History.

The construction of the arena started in September 2008; the main contractor of the arena is Lithuanian construction company "Vėtrūna", chief architect – Eugenijus Miliūnas. The total cost of the arena is estimated to be 168.8 M litas (50 million euros). The arena was opened on 18 August 2011 with a basketball match between Lithuania and Spain.  The Žalgiris Arena has held the playoffs and finals of the 37th European Basketball Championship (EuroBasket 2011), which took place in September 2011.  On 2015 December 5 Lithuanian group SEL sets new attendance record of arena - 20,517 spectators with 360 stage concert.  On 2016 January 6, EuroLeague clubs general managers voted Žalgiris Arena as the tournament's best arena.  The venue will host some matches of the 2020 FIFA Futsal World Cup.

Arena information.

The Žalgiris Arena is the largest in the Baltic states and covers. It holds 20,000 spectators for concerts. It is situated in the eastern part of the Nemunas river island and its shape has nine corners. The arena's facade is made of high-end and highly transparent glass. A part of the facade has a unique metal wall, which is already naturally encrusted with rust.  It is equipped with some unique technical solutions, such as power windows and modern ice-making installation. Advanced audio equipment (amplifiers, digital mixing engines and stage boxes) by Yamaha is installed in the Žalgiris Arena. The arena has 48 VIP suites, 21 suites for the Žalgiris basketball club and media, 9 suites for a single rent, an exhibition hall, and a fitness center. There are 8 halls in the Arena where more than 150 various events take place annually.

Major events.

Since its opening in 2011, Žalgiris Arena hosted many concerts. The main stars, who held concerts in Kaunas were: Red Hot Chili Peppers, Lenny Kravitz, Sting, Eric Clapton, Elton John, Rammstein, Slash, Marilyn Manson, Katie Melua, Prodigy, James Blunt, Hurts, Jean Michel Jarre, Zucchero, Sarah Brightman, Kylie Minogue, Robbie Williams, Iron Maiden, Mariah Carey, Muse,. On May 5, 2017, Canadian pop star Nelly Furtado re-announced that she will be performing at the venue on October 24, 2017, instead of performing on October 13, 2017, On April 18, 2017, Queen played at the venue on November 17, 2017, as a part of the Queen + Adam Lambert Tour. On 11 March 2018, it hosted the final of the Eurovizija 2018.  Motocross World Championship event Night of the Jumps also took place in Žalgiris Arena on March, 2013. This event was part of Night of the Jumps world tour.

EuroLeague attendance.

This is a list of EuroLeague games attendance of Žalgiris at Žalgiris Arena.

Žalgiris Arena is a multi-purpose indoor arena in the New Town of Kaunas, Lithuania. The arena is located on an island of the Nemunas River. It is the largest indoor arena in the Baltics. The arena's maximum possible seating capacity for basketball games is 15,450, and 20,000 spectators for concerts (when the stage is in the middle, and 17,000 when stage is in the side of the arena). The Žalgiris Arena replaced the Kaunas Sports Hall as a major venue in the city.

绿林体育馆是一座位于立陶宛考那斯的室内综合体育馆。体育馆是在尼曼河的岛上。它是波罗的海国家中最大的体育馆。绿林体育馆取代考那斯体育馆成为考那斯主要的室内体育馆。体育馆经常举办篮球比赛和演唱会。和体育馆同名的考那斯绿林为立陶宛篮球联赛和欧洲篮球联赛的参赛队伍。2011年欧洲篮球锦标赛的淘汰赛于本场馆举行。


Condotels and Apartments ban.

Although Badung Regency, Denpasar and Gianyar Regency are the three richest regions in Bali and most of their wealth comes from tourism, in February 2012 Gianyar Regency officially banned the construction of new increasingly popular condominium hotels (condotels) and apartment facilities. Unlike the Badung Regency and Denpasar where condotels and apartments remain in high demand for tourist developers and investors, Gianyar Regency wants to protect local entrepreneurs.

Administration.

The regency is divided into seven districts ("kecamatan"), listed below with their 2010 Census populations:  Gianyar Regency's civil registry recorded 480,447 residents by religion, in April 2012, 97.8% Hindu.

Keramas Beach.

Black sandy beach in Keramas Beach, Blahbatuh district has hosted international surfing competitions in the last couple of years with limited facilities such as uneven road and no parking lots. On June 18–29, 2013, Keramas Beach was on the Association of Surfing Professionals (ASP)'s 2013 Men's World Champhionship Tour schedule as the Oakley Bali Pro.

Sports.

In football, Bali is home to the football club Bali United, which plays in the Liga 1. The team was relocated from Samarinda, East Kalimantan, to Gianyar, Bali. Harbiansyah Hanafiah, the main commissioner of Bali United, explained that he did the name change and moved the homebase to Bali because there were no representatives from Bali in the highest football tier in Indonesia. Another reason was that local fans in Samarinda prefer to support Pusamania Borneo F.C. more than Persisam.

Gianyar is a regency ("kabupaten") in the Indonesian province and island of Bali, Indonesia. It has an area of 368 km and population of 470,380, making it the second most densely populated district in Bali (after Badung). Its regency seat is Gianyar. The civil registry survey of April 2011 listed 480,447 people, of which 469,929 were classified as Hindu.

吉安雅县(印尼语:Kabupaten Gianyar)是印度尼西亚巴厘省的一个县,位于巴厘岛东部,县治在吉安雅。全境多为丘陵地带,海拔在250至950米,县内有12条河流,多被用作农田灌溉。除农牧渔业外,旅游业是吉安雅县主要的支柱产业,最著名旅游区是巴厘岛的文化艺术中心乌布(Ubud)。


Description.

Thames Town is a part of, in Songjiang District. The town is from the Songjiang New City station on Shanghai Metro Line 9. The G60 Shanghai–Kunming Expressway, formerly known as the Huhang Expressway, passes to its south.  While Songjiang District is an ancient prefecture which predates by far the establishment of Shanghai, Songjiang New City is a new development, intended to draw population away from central Shanghai. Within this city, one of the objectives for Thames Town was to provide accommodation for the staff of the new universities in adjacent Songjiang University Town. These developments were a part of the One City, Nine Towns initiative, which was passed by the Shanghai Planning Commission in 2001. This policy lasted for the duration of the tenth five year plan (2001–2005). The "one city" of this policy was Songjiang New City, where an English theme was used for Thames Town. The "nine towns" of the policy were each sited in one of the other suburban districts of Shanghai, and each was also given their own theme. Other Western themes used to date are Scandinavian, Italian, Spanish, Canadian, Dutch and German.  The architectural firm of Atkins was given responsibility for planning Songjiang New City and designing Thames Town. The main developers for the town were Shanghai Songjiang New City Construction and Development, and Shanghai Henghe Real Estate. Thames Town was completed in 2006, occupying an area of 1 square kilometre and designed for a population of 10,000. It cost 5 billion yuan to construct. The town consists mostly of low-density, single-family housing, with few commercial premises or community facilities. Although the houses sold rapidly, most purchases were by the relatively wealthy, as investments or second homes, and house prices rose to a high level. The proportion of owners taking up permanent residence was low, and "Business Insider" described it as a "virtual ghost town". Nevertheless, a similar English-style town is planned near Beijing.  Some of the architecture has been directly copied from buildings found in England, including the church (modelled on Christ Church, Clifton Down in Bristol), a pub, and fish and chip shop (copied from buildings in Lyme Regis, Dorset), and Chester High Cross. The town has become very popular as a location for wedding photography, with the church and main square often used as a backdrop.

Thames Town () is a new town in Songjiang District, about from central Shanghai. It is named after the River Thames in London, United Kingdom. The architecture is themed according to classic British market town styles. There are cobbled streets, Victorian terraces, corner shops and red telephone boxes.

泰晤士小镇(英语:Thames Town)是中国上海市松江区的一座新市镇,离市中心约。它的名字来自英国伦敦的泰晤士河。它的建筑风格以古典英式集市城镇风格为主题。在这里有铺有大卵石的街道、维多利亚王朝风格的联排屋以及街头小店。


Early life.

Rapport was born in Szombathely, to Tamás Rapport and Erzsébet Mórocz, both economists. He learned chess at age four from his father.

Titles.

In 2006 he won the European Championships U10. Rapport achieved the National Master title in 2008, and became an International Master the next year. In March 2010, at the Gotth'Art Kupa in Szentgotthárd, he fulfilled the final norm and rating requirements for the Grandmaster title. He came in second on the tournament behind his trainer Alexander Beliavsky, and tied with Lajos Portisch (one of the strongest non-Soviet players in the second half of the 20th century). Thus, at the age of 13 years, 11 months and 6 days, he became the youngest ever Hungarian grandmaster (the previous record was held by former world title challenger Péter Lékó), and the fifth youngest chess grandmaster in history at the time.

Chess career.

2013.

In May, Rapport tied for first in the Sigeman & Co Chess Tournament, together with Nigel Short and Nils Grandelius, winning on tiebreaks (head-to-head result). He scored 41⁄2/7 (+3−1=3).  In December, Rapport won the European Rapid Chess Championship and finished fourth in the European Blitz Chess Championship.

2016.

From 20 to 23 December, Rapport won a match against 17-year-old Chinese player Wei Yi, held in Yancheng, China. At the time, Rapport was the highest rated "junior" (under 21) player at 2717, and Wei Yi was the second-highest rated at 2707. They tied a match of four classical games with a win each and two draws, then tied a tiebreak match of two blitz games, winning one each. The final tiebreak of the match was an Armageddon game, which Rapport won with the black pieces by resignation.

2017.

At the Tata Steel Chess Tournament in January 2017 he played his first game against Magnus Carlsen and won with white in 33 moves.  He won the Hungarian Chess Championship in May 2017.  He also won the tournament that was covered by Grandmaster Simon Williams in his show called Checkmate, finishing ahead of top seed Arkadij Naiditsch and World Championship challenger Nigel Short.

2019.

Rapport won against Sam Shankland in their match, which was part of the USA vs. The World tournament.

Personal life.

He is married to Serbian WGM Jovana Vojinović.

Playing style.

Rapport often uses unusual openings even in official tournaments. One of the most common of these is the Nimzo–Larsen Attack, also known as Larsen's Opening.

Richárd Rapport (born 25 March 1996) is a Hungarian chess grandmaster. As a chess prodigy, he earned his grandmaster title at the age of 13 years, 11 months and 6 days. This makes him Hungary's youngest ever grandmaster. He was Hungarian Chess Champion in 2017. He is one of the most original players in the world and often surprises with many unusual ideas and experiments early in the opening.

拉波特·里夏德(Rapport Richárd,1996年-3月25日),匈牙利国际象棋棋手、特级大师。


Uses.

People use net for many different occupations. Netting is one of the key components to fishing in mass quantities. This textile is used because of its sturdy yet flexible origin, which can carry weight yet, still be lightweight and compactable. Fisherman use netting when trawling, because it is sturdy enough to carry large amounts of weight as fish are trapped, pulled, then lifted out of water. Oftentimes, the filaments that make up the yarn are coated with wax or plastic. This coating adds a waterproof component to the textile that provides even more reliability.  Net is also used in medical practices to provide fabric insulation and wrapping under an industry standard sling. In the medical practice, netting provides cushion and protection, when used in layers, but still allows the skin to breathe under the fabric. Depending on what the netting is being used for, a different wax or plastic coating can be applied in order to cover the filaments that use up the yarn. Filaments can be made from synthetic or natural fibres, but that is all up to the manufacturer when deciphering what the textiles future entails. When netting is going to be exposed to water or heat often, manufacturers consider that and apply what best fits that textile.  Net is commonly used in camping tents. Air can easily pass through the holes, which allows breathability that doesn’t trap bacteria, and remain impermeable to pests and insects. Netting is often used for luggage bags to create transparent, breathable compartments that allow people to store items. Netting has many similar components to mesh, as they both allow air to pass through easily, and share a lot of the same uses. Bigger woven knits have varying different uses, and smaller, tighter woven knits are varied as well.

Types.

Hand-made netting.

Hand-made or machine-made net is used as the foundation fabric for many kinds of needlework, including Filet lace and tambour lace. Netting can be used for many things. This includes adding fullness to a dress. Most commonly wedding and prom dresses. It is also used for many costumes, including fairy outfits. Netting can also be used to make tutus for dancing costumes. Netting can also be referred to when considering the handmade craft. Using either the Lace-maker or the Net-maker method to tie the netting knot, you can create several types of netting. Diamond mesh netting goes back and forth, in rows. This technique is used for bags, hammocks, headbands and scarves. Another type is square mesh netting which also goes back and forth in rows but is worked in the diagonal. This type of net is used for trawling. The first row starts at one corner and the last row finishes the corner diagonal to the first corner. This is often used as a foundation for lacis or net embroidery. Spiral netting is a type of netting that goes around and around in a similar manner to knitting or crochet. There’s no beginning or ending to specific rounds since the pattern is continuous and just keeps going.

Knotless netting.

Different weaving patterns can be used for different kinds of netting. Depending on the use of the textile, size of the holes in the net will vary. Weaving patterns, opposed to knitting patterns, are more often used for knotless netting. Jason Mills states that, as there are no knots used to produce this kind of netting, it is usually less sturdy and movable. Each strand, when used for a knotless netting weave, can sometimes be coated before being woven to ensure more durability. If a weave is coated after being woven it can show to be more durable when exposed to heat or pressure- depending on the type of coat

Net or netting is any textile in which the yarns are fused, looped or knotted at their intersections, resulting in a fabric with open spaces between the yarns. Net has many uses, and comes in different varieties. Depending on the type of yarn or filament that is used to make up the textile, its characteristics can vary from durable to not durable.

网是一种织物,其中的纱线在其交叉点熔合、缠绕或打结,从而使织物在纱线间形成空洞。网有许多用途,因而分为不同类型。根据构成织物的纱线类型,其耐用性也不同。


History.

The region had been previously annexed by France (« bailliage de Sarrelouis », 1685) or occupied during the Revolution (1790-1798) and the Napoleonic Wars, when it had been included in the First French Empire as the "département de la Sarre" between 1798 and 1814.

Post-World War I.

Under the Treaty of Versailles, the Saar was occupied initially by combat units from the United Kingdom and France. In 1920 Britain and France established for the League of Nations mandate of the Saar a nominally independent occupation government was set up to control an area as to the greater part carved out of the Prussian Rhine Province and supplemented by two Bavarian districts (Homburg and St. Ingbert), ceded from the Palatinate. This was sanctioned by a 15-year League of Nations mandate which stationed League of Nations troops from Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom in the Saar until 1935. The Saar's coal industry, the dominant industry in the region at the time, was nationalized and directly administered by France, in compensation of the destruction of French mines by the retreating Germans in 1918.

Plebiscite.

On 13 January 1935, a plebiscite held in the territory at the end of the 15-year term, resulted in 90.7% of voters casting their ballot in favour of a return to Germany, and 0.4% voting for union with France. Others (8.9%) favoured the third option of a continued British–French occupation government. After political agitation and maneuvering by Chancellor Adolf Hitler for the re-union of the Saarland with the German Reich ("Rückgliederung des Saarlandes") it was reincorporated in 1935. Its area was not redivided among the Prussian Rhine Province and the Bavarian Palatinate, but united with the latter as the Gau of Saar-Palatinate ("Saarpfalz"). In 1942 it was renamed "Westmark" (Western Boundary) of the Reich. This renaming intended its territorial enlargement by parts of German-occupied French Lorraine which, however, did not materialise.

Post-World War II.

In July 1945, two months after World War II had ended in Europe, the Allied forces were redeploying from the areas they had conquered into their respective zones of occupation. On 10 July 1945, US forces left the Saar and French troops established their occupational administration. On 16 February 1946, France disentangled the Saar from the Allied zones of occupation and established the separate Saar Protectorate, which was no longer under the joint Allied jurisdiction by the Allied Control Council for Germany.  French officials deported a total of 1,820 people from the Saar in 1946 and 1947, most of whom ultimately were allowed to return. However, France had not agreed to the expulsions approved (without input from France) in the Potsdam agreement by the Allies, so France refused to accept war refugees or expellees from the eastern annexed territories in the Saar protectorate or the French zone. However, native Sarrois returning from Nazi-imposed removals (e.g., political and Jewish refugees) and war-related relocations (e.g., evacuation from air raids) were allowed to return to the areas under French control. France aimed at winning over the Saar population for a future annexation.  The principal reason for the French desire for economic control of the Saar was the large coal deposits. France was offered compensation for the return of the Saar to Germany: the treaty permitted France to extract coal from the Warndt coal deposit until 1981.  With effect from 20 July 1946, 109 municipalities of the Prussian Rhine Province within the French zone were added to the Saar Protectorate. By 18 December 1946 customs controls were established between the Saar and allied occupied Germany. By further territorial redeployments between the Saar Protectorate, constituted in early 1947, and neighbouring Rhineland-Palatinate (a new state established on 30 August 1946 in the French zone), 61 municipalities returned to Germany, while 13 other municipalities were ceded to the Saar Protectorate between 8 June 1947 and 1949, followed by one further Palatine municipality incorporated into the Saar in the latter year.  In the speech Restatement of Policy on Germany, given in Stuttgart on 6 September 1946, the U.S. Secretary of State James F. Byrnes stated the U.S.'s motive in detaching the Saar from Germany as "The United States does not feel that it can deny to France, which has been invaded three times by Germany in 70 years, its claim to the Saar territory".  On 16 July 1947 the Saar mark replaced the Reichsmark as legal tender in the Saar Protectorate, followed by the integration of the Saar into the French currency area on November 15 the same year. While only French franc banknotes circulated from 1954 on, Saar franc coins, designed similar to French coins, were issued too. On 15 December 1947 the Saar was constituted by its constitution as the Saarland, with an elected government under the control of the French high commissioner Gilbert Grandval. On 23 March 1948 the customs union with France was confirmed, taking effect on 1 April. In July the same year the Sarrois nationality replaced the German nationality of the Saar population.  Initially, a policy of industrial disarmament was pursued in Germany by the Allied powers (see industrial plans for Germany). As part of this policy limits were placed on permitted production levels, and industries in the Saar were dismantled as they had been in the Ruhr, although mostly in the period before the detachment (see also The 1949 letter from the UK Foreign minister Ernest Bevin to the French Foreign minister Robert Schuman, urging a reconsideration of dismantling policy). This policy was quickly reversed in mid-1946 or early 1947.  Under the Monnet Plan France attempted to gain economic control of the German industrial areas in its assigned zones, especially areas with large coal and mineral deposits, such as the Ruhr (in the British zone) and the Saar. Similar attempts to gain control of, or permanently internationalise, the Ruhr (see International Authority for the Ruhr) were abandoned in 1951, when France rejected the traditional aims of European hegemony predicated upon European enmity. In the face of U.S. and Soviet domination of Europe the French government took a historic step in deciding that the only viable political model for the future lay in European integration; this resulted in the Schuman Declaration in 1950, a plan drafted for the most part by Jean Monnet. The plan put forward France and Germany as the core of a new Europe, requiring a rapprochement and the establishment of close ties between the two states. As a first step France and Germany were to agree to pool their coal and steel resources (see European Coal and Steel Community). German participation in the plan was contingent upon a return of full political control of German industry to the western Federal Government of Germany. However, France delayed the return of the Saar in the hope of cementing its economic control over the region.  Under French rule, pro-German parties were initially banned from contesting the elections. Much support was given to the, a Francophile movement founded by Saar exiles in Paris in early 1945, with many of the exiles having returned after the war. However, a French annexation did not gain the support of a majority of the Sarrois. In the general election of December 1952, 24% of the voters cast blank ballots in support of banned pro-German parties (while the majority still voted for one of the legal parties who wanted the Saar to remain autonomous).

Referendum and the little reunification with Germany.

In the Paris Agreements of 23 October 1954, France offered to establish an independent "Saarland", under the auspices of the Western European Union (WEU), but a referendum held on 23 October 1955 rejected this plan by 67.7% to 32.3% (out of a 96.5% turnout: 423,434 against, 201,975 for) despite the public support of West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer for the plan. The rejection of the plan by the Sarrois was interpreted as support for the Saar to join the Federal Republic of Germany.  On 27 October 1956 the Saar Treaty established that Saarland should be allowed to join West Germany, as provided by its constitution art. 23, and so Saarland did on 1 January 1957. West Germany had to agree to the channelization of the Moselle. This reduced French freight costs in the Lorraine steel industry. West Germany was also made to agree to the teaching of French as the first foreign language in schools in the Saarland; although no longer binding, the agreement is still in the main followed as the practice is well-established.  The treaty also stated that economic union with West Germany was to be completed by 1960, with the exact date of the replacement of the Saar and French franc by the Deutsche Mark being kept a secret called "Day X" ('). Although the Saar joined West Germany (as Saarland) on 1 January 1957, the franc remained legal tender in Saarland until 6 July 1959. Thus on that date the'(little reunification) was completed, after 14 years of separation.  As a footnote to the creation of the European Union, the territorial dispute over control of the Saarland was one of the last between member states and led to the European flag being given a politically neutral ring of twelve stars rather than the originally proposed 15 (one of which was to represent a nominally independent Saar as a member of the Council of Europe).

Prime ministers.

The first elections for the parliament of the Saar protectorate were held on 5 October 1947, with four parties being allowed, the Christian People's Party of Saarland (CVP), the Social Democratic Party of Saarland (SPS), the Democratic Party of Saarland (DPS) and the Communist Party of Saarland (KPS). The first Landtag passed the law establishing the constitution of the Saarland on 15 December 1947. The most successful party, the CVP under Johannes Hoffmann formed the first government with the SPS.

Sport.

The Saar competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, and the Saarland national football team participated in the qualifying section of the 1954 FIFA World Cup, but failed to qualify after coming second to the West German team, but ahead of Norway. Helmut Schön, later World and European champion with West Germany, was the manager of the Saarland team from 1952 until Saarland became a part of West Germany in 1957.  The Amateurliga Saarland was the local league within the German Football League System. 1. FC Saarbrücken took part of the first ever European Cup in 1955.

Postage stamps.

Postage stamps were issued specially for the territory from 1920 to 1935, and from 1947 to 1959 (see postage stamps and postal history of the Saar).

The Saar Protectorate (; ) was a short-lived protectorate (1947–1956) partitioned from Germany after its defeat in World War II; it was administered by the French Fourth Republic. On rejoining West Germany in 1957, it became the smallest "federal state" ("Bundesland"), the Saarland, not counting the "city states" ("") of Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen. It is named after the Saar River.

萨尔保护领(,),是第二次世界大战结束后,由德国分离出来的短暂保护国。由法国所管理,位于德、法两国之间。1955年举行全民公投后,于1957年1月1日起成为西德一部分,相当于今日德国萨尔兰。回归西德后,萨尔兰成为非城市州中最小的州。其名来自萨尔河。


History.

Foundation.

The football club Wilhelmina was founded in the pub "De Vereeniging" on 19 July 1908 and played in blue-sleeved red shirts and white shorts. Between 1908, 1910, 1911, and 1912, the club underwent a series of changes of name and team colours, becoming Hillesluise Football Club in

First successes.

After 18 years, the formation of the club and a mere three years after they were promoted to the highest level of Dutch football Feijenoord earned their first honours by capturing the national league championship in 1924. The team enjoyed a string of successes in the latter half of the decade, taking divisional titles in 1926, 1927, 1928 and 1929, and winning their second national championship in 1928.  Feijenoord won their first Dutch Cup in 1930 by scoring the only goal in a derby final against Excelsior. They continued to dominate their division with three consecutive titles, but were winless in subsequent championship finals. Five years after their first cup win, Feijenoord took the prize for a second time in 1935, by beating HVV Helmond.  Feijenoord started to attract more fans to their stadium at Kromme Zandweg, and in 1933, they decided to build a new facility. The club moved to the Feijenoord Stadion (nicknamed "De Kuip" or "the Tub") in 1937, playing the first match there on 27 March against Beerschot. During this period Feijenoord won three consecutive division titles from 1936 to 1938, with their third and fourth

Golden era.

Feijenoord claimed their first professional Eredivisie Championship and their sixth Dutch Championship in 1961. On the road to the title Ajax was beaten 9–5 in De Kuip, four of Feijenoord's goals were scored by Henk Schouten. The following season, they played their first European Cup match facing IFK Göteborg. The Swedes were beaten 0–3 in Gothenburg and 8–2 in Rotterdam. Feijenoord were eliminated by Tottenham Hotspur in the following round. In 1962, Feijenoord successfully defended their Dutch Championship title and reached the final of the Intertoto Cup 1961-62. where Feijenoord faced arch-rival Ajax in the final and subsequently lost 4–2.  On 12 December 1962, Feijenoord played a decisive match versus Vasas SC in the second round of the 1962–63 European Cup. The first two legs, in Rotterdam and Budapest, both ended in a 1–0 home victory, forcing a replay on a neutral ground to take place. The match was played in Antwerp, where 30,000 Feijenoord fans travelled by bus to see their team play. Also this time, the final score was 1–0; Rinus Bennaars scored the only goal and was immediately nicknamed "The Hero of Deurne", reflecting the neighbourhood in Antwerp where the match was played. The events in Antwerp resulted in an enduring friendly relationship between the fans of Feijenoord and Royal Antwerp.  In 1963, hundreds of thousands of people stood ashore by the Nieuwe Maas and the Nieuwe Waterweg to wave two ships, de"Groote Beer" and the "Waterman" goodbye. The ships transported thousands of Feijenoord fans to Lisbon where the club faced Benfica on 8 May 1963 in

Millennium.

During the 1999–2000 season, Feyenoord participated in the Champions League for the second time. This time, the club managed to finish second in their group, behind Rosenborg BK and ahead of Borussia Dortmund. Feyenoord reached the second group stage and secured wins against Marseille (home) and Lazio (away). Chelsea won both clashes and, as a result, Feyenoord had to win their last group match away to Marseille to reach the knockout stages. The final result was 0–0, and Feyenoord were eliminated.  Feyenoord again participated in the Champions League in 2001–02, finishing third in a group containing Bayern Munich, Sparta Prague and Spartak Moscow. This meant Feyenoord continued their European season in the 2001–02 UEFA Cup instead of the second Champions League group stage. The disappointment of failing to reach the second group

Financial problems.

In the 2008–09 season, Feyenoord celebrated their 100th birthday and organised many events throughout the year. The old "golden logo" returned as Feyenoord's official logo, which had earlier been presented at the 2007 New Year's brunch. During the summer, a historical tournament was held between Feyenoord and the three opponents they met in the European Cup finals – Borussia Dortmund, Tottenham Hotspur and Celtic – named the Feyenoord Jubilee Tournament.  Midway through the season, manager Verbeek was sacked due to disappointing league results. His assistant, Leon Vlemmings, took over as manager. The results in this period improved slightly, resulting in securing a spot in the playoffs for the final Dutch Europa League slot.  For the 2009–10 season, Feyenoord appointed former assistant manager and Feyenoord footballer Mario Been to take over from Vlemmings. Been, after achieving minor European successes with NEC, was considered the ideal candidate for the job. Former manager Leo Beenhakker, at the time manager of the Poland national team, took over as technical director. Partly because of this position, Beenhakker was able to attract more investors to the club, leading to some unexpected signings, including Sekou Cissé, Dani Fernández and Stefan Babović.

Revival.

On 16 December 2011, it was revealed that Feyenoord had been placed in the more favorable second category (Categorie 2), meaning Feyenoord were no longer in debt, according to the KNVB. They achieved the reclassification following the transfer of several significant players and a large capital injection made by the organisation VVF (Friends of Feyenoord, Vrienden Van Feyenoord). However, to remain in the second category, Feyenoord needed to obtain the same number of points earned, rounding up to at least 65 points. On 13 April 2012, Feyenoord was officially out of what has been described as the "financial dangerzone" and was officially placed in the second category. According to club chairman Eric Gudde, the placing in the more favourable category came earlier than anticipated; he also congratulated the fans and promised to maintain the same policy until Feyenoord was completely healthy again, saying the club will never fall back into the first category.  Despite no longer having to request permission from the KNVB to invest in new players, Feyenoord kept continuing the policy for the 2012–13 season, only contracting players who were either out of contract or available for a low transfer fee. John Goossens, Ruud Vormer and Daryl Janmaat were out of contract and signed a deal with Feyenoord over their respective prior clubs. Mitchell te Vrede played for the affiliated football club Excelsior, as well as for the highest-ranked academy team Jong Feyenoord/Excelsior and was promoted to the main senior team. Harmeet Singh and Lex Immers were the only two players whom Feyenoord paid a transfer fee for. Singh, a Norwegian midfielder and one of two non-Eredivisie players joining Feyenoord, was purchased from Vålerenga, while Immers joined from ADO Den Haag. The other non-Eredivisie player joining Feyenoord was Omar Elabdellaoui, who was brought in on loan from

Location.

Feyenoord are located in the Feijenoord district of southern Rotterdam and is named after the district in which the club was founded. More frequent appearances in international tournaments led the club to change its name in 1974, because foreign

Stadia.

De Kuip.

The club's Feijenoord Stadion, located in the IJsselmonde district of Rotterdam, is nicknamed "De Kuip", Dutch for "The Tub". It was built in 1937 and is one of the major European stadiums. It has 51,117 seats and has hosted a record of ten finals of UEFA club competitions, including the 2002 UEFA Cup Final fittingly won by Feyenoord. Former Feyenoord player Mike Obiku once said, "Every time you enter the pitch, you're stepping into a lion's home." Feyenoord, however, does not own the stadium; it is an organisation on its own.  In 1935, Feijenoord player Puck van Heel hit the first pole on their way into their new stadium. The stadium was opened on 27 March 1937 and Beerschot was beaten by 5–2, Leen Vente scored the first goal in De Kuip. Already in the very beginning the stadium was sold out on several occasions and other events

New stadium.

In December 2006, Feyenoord director Chris Woerts announced that Feyenoord were developing plans to build a new stadium which would have a capacity of roughly 90,000 seats. The stadium would most likely be placed on the Nieuwe Maas, the river that runs through Rotterdam, and should be completed by 2016. In May 2008, Woerts announced further details: the club is aiming for a stadium with a capacity of around 100,000 seats. If possible, a capacity of over 130,000 should be realized according to Woerts, which would earn the title of biggest stadium in Europe. The club emphasized its efforts to make it a true football stadium with seats close to the pitch. The stadium will get a retractable roof so that other events can be held as well. According to plans in those days, the stadium should be ready in 2016. Due to financial difficulties for all parties involved and the fact that the

Stadium songs.

Official Feyenoord hymn.

Feyenoord's official hymn since 1961 is called "Hand in Hand". Its melody was written in the 19th century by German. In 1961, Jaap Valkhoff wrote the lyrics which became popular among Feyenoord supporters

Other songs.

When a goal is scored by Feyenoord in their home matches the song I Will Survive, covered by the Hermes House Band (but made famous by Gloria Gaynor in the 1970s) is played.  Feyenoord supporters are known to be creative and have a lot of various songs and chants in their equipment during matches. Among the most important Feyenoord songs are ""Mijn Feyenoord"" by Lee Towers, ""Feyenoord, wat gaan we doen vandaag?"" by, and ""De laatste trein naar Rotterdam"" by Dorus. During the 2001/02 season, when Feyenoord won the UEFA Cup, a parody of the song "Put your hands up" by Black and White Brothers was launched, called "Put your hands up for Pi-Air", a tribute to Pierre ("Pi-Air") van Hooijdonk, one of the club's key players at the time. In the 1970s, Coen Moulijn also had a song dedicated to him, "Coentje Coentje Coentje".

Supporters.

The supporters of Feyenoord are said to be one of the most loyal supporter groups in the world supporting the team during both good or bad times. They are nicknamed "Het Legioen", Dutch for "The Legion" and can be found everywhere in The Netherlands and far across the Dutch borders. Squad number 12 is never given to a player, but is reserved for Het Legioen instead.

Popularity.

Feyenoord is a popular club in the Netherlands with a large number of supporters. The team's first training session of a season alone attracts thousands of fans; 20,000 attended 2007–08's inaugural session.  In 1963, about 3,000 fans boarded on two ships, among thousands of others by train or car and they travelled to Lisbon where Feyenoord faced Benfica in the European Cup. When Feyenoord play abroad in European competitions, about 8,000 travel together to support their team. Almost 15,000 fans were cheering for their team in 1996 when Feyenoord played in Germany against Borussia Mönchengladbach. About 40,000 fans visit a regular match at home while top classes against Ajax, PSV and European cup opponents are sold out most of the time. About

Supporters organisations.

Feyenoord have one official fan supporters club, the Feyenoord Supportersvereniging. Independent of the club, FSV has a membership of about 23,000, as of 2006. The FSV act as a liaison between club and fans, produce match programmes, arrange travel to away games and organise supporters' evenings, as well as being involved in the other supporters organisations. Children between 0 and 12 years old can join the "Kameraadjes" group ().  In 1998, the Feyenoord Supporters Vereniging were wondering about whether or not it would be possible to create more atmosphere inside the stadium mainly during important matches. As

Jeugdproject.

Feyenoord's Jeugdproject (Youth Project) concentrate on children between 6 and 12 years of age, playing football at schools and amateur teams. To show the kids the importance of sports and sportsmanship, Feyenoord invite the children to De Kuip to see what sport can do to people: happiness, disappointment, excitement, emotions, fear and

Opening day.

A few weeks after the start of the pre-season, yet prior to the start of the competitive season, the club opens its doors for free for all Feyenoord fans to have fun together and to present the squad for the upcoming season. De Kuip already opens in the morning when there are many activities around the stadium mainly for kids and promotional activities for companies which have a partnership with Feyenoord. Fans can also take a stadium tour and walk on the pitch. The activities inside the stadium itself normally start around noon, when there are several performances by various artists. Every year, the new Feyenoord ambassador of the year

Notable supporters.

Notable supporters of Feyenoord include Craig Bellamy, Gerard Cox, Mark Rutte, Wouter Bos, Jan Marijnissen, Robert Eenhoorn, Arjan Erkel, Dennis van der Geest, DJ Paul Elstak

Rivalries.

De Klassieker.

Ajax from Amsterdam are Feyenoord's archrivals. The two clubs share a long history together and matches between the two clubs are called the "Klassieker" ("The Classic"). The rivalry is not only between the two teams, but also a confrontation between the two largest cities of the country, Amsterdam and Rotterdam, two cities with extreme differences in attitude and culture. The meeting between the two teams is still considered to be the biggest match of the season. In

Rotterdam derby.

Rotterdam is the city with the most professional teams in the Netherlands. Besides Feyenoord there are Sparta Rotterdam and Excelsior. There is a rivalry between the teams, mostly between Feyenoord and Sparta as Excelsior used to be Feyenoord's feeder club, but it is not comparable to other local derbies. The rivalry between Sparta and Feyenoord is mostly seen on the Sparta side.

European record.

"As of

Domestic results.

Below is a table with Feyenoord's

Feyenoord coaches.

Feyenoord have had coaches from all over Europe. In the early years, the club mainly had English managers, as football was already professional there. Feyenoord's first Dutch coach was Engel Geneugelijk (ad interim), while Richard Dombi is seen

Feyenoord chairmen.

Although Feyenoord's coaches have come from all over Europe, the club's chairmen have been mostly

Media.

Since 2000 Feyenoord has had its own television programme, shown weekly on SBS6. The show features interviews with players and other team members as well as documentaries about the team. As of the 2006–07 season Feyenoord launched its own Feyenoord TV project on their website with daily news and reports that tells everything about the club. In 1993 Feyenoord introduced their own newspaper, the "Feyenoord Krant", the only Dutch club to do so. The newspaper is published fortnightly, with a print run of 25,000. Extra editions are published to coincide with European matches. Inside the newspaper news, background information, interviews, reports and columns by Feyenoord related figures can be found. Feyenoord were one of the

Current squad.

Reserve squad.

List of reserve players

Personnel.

SC Feyenoord.

SC Feyenoord are Feyenoord's amateur and youth side, who have played at Varkenoord, directly behind De Kuip since 1949. Sportclub Feyenoord's annual youth trials attract a large number of hopefuls, with thousands of boys attempting to impress the coaches.

Partnerships with other clubs.

As of 2007, Feyenoord currently have three formal partnerships, a satellite club arrangement with nearby Excelsior, a partnership with Hungary's Újpest FC and the Feyenoord Academy in Ghana. The strongest of these partnerships is that with Excelsior, who since 1996 have loaned young Feyenoord players on the verge of the first team. The purpose of this is to allow them to experience regular first-team football, aiding their development while simultaneously strengthening Excelsior's squad. The highest profile players to have played at Excelsior as part of this arrangement are Thomas Buffel and Salomon Kalou, who were both subsequently involved in transfer deals worth several million euros. The partnership between Feyenoord and Excelsior was scaled back in 2006, though the clubs still work together.  Feyenoord's co-operation with Újpest started when Hungarian ex-footballer and former Feyenoord player Jószef Kiprich joined the Hungarian team as an under-19 coach and

Sponsorships.

As of the 1981–82 Eredivisie season, the KNVB allowed the teams participating in the league to use sponsor names on their shirts in exchange for money. At the time, Feyenoord's shirts were produced by Adidas and the first main sponsor was the Dutch Yellow Pages, Gouden Gids. In the second half of the 1982–83 season Adidas were replaced by Puma as the shirt supplier. As a result, the Gouden Gids name was enlarged and was more visible on the shirts. Gouden Gids sponsored the team until 1984, when Opel became the new sponsor. The deal between Feyenoord and Opel lasted until 1989, but in 1987 Hummel International replaced Puma as the shirt manufacturer.  In 1989, Hummel produced the shirts sponsored by. In 1990, Adidas began producing Feyenoord's kits, however HCS declared bankruptcy shortly thereafter and could no longer sponsor the club. Stad Rotterdam Verzekeringen then began sponsoring Feyenoord in what would turn out to be a long-term partnership: it remained Feyenoord's main sponsor until 2004, when it was taken-over by Fortis. In January 2007, the parties' sponsorship contract was extended until 2009, with the option of Fortis continuing its obligations for an additional three seasons. In 2000, Kappa began producing the club's kits (replacing Adidas) until after the 2008–09, when it was replaced by Puma.  When Fortis faced near bankruptcy, its assets were divided among several companies. The same insurance branch which previously sponsored Feyenoord became ASR. To help with their brand recognition, it decided to continue Fortis' sponsor obligations, but in 2011, it announced it would stop its sponsorship deal in the 2012–13 season. However, due to an economic recession, Feyenoord had trouble finding a new shirt sponsor. Feyenoord and ASR therefore reached a compromise: ASR would remain sponsor for one more season, giving Feyenoord the time it needed to find another sponsor. After negotiations with several corporations, Opel became the club's new sponsor, signing a contract until 2018.

Feyenoord Rotterdam () is a Dutch professional football club in Rotterdam, that plays in the Eredivisie, the top tier in Dutch football. Founded as Wilhelmina in 1908, the club changed to various names before settling on being called after its neighborhood in 1912 as SC Feijenoord, updated in 1974 to SC Feyenoord, and then to "Feyenoord Rotterdam" in 1978, when it split from the amateur club under its wing, SC Feyenoord. Since 1937, Feyenoord's home ground has been the Stadion Feijenoord, nicknamed De Kuip ('the tub'), one of the largest stadiums in the Netherlands and Europe.

-{zh-hans:费耶诺德鹿特丹;zh-hk:鹿特丹飞燕诺}-(),一般称为飞燕诺,是一支位于荷兰第二大城市鹿特丹的足球俱乐部。成立于1908年7月19日,球队原以鹿特丹南部的-{zh-hans:费耶诺德;zh-hk:飞燕诺}-区()为名,但在1973年改为英语拼法的现名(英语:Feyenoord)。鹿特丹市尚有两支职业足球队,鹿特丹斯巴达()及-{zh-hans:SBV精英;zh-hk:精英队}-(),在荷兰甲组联赛中作赛。


History.

The Union of North African Football Federations (UNAF) was founded in 2005 and includes the countries of Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia and is continued to the Confederation of African Football that have 53 national football associations distributed into 6 regions. The UNAF is the sixth region of the continent by division accredited to the CAF and the Union has presided over in the first parliamentary period immediately following its founding by Mr. Samir Zaher a former president of the Egyptian Football Association, the president is elected during a plenary session for a period of 4 years by the members of the Union and are the heads of the five unions and the president-elect proposes as his deputy from among the immediate superiors five national unions during the first meeting of an executive office following the election as General Assembly by the Executive Office to determine the heads and members of the committees.  The recent president elected is Mr. Wadii Jari, a president of the Tunisian Football Federation. He was unanimously elected chairman of the UNAF for a term of four years and during the electoral general assembly, which was held on Saturday 25 October 2014 in Tunis. He was also selected Mr. Gamal Allam, a head of the Egyptian Football Association as a vice-president of the UNAF unanimously. On the other hand, the General Assembly approved in particular on the administrative and financial reports of the UNAF as well as the adoption of the estimated budget of the Union project for the year 2015 and the report of the Finance Committee meeting held on 23 October 2014. The program was approved on the North African Union's activities for the year 2015.

Member Associations.

UNAF has 5 member associations. All associations were founding members of UNAF, All of them are members of the Confederation of African Football and are members of the Union of Arab Football Associations (UAFA).

Competitions.

UNAF runs several competitions which cover men's, women's, youth, clubs and futsal.

International Tournaments Participation.

FIFA World Cup.

For each tournament, the number of teams in each finals tournament (in brackets) are shown.

Africa Cup of Nations.

Rankings.

Men's national teams.

Rankings are calculated by FIFA. Last updated 28 November 2019

Women's national teams.

Rankings are calculated by FIFA based on matches played over the last four years. Last updated 27 September 2019

Men's national beach soccer teams.

Last updated

Women's national beach soccer teams.

Last updated

Men's national futsal teams.

Last updated 23 November 2019

Controversy.

On 19 November 2009, the Egyptian Football Association withdrew its membership citing the incidents that accompanied the playoff between Egypt and Algeria, but returned in 2011.

The Union of North African Football Federations (UNAF; ; ) is an association football organising body. It was launched in 2005 by the North African members of the Confederation of African Football (CAF), Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia. The post of president will be rotated among the five founding nations.

北非洲足球协会联会(英语:Union of North African Football Federations,)是一个足球机构组织,于2005年由非洲足球协会的北非洲成员包括阿尔及利亚、埃及、利比亚、摩洛哥和突尼斯联合组成。会长一职由5个始创成员国轮任。


Background.

Political situation.

Before Indonesia's Confrontation of Malaysia, Sukarno had sought to develop an independent Indonesian foreign policy, focused on the acquisition of Netherlands New Guinea as a residual issue from the Indonesian National Revolution, and establishing Indonesia's credentials as a notable international power operating distinct interests from those of the West and East. Indonesia had relentlessly pursued its claim to Netherlands New Guinea during the period 1950–1962, despite facing multiple setbacks in the UN General Assembly to have its claim recognised by the international community. Indonesia was an important country in developing the Non-Aligned Movement, hosting the Bandung Conference in 1955.  Following the Indonesian crisis in 1958, which had included the Permesta rebellion in eastern Indonesia and the declaration of the

People and terrain.

In 1961, the island of Borneo was divided into four separate states. Kalimantan, comprising four Indonesian provinces, was located in the south of the island. In the north, separated from Kalimantan by a border some 1000 miles long, were the Sultanate of Brunei (a British protectorate) and two colonies of the United Kingdom (UK)—British North Borneo (later renamed Sabah) and Sarawak. The three UK territories totalled some 1.5 million people, about half of them Dayaks. Sarawak had a population of about 900,000, while Sabah's was 600,000 and Brunei's was around 80,000. Among Sarawak's non-Dayak

Sarawakian opposition.

The end of the Second World War had brought an end to the Brooke Dynasty rule in Sarawak. Believing it to be in the best interest of the people of Sarawak, Charles Vyner Brooke ceded the state to the British Crown. Sarawak became a Crown colony, ruled from the Colonial Office in London, which in turn dispatched a governor for Sarawak. The predominantly Malay anti-cession movement, which rejected the British takeover of Sarawak in 1946 and had assassinated Duncan Stewart, the first British High Commissioner of Sarawak, may have been the forerunner of the subsequent anti-Malaysia movement in Sarawak, headed by Ahmad Zaidi Adruce.  According to Vernon L. Porritt and Hong-Kah Fong, Left-wing and communist cell groups had been present

Conflict.

Beginning of hostilities.

Sukarno's motives for beginning the Confrontation are contested. Former Indonesian Foreign Minister Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung argued years later that Sukarno intentionally muted Indonesia's opposition to the proposed Malaysian state while Indonesia was preoccupied with advancing its claim to West New Guinea. Following Indonesia's diplomatic victory in the West New Guinea dispute, Sukarno may have been emboldened to extend Indonesia's dominance over its weaker neighbours. Conversely, Sukarno may have felt compelled by the ongoing pressure of the PKI and the general instability of Indonesian politics to divert attention towards a new foreign conflict. Sukarno argued that Malaysia was a British puppet state, a neo-colonial experiment and that any expansion of Malaysia would increase British control over the region, with

Ongoing campaign of infiltrations.

Even as peace talks progressed and stalled, Indonesia maintained its campaign of infiltrations. On 15 August, a headman reported an incursion in the 3rd Division and a follow-up indicated they were about 50 strong. A series of contacts ensued as 2/6 Gurkhas deployed patrols and ambushes, and after a month, 15 had been killed and three captured. The Gurkhas reported that they were well trained and professionally led, but their ammunition expenditure was high, and their fire discipline broke down. The prisoners reported 300 more invaders within a week and 600 in a fortnight. The Battle of Long Jawai was the first major incursion for the centre of the 3rd Division, directed by an RPKAD Major Mulyono Soerjowardojo, who had been sent to Nangabadan earlier in the year. The proclamation of Malaysia in September 1963 meant that Malaysian Army

Expansion of the conflict to the Malaysian Peninsula.

Co-ordinated to coincide with Sukarno announcing a 'Year of Dangerous Living' during Indonesian Independence Day celebrations, Indonesian forces began a campaign of airborne and seaborne infiltrations of the Malaysian Peninsula on 17 August 1964. On 17 August 1964, a seaborne force of about 100, composed of air force Komando Pasukan Gerak Tjepat/PGT (Rapid Response Troop Commandos, later known as "Kopasgat"; current spelling: Komando Pasukan Gerak Cepat/PGC, today known as Korps Pasukan Khas "Paskhas") paratroopers, KKO and about a dozen Malaysian communists, crossed the Malacca Straits by boat, landing at Pontian in three parties in the night. Instead of being greeted as liberators, however, they were contained by various Commonwealth forces, and all but four of the infiltrators were captured within a few days. On 2 September, three Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft set off from Jakarta for Peninsular Malaysia, flying low to avoid detection by radar. The following night, two of the C-130 managed to reach their objective with their onboard PGT paratroopers, who jumped off and landed around Labis in Johore (about 100 miles north of Singapore). The remaining C-130 crashed into the

Operation Claret.

Operation Claret was a long-running series of secretive cross-border raids conducted by British Commonwealth forces in Borneo from June 1964 to early 1966. These raids were undertaken by special forces—including the British Special Air Service, Australian Special Air Service Regiment, and New Zealand Special Air Service—as well as regular infantry. During the early phases of the conflict, British Commonwealth and Malaysian troops had attempted only to control the border and to protect population centres from Indonesian attacks. However, by 1965 they had decided to take more aggressive action, crossing the border to obtain information and in "hot pursuit" of withdrawing Indonesian infiltrators. First approved in May 1965, later they were expanded to include cross-border ambushing in July.  These patrols—which were highly classified at the time—often involved small reconnaissance

Easing of tensions.

On the night of 30 September 1965, an attempted coup took place in Jakarta. Six senior Indonesian military leaders were killed, while General Nasution narrowly escaped from his would-be captors. In the ensuing confusion, Sukarno agreed to allow Suharto to assume emergency command and control of Jakarta and the armed forces stationed there. Blame for the failed coup was attributed to the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), and in the following weeks and months a campaign of imprisonment and lynching of PKI members and sympathisers broke out across Jakarta and Indonesia. With Suharto's grip on power in Jakarta and Indonesia delicately poised, the scale and intensity of Indonesia's campaign of infiltrations into Borneo began to ease. The train of events set off by the failed coup led to Suharto's gradual consolidation of power and marginalisation of Sukarno. At the same time, the anti-communist purge spread throughout Indonesia. Suharto's steady consolidation of power after 30 September events allowed him to form a new government and in March 1967 Suharto was able to form a new cabinet that excluded Sukarno.  On 28 May 1966, at a conference in Bangkok, the Malaysian and Indonesian governments declared the

Counter-measures.

Command arrangements.

In early January 1963, the military forces in northern Borneo, having arrived in December 1962 in response to the Brunei Revolt, were under the command of Commander British Forces Borneo (COMBRITBOR), Major General Walter Walker, who was Director of Borneo Operations (DOBOPS) based on Labuan Island and reported directly to the Commander in Chief Far East Forces, Admiral Sir David Luce. Luce was routinely replaced by Admiral Sir Varyl Begg in early 1963. In the middle of 1963, Brigadier Pat

Commonwealth order of battle.

British forces in Borneo included Headquarters (HQ) 3 Commando Brigade in Kuching with responsibility for the western part of Sarawak, 1st, 2nd and 3rd Divisions, and HQ 99 Gurkha Infantry Brigade in Brunei responsible for the East, 4th and 5th Divisions, Brunei and Sabah. These HQs had deployed from Singapore in late 1962 in response to the Brunei Revolt. The ground forces were initially limited to just five UK and Gurkha infantry battalions usually based in Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong, and an armoured car squadron. The police also deployed several light infantry of Police Field Force companies. However, as additional resources became available the size

Intelligence.

A useful factor in the containment of the Indonesian forces was the use of intelligence. The Royal Signals were able to intercept the Indonesian military communications. The cyphers were decrypted by the

British tactics.

Soon after assuming command in Borneo, General Walker issued a directive listing the ingredients for success, based on his experience in the Malayan Emergency:  Walker recognised the difficulties of limited forces and a long border and, in early 1963, was reinforced with a SAS squadron from the UK, which rotated with another mid-year. When the SAS temporarily adopted 3-man instead of 4-man patrols, they could not closely monitor the border. Increasing the capability of the infantry to create a surveillance network was also considered essential.  Walker raised the Border Scouts, building on Harrison's force of Kelabits, who had mobilised to help intercept the fleeing TNKU forces from the Brunei Revolt. He also utilised the experience of the Royal Marines as well as knowledge of the skill and usefulness of the Sarawak Rangers in the Malayan Emergency. This was approved by the Sarawak government in May as "auxiliary police". Walker selected Lieutenant Colonel John Cross, a Gurkha officer with immense jungle experience, for the task. A training centre was established in a remote area at Mt. Murat in the 5th Division and staffed mainly by SAS. Border Scouts were attached to infantry battalions and evolved into an intelligence-gathering force by using their local knowledge and extended families. In addition, the Police Special Branch, which had proved so effective during the Malayan Emergency in recruiting sources in the communist organisation, was expanded.  British jungle tactics were developed and honed during the Malayan Emergency against a clever and elusive enemy. They emphasised travelling lightly, being undetectable and going for many days without resupplying. Being undetectable meant being silent (hand signals, no rattling equipment) and 'odour free'—perfumed toiletries were forbidden (they could be detected a kilometre away by good jungle fighters), and sometimes eating food cold to prevent cooking smells. In about 1962, at the end of National Service, British infantry battalions had reorganised into three rifle companies, a support company and an HQ company with logistic responsibilities. Battalion HQ included an intelligence section. Each rifle company was composed of 3 platoons of 32 men each, equipped with light machine guns and self-loading rifles. The support company had a mortar platoon with six medium mortars (3-inch mortar until replaced by 81-mm mortar around the end of 1965) organised into three sections, enabling a section to be attached to a rifle company if required. Similarly organised was an anti-tank platoon; there was also an assault pioneer platoon. The machine gun platoon was abolished, but the impending delivery of the 7.62 mm GPMG, with sustained fire kits held by each company, was to provide a medium machine gun capability. In the meantime, the

Aftermath.

Casualties.

The conflict lasted nearly four years; however, following General Suharto's replacement of Sukarno, Indonesian interest in pursuing the war with Malaysia declined, and combat eased. Peace negotiations were initiated during May 1966 before a final peace agreement was ratified on 11 August 1966.  Although the Indonesians had conducted a few amphibious raids and an airborne operation against Malaya, the war remained limited throughout its duration and remained largely a land conflict. For either side to have escalated to large scale air or naval attacks "would have incurred disadvantages greatly outweighing the marginal military effect that they might have produced". The UK Secretary of State for Defence at the time, Denis Healey, described the campaign as "one of the most efficient uses of military forces in the history of the world". British Commonwealth forces peaked at 17,000 deployed in Borneo, with another

Awards.

A number of gallantry awards were made for

References.

Notes

The Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation or Borneo confrontation (also known by its Indonesian/Malay name, Konfrontasi) was a violent conflict from 1963–66 that stemmed from Indonesia's opposition to the creation of Malaysia. The creation of Malaysia was the amalgamation of the Federation of Malaya (now West Malaysia), Singapore and the crown colony/British protectorates of North Borneo and Sarawak (collectively known as British Borneo, now East Malaysia) in September 1963. Vital precursors to the conflict included Indonesia's policy of confrontation against Netherlands New Guinea from March-August 1962 and the Brunei Revolt in December 1962.

印度尼西亚-马来西亚对抗(简称印马对抗,印尼语、马来语:Konfrontasi Indonesia-Malaysia,通常简称Konfrontasi),或称为婆罗洲对抗,是1963年至1966年期间的一场印度尼西亚为遏止马来西亚成立而发生的暴力冲突。


History.

The Xiaotaoyuan Mosque was originally built in 1917 by Jin Ziyun, the Director of the Shanghai Islamic Board of Directors, who had bought the land. It was then rebuilt in 1925 and completed two years later in the shape it is today. The site of the mosque was the original site for the Shanghai Islamic Normal School which was later moved to Qinglian Street and renamed Pingliang Islamic Normal School. Other schools established by the mosques were the Islam Normal School, Primary School for Muslims, Mingcheng Primary School, Chongben Primary School, Shanghai Islam Orphanage etc.  After the founding of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949, Shanghai Mayor Chen Yi inspected the mosque and approved appropriate funds for its maintenance. On 15 February 1994, the mosque was listed as heritage architecture by the Shanghai Municipal Government.

Architecture.

The mosque was built in the traditional West Asian Islamic style combined with Chinese architecture. The exterior is painted green and white. Above its entrance gate contains the word'mosque' in Chinese drawn by calligrapher Luo Junti. The main two-story prayer hall can accommodate up to 500 people with a floor area of 500 m. It is completed with arched windows. The mosque also has one minaret and four domes at the four corners of the mosque.  The mosque is surrounded by a rectangular courtyard. On the east side of the courtyard is a three-story Chinese style-building which houses lecture room, offices, library, reading room, sermon room and ablution facilities. On the south side of the courtyard is the Imam's room, reception room and bathroom. Next to the main mosque building is the Xiaotaoyuan Mosque for women located at 24 Xiaotaoyuan Street. The building was built in 1920 and renovated in 1994.

Activities.

In 1920-1940, the mosque received and served Muslim people from regions around China who planned to go for Hajj to Saudi Arabia. The mosque is home to the Shanghai Islamic Association which was established in 1962 and also the Management Committee of Mosques in Shanghai. The women's mosque hosts religious activities for Muslim women in Shanghai. Many Chinese and foreign Muslims have gather at the mosque to take part in prayers. Many high ranking government officials and prestigious people from Islamic countries also have visited the mosque and taken part in prayers.

Transportation.

The mosque is accessible within walking distance east of Laoximen Station of Shanghai Metro.

The Xiaotaoyuan Mosque (), formerly known as Islamic Western Mosque or Shanghai Western Mosque, is a mosque in Huangpu District, Shanghai, China. It is the largest mosque in Shanghai.

小桃园清真寺是上海市的一所清真寺,位于小桃园街。亦称清真西寺、上海西城回教堂,俗名叫做“西寺”。其外墙红色,有圆形的穹顶。


History.

Node.js was written initially by Ryan Dahl in 2009, about thirteen years after the introduction of the first server-side JavaScript environment, Netscape's LiveWire Pro Web. The initial release supported only Linux and Mac OS X. Its development and maintenance was led by Dahl and later sponsored by Joyent.  Dahl criticized the limited possibilities of the most popular web server in 2009, Apache HTTP Server, to handle a lot of concurrent connections (up to 10,000 and more) and the most common way of creating code (sequential programming), when code either blocked the entire process or implied multiple execution stacks in the case of simultaneous connections.  Dahl demonstrated the project at the inaugural European JSConf on 8 November 2009. Node.js combined Google's V8 JavaScript engine, an event loop, and a low-level I/O API.  In January 2010, a package manager was introduced for the Node.js environment called "npm". The package manager makes it easier for programmers to publish and share source code of Node.js packages and is designed to simplify installation, updating, and uninstallation of packages.  In June 2011, Microsoft and Joyent implemented a native Windows version of Node.js. The first Node.js build supporting Windows was released in July 2011.  In January 2012, Dahl stepped aside, promoting coworker and "npm" creator Isaac Schlueter to manage the project. In January 2014, Schlueter announced that Timothy J. Fontaine would lead the project.  In December 2014, Fedor Indutny started io.js, a fork of Node.js. Due to the internal conflict over Joyent's governance, io.js was created as an open governance alternative with a separate technical committee. Unlike Node.js, the authors planned to keep io.js up-to-date with the latest releases of the Google V8 JavaScript engine.  In February 2015, the intent to form a neutral Node.js Foundation was announced. By June 2015, the Node.js and io.js communities voted to work together under the Node.js Foundation.  In September 2015, Node.js v0.12 and io.js v3.3 were merged back together into Node v4.0. This merge brought V8 ES6 features into Node.js and a long-term support release cycle. As of 2016, the io.js website recommends that developers switch back to Node.js and that no further releases of io.js are planned due to the merge.  In 2019, the JS Foundation and Node.js Foundation merged to form the OpenJS Foundation.

Overview.

Node.js allows the creation of Web servers and networking tools using JavaScript and a collection of "modules" that handle various core functionalities. Modules are provided for file system I/O, networking (DNS, HTTP, TCP, TLS/SSL, or UDP), binary data (buffers), cryptography functions, data streams, and other core functions. Node.js's modules use an API designed to reduce the complexity of writing server applications.  JavaScript is the only language that Node.js supports natively, but many compile-to-JS languages are available. As a result, Node.js applications can be written in CoffeeScript, Dart, TypeScript, ClojureScript and others.  Node.js is primarily used to build network programs such as Web servers. The most significant difference between Node.js and PHP is that most functions in PHP block until completion (commands only execute after previous commands finish), while Node.js functions are non-blocking (commands execute concurrently or even in parallel, and use callbacks to signal completion or failure).  Node.js is officially supported on Linux, and Microsoft Windows 8.1 and Server 2012 (and later), with tier 2 support for SmartOS and IBM AIX and experimental support for FreeBSD. OpenBSD also works, and LTS versions available for IBM i (AS/400). The provided source code may also be built on similar operating systems to those officially supported or be modified by third parties to support others such as NonStop OS and Unix servers.

Platform architecture.

Node.js brings event-driven programming to web servers, enabling development of fast web servers in JavaScript. Developers can create scalable servers without using threading, by using a simplified model of event-driven programming that uses callbacks to signal the completion of a task. Node.js connects the ease of a scripting language (JavaScript) with the power of Unix network programming.  Node.js was built on the Google V8 JavaScript engine since it was open-sourced under the BSD license. It is proficient with internet fundamentals such as HTTP, DNS, TCP. JavaScript was also a well-known language, making Node.js accessible to the web development community.

Industry support.

There are thousands of open-source libraries for Node.js, most of them hosted on the npm website. The Node.js developer community has two main mailing lists and the IRC channel #node.js on freenode. There are multiple developer conferences and events that support the Node.js community, including NodeConf, Node Interactive, and Node Summit as well as a number of regional events.  The open-source community has developed web frameworks to accelerate the development of applications. Such frameworks include Connect, Express.js, Socket.IO, Feathers.js, Koa.js, Hapi.js, Sails.js, Meteor, Derby, and many others. Various packages have also been created for interfacing with other languages or runtime environments such as Microsoft.NET.  Modern desktop IDEs provide editing and debugging features specifically for Node.js applications. Such IDEs include Atom, Brackets, JetBrains WebStorm, Microsoft Visual Studio (with Node.js Tools for Visual Studio, or TypeScript with Node definitions,) NetBeans, Nodeclipse Enide Studio (Eclipse-based), and Visual Studio Code. Certain online web-based IDEs also support Node.js, such as Codeanywhere, Codenvy, Cloud9 IDE, Koding, and the visual flow editor in Node-RED.  Node.js is supported across a number of cloud hosting platforms like Jelastic, Google Cloud Platform, AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Joyent and others.

Releases.

New major releases of Node.js are cut from the GitHub master branch every six months. Even-numbered versions are cut in April and odd-numbered versions are cut in October. When a new odd version is released, the previous even version undergoes transition to Long Term Support (LTS), which gives that version 18 months of active support from the date it is designated LTS. After these 18 months expire, an LTS release receives an additional 12 months of maintenance support. An active version receives non-breaking backports of changes a few weeks after they land in the current release. A maintenance release only receives critical fixes and documentation updates. The LTS Working Group manages strategy and policy in collaboration with the Technical Steering Committee of the Node.js Foundation.

Technical details.

Node.js is a JavaScript runtime environment that processes incoming requests in a loop, called the event loop.

Threading.

Node.js operates on a single-thread event loop, using non-blocking I/O calls, allowing it to support tens of thousands of concurrent connections without incurring the cost of thread context switching. The design of sharing a single thread among all the requests that use the observer pattern is intended for building highly concurrent applications, where any function performing I/O must use a callback. To accommodate the single-threaded event loop, Node.js uses the libuv library—which, in turn, uses a fixed-sized thread pool that handles some of the non-blocking asynchronous I/O operations.  A thread pool handles the execution of parallel tasks in Node.js. The main thread function call posts tasks to the shared task queue, which threads in the thread pool pull and execute. Inherently non-blocking system functions such as networking translate to kernel-side non-blocking sockets, while inherently blocking system functions such as file I/O run in a blocking way on their own threads. When a thread in the thread pool completes a task, it informs the main thread of this, which in turn, wakes up and executes the registered callback.  A downside of this single-threaded approach is that Node.js doesn't allow vertical scaling by increasing the number of CPU cores of the machine it is running on without using an additional module, such as cluster, StrongLoop Process Manager, or pm2. However, developers can increase the default number of threads in the libuv thread pool. The server operating system (OS) is likely to distribute these threads across multiple cores. Another problem is that long-lasting computations and other CPU-bound tasks freeze the entire event-loop until completion.  Node.js uses libuv to handle asynchronous events. Libuv is an abstraction layer for network and file system functionality on both Windows and POSIX-based systems such as Linux, macOS, OSS on NonStop, and Unix.  The core functionality of Node.js resides in a JavaScript library. The Node.js bindings, written in C++, connect these technologies to each other and to the operating system.

V8.

V8 is the JavaScript execution engine which was initially built for Google Chrome. It was then open-sourced by Google in 2008. Written in C++, V8 compiles JavaScript source code to native machine code at runtime. As of 2016, it also includes Ignition, a bytecode interpreter.

Package management.

npm is the pre-installed package manager for the Node.js server platform. It installs Node.js programs from the npm registry, organizing the installation and management of third-party Node.js programs. Packages in the npm registry can range from simple helper libraries such as Lodash to task runners such as Grunt.

Unified API.

Node.js can be combined with a browser, a database that supports JSON data (such as Postgres, MongoDB, or CouchDB) and JSON for a unified JavaScript development stack. With the adaptation of what were essentially server-side development patterns such as MVC, MVP, MVVM, etc., Node.js allows the reuse of the same model and service interface between client side and server side.

Event loop.

Node.js registers with the operating system so the OS notifies it of connections and issues a callback. Within the Node.js runtime, each connection is a small heap allocation. Traditionally, relatively heavyweight OS processes or threads handled each connection. Node.js uses an event loop for scalability, instead of processes or threads. In contrast to other event-driven servers, Node.js's event loop does not need to be called explicitly. Instead, callbacks are defined, and the server automatically enters the event loop at the end of the callback definition. Node.js exits the event loop when there are no further callbacks to be performed.

WebAssembly.

Node.js supports WebAssembly and as of version 14.x has an experimental support of WASI, the WebAssembly System Interface.

Project governance.

In 2015, various branches of the greater Node.js community began working under the vendor-neutral Node.js Foundation. The stated purpose of the organization "is to enable widespread adoption and help accelerate development of Node.js and other related modules through an open governance model that encourages participation, technical contribution, and a framework for long-term stewardship by an ecosystem invested in Node.js' success."  The Node.js Foundation Technical Steering Committee (TSC) is the technical governing body of the Node.js Foundation. The TSC is responsible for the core Node.js repo as well as dependent and adjacent projects. Generally the TSC delegates the administration of these projects to working groups or committees. The LTS group that manages long term supported releases is one such group. Other current groups include Website, Streams, Build, Diagnostics, i18n, Evangelism, Docker, Addon API, Benchmarking, Post-mortem, Intl, Documentation, and Testing.  In August 2017, a third of the TSC members resigned due to a dispute related to the project's code of conduct.

Node.js is an open-source, cross-platform, JavaScript runtime environment that executes JavaScript code outside a web browser. Node.js lets developers use JavaScript to write command line tools and for server-side scripting—running scripts server-side to produce dynamic web page content before the page is sent to the user's web browser. Consequently, Node.js represents a "JavaScript everywhere" paradigm, unifying web-application development around a single programming language, rather than different languages for server- and client-side scripts.

Node.js 是能够在服务器端运行 JavaScript 的开放源代码、跨平台 JavaScript 执行环境。Node.js 由 Node.js Foundation(已与 JS Foundation 合并为 OpenJS Foundation)持有和维护,亦为 Linux 基金会的项目。Node.js采用Google开发的V8执行程序码,使用事件驱动、非阻塞和异步输入输出模型等技术来提高效能,可优化应用程序的传输量和规模。这些技术通常用于资料密集的即时应用程序。


History.

On 30 March 2001, Flandre Air, Proteus Airlines, and Regional Airlines merged into Régional.  Régional as of 2006 was upgrading and consolidating its fleet, considering to ally with a turboprop partner as it increasingly turned its focus to its jet operations. The 2 remaining Saab 2000s were phased out in 2006 and the last of its 9 Embraer EMB-120 Brasilias followed in 2008, marking the exit of all of Régional's turboprop aircraft.  From 31 March 2013, Régional services were operated under the HOP! brand. Régional ceased all flight operations in March 2017 after its merger in HOP!.

Fleet.

The Régional fleet includes the following aircraft in March 2013, the average fleet age is 12.3 years.  It became the first European operator of the Embraer 190 on 23 November 2006, when the first of six on order was delivered. The 100-seat aircraft will operate domestic and intra-European services in full Air France colours. Régional received its first Embraer 170 of 6 orders, which wears the new Régional logo, on September 2, 2008.  The Embraer 190s are part of a new order over the Air France-KLM group with another 18 further options. All Fokkers have been transferred to KLM Cityhopper. The last propeller aircraft Embraer EMB 120 left the fleet on October 10, 2008 replaced by the ERJ-135

Head office.

The head office of the airline was located on the grounds of Nantes Atlantique Airport in Bouguenais, near Nantes. The head office was adjacent to the airport hotels. Nantes Atlantique Airport had the head office of Regional Airlines, the largest of the three companies that were merged into the current Régional Compagnie Aérienne Européenne.

Régional Compagnie Aérienne Européenne, or Régional for short, was a subsidiary airline wholly owned by Air France which conneced hubs at Paris, Lyon to 49 airports in Europe. The airline operated in Air France livery, retaining its name in small titles and logo on the front fuselage and engines. It became the first European operator of the Embraer 190 aircraft in November 2006. It was headquartered in Bouguenais at the Nantes Atlantique Airport.

欧洲区域航空(Régional Compagnie Aérienne Européenne,通常简写为Régional)是法航的一家全资子公司,其主要任务是连接巴黎、里昂等49个欧洲机场。2006年11月,欧洲区域航空是第一家使用巴西航空工业190飞机的欧洲航空公司。欧洲区域航空的枢纽机场位于南特大西洋机场。


History and ownership.

The newspaper was established in 1842, less than 50 years after Moses Cleaveland landed on the banks of the Cuyahoga River in The Flats, and is currently owned by Advance Publications.  Since the late 20th century, like others in the media business, the newspaper has faced numerous changes, sales, restructuring and staff layoffs. Prior to its purchase by an S.I. Newhouse company, the paper was previously published through The Plain Dealer Publishing Company, part of the Forest City Publishing Company, which also published the "Cleveland News" until its purchase and subsequent closing by its major competitor, the "Cleveland Press", owned by the E.W. Scripps Company, in 1960.  On December 18, 2005, "The Plain Dealer" ceased publication of its weekly "Sunday Magazine", which had been published continuously for over 85 years. The demise of the paper's "Sunday Magazine" was attributed to the high cost of newsprint and declining revenue. The PD reassigned the associated editors, designers and reporters to other areas of the newspaper. It also assured readers that the stories that would formerly have appeared in the Sunday Magazine would be integrated into other areas of the paper.

Name.

The newspaper's name was changed from "The Cleveland Advertiser" to "The Plain Dealer" in 1842 by Joseph William Gray and Admiral Nelson Gray, two brothers who had taken over the newspaper in what is considered its founding. After discussing a number of other possible names, they wrote, "but our democracy and modesty suggest the only name that befits the occasion, the PLAIN DEALER.” The phrase means "someone who interacts or does business straightforwardly and honestly." Their choice was probably inspired by "The Plaindealer", a weekly paper that has been described as Jacksonian or radical, published in New York City by William Leggett from 1836 to either 1837 or 1839. Newspapers in Iowa and Montana later used the same name in the 19th and early 20th centuries, with an apparent descendant still published in Cresco, Iowa as the "Cresco Times Plain Dealer". Also similarly named is the "Souris Plaindealer", a community newspaper that has served Souris, Manitoba, since 1892. Winston Churchill reportedly said about the Cleveland paper, “I think that by all odds, the Plain Dealer has the best newspaper name of any in the world.” Although its first edition in 1842 was captioned simply "The Plain Dealer," the newspaper's masthead name included "Cleveland" for much of its history, and dropped the city name sometime after 1965.

Ownership history.

Joseph William Gray owned (with his brother) and edited the newspaper from 1842 until his death in 1862. A series of editors controlled the paper between then and 1885, when real estate investor Liberty Emery Holden purchased it. When Holden died in 1913, ownership of the Plain Dealer was placed in trust for his heirs. One of his heirs, Holden's great-grandson Thomas Vail, became the paper's editor and publisher in 1963. On March 1, 1967, the Holden trustees, including Vail, sold the Plain Dealer to S.I. Newhouse's newspaper chain for $54.2 million. Advance Publications Inc., a Newhouse-owned media company, continues to own the Plain Dealer.

Politifact Ohio.

In July 2010, "The Plain Dealer" launched PolitiFact Ohio, a website that analyzes political issues relevant to Ohio and the greater Cleveland area. It also conducted fact-checking and was produced in conjunction with its creator, the "Tampa Bay Times". Four years later, the relationship was ended. Although the operation had generated criticism, the decision to drop it was attributed instead to a desire to keep all content on Cleveland.com rather than the separate PolitiFact Ohio site, which remains available as an archive.

Separate newsrooms, and downsizing.

In the early 2000s, The Plain Dealer employed nearly 350 reporters and editors; that statistic may now be a single-digit number.  At a certain point, the owners of The Plain Dealer established cleveland.com as the online sister organization of The Pain Dealer, which became the company producing only the on-paper product; the Plain Dealer's editor described cleveland.com as "our sister company." Cleveland.com is now described by its owners as "the premier news and information website in the state of Ohio." Cleveland.com is the digital outlet for The Plain Dealer's past and present content. The staff at cleveland.com, unlike the staff at the Plain Dealer, is not unionized.  On the morning of Wednesday, July 31, 2013, nearly one third of the newsroom staff was eliminated through layoffs and voluntary resignations. The "Plain Dealer"'s corporate owner, New York-based Advance Publications Inc., a private company run by the heirs of S.I. Newhouse, was implementing a strategy to cut staff and publication schedules in order to focus more on online news delivery. Previously, in December 2012, under an agreement with the Newspaper Guild, nearly two dozen union newsroom staff voluntarily accepted severance packages. The July round of layoffs led to accusations by the Guild that management had misled the union by cutting more employees than had been agreed upon.  On August 5, 2013, the Northeast Ohio Media Group launched and The Plain Dealer Publishing Company was formed. Northeast Ohio Media Group operates Cleveland.com and Sun Newspapers (also known as the "Sun News" suburban papers). It is responsible for all multimedia ad sales and marketing for "The Plain Dealer", "Sun News" and Cleveland.com. It also provides content to "The Plain Dealer", Cleveland.com and "Sun News". The Plain Dealer Publishing Company provides content and publishes in print seven days a week. However, the company announced in 2013 that it would cut back home delivery in light of declining revenue. The company also provides production, distribution, finance, information technology, accounting and other support services for the Plain Dealer Publishing Co. and Northeast Ohio Media Group.  In January 2016, NEOMG was renamed "Advance Ohio" several weeks following a major reorganization of the newsroom that included layoffs.  In February 2017, Advance Ohio named Chris Quinn editor and publisher. Quinn previously served as vice president of content at NEOMG and was metro editor at The Plain Dealer prior to that.  The "Plain Dealer" announced plans to lay off a third of its unionized staff in December 2018 as part of a transition to a "centralized production system".  In March 2019, the paper laid off twelve (or fourteen) editors and reporters, and also outsourced its production, dropping another 24 jobs. Eight veteran reporters volunteered to take buyouts to spare others losing their jobs. Quinn attributed the falling revenue to the print side of the operation. "It's just the falling circulation numbers in print, they continue to hamper us", Quinn said. "So we'll — you hate to see them go, they're veteran people, it's a lot of experience. Nothing matters more. But if it fits for where they are in their lives, and we can save some money, we're going for it." Rachel Dissell, a vice president of the News Guild, addressed Quinn's remarks, saying "we are baffled how print circulation can be blamed for buyouts at a digital company that we've been told again and again over five years is a separate entity from the Plain Dealer."  Tim Warsinskey became editor of the Plain Dealer on March 1, 2020. On March 3, 2020, The Plain Dealer announce that it would lay off 22 more journalists. Their departures were delayed by two weeks, however, because of the coronavirus pandemic, leading to what was described as "a farewell blitz of vital reporting" on that topic by the soon-to-depart staff. On April 6, 2020, the Plain Dealer's editor announced that ten of its fourteen remaining reporters would be assigned to cover Ohio counties outside of Cleveland, rather than Cuyahoga County. Those ten asked to be laid off instead, and on April 10, 2020, they were. This left the Plain Dealer with a staff of four union journalists: investigative journalist John Caniglia, travel editor Susan Glaser, art critic Steven Litt, and sports columnist Terry Pluto. These layoffs were the culmination of a drop over 20 years in membership in the United States' first News Guild (Local 1 of that union) from 340 members to four. Amid the coronavirus pandemic, the laid off journalists were permitted to retain health insurance through February 2021 in exchange for signing a non-disparagement letter.  On May 12, 2020, it was announced that the final four union journalists would be laid off and offered positions in the non-union Cleveland.com newsroom. Under an agreement with the Northeast Ohio Newspaper Guild, the guild would be barred from participating in union organizing activities in the Cleveland.com newsroom for one year. The same day, after three months of serving as Plain Dealer editor and overseeing this period of layoffs, Tim Warsinskey announced that he would be starting in a new role as Senior Editor for Advance Local, the parent company of Cleveland.com, on June 1, 2020.

Pricing, distribution, circulation.

The daily paper costs $2 and the Sunday/Thanksgiving Day final is $3 at newsstands/newsracks. The full subscription weekly price is $4.65. These prices only apply to "The Plain Dealer"'s home delivery area, which are the Northeast Ohio counties of Cuyahoga, Lake, Geauga, Portage, Erie, Ottawa, Summit, Ashtabula, Medina and Lorain. "The Plain Dealer" is available all over the state at select newsstands, including in the state capital, Columbus, and anywhere in the US or world via US mail service, in which prices are higher. The newspaper reported daily readership of 543,110 and Sunday readership of 858,376 as of October, 2013.  Effective August 5, 2013, home delivery was reduced to four days a week; a "premium" (full) edition on Wednesday, Friday, and Sunday, and a bonus version on Saturday. Subscribers to the three premium editions have access to a digital version seven days a week, which is an exact replica of the morning's paper. A print edition is still available daily at stores, newsracks and newsstands. Circulation and print ad revenue have since continued to decline with marginal gains in digital ad revenue.

Bureaux.

"The Plain Dealer" formerly operated a variety of news bureaux. By the middle of 2014, both the state capital bureau in Columbus and the Washington bureau were shifted to the Northeast Ohio Media Group, as shown by the affiliations of their bureau chiefs.

Advance Ohio/Northeast Ohio Media Group.

"The Plain Dealer" is the major news contributor to Cleveland.com, the regional news, event and communication portal run by Advance Digital via Advance Ohio (formerly known as the Northeast Ohio Media Group). The paper does not operate its own editorial website. Advance Ohio runs a separate website for the business side of the newspaper, including advertising. Cleveland.com also features news from the Sun Newspapers, which are a group of smaller, weekly, more suburban-oriented newspapers in the Greater Cleveland metro area also owned by Advance Publications. The formation of NEOMG was dubbed a "transparent union-busting schism scheme" by Cleveland Scene Magazine. The Plain Dealer News Guild itself has called NEOMG's formation as evidence of Advance's involvement in "union-busting" and repeated the claim in response to subsequent layoffs.  The quality of the site (as well as other Advance Internet sites) has been criticized by the staff, newsroom staff and locals.  Nearly one third of the newsroom staff was eliminated through layoffs and voluntary resignations in July 2013. The "Plain Dealer"'s corporate owner, New York-based Advance Publications Inc., a private company run by the heirs of S.I. Newhouse, was implementing a strategy to cut staff and publication schedules in order to focus more on online news delivery. Previously, in December 2012, under an agreement with the Newspaper Guild, nearly two dozen union newsroom staff voluntarily accepted severance packages. The July round of layoffs led to accusations by the Guild that management had misled the union by cutting more employees than had been agreed upon.  On August 5, 2013, the Northeast Ohio Media Group launched and The Plain Dealer Publishing Company was formed. Northeast Ohio Media Group operates Cleveland.com and Sun Newspapers (also known as the "Sun News" suburban papers). It is responsible for all multimedia ad sales and marketing for "The Plain Dealer", "Sun News" and Cleveland.com. It also provides content to "The Plain Dealer", Cleveland.com and "Sun News". The Plain Dealer Publishing Company provides content and publishes in print seven days a week. However, the company announced in 2013 that it would cut back home delivery in light of declining revenue. The company also provides production, distribution, finance, information technology, accounting and other support services for the Plain Dealer Publishing Co. and Northeast Ohio Media Group.  In January 2016, NEOMG was renamed "Advance Ohio" several weeks following a major reorganization of the newsroom that included layoffs.  In February 2017, Advance Ohio named Chris Quinn editor and publisher. Quinn previously served as vice president of content at NEOMG and was metro editor at The Plain Dealer prior to that.

Cleveland.com criticism and controversies.

Removal of debate video.

In October 2014, the Northeast Ohio Media Group hosted the three Ohio candidates for governor in what would be their only joint appearance. The debate was held before the NEOMG's editorial board (which also serves as the editorial board of "The Plain Dealer") and NEOMG reporters. Incumbent Gov. John Kasich, a Republican, largely ignored his main rival, Democrat Ed FitzGerald. Kasich refused to admit he could hear the questions of FitzGerald, who was sitting next to him, and insisted that a reporter repeat them.  During the debate, a video camera was positioned eight feet in front of the candidates. The resulting video was posted on Cleveland.com. A few days later, however, it was removed. When other sites posted copies of the now-deleted video, the NEOMG sent letters threatening legal action. TechDirt reported that the owner of the Cleveland "Plain Dealer" had demanded that the unflattering video be taken down. The NEOMG's actions were covered by other media organizations and it was criticized by media observers. Chris Quinn, the NEOMG vice president who sent the letters, declined all requests for comment.  At 7 a.m. on the day after the election, which Kasich—endorsed by the NEOMG—won easily, the news organization posted online an explanation of events written by its reader representative. The column cited this as Quinn's explanation: Shortly after the video was posted, the Kasich campaign contacted him and said it had not been aware a video would be posted online. Quinn eventually decided that his failure to explicitly explain the presence of a video camera was unfair. Further, "I thought that if I stated my reasons, the obvious next step would be people going to the candidates and asking them if they had any objection to putting the video back up," Quinn is quoted as saying. "That would mean my error could put people into an uncomfortable situation."<ref

The Plain Dealer is the major newspaper of Cleveland, Ohio, United States. According to an analysis of circulation data published in March 2013, the newspaper was among the top 25 newspapers for both daily and Sunday circulation in the United States.

《诚恳家日报》(英语:"The Plain Dealer",PD),是美国俄亥俄州克里夫兰的一家主流报纸。


Criteria.

The common criteria of any hamstring muscles are:  Those muscles which fulfill all of the four criteria are called true hamstrings.

Structure.

The three muscles of the posterior thigh (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris long & short head) flex (bend) the knee, while all but the short head of biceps femoris extend (straighten) the hip. The three 'true' hamstrings cross both the hip and the knee joint and are therefore involved in knee flexion and hip extension. The short head of the biceps femoris crosses only one joint (knee) and is therefore not involved in hip extension. With its divergent origin and innervation it is sometimes excluded from the 'hamstring' characterization.  A portion of the adductor magnus is sometimes considered a part of the hamstrings.

Function.

The hamstrings cross and act upon two joints – the hip and the knee – and as such are termed biarticular muscles.  Semitendinosus and semimembranosus extend the hip when the trunk is fixed; they also flex the knee and medially (inwardly) rotate the lower leg when the knee is bent.  The long head of the biceps femoris extends the hip, as when beginning to walk; both short and long heads flex the knee and laterally (outwardly) rotate the lower leg when the knee is bent.  The hamstrings play a crucial role in many daily activities such as walking, running, jumping, and controlling some movement in the gluteus. In walking, they are most important as an antagonist to the quadriceps in the deceleration of knee extension.

Clinical significance.

Imaging.

Imaging the hamstring muscles is usually performed with an ultrasound and/or MRI. The biceps femoris is most commonly injured, followed by semitendinosus. Semimembranosus injury is rare. Imaging is useful in differentiating the grade of strain, especially if the muscle is completely torn. In this setting, the level and degree of retraction can be determined, serving as a useful roadmap prior to any surgery. Those with a hamstring strain of greater than 60mm in length have a greater risk of recurrence.

Use in surgery.

The distal semitendinosus tendon is one of the tendons that can be used in the surgical procedure ACL reconstruction. In this procedure, a piece of it is used to replace the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The ACL is one of the four major ligaments in the knee.

History.

Etymology.

The word "ham" is derived from the Old English ham or hom meaning the hollow or bend of the knee, from a Germanic base where it meant "crooked". It gained the meaning of the leg of an animal around the 15th century. "String" refers to tendons, and thus, the hamstrings are the string-like tendons felt on either side of the back of the knee.

In human anatomy, a hamstring () is any one of the three posterior thigh muscles in between the hip and the knee (from medial to lateral: semimembranosus, semitendinosus and biceps femoris). The hamstrings are quite susceptible to injury.

曲膝的一组肌肉 腿后腱由三种肌肉组成,分别为股二头肌、半膜肌和半腱肌,半腱肌及半膜肌位于大腿后方内侧,而股二头肌位于大腿后方外侧。此三者可使膝弯曲或屈曲,并辅助使腿伸直。坐在椅子上并伸直双腿,就可感受到这个强而有力的腱。