps.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, 5,523 people, 2,181 households, and 1,448 families resided in the city. The population density was 601.1 people per square mile (232.0/km2). The 2,603 housing units averaged 283.3 per square mile (109.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 59.6% White, 2.2% Black, 0.3% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 36.7% of the population.  Of the 2,181 households, 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.7% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.6% were not families. About 31.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.11.  In the city, the population was distributed as 28.4% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 19.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.2 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $22,961, and for a family was $28,701. Males had a median income of $25,498 versus $17,289 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,607. About 18.7% of families and 23.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.7% of those under age 18 and 22.1% of those age 65 or over.

History.

When the area was settled in the 1870s, the community was named Brady City after Brady Creek, which runs through town. The name was shortened to Brady when the town was incorporated in 1906. In 1787–88, Spanish explorer José Mares crossed the creek near the site of present Brady. Henry and Nancy Fulcher, the first settlers on Brady Creek, donated land for the townsite in the mid-1870s. Allison Ogden and his father-in-law, Ben Henton, built a store in 1875. A post office opened in 1876. After residents of McCulloch County chose Brady as county seat on May 15, 1876, the town grew fairly quickly. Brady had about 50 residents in 1877, and a stone courthouse was completed in 1878.  Thomas Maples began weekly publication of "The Brady Sentinel" in 1880; by 1884, Brady had two churches, a district school, three stores, two hotels, and 300 residents.  Stock raising was the primary occupation in the Brady area before 1900. In the 1870s and 1880s, local ranchers drove their cattle to markets in Kansas. Most other trade was with Brownwood and Lampasas. The number of farms and fences increased with the influx of immigrants in the late 1880s and 1890s. Poultry, sheep, goats, cotton, and pecans joined cattle as important sources of income for area residents.  When the Fort Worth and Rio Grande Railway arrived in 1903, Brady became a principal shipping point for Central Texas. The Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe came to Brady in 1912. By 1914, the town had grown to include four churches, two schools, two banks, several processing plants, manufacturing and supply outlets, and 2,669 residents. In 1926, Brady residents celebrated the building of 42-acre Richards Park by holding a two-day barbecue on the Fourth of July weekend; it was such a success that the celebration was labeled the "July Jubilee" and became an annual event.  Curtis Field opened just north of Brady in 1942 as a pilot-training school. Also during World War II, a German prisoner-of-war camp was built 3 miles east of the town; it housed more than 300 Germans, most of them members of Rommel's Afrika Korps.  Brady grew slowly from the 1920s through the 1950s, with population estimates reaching a peak of 6,800 in 1958. In 1959, the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway abandoned the section of track between Brownwood and Brady, thereby reducing Brady's access to outside markets. The population fell to 5,338 by 1961, and subsequently stabilized. Brady Reservoir was completed in 1963 for flood control, municipal and industrial water needs, and recreation. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe abandoned the track between Brady and Eden in 1972, leaving the town with only a branch track to connect it with the main line at Lometa, in Lampasas County.  Brady had 5,925 residents and 142 businesses in 1988. It was principally a farming and ranching community. Its industry included a mohair-combing plant and sand-mining operations. The Francis King Art Gallery and Museum houses works by King, a painter and sculptor, and a collection of restored antique cars. The stone courthouse, built in 1900, was renovated in 2009. A horse racetrack, G. Rollie White Downs, opened in 1989 and closed in 1990. Brady's population in 1990 was 5,946, but dropped to 5,528 in 2010.

Education.

Children in Brady and Melvin attend Brady ISD schools. Around 1,200 students attend Brady ISD. Brady Elementary consists of grades K-5 and the principal is Christy Finn. Brady Middle School consists of grades 6-8 and the principal is Shona Moore. Brady High School consists of grades 9–12 with Russell Baldwin as principal. Hector Martinez serves as superintendent.  Brady High School is a TEA Recognized campus.

Government and infrastructure.

In 1947, the state of Texas opened the Brady State School for Negro Girls on a former prisoner of war camp in McCulloch County, near Brady, leased from the federal government of the United States. In 1950, the state replaced the Brady facility with the Crockett State School.

Brady is a city in McCulloch County, Texas, United States. Brady refers to itself as "The Heart of Texas", as it is the closest city to the geographical center of the state, which is about 15 miles northeast of Brady. The population was 5,528 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of McCulloch County.

布雷迪(英语:Brady)是一个位于美国德克萨斯州麦卡洛克县的城市。根据2010年美国人口普查,该地共人口5528人,而该地的面积约为29.80平方千米。同时该地也是麦卡洛克县的县治。


Early life.

Chen Cheng was born in Qingtian County, Zhejiang, graduated from Baoding Military Academy in 1922, and entered Whampoa Military Academy two years later. It was there that he first met Chiang Kai-shek, Commandant of the Academy. Later, Chen joined National Revolutionary Army to participate in the Northern Expedition.

Rise in military.

During the Northern Expedition, Chen displayed good leadership ability. Within a year, he was promoted from commanding battalions to divisions already.  After the expedition, Chen became active in the wars against the warlords. His successes in the battles allowed him to be promoted again, to the commander of the 18th Army.

Anticommunist campaigns.

In 1931, Chen was assigned the task of suppressing the Red Army. In various campaigns searching for the main force of Red Army, Chen's units experienced heavy casualties. In the fifth campaign against the Communists, he finally managed to defeat them, which forced the Red Army to launch its epic Long March.  Campaigns against the Red Army came to an end after the Xi'an Incident in which Chiang and his staff were forced to agree to co-operate with the communists against the invading Imperial Japanese Army.

War against Japan.

During the Battle of Shanghai, he was one of the top military assistants of Chiang Kai Shek. It was his idea to seek a decisive action in Southern China, rather than confronting the Japanese in Northern China, where Nationalist troops were in poor condition and lacked transporting vehicles. After the fall of Shanghai and of Nanjing, Chen moved to Hubei to command the Battle of Wuhan in 1938. Wuhan was the provisional headquarters of the Chinese Army. The Japanese, however, managed, despite heavy losses to defeat the Chinese and captured Wuhan on October 25, 1938.  In the last years of the war, Chen went on to command in the Battle of Changsha, the Battle of Yichang, and the Battle of West Hubei. In 1943, he was appointed the commander of the Chinese Expeditionary Force in the Burma Theater until he was replaced by Wei Li-huang because of illness.

Chinese Civil War.

After the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chen became the Chief of the General Staff and commander-in-chief of the navy. He followed Chiang's orders and began to raid the "liberated" areas of the Red Army, which launched the Chinese Civil War.  In August 1947, Chiang appointed Chen as director of the Northeastern Headquarters to command the Nationalist forces against the Communists in that area. He made the crucial mistake of dissolving the local security regiments because they had served in the Japanese-collaborationist Manchukuo Imperial Army, which made the total Nationalist strength in Manchuria fall from 1.3 million to less than 480,000. He also dismissed some of the most capable Nationalist commanders, such as Du Yuming, Sun Li-jen, Zheng Dongguo, and Chen Mingren. As a result, he suffered a series of major defeats, and Chiang recalled Chen to Nanjing and sent Wei Lihuang to replace him in Shenyang as Commander-in-Chief of the Northeast and Fan Hanjie as deputy commander-in-chief and director of Jinzhou forward command center. Chen took a sick leave in Taiwan to treat his chronic stomach ailment.

In Taiwan.

Chiang appointed Chen as the Governor of Taiwan Province in 1949 to plan the development of Taiwan as a Nationalist strongholds. After the Nationalist force retreated to Taiwan, Chen went on to hold key civilian government positions such as Vice-Executive of the Kuomintang, Vice President, and Premier of the Republic of China.  In his years on Taiwan, he introduced various land and economic reforms and carried out the reconstruction of Taiwan. Chen's "375 rent reduction" initiative was credited with stopping the spread of communism in Taiwan. The policy capped the rent farmers paid to landlords at 37.5% of the harvest. Prior to the directive, landlords had often sought more than half of the crop as payment.  He was also credited with launching several construction projects. One was the Shimen Reservoir, in Taoyuan County, which reduced flooding and increased the rice crop production.  On May 19, 1949, Chen promulgated the Order of Martial Law to announce the imposition of martial law throughout Taiwan to expel communist infiltration and to buffer defense capabilities.

Death.

Chen died of hepatic tumors in 1965. His cremated remains were moved to Fo Guang Shan, Kaohsiung County (now part of Kaohsiung City), in August 1995.

Chen Cheng (; ; January 4, 1897 – March 5, 1965) was a Chinese political and military leader, and one of the main commanders of the National Revolutionary Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War.

陈诚(1898年-1月4日-1965年-3月5日),字辞修,乳名德馨,别号石叟。中华民国陆军一级上将,是中国国民党党、政、军首要人物之一。其军事集团是蒋介石嫡系部队中坚力量。他自到黄埔军校起就一直追随蒋,成为蒋之心腹干将,曾任军长、兵团总指挥、集团军总司令、军政部长、湖北省政府主席、国防部参谋总长等要职。到台湾后,历任台湾省主席、行政院长、副总统和中国国民党副总裁。曾兼任海军总司令。


Overview.

Hungary as part of Austria-Hungary: Hungary as an independent country:

History up to 1989.

The party grew in power and influence until the First World War, which resulted in the party fracturing into pro-war and anti-war factions. The chaos which followed the war resulted in the collapse of the Dual Monarchy. The MSZDP leadership entered into government as part of an unsuccessful post-war socialist administration and subsequently Béla Kun's Communist dictatorship, which carried out a Red Terror against the Hungarian people. When the Communist regime collapsed MSZDP supporters were killed in the subsequent anti-Communist backlash. The entire left-wing boycotted the elections of 1920, which resulted in a right-wing victory and continued right-wing government for the inter-war period.  The MSZDP made their peace with Miklós Horthy's government in 1921 with the Bethlen-Peyer pact. More radical elements were suppressed, and trade union activity was increasingly driven underground during the 1930s. After 1939, the party became known as the SZDP, dropping the "Magyarországi" moniker. The environment became increasingly hostile during the Second World War and activity virtually drained to a halt. With the Nazi takeover of Hungary in 1944, the party was declared illegal. Many of the leadership were executed, with the remainder imprisoned or driven underground.  The party was a member of the Labour and Socialist International between 1923 and 1940.  The MSZDP fought the election of November 1945, finishing in a strong second place. From 1945-1948, the MSZDP governed in association with the Smallholders' Party. They were placed under increasing pressure to merge with the Hungarian Communist Party. Eventually, the right-wing were forcibly excluded from the MSZDP - and this allowed the party to officially join the Soviet-sponsored Hungarian Working People's Party. With the establishment of the police state, members were increasingly pressured to co-operate with the Communists. The grouping became the largest party in 1947, but by the end of 1948 the MSZDP had ceased to function independently.  The MSZDP re-emerged defiantly in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. Under the leadership of Anna Kéthly, Gyula Kelemen and József Fischer the MSZDP took a prominent role in Imre Nagy's Provisional Government. For the first time in many years the party newspaper "Népszava" was published independently. Following the suppression of the Revolution in 1956 and 1957, the MSZDP disappeared again under state repression, and much of the leadership escaped into exile.  The gradual softening of the official government policies in Hungary in the 1970s and 1980s led to many in the governing Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (MSZMP) being associated with Reform Communism. This was sometimes not easily distinguishable from social democracy.

History after the transition.

In 1989 the MSZDP was re-founded, and took a prominent role in the transitional arrangements before the first elections. The MSZMP, now calling itself the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP), started with a large base of members, plenty of financial resources and a core electorate. The MSZP and MSZDP were in competition for the same left-wing support.  The transition period was marked by chaos in the newly reformed MSZDP. There were many disagreements throughout 1989 regarding the direction of the MSZDP, and a breakaway was established in November 1989 as the "Historical" Social Democratic Party (SZDP or tSZDP). The SZDP claimed to be the ideological successor to the "anti-communist" MSZDP of 1945-1948 and 1956. Another breakaway party also emerged in 1989 - the Independent Social Democratic Party (FSZDP). The results of the 1990 elections under the leadership of Anna Petrasovits was a huge disappointment to the MSZDP, as the reconstituted party failed to reach the 5% parliamentary threshold. Following the replacement of Petrasovits, Endre Borbély and Zoltán Király held the position for a year respectively.  Following the defeats in 1990 and 1994, the MSZDP has failed to cross the threshold into Parliament at every subsequent election. Whilst retaining its separate status, it has become even further linked to the MSZP. Its leader (since 1994), László Kapolyi, was elected to Parliament in 2002 as part of a joint MSZP–MSZDP ticket. Between 2002 and 2010, he sat with the MSZP in Parliament, as a normal MSZP MP, and after 2007 he was joined by Gábor Hárs, a 'defector' from the MSZP.  In 2007 and 2008, further defections from the MSZP to the MSZDP in Óbuda and Zugló resulted in some pressure to more clearly define an independent social democratic perspective to differentiate the party from the MSZP. In response to this, László Kapolyi tried to prevent further defections from joining, under pressure from the MSZP's leadership. However, pressure from the remaining membership of the MSZDP has created tensions. In November 2009, a number of local MSZDP associations made autonomous decisions to form electoral alliances with the Green Left, regardless of the MSZDP's national leadership. Due to the leadership's close ties to the MSZP, the MSZDP was unable to capitalise upon the MSZP's growing unpopularity in the run-up to the 2010 Hungarian parliamentary election, and it was doubtful that it had a membership of more than 100 active subscribers.  On its 45th Congress on 8 October 2011, Kapolyi was re-elected as chairman, and Andor Schmuck was elected as general secretary. At the 46th Congress on 24 November 2012, long serving chairman Kapolyi was not running again for re-election, Schmuck was elected as his successor. On 26 May 2013, an attempt was made to officially dissolve the MSZDP, with a small successor party established as the Hungarian Social Democrats' Party (Szocdemek) under the leadership of Andor Schmuck whilst excluding former leader László Kapolyi. The decision of the Congress has since been challenged. Political opponents of Schmuck elected Kapolyi chairman again. The Social Democratic Party under Kapolyi participated in the 2014 general election, as well as Schmuck's new party, which took most of the members and large part of the infrastructure of the MSZDP. László Kapolyi died on 29 November 2014 after a long illness. Since 2014 there have been ongoing challenges to the legal status of the MSZDP, and its current legal status is unclear. The MSZDP did not participate in the 2018 general election. In 2020 MSZDP was delisted from the Party of European Socialists and the Socialist International due to inactivity.  "Party merged to Socialist Party of Hungary (1919)" "Party merged to Hungarian Working People's Party (1948–1956)" "Party disbanded (1956–1989)"

The Social Democratic Party of Hungary (, MSZDP) is a social democratic political party in Hungary. Historically, the party was dissolved during the occupation of Hungary by Nazi Germany (1944-1945) and the communist period of Hungary from 1948 to 1989, after being forced into a merger with the Communist Party. It worked legally for a short time during the Revolution of 1956.

匈牙利社会民主党()是匈牙利的一个社会民主主义政党。该党的起源可追溯至1890年12月12日成立的匈牙利社会民主党,现在的匈牙利社会民主党成立于1989年1月9日。该党的政治立场是中间偏左。该党的主席是Andráska László。该党的总部位于布达佩斯。该党的青年翼是社会民主青年运动。该党是社会党国际、进步联盟和欧洲社会党的成员。


Financial highlights.

In 2019, Khazanah achieved a profit from operations of RM7.36 billion compared to a loss of RM6.271 billion in 2018. Gains on divestments increased to RM9.9 billion compared to RM1.4 billion, while impairments were at RM4.9 billion from RM7.3 billion the previous year. Khazanah declared a dividend of RM1.0 billion for 2019.  Khazanah strengthened its financial position with expenses reduced by 28.2% to RM484 million, compared to RM674 million in 2018. This equates to 35 basis points (“bps”) as a percentage of assets, compared to 50bps the previous year.  Debt was reduced by 17.0% to RM45.8 billion from RM55.2 billion in 2018, while Realisable Asset Value cover2 improved to 3.0 times from 2.4 times. The Commercial Fund, which is an inter-generational wealth fund, generated a time-weighted rate of return of 8.3%, surpassing the long-term targeted rate of return equivalent to the Malaysian Consumer Price Index (“CPI”) + 3% on a five-year rolling basis. The Commercial Fund’s Net Asset Value (“NAV”) stood at RM73.1 billion, as at 31 December 2019.  The Strategic Fund achieved financial and strategic outcomes for specific assets despite the sluggish market in 2019. It generated an overall return of 2.9%, versus its targeted rate of return of the 10-year Malaysian Government Securities (“MGS”) yield on a five-year rolling basis.

History.

Incorporation.

Khazanah was incorporated under the Companies Act 1965 on 3 September 1993 as a public limited company and commenced operations a year later. Except for one share owned by the Federal Land Commissioner, all the share capital of Khazanah is owned by the Minister of Finance Incorporated, a body incorporated pursuant to the Minister of Finance (Incorporation) Act 1957.

A refreshed mandate.

In 2018, the Government of Malaysia initiated a corporate restructuring and reorganisation of Khazanah, which involved leadership changes, a refresh of its mandate and objectives, and a review and revaluation of its investments. The leadership changes saw the appointment of Datuk Shahril Ridza Ridzuan as managing director.  Khazanah's mandate is to grow Malaysia's long-term wealth. Grow in this context is to sustainably increase the value of investments while safeguarding financial capital injected into the fund. long-term refers to a period spanning generations and focuses on ensuring future generations’ ability to meet their needs. Wealth refers to the value of Khazanah’s financial assets and economic development outcomes for the nation. To achieve the mandate, Khazanah will pursue the following investment objectives:  • Commercial objective - achieve optimal risk-adjusted returns, to grow financial assets and diversify sources of revenue for the nation.  • Strategic objective - Undertake strategic investments with long-term economic benefits for Malaysia or Malaysians, including holding strategic national assets

Leadership and governance.

Khazanah is governed by its board of directors, which is led by Tan Sri Muhyiddin Mohd Yassin, Prime Minister of Malaysia, as chairman of the board. The board members comprise representatives from the Government as well as the corporate sector with diverse professional backgrounds and expertise. The managing director reports to the board. The board meets regularly and is ultimately accountable and responsible for Khazanah's overall governance and performance. A "Board Charter" sets out the roles and responsibilities of the board in overseeing the management of Khazanah.  Khazanah is guided by a framework that establishes a responsibility, authority and governance structure. Its "Governance and Risk Management Framework" comprises a "Risk Management Policy", "Schedule of Matters for the Board", "Limits of Authority" for the management, "Code of Conduct" for employees, and operational "Policies and Procedures".  Chairman:  Directors:

Investments.

Khazanah will pursue its overall mandate through a two-fund investment structure. The two funds, the Commercial Fund and the Strategic Fund, are established with distinct objectives, policies and strategies, and are to be managed separately via separate investment management divisions.

Commercial Fund.

An inter-generational fund that seeks to generate risk-adjusted returns on a long-term basis, to grow financial assets and diversify sources of revenue for the nation. The Fund targets to generate a return of at least the Malaysian Consumer Price Index plus 3% on a 5-year rolling basis with a moderate risk tolerance level as follows:  The return target and risk tolerance are set by the Board and may be reviewed from time to time. The annual returns of the Fund will be reinvested into the Fund and distributed to the Government based on an identified payout ratio. any additional inflow of capital will be subject to approval of the Board. The Fund has the flexibility to invest across multi-asset classes in accordance to the strategic asset allocation and different geographies with a preference for active and direct investment strategies.

Strategic Fund.

The Strategic Fund is intended to be a developmental fund that seeks to undertake strategic investments, with long-term economic benefits, including holding strategic national assets. It targets to generate a return of at least the yield of the 10-year Malaysian Government Securities on a 5-year rolling basis and achieve its strategic objectives. Its return target is set by the Board and may be reviewed from time to time.  The Fund intends to be self-sustaining, with the primary source of funding for the Fund’s activities to be generated from any internal surplus; any additional capital required above this available amount will be subject to the approval of the Board. The Fund will invest and manage strategic assets as defined and classified below:  The Fund will pursue opportunities with the potential to become commercially viable or will earn sufficient returns to operate without recourse to its shareholders. It is anticipated that larger-value transactions will generally be undertaken by the Fund. It has the flexibility to invest across capital structures. There is a preference for co-investment and partnerships in entering all new developmental investments. Value realisation options can be considered when possible, on commercial arms’ length basis. The investment themes will be reviewed on a regular basis based on global economic megatrends and national needs, and investment assets within the portfolio will be similarly reviewed and assessed for relevance to strategic targets.

Khazanah Nasional Berhad is the sovereign wealth fund of the Government of Malaysia, entrusted with growing the nation's long-term wealth via distinct commercial and strategic objectives. Khazanah's commercial objective is to grow financial assets and diversify revenue sources for the nation, while its strategic objective is to hold strategic assets that bring long-term economic benefits. Khazanah is guided by its investment philosophy which emphasises attaining appropriate risk-adjusted financial returns, generating sustainable returns, and integrating ethical and responsible investing considerations.

国库控股(英语以及马来语:Khazanah Nasional Berhad,简称:KN或KNB)是马来西亚的国家主权财富基金,也是马来西亚政府的战略投资控股公司,马来西亚财政部对其持有100%股权。由于马来西亚并无明文保障国家主权财富基金的法律,国库控股是依据《1965年马来西亚普通公司法令》(英语:Laws of Malaysia Companies Act, 1965)创立的一家隶属马来西亚政府财政部的有限公司。


Early life and career.

James Ralph Sasser was born in Memphis, Tennessee on September 30, 1936. He attended public schools in Nashville. He attended the University of Tennessee from 1954 to 1955, where he joined the Lambda Chapter of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity. He earned his undergraduate degree from Vanderbilt University in 1958, followed by his law degree from the Vanderbilt University Law School in 1961. He was admitted to the Tennessee Bar in 1961 and began practicing law in Nashville.  From 1957 to 1963, he served in the United States Marine Corps Reserves.  Jim Sasser was a long time Democratic activist, manager of Albert Gore Sr.'s unsuccessful 1970 reelection campaign. A lawyer by trade, Sasser sought election in his own right and won his party's 1976 nomination for the Senate. He defeated, among others, Nashville entrepreneur and attorney John Jay Hooker, then still considered to be a serious candidate due to his strong personality, his (intermittent) wealth, and his connections with the Nashville "Tennessean"'s controlling Seigenthaler family. His son Gray Sasser, also a lawyer, is the past chair of the Tennessee Democratic Party.

Senate campaigns.

1976 election.

Upon winning his party's Senate nomination, Sasser set out to attack the record of one-term incumbent Sen. Bill Brock, heir to a Chattanooga candy fortune. Sasser emphasized Brock's connections to former President Richard M. Nixon and his use of income tax code provisions that had, despite his great wealth and considerable income, resulted in his paying less than $2,000 in income tax the previous year. Sasser was able to capitalize on the tax issue by pointing out that Brock had paid less than many Tennesseans of considerably more modest means.  Sasser's campaign was also greatly aided by the efforts of ex-Senator Gore. Brock had defeated the elder Gore for the Senate in 1970 largely upon the basis of Gore's opposition to the Vietnam War. Sasser won rather handily over Brock, and went on to serve three Senate terms.

Re-election, 1982 and 1988.

He turned back a serious effort against him by five-term United States Representative Robin Beard very handily in 1982. That showing was so impressive that his 1988 Republican opponent was a virtual political unknown named Bill Andersen, whose underfunded, essentially token campaign never stood a chance.

1994 re-election campaign.

There were two unforeseen events that negated Sasser's popularity. Some Tennessee voters were discontented with the first two years of the Clinton administration, especially the proposal for a national health-care system largely put together and advocated by Clinton's wife, [[Hillary Clinton]], as well as the passage of the [[Federal Assault Weapons Ban]]. The other was the somewhat unexpected nomination of [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] [[heart transplant]] surgeon [[Bill Frist]] for the seat by the Republicans.  Frist was a political unknown and a total novice (who never voted until he was 36) at campaigning, but was from one of Nashville's most prominent and wealthiest medical families, which gave him name recognition, especially in the Nashville area, and resources adequate to match the campaign war chest built up by a typical three-term incumbent, a challenge most "insurgent" candidates find to be extremely difficult. A further factor working to Frist's advantage was a [[1994 United States Senate special election in Tennessee|simultaneous Republican campaign]] by [[actor]] and attorney [[Fred Thompson]] for the other Tennessee Senate seat, which was held to replace [[Al Gore]], who had resigned in 1993 to become [[Vice President of the United States]]. To an extent, Frist was able to bask in the reflected glory of this formidable stage presence, and additionally developed some campaigning skills, which were almost totally absent in the early stages of his campaign. Another factor in Frist's favor was that Sasser was never seen as possessing much charisma of his own. During the campaign Nashville radio stations were derisive towards Sasser to the point of stating that he could only win "a Kermit The Frog lookalike contest." In one of the largest [[Upset (competition)|upset]]s in a night of political upsets in the November 1994 [[1994 United States elections|U.S. general elections]], Frist defeated incumbent Sasser by approximately 14 percentage points. As of February 2020, he was the last Democrat to have represented Tennessee in the U.S. Senate after his defeat.

Senate accomplishments.

With the retirement of Senator [[Lawton Chiles]] in 1989, Sasser became Chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on Budget|Senate Budget Committee]]. In that role, he served as a key ally of [[Senate Majority Leader]] [[George J. Mitchell]] of [[Maine]]. Sasser helped negotiate the 1990 budget summit agreement with President [[George H. W. Bush]]. And in 1993, he engineered passage of President [[Bill Clinton]]'s first budget, which reduced the deficit by $500 billion over 10 years but passed without any Republican votes.  With these successes, Sasser began to work his way upward in the party leadership. When then-[[Senate Majority Leader]] Mitchell announced his intention to retire, Sasser was widely expected to be elected to the position, had he won a fourth term in the Senate.

Ambassador to China.

Sasser went on to serve as [[United States Ambassador to China|ambassador to China]] during the period of alleged [[Cox Report|nuclear spying]] and the [[1996 United States campaign finance controversy|campaign finance controversy]] that involved possible efforts by China to influence domestic U.S. politics during the [[Clinton Administration]]. Sasser again gained media attention when the U.S. [[Embassy]] in [[Beijing]] was besieged after U.S. warplanes mistakenly bombed the Chinese embassy in [[Belgrade]] during the U.S. intervention in the [[Kosovo War]]. Shortly after the siege of the embassy was lifted, Ambassador Sasser retired (he was slated to do so before the siege, so his retirement was not a direct result) and returned to the United States, where he presently divides his time between Tennessee and [[Washington, D.C.]], as a [[consultant]].

External links.

[[Category:1936 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Politicians from Memphis, Tennessee]] [[Category:United States senators from Tennessee]] [[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to China]] [[Category:Tennessee Democrats]] [[Category:Democratic Party United States senators]] [[Category:United States Marines]] [[Category:United States Marine Corps reservists]]

James Ralph Sasser (born September 30, 1936) is an American politician, diplomat, and attorney. A Democrat, Sasser served three terms as a United States Senator from Tennessee from 1977 to 1995, and was Chairman of the Senate Budget Committee. From 1996 to 1999, during the Clinton Administration, he was the United States Ambassador to China.

尚慕杰(英语:James Ralph "Jim" Sasser;1936年-9月30日),音译詹姆斯·萨瑟,是美国政治家、律师,曾任美国参议员及美国驻中国大使。


Plot.

Thousands of years previously, Steppenwolf and his legions of Parademons had attempted to take over the Earth using the combined energies of the three Mother Boxes. The attempt was foiled by a unified alliance including the Olympian Gods, Amazons, Atlanteans, mankind, and extraterrestrial beings from other worlds. After Steppenwolf's army was repelled, the Mother Boxes were separated and hidden in different locations. In the present, mankind is still in mourning two years after Superman's death, which has triggered the Mother Boxes' reactivation and Steppenwolf's return to Earth. Steppenwolf aims to regain favor with his master Darkseid by gathering the boxes to form "The Unity", which will destroy Earth's ecology and terraform it in the image of Steppenwolf's homeworld.  Steppenwolf retrieves one Mother Box from Themyscira, prompting Queen Hippolyta to warn her daughter Diana of Steppenwolf's return. Diana joins Bruce Wayne in an attempt to unite other metahumans to their cause: Wayne goes after Arthur Curry and Barry Allen, while Diana locates Victor Stone. Wayne fails to persuade Curry but finds Allen enthusiastic to join the team. Although Diana fails to persuade Stone to join, he agrees to help them locate the threat. Stone later joins after his father Silas and several other S.T.A.R. Labs employees are kidnapped by Steppenwolf, who is seeking the Mother Box protected by mankind.  Steppenwolf attacks an Atlantean outpost to retrieve the next Mother Box, forcing Curry into action. The team receives intel from Commissioner James Gordon, leading them to Steppenwolf's army, based in an abandoned facility under Gotham Harbor. Although the group manages to rescue the kidnapped employees, the facility is flooded during combat, which traps the team until Curry helps delay the flood so they can escape. Stone

Cast.

During a scene a half-hour into the film, depicting Steppenwolf's first invasion thousands of years earlier, Olympian Old Gods Zeus, Ares and Artemis are portrayed by fitness model Sergi Constance, stuntman Nick McKinless, and MMA fighter Aurore Lauzeral, respectively. All three were required to reach a specific degree of physicality, with Snyder instructing McKinless to sport "veins like worms and paper thin skin". In the finished film, McKinless' face was replaced with that of David Thewlis using special effects; Thewlis received the credit as Ares. The scene also shows a Green Lantern, named Yalan Gur, created through motion-capture CGI and embodied by an uncredited actor. Two ancient kings of Earth appear during the scene, including King Atlan of Atlantis and Arthur Pendragon of ancient England; portrayed by Julian Lewis Jones and Francis Magee, respectively. Billy Crudup appears, uncredited, as Henry Allen, Barry Allen's father. Joe Manganiello and Jesse Eisenberg

Production.

Background.

In February 2007, it was announced that Warner Bros. had hired husband-and-wife duo Michele and Kieran Mulroney to write a script for a "Justice League" film. The news came around the same time that Joss Whedon's long-developed "Wonder Woman" film was cancelled, as well as "The Flash", written and directed by David S. Goyer. Reportedly titled "Justice League: Mortal", the script by Michele and Kiernan Mulroney was submitted to Warner Bros. in June 2007, receiving positive feedback, which prompted the studio to immediately fast track production in the hope of beginning filming before the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike. Warner Bros. was less willing to proceed with development of a sequel to "Superman Returns", having been disappointed with its box office. Brandon Routh was not approached to reprise the role of Superman in "Justice League: Mortal", nor was Christian Bale from "Batman Begins". Warner Bros. intended for "Justice League: Mortal" to be the start of a new film franchise, and to branch out into separate sequels and spin-offs. Shortly after filming "The Dark Knight", Bale stated in an interview that "It'd be better if it doesn't tread on the toes of what our "Batman" series is doing," and

Filming.

Principal photography began on April 11, 2016, with shooting taking place at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden, as well as various locations around London and Scotland. Additional filming took place in Chicago, Illinois, Los Angeles, and Djúpavík, in the Westfjords of Iceland. Snyder's longtime cinematographer Larry Fong was replaced by Fabian Wagner due to scheduling conflicts. Ben Affleck served as executive producer. In May 2016, it was revealed that Geoff Johns and Jon Berg would produce the "Justice League" films, and would also be in charge of the DC Extended Universe, after the largely negative critical reception of "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice." The same month, Irons stated that the "Justice League" storyline

Post-production.

In May 2017, Snyder stepped down from directorial duties during post-production of the film to properly deal with the death of his daughter, Autumn Snyder. Joss Whedon, whom Snyder had previously brought on to rewrite some additional scenes, took over to handle post-production duties in Snyder's place. In July 2017, it was announced the film was undergoing two months of reshoots in London and Los Angeles, with Warner Bros. putting about $25 million into them, more than the typical $6–10 million additional filming costs, which brought the budget of the film up to $300 million. The reshoots coincided with Cavill's schedule for "", for which he had grown a mustache which he was contracted to keep while filming. While "Fallout" director Christopher McQuarrie initially gave the producers of "Justice League" permission to have Cavill shave the mustache in exchange for the $3 million it would cost to shut down production on "Fallout" and then digitally fill the mustache in, executives from Paramount Pictures rejected the idea. "Justice League"s VFX team was then forced to use special effects to digitally remove the mustache in post-production.  Whedon received a screenwriting credit on the film alongside Chris Terrio,

Music.

In March 2016, Hans Zimmer, who co-composed the score for "Man of Steel" and "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice", stated that he had officially retired from the "superhero business", though he would later score the 2019 "X-Men" film "X-Men: Dark Phoenix". Junkie XL, who wrote and composed the soundtrack of "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice" with Zimmer, was originally scoring the film. In June 2017, Danny Elfman was announced to have controversially

Release.

The film held its world premiere in Beijing on October 26, 2017, and was theatrically released in North America and elsewhere around the world in standard, RealD 3D and IMAX on November 17, 2017. Its Japan premiere took place on November 20, 2017 in Tokyo, with only Ezra Miller and Ray Fisher from the main cast attending. In the United States, the film opened to 4,051 theaters in its widest release. "Justice League" was shown in cinemas for 119 days (17 weeks).

Marketing.

Superman was intentionally left out on all early "Justice League" marketing materials, including trailers, clips and posters, which actor Cavill commented as "ridiculous". Despite his character being hidden from promotional materials, Cavill still joined the rest of the cast on the

Home media.

"Justice League" was released on digital download on February 13, 2018, and was released on Blu-ray Disc, Blu-ray 3D, 4K Ultra-HD Blu-ray and DVD on March 13, 2018 in various international markets. The Blu-ray features two deleted scenes titled "Return of Superman".

Reception.

Box office.

"Justice League" grossed $229 million in the United States and Canada, and $428.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $657.9 million, against a production budget of $300 million. It had a worldwide opening of $278.8 million, the 24th biggest of all-time. Up against an estimated break-even point of as much as $750 million, "Deadline Hollywood" reported that the film lost the studio around $60 million. Due to the film losing the studio money, the movie was deemed a "box office bomb" or "flop".

Critical response.

"Justice League" received mixed reviews. It was praised for its action sequences and acting (primarily by Gadot and Miller) but criticized for the screenplay, pacing and CGI, as well as its thin plot, and the underdeveloped villain. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 40%, based on 391 reviews, with an average rating of 5.26/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Justice League" leaps over a number of DC movies, but its single bound isn't enough to shed the murky aesthetic, thin characters, and chaotic action that continue to dog the franchise."  Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 45 out of 100, based on 52 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 85% overall positive score (average 4 out of 5 stars) and a 69% "definite recommend".  Richard Roeper of the "Chicago Sun-Times"

Accolades.

"Justice League" was short-listed as a potential candidate for the 90th Academy Award for

"Zack Snyder's Justice League" (2021).

The divisive reaction towards the final highlighted cut of the film, with Zack Snyder leaving directorial duties and the final cut of the film in the hands of Joss Whedon, has led to an argument comparing the situation to the one experienced by the film "Superman II". Both "Justice League" and "Superman II" feature a director that was replaced, for different reasons, before completion of a film, which led to a second director coming in and making substantial changes to the tone of each film. Although the reasoning behind each director's departure differs, Richard Donner was able to complete his in 2006. In the belief that Snyder had shot enough material for a finished film, a campaign for a "Snyder Cut" was started to allow Snyder to receive a similar treatment to Donner. Arguments

Future.

A sequel was originally scheduled to be released in June 2019 but was subsequently delayed to accommodate the release for "The Batman". By March 2017, producer Charles Roven announced that Zack Snyder would direct the film. In October 2017, J. K. Simmons stated that the studio was working on the script of the sequel, alongside "The Batman". Shortly after the release of "Justice League", Henry Cavill stated that he was under contract with Warner Bros. to play Superman for one more film. In December 2017, it was reported that there were "no immediate plans" for Zack Snyder to direct any future DC films, being relegated to an executive producer position instead. This came after a reshuffling of film production staff at Warner Bros. due to the film's mixed critical reception and disappointing financial performance. By 2019, Warner Bros. had prioritized solo films over the project.  After previously declining an offer to direct the first film, "Wonder Woman" director Patty Jenkins noted she is open to directing a "Justice League" sequel.

Justice League is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics superhero team of the same name. It is the fifth installment in the DC Extended Universe and a follow-up to "", and was directed by Zack Snyder and written by Chris Terrio and Joss Whedon, based on a story by Terrio and Snyder. It features an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck, Henry Cavill, Amy Adams, Gal Gadot, Ezra Miller, Jason Momoa, Ray Fisher, Jeremy Irons, Diane Lane, Connie Nielsen, and J. K. Simmons. In the film, Batman and Wonder Woman recruit The Flash, Aquaman, and Cyborg after Superman's death to save the world from the catastrophic threat of Steppenwolf and his army of Parademons.

《正义联盟》(英语:Justice League)是一部于2017年上映的美国超级英雄电影,以DC漫画旗下的超级英雄团队正义联盟为题材。本片为DC扩展宇宙的第五部作品。由查克·史奈德执导,克里斯·泰瑞欧和乔斯·温登撰写剧本。电影主演包括亨利·卡维尔、班·艾佛列克、艾美·亚当斯、盖儿·加朵、伊萨·米勒、杰森·摩莫亚、雷·费雪、黛安·莲恩、J·K·西蒙斯、康妮·尼尔森和希朗·汉德。故事叙述由蝙蝠侠和神力女超人两人试图与闪电侠、水行侠、钢骨结盟,以对抗即将对地球造成威胁的外星敌军。


History.

Popular Unity was founded on 21 August 2015 by 25 parliamentarians formerly affiliated to the Coalition of the Radical Left (Syriza), as a reaction to Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras' handling of the Greek bailout agreement of 2015. At foundation Popular Unity was the third largest party in the Greek parliament. It is led by the former Minister of Energy in the Tsipras cabinet, Panagiotis Lafazanis. Dimitris Stratoulis (former Alternate Minister of Social Security) and Costas Isychos (former Alternate Minister of National Defence), who were sacked in July 2015, also joined the new party.

Election September 2015.

On 2 September 2015, the party programme for the snap election on September 20 was published. The party received about 2.9% of the vote, below the 3% threshold to win any seats in parliament. In response to the result the party said, 'we lost the game but not the war'.

Naming.

The name of the party is inspired by Popular Unity, the Chilean political alliance led by Salvador Allende.

Policies.

The party favours Greek withdrawal from the eurozone and reinstating the drachma as Greece's national currency. According to founding member Stathis Kouvelakis, a former member of Syriza's Central Committee, the new party supports socialist internationalism, pacifism, Greece's exit from NATO, and breaking military agreements with Israel.

Members of Parliament.

Popular Unity had 26 members of the Hellenic Parliament prior to the September 2015 election, all of whom defected from Syriza. In alphabetical order, they were:

Popular Unity (, "Laïkí Enótita", LAE) is a left-wing political party in Greece.

人民团结(,缩写为ΛAE,罗马化:Laïkí Enótita,缩写为LAE)是希腊的一个左翼政党,在2015年8月21日由25名不满希腊总理阿列克西斯·齐普拉斯处理希腊国债危机手法、原隶属激进左翼联盟的成员脱党而成立。成立后,人民团结即时成为希腊议会第三大党。


中华航空611号班机空难

Flight and disaster.

The flight took off at 15:08 local time (07:08 UTC) and was scheduled to arrive at Hong Kong at 16:28 HKT (08:28 UTC). The flight crew consisted of 51-year-old Captain Yi Ching-Fong, 52-year-old First Officer Yea Shyong Shieh, and 54-year-old Flight Engineer Sen Kuo Chao. All three pilots were highly experienced airmen – the captain and first officer each had more than 10,100 hours of flying time and the flight engineer had clocked more than 19,100 flight hours.  At 15:16, the flight was cleared to climb to flight level 350—approximately. At 15:33, the aircraft broke up in mid-air and contact was lost. Chang Chia-juch, the Taiwanese Vice Minister of Transportation and Communications, said that two Cathay Pacific aircraft in the area received B-18255's emergency location-indicator signals. All 206 passengers and 19 crew members on board the aircraft died.

Passengers.

The passengers included a former legislator and two reporters from the "United Daily News". The majority of the passengers, 114 people, were members of a Taiwanese group tour to the mainland organized by four travel agencies.  Of the 225 passengers and crew on board, remains of 175 were recovered and identified. The first 82 bodies were found floating on the ocean surface of the Taiwan Strait and were recovered by fishing boats and military vessels. Contracted recovery vessels were subsequently utilized for the recovery of the aircraft wreckage and the remaining bodies.  The victims were identified by visual identification, personal effects, fingerprints, dental examinations and through DNA testing. Only the three recovered flight crewmember bodies were autopsied. The victims' bodies were photographed and their clothing and possessions were cataloged and returned to the victim's families. The victims' records, including body diagrams, injury protocols, photographs, and other documents related to the recovery and identification of the individuals were then correlated for each identified victim.  Most of the victims had extensive injuries consistent with head trauma, tibia and fibula fractures, significant back abrasions and pelvic injuries. Most of the bodies were nearly intact except, in some cases, for fractured bones. Some of the victims had expansion of lung tissue, subcutaneous emphysema, and bleeding on the nose and mouth. There were no carbon remains found on any of the recovered bodies or their clothes, and no sign of fire, burning or blast damage was found.

Search, recovery and investigation.

At 17:05, a military Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft spotted a crashed airliner northeast of Makung, Penghu Islands. Oil slicks were also spotted at 17:05; the first body was found at 18:10. Searchers recovered 15 percent of the wreckage, including part of the cockpit, and found no signs of burns, explosives or gunshots.  There was no distress signal or communication sent out prior to the crash. Radar data suggests that the aircraft broke into four pieces while at FL350. This theory is supported by the fact that some lighter articles that would have been found inside the aircraft were found up to from the crash site at villages in central Taiwan. The items included magazines, documents, luggage, photographs, Taiwan dollars, aircraft safety cards and a China Airlines-embossed, blood-stained pillow case.  The plane was supposed to be leveling off then as it approached its cruising altitude of 35,000 feet. Shortly before the breakup, two of the aircraft's four engines began providing slightly higher thrust, which was later found to have been within the normal ranges of deviation. All four engines were recovered from the sea and found not to have suffered any malfunction prior to the crash. Pieces of the aircraft were found in the ocean and on Taiwan, including in the city of Changhua.  The governments of Taiwan and the People's Republic of China co-operated in the recovery of the aircraft; the Chinese allowed personnel from Taiwan to search for bodies and aircraft fragments in those parts of the Taiwan Strait controlled by the People's Republic of China.  China Airlines requested relatives to submit blood samples for DNA testing at the Criminal Investigation Bureau of National Police Administration (now National Police Agency) and two other locations.

Metal fatigue cracking.

The final investigation report found that the accident was the result of fatigue cracking caused by inadequate maintenance after a much earlier tailstrike incident. On 7 February 1980, the aircraft was flying from Stockholm Arlanda Airport to Taoyuan International Airport via King Abdulaziz International Airport and Kai Tak International Airport as China Airlines Flight 009. While landing in Hong Kong, part of the plane's tail had scraped along the runway. The aircraft was depressurized, ferried back to Taiwan on the same day, and a temporary repair done the day after. A more permanent repair was conducted by a team from China Airlines from 23 May through 26 May 1980. The permanent repair of the tailstrike was not carried out in accordance with the Boeing Structural Repair Manual (SRM). According to the manual, repairs could be made by replacing the entire affected skin or by cutting out the damaged portion and installing a reinforcing doubler plate to restore the structural strength. Rather than following the Boeing Structural Repair Manual, the China Airlines team installed a doubler over the damaged skin.  Even though the kind of damage inflicted on the tail was far beyond the damage that a doubler plate is meant to fix, this accident probably would not have occurred if the doubler had been installed properly. This would mean that all of the scratches would be completely contained by the innermost row of fasteners, and the fasteners themselves would be strong enough to stop the propagation of any new and existing fatigue cracks. However, the doubler that was installed on the aircraft was too small and therefore failed to completely and effectively cover the damaged area, as scratches were found at, and outside, the outermost row of fasteners securing the doubler. Installing the doubler with scratches remaining outside the rivets provided no protection against the propagation of any concealed cracks beneath the doubler, or worse, in the area between its perimeter and the rows of rivets.  Consequently, after repeated cycles of pressurization and depressurization during flight, cracks began to form around the exposed scratches. Finally, on 25 May 2002, coincidentally 22 years to the day after the faulty repair was made upon the damaged tail, the hull broke open in mid-air. An explosive decompression occurred once the crack opened up, causing the separation of the aircraft's fuselage at section 46 (aft of the main wingbox). The remainder of the aircraft forward of section 46 entered an abrupt descent, causing all four engines to separate from the wings near-simultaneously at approximately 29,000 ft. After this point, the wings and fuselage forward of the initial breakpoint remained connected until impact with the sea. This was not the first time that a 747 had crashed because of a faulty repair following a tailstrike. On 12 August 1985, 17 years before Flight 611's crash and 5 years after the accident aircraft's repair, Japan Airlines Flight 123 had crashed when the vertical stabilizer was torn off and the hydraulic systems severed by explosive decompression, with only four survivors. That crash had been attributed to a faulty repair to the rear pressure bulkhead, which had been damaged in 1978 in a tailstrike incident. In both crashes, a doubler plate was not installed according to Boeing standards.  China Airlines disputed much of the report, stating that investigators did not find the pieces of the aircraft that would prove the contents of the investigation report.

Aircraft history.

The aircraft involved, registration (originally registered as B-1866), MSN 21843, was the only Boeing 747-200 passenger aircraft left in the China Airlines fleet at the time. It was delivered to the airline in 1979 and had logged more than 64,800 hours of flight time at the time of the accident. The aircraft had a 274-seat configuration (22 first-class, 84 business-class, 131 main deck economy-class and 37 upper-deck economy seats). Prior to the crash, China Airlines had sold B-18255 to Orient Thai Airlines for US$1.45 million. The accident flight was the aircraft's penultimate flight for China Airlines as it was scheduled to be delivered to Orient Thai Airlines after its return flight from Hong Kong to Taipei. The contract to sell the aircraft was voided after the crash.  There were only three passenger 747-200s delivered to China Airlines, all from 1979-1980. The other two had been in full passenger service until 1999, when they were converted to freighters. They were immediately grounded by the ROC's Civil Aviation Administration (CAA) after the crash for maintenance checks.

Aftermath.

After the crash, in order to express respect for the victims, China Airlines retired the flight number 611. The flight number was changed to 619. The route Taipei to Hong Kong is served on many other flights, including 903, 641, 605 (which was also involved in an accident), 909, 913, 915, 617, 679, 923, 927 and 951.  As of 2020 the current flights are 903, 641, 909, 915, 919, 923, 921 and 601, flown on a mixed fleet of Boeing 747, Airbus A330, Airbus A350, and Boeing 737 aircraft.  In addition, a Boeing 737-800 aircraft registered as B-18611 was changed to B-18617 in 2006 for the same reason.

External links.

Aviation Safety Council  China Airlines  Media  Other

China Airlines Flight 611 was a regularly scheduled passenger flight from Chiang Kai-shek International Airport (now Taoyuan International Airport) in Taiwan to Hong Kong International Airport in Hong Kong. On 25 May 2002, the Boeing 747-209B operating the route disintegrated in mid-air and crashed into the Taiwan Strait northeast of the Penghu Islands 20 minutes after takeoff, killing all 225 people on board. The in-flight break-up was caused by improper repairs to the aircraft 22 years earlier. As of 2020, the crash remains the deadliest in Taiwanese history.

中华航空611号班机空难,又称「澎湖空难」,是指2002年5月25日中华航空公司(以下简称「华航」)一架由当时的台湾中正国际机场(今桃园国际机场)飞往香港国际机场(赤𫚭角机场)的客机解体坠毁事故。当天一架波音747-200型、编号B-18255(旧机号B-1866)客机执行此定期航班,搭载206名乘客及19名机组员(包括正副驾驶及飞航工程师),在半途中于澎湖县马公市东北方23海里的34,900呎(约10,640米)高空处解体坠毁,造成机上人员共225人全数罹难,为发生在台湾境内死伤最惨重的空难。中华民国前立法委员游日正、香港前工务局局长李承仕之子李宗傲(本身是中华航空营业员)亦在这次空难中丧生。


马尼拉:在霓虹灯的魔爪下

Plot.

Júlio Madiaga is a "probinciano", a young rustic from the island of Marinduque, who arrives in Manila. From time to time, Júlio would pass by the corner of Ongpin and Misericordia, as he stares at a peculiar building from a distance. While pursuing his quest, he has to work in order to survive the conditions of the urban jungle.  At first, Júlio lands a job as a construction worker. Not used to such labour, he falls unconscious due to fatigue and hunger. In the site, he befriends Atong, a fellow construction worker who was hired some five weeks before. Another co-worker advises Júlio that city life is quite difficult unless one has the income to enjoy urban comforts. Júlio begins to slowly observe the harsh reality of society, even witnessing the accidental death of one of the workers.  One day, while Júlio and Atong are shopping for clothes in the marketplace, a woman dressed in black and wearing sunglasses catches Júlio's attention. The woman reminds him of Mrs Cruz—the woman who brought his childhood sweetheart, Ligaya, to Manila for schooling. Júlio immediately runs through the crowd to follow the woman, and locates her. He tries to approach her, but before he could even say anything, the lady shrieks in distress. Júlio flees in order to prevent making a scene, running back to Atong and leaving the marketplace with him.  This was followed by other chance encounters with Mrs Cruz, leading him to discover that Ligaya was, in fact, brought to the capital for prostitution. Ligaya explains everything to Julio upon their reunion. Julio plots with Ligaya of their return to Marinduque with Ligaya's baby. They agree to meet at Arranque. However, Ligaya fails to appear at the appointed time.  Júlio returns to the house of a friend, Pol, who informs him the next day that Ligaya had died in the night. She allegedely fell down a flight of stairs, but her bruising suggests she was killed by Ah-Tek, the man who rented her from Mrs Cruz and kept her and their baby imprisoned. Enraged, Júlio stalks Ah-Tek, who he saw at Ligaya's funeral, and successfully dispatches his target. Seeing Julio's crime, a mob pursues and eventually corners him; the film ends with a slow motion close-up of Júlio's terrified mouth, just as his assailants are about to strike.

Production.

The film is based on a story, "Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag" (lit. "In the Claws of Brightness'"), written by Edgardo Reyes. It was originally serialized in "Liwayway" magazine from 1966 to 1967, and was later published into a novel.  The adaptation in to film originally started out life as a writing exercise. In 1970, Ateneo de Manila graduate Clodualdo del Mundo, Jr. re-enrolled in his alma mater to take a short course in film writing. There, he wrote "Pepot Artista" (a screenplay he would later revisit in the 2000s). Del Mundo finished his script for "Pepot Artista", which was supposed to be a major assignment, by the middle of the semester; earlier than what was expected. His professor, Nestor Torre, requested him to make another screenplay as way of filling in the extra time. Because he had just written an original screenplay, Del Mundo tried his hand at adapting a literary source for a change. He chose Reyes' story, already a novel by then, as the subject for his next assignment. After turning in the spec script, Del Mundo completed his course and relocated to the United States to continue his studies at the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas.  Mike de Leon, grandson to Narcisa de Leon of LVN Pictures, has directed one short film and intended to expand his role in the film industry, namely as a producer. De Leon had just put up a new production company, Cinema Artists, and was in the process of seeking out projects. Eventually, De Leon remembered of Del Mundo's trial adaptation. Having been friends since their days at Ateneo de Manila, De Leon contacted Del Mundo with the idea of producing the latter's spec script. Del Mundo, who just returned from his four-year course in Kansas, gave De Leon his blessing and agreed to further polish the screenplay. "It was the right time," Del Mundo recalls.  Lino Brocka, who had just received acclaim for his previous work, "The Human Imperfections", was approached by De Leon to direct the adaptation. Brocka took this as an opportunity to create a scathing commentary about the urban poverty amidst the Marcos administration, and never hesitated to include his trademark homosexual theme in to the story. Brocka (a homosexual man himself) requested Del Mundo to rework on a few scenes to accommodate such approaches, which were never present in the original source. Other significant revisions were made, such as condensing the structure and adding more dramatic weight to the narrative. “Brocka understood the popular audience well," Del Mundo says. "He suggested additions to the screenplay [of "The Claws of Light"] to make it more commercial. It was fun working with him, although he was quite emotional.”  The production title was eventually changed from "Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag" to "Maynila, sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag" (lit. translation: "Manila in the Claws of Light") to emphasize on the setting of the story.  An independent production, "The Claws of Light" was produced with a modest budget. Principal photography occurred in 1974. The film was shot on actual locations around the vicinity of Manila, to better capture the authenticity of the city.  Jay Ilagan, who had previously acted in Brocka's films, initially played the lead role of Julio Madiaga. Having already participated in several days of shooting, Ilagan was asked to drop out of the production when Brocka became dissatisfied with the performance. Upon viewing the dailies, Brocka was convinced that Ilagan, who had a very healthy appearance, did not meet his vision of Julio—a pitiful vagrant that wades in and around the urban gutters. The role was re-cast with newcomer Bembol Roco in the part. Prior to this film, Roco's only foray in to acting was a relatively small role in Brocka's previous film, "Three, Two, One". For this film, he was credited under his real name of Rafael Roco, Jr. "The Claws of Light" marked what would become the first lead role for Roco.  To play the love of Julio's life, Brocka did not have to look too far. The role of Ligaya Paraiso was a natural choice for his protégé, Hilda Koronel. Lou Salvador, Jr., a former matinee idol famous for playing angst-ridden romantic leads in LVN's teen rebel pictures, was cast against type as the wise and sympathetic Atong. Character actor Tommy Yap nabbed the role of the rarely-seen antagonist, Ah-Tek. Yap would later appear—albeit less significantly—in Brocka's "Insiang", alongside Koronel. Majority of the actors that round out the film, such as Tommy Abuel and Joonee Gamboa, were veterans of both the stage and radio.

Symbolism.

Many who have seen "The Claws of Light" have speculated on the symbolism of the characters, which is hinted at in their names. For example, some comment that Ligaya Paraiso represents "Inang Bayan", the Filipino concept of the motherland. Her name, which literally reads "joy[ful] paradise", is a reference to how Julio viewed his lover as an ideal paradise, and her given name is a nod to her newfound yet unwelcome occupation as a "lady of pleasure".  Julio Madiaga himself is regarded as a symbol of the provincial Filipino everyman, eking out a living in the hard conditions of the city. His surname is an archaic variant of "matiyagâ" ("patience”), a trait obvious in his hope-filled and persistent search for Ligaya.  Mrs. Cruz's surname simply means "cross", pointing to the heavy burden she places on the shoulders of the young girls she lures into prostitution. Since the character's name is later revealed to be an alias, it could also mean that the name was chosen, as Cruz is a common surname in the Philippines, representing how easily she could walk around the streets of Manila without detection. The name of the antagonist Ah Tek, meanwhile, is a play on the colloquial term "atík", ("cash"; a transposition of "kità", or income) representing the greed and selfishness of the character.  The city itself is sometimes considered to be the main character instead of Julio and the others, while the film is also construed as a portrait of one man's corruption and eventual downfall.

Reception.

Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 100% of five surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 8.4/10. Manohla Dargis of "The New York Times" made it a "NYT Critics' Pick" and wrote, "The movie's palpable, deeply lived-in realism is among its great attractions, largely because the film isn’t just a story about a young Filipino Everyman, but because it’s also a de facto record of Manila in the 1970s." Inkoo Kang of "The Village Voice" wrote, "The intimate proletarian melodrama The Claws of Light succeeds where so many political allegories fail: With ethical and emotional sophistication, it dramatizes the suffering of the disadvantaged with characters that feel individual yet archetypal." Keith Uhlich of "Time Out New York" rated it 4/5 stars and wrote that it is "widely (and understandably) considered one of the pinnacles of Filipino cinema". Alan Jones of "Slant Magazine" rated it 4.5/5 stars and called the film a precursor to "A Touch of Sin".

Awards and recognition.

The film won Best Picture, Best Director, Best Screenplay, Best Cinematography, Best Actor, and Best Supporting Actor at the 1976 FAMAS awards.  "The Claws of Light" is one of the few Filipino films that has been consistently placed among the world's top 100 films of all time. It is the only film from the Philippines that entered in the list of the book, "1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die".  It was shown as part of the Cannes Classics section of the 2013 Cannes Film Festival.

Stage version.

A stage adaption of the film was released in 2017, directed by Joel Lamangan. It was presented by Grand Leisure Corporation and features music by Von de Guzman, choreography by Douglas Nierras, and production design by Jun Flavier Pablo.  The musical stars Arman Ferrer as Julio Madiaga; Shiela Valderrama-Martinez as Ligaya Paraiso (with Lara Maigue as alternate); Floyd Tena as Pol; Noel Rayos as Atong; Aicelle Santons as Perla (with Rita Daniela as alternate); Dulce as Mrs. Cruz (with Ima Castro as alternate).

Restoration.

In 2013, The Claws of Light was restored in 4K resolution. The restoration is done by World Cinema Foundation and the Film Development Council of the Philippines at Cineteca di Bologna/ L’Immagine Ritrovata laboratory, in association with LVN, Cinema Artists Philippines and Mike de Leon. The restored film first premiered at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival as part of the Cinema Classics section and was released in the Philippines on August 7, 2013. The restored film was released on DVD and Blu-Ray as part of The Criterion Collection on June 12, 2018.

Manila in the Claws of Light () is a 1975 Filipino drama film directed by Lino Brocka based on the novel "In the Claws of Brightness" by Edgardo M. Reyes. It is considered by many as one of the greatest films in Filipino cinema.

《马尼拉:在霓虹灯的魔爪下》(菲律宾语:Maynila, sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag),是一部1975年由菲律宾导演利诺·布罗卡执导的剧情电影。本片被许多人认为是有史以来最伟大的菲律宾电影之一。


Heatsink.

The 4 holes for fastening the heatsink to the motherboard are placed in a square with a lateral length of 75 mm for Intel's sockets LGA 1156, LGA 1155, LGA 1150 and LGA 1151. Cooling solutions should therefore be interchangeable.

LGA 1151 revision 1.

DDR3 memory support.

Intel officially states that Skylake's and Kaby Lake's integrated memory controllers (IMC) support DDR3L memory modules only rated at 1.35 V and DDR4 at 1.2 V, which led to the speculation that higher voltages of DDR3 modules could damage or destroy the IMC and processor. Meanwhile, ASRock, Gigabyte, and Asus guarantee that their Skylake and Kaby Lake DDR3 motherboards support DDR3 modules rated at 1.5 and 1.65V.

Kaby Lake chipsets (200 series).

There is no equivalent Kaby Lake chipset analogous to the H110 chipset. Four additional PCH PCI-E lanes in Kaby Lake chipsets are reserved for implementing an M.2 slot to support Intel Optane Memory. Otherwise, corresponding Kaby Lake and Skylake chipsets are practically the same.  Light blue indicates a difference between comparable Skylake and Kaby Lake chipsets.

LGA 1151 revision 2.

Second revision of the LGA 1151 socket for Coffee Lake CPUs.

The LGA 1151 socket was revised for the Coffee Lake generation CPUs and comes along with the Intel 300-series chipsets. While physical dimensions remain unchanged, the updated socket reassigns some reserved pins, adding power and ground lines to support the requirements of 6-core and 8-core CPUs. The new socket also relocates the processor detection pin, breaking compatibility with earlier processors and motherboards. As a result, desktop Coffee Lake CPUs are officially not compatible with the 100 (original Skylake) and 200 (Kaby Lake) series chipsets. Similarly, 300 series chipsets officially only support Coffee Lake and are not compatible with Skylake and Kaby Lake CPUs.  Socket 1151 rev 2 is sometimes also referred to as "1151-2".

Coffee Lake chipsets (300 series).

Like with Kaby Lake chipsets, four additional PCH PCI-E lanes in Coffee Lake chipsets are reserved for implementing an M.2 slot to support Intel Optane Memory.  There's a 22 nm version of H310 chipset, H310C, which is sold only in China. Motherboards based on this chipset support DDR3 memory as well.  <nowiki>*</nowiki> Yes, however, motherboards require a BIOS update in order to support the 9th gen Coffee Lake CPUs  <nowiki>**</nowiki> depends on OEM's implementation

LGA 1151, also known as Socket H4, is an Intel microprocessor compatible socket which comes in two distinct versions: the first revision which supports both Intel's Skylake and Kaby Lake CPUs, and the second revision which supports Coffee Lake CPUs exclusively.

LGA 1151,又称Socket H4,是英特尔用于Skylake微架构、Kaby Lake微架构、Coffee Lake微架构所使用的CPU插槽。此CPU插槽将取代LGA 1150(Socket H3),并且同时支援DDR3L与DDR4的内存模组。


Plot.

Ryōta Nonomiya is a successful architect who is focused so much on work that he neglects his wife, Midori, and son, Keita. Upon his return home one day, Midori tells him that the hospital where Keita was born urgently needs to speak to them, and Ryōta senses trouble. After arriving at the hospital, the couple learns that their biological son Ryūsei was switched with Keita at birth, and after DNA tests prove the error, they must now make a life-changing decision to either keep Keita, the boy they raised as their own son, or exchange him for their biological son.  Ryōta and Midori soon meet with the other couple, Yukari and Yūdai Saiki, small town folks who lack the money and drive that Ryōta possess, but who have a better understanding of the importance of child and parent bonds. They share photos, and for the first time, Ryōta and Midori see their biological son, Ryūsei. After several meetings, they decide to exchange children for one Saturday. After several more meetings, they finally decide to exchange children permanently. All four parents have difficulty accepting the loss of their previous sons, and the absence of the parents they used to know causes both boys to shut down emotionally, culminating in Ryūsei running away from the Nonomiya's home and returning to the Saiki's. Ryōta picks up Ryūsei and brings him back home.  Ryōta and Midori begin to bond with Ryūsei, who is also warming up to them. However, while going through the photos on his camera, Ryōta discovers a cache of photos of himself, mostly sleeping, that Keita took, and he breaks down crying. Ryōta now understands the errors of his ways. The three return to the Saiki family, but Keita runs away from Ryōta. While following him, Ryōta apologizes to Keita, and the two make amends. The film ends with the two returning to the Saiki's, and both families entering the home.

Themes and analysis.

As pointed out by Nathan Southern of "AllMovie", the film confronts two distant kinds of Japanese families coming from different social backgrounds and reflects opposing conceptions that coexist in contemporary Japanese society. These two families, as Mark Kermode notes on "The Observer," are faced with the dilemma of retaining the children they have raised, on the basis of the bonds built with them over six years, or swap them and start over for the sake of blood lineage continuity.  Southern emphasizes Ryōta's transformation in dealing with this difficult choice: he is first convinced to make the swap, believing that the affinities with his biological son will emerge increasingly evident in the future. However, after several encounters with the Saiki family and the confrontations with Yūdai, who advises him not to neglect his family life, and after discovering photographs of him shot by Keita while he was asleep, he acknowledges his emotional bond with him.  Southern recalls two key sequences of the film, commenting that "Kore-eda has a poet's eye for human nuance": in the first scene, where Ryōta reviews Keita's snapshots, he remarks that Ryōta "discover[s] a part of himself that he never knew existed"; in the second one, where the two families casually pose together for a group photo, he witnesses how "we can see the differences not merely between the clans—one rigid and ascetic, one loose, emotionally free, and unrestricted—but between traditional and more modern Japanese conceptions of family."  David Cirone of "J-Generation" brings up the personal theme of balancing social norms with individual freedom, noting that Ryōta is "torn between his own expectations, those of his wife and family, and the mixed suggestions of those around him who all seem to know what's best for him and the children."

Reception.

Box office.

In the opening weekend, the film topped the national ranking with 253,370 spectators and grossing ¥313.3 million. The film maintained the first position for two consecutive weeks, with 1,168,204 spectators and a box office revenue of ¥1.35 billion ($13.87 million in 2013) in the first 13 days, including pre-release days. It exceeded a revenue of ¥3 billion on 11 November, the 49th day of release, an uncommon achievement for an art film.  The final domestic box office revenue reported in January 2014 was ¥3.2 billion ($30 million).

Critical response.

"Like Father, Like Son" received mostly positive reviews. On the film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an 87% approval score, with an average rating of 7.61/10 based on 100 reviews. The site's consensus reads, "Sensitively written, smartly directed, and powerfully performed, "Like Father, Like Son" uses familiar-seeming elements to tell a thought-provoking story." Metacritic gives the film a score of 73 out of 100, based on reviews from 33 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Andrew Chan of the Film Critics Circle of Australia writes, "Essentially, "Like Father, Like Son" is one of those rare films that keep the audience totally engaged, thoroughly profound, fully emoted and ultimately refreshing. In the scale of perfect cinema, this stands quite close." On the website of "The American Spectator", Eve Tushnet wrote that the film "has some of the striking Kore-eda trademarks: the extraordinary acting from the children; the symmetrical framing and musical pacing; and the shifts between long shots in which all the people look tiny and child's-eye shots where all the people look huge."

Remake.

DreamWorks Studios has acquired remake rights to "Like Father, Like Son" after the film caught the eye of Steven Spielberg at Cannes. Chris and Paul Weitz are slated to direct.

The film was also shown at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival, and won both the Rogers People's Choice Award at the 2013 Vancouver International Film Festival and the Wuaki.TV Audience Award at the 2013 San Sebastián International Film Festival.

《谁调换了我的父亲》()(LIKE FATHER, LIKE SON)是2013年是枝裕和导演的日本电影,福山雅治首次饰演父亲的角色。2013年分别荣获第66届康城影展评审团奖以及第56届亚太影展最佳影片、最佳导演。


History.

East Sikkim was part of the kingdom of Sikkim for most of its history. In the 19th century, the district was under the rule of the Bhutanese. After the Anglo Bhutan War, the territory was virtually under the command of the British forces. After India's independence in 1947, the area was part of the kingdom of Sikkim under the protection of India. During the Sino-Indian War of 1962, the Nathula Pass witnessed a few skirmishes between India and China. In 1975, the Sikkim formally became part of the Indian Union as India's 22nd state. The district was under the occupation of the Nepalese for 30 years in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Geography.

The district occupies an area of 964 km.  Military-wise, the district is a very sensitive area with the Indian army having control over most areas east of Gangtok and near its borders with People's Republic of China and Bhutan. Visitors to this region are restricted and just a few areas are open to tourists in the areas east of Gangtok. Popular tourist locales are the Tsongmo Lake, Baba Mandir and the Nathu La pass. The pass formed the offshoot of the ancient Silk Road which connected Lhasa to India. The pass and Baba Mandir are open to Indian nationals only. To enter this region a special permit is required; the Inner Line Permit has to be obtained one day prior to departure. This permit is made through local tourist offices. Other tourist areas include the town of Gangtok, the Phodong Monastery north of Gangtok and the Rumtek Monastery. Other special attractions in the Capital City Gangtok are M G Marg, Hanuman Tok, Ranka Monastery, Himalayan Zoological Park, Palzor Stadium, Tashi View Point. Zuluk And Gnathang Valley are famous attractions in East Sikkim.

Assembly Constituencies.

The district was previously divided into 12 assembly constituencies.

Demographics.

According to the 2011 census East Sikkim district has a population of 283,583, roughly equal to the nation of Barbados. This gives it a ranking of 574th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 14.79%. East Sikkim has a sex ratio of 872 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 84.67%.  At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 65.59% of the population in the district spoke Nepali, 12.03% Hindi, 8.16% Sikkimese, 3.41% Lepcha, 1.68% Bengali, 1.55% Limbu, 1.49% Tamang, 1.14% Sherpa, 0.75% Rai and 0.51% Tibetan as their first language.  People in East Sikkim are mostly of Nepali ethnicity, arriving in search of jobs after the British appropriated the state in the 19th century. Other ethnicities include the Bhutias, the Tibetans and the Lepchas. Nepali is the predominant language in the region.

Flora and fauna.

East Sikkim district is home to four wildlife sanctuaries: Barsey Rhododendron, Fambong Lho, Pangolakha and Kyongnosla Alpine.

Divisions.

Administrative divisions.

East Sikkim is divided into three sub-divisions:

East Sikkim is one of the four administrative districts of the Indian state of Sikkim. Geographically, East Sikkim occupies the south-east corner of the state. The capital of East Sikkim is Gangtok, which is also the state capital. It is the hub of all administrative activity in the state.

东锡金县是印度锡金邦所辖的一个县,位于锡金东南部。东锡金县总面积964 km2,人口283,583 (2011年)。县治位于甘托克,也是锡金首府。


Life and career.

Keays-Byrne was born in Srinagar, in the state of Jammu and Kashmir (part of the British Raj) to British parents. His family moved to Britain when he was a young child. He was schooled in England and began his career as a stage actor. Between 1968 and 1972, he had parts in Royal Shakespeare Company productions including "As You Like It, The Balcony, Doctor Faustus, Hamlet, King Lear, The Man of Mode, Much Ado About Nothing, The Tempest or The Enchanted Island" and "Troilus and Cressida".  His first television acting job was in Britain in the programme "Boy Meets Girl" in 1967. He went to Australia with the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1973 with Peter Brook's famous production of "A Midsummer Night's Dream", and remained in Australia when the tour ended. In 1974, he acted in the TV show "Essington", which was followed by big screen roles in films such as "Stone" (1974), "Mad Dog Morgan" (1976), "The Trespassers" (1976) and "Snapshot" (1979). After acting in the TV drama "The Death Train" in 1978, Keays-Byrne garnered the role that he is best known for outside Australia: the violent gang leader "Toecutter" in the apocalyptic science fiction film "Mad Max" (1979).  In the 1980s, he acted in films such as "The Chain Reaction" (1980), "Strikebound" (1984), "Starship" (1985) and "The Blood of Heroes" (1989). In 1992, he directed and acted in the film "Resistance". In the mid- to late 1990s, he did a number of TV roles including in "Singapore Sling: Old Flames" (1995), "Moby Dick" (1998) and "Journey to the Centre of the Earth" (1999).  In the 2000s, he appeared in the science fiction television series "Farscape" as Grunchlk, which he reprised for the concluding mini-series "". In 2007, George Miller cast him in an unspecified role in Justice League: Mortal, rumoured to be Martian Manhunter. However, the film was later cancelled.  Keays-Byrne returned to the "Mad Max" franchise in the 2015 film "", as the main villain Immortan Joe. The film was nominated for 10 Academy Awards, including Best Picture, winning 6, and Keays-Byrne was nominated for the MTV Movie Award for Best Villain.

Hugh Keays-Byrne (born 18 May 1947) is an English–Australian actor and film director. He moved to Australia in 1973 and is well-known there as a television and film actor. Outside Australia, he is best known for his role as Toad in the 1974 film "Stone", the main antagonist Toecutter in the 1979 film "Mad Max", the main antagonist "Immortan Joe" in the 2015 film "", and Grunchlk on the science fiction television series "Farscape".

修·基斯-拜伦(英语:Hugh Keays-Byrne,1947年-5月18日)是一名英属印度的男演员,于1973年搬至澳大利亚。较著名的是在1974年的电影《Stone》中饰演「蟾蜍」和1979年的「冲锋飞车队系列电影」《迷雾追魂手》中饰演暴走族反派「断指老大」托卡特,而获得澳大利亚电影学院奖最佳男配角。2015年,他再度于「冲锋飞车队系列电影」的第四部电影《疯狂麦斯:愤怒道》中饰演大反派不死老乔。此外,2001年和2004年时,拜伦还出演过电视剧《遥远星际》。


Early life.

Platten was born on May 20, 1981, in New York City to Paul and Pamela Platten, and grew up in Newton Centre, Massachusetts and attended the Mason-Rice Elementary School. She was raised Jewish. She has a younger sister, Melanie. Platten studied classical piano from the age of 5 and then took up guitar in high school. She attended Buckingham Browne and Nichols high school, where she sang in the school's singing group. At Trinity College, she was a member of the Trinity College Trinitones, the college's first all-female a cappella group.  As a part of a study abroad program, she went to Trinidad to do an internship at a diplomat's office and at a record label. While she was there, she sang backup for a friend's band in front of over 80,000 people at the International Soca Monarch finals in 2002. According to Platten, from that moment on she knew she had to pursue music full-time.  Platten graduated from Trinity College with a degree in political science in 2003. She then moved to New York City's Greenwich Village performing in a Prince and Sly and the Family Stone cover band called Dayz of Wild. She performed her solo music around the Village and eventually began touring the country.  She has worked with numerous charities: Musicians on Call (where she sings bedside to hospital patients) for 11 years, Music Unites, Ryan Seacrest Foundation, and Live Below the Line, a call to end world poverty.

Career.

2011–2014: "Be Here".

Her first album, "Be Here", was released from Rock Ridge Music in 2011 due to the 2003 album Trust in Me cannot appear. Her 2011 single "1,000 Ships" peaked at number 24 on the US "Billboard" Adult Top 40 chart, also playing at various radio stations. An earlier song, "Seven Weeks", was used for the film "The Good Guy". The theme song for ABC Family's "Jane by Design", "Work of Art" was performed by Platten on hire. Her song "Begin Again" was used in the hit ABC Family TV show "Pretty Little Liars" 100th episode "Miss Me x 100". Her song "Don't Care What Time It Is" was used in VH1's "Basketball Wives". Her song "You're Safe" was used in MTV's "Finding Carter" in September 2014. On June 27, 2014, Platten debuted "Fight Song" on the music social network We Heart It as part of an artist spotlight.

2015–2017: "Wildfire".

On February 19, 2015, Platten released "Fight Song" from "Wildfire". The song has been used in various media, as well as serving the official anthem for the 2016 Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton. It reached number six on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, number two on the Australian Singles Chart, number six in Ireland, number eight in New Zealand, number nine on the "Billboard" Canadian Hot 100 and number one on the UK Singles Chart. It has quintuple platinum sales in the US. Platten's 2015 "Fight Song EP" reached number 20 on the "Billboard" 200.  Platten served as a support act on Alex & Sierra's and Andy Grammer's "The Good Guys & A Girl Tour" in early 2015. She then toured with Colbie Caillat and Christina Perri on their "Girls Night Out, Boys Can Come Too Tour" throughout the summer of 2015.  On September 11, 2015, Platten released second single named "Stand by You" from "Wildfire". It has peaked in the top ten on charts in Canada and the United States, and has peaked in the top twenty on charts in Australia and Poland. The song has since been certified Platinum in the United States.  After the Orlando nightclub massacre, Platten announced that proceeds from the new acoustic version of her “Fight Song” will benefit the National Compassion Fund, working to support the needs of people impacted by the event.  In October 2016, Platten sang The Star Spangled Banner prior to Game 1 of the 2016 World Series between the Cleveland Indians and Chicago Cubs.  On New Year's Eve 2016, Platten co-headlined the Times Square Ball festivities in New York City's Times Square alongside Gavin DeGraw, where she performed "Fight Song", "Stand by You", "Beating Me Up", and John Lennon's "Imagine".  In 2017, Platten served as an opening act for two Los Angeles shows and one Las Vegas show on Faith Hill and Tim McGraw’s.

2017–2018: "Waves".

"Broken Glass", the lead single from her fourth studio album, "Waves", was released on August 18, 2017. The album was released on October 27, 2017.  In 2018, Platten was the main musical attraction at the Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular. Along with performing her singles "Stand By You", "Better Place", and "Fight Song", she also reminisced of her childhood in Boston.

2019: Tour.

Platten toured with the musical band Pentatonix as the opening act across North America May–July 2019, and she wrote a children's book titled "You Belong", named after her 2018 single.

Personal life.

On July 31, 2010, Platten married Kevin Lazan in a Jewish ceremony. In July 2018, Platten announced that they were expecting their first child, a girl. Platten gave birth to their daughter Violet Skye Lazan on January 26, 2019.

Rachel Ashley Platten (born May 20, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter and author. After releasing two albums independently in 2003 and 2011, she signed with Columbia Records in 2015 and released her debut single, "Fight Song", which peaked at number 6 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the United States, topped charts in the United Kingdom and peaked within the top ten of multiple charts worldwide. Platten won a Daytime Emmy Award for a live performance of the song on "Good Morning America". Her major-label debut studio album, "Wildfire" (2016), was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and featured the follow-up singles "Stand by You" and "Better Place". Her second major-label album, "Waves" (2017), peaked at number 73 in the United States of America.

瑞秋·艾希莉·普蕾顿(英语:Rachel Ashley Platten,1981年-5月20日)是一位美国流行乐歌手及作曲家。她最著名的是她的2015年单曲〈战斗之歌〉,这首单曲曾登上美国《告示牌》百强单曲榜第6名,以及《告示牌》数码单曲榜冠军,意味着这首歌在美国2015年6月28日这周是最佳销售单曲。另外,她也以她的2011年单曲〈1,000 Ships〉出名,这首歌曾登上美国《告示牌》40强成人音乐榜第24名。