Geography and hydrology.

The river is long and up to wide at its delta; with a total area of, the river basin covers more than 67% of West Kalimantan. The discharge rate varies through the year, averaging around at the delta and upstream, at the confluence of the Tawang River. The discharge peaks during the rainy seasons in April and November, during which the water level may rise by overnight, overflowing river banks and flooding the nearby areas.  The river originates near the center of Borneo, south from the Indonesian-Malaysian border, in the joint between the western slope of the Müller Mountain Range, which runs through the island center, and the southern slope of the Upper Kapuas Range (), which is located more to the west. For about it flows through a mountainous terrain and then descends to a marshy plain. There, the elevation decreases by only over from Putussibau to the river delta. About from the source, near the northern shore of the river, lies a system of Kapuas Lakes which are connected to the river by numerous channels. These lakes are Bekuan (area 1,268 hectares), Belida (600 ha), Genali (2,000 ha), Keleka Tangai (756 ha), Luar (5,208 ha), Pengembung (1,548 ha), Sambor (673 ha), Sekawi (672 ha), Sentarum (2,324 ha), Sependan (604 ha), Seriang (1,412) Sumbai (800 ha), Sumpa (664) and Tekenang (1,564 ha). When the monthly precipitation exceeds about, the river overflows its banks, diverting much of its waters to the lakes at a rate of up to, and forming a single volume of water with them. This outflow prevents massive flooding of the lower reaches of the river; it also promotes fish migration from the river to the lakes for spawning, but drives birds away from the lakes.  The river discharges into the South China Sea creating a marshy delta, which spreads both inland and into the sea, with the silt deposits extending up to from the Borneo coast. The delta is located west-southwest of Pontianak, the capital of West Kalimantan province, which lies at the equator. The delta has five arms, of which the northernmost one is the widest, and is therefore called the Big Kapuas (). The largest tributary is the Melawi River, which occurs to the left near the city of Sintang, about 465 km from the mouth. Other major tributaries are the Landak, Kubu, Punggur and Sekayam rivers.

Climate.

The climate is warm and very humid, with the average annual precipitation ranging from year to year between, and the number of rainy days between 120 and 309; the largest precipitation was observed in 1976 (120 rainy days) and the wettest in 1988, with only 184 rainy days. The temperature is rather stable with a typical minimum of and maximum of through the whole year.

Flora and fauna.

In the upper and middle reaches, the river flows through dense tropical forests; the rich flora and fauna are the subject of international research. Discoveries of new species are frequent, such as of the Kapuas mud snake ("Enhydris gyii"), which was discovered in 2003–2005 by German and American herpetologists. This species is remarkable in that it can spontaneously change its skin color, similar to the chameleon.  Otters and crocodiles are common in the Kapuas River, but frogs are nearly absent. Agile gibbons ("Hylobates agilis"), Müller's Bornean gibbons ("Hylobates muelleri"), Prevost's squirrels ("Callosciurus prevostii") and treeshrews inhabit the trees above the river.  There are two national parks on the river banks, Betung Kerihun with an area of 8,000 km and Danau Sentarum (area 1,320 km), the latter includes the Kapuas Lakes.

Fish.

About 300 species of fish have been identified in the river basin, of which 234 are of high economical value. This is more fish species than any other river basin in Indonesia. They belong to 120 genera and 40 families with the two major groups being cyprinids and catfish. More than 30% of the species originate from the sea and inhabit the delta areas. Among the economically important species are food fish such as "Pangasius" catfish, giant gourami, kissing gourami, snakeheads and large barbs ("Leptobarbus", "Puntioplites", "Tor" and others), and species from the aquarium trade such as the super red arowana and rasboras. Because of overfishing and habitat degradation, several species are threatened. Among these are the endangered arowana and white-edge freshwater whipray, and the wallago catfish, which formerly migrated in large groups in the Kapuas River.  Part of the high species diversity in the Kapuas is related to the many different habitats in the river basin. In the headwaters are fast-flowing highland streams, typically dominated by small loaches, and small —often acidic (blackwater)— forest streams and peat swamps with species such as the tiny "Sundadanio" rasboras and macropodusine gouramis. The main river itself also includes several habitats, ranging from the nearshore to open waters. In the deepest sections, no light exists and in one species, "Lepidocephalus spectrum", this has resulted in a complete reduction of both eyes and pigmentation (similar to cavefish). Owing to the warm climate and abundance of food, most fishes breed all through the year with only a few species like fire eel ("Mastacembelus erythrotaenia") having certain reproduction periods. The number of individuals per species is relatively low. The large variety of species may be explained by the fact that some 6,000 years ago, the Kapuas River, as a tributary of the Sunda River, was connected to other tributary rivers of South Sumatra, Java and Malay Peninsula. Apart from fish, there are numerous crabs, prawns, water striders and other aquatic insects. The rich flora and fauna results in very complex food chains, with fishes consuming foods ranging from fruits to other fish. For example, "Hemirhamphodon pogonognathus" feeds exclusively on terrestrial insects. Abundant fruits and seeds enter the river after falling from large trees which bend over its waters. The feeding habits of the fish in the Kapuas River are distributed as follows: 54% are omnivores; 36% are carnivorous and eat other fish (14%), insects (5%) and mixed small forest animals (17%). The remaining 10% are herbivorous, with 4% of them specialising in algae.

Transport and economic value.

The Kapuas River is the major waterway connecting the center of the island with its western coast. The large river width and depth (up to 27 meters) support intensive cargo and passenger shipping over most of the river length. Ships with a draft of up to 3 meters can navigate up to Sintang, 465 km from the mouth, and those with a draft up to 2 meters can reach the town of Putussibau (902 km from the mouth). Logging and rafting of timber occur all along the river. Fishing is also common, especially at the Kapuas Lakes and near the river delta. The Tayan Bridge, opened in 2016, crosses over the river and is the longest bridge in Kalimantan.

The Kapuas River (or Kapoeas River) is a river in the Indonesian part of Borneo island, at the geographic center of Maritime Southeast Asia. At in length, it is the longest river of Indonesia and one of the world's longest island rivers. It originates in the Müller mountain range at the center of the island and flows west into the South China Sea creating an extended marshy delta. The delta is located west-southwest of Pontianak, the capital of the West Kalimantan province. This Kapuas River should be distinguished from another Kapuas River, which starts on the other side of the same mountain range in central Borneo, but flows to the south, merging with the Barito River and discharging into the Java Sea.

卡普阿斯河()是印尼西加里曼丹省的河流,河道全长约1,143公里,除了是该国最长的河流、婆罗洲西部的主要河流外,它还是全球最长的岛上河流。


Tissue distribution.

Because the main function of bisphosphoglycerate mutase is the synthesis of 2,3-BPG, this enzyme is found only in erythrocytes and placental cells. In glycolysis, converting 1,3-BPG to 2,3-BPG would be very inefficient, as it just adds another unnecessary step. Since the main role of 2,3-BPG is to shift the equilibrium of hemoglobin toward the deoxy-state, its production is really only useful in the cells which contain hemoglobin- erythrocytes and placental cells.

Function.

1,3-BPG is formed as an intermediate in glycolysis. BPGM then takes this and converts it to 2,3-BPG, which serves an important function in oxygen transport. 2,3-BPG binds with high affinity to Hemoglobin, causing a conformational change that results in the release of oxygen. Local tissues can then pick up the free oxygen. This is also important in the placenta, where fetal and maternal blood come within such close proximity. With the placenta producing 2,3-BPG, a large amount of oxygen is released from nearby maternal hemoglobin, which can then dissociate and bind with fetal hemoglobin, which has a much lower affinity for 2,3-BPG.

Structure.

Overall.

BPGM is a dimer composed of two identical protein subunits, each with its own active site. Each subunit consists six β-strands, β A-F, and ten α-helices, α 1-10. Dimerization occurs along the faces of β C and α 3 of both monomers. BPGM is roughly 50% identical to its PGM counterpart, with the main active-site residues conserved in nearly all PGMs and BPGMs.

Mechanism of catalysis.

1,3-BPG binds to the active site, which causes a conformational change, in which the cleft around the active site closes in on the substrate, securely locking it in place. 1,3-BPG forms a large number of hydrogen bonds to the surrounding residues, many which are positively charged, severely restricting its mobility. Its rigidity suggests a very enthalpically driven association. Conformational changes cause His to rotate, partially aided by hydrogen bonding to His. His is brought in–line with the phosphate group, and then goes through an S2 mechanism in which His is the nucleophile that attacks the phosphate group. The 2’ hydroxy group then attacks the phosphate and removes it from His, thereby creating 2,3-BPG.

Bisphosphoglycerate mutase (BPGM) is an enzyme unique to erythrocytes and placental cells. It is responsible for the catalytic synthesis of 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. BPGM also has a mutase and a phosphatase function, but these are much less active, in contrast to its glycolitic cousin, phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM), which favors these two functions, but can also catalyze the synthesis of 2,3-BPG to a lesser extent.

二磷酸甘油酸变位酶(英语:Bisphosphoglycerate mutase,BPGM)是一种红细胞和胎盘细胞特有的酶。它负责催化1,3-二磷酸甘油酸(1,3-BPG)合成2,3-二磷酸甘油酸(2,3-BPG)。和糖酵解途径中的磷酸甘油酸变位酶(PGM)相比,BPGM也有变位酶和磷酸酶的功能,但是活性不高,其功能旨在促进2,3-BPG的生物合成。


Design.

With the passage of the Second Naval Law under the direction of "Vizeadmiral" ("VAdm"—Vice Admiral) Alfred von Tirpitz in 1900, funding was allocated for a new class of battleships, to succeed the ships authorized under the 1898 Naval Law. By this time, Krupp, the supplier of naval artillery to the "Kaiserliche Marine" (Imperial Navy), had developed quick-firing, guns; the largest guns that had previously incorporated the technology were the guns mounted on the "Wittelsbach"s. The Design Department of the "Reichsmarineamt" (Imperial Navy Office) adopted these guns for the new battleships, along with an increase from to for the secondary battery, owing to the increased threat from torpedo boats as torpedoes became more effective.  Though the "Braunschweig" class marked a significant improvement over earlier German battleships, its design fell victim to the rapid pace of technological development in the early 1900s. The British battleship —armed with ten 30.5 cm (12 in) guns—was commissioned in December 1906, just over a year after "Hessen" entered service. "Dreadnought"s revolutionary design rendered every capital ship of the German navy obsolete, including "Hessen" and her sister ships.  "Hessen" was long overall and had a beam of and a draft of forward. She displaced as designed and at Full load. Her crew consisted of 35 officers and 708 enlisted men. The ship was powered by three 3-cylinder vertical triple expansion engines that drove three screws. Steam was provided by eight naval and six cylindrical Scotch marine boilers, all of which burned coal. "Hessen"s powerplant was rated at, which generated a top speed of. She could steam at a cruising speed of.  "Hessen"s armament consisted of a main battery of four 28 cm SK L/40 guns in twin-gun turrets, one fore and one aft of the central superstructure. Her secondary armament consisted of fourteen 17 cm (6.7 inch) SK L/40 guns and eighteen SK L/35 quick-firing guns. The armament suite was rounded out with six torpedo tubes, all mounted in the hull below the waterline. One tube was in the bow, two were on each broadside, and the final tube was in the stern. "Hessen" was protected with Krupp armor. Her armored belt was thick; the heavier armor in the central portion protected her magazines and propulsion machinery, with thinner plating at either end of the hull. Her deck was thick. The main battery turrets had 250 mm of armor plating.

Service history.

Pre-war career.

"Hessen"s keel was laid down on 15 January 1902, at the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel under yard number 100. The third unit of her class, she was ordered under the contract name "L" as a new unit for the fleet. "Hessen" was launched on 18 September 1903; the vessel was christened by Princess Irene of Hesse, and her brother, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, gave a speech. The ship began shipyard sea trials on 16 May 1905, and was commissioned on 19 September. The "Kaiserliche Marine" then began its own sea trials on the ship, which was assigned to II Squadron of the Active Battle Fleet. Trials lasted until 4 March 1906, at which point "Hessen" joined her unit, bringing the squadron to its prescribed strength of eight battleships. The year was spent conducting squadron and fleet training exercises, including a summer cruise in July and August to Norwegian waters. During the fleet maneuvers held every autumn in late August and September, the fleet conducted landing operations at Eckernförde. Further exercises took place in the North Sea in November.  On 16 February 1907, the fleet was renamed the High Seas Fleet. Maneuvers in the North Sea followed in early 1907, which included a cruise to Skagen and mock attacks on the main naval base at Kiel. Further exercises followed in May and June, after which the fleet went on a cruise to Norway. After returning, "Hessen" went to Swinemünde in early August, where Czar Nicholas II of Russia met the German fleet in his yacht. Afterward, the fleet assembled for the maneuvers that were held every August and September. This year, the maneuvers were delayed to allow for a large fleet review, including 112 warships, for Kaiser Wilhelm II in the Schillig roadstead. In the autumn maneuvers that followed, the fleet conducted exercises in the North Sea and then joint maneuvers with the IX Army Corps around Apenrade. "Hessen" was the II Squadron winner of the Kaiser's "Schießpreis" (Shooting Prize) for excellent shooting; at the time, her gunnery officer was then-"Kapitänleutnant" (Captain Lieutenant) Adolf von Trotha. In November, the ship took part in unit training in the Kattegat. "Hessen" participated in fleet maneuvers in February 1908 in the Baltic Sea and more fleet training off Helgoland in May and June. In July, "Hessen" and the rest of the fleet sailed into the Atlantic Ocean to conduct a major training cruise. Prince Heinrich, the commander of the High Seas Fleet, had pressed for such a cruise the previous year, arguing that it would prepare the fleet for overseas operations and break up the monotony of training in German waters, though tensions with Britain over the developing Anglo-German naval arms race were high. The fleet departed Kiel on 17 July, passed through the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal to the North Sea, and continued on to the Atlantic. During the cruise, "Hessen" stopped at Santa Cruz de Tenerife in the Canary Islands. The fleet returned to Germany on 13 August. The autumn maneuvers followed from 27 August to 12 September. Later that year, the fleet toured coastal German cities as part of an effort to increase public support for naval expenditures. The next year—1909—followed much the same pattern as in 1908. Another cruise into the Atlantic was conducted from 7 July to 1 August, during which "Hessen" stopped in El Ferrol, Spain. While on the way back to Germany, the High Seas Fleet was received by the British Royal Navy at Spithead. Late in the year, Admiral Henning von Holtzendorff became the commander of the High Seas Fleet. His tenure as fleet commander was marked with strategic experimentation, owing to the increased threat posed by the latest underwater weapons like submarines and naval mines, and to the fact that the new s were too wide to pass through the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal. Accordingly, the fleet was transferred from Kiel to Wilhelmshaven on 1 April 1910.  In May 1910, the fleet conducted training maneuvers in the Kattegat, between Norway and Denmark. These were in accordance with Holtzendorff's strategy, which envisioned drawing the Royal Navy into the narrow waters in the Kattegat. The annual summer cruise went to Norway, and was followed by fleet training, during which another fleet review was held at Danzig on 29 August. A training cruise into the Baltic followed at the end of the year. In March 1911, the fleet conducted exercises in the Skagerrak and Kattegat. "Hessen" and the rest of the fleet received British and American naval squadrons in Kiel in June and July. The year's autumn maneuvers were confined to the Baltic and the Kattegat. During fleet exercises on 23 August 1911, "Hessen" accidentally rammed and sank the Danish steamer. The crew of the steamer was rescued and there were no reported injuries; "Hessen" herself was undamaged in the collision. Another fleet review was held during the exercises for a visiting Austro-Hungarian delegation that included Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Admiral Rudolf Montecuccoli.  In February, during the very cold winter of 1911–1912, "Hessen" was employed as an emergency icebreaker in the Little Belt to rescue ships that were threatened by the heavy ice. In mid-1912, due to the Agadir Crisis, the summer cruise only went into the Baltic to avoid exposing the fleet during the period of heightened tension with Britain and France. In July 1913, "Hessen" collided with the torpedo boat. The torpedo boat suffered significant damage and three of its crew were killed, though it did not sink. The boat, along with the rest of her crew, was towed back to Kiel. "Hessen" was not significantly damaged in the accident. The annual summer cruise for 1913 returned to Norwegian waters, as did the cruise the following year. The year 1914 began quietly, with the only event of note being "Hessen"s visit to Sonderburg on 2 May to participate in the 50th anniversary celebrations commemorating the Battle of Dybbøl of the Second Schleswig War.

World War I.

Beginning in late 1909, the navy had begun to replace the oldest pre-dreadnought battleships with the more modern dreadnought battleships, starting with the "Nassau" class. As part of this process, "Hessen" was scheduled to be withdrawn into the reserve on 26 August 1914, with her place in II Squadron taken by the new dreadnought, but the rising tensions in Europe during the July Crisis, which led to the outbreak of World War I, interrupted that plan. "Hessen" therefore remained in service with the squadron, the oldest battleship in service with the main fleet. Following Germany's entry into the war in early August, "Hessen" and the rest of the squadron were sent to the Altenbruch roadstead to support the defense of the German Bight at the mouth of the Elbe. In October, the squadron went to the Baltic for maneuvers, and while transiting the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal on 26 October, she ran aground and had to be pulled free by tugboats. The squadron returned to the North Sea on 17 November, having completed the training exercises.  II Squadron joined the rest of the High Seas Fleet for offensive operations against Britain. The first of these was the raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby on 15 December. The battlecruisers of the I Scouting Group attacked the towns in an attempt to lure out part of the British Grand Fleet, while the battleships of the High Seas Fleet waited in support in the hopes of ambushing and destroying any British forces that sortied out. During the night of 15–16 December, the German battle fleet of twelve dreadnoughts and eight pre-dreadnoughts came to within of an isolated squadron of six British battleships. Skirmishes between the rival destroyer screens convinced the German commander, Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl, that he was confronted with the entire Grand Fleet, and so he broke off the engagement and turned for home.  "Hessen" was in the shipyard in Kiel for maintenance from 22 February 1915 to 6 March, after which she returned to guard duties off Altenbruch, starting on 10 March. Squadron exercises in the Baltic took place from 18 March to 1 April, and further short periods of maintenance in Kiel followed on 17–18 May, 29–30 May, and 4–26 June; during the last stay, she had supplementary oil-burning equipment installed for her boilers. She spent the rest of the year in the North Sea, taking part in sorties on 11–12 September and 23–24 October. From 6 to 23 December, she went to Wilhelmshaven for maintenance, which was followed by squadron training in the Baltic from 25 December to 20 January 1916. She immediately went to the Reiherstiegwerft in Hamburg for more repair work, which lasted from 22 January to 15 March. On 26 March, after more Baltic exercises, "Hessen" was pronounced ready for further offensive operations.  On 5 April, the "Admiralstab" (Admiralty Staff) determined that ships of II Squadron should be periodically sent to guard the Danish straits. "Hessen" performed this duty from 10 to 20 April, when she was replaced by. "Hessen" returned to the North Sea, and was present for another attack on the British coast on 24–25 April. This time, the battlecruisers bombarded Yarmouth and Lowestoft. During this operation, the battlecruiser was damaged by a British mine and had to return to port prematurely. Visibility was poor, so the operation was quickly called off before the British fleet could intervene and inflict further losses. "Hessen" relieved "Preussen" in the straits on 4 May, remaining there until the 20th. She returned to the rest of the squadron at Altenbruch on 23 May to begin preparing for the next major fleet operation.

Battle of Jutland.

"Hessen" took part in the Battle of Jutland on 31 May–1 June 1916. "Hessen" and the five ships of the formed II Battle Squadron, under the command of "Konteradmiral" ("KAdm"—Rear Admiral) Franz Mauve. On 31 May, at 02:00 CET, "VAdm" Franz von Hipper's battlecruisers of I Scouting Group steamed out towards the Skagerrak, followed by the rest of the High Seas Fleet an hour and a half later. During the "Run to the North", Scheer ordered the fleet to pursue the British V Battle Squadron at top speed. The slower "Deutschland"-class ships quickly fell behind the faster dreadnoughts. By 19:30, the Grand Fleet had arrived on the scene, confronting Scheer with significant numerical superiority. The German fleet was severely hampered by the presence of the slower "Deutschland"-class ships; ordering an immediate turn towards Germany would have sacrificed the slower ships.  Scheer decided to reverse the course of the fleet with the "Gefechtskehrtwendung", a maneuver that required every unit in the German line to turn 180° simultaneously. The six ships of II Battle Squadron, having fallen behind, could not conform to the new course following the turn, and fell back to the disengaged side of the German line. Mauve considered moving his ships to the rear of the line, astern of III Battle Squadron dreadnoughts, but decided against it when he realized the movement would interfere with the maneuvering of Hipper's battlecruisers. Instead, he attempted to place his ships at the head of the line.  Late in the day, "Hessen" and the "Deutschland"-class ships performed a vital blocking action that covered the withdrawal of the German battlecruisers. Vice Admiral David Beatty's battlecruisers had attacked the German ships in the darkness, which had turned westward to evade their attackers, and Mauve had continued in a southerly course, which placed his ships between the British and German battlecruisers. The British battlecruisers turned their attention to the pre-dreadnoughts, which in turn altered their course to the southwest in order to bring all of their guns to bear on the British ships. In the darkness, only muzzle flashes from the British ships could be seen; as a result "Hessen" and the other II Squadron ships held their fire.  At approximately 03:00 on 1 June, a group of British destroyers launched a torpedo attack against the German battle line. At 03:07, "Hessen" narrowly avoided a torpedo, but directly ahead, was struck by at least one at 03:10. The torpedo is believed to have detonated one of the ship's 17 cm (6.7 in) shell magazines, destroying the ship. Aboard "Hessen", it was assumed that a submarine had destroyed "Pommern"; at 03:12 "Hessen" fired her main battery at an imagined submarine. She and several other battleships engaged imaginary submarines again at 05:06, and again at 05:13. Gunfire from "Hessen" and during the latter incident nearly hit the light cruisers and ; Scheer ordered them to cease fire. At 06:55, "Hessen" and mistook a mine buoy dropped by the battleship for a periscope and attacked it. In the course of the battle, "Hessen" had fired five 28 cm rounds, thirty-four 17 cm shells, and twenty-four 8.8 cm rounds. She was not damaged in the engagement.

Later operations.

The experience at Jutland proved that the pre-dreadnoughts of II Squadron were a hindrance to the more modern units of the fleet, and so the "Admiralstab" decided that the ships should be withdrawn from service, as their crews could be used more effectively elsewhere. "Hessen" spent the remainder of 1916 alternating between guard duty off Altenbruch and the Danish straits. On 18 November, she went to Krautsand to assist the dreadnought, which had run aground there. Starting in December, "Hessen" was employed as a target ship in the Baltic; this was to be her last active service during the war. On 12 December, she was decommissioned and disarmed, after eleven years of service with the fleet.  "Hessen" was thereafter used as a depot ship in Brunsbüttel for I Submarine Flotilla, along with the old coastal defense ship. While in reserve at Brunsbüttel, "Hessen" was jokingly referred to as SMS "Kleinste Fahrt" (SMS "Shortest Voyage") because of a warning that had been painted on the ship's hull. The ship's four 28 cm guns were re-mounted as railroad guns and employed on the Western Front. The Australian Army captured one of the guns on 8 August 1918; it is preserved as the Amiens Gun at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra, Australia.

Reichsmarine and Kriegsmarine.

Following the German defeat in World War I, the German navy was reorganized as the "Reichsmarine" according to the Treaty of Versailles. The new navy was permitted to retain eight pre-dreadnought battleships under —two of which would be in reserve—for coastal defense. "Hessen" was among the battleships retained, initially as one of the vessels in reserve. After being refitted, rearmed, and slightly modernized, "Hessen" returned to service with the "Reichsmarine" on 5 January 1925. She received her old gun armament back, with the exception her tertiary battery; she received only four of the 8.8 cm guns, with another four in high-angle anti-aircraft mounts. Four torpedo tubes were installed in above-water casemates in the main deck. Her coal-fired cylindrical boilers were replaced with a pair of new oil-fired models. After spending the first half of the year conducting sea trials and individual training, "Hessen" joined the fleet for a voyage to Norway in June, reminiscent of the old peacetime summer cruises of the Imperial fleet. Fleet training exercises followed later in the year.  At the start of 1926, "Hessen" was tasked with clearing paths for merchant vessels in the iced-over Baltic. She also made visits to the ports of Libau, Latvia, and Reval, Estonia, during this period. The ship joined the pre-dreadnought, the flagship of "VAdm" Konrad Mommsen, for a trip to Spain that lasted from 12 May to 19 June. During the cruise, "Hessen" visited the Canary Islands and Cape Verde in the central Atlantic. In July, "Hessen" and the torpedo boat "T190" visited Neufahrwasser; they were the first German warships to visit Danzig since Germany lost control of the city to Poland after the war. The next two years passed uneventfully, and in July 1928, "Hessen" visited Norway with Admiral Hans Zenker, the chief of the "Reichsmarine", aboard. Another cruise to Spain took place from 18 April to 9 May 1929, with "VAdm" Iwan Oldekop flying his flag aboard "Schleswig-Holstein". "Hessen" visited Caramiñal, Vilagarcía, and Ferrol, Spain, during the trip. "Hessen" steamed to Stockholm, Sweden, on 30 August, remaining there until 5 September.  A major fleet training cruise to the Mediterranean Sea took place in 1930, lasting from 3 April to 16 June. During the tour, "Hessen" stopped in numerous ports, including Vigo, Alicante and Cadiz in Spain, Palermo and Syracuse in Sicily, and Venice, Italy. Following the fleet training exercises in August and September that year, she visited Kristiansand, Norway. The fleet visited Świnoujście, Poland, on 18 and 19 April 1931 before returning to Hamburg. She cruised off Norway from 15 June to 3 July. At some point in 1931, "Hessen" had two of her 17 cm guns and all four of the low-angle 8.8 cm guns removed. The following year, she visited Gotland, Oslo, and Danzig, and in 1933 she made another trip to Reval. "Hessen" paid a visit to Bergen and Sognefjord, Norway, in July 1934 before participating in what would be her final annual fleet maneuvers later that year. She departed Kiel on 25 September and steamed to Wilhelmshaven, where she was decommissioned on 12 November. Her crew were sent to the new armored ship, which replaced "Hessen" in the fleet.  On 31 March 1935, "Hessen" was struck from the naval register and converted into a target ship. Her armament was removed, the hull was lengthened, and new machinery was installed. The longer hull allowed room for two additional watertight compartments, which brought the number up to 15 from the original 13. The ship's superstructure was cut down nearly entirely; "Hessen" retained only a single funnel, a tower foremast, and the two armored barbettes for the main battery turrets. Her reciprocating machinery was replaced with steam turbines. The ship had a crew of 80, but could be operated by remote control when being used as a target. The work lasted from 11 April 1935 to 1 April 1937; beginning in April, she conducted sea trials, and on 12 July she was formally assigned to the gunnery training unit, in what had previously been renamed the "Kriegsmarine". The first ship to use "Hessen" as a target was the light cruiser on 30 August that year.  "Hessen" served in this capacity through World War II. On 31 March 1940, "Hessen" acted as an icebreaker for the auxiliary cruisers,, and, on their trip from Kiel to the North Sea. She and her control ship, the ex-destroyer "Blitz", were ceded to the Soviet Union on 2 January 1946 in Wilhelmshaven. She was recommissioned on 3 June 1946 as "Tsel" (with "Blitz" being renamed "Wystrel"), and continued to operate as a target ship until she was scrapped in 1960.

SMS "Hessen" was the third of five pre-dreadnought battleships of the. She was laid down in 1902, was launched in September 1903, and was commissioned into the German "Kaiserliche Marine" (Imperial Navy) in September 1905. Named after the state of Hesse, the ship was armed with a battery of four guns and had a top speed of. Like all other pre-dreadnoughts built at the turn of the century, "Hessen" was quickly made obsolete by the launching of the revolutionary in 1906; as a result, she saw only limited service with the German fleet.

黑森号战列舰()为德意志帝国海军所建造的五艘不伦瑞克级前无畏战列舰的第三艘,以当时的黑森大公国命名。它于1902年开始进行,翌年,并于1905年投入舰队服役。其姊妹舰还包括有不伦瑞克号、艾尔萨斯号、普鲁士号和洛特林根号。与世纪之交建造的所有其它前无畏舰一样,黑森号随着无畏号于1906年下水而迅速被淘汰,因此,它在德国舰队中的运用十分有限。


Description.

Mourning geckos measure 8.5-10 cm in length. Like many of its family, it is cryptically coloured, typically light to dark tan with dark spots down the length of its back and a brown strip from the ear to the tip of the nose. Mourning geckos are capable of firing up/down to change their color, and so the same individual may appear light or dark at different times during the day.  Mourning geckos are cathemeral, and can be heard and observed chirping at and chasing one another at virtually any time of day or night.  This species is notable because it is parthenogenic, which means that males are not necessary for reproduction. As such, while males do exist, they are very rare and often sterile. Females lay 1-2 eggs at a time, and glue them to surfaces in protected locations. Clutches are laid every 4-6 weeks.

Distribution.

This species is widespread in coastal regions of the Indian and Pacific oceans, including the Maldives, Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar, Malaysia, Hawai'i, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Japan, Taiwan, China, Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Australia (Cocos Island), Western Samoa, Guam, the Society Islands, Pitcairn, and the Mascarene Islands.  It has been introduced widely in the Neotropics, including in Mexico, Brazil, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador (including the Galapagos), Colombia and Chile, as well as to the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean.

Diet.

Mourning geckos are omnivorous. In the wild, they eat a varied diet of insects, fruit, and pollen. In captivity they will typically eat tiny calcium-dusted insects and crested gecko diet.

Captivity.

Because they are parthenogenic, mourning geckos breed very well in captivity, and most pet mourning geckos are captive-bred. Their care requirements are relatively simple, and because of their social nature, they can make amusing pets.

Lepidodactylus lugubris, known as the mourning gecko or common smooth-scaled gecko, is a species of lizard, a gecko of the family Gekkonidae.

哀鳞趾虎(学名:)又名-{zh-cn:鳞趾虎;zh-tw:哀鳞趾虎;}-、鳞趾蝎虎,为壁虎科鳞趾虎属的爬行动物。分布于斯里兰卡、印度、东南亚、印澳群岛、澳大利亚、太平洋岛屿、巴拿马、哥伦比亚西海岸、台湾岛等地。该物种的模式产地在南太平洋塔希提岛。


Early life.

Born in Lagos, Nigeria, Shittu moved to England when he was seven years old and raised in the "tough area of London’s East End". Growing up as "one of seven brothers and sisters", Shittu started out his football career in the youth team of Carshalton Athletic of the Isthmian League, but struggled and was released. Shittu grew up idolising former England and Arsenal defender Sol Campbell, who Shittu grew up just down the road from in the East End.  Shittu was a childhood friend of rapper Dizzee Rascal, who described Shittu as "like a big brother". At sixteen, having done well in school, (which Shittu recalled: "I went to study business and finance after I did my GCSEs,’ he says. ‘I liked it and I did well. I passed it easily and I was thinking I’d like to go on to university and study computer science, but I started getting these thoughts about football"), Shittu revealed that Fulham offered him a two-year YTS contract, but said: "I said I’d be back, but up until today I never turned up."  When he was seventeen years old, Shittu was on the verge of going to university, studying computer science for a degree. However, Shittu decided against going to university, having realised that: ‘I can’t work in an office all my life – I’m going to be a footballer’’ and had ambitions by becoming a professional footballer. Shittu wrote letters to over 92 clubs for a trial, but three clubs responded with a no. But Charlton Athletic gave him a one-week trial after convincing the club’s academy that he was good enough in a "20 minutes phone call". Eventually, his one-week trial at Charlton Athletic turned into a six-week trial, leading him to sign a one–year professional contract with them and begin to play football seriously.

Club career.

Early career.

Shittu started his career at Charlton Athletic, after a trial at Norwich City as a teenager. Shittu started in 28 games for Charlton scoring a record 14 goals as a centre back.  Two years after joining Charlton Athletic, Shittu signed a contract extension with the club, keeping him until 2003. Soon after signing a contract extension with the club, Shittu was loaned out to Blackpool and scored on his debut on 22 February 2001, in a 2–0 win over Lincoln City. He then scored his second goal for the club on 30 April 2001, in a 3–2 win over Barnet. At the end of the season, Shittu appeared two times for the side in the Football League Third Division play-off before returning to his parent club, having "met the maximum number of days allowed" at Blackpool and the club was promoted after beating 4–2 Leyton Orient in the play-off finals. During his time there, Shittu became a first team regular at Blackpool and became the club's fan favourite.  In the summer of 2001, Shittu was linked with a move away from Charlton, with Blackpool keen on signing him, but the move never materialised. But instead in October 2001, he was loaned out to Queens Park Rangers.

Queens Park Rangers.

Shittu's debut for Rangers as a loanee, away at Peterborough on 23 October 2001 in a Football League One fixture, was rather inauspicious ending in his being sent off in the 83rd minute.<ref name="Games played by Danny Shittu in 2001/2002"></ref> His first goal came away at Chesterfield on 15 December 2001 in a game in which he was again sent off.  QPR acquired his services permanently for £350,000 in January 2002. He was bought by brothers Alex and Matt Winton, who also paid Shittu's wages during his first season at the club. His first game as a permanent player was the home fixture with Bury on 12 January 2002, which saw QPR win 3–0. Shittu then scored his first QPR goal as a permanent player on 1 April 2002, in a 3–2 win over Notts County. At the end of the 2001–02 season, Shittu went on to make twenty–seven appearances and scoring three times in all competitions.  Shittu went on to have a very successful spell at Loftus Road becoming a fan's favourite for his robust and combative performances in the heart of the defence. In the 2002–03 season, Shittu started the season well when he scored his first goal of the season, in a 4–0 win over Mansfield Town on 7 September 2002 and scored again two weeks later, on 17 September 2002, in a 3–-0 win over Huddersfield Town. It wasn't until on 2 February 2003, Shittu scored again, in a 4–2 win over Chesterfield. Shittu then went on to score three more goals between 15 February 2003 and 4 March 2003, against Port Vale, Swindon Town and Huddersfield Town. Shittu scored an opening goal in the derby on 19 April 2003, in a 2–0 win over Brentford. Despite missing out three matches, due to a groin injury sustained in November, He went on to be a part of the team that made it to the Division Two play-off Final in 2003 where Rangers were narrowly beaten by Cardiff and the team that won promotion the following season. He made a total of 182 appearances in four seasons and scored 17 goals.  In the 2003–04 season, Shittu continued to be a first team regular for the side until he suffered a knee injury that kept him out for months in late–September, which he sustained during a 2–0 win over Sheffield United in the League Cup. It wasn't until on 24 November 2003 when he returned to the first team, coming on as a second substitute, in a 3–0 win over Plymouth Argyle. Following this, Shittu regained his first team place once again until he suffered a knee injury that kept him out of the season. At the end of the 2003–04 season, Shittu went on to make twenty–four appearances in all competitions and the club were promoted to the Championship after finishing second.  Ahead of the 2004–05 season, Shittu regained his fitness when he returned to training and hoped he returned to action. However, Shittu continued to be in the sidelined for the side. It wasn't until on 18 September 2004 when he returned to the first team, coming on as a substitute in the 78th minutes, in a 3–2 win over Brighton & Hove Albion. After the match, Shittu later credited England Rugby player Lawrence Dallaglio as an inspiration to recover his injury. However, in October, Shittu suffered a medial knee ligament during a 1–0 win over West Ham United, resulting him out for six weeks. After returning to the first team the following month, Shittu scored his first goal of the season on 27 November 2004, in a 1–0 win over Cardiff City, which turns out to be a winning goal and scored again on 28 December 2004, in a 1–0 loss against Crewe Alexandra. Shittu went on to score two more goals later in the 2004–05 season against Ipswich Town and Sunderland. As the 2004–05 season, Shittu managed to regained his first team place since returning from injury and went on to make thirty–seven appearances and scoring four times in all competitions.  In the 2005–06 season, Shittu received a red card in the 54th minutes for a foul, in a 3–0 loss against Coventry City on 20 August 2005. After serving a one match ban, Shittu returned to the first team from suspension and then scored his first goal of the season, in a 1–1 draw against Southampton on 10 September 2005. Shittu went on to score two more goals by the end of 2005 against Preston North End and Watford. It wasn't until on 31 January 2006 when Shittu scored his fourth goal of the season, in a 3–2 loss against Leicester City. Despite missing out once in the league (in which he made forty–five appearance in the league), Shittu went on to make forty–six appearances and scoring four times in all competitions.  In the summer transfer window of 2006, Shittu became a subject of a transfer speculation from Premier League clubs, but the club won't sell him for less than £3 million. On 3 August 2006, Queens Park Rangers accepted a £1.5 million bid accepted from West Bromwich Albion, which the bid could rise to £3m, based on his performance.

Watford.

On 6 August 2006 he was signed for £1.6 million by Premiership newcomers Watford. This move was controversial, as Shittu had passed a medical at West Bromwich Albion, before a late call from Watford manager Aidy Boothroyd. Prior to the transfer move, Shittu hinted a move to the Premier League a year before in an interview with London Evening Standard.  Shittu made his Watford debut, where he made his first start and played the whole game, as well as, being booked, in a 2–1 loss against Everton. Since making his debut, Shittu became a first regular for the side in the Premier League despite being left out of the squad on several occasions and has been praised by the Watford supporters. Shittu scored his first goal for the club in a 2–2 draw against Newcastle United in the League Cup on 7 November 2006. He powered a header past Newcastle goalkeeper Steve Harper to give Watford the lead. However Watford went on to lose the match on penalties. In a 4–1 loss against Middlesbrough on 7 April 2007, Shittu set up a goal for Damien Francis to only goal for the club in the game. Shittu scored his first Premier League goal on 5 May 2007 in a 2–0 win at Reading. Despite missing out, due to injuries, Shittu went on to make twenty–four appearances and scoring two times in all competitions in his first season at Watford. For his performance, Shittu was nominated for the Watford Observer Player of the Season Trophy, but finished fourth instead.  Ahead of the 2007–08 season, Shittu was linked away from the club, but Manager Aidy Boothroyd keen on keeping him at Watford. Shittu continued to be a first team regular at the start of the season and scored his first goal of the season on 16 September 2007, in a 3–2 win over Southampton. Shittu then scored three goals in two matches between 24 November 2007 and 27 November 2007 against Barnsley (twice) and Burnley. On 29 December 2007, Shittu scored against his former club, Queens Park Rangers, in a 4–2 loss. Shittu also scored twice in the FA third round on 5 January 2008, in a 2–0 win over Crystal Palace, which his performance was praised by Manager Boothroyd. After missing out several matches throughout January, due to international commitment, Shittu then managed to score both for and against his former club, Charlton Athletic on 16 February 2008. Several weeks later, Shittu scored his seventh league goal of the season on 4 March 2008, in a 1–1 draw against Norwich City. After a successful 2007–08 season with Watford in which Shittu scored 9 goals in all competitions, he was named in the PFA Championship team of the year.  Following the club's failure reach promotion back to the Premier League, Shittu was linked a move away from Watford, with Rangers keen on signing him. Watford accepted a bid from Rangers for Shittu and expected the move to happen. However, the move collapsed over personal terms and wage problems. Despite this, Shittu remained keen on moving to Rangers. Shittu left Watford in August 2008 to join Premier League side Bolton Wanderers for a fee of £2m plus further add-ons. He made 69 appearances scoring 8 times for Watford between 2006–2008.

Bolton Wanderers.

Shittu joined Premier League club Bolton Wanderers on 6 August 2008, on a three-year contract, for £2m plus further add-ons, beating off competition from Scottish Premier League club Rangers. Upon joining Bolton Wanderers, Shittu said though he received offers abroad, he's keen on joining the club, citing playing in the Premier League once again.  Shittu made his debut for Bolton on 30 August during their 0–0 draw with West Bromwich Albion. He then went on to start the next two games against Fulham and Arsenal., but then did not make another appearance until 28 December in a 1–0 loss at home to Wigan Athletic. However, Shittu struggled to become a first team regular at Bolton Wanderers, spending the most of the season on a substitute bench and his own injury concern. But he stayed at the club after being linked with a loan move to Derby County, which was turned down. He continued to stay at the club throughout the season despite interests from Birmingham City, Newcastle United and Sunderland. At the end of the 2008–-09 season, Shittu went on to make 10 league appearances for Bolton in his first season at the club, nine of which were starts.  Ahead of the 2009–10 season, Shittu was linked a move away from the club and was expecting to leave in the summer transfer window. At one point, Shittu was on the verge of joining financially strugglers, Portsmouth. However, his move to Portsmouth broke down after Manager Gary Megson admitted the chances of moving went “impasse”. He also turned down a move to Sheffield United on loan. Shittu did not make a single appearance during the 2009–10 season, only managing to make four appearances as an unused substitute. During Shittu's absence from the Premier League, he made regular appearances for the Bolton reserves team, playing with the likes of Nicky Hunt before his release.  In May 2010, it was reported that Shittu was a target for Kayserispor of the Turkish league, with early reports suggesting that he was being offered a lucrative £1m a year contract. However, Shittu rejected the move, citing to stay in the UK. On 1 September 2010, the club announced that they had a come to an agreement with Shittu to release him from his contract. By the time of his departure, Shittu reportedly cost the club “more than £160,000 a game.”

Millwall.

After leaving Bolton Wanderers, Shittu was offered a trial at Celtic, the trial never went ahead, as Shittu reportedly refused a week trial by them. He signed for Millwall on a three-month contract, on 20 October 2010 and made his Millwall debut three days later, on 23 October 2010, in a 2–0 win over Derby County.  Since making his Millwall debut, Shittu made an impressive string of performances that Manager Kenny Jackett offered him a new contract in January. However, he left the club on 25 January 2011 after his 93 days contract at Millwall expired and expected to sign for Queens Park Rangers.

Return to Queens Park Rangers.

On 27 January 2011, Shittu rejoined Queens Park Rangers on a 6-month contract.  After appearing as unused substitute for the five matches since signing for the club, Shittu made his second debut for the club on 22 February 2011 in the 2–0 win over Ipswich Town. After the match, Shittu's performance, along with Fitz Hall, were praised by Manager Neil Warnock for keeping a clean sheet and hinted a partnership for games to come. However, in a 2–0 loss against Millwall on 8 March 2011, Shittu was sent–off in the second half for a professional foul, leading to a penalty scored by Liam Trotter. Although the match saw him received a mixed reception from Millwall supporters, Shittu was backed up his former teammate, Steve Morison, who believed that Shittu can bounce back following his sending off.  After impressive performances in the Championship winning season, Shittu was offered a new 12-month contract in June despite being on the substitute bench for several matches as the 2010–11 season progressed. The following month, Shittu signed a one–year contract with them. However, Shittu did not make the 25-man Premier League squad meaning he only appeared in Rangers' League Cup campaign. He was then released at the end of the season, making only one appearance the whole season.  Five years on, Shittu was later inducted to The Forever R's Club, considering the fact the club referred him as a “mountain man”.

Return to Millwall.

On 13 August 2012, Shittu rejoined Millwall on a 1-year contract following a successful trial. Upon joining the club, Shittu joined Millwall as a result of short of cover at centre-back following the injuries of Tamika Mkandawire and Paul Robinson.  Shittu made his second Millwall debut the next day on 11 April 2017 against Crawley Town in the first round of League Cup, where he came on as a substitute in the second half and played throughout extra time, leading to penalty shootout, as a result, Millwall went on to lose 4–1. After a rough start, having appeared as an unused substitute, Shittu regained his first team place and was then given a captaincy in absence of both captains Robinson and Trotter, in a match against Bristol City, which saw them drew 1–1 on 2 October 2012. In a 2–1 win over Bolton Wanderers on 6 October 2012, Shittu's performance throughout 90 minutes resulted him being named Man of the Match by the supporters. From that moment on, Shittu captained the side throughout the 2012–13 season and helped the side go 12 game unbeaten run along the way. On 25 January 2013, in the fourth round of the FA Cup, Shittu scored his first Millwall goal, in a 2–1 win over Aston Villa. On 13 March he scored the only goal, a header away to Blackburn Rovers to put Millwall into the FA Cup semi-final against Wigan Athletic at Wembley Stadium. Despite being sidelined twice, due to injury and suspension during the season Shittu finished the 2012–13 season, making forty–four appearances and scoring two times in all competitions. For his performance, Shittu was also voted player of the year for 2013. In addition, Shittu signed a two–year contract with the club, keeping him until 2015.  In the 2013–14 season, Shittu continued to remain as the club's captain in absent of Robinson, who still injured, and started for the first six league matches before dropped for two matches following his performance in a 5–1 loss against Derby County on 16 September 2013. But following Mark Beevers’ injury, Shittu returned to the first team as captain on 28 September 2013, in a 2–0 win over Leeds United. Shittu then scored his first goal of the season on 2 November 2013, in a 2–2 draw against Burnley. However, Shittu was demoted to the substitute in number of matches by the end of 2013 before his return to the first team on 26 December 2013 against Watford was short–lived when he received a red card in early first half, in a 4–0. However, towards the end of the season, Shittu was sidelined again that ruled him out for the rest of the season. Nevertheless, Shittu went on to make twenty–three appearances and scoring once in all competitions. Shittu was also awarded the Junior Lions Player of the Year at the end of the season.  The 2014–15 season saw Shittu continuing to rehabilitate his injury and didn't appear in the first team at the start of the season Nevertheless, Shittu did featured in the pre–season friendly match against Bromley on 21 July 2014 and then made his first appearance of the season on 12 August 2014, in a 1–0 win over Wycombe Wanderers in the first round of League Cup. Shittu then scored his first league appearance of the season on 25 October 2014, in a 1–0 win over Cardiff City. Two weeks later on 8 November 2014, Shittu scored again, in a 3–2 loss against Brentford. However, Shittu was dropped from the squad as the 2014–15 season progressed and never played again this season, spending time at the reserve instead. During the season, Shittu was awarded for the club's PFA Community Champion for 2013/14, as well as, the PFA Player in the Community at Football League Awards ceremony.  At the end of the season, making eleven appearances and scoring two times in all competitions, Shittu was among eighteen players to be released by the club following their relegation in the League One.

International career.

In March 2001, Shittu, just 19 at the time, received his first call up by the Nigeria for a friendly against Libya, but did not play. Shittu made his international debut for Nigeria against Paraguay on 26 March 2002, coming on as a second-half substitute, in a 1–1 draw. After several years absence from the international commitment, Shittu was called up by the national team for the first team in years.  He was a regular under coach Berti Vogts and played a significant role for the Super Eagles team that lost in the quarter-finals of the 2008 CAF Africa Cup of Nations to hosts Ghana. He was also in the back four for Nigeria at 2010 Africa Cup of Nations in Algeria as the side finished third.  Shittu was involved in the qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup making four appearances for the Super Eagles with his first coming in a 1–0 win away to South Africa on 6 June 2008. His second came in a 4–1 win at home over Sierra Leone. As well as the 0–0 draw away with Mozambique and the 1–0 home win in the reverse fixture.  Despite making no appearance for Bolton Wanderers in the 2009–10 season, Shittu was selected for the 23-man Nigeria squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. He made his first appearance in the World Cup in their opening game of Group B against Argentina on 12 June 2010. After appearing two times against South Korea and Madagascar, Shittu was eventually dropped from the squad in September 2010. Although he was called up by the national team a year later, Shittu remained out of the first team.  In January 2013, Shittu joined the Nigerian squad for the African Cup of Nations tournament. However, the club were unwilling to let Shittu joined up the side for the tournament and because of this, Millwall would face sanctions as a result. Eventually, Shittu was dropped out the squad following the 23-man squad was made and was reportedly not interested playing in the tournament. Shittu later reflected on his international career, stating that he's proud of the international caps he earned.

Personal life.

In addition outside of football, Shittu has run Eastside Academy in London since 2002. Shittu also has interests in business, which he inherited from his family and is trying to make it as an entrepreneur. In 2010, Shittu also responsible for opening a project called 'Dan Shittu's Soccer Star Football Talent Hunt', stating that he wanted to "see Young Stars live their dream".  During his time at Millwall, Shittu also spoke out against racism on two occasions.

Daniel Olusola Shittu (born 2 September 1980) is a Nigerian former footballer, after being released by Millwall in 2015. A centre back, he has made 346 appearances in the Premier League and Football League, including 190 for Queens Park Rangers.

丹尼·希图(英语:Daniel Olusola "Danny" Shittu,1980年-9月2日)是尼日尔利亚足球运动员,司职后卫。


History.

The earliest reference to the name "Sceveninghe" goes back to around 1280.  The first inhabitants may have been Anglo-Saxons. Other historians favour a Scandinavian origin. Fishing was the main source of food and income.  The Battle of Scheveningen was fought between English and Dutch fleets off the coast of the village on 10 August 1653. Thousands of people gathered on the shore to watch.  Montagu's flagship picked up the English king at Scheveningen in order to accomplish the Restoration.  A road to neighbouring The Hague was constructed in 1663 (current name: Scheveningseweg).  In 1470, a heavy storm destroyed the church and half the houses. The village was again hit by storms in 1570, 1775, 1825, 1860, 1881, and 1894. After this last storm, the villagers decided to build a harbour. Until then, the fishing boats had had a flat bottom ("bomschuiten"), and were pulled up the beach. By around 1870, over 150 of these boats were in use. Once the harbour had been constructed in 1904, more modern ships replaced the "bomschuiten".  In 1818, Jacob Pronk constructed a wooden building on a dune near the sea, from where people could bathe from four separate rooms. It marked the start of Scheveningen as a bathing resort. Since then, Scheveningen has attracted numerous tourists from all over Europe, notably from Germany.  The hotel and restaurant Kurhaus was opened in 1886.  The village attracted a number of Dutch artists over the centuries, who painted the "bomschuiten" drawn up on the beach, or fishermen at work in the North Sea. Notable painters who recorded the village include Adriaen van de Velde, Simon de Vlieger, and Hendrik Willem Mesdag, whose large panorama, 14 m high and 120 m wide, preserves the view of Scheveningen in 1881.  The International Skating Union was founded in Scheveningen in 1892.  Anecdotal evidence exists of the name "Scheveningen" being used as a shibboleth during World War II to identify German spies: they would pronounce the initial "Sch" differently from Dutch native speakers.  Contrary to popular belief, Scheveningen was never an independent municipality, but it has its own coat of arms, officially recognised by The Hague local council (proposal 136 of 23 March 1984); even in the Middle Ages, it was part of the same administrative region as The Hague; the region had a special status within the county of Holland because of the presence of the Count of Holland.  Nevertheless, Scheveningen always had a strong identity of its own. For instance, it had its own football club, playing in the highest Dutch division (its name was "Scheveningen Holland Sport"). In the course of the second half of the former century, this club was forced to merge with ADO Den Haag.  From 21 April 1960, the pirate radio station Radio Veronica broadcast its programmes from an anchorage in the North Sea about four miles off the Scheveningen coast, originally calling itself Vrije Radio Omroep Nederland (VRON); Free Radio Station [of the] Netherlands. It was joined by Radio Noordzee Internationaal in 1970 and the relaunched Radio Caroline in late 1972. When the Netherlands ratified the Treaty of Strasbourg on 1 September 1974, Veronica applied for legal status and became the VOO, Caroline moved anchorage to the English coast, and RNI closed down completely. Memorable episodes during this period included the stranding of Radio Veronica's ship, the "Norderney", which lost its anchor in a storm and ran aground on Scheveningen beach on 2 April 1973, and a firebomb attack on RNI's ship, the "Mebo II", on 15 May 1971.  Since the 1970s the population of the original Scheveningen changed as the fishing industry declined and some artists and professionals moved in. Most of the fisherman, captains and trawler owners houses were demolished. Some still remain and have been protected by the authorities including some of the original ‘hofjes’ which in this area are enclosed areas with small row houses on each side and are not accessible to cars such as the Hofje van de Lange.  Slobodan Milošević, the 3rd president of Serbia and Montenegro was found dead in his prison cell on 11 March 2006 while he was being held in the UN war crimes tribunal's detention center in Scheveningen.  Scheveningen is mentioned in the Jacques Brel song "Mon père disait", saying that when the North wind blows in Scheveningen, it feels as if the town has lost its anchor and gone adrift on the North Sea.

Culture.

In Scheveningen, a small number of predominantly elderly women are still wearing local Scheveningen costume. It is to be expected that this will soon be a thing of the past.  The local dialect, the Scheveningen dialect, is hardly spoken by young people anymore. Because of the closedness of the original village community, Scheveningen has many equal surnames. This led to the introduction of nicknames in local parlance in order to distinguish families better. For example, certain members from the Pronk family were known as 'the horse man', 'Piet the mouse', 'Born without a tooth' or 'Gerrit de sermon'. If you were a Pronk, a Scheveninger automatically asked 'who are you from?' to which the person addressed reacted with, for example, 'from the horse man'. Some common 'typical Scheveningen' family names are, for example, Bal, Dijkhuizen,Groen, Korving, Den Heijer, Knoester, De Niet, Plugge, Pronk, Rog, Spaans, Taal, Toet, Vrolijk, Zuurmond and Van der Zwan. Through the opening up of the fishing village from the beginning of the 20th century, this phenomenon has gradually become obsolete.

Events and attractions.

Annual events include: A visit to Scheveningen can include: Night life centres on Pathé Scheveningen movie theatre, and the sea-front boulevard with its bars, restaurants, gambling halls, and other entertainment.

Lighthouse.

The light beam flashes at alternate intervals of 2.5 and 7.5 seconds. The location is.

Subdistricts.

The subdistricts of district Scheveningen are:

Scheveningen is one of the eight districts of The Hague, Netherlands, as well as a subdistrict ("wijk") of that city. Scheveningen is a modern seaside resort with a long, sandy beach, an esplanade, a pier, and a lighthouse. The beach is popular for water sports such as windsurfing and kiteboarding.

斯海弗宁恩(Scheveningen,)位于荷兰南荷兰省海牙,是八个海牙地区之一,也是其次区(subdistricts,荷兰文"wijken")之一。


Early life and education.

A daughter of two music teachers, Fleming was born on February 14, 1959, in Indiana, Pennsylvania, and grew up in Churchville, New York.She has great-grandparents who were born in Prague and later emigrated to the US. Fleming attended Churchville-Chili High School under the tutelage of Rob Goodling who taught orchestra, chorus,

Career.

1980s.

Fleming began performing professionally in smaller concerts and with small opera companies while still a graduate student at Juilliard. She sang frequently in the "Musica Viva" concert series sponsored by the New York Unitarian Church of All Souls during the 1980s. In 1984 she sang nine songs by Hugo Wolf in the world premiere of Eliot Feld's ballet "Adieu", which she again performed in 1987 and 1989 at the Joyce Theater. In 1986 she sang her first major operatic role, Konstanze in "Die Entführung

1990s.

In 1990 she was once again honored by the Richard Tucker Music Foundation but this time with the highly coveted Richard Tucker Award. That same year she made her debut with Seattle Opera in her first portrayal of the title role in "Rusalka", a role that she has since recorded and reprised at many of the world's great opera houses. She also sang for the 50th anniversary of the American Ballet Theatre in their production of Eliot Feld's "Les Noces" and returned to the New York City Opera to sing both the Countess in "Le nozze di Figaro" and Micaëla in Bizet's "Carmen". She sang the title role in the U.S. premiere presentation of Donizetti's 1841 opera "Maria Padilla" with Opera Omaha. In addition, she sang the title role in Donizetti's "Lucrezia Borgia" with the Opera Orchestra of New York.  Fleming's first television appearance came in January 1991, singing the Cherry Duet from Mascagni's "L'amico Fritz" with Luciano Pavarotti on Live from Lincoln Center. Fleming made her Metropolitan Opera and San Francisco Opera debut portraying Countess Almaviva in "Le nozze di Figaro" in 1991. She was originally not scheduled to

2000s.

In 2000, Fleming appeared at the Metropolitan Opera, San Francisco Opera and at Covent Garden as the Marschallin in "Der Rosenkavalier" and sang the title role in Donizetti's "Lucrezia Borgia" with the Opera Orchestra of New York.  She appeared as Donna Anna in Mozart's "Don Giovanni" at the Salzburg Festival and at the Met. She performed with the Orchestra of St. Luke's, under Mark Elder as part of the PBS series "Live From Lincoln Center" and with the Boston Symphony Orchestra in Haydn's "Creation" under James Levine. In June of that year she sang at the installation of New York Archbishop Edward Egan.  As Desdemona in "Otello" she opened the 2001/02 Lyric Opera of Chicago season, Manon with the Paris Opera, the Marschallin with both the San Francisco Opera and the Met, and Arabella at both the Bavarian State Opera and the Met. She also sang in Verdi's "Requiem" twice, once with the London Symphony Orchestra and once with the New York Philharmonic. Fleming also sang at

2010–2014.

In a 2010 "Wall Street Journal" article, Fleming talked about her view of the battle between opera traditionalists and those who want to reinterpret the standards, siding – with some reservations – with the latter: "I'm not a reactionary. I've loved some of [these productions] when they've been well thought out. I have no problem with edgy, as long as it's not vulgar or disrespectful of the piece." She said her "classic" image meant that she was unlikely to be asked to perform in such productions. In the same interview, Fleming

2015–2019.

In January 2015, Fleming co-starred with Kelli O'Hara in a new production of the operetta "The Merry Widow" at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. The production was directed by Susan Stroman, the winner of five Tony Awards. In April 2015, Fleming made her Broadway debut in a new comedy by Joe DiPietro, "Living on Love", directed by Kathleen Marshall at the Longacre Theatre. Fleming played the role of an opera diva in the production, which also featured Douglas Sills, Anna Chlumsky and Jerry

Personal life.

Fleming has been married twice. Fleming married actor Rick Ross in 1989, and their marriage produced two daughters.

Non-classical recordings.

Fleming appeared as a special guest vocalist on Joe Jackson's 1994 album "Night Music" on the song "Lullaby". Fleming has released a number of recordings on the Decca label. In 2000 she was a guest artist alongside the cellist Julian Lloyd Webber and the violinist Gil Shaham on the album "Two Worlds" by Dave Grusin and Lee Ritenour. In 2005, Fleming recorded a jazz album with pianist Fred Hersch and guitarist Bill Frisell entitled "Haunted Heart". On June 8, 2010, Decca/Mercury released Fleming's album "Dark Hope", a collection of indie rock covers. The album was the idea of rock managers Peter Mensch and Cliff Burnstein; after listening to Fleming's performance of "In the Pines" on Elvis Costello's TV show "Spectacle", they approached Fleming and producer David Kahne. Fleming's "Dark Hope" album features covers of songs by Leonard Cohen, Band of Horses, Jefferson Airplane and others.

TV, radio and films.

2000s.

Fleming appeared on the children's show "Sesame Street" singing a lively rendition of "Caro nome" from "Rigoletto", replacing the traditional Italian text with lyrics intended to aid children learning to count. She performed several times on Garrison Keillor's public radio program "A Prairie Home Companion".  Fleming appears on the soundtrack of the 2003 film "" in which she sings in the fictional language Sindarin. The movie won 11 Academy Awards, including one for Best Picture. Fleming also sang on the soundtrack of the 2003 Disney release, "Piglet's Big Movie", performing the duet "Comforting to Know" with Carly

2010–2014.

Fleming was featured on the first episode of the second season of "HBO Masterclass". She led a master class in which she taught and mentored four aspiring college-aged singers.  On "Good Morning America" on June 8, 2010, Fleming performed a cover of Muse's "Endlessly" from their album "Absolution".  Fleming appears on the soundtrack of the 2011 Steven Spielberg animated film "" as the singing voice of opera diva Bianca Castafiore, singing Juliette's waltz from Gounod's "Romeo et Juliette". She recorded Alexandre Desplat's theme song "Still Dream" for the 2012 DreamWorks animated feature, "Rise of the Guardians".  On March 20, 2011, Fleming appeared in Grand Finale concert of the YouTube Symphony Orchestra with the Sydney Children's Choir, performing Mozart's "Caro bell'idol mio" K562, under the baton of Michael Tilson Thomas. In less than one week, the concert had 33 million online views.  On April 6, 2012, Fleming performed Broadway duets with Josh Groban on PBS's "Live at Lincoln Center". On June 4, 2012, Fleming performed at the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond

2015–2019.

On May 29, 2016, Fleming sang "How Can I Keep from Singing" to honor fallen service men and women in the National Memorial Day Concert held on West Lawn of the Capitol in Washington, D.C. The concert was broadcast on PBS.  In 2017, Fleming, in her capacity as creative consultant for the Lyric Opera of Chicago, conceived and served as artistic director of Chicago Voices, a festival and concert celebrating Chicago's vocal music legacy and featuring Kurt Elling, Lupe Fiasco, Jessie Mueller, John Prine, Michelle Williams, Terrance Howard and others. Fleming also hosted and performed in the concert, which has been broadcast nationwide on PBS's "Great Performances" and won three Midwest/Chicago Emmy awards.  In the 2017 film "Three

Music and health.

Fleming has been an advocate for the study of the relationship between music and health, as well as the utility of music in neuroscience research.  In 2016, Fleming was appointed Artistic Advisor for the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. In this capacity, Renée has spearheaded Sound Health, a collaboration between the Kennedy Center and the National Institutes of Health. Sound Health has brought together leading neuroscientists, music therapists and arts practitioners to better understand the impact of arts on the mind and body. In Sept. 2019, the NIH announced a commitment of $20 million to support research projects to explore the potential of music for treating

Philanthropy/advocacy.

On July 13, 2004, Fleming joined Elton John on stage at Radio City Music Hall to perform "Your Song" in the finale of his benefit concert for Julliard and the Royal Academy of Music.  Fleming has supported and served on the board of directors of Sing For Hope since the organization's inception in 2006. Sing For Hope is a nonprofit that brings music programs and performances to under-resourced schools, healthcare facilities, refugee camps, transit hubs, and public spaces.  On April 11, 2013, Fleming hosted and performed at the 20th anniversary gala of Classical Action, a program of Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS that raises funds for AIDS and family-service organizations nationwide.  On April 17, 2014, Fleming sang for the 25th Anniversary concert of the Rainforest Foundation Fund at Carnegie Hall, performing solo and "Là ci darem la mano" in a duet with Sting. The program also included Paul Simon, Stephen Stills, Patti Scialfa and James Taylor.  In 2015, Renee Fleming and Andrea Bocelli sang together for the first time ever at "Remembering Pavarotti", a benefit concert for pancreatic cancer research at the Music Center's Dorothy Chandler Pavilion on September 25.  Fleming has served on the board of trustees of Carnegie Hall, and as the artistic director of SongStudio, Carnegie's intensive program for emerging vocalists and pianists dedicated to the art of the song recital.  Fleming has been a member of the Artistic Advisory Board of the Polyphony Foundation, which brings Israeli youth together through the study and performance of music. Polyphony, through its executive director Naheel Abboud-Askar, has created a conservatory in Nazareth where Arab and Jewish students train together, and it has created music appreciation programs for Israeli kindergartens and elementary schools.

Renée Lynn Fleming (born February 14, 1959) is an American soprano, known for performances in opera, concerts, recordings, theater, film, and at major public occasions. Fleming has a full lyric soprano voice. She has performed coloratura, lyric, and lighter spinto soprano operatic roles in Italian, German, French, Czech, and Russian, aside from her native English. Her signature roles include Countess Almaviva in Mozart's "Le nozze di Figaro", Desdemona in Verdi's "Otello", Violetta in Verdi's "La traviata", the title role in Dvořák's "Rusalka", the title role in Massenet's "Manon", the title role in Massenet's "Thaïs", Tatyana in Tchaikovsky's "Eugene Onegin", the title role in Richard Strauss's "Arabella", the Marschallin in "Der Rosenkavalier", the Countess in "Capriccio", and Blanche DuBois in André Previn's "A Streetcar Named Desire".

芮妮·弗莱明 (英语:Renée Fleming,1959年-2月14日),著名美籍女高音歌唱家,除了主唱歌剧外,偶也演唱爵士乐作品。她被认为是现时最顶尖的抒情女高音,而她的美声和美貌令她成为各大歌剧院和音乐厅争相邀请的歌剧唱家。


History.

The site of the cathedral was originally the residence of the Viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces in the Qing dynasty. During the Second Opium War, the residence was completely destroyed and Viceroy Ye Mingchen was captured by the British. Based on the terms of an imperial edict issued by the Daoguang Emperor in February 1846 which promised compensation for churches destroyed and properties taken from the mission, the Société des Missions Etrangères de Paris obtained the site by signing an agreement with the Qing government on January 25, 1861. In his decree of approval, the Xianfeng Emperor wrote "from now on, war should be stopped and peace be sincerely kept forever".  With financial support from Napoleon III and donations from French Catholics, bishop Philippe François Zéphirin Guillemin, M.E.P. ), the first vicar apostolic of Guangdong, was in charge of the construction project. A French architect from Nancy,, was asked to design the cathedral, in collaboration with Charles Hyacinthe Humbert, also from Nancy, and Antoine Hermitte from Paris who together served as executive architects. Bishop Guillemin himself did not witness the completion of the cathedral, as he died at the age of 72 in Paris in 1886, two years before the cathedral was finished. The construction was then supervised by his successor, bishop Augustin Chausse, M.E.P. ().

Construction.

Construction of the foundation began on June 28, 1861, the Feast of the Sacred Heart, and concluded in 1863. On December 8, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, with surrounding Chinese houses and streets decorated, a grand ceremony was held, attended by the Viceroy of Liangguang, all senior Mandarins, a detachment of 300 Manchu troops, all consuls in Canton as well as the missionaries and a score of priests. The bishop and the consul of France, Baron Gilbert de Trenqualye, delivered speeches. Two foundation stones were blessed and laid. The words "Jerusalem 1863" were engraved on the east one and "Roma 1863" on the west one, in reference to the Catholic Church's origin in Jerusalem in the east and evolution in Rome in the west. One kilogram of soil taken from Rome and one stone from Jerusalem were laid under the respective foundation stones.  The construction of the cathedral turned out to be very challenging, mostly because of its all-granite structure and the lack of machinery, which meant the cathedral had to be built by hand. None of the Chinese workers at that time had seen a western cathedral before, not to mention had any experience of building one. Communication was another major problem when the French and the Chinese didn't speak the other language. The construction progress was slow for the first few years. Eventually the French employed a Chinese named Cai Xiao () from Jiexi County as foreman. Cai had many years of experience in building stone houses in his hometown, which enabled him to bring in a lot of unique and creative methods. He barely left the site since being employed. The construction of the cathedral took most of his youth but was able to be finished in his lifetime.  The cathedral was constructed at a time when most local Cantonese, after suffering from the First and Second Opium Wars, still remained xenophobic. Tensions between the two sides often existed and conflicts and disputes were often solved by the bishop or the French consul taking the matters directly to senior officials in the province or Peking. On August 11, 1880, a fire broke out in the houses just outside the church's fence. Local residents tried to get water from wells located within the boundary of the cathedral's construction site, but they were denied by the workers. The argument turned into a fight and several people were injured in the subsequent crackdown by the Qing government. In the end the dispute was solved as the local community compensated the church for the allegedly damaged houses and stolen property in the chaos.  Due to the site chosen by the church, construction of the cathedral as well as its affiliated school, hospital and orphanage required the demolition of many houses and relocation of local residents. Meanwhile, in the 19th century, almost all houses in Canton were no more than 2 storeys high, so the high-rise cathedral and its pointed twin spires created an unusual scene among the city's skyline, which locals feared would influence the city's feng shui and consequently bring misfortune and disasters to its people. This resulted in more suspicion and resentment towards the church.  The cathedral was mostly funded by Napoleon III. When bishop Guillemin met him in Paris in 1858, the emperor, urged by his wife Eugénie, offered a personal grant of 500,000 francs. In 1873, a bill was passed in the National Assembly of France with 491 ayes against 100 nays, allocating another 75,000 francs to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to be used on the cathedral.  The cathedral was finished in 1888 after 25 years of construction.

Architecture.

The facade of the cathedral was modelled on the Basilica of St. Clotilde in Paris and its nave and apse were inspired by the Toul Cathedral. The cathedral features a nave of 28.2 metres high, flanked by two lower aisles and 14 small side-chapels. With a floor area of 2,924 square metres, it is the largest Roman Catholic church in the Guangzhou archdiocese and the largest cathedral in the Gothic style in China and Southeast Asia. The cathedral is 32.85 metres wide, 77.17 metres long, and the twin towers rise 52.76 metres high. The west tower is a clock tower while the east tower serves as a bell tower, inside which there used to be five large bells shipped in from France in the 19th century, although nowadays only four remain as one was given to a local church in Guangxi province in the early 1980s.  The cathedral, like most of the great Gothic cathedrals of Europe, is built of solid masonry. It is one of the few churches in the world to be entirely built of granite, including all the walls, pillars and the twin towers. The stones were extracted from the quarries of the Four hills of Kowloon and were transported from Kowloon, Hong Kong by sailing ships.

Repairs.

Since its completion in 1888, the cathedral has undergone three major repairs. The first time was in the 1920s and 1930s, when then Bishop Antoine-Pierre-Jean Fourquet, M.E.P. (), replaced the timber roof, beams and steel staircases with concrete ones. A second repair took place after the Cultural Revolution in the 1980s. Recently between 2004 and 2006 the largest repair works were carried out. The church paid ¥3 million and local Catholics donated about ¥2 million for the ¥26 million project, while the rest was covered by the local government. The aim of the restoration was to solve the problem of leakage by rebuilding the whole roof, which was the most challenging task as the rib vault below needed to remain untouched and intact. Most of 19th century stained glass was damaged during wartime and smashed in the Cultural Revolution, so new stained glass was ordered from a Philippine company specialising in church glass. It resulted in the new stained glass carrying English descriptions instead of Latin and French texts of the original French glass. New lighting, audio and CCTV systems were also installed. The original French mechanical clock has long gone, so a new 750,000-yuan clock tailored for the clock tower was ordered from a Chinese clock factory.

Mass Times.

Weekdays: 06:45 (Cantonese) Saturday: 06:45 (Cantonese), 16:00 (Korean), 19:30 (Mandarin) Sunday: 07:00 (Cantonese), 08:30 (Cantonese), 10:30 (Mandarin), 15:30 (English)

The Sacred Heart Cathedral, properly the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and also known as the Stone House by locals, is a Gothic Revival Roman Catholic cathedral in Guangzhou, China. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Guangzhou. The cathedral is located at 56 Yide Road (in Chinese: 一德路56号), on the north bank of the Pearl River at the heart of the old town. It is one of the few cathedrals in the world to be entirely built of granite, including all the walls, pillars, and the twin towers.

石室圣心大教堂(,英语:Sacred Heart Cathedral)坐落于中国广州市越秀区一德路,是天主教广州总教区其中一间大教堂。教堂建于1863年,落成于1888年,历时25年。由于教堂的全部墙壁和柱子都是用花岗岩石砌造,所以又称之为石室或石室耶稣圣心堂、石室天主教堂,1996年被列为全国重点文物保护单位。


Name.

"Reyes" is an acronym for "Renders Everything You Ever Saw" (the name is also a pun on Point Reyes, California, near where Lucasfilm was located) and is suggestive of processes connected with optical imaging systems. According to Robert L. Cook, Reyes is written with only the first letter capitalized, as it is in the 1987 Cook/Carpenter/Catmull SIGGRAPH paper.

Architecture.

The architecture was designed with a number of goals in mind:  Reyes efficiently achieves several effects that were deemed necessary for film-quality rendering: Smooth, curved surfaces; surface texturing; motion blur; and depth of field.  Reyes renders curved surfaces, such as those represented by parametric patches, by dividing them into "micropolygons", small quadrilaterals each less than one pixel in size. Although many micropolygons are necessary to approximate curved surfaces accurately, they can be processed with simple, parallelizable operations. A Reyes renderer tessellates high-level primitives into micropolygons on demand, dividing each primitive only as finely as necessary to appear smooth in the final image.  Next, a shader system assigns a color and opacity to each vertex of a micropolygon. Most Reyes renderers allow users to supply arbitrary lighting and texturing functions written in a shading language. Micropolygons are processed in large grids which allow computations to be vectorized.  Shaded micropolygons are sampled in screen space to produce the output image. Reyes employs an innovative hidden-surface algorithm or "hider" which performs the necessary integrations for motion blur and depth of field without requiring more geometry or shading samples than an unblurred render would need. The hider accumulates micropolygon colors at each pixel across time and lens position using a Monte Carlo method called "stochastic sampling".

Pipeline.

The basic Reyes pipeline has the following steps:  In this design, the renderer must store the entire frame buffer in memory since the final image cannot be output until all primitives have been processed. A common memory optimization introduces a step called "bucketing" prior to the dicing step. The output image is divided into a coarse grid of "buckets," each typically 16 by 16 pixels in size. The objects are then split roughly along the bucket boundaries and placed into buckets based on their location. Each bucket is diced and drawn individually, and the data from the previous bucket is discarded before the next bucket is processed. In this way only a frame buffer for the current bucket and the high-level descriptions of all geometric primitives must be maintained in memory. For typical scenes, this leads to a significant reduction in memory usage compared to the unmodified Reyes algorithm.

Reyes renderers.

The following renderers use the Reyes algorithm in one way or the other or at least allow users to select it to produce their images:

Reyes rendering is a computer software architecture used in 3D computer graphics to render photo-realistic images. It was developed in the mid-1980s by Loren Carpenter and Robert L. Cook at Lucasfilm's Computer Graphics Research Group, which is now Pixar. It was first used in 1982 to render images for the "Genesis effect" sequence in the movie "". Pixar's RenderMan is one implementation of the Reyes algorithm. According to the original paper describing the algorithm, the Reyes image rendering system is "An architecture for fast high-quality rendering of complex images." Reyes was proposed as a collection of algorithms and data processing systems. However, the terms "algorithm" and "architecture" have come to be used synonymously and are used interchangeably in this article.

Reyes 渲染架构,是三维计算机图形学的一个软件架构,用于渲染照片一样真实的图像。该架构是80年代中期由卢卡斯影业的计算机图形研究小组成员艾德文·卡特姆、洛伦·卡彭特和罗伯特·库克所开发的,那个研究小组最后发展成了今天的皮克斯。 该架构最早使用于1982年的科幻片《星际迷航2:可汗之怒》中的创世片段。皮克斯的PRMan是Reyes算法的一个实现。


List of tallest buildings in the United States

Tallest buildings.

This list ranks completed and topped-out buildings in the United States that stand at least tall, based on standard height measurement which includes spires and architectural details, but excludes antenna masts. An equal sign (=) following a rank indicates the same height between two or more buildings. The "Year" column indicates the year in which a building was or will be completed.  <nowiki>*</nowiki> Indicates building is still under construction, but has been topped out.

Tallest buildings by pinnacle height.

This lists ranks completed and topped out buildings in the United States that stand at least tall based on pinnacle height measurement, which includes antenna masts. Standard architectural height measurement, which excludes antennas in building height, is included for comparative purposes. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Indicates building is still under construction, but has been topped out.

Cities with the most skyscrapers.

American cities with at least 5 completed skyscrapers over high.

Tallest under construction, approved and proposed.

Under construction.

This lists buildings that are under construction in the United States and are planned to rise at least. Buildings that have already been topped out are excluded. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Table entries with dashes (—) indicate that information regarding building dates of completion has not yet been released.

Approved and proposed.

This lists buildings that are proposed for construction in the United States and are planned to rise at least. A floor count of 50 stories is used as the cutoff for buildings whose heights have not yet been released by their developers.  <nowiki>*</nowiki> Table entries with dashes (—) indicate that information regarding building heights, floor counts or dates of completion has not yet been released.

Tallest destroyed.

This table lists the 10 tallest buildings in the United States that have been demolished, destroyed, or are undergoing demolition.

Timeline of tallest buildings.

This is a list of the history of the tallest buildings in the United States.  This lists buildings that once held the title of tallest building in the United States.

The world's first skyscraper was built in Chicago in 1885. Since then, the United States has been home to some of the world's tallest skyscrapers. New York City, specifically the borough of Manhattan, notably has the tallest skyline in the country. Eleven American buildings have held the title of tallest building in the world (9 in New York City). New York City and Chicago have always been the centers of American skyscraper building. The 10-story Home Insurance Building, built in Chicago in 1885, is regarded as the world's first skyscraper; the building was constructed using a novel steel-loadbearing frame which became a standard of the industry worldwide.

美国拥有大量摩天大楼,以下列表是美国摩天大楼依据官方高度超过800英尺高的摩天大楼。


Life and career.

Early years.

Messager was born at Montluçon in central France on 30 December 1853, the son of Paul-Philippe-Émile Messager, a prosperous local tax collector, and his wife Sophie-Cornélie, "née" Lhôte de Selancy. He recalled, "You would not find any musicians among my ancestors. When very young I learned the piano; but later on my intentions to become a composer met with such opposition from my father". At the age of seven he was sent as a boarder to a Marist school where he continued his interest in the piano.  Towards the end of the 1860s disastrous stock-market speculation brought Messager's family financial ruin and they could no longer afford to keep him at the Marist school. They dropped their objection to music as a profession, viewing a post as a church organist as a respectable and steady career. He was awarded a bursary to study at the École Niedermeyer in Paris, an academy known for its focus on church music. This was at the

First successes.

In 1878 Messager was appointed conductor at the Folies Bergère, and he began his career composing for the stage with two short ballets, "Fleur d'oranger" (1878) and "Les Vins de France" (1879). In 1880 a former manager of the Folies, M. Comy, was appointed to run the new Eden Théâtre in Brussels. At his invitation, Messager resigned from the Folies in 1880 and became conductor of the Eden. He returned to Paris in 1881 as organist of Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis church, and from 1882 to 1884 he was organist and choirmaster at Ste Marie-des-Batignolles, a small church in the north west of Paris, where his assistant was another young composer, Claude Terrasse.

Fin de siècle.

Messager's fortunes revived in 1890 with "La Basoche", produced with much success at the Opéra-Comique. The critic who had pronounced so unfavourably on "Le Bourgeois de Calais" wrote of the new piece, "an exceptionally pleasing work... a dainty piece which cannot fail to obtain widespread popularity." An English-language version was produced in London in 1891 by Richard D'Oyly Carte. The theatrical newspaper "The Era" said, ""The Basoche" is more than a success; it is a triumph", but the piece had only a modest London run of three months. A New York production was given in 1893 but was not a success.

Twentieth century.

At the Opéra-Comique, Messager conducted the premieres of Massenet's "Grisélidis" and Charpentier's "Louise", and gave the first French performances of operas as contrasted as "Hansel and Gretel" and "Tosca". But by far the best known of his premieres was Debussy's "Pelléas et Mélisande" (1902). Messager encouraged the composer to complete the opera and worked closely with him in getting the orchestration ready for the premiere. In gratitude Debussy dedicated the work to Messager. Holoman writes, "his championing of "Pelléas et Mélisande" alone would have earned him a place in music history." Debussy regarded Messager as the ideal conductor. Before the premiere he had trusted him to "make his dream into a reality"; after it he praised him for knowing "how to awaken the inner sound world of "Pelléas" with tender delicacy". After Messager's commitments obliged him to leave Paris for London, Debussy found the performances much less satisfactory. As a conductor, Messager won praise on both sides of the English Channel. The English music critic Francis Toye wrote that, good though Arturo Toscanini's conducting of "Pelléas et Mélisande" was at

Last years.

In the 1920s, Messager kept pace with the change in fashion in musical theatre, consciously absorbing the styles of musical comedy, lightening his orchestration, but maintaining a Gallic flavour, mostly avoiding American dance-rhythm influences. He collaborated with Sacha Guitry on the musical comedies "L'Amour masqué" (1923) and "Deburau" (1926), starring Yvonne Printemps. The former was a considerable success in Paris, but in London the official censor, the Lord Chamberlain, declared it "unfit for the English public", and banned C. B. Cochran's planned production starring Printemps and Guitry. In Messager's late stage works his lighter touch was balanced by echoes of the nineteenth century, with hints of Fauré and, particularly, Chabrier's "L'Étoile". Fauré, by 1923 too frail and deaf to go to the theatre, was lent a copy of the score of "L'Amour masqué" and wrote to Messager, "Your wit is the same as always – it never grows

Honours and awards.

Messager was elected President of the Société des Auteurs et Compositeurs Dramatiques in 1926, the first composer to hold this office. In the same year he was elected to the Académie des Beaux-Arts. In 1927 he was appointed Commander of the Légion d'honneur. In his native town of Montluçon, the music academy, opened in

Music.

In his 1991 study of Messager, John Wagstaff writes that the composer's music is notable for its fine orchestration, easy-flowing melody, and skilfully written music, dance-like in character. Unlike his teacher Fauré, Messager enjoyed orchestrating. He said that musical ideas came to him "already clothed in the appropriate instrumental shades", and after the concentrated effort of composing his scores he found it relaxing to work on "the handling of instruments, the balancing of different sonorities, the grouping of colours and the structuring of effects". He remarked that composers who had their music orchestrated by assistants presumably did not care if their helpers lacked "that indefinable sixth sense which would indicate the right combination of sonorities to carry out the original intentions of the composer". To Messager, passages often depended for their significance or flavour on the orchestral writing alone.  Gervase Hughes, in a study of French opérette, comments that Messager's only technical defect was "one all too common to many composers of operetta – too close an adherence to repetitive rhythmic figures and four-bar rigidity", although such was Messager's "innate artistry that criticism on that score would be academic pedantry". One of the composer's distinguishing characteristics was a liking for chromaticism; this appealed to a younger generation of composers. His "Eh que ne parliez-vous?", from "La Basoche", was quoted note-for-note by Poulenc in "Les Mamelles de Tirésias". Although Messager greatly admired Wagner, and was a celebrated conductor of his music, he distanced himself from Wagnerian influences in his own compositions. In "Madame Chrysanthème" he made use of leitmotifs, and included other references to Wagner, but such examples are rare in his works.  Unlike some older contemporaries such as Saint-Saëns and Massenet, Messager remained open to new ideas and idioms throughout his life, and his style evolved to match the spirit of the times. His biographer and former pupil Henry Février commented that from classic opéras comiques, such as "La Basoche", Messager's later works, such as "Les P'tites Michu" and "Véronique", show a difference in style, "bringing an altogether fresher approach to the genre." Towards the end of his career Messager successfully moved to "comédie musical", the French form of musical comedy. Ballets apart, Messager composed thirty works for the stage; they fall into several different, or sometimes overlapping, genres; the most numerous are opéras comiques (9), opérettes (7) and comédies musicales (3). The composer remarked late in his career:

List of works.

Ballets.

Single act,

Songs.

For solo voice with orchestral accompaniment For solo voice with

André Charles Prosper Messager (; 30 December 1853 – 24 February 1929) was a French composer, organist, pianist and conductor. His compositions include eight ballets and thirty opéras comiques, opérettes and other stage works, among which his ballet "Les Deux Pigeons" (1886) and opéra comique "Véronique" (1898) have had lasting success; "Les P'tites Michu" (1897) and "Monsieur Beaucaire" (1919) were also popular internationally.

安德烈·夏尔·普罗斯佩·梅萨热(,1853年-12月30日-1929年-2月24日),法国作曲家。早年从圣桑和福莱学习,并与他们成为好友,后来曾担任管风琴师,1898年起在巴黎喜歌剧院任指挥,后又到伦敦任英国皇家歌剧院的指挥。一战爆发后,他避居瑞士,回国后曾与贾吉列夫合作。梅萨热是奥芬巴赫之后最著名的法国喜歌剧作曲家,生前作品非常流行,但现在演出不多。