意大利航空 (2018年)

History.

Background.

In 1963 Alisarda was established to provide a fast and reliable air service connecting Olbia, gateway from the newly-created resort of the Costa Smeralda, to the major Italian and European destinations. In 2 May 1991, Alisarda rebranded the airline to be known as Meridiana.  The airline later rebranded as Meridiana Fly after the acquisition and merger of defunct Italian airline eurofly, later returning to its original name Meridiana after the acquisition of the former charter airline Air Italy (which operated from 2005 to 2018, since 2013 operated under the Meridiana brand).

Launch of the new Air Italy.

Air Italy was established on 19 February 2018. A press conference in Milan announced that Meridiana airline and its subsidiary, the original Air Italy, which had been part of Meridiana since 2013, would be merged to create the new Air Italy. The focus of the company was to introduce a stable new Italian airline which could become the flagship carrier of Italy. Air Italy's competitor Alitalia, Italy's current flag carrier, had filed for administration on 2 May 2017. The plan also introduced a new brand image, new cabin experience, new airport lounge and new destinations. During the press conference, the airline expressed interest in joining the Oneworld airline alliance. The airline also announced that Qatar Airways would have a Codeshare agreement with the airline.  All branding and business of the new Air Italy took effect on 1 March 2018. The Meridiana IATA, ICAO, and AOC codes were merged into the new Air Italy. The airline website was relaunched with the re-branding. Aircraft transferred from Meridiana still used the Meridiana livery although some were repainted with a hybrid livery. Meridiana codeshare agreements and slots were transferred to the new Air Italy brand.

2018-2019.

In April 2018, Air Italy and Qatar Airways launched their planned codeshare on selected flights. On 18 April 2018 the airline appointed Neil Mills as chief operating officer (COO) who had worked with the recently bankrupt airline Air Berlin. and introduced Rossen Dimitrov as Chief Customer Experience Officer (CCEO) on 22 April.  On 22 April 2018, Air Italy became the Italian launch customer of the Boeing 737 MAX 8. The first aircraft was fully painted, introduced to the public on Air Italy's social media pages. The airline's first Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft was delivered at a handover ceremony at Boeing's Everett Delivery Centre in Seattle with Boeing executives on 11 May 2018. The airline celebrated the delivery of the first Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft on 14 May after the aircraft was handed over to Air Italy in Seattle. The airline held a special press conference in a hangar at its Milan–Malpensa hub. The airline also introduced its new uniforms.  On 1 June 2018, Air Italy launched its new Milan Malpensa Airport to John F. Kennedy International Airport flight with the airline's first Airbus A330-200. The flight also marked the launch of its new seatback entertainment platform, onboard amenities and meal services. Air Italy continued expand operations, launching more routes and services. In July, Air Italy attended the Farnborough Airshow showcasing its second Boeing 737 MAX 8, making it the first time Air Italy attended the airshow. On 20 September, Air Italy released its first summer season report. The airline stated that it had reached 90% load factor on the new US routes and carried more than 500,000 passengers to and from Sardinia. On the back of the successful results, the airline announced new frequencies.  On 3 October 2018, Air Italy Chief Operating Officer, Neil Mills, resigned due to personal reasons. Effective immediately Rossen Dimitrov, formerly Air Italy's Chief Customer Experience Officer was appointed as the airline's new COO with immediate effect. In October 2018, Air Italy announced 3 appointments to senior positions. Elisabeth Milton as Vice President of Sales and Distribution, Nicola Pozzati as Chief Human Resources and Organisation Officer, and Simona Paccioretti as Head of Internal Auditing. Further executive appointments were made on 29 October 2018 with Captain Konstantinos Iliakis brought in as Accountable Manager and Chief Flight and Ground Operations Officer. On 21 November, Valentina Quagliata was appointed with the title of SVP for Network, Planning, and Strategy. On the same day, Air Italy also announced a codeshare agreement with LATAM Brasil, effective immediately for selected flights between Italy and São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport.  In December 2018, Air Italy announced the launch of its Milan Malpensa to Indira Gandhi International Airport and Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, India. Air Italy also announced four new routes to North America: from Milan Malpensa to Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Chicago in the United States and Milan Malpensa to Toronto, Canada.  On 11 February 2019, Air Italy announced frequency increase on flights to Toronto and Miami. On 15 February, Air Italy announced it would sponsor the Toronto Pride as official European carrier.  On 19 February, Air Italy received an award for Business Traveller Cellar in the sky 2018 award. On 25 February, Air Italy announces it's the official carrier of Gelato Festival 2019. On 28 February 2019, Air Italy signed a third codeshare agreement with Bulgaria Air.  On 12 March 2019, during the Boeing 737 MAX groundings, Air Italy grounded all their Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft after an order by the European Aviation Safety Agency. Two days after the grounding, Air Italy's codeshare partner Bulgaria Air leased an A319 to Air Italy.  On 14 March, Air Italy announced that Sergio Boscarol, Head of Corporate and Commercial HR at Alitalia (Air Italy's competitor & Italy's flag carrier) was appointed as Chief Human Resources and Organization Officer for the airline. On 3 April 2019, Air Italy launched its Milan to Los Angeles International Airport flight and its new Business Class on-board experience. On 10 April 2019, Air Italy launched its Milan to San Francisco International Airport flight. On 18 April, Air Italy made a public statement regarding the allegations from the United States top three airlines (Delta, American Airlines, and United) that Air Italy is used as a Fifth Freedom airline of Qatar Airways.  Later that week, Air Italy made an announcement of its upcoming winter routes and also announced that flights to Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Toronto will be seasonal. On 6 May 2019, Air Italy launched its third North American destination from Milan to Toronto Pearson International Airport. Later in the month, Air Italy announced a new partnership with comedienne Caroline Reid (known as Pam Ann) who will be Air Italy's global brand ambassador. On 17 May 2019, Air Italy announced a rebranding of its frequent-flyer program, Meridiana Club to @MyAirItalyClub.  On 14 June 2019, Air Italy signed a Special Prorate Agreement with Alaska Airlines adding more connections to 10 new US/Mexico destinations including Anchorage, Honolulu, Las Vegas, Seattle, Portland, Palm Springs, San Diego, Newark, San Jose (CA) and Guadalajara (Mexico). 5 July Air Italy announced its winter schedule with new destinations to the Maldives, Tenerife, Mombasa and Zanzibar. Air Italy announced the adoption of Fast Track at their Milan Malpensa hub and Linate airport on 8 July. 10 July, Air Italy signed a second Special Prorate Agreement with Aegean Airlines with new connections to Athens.  On 10 September, Air Italy was awarded four stars in annual APEX passenger ratings. On 11 September, Air Italy launched new inflight menus and inflight services for economy passengers on long-haul flights. On 17 September, Air Italy received the award for most LGBTQ+ friendly Italian airline. In September 2019, Air Italy won two awards at AIR Convention Europe in Lithuania for Diversity Award & Most Captivating Marketing Project award.  On 8 November 2019, Air Italy appointed Shiju Thomas as the airline's chief information officer. On 12 November, Air Italy appointed Yousef Elzaro as the airline's chief financial officer. On 14 November, Air Italy board of directors announced that they have appointed Roberto Spada, to replace Francesco Violante, who stepped down as Air Italy's chairman on 31 October 2019.

Liquidation.

On 11 February 2020, Air Italy ceased its own operations. This decision was made following the shareholders' meeting of Air Italy (Alisarda and Qatar Airways through AQA Holdings spa). According to the airline, its flights were operated by other carriers according to the original schedule between 11 and 25 February.  On 19 February, Air Italy reopened ticket sales for two public service obligation (PSO) routes, Milan Linate-Olbia and Rome-Fiumicino-Olbia, and planned to operate them between 14 March and 16 April 2020, the date of PSO contract expiry. The airline operated the routes until 3 February 2020, when the Olbia Costa Smeralda Airport closed due to maintenance works for 40 days.

Corporate affairs.

Ownership and structure.

Air Italy S.p.A. was 100% owned by its parent company AQA Holding S.p.A., founded on 2 September 2017 after Qatar Airways purchased a 49% stake in Meridiana (later rebranded as the new Air Italy). Alisarda retains a 51% stake.  Air Italy had three subsidiaries inherited from Meridiana after a merger with the former Air Italy to form a new airline.

Head office and Leadership.

Air Italy's head office was located on the property of Olbia Costa Smeralda Airport in Olbia, Italy, formerly owned by Meridiana.  The Leadership team at Air Italy was as follows:

Corporate identity.

The Air Italy logo was designed with maroon and mint green colors. The colours are loosely based on the maroon from the Qatar Airways logo. The airline had a specialty design the letter "Y" to look looking somewhat similar to a bird. The airline's livery is a modern white fuselage with the airline logo across the fuselage in a billboard style livery. It also included a collage of their special designed "Y" letter taken from the logo, on the vertical fin. The letter Y was also present on the aircraft engines.

Sponsorships.

Air Italy sponsored one professional sports team: the Italian basketball team Dinamo Sassari.

Controversies.

The United States' three largest airlines, Delta, American Airlines, and United made allegations regarding Air Italy's ownership and operation because of its support from Qatar Airways. Air Italy made a public statement on the issue with a press release on 18 April 2019. Ed Bastian, Chief executive officer of Delta posted an op-ed article on the airline in December 2018 claiming that since Qatar is a state-funded airline of the Government of Qatar supporting a nearly bankrupt Italian airline, it is "putting thousands of American jobs at risk". A couple of US politicians wrote letters to United States Secretary of State, Mike Pompeo, on the situation with Qatar going against a United States-Qatar Open Skies Policy. Air Italy and Qatar Airways denied the allegations and stated that this allegation is due Qatar Airways' 49% stake in Air Italy's Parent Company.

Destinations.

As of February 2019, Air Italy operated to 21-year-round and 5 seasonal destinations in Europe, Africa, Asia and North America. Air Italy aimed to fly more than 50-year-round routes by 2022 stated in the airline's five-year plan. The airline operated most of their flights out of their main hub at Milan Malpensa Airport, and a second operation network out of their focus city at Olbia Costa Smeralda Airport.

Codeshare agreements.

Air Italy has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:

Special Prorate Agreement.

Air Italy had a Special Prorate Agreements with the following airlines:

Fleet.

Current fleet.

, the Air Italy fleet consisted of the following aircraft:

Fleet development.

After rebranding of the airline as Air Italy, Boeing 737 aircraft that had been operated by Meridiana were used to operate the airline's route network. Air Italy planned to develop its fleet by operating 50 new aircraft by 2022, through sub-leasing 20 Boeing 737 MAX 8s and 30 Boeing 787-8s from Qatar Airways, with entry into service between 2018 and 2022. From 2018 to 2019, Qatar Airways planned to lease five of its own Airbus A330-200s to Air Italy at market rate, with Boeing 787-8s transferred to Air Italy from mid-2019 after the delivery of Boeing 787-9s to Qatar Airways during the same period.  In May 2019 the airline said that due to delays in the delivery of Qatar Airways' Boeing 787-9s, the planned transfer of Qatar's Boeing 787-8s to Air Italy had been delayed, resulting in Air Italy choosing instead to expand its long-haul operations with additional Airbus A330s from Qatar Airways. Additionally, after the airline's first three Boeing 737 MAX 8s were grounded, the possibility of transitioning to an Airbus narrowbody fleet was considered.

Historical Air Italy Fleet.

Air Italy used to operate the following aircraft types:

Onboard services.

Business class.

Business class was offered on Air Italy's Airbus A330 and Boeing 737 MAX aircraft. Business class on the Airbus A330 was configured with flat bed seats in a 2-2-2 layout, while the Boeing 737 MAX was configured with seats in a 3–3 layout identical to that of economy class, but with the middle seat blocked. On flights operated by the Airbus A330, an amenity kit by Italian brands "Fedon" and "Acca Kappa" along with designer pajamas and slippers were provided, and an extensive, personalized meal service was offered. All business class seats were also equipped with AC power ports.

Economy class.

Economy class on the Airbus A330 was fitted with slimline seats in a 2-4-2 layout, while economy class on the Boeing 737 and 737 MAX was fitted with seats in a 3–3 layout. AC power ports were available, but only on the airline's Airbus A330 and Boeing 737 MAX aircraft. On medium and long-haul flights, a complementary meal was served, while short-haul flights offered a complementary drinks service with additional snacks.

In-flight entertainment.

The airlines In-flight entertainment was only available on its Airbus A330 aircraft, which were equipped with personal seat-back television screens and USB charging ports at every seat. The A330 aircraft also offered in-flight satellite Wi-Fi for an additional fee. For business class passengers, 60MB of complimentary WiFi data was provided.

In-flight magazine.

Air Italy's in-flight magazine was called "Atmosphere", and was inherited from Meridiana. It was produced by travel media experts Ink, based in the UK.

Frequent-flyer program.

"@MyAirItalyClub" was Air Italy's frequent-flyer program, which was launched on 17 May 2019. Through the program, customers could earn Avios points from Air Italy flights; these could also be earned or redeemed with partner airlines British Airways and Iberia, as well as partner car rentals, hotel bookings, news subscriptions, utilities, and more. The program used to be known as Meridiana Club.

Air Italy (registered as AIR ITALY S.p.A.) was a privately owned Italian airline, headquartered in Olbia, Sardinia. In 2019 the company was the second largest airline in Italy, following Italy's flag carrier Alitalia, and the 40th largest airline in Europe by number of passengers as of 2019. The airline was a subsidiary of AQA Holding, owned by Alisarda (51%) and Qatar Airways (49%). The airline operated a fleet of Boeing 737 Next Generation, Boeing 737 MAX 8 and Airbus A330 aircraft to over 34 scheduled domestic, European and intercontinental destinations. The airline operated from its main hub at Milan Malpensa Airport.

意大利航空(又称:新意大利航空;英语:Air Italy S.p.A.),是意大利的私人航空公司,总部设于奥尔比亚。


Substitution with Armenia.

Beginning in 1880, the name Armenia was forbidden to be used in official documents of the Ottoman Empire, in an attempt to play down the history of Armenians in their own homeland. The government of Sultan Abdul Hamid II replaced the name Armenia with such terms as "Kurdistan" or "Anatolia". The Sublime Porte believed there would be no Armenian Question if there was no Armenia. The process of “nationalization” of toponyms was continued and gained momentum under the Kemalists after the foundation of the Republic of Turkey. In 1923, the entire territory of Western Armenia was officially renamed “Eastern Anatolia” (literally "The Eastern East").  The word Anatolia means “sunrise” or “east” in Greek. This name was given to the Asia Minor peninsula approximately in the 5th or 4th centuries B.C. During the Ottoman era, the term "Anadolou" included the north-eastern vilayets of Asia Minor, with Kyotahia as its center. Numerous European, Ottoman, Armenian, Russian, Persian, Arabic and other primary sources made clear distinctions between Anatolia and Armenia. The Armenian Highlands have historically been considered to be east of Anatolia, with the border between them located near Sivas (Sebastia) and Kayseri (Caesarea).  In the 17th century the terms "Anatolia" or "Eastern Anatolia" were never used to indicate Armenia. The Islamic World Map of the 16th century and other Ottoman maps of the 18th and 19th centuries also indicate Armenia (Ermenistan) in a specific territory, as well as its cities.  Armenia, together with its boundaries, was mentioned in the works of Ottoman historians and chroniclers until the ban at the end of the 19th century. Kâtip Çelebi, a famous Ottoman chronicler of the 17th century, had a special chapter titled “About the Country Called Armenia” in his book "Jihan Numa". However, when this book was republished in 1957, its modern Turkish editor H. Selen changed this title into “Eastern Anatolia”. Osman Nuri, a historian of the second half of the 19th century, mentions Armenia repeatedly in his three-volume "Abdul Hamid and the Period of His Reign".

Provinces.

Provinces that are entirely in the Eastern Anatolia Region:  Provinces that are mostly in the Eastern Anatolia Region:

Location and borders.

The Eastern Anatolia Region is located in the easternmost part of Turkey. It is bounded by Turkey's Central Anatolia Region to the west; Turkey's Black Sea Region to the north; Turkey's Southeast Anatolia Region and Iraq to the south; and Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia to the east, where Eastern Anatolia overlaps and converges with the South Caucasus region and Lesser Caucasus mountain plateau.  The area of the region is 146,330 km2, which comprises 18.7% of the total area of Turkey.

Population.

The total population of the region is 6,100,000 (2000 census) and 5,906,565 (2014 estimate). The region has the second most rural population of Turkey after the Black Sea region. The migration level (to the other regions, especially to Marmara Region) is high and population density (40 person/km2) is lower than the average for Turkey (98 person/km2). The migration toward other Turkey's regions and toward foreign countries is higher than the natural population increase, a fact which is leading to a slight decline of the Region's population.

Geography.

The average altitude is 2,200 m. Major geographic features include plains, plateaus and massifs. There is some volcanic activity today.  Massifs and mountains  Plateaus and plains  Lakes  Rivers

Climate and nature.

Since most of the region is far from the sea, and has high altitude, it has a harsh continental climate with long winters and short summers. During the winter, it is very cold and snowy, during summer the weather is cool in the highlands and warm in the lowlands. The region has the lowest average temperature of all Turkish regions, with -25 °C. Although it can get below -40 °C. The summer average is about 20 °C.  The region's annual temperature difference is the highest in Turkey. Some areas in the region have different microclimates. As an example, Iğdır (near Mount Ararat) has a milder climate.  The region contains 11% percent of the total forested area of Turkey, and it is rich in native plants and animals. Oak and yellow pine trees form the majority of the forests.  The region has high potential for hydroelectric power.

The Eastern Anatolia Region () is a geographical region of Turkey.

东部安那托利亚地区()是土耳其的七个地理分区之一,位于该国的东侧。该地区多数码于亚美尼亚高原,有着七个分区中最高的平均海拔,也是七分区中最大的地理分区,面积达146,330平方-{zh-hans:千米;zh-hant:千米;zh-tw:公里;}-,但是人口密度为七分区之末,2014年该地区有5,906,565的人口。该地区原本被称为西亚美尼亚,但在亚美尼亚种族大屠杀发生后,变被换为现今的名称。


Life.

Born in Arcadia, Florida, Garner served an enlistment in the United States Marine Corps before attending the Florida State University, where he received a B.A. degree in History in 1962. He also holds a master's in public administration from Shippensburg State University.  Commissioned as an Army second lieutenant in 1962, Garner served two tours in Vietnam, and later led two air defense units in Germany. He also served as deputy commanding general at Fort Bliss, Texas. Garner helped to develop the Patriot missile system and commanded missile batteries during the Gulf War. After the war he was put in charge of securing Kurdish areas in Iraq. He was later named commander of the U.S. Army Space and Strategic Defense Command (working primarily on President Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative missile shield program), and concluded his Army career as Assistant Vice Chief of Staff, retiring in 1997 at the rank of lieutenant general.  After leaving the Army, Garner became president of SYColeman, a defense contractor which designs missile communications and targeting systems used in the Patriot and Arrow missile systems. (He has been on unpaid leave from the company since January 2003.) Garner served on a presidential panel, chaired by Donald Rumsfeld, which specializes in space and missile threats. He has also worked closely with the Israel Defense Forces.

Involvement in the Iraq War.

In 2003 Garner was selected to lead the post-war reconstruction efforts in Iraq, along with three deputies, including British Major-General Tim Cross. Garner was regarded as a natural choice by the Bush administration given his earlier similar role in the north. General Garner was to develop and implement plans to assist the Iraqis in developing governance and reconstructing the country once Saddam Hussein was deposed.  Following the defeat of the Saddam Hussein regime in Baghdad, there was widespread looting, rampaging, and general chaos throughout Iraq. Some of the most important monuments, such as the national museum, were under attack. Furthermore, the infrastructure of the country was in ruins, ministries were broken into, and government records were destroyed. The situation in Iraq became chaotic and anarchic. The only ministry which was protected by the occupying forces was the oil ministry. In addition, many exiled leaders from Iran and some from the West returned to Iraq. The Bush Administration selected Lieutenant General Jay Garner to lead the Coalition Provisional Authority (an intermediary government) in an attempt to rid Iraq of the chaos and anarchy that consumed the area. Garner's plan was to choose government officials from the former Iraqi regime to help lead the country.  Garner began reconstruction efforts in March 2003 with plans aiming for Iraqis to hold elections within 90 days and for the U.S. to quickly pull troops out of the cities to a desert base. Talabani, a member of Jay Garner's staff in Kuwait before the war, was consulted on several occasions to help the U.S. select a liberal Iraqi government; this would be the first liberal government to exist in Iraq. In an interview with "Time" magazine, Garner stated that "as in any totalitarian regime, there were many people who needed to join the Baath Party in order to get ahead in their careers. We don't have a problem with most of them. But we do have a problem with those who were part of the thug mechanism under Saddam. Once the U.S. identifies those in the second group, we will get rid of them." On April 15, 2003, General Garner called a conference in the city of Nasiriyah, where Garner, along with 100 Iraqis, discussed the future of Iraq. Garner called a follow-up meeting on April 28, 2003. 250 Iraqis attended this meeting, and five of these Iraqis were selected by Garner's administration as the core leaders of the new Iraqi government: Masood Barzani was appointed as head of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, Jalal Talbani as head of the rival Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, Abdul Aziz Al Hakim was appointed as the leader of the Supreme Assembly for Islamic Revolution in Iraq, Ahmad Chalabi was chosen to represent the Iraqi National Congress and Iyad Allawi was appointed as the leader of the Iraqi National Accord. Garner's selection caused quite a stir amongst many Iraqis. Although many Iraqis were open to the change that Garner and the U.S. were bringing to Iraq, others were resentful. Iraqis with a Shi'a background felt underrepresented in Garner's selection for government. Three of the five officials appointed as key members in Iraq's new government were of Sunni background, one official was from a mixed Sunni–Shi'a background, and only one of the officials was of pure Shi'a background. The Shi'a felt left out and underrepresented, considering they comprise over 60% of the Iraqi population. Therefore, this caused a great deal of controversy. Furthermore, many Iraqis felt this new government was not selected in a democratic manner as the U.S had promised. Once the leaders were selected, a plan to hold elections in Iraq, where members would be selected, began on May 6, 2003 and ended on November 14, 2003, when the plan was abandoned. General Garner would be replaced by a new American Ambassador to Iraq, Paul Bremer, who took his role as head of the Coalition Provisional Authority. Following Garner's dismissal, it was planned that an Iraq government would take power in June 2004. Iyad Allawi was designated to lead the Iraqi interim authority. Allawi was a former Baathist of Shiite origin. Allawi had many credentials, including previous work experience with the CIA.  When Garner was replaced in his role by Paul Bremer on May 11, 2003, there was quite a bit of speculation as to why he was replaced so abruptly. It has been suggested that Garner was moved aside because he did not agree with the White House about who should decide how to reconstruct Iraq. He wanted early elections—90 days after the fall of Baghdad—and the new government to decide how to run the country and what to do with its assets. Garner said "I don't think [Iraqis] need to go by the U.S. plan, I think that what we need to do is set an Iraqi government that represents the freely elected will of the people. It's their country... their oil." Some experts faulted Garner for prioritizing elections over improving and privatizing the Iraqi economy.  Garner was interviewed in "No End in Sight", a 2007 documentary movie very critical of the handling of the Iraq occupation.

Jay Montgomery Garner (born April 15, 1938) is a retired United States Army lieutenant general who was appointed in 2003 as Director of the Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance for Iraq following the 2003 invasion of Iraq but was soon replaced by Ambassador Paul Bremer and the ambassador's successor organization to ORHA, the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA).

杰伊·蒙哥马利·加纳(Jay Montgomery Garner,1938年-4月15日) 出生于美国佛罗里达州阿卡迪亚,美国陆军退役中将。在越南战争中,他曾两度到前线作战,亦曾参加波斯湾战争。2003年,在萨达姆倒台后任伊拉克重建和人道救援办公室主任,但很快由保罗·布雷默继任。加纳与妻子康妮·加纳育有一女。


Professional wrestling career.

Early career (2004–2006).

Postl started his career in the Fox Valley Wrestling Alliance (FVWA), under the ring name Hardcore Wonder. In 2005, Postl appeared with National Wrestling Alliance territory NWA Wisconsin as "The World's Sexiest Midget" Shortstack, where he won the NWA Wisconsin X Division Championship. He also won the SSW Tag Team Championship with Devin Diamond, from The Pretty Hott Thangs (Ryan Kross and Josh Maxim) on May 19, 2006, in Oak Creek, Wisconsin. He relinquished the title after signing a contract with World Wrestling Entertainment.

World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE (2006-2016).

Finlay's leprechaun and Cruiserweight Champion (2006–2007).

On May 26, 2006, Postl made his televised debut in Bakersfield, California on "SmackDown" as the character Little Bastard, the leprechaun partner of Northern Irish wrestler Finlay. After Finlay's victory over Paul Burchill, an extremely hyper, dirty, mysterious little man (Postl) in a leprechaun costume scurried out from under the ring and jumped on Burchill, laughing maniacally. Finlay pulled him off, only to slam him back down onto Burchill again and again. For the next few weeks, Postl continued to appear from under the ring after matches and attack Finlay's opponents. He soon became more and more aggressive and started attacking Finlay's opponents during matches, much to Finlay's dismay. At one point, he attacked Finlay, biting him when Finlay tried to stop him from attacking Gunner Scott. Little Bastard helped Finlay win the WWE United States Championship when he tossed him a shillelagh to knock out the Champion Bobby Lashley and pick up the win.  On February 23, 2007, the character's name was changed to Hornswoggle on WWE's website and all references to the name "Little Bastard" were removed. The meaning of Hornswoggle is to swindle, cheat, hoodwink, or hoax. On the March 2 episode of "SmackDown!", Hornswoggle attacked John "Bradshaw" Layfield and Michael Cole. Afterward, Finlay intimidated Cole, warning him to refer to Little Bastard as "Hornswoggle." On March 30, Hornswoggle helped Finlay beat Mr. Kennedy by performing a senton bomb off a stepladder onto Mr. Kennedy, essentially copying Kennedy's move, the Kenton Bomb. SmackDown! announcers Michael Cole and JBL immediately referred to the move as the "Lepreton Bomb". During the Money in the Bank ladder match at WrestleMania 23, Kennedy hit Hornswoggle with a Green Bay Plunge off of a ladder when Hornswoggle tried to interfere on the behalf on Finlay. On the following edition of "SmackDown!", Finlay attacked Mr. Kennedy after his match and challenged him to a handicap match with Hornswoggle as Finlay's partner. Before the match, Mr. Kennedy apologized for hurting Hornswoggle. Finlay accepted his apology and formed a team with Kennedy.  Hornswoggle won the WWE Cruiserweight Championship after he pinned Jamie Noble in a Cruiserweight Open at The Great American Bash. The other participants and commentators were unaware that he was a participant in the match until the referee counted the pin and awarded him the belt. Hornswoggle then began a storyline feud with Noble over the belt. The next week on "SmackDown!", Hornswoggle retained the title when he defeated Noble by countout. He attacked Noble in the following weeks by shoving a pie in his face, spraying him with a fire extinguisher, pushing him into Kane and causing him to get chokeslammed, and locking him in a large box.

Mr. McMahon's illegitimate son (2007–2008).

On the September 10 episode of "Raw", the storyline involving Mr. McMahon's illegitimate son culminated with the reveal that Hornswoggle was the illegitimate son. Hornswoggle's feud with Noble ended on September 28 on "SmackDown!" when Acting General Manager Vickie Guerrero forced Hornswoggle to surrender the Cruiserweight Championship (which was later abandoned), citing that his status as Mr. McMahon's son and his diminutive stature would eventually jeopardize his well-being. Mr. McMahon began giving Hornswoggle matches against competitors that were much larger than him to show his son "tough love." Hornswoggle was placed into a match against The Great Khali at Survivor Series. At the event, Khali defeated Hornswoggle by disqualification when Finlay attacked Khali on Hornswoggle's behalf, turning both Hornswoggle and Finlay faces. This was the first time that Finlay appeared together with Hornswoggle since the beginning of the Hornswoggle and Mr. McMahon storyline. At Armageddon, Finlay defeated Khali with the help of Hornswoggle. In addition, Hornswoggle also faced Khali on the 15th Anniversary of "Raw", but Hulk Hogan made a surprise return in a one night appearance to come to Hornswoggle's aid.  On the February 18 episode of "Raw", Hornswoggle had a scheduled steel cage match against his father, Mr. McMahon. During this match, Hornswoggle was whipped with a leather belt by Mr. McMahon. Finlay tried to get involved, but was attacked and handcuffed to the ring ropes by JBL. Mr. McMahon left the ring and allowed JBL to beat up Hornswoggle while an enraged Finlay watched. Following the attack, as a part of the storyline, WWE.com announced that Hornswoggle had suffered internal injuries, including bleeding of the brain and spinal trauma. On February 25, JBL claimed that Hornswoggle is not Mr. McMahon's son, but "in reality is the son of Finlay". The next week on "Raw", Finlay confirmed Hornswoggle was indeed his son, then was forced to watch helplessly as JBL assaulted Hornswoggle in his hospital bed. Hornswoggle returned to live television at WrestleMania XXIV, accompanying Finlay to the ring for his Belfast Brawl with JBL, once interfering by hitting JBL with a kendo stick, allowing Finlay to get the shot in with the shillelagh. JBL won the match by hitting Finlay with the kendo stick in the shins and following up with the "Clothesline from Hell".  He made his in-ring return on the April 18 episode of "SmackDown", defeating Matt Striker after a "Tadpole Splash". As part of the 2008 WWE Supplemental Draft, Hornswoggle was drafted to the ECW brand along with Finlay. At Night of Champions, Hornswoggle and Finlay challenged John Morrison and The Miz for the WWE Tag Team Championship, but failed to win.

Association with D-Generation X (2009–2010).

On April 13, 2009, Hornswoggle was drafted to the Raw brand, without Finlay, as part of the 2009 Supplemental Draft. Hornswoggle then entered into a feud with Chavo Guerrero, in which they competed in a series of comedy gimmick matches each week determined by the weekly Guest Host for "Raw" (Texas Bullrope Match, Blindfold Match, Falls Count Anywhere, etc.). The program began on July 7, 2009 on "WWE Superstars" and continued on to "Raw". Hornswoggle won every match in this feud.  Postl's next storyline began the October 26 episode of "Raw", when after several weeks of wearing D-Generation X clothing, Hornswoggle received legal notification that he was no longer allowed to wear it. Later on in the night, he got his revenge by helping the "Raw" guest hosts, Kyle Busch and Joey Logano, put DX against each other and John Cena for the WWE Championship at Survivor Series. On the December 21 episode of "Raw", Hornswoggle tried pressing charges against DX for assault on him, but later dropped them when DX agreed to make him DX's official mascot. On the January 18, 2010 episode of "Raw" backstage, Hornswoggle and Triple H confronted Big Show, The Miz and Jon Heder. Triple H made the match a six-man tag team match: DX and Hornswoggle against The Big Show, The Miz and Jon Heder which ended after Hornswoggle pinned Heder.

Brand switches and Anonymous Raw General Manager (2010–2011).

As part of the 2010 WWE Supplemental Draft on WWE.com, Hornswoggle was drafted back to the SmackDown brand. On the October 8 episode of "SmackDown", Hornswoggle was named the official mascot for the SmackDown team at Bragging Rights. On the July 9, 2012 episode of "Raw", Hornswoggle was revealed as the Anonymous Raw General Manager, who previously ran the brand from June 2010 to July 2011.  On the season premiere of "NXT Redemption", Hornswoggle was revealed as the pro for Titus O'Neil. After their tag team victory over Darren Young and Chavo Guerrero, Young attacked O'Neil. They later had a match against each other which Hornswoggle won. Hornswoggle was later confronted by O'Neil's previous NXT mentor, Zack Ryder. Ryder lured Titus out of the ring by pretending to attack Hornswoggle, but he quickly re-entered the ring and ambushed Titus as he climbed back in, cementing the victory. Weeks later, Hornswoggle was sent gifts from a secret admirer, assuming it to be Maryse. He responded by giving her gifts, only to be shot down. On July 26, AJ Lee revealed herself as the admirer by kissing him. AJ then accompanied Hornswoggle on both "NXT" and "SmackDown". Some time later, Hornswoggle became jealous of O'Neil hugging AJ and eventually sent her a letter ending their relationship, as he no longer wanted to be on "NXT" and preferred to stay on "SmackDown".

Various alliances final storylines and departure (2011–2016).

On the November 29, 2011, holiday edition of "SmackDown", Hornswoggle won a battle royal, by lastly eliminating Sheamus, to receive a wish from Santa Claus (Mick Foley). With help from Sheamus, Hornswoggle wished for the ability to verbally communicate. With this ability, Hornswoggle became the special guest ring announcer for the David Otunga and Sheamus match on the following week's "SmackDown". On the January 6, 2012, episode of "SmackDown" he defeated Heath Slater in an Over the Top Rope Challenge. Later that month, Hornswoggle formed an alliance with Justin Gabriel, feuding with the former Intercontinental Champion Cody Rhodes and Heath Slater, he also accompanied Gabriel to the ring at the Elimination Chamber pay-per-view in a losing effort against United States Champion Jack Swagger. On the March 23 episode of "SmackDown", Hornswoggle was added to Theodore Long's WrestleMania XXVIII team as its personal mascot. He made a return on October 12, 2012, when he was found with a Randy Orton doll. Ricardo Rodriguez wrecked it and continued looking for the real Orton. After a period of inactivity, he returned to "Raw" in November, associating himself with The Great Khali and Natalya. He was injured (storyline) by Big E Langston on the January 11, 2013 episode of "SmackDown", after Khali and Natalya lost to Dolph Ziggler and AJ Lee. He returned on the March 17 episode of "Raw", to celebrate St. Patrick's Day, only to be interrupted by Bad News Barrett.  On the April 15, 2014 episode of "Main Event", Hornswoggle turned heel for the first time since 2007 after revealing himself as the mascot for 3MB (Heath Slater, Drew McIntyre and Jinder Mahal). In the following months, he faced El Torito numerous times, losing a WeeLC match at Extreme Rules (Postl says this was the best match of his career) and a hair match at Payback, resulting in his head being shaved. On June 12, 2014, McIntyre and Mahal were released by WWE, and ending 3MB. In July on "Superstars", Hornswoggle accompanied Slater for his match with Adam Rose, and was kidnapped by the Rosebuds, who transformed him into a mini-Rose. On the August 19 episode of "Main Event", Hornswoggle joined his former rivals, Los Matadores (including El Torito), as their second valet. Hornswoggle donned a cow suit and was referred to as La Vaquita (meaning "the little cow"), to complement El Torito, who was dressed as a tiny bull. Los Matadores went on to be defeated by Heath Slater and Titus O'Neil. That same week, on "Superstars", his name was tweaked to La Vaca (meaning "the cow"), when he teamed with El Torito to defeat Slater and O'Neil. On the September 29 episode of "Raw", Hornswoggle turned heel once again and became Slater and O'Neil's (Slater-Gator) mascot, the Mini-Gator. After the breakup of Slater-Gator, Postl took time off from WWE television to undergo arthroscopic shoulder decompression surgery in March 2015.  On September 28, 2015, WWE announced it had suspended Postl for 30 days for violating the company's Wellness policy. After not having made any appearances in WWE since then, Postl was released from WWE on May 6, 2016.

Independent circuit (2016–present).

Following his release from WWE, Postl returned to his hometown promotion ACW. Postl also signed to appear at a show co-promoted by Global Force Wrestling and WrestlePro under the ring name Swoggle and debuted for the promotion on June 11, facing Brian Myers. Swoggle won after Myers knocked down the referee and while the ref was down, Grim from "Grim's Toy Show" interfered against Myers with a full nelson slam. Swoggle did a tadpole splash on the incapacitated Myers and won by pinfall. On July 6, Chikara announced that Postl would be debuting for the promotion on July 23 under the ring name The Big Deal. On March 30 at WrestleCon, Postl, under the Swoggle ring name, defeated Grado.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2016–2017, 2019).

On the December 15, 2016 episode of "Impact Wrestling", titled Total Nonstop Deletion, Swoggle made an appearance as the partner of Rockstar Spud in the Tag Team Apocalypto match. After turning on Spud in the Tag Team Apocalypto, Swoggle would square off with Lashley, and knocked himself out when he attempted a spear on Lashley. He would then appear on the January 5, 2017 episode of "Impact Wrestling", where he would defeat Rockstar Spud, causing Spud to quit. On January 19, episode of "Impact Wrestling", he would then team up with Robbie E in a losing effort against Aron Rex and Spud. On the April 27 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Swoggle was paying Rockstar Spud some attention and ruffled Spud's hair in what was intended to be an amusing gimmick with the fans - however Spud took exception to this and as he was chasing Swoggle, the situation concluded with Swoggle running up the entrance ramp, after losing his trousers (pants). Later that same show, Swoggle would viciously attack Spud using a hammer, causing unknown leg injuries. On June 1, Spud returned to "Impact", entering through the crowd and attacking Swoggle with a hammer, like Swoggle had done to him. On November 13, 2017, his profile was officially removed from Impact Wrestling's website confirming his departure from the company. Reportedly, Swoggle was never signed to a contract by Impact Wrestling.  Swoggle returned to Impact Wrestling at Bound for Glory 2019 where Swoggle competed Bound for Gold gauntlet match which was won by Eddie Edwards.

WWE cameo appearances (2018-2019).

On April 27, 2018, Postl returned as a face for the first time since 2014 in the Greatest Royal Rumble event, eliminating Dash Wilder, before being eliminated himself by Tony Nese. On January 27, 2019, Postl made an appearance at Royal Rumble during the Women's Rumble match. He remained under the ring throughout the majority of the match until he chased around Zelina Vega who spent the majority of her time in the match hiding under the ring.

Ring of Honor (2019).

Swoggle competed November 3rd at ROH Unauthorized, disguised as "Mini Delirious", the tag partner of Delirious. He unmasked after they lost to El Jefe Cobbo and El Villainisto, based on the match's stipulation. This was broadcast on TV on December 16th.

Autobiography.

On May 1, 2018, it was announced that Postl was working on an autobiography with Ross Owen Williams, the writer of Bob Holly and Al Snow's autobiographies, and Ian Douglass, the writer of Dan Severn and Bugsy McGraw's autobiographies. It was advertised that the book would "delve into the physical and emotional challenges of being a little person in both a big person's world and, often, a large person's industry, as well as charting Dylan's emotional path to parenthood, and varied relationships within his own family." The book "Life Is Short And So Am I" was officially released by ECW Press on September 10, 2019, and it included forewords by Postl's close friends Kofi Kingston and Curt Hawkins.  WWE executive Stephanie McMahon posted her support for the book on Twitter on the day of its release. The book also received a public endorsement from WWE superstar Dolph Ziggler.

Film.

Postl starred in the film "", a reboot of the Leprechaun film series. Hornswoggle regularly appeared in the WWE web series "The JBL and Cole Show", until its cancellation in June 2015.

Other media.

Postl made his video game debut as Finlay's manager in "WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009" and subsequently appeared in "WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2011".

Dylan Mark Postl (born May 29, 1986) is an American professional wrestler and actor currently a free agent. He is best known for his time in WWE under the ring name Hornswoggle. He is also known for his work in Impact Wrestling. He debuted in WWE in 2006, allied with Finlay. Hornswoggle won the Cruiserweight Championship in its first stint, and then was revealed as Vince McMahon's bastard son, and was exposed as the Anonymous Raw General Manager who had controlled the Raw brand from June 21, 2010, to July 18, 2011.

小捣蛋(英语:Hornswoggle,1986年-5月29日),全名迪伦·波斯特尔(英语:Dylan Postl),是世界摔角娱乐(WWE)职业摔角选手及职业摔角选手经纪人,并在世界摔角娱乐节目WWE SmackDown中亮相。


Biography.

Early life.

Jamaica Kincaid was born Elaine Potter Richardson in St John's, Antigua, on May 25, 1949. She grew up in relative poverty with her mother, a literate, cultured woman and homemaker, and her stepfather, a carpenter. She was very close to her mother until her three brothers were born in quick succession, starting when Kincaid was nine years old. After her brothers' births, she resented her mother, who thereafter focused primarily on the brothers' needs. Kincaid later recalled,  Our family money remained the same, but there were more people to feed and to clothe, and so everything got sort of shortened, not only material things but emotional things. The good emotional things, I got a short end of that. But then I got more of things I didn't have, like a certain kind of cruelty and neglect.  In a "New York Times" interview, Kincaid also said: "The way I became a writer was that my mother wrote my life for me and told it to me."  Kincaid was educated in the British colonial education system, as Antigua did not gain independence from England until 1981. Although she was intelligent and frequently tested at the top of her class, Kincaid's mother removed her from school at 16 to help support the family when her third and last brother was born, because her stepfather was ill and could no longer provide for the family. In 1966, when Kincaid was 17, her mother sent her to Scarsdale, a wealthy suburb of New York City, to work as an "au pair". After this move, when Kincaid refused to send money home, "she left no forwarding address and was cut off from her family until her return to Antigua 20 years later".

Family.

In 1979, Kincaid married the composer and Bennington College professor Allen Shawn, son of longtime "The New Yorker" editor William Shawn and brother of actor Wallace Shawn. The couple divorced in 2002. They have two children: a son, Harold, the music producer/songwriter Levelsoundz, a graduate of Northeastern University; and a daughter, Annie, who graduated from Harvard and now works in marketing. Kincaid is president of the official Levelsoundz Fan Club.  Kincaid is a keen gardener who has written extensively on the subject. She is a convert to Judaism.

Career overview.

While working as an "au pair", Kincaid enrolled in evening classes at a community college. After three years, she resigned from her job to attend Franconia College in New Hampshire on a full scholarship. She dropped out after a year and returned to New York. In New York City, she started writing for a teenage girls' magazine. She changed her name to Jamaica Kincaid in 1973, when her writing was first published. She described this name change as "a way for [her] to do things without being the same person who couldn't do them — the same person who had all these weights". Kincaid explained that "Jamaica" is an English corruption of what Columbus called Xaymaca, the part of the world that she comes from, and "Kincaid" appeared to go well with "Jamaica". Kincaid became a writer for "The Village Voice" and "Ingénue". Her short fiction appeared in "The Paris Review", and in "The New Yorker", where her novel "Lucy" was originally serialized.  Kincaid is an award-winning writer, whose work has been both praised and criticized for its subject matter because it largely draws upon her own life, and her tone is often perceived as angry. Kincaid counters that many writers draw upon personal experience, so to describe her writing as autobiographical and angry is not valid criticism. Jamaica Kincaid was named the 50th commencement speaker at Bard College at Simon's Rock in 2019.

"The New Yorker".

As a result of her budding writing career and friendship with George W. S. Trow, who wrote many pieces for "The New Yorker" column "The Talk of the Town", Kincaid became acquainted with "New Yorker" editor William Shawn, who was impressed with her writing. He employed her as a staff writer in 1976 and eventually as a featured columnist for "Talk of the Town" for nine years. Shawn's tutelage legitimized Kincaid as a writer and proved pivotal to her development of voice. In all, she was a staff writer for "The New Yorker" for 20 years. She resigned from "The New Yorker" in 1996 when then editor Tina Brown chose actress Roseanne Barr to guest-edit an issue as an original feminist voice. Though circulation rose under Brown, Kincaid was critical of Brown's direction in making the magazine less literary and more celebrity-oriented.  Kincaid recalls that when she was a writer for "The New Yorker", she would often be questioned, particularly by women, on how she was able to obtain her position. Kincaid felt that these questions were posed because she was a young black woman "from nowhere... I have no credentials. I have no money. I literally come from a poor place. I was a servant. I dropped out of college. The next thing you know I'm writing for "The New Yorker", I have this sort of life, and it must seem annoying to people."  "Talk Stories" was later published in 2001 as a collection of "77 short pieces Kincaid wrote for "The New Yorker"'s 'Talk of the Town' column between 1974 and 1983".

Writing.

Her novels are loosely autobiographical, though Kincaid has warned against interpreting their autobiographical elements too literally: "Everything I say is true, and everything I say is not true. You couldn't admit any of it to a court of law. It would not be good evidence." Her work often prioritizes "impressions and feelings over plot development" and features conflict with both a strong maternal figure and colonial and neocolonial influences. Excerpts from her non-fiction book "A Small Place" were used as part of the narrative for Stephanie Black's 2001 documentary, "Life and Debt".  One of Kincaid's contributions according to Henry Louis Gates, Jr, African-American literary critic, scholar, writer, and public intellectual, is that:

Themes.

Kincaid's writing explores such themes as colonialism and colonial legacy, postcolonialism and neo-colonialism, gender and sexuality, renaming, mother-daughter relationships, British and American imperialism, colonial education, writing, racism, class, power, and adolescence. In her most recent novel, "See Now Then", Kincaid also first explores the theme of time.

Tone and style.

Kincaid's unique style has created disagreement among critics and scholars, and as Harold Bloom explains: "Most of the published criticism of Jamaica Kincaid has stressed her political and social concerns, somewhat at the expense of her literary qualities." As works such as "At the Bottom of the" River and "The Autobiography of My Mother" use Antiguan cultural practices, some critics say these works employ magical realism. "The author claims, however, that [her work] is'magic' and'real,' but not necessarily [works] of'magical realism'." Other critics claim that her style is "modernist" because much of her fiction is "culturally specific and experimental". It has also been praised for its keen observation of character, curtness, wit, and lyrical quality. Her short story "Girl" is essentially a list of instructions on how a girl should live and act, but the messages are much larger than the literal list of suggestions. Kincaid makes a list of motherly orders a piece of literature. Derek Walcott, 1992 Nobel laureate, said of Kincaid's writing: "As she writes a sentence, psychologically, its temperature is that it heads toward its own contradiction. It's as if the sentence is discovering itself, discovering how it feels. And that is astonishing, because it's one thing to be able to write a good declarative sentence; it's another thing to catch the temperature of the narrator, the narrator's feeling. And that's universal, and not provincial in any way". Susan Sontag has also commended Kincaid's writing for its "emotional truthfulness," poignancy, and complexity. Her writing has been described as "fearless" and her "force and originality lie in her refusal to curb her tongue". Giovanna Covi describes her unique writing: "The tremendous strength of Kincaid's stories lies in their capacity to resist all canons. They move at the beat of a drum and the rhythm of jazz..." She is described as writing with a "double vision" meaning that one line of plot mirrors another, providing the reader with rich symbolism that enhances the possibilities of interpretation.

Influences.

Kincaid's writing is largely influenced by her life circumstances even though she discourages readers from taking her fiction literally. To do so, according to the writer Michael Arlen, is to be "disrespectful of a fiction writer's ability to create fictional characters". Kincaid worked for Arlen, who would become a colleague at "The New Yorker", as an au pair and is the figure whom the father in "Lucy" is based on. Despite her caution to readers, Kincaid has also said, "I would never say I wouldn't write about an experience I've had."

Reception and criticism.

The reception of Kincaid's work has been mixed. Her writing stresses deep social and even political commentary, as Harold Bloom cites as a reason why the "literary qualities" of her work tend to be less of a focus for critics. Writing for Salon.com, Peter Kurth called Kincaid's work "My Brother" the most overrated book of 1997. Reviewing her latest novel, "See Now Then" (2013), in "The New York Times", Dwight Garner called it "bipolar", "half séance, half ambush" and "the kind of lumpy exorcism that many writers would have composed and then allowed to remain unpublished. It picks up no moral weight as it rolls along. It asks little of us, and gives little in return." Another "New York Times" review describes it as "not an easy book to stomach" but goes on to explain, "Kincaid's force and originality lie in her refusal to curb her tongue, in an insistence on home truths that spare herself least of all." Kate Tuttle addresses this in an article for "The Boston Globe": "Kincaid allowed that critics are correct to point out the book's complexity. "The one thing the book is," she said, "is difficult, and I meant it to be." Some critics have been harsh, such as one review for "Mr Potter" (2002) that reads, "It wouldn't be so hard if the repetition weren't coupled, here and everywhere it occurs, with a stern rebuff to any idea that it might be meaningful." On the other hand, there has been much praise for her writing, for instance: "The superb precision of Kincaid's style makes it a paradigm of how to avoid lots of novelistic pitfalls."

Jamaica Kincaid (; born May 25, 1949) is an Antiguan-American novelist, essayist, gardener, and gardening writer. She was born in St. John's, Antigua (part of the twin-island nation of Antigua and Barbuda). She lives in North Bennington, Vermont (in the United States), during the summers, and is Professor of African and African American Studies in Residence at Harvard University during the academic year.

牙买加·金凯德(Jamaica Kincaid,1949年-5月25日是一名安提瓜和巴布达的作家。「被誉为当代西印度群岛最重要的作家,被比喻为来自加勒比海带刺的黑玫瑰,乃至其作品被美国新锐批评家布鲁斯‧罗宾斯(Bruce Robbins)称之『具有世界主义意义上重划文化资本疆界之重大意义』」(宋国诚,《从边缘到中心:后殖民文学》,页308)


Definition.

Visualizing the entire hierarchical network as a human skeleton, the core network would represent the spine, the backhaul links would be the limbs, the edge networks would be the hands and feet, and the individual links within those edge networks would be the fingers and toes.  Other examples include:

Example.

Network New Hampshire Now and Maine Fiber Company run tariffed public dark fiber networks as a backhaul alternative to encourage local and national carriers to reach areas with broadband and cell phone that they otherwise would not be serving. These serve retail networks which in turn connect buildings and bill customers directly.

National broadband plans.

A telephone company is very often the internet service provider providing backhaul, although for academic research and education networks, large commercial networks or municipal networks, it is increasingly common to connect to public broadband backhaul. See national broadband plans from around the world, many of which were motivated by the perceived need to break the monopoly of incumbent commercial providers. The US plan for instance, specifies that all community anchor institutions should be connected by gigabit fiber optics before the end of 2020.

Available backhaul technologies.

The choice of backhaul technology must take account of such parameters as capacity, cost, reach, and the need for such resources as frequency spectrum, optical fiber, wiring, or rights of way.  Generally, backhaul solutions can largely be categorised into wired (leased lines or copper/fibre) or wireless (point-to-point, point-to-multipoint over high-capacity radio links). Wired is usually a very expensive solution and often impossible to deploy in remote areas, hence making wireless a more suitable and/or a viable option. Multi-hop wireless architecture can overcome the hurdles of wired solutions to create efficient large coverage areas and with growing demand in emerging markets where often cost is a major factor in deciding technologies, a wireless backhaul solution is able to offer 'carrier-grade' services, whereas this is not easily feasible with wired backhaul connectivity.  Backhaul technologies include:  Backhaul capacity can also be leased from another network operator, in which case that other network operator generally selects the technology being used, though this can be limited to fewer technologies if the requirement is very specific such as short-term links for emergency/disaster relief or for public events, where cost and time would be major factors and would immediately rule out wired solutions, unless pre-existing infrastructure was readily accessible or available.

WiFi mesh networks for wireless backhaul.

As data rates increase, the range of wireless network coverage is reduced, raising investment costs for building infrastructure with access points to cover service areas. Mesh networks are unique enablers that can reduce this cost due to their flexible architecture.  With mesh networking, access points are connected wirelessly and exchange data frames with each other to forward to/from a gateway point.  Since a mesh requires no costly cable constructions for its backhaul network, it reduces total investment cost. Mesh technology’s capabilities can boost extending coverage of service areas easily and flexibly.  For further cost reduction, a large-scale high-capacity mesh is desirable. For instance, Kyushu University's Mimo-Mesh Project, based in Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, has developed and put into use new technology for building high capacity mesh infrastructure. A key component is called IPT, intermittent periodic transmit, a proprietary packet-forwarding scheme that is designed to reduce radio interference in the forwarding path of mesh networks. In 2010, hundreds of wireless LAN access points incorporating the technology were installed in the commercial shopping and entertainment complex, Canal City Hakata, resulting in the successful operation of one of the world's largest indoor wireless multi-hop backhauls. That network uses a wireless multi-hop relay of up to 11 access points while delivering high bandwidth to end users. Actual throughput is double that of standard mesh network systems using conventional packet forwarding. Latency, as in all multi-hop relays, suffers, but not to the degree that it compromises voice over IP communications.

Open solutions: using many connections as a backhaul.

Many common wireless mesh network hotspot solutions are supported in open source router firmware including DD-WRT, OpenWRT and derivatives. Sputnik Agent, Hotspot System, Chillispot and the ad-supported AnchorFree are four examples that work even with lower end routers like the WRT54G. The IEEE 802.21 standard specifies basic capabilities for such systems including 802.11u unknown user authentication and 802.11s ad hoc wireless mesh networking support. Effectively these allow arbitrary wired net connections to be teamed or ganged into what appears to be a single backhaul – a "virtual private cloud". Proprietary networks from Meraki follow similar principles. The use of the term backhaul to describe this type of connectivity may be controversial technically. They invert the business definition, as it is the customer who is providing the connectivity to the open Internet while the vendor is providing authentication and management services.

Transition from wireless to wired backhaul.

Wireless backhaul is easy to deploy, and allows moving points of presence, however, these wireless connections are slower, occupy spectrum that could be used by user devices (especially as 5.8 GHz devices proliferate), require more truck rolls (typically three times as many) as wired backhaul, and are limited in bandwidth. They are often viewed as an initial or temporary measure.

Wiring issues.

Strategies for moving from wireless to wired backhaul usually involve building out wired connections only as necessary to improve performance (especially latency). This can often be a simple quantitative analysis: How much spectrum is freed for user purposes, how much better round trip delay (latency) will be achieved, how much more bandwidth can move, and how well does the network respond to stress conditions notably when there are too many requests for connections than a wireless backhaul can accommodate. According to some sources, notably Forbes magazine, for 3G/4G/LTE networks, the

Hardware issues.

Aside from changes to the network (wires and switching and management) a well designed future-proof wireless network may not require much change at the endpoints. All equipment used in a wireless backhaul configuration supports simultaneous dual band communication (one band for user communication, another for the backhaul). Almost all such equipment also supports wired connections, typically using power over Ethernet or (less often in outdoor applications) unpowered Ethernet. So assuming reasonable software flexibility, both bands can be repurposed to user connectivity while the backhaul shifts to a wired connection. Unless nodes are entirely self-powered, they are connected at least indirectly to an AC or DC power source, suggesting that the single-cable solutions (power over Ethernet DC and IEEE P1901 AC) for both power and data should dominate for low-power shorter-range nodes, especially municipal Wi-Fi projects in low usage rural areas.

Software issues.

Software-defined networking (SDN) is also easing the transition between different link layer technologies. Most notably, OpenRadio/OpenFlow software architecture gangs many backhaul sources and makes near-optimal use of all-copper existing-wire infrastructure. As of 2012 these technologies were used mostly in data centres, but wide-area carriers like Verizon were announcing their support for them in customer networks, and many other companies were involved in what was sometimes called the "SDN revolution".  These carrier and data centre initiatives are part of a general trend to redundant backhaul or hybrid networking in which there is more of a lattice than hierarchy of backhaul. For instance, the IEEE P1905 standard permits, and the IEEE 802.21 standard supports in applications, similar connection of multiple connections at the LAN level.  Both standards enable hybrid networks that allow many devices to connect via many protocols rather than being tied to a single backhaul associated with that device or an account solely associated with that device. See cloud computing for commercial and industrial precedents for this consumer-level technology.

Cell towers moving from microwave to fiber optic.

Longer range, higher power nodes, however, including cell phone towers, must be directly connected to fiber optic, increasingly using the Carrier Ethernet protocols, replacing older T-1 connections. "Research firm NPD In-Stat projects that by 2014 Ethernet will be the dominant technology for wireless backhaul, with 85% usage in base stations...the momentum is all on the Ethernet side.” 50-100 Mbit/s Ethernet circuits are standard.

Very long range (including submarine) networks.

On very large scale long range networks, including transcontinental, submarine telecommunications cables are used. Sometimes these are laid alongside HVDC cables on the same route. Several companies, including Prysmian, run both HVDC power cables and telecommunications cables as far as FTTx. This reflects the fact that telecommunications backhaul and long range high voltage electricity transmission have many technologies in common, and are almost identical in terms of route clearing, liability in outages, and other legal aspects.

In a hierarchical telecommunications network, the backhaul portion of the network comprises the intermediate links between the core network, or backbone network, and the small subnetworks at the "edge" of the network.

威廉·沃克(William Walker,1824年-5月8日-1860年-9月12日)是一名美国律师、记者和冒险家,他组织了几次私营军事远-{征}-到拉丁美洲。他建立了在自己个人控制下的以英语为母语的殖民地,一个被称为“军事冒险”的事业。沃克在1856年的尼加拉瓜统治中成为共和国的总统,直到1857年,他被中美洲的联军击败。他被洪都拉斯政府于1860年处死。


History.

Dempo Sports Club began as Bicholim Football Club, which was a top First Division league side in the 1960s. Football lovers in the country remember the Bicholim Football Club as one of the most talented football club in the country. Players including Subhash Sinari, Bernard Olivera, Tolentino Serrao, Bhaskar, Kalidas Gaad, Manohar Pednekar, Bhai Pednekar, Ganpat Gaonkar and Pandurang Gaonkar are still remembered to the Bicholim Football Club on a completely different standard compared to the other sports club existing at that moment.  Bicholim Sports Club was later adopted by Dempo Souza in 1967 and was renamed Dempo Souza Sports Club. Even then the team remained one of the strongest team in the country with players like Eustaquio, Dass, Balaguru, Olavo, Colaco, Inacio, Felix Barreto, Thapa, Ramesh Redkar, Socrates Carvalho, Sadanand Asnodkar and Tulsidas Alornekar. In 1969, the team stood as the first runner up in the Vasco Sports Club in the Senior Division League.  The Dempo Souza Sports Club finally became Dempo Sports Club, after Dempo bought Mr Michael D’’Souza's stake in the Dempo Souza enterprise. However, Dempo Sports Club prospered when Vasantrao Dempo, the chairman of the House of Dempo, extended his benefaction to football team in an extensive manner. Dempo then came at par with the other business houses, like Salgaocar, Agencia Commercial Maritima, Shantilal and Sesa Goa who had their own teams.  Dempo Sports Club started out as Dempo Souza Football Club in 1961 and was taken over when they made the company their own Dempo Corporation around that time. The club was started by Michael deSouza and the logo and colours that the club wears currently was what he had chosen for the team. The club won their first Goan Senior League title in 1972. The club then won their first ever national pan-India tournament in 1975 by winning the Rovers Cup. The club then won the Rovers Cup again in 1978. The club defended their title one year later in 1979. Their first double.  Dempo then entered their "Golden-Age" during the 1980s. Dempo won a host of small cups and they also won the Rovers Cup again in 1986 by beating historic club Mohun Bagan. The club also won the Goan League in 1986 and 1987.  The club then won their first international cup in Malé against New Radiant SC. The club then won the Rovers Cup again by beating Mohun Bagan again and were then one of the original 12 teams in the first National Football League in 1996. The club then got relegated in 1999–2000 but got promoted the very next season and then the club won their first NFL championship in 2004. Dempo also won the last NFL Season. Dempo then won the first I-League season in 2007–08. As a result of this title win, Dempo played in AFC competition in 2008 during the 2008 AFC Cup, Dempo ended as semi-finalist. They again won the league in 2009–10 and 2011–12. After the 2012–13 season, where Dempo finished in 5th place, they parted ways with their most successful coach Armando Colaco, with whom they had won 5 League titles. They appointed Arthur Papas, who had previously been the head coach of the Indian U23 Men's National Team. Dempo finished their 2013–14 campaign with a 4th-place finish.  In March 2015, after losing their final match to fellow Goan and relegation threatened club Salgaocar 2–0, they got relegated for the first time from I-league.  Before the start of the 2016-17 season, Dempo, along with fellow Goan football clubs, Salgaocar FC and Sporting Clube, announced their withdrawal from the I-League.

Crest.

The Dempo Sports Club crest is the official logo for Dempo Corporations sports clubs that it owns. The logo includes the words Goa (name of the state Dempo is based in) and Dempo Sports Club (team name). The logo also includes a picture of a golden bird in the middle of the crest.

Colours.

The official colours of Dempo Sports Club are Blue and White. Ever since their creation Dempo's home colours have always involved blue, mainly with the shirts while the shorts were always either blue or black. The away colours were always all white but then in 2011 when Dempo unveiled their away kit the shirt had black stripes on it. The shorts however remain the same.

Stadium.

As of 2011 Dempo SC has been playing its football at the Fatorda Stadium in Margao, Goa. Fatorda Stadium opened in 1989 and Dempo SC has been using it since for all its I-League matches. There have been rumors however that state that Dempo SC could soon very well create its own stadium in Panjim, Goa although not much has been released on the subject.

Ownership and Finances.

At the moment Dempo Sports Club's main sponsor and owner is Dempo Mining Corporation Limited. The club has been owned by Dempo since their creation. As part of the sponsorship from Dempo the club also named itself Dempo Sports Club and is classed as an institutional club in that case.  The finances given to the club are very limited which meant that the club was forced to spend less on infrastructure and proven players and spend more on local youth development.

Players.

First-team squad.

Managers.

The club hired their first professional manager in 2000, Armando Colaco; he remained with the club until the end of season 2012–13. In June 2013, the club signed Greek-Australian manager Arthur Papas who was already working in India as the Indian U23 National Team coach.

Statistics.

Only competitive matches are counted. Wins, losses and draws are results at the final whistle; the results of penalty shoot-outs are not counted.

Honours.

Domestic.

Dempo SC has won a lot of awards and prestigious trophies in past few years. It has emerged as the winner of the several national trophies in the last few years. The club has won the prestigious Indian League in 2004, 2005 respectively. It also emerged as a winner in the recently concluded inaugural 2007–08 I-League. They repeated the feat in 2009–10 and again in 2011–12 The club has also been a consistent performer in the other prestigious championships like the Federation Cup., Durand Cup and the IFA Shield. The club has been the winner of the prestigious Durand Cup in 2006 and Federation Cup in 2004. The club had been four-time winner of Rovers Cup and record eleven times winner of the Goa League.

Dempo Sports Club is a football club based in Panjim, Goa. The club is owned and sponsored by the Dempo group of companies. Popularly known as ‘the whites’, the team has been a constant participant in all the national football championship and gained immense popularity in the last four decades of its existence.

丹波体育俱乐部(Dempo Sports Club)是印度的体育俱乐部,位于果阿邦首府帕纳吉。其中的足球队是印度最出色的足球队之一。俱乐部的拥有者和赞助商皆为集团公司。2004-05赛季球队夺得了历史上首座印度全国足球联赛超级组冠军头衔。俱乐部主教练Armando Colaco同时也是全印度足球联盟的秘书长。


History.

One of the earliest known associations between the media and suicide arose from Goethe's novel "Die Leiden des jungen Werthers" ("The Sorrows of Young Werther"). Soon after its publication in 1774, young men began to mimic the main character by dressing in yellow pants and blue jackets. In the novel, Werther shoots himself with a pistol after he is rejected by the woman he loves, and shortly after its publication there were reports of young men using the same method to kill themselves in acts of hopelessness.  This resulted in the book being banned in several places. Hence the term "Werther effect", used in the technical literature to designate copycat suicides. The term was coined by researcher David Phillips in 1974.  Reports in 1985 and 1989 by Phillips and his colleagues found that suicides and other accidents seem to rise after a well-publicized suicide.

Demographic factors.

People who are young or old – but not middle-aged – seem to be most susceptible to this effect. At least five percent of youth suicides may be influenced by contagion.  Due to the effects of differential identification, the people who attempt to copy a suicidal act tend to have the same age and gender as the triggering suicide.

Timing.

These suicidal actions tend to happen in the days and sometimes weeks after a suicide is announced. In exceptional cases, such as a widely discussed suicide by a celebrity, an increased level of thinking about suicide may persist for up to one year.

Factors in suicide reporting.

Copycat suicide is mostly blamed on the media. A study conducted in 2002 found evidence for "the influence of media on suicidal behaviour has been shown for newspaper and television reports of actual suicides, film and television portrayals of suicides, and suicide in literature, especially suicide manuals." "Hearing about a suicide seems to make those who are vulnerable feel they have permission to do it," Phillips said. He cited studies that showed that people were more likely to engage in dangerous deviant behavior, such as drug taking, if someone else had set the example first.  The Werther effect not only predicts an increase in suicide, but the majority of the suicides will take place in the same or a similar way as the one publicized. The more similar the person in the publicized suicide is to the people exposed to the information about it, the more likely the age group or demographic is to die by suicide. The increase generally happens only in areas where the suicide story was highly publicized. Upon learning of someone else's suicide, some people decide that action may be appropriate for them as well, especially if the publicized suicide was of someone in a situation similar to their own.  Publishing the means of suicides, romanticized and sensationalized reporting—particularly about celebrities, suggestions that there is an epidemic, glorifying the deceased and simplifying the reasons all lead to increases in the suicide rate. People may see suicide as a glamorous ending, with the victim getting attention, sympathy, and concern that they never got in life. A second possible factor is that vulnerable youth may feel, "If they couldn't cut it, neither can I". Increased rate of suicides has been shown to occur up to ten days after a television report. Studies in Japan and Germany have replicated findings of an imitative effect. Etzersdorfer et al. in an Austrian study showed a strong correlation between the number of papers distributed in various areas and the number of subsequent firearm suicides in each area after a related media report. Higher rates of copycat suicides have been found in those with similarities in race, age, and gender to the victim in the original report.  Stack analyzed the results from 42 studies and found that those measuring the effect of a celebrity suicide story were 14.3 times more likely to find a copycat effect than studies that did not. Studies based on a real as opposed to a fictional story were 4.03 times more likely to uncover a copycat effect and research based on televised stories was 82% less likely to report a copycat effect than research based on newspapers. Other scholars have been less certain about whether copycat suicides truly happen or are selectively hyped. For instance, fears of a suicide wave following the suicide of Kurt Cobain never materialized in an actual increase in suicides. Coverage of Cobain's suicide in the local Seattle area focused largely on treatment for mental health issues, suicide prevention and the suffering Cobain's death caused to his family. Perhaps as a result, the local suicide rate actually declined in the following months.  Furthermore, there is evidence for an indirect Werther effect, i.e. the perception that suicidal media content influences others which, in turn, can concurrently or additionally influence one person's own future thoughts and behaviors. Similarly the researcher Gerard Sullivan has critiqued research on copycat suicides, suggesting that data analyses have been selective and misleading and that the evidence for copycat suicides are much less consistent than suggested by some researchers.  Studies show a high incidence of psychiatric disorders in suicide victims at the time of their death with the total figure ranging from 87.3% to 98%, with mood disorders and substance abuse being the two most common.

Social proof model.

An alternate model to explain copycat suicide, called "social proof" by Cialdini, goes beyond the theories of glorification and simplification of reasons to look at why copycat suicides are so similar, demographically and in actual methods, to the original publicized suicide. In the social proof model, people imitate those who seem similar, despite or even because of societal disapproval. This model is important because it has nearly opposite ramifications for what the media ought to do about the copycat suicide effect than the standard model does. To deal with this problem, Alex Mesoudi of Queen Mary University of London, developed a computer model of a community of 1000 people, to examine how copycat suicides occur. These were divided into 100 groups of 10, in a model designed to represent different levels of social organization, such as schools or hospitals within a town or state. Mesoudi then circulated the simulation through 100 generations. He found the simulated people acted just as sociologists' theory predicted. They were more likely to die by suicide in clusters, either because they had learned this trait from their friends, or because suicidal people are more likely to be like one another.

Journalism codes.

Various countries have national journalism codes which range from one extreme of, "Suicide and attempted suicide should in general never be given any mention" (Norway) to a more moderate, "In cases of suicide, publishing or broadcasting information in an exaggerated way that goes beyond normal dimensions of reporting with the purpose of influencing readers or spectators should not occur." University of London psychologist Alex Mesoudi recommends that reporters follow the sort of guidelines the World Health Organization and others endorse for coverage of any suicide: use extreme restraint in covering these deaths—keep the word "suicide" out of the headline, don't romanticize the death, and limit the number of stories. Photography, pictures, visual images or film depicting such cases should not be made public" (Turkey). While many countries do not have national codes, media outlets still often have in-house guidelines along similar lines. In the United States, there are no industry-wide standards. A survey of in-house guides of 16 US daily newspapers showed that only three mentioned the word "suicide," and none gave guidelines about publishing the method of suicide. Craig Branson, online director of the American Society of News Editors (ASNE), has been quoted as saying, "Industry codes are very generic and totally voluntary. Most ethical decisions are left to individual editors at individual papers. The industry would fight any attempt to create more specific rules or standards, and editors would no doubt ignore them." Guidelines on the reporting of suicides in Ireland were introduced recently with attempt to remove any positive connotations the act might have (e.g. using the term "completed" rather than "successful" when describing a suicide attempt which resulted in a death).  The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's journalistic standards and practices manual discourages the reporting of the details of suicide.

Journalist training.

Australia is one of the few countries where there is a concerted effort to teach journalism students about this subject. The Mindframe national media initiative followed an ambivalent response by the Australian Press Council to an earlier media resource kit issued by Suicide Prevention Australia and the Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention. The UK-based media ethics charity MediaWise provides training for journalists on reporting suicide and related issues.  Headline is Ireland's media monitoring programme for suicide and mental health issues, set up by Shine and the Health Service Executives National Office for Suicide Prevention as part of 'Reach Out: National Strategy for action on Suicide Prevention.' Headline works with media professionals and students to find ways to collaborate to ensure that suicide, mental health and mental illness are responsibly covered in the media and provides information on reporting on mental health and suicidal behavior, literature and daily analysis of news stories. Headline also serves as a vehicle for the public to become involved in helping to monitor the Irish media on issues relating to mental health and suicide.  Studies suggest that the risk of suicide fell significantly when media outlets began following recommendations for suicide reporting in the late 20th century.

Prevention.

The Papageno effect is the effect that mass media can have by presenting non-suicide alternatives to crises. It is named after a lovelorn character, Papageno, from the 18th-century opera "The Magic Flute"; he was contemplating suicide until other characters showed him a different way to resolve his problems.  There is more research into the damage done by "irresponsible media reports" than into the protective effects of positive stories, but when newspapers refuse to publicize suicide events or change the way that they provide information about suicide events, the risk of copycat suicides declines.

Examples.

Examples of celebrities whose suicides have triggered suicide clusters include Ruan Lingyu, the Japanese musicians Yukiko Okada and hide, the South Korean actress Choi Jin-Sil, whose suicide caused suicide rates to rise by 162.3% and Marilyn Monroe, whose death was followed by an increase of 200 more suicides than average for that August month. Another famous case is the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi, a Tunisian street vendor who set himself on fire on December 17, 2010, an act that was a catalyst for the Tunisian Revolution and sparked the Arab Spring, including several men who emulated Bouazizi's act. A 2017 study published in JAMA Internal Medicine found the online series "13 Reasons Why" which chronicled a fictional teen's suicide was associated with an increase in suicide related Internet searches, including a 26% increase in searches for "how to commit suicide", an 18% increase for "commit suicide" and 9% increase for "how to kill yourself." On May 29, 2019, research published in JAMA Psychiatry outlined an association of increased suicides in 10- to 19-year-olds in the United States in the 3 months following the release of "13 Reasons Why", consistent with a media contagion of suicide in the show. A striking example occurred in Vienna, Austria where suicide by subway increased dramatically. Reduction began when a working group of the Austrian Association for Suicide Prevention developed media guidelines and initiated discussions with the media which culminated with an agreement to abstain from reporting on cases of suicide.

A copycat suicide is defined as an emulation of another suicide that the person attempting suicide knows about either from local knowledge or due to accounts or depictions of the original suicide on television and in other media.

棕尾虹雉(学名:'),俗称九色鸟,是属于雉科虹雉属的鸟类。主要生活在喜马拉雅山脉南侧,是尼泊尔的国鸟。


Biography.

Towards the end of the Achaemenid Empire, Atropates was governor ("satrap") of the Achaemenid province of Media. In the decisive Battle of Gaugamela (October 331 BCE) between Darius and Alexander, Atropates commanded the Achaemenid troops of Media and Sacasene. Following his defeat in that battle, Darius fled to the Median capital of Ecbatana, where Atropates gave him hospitality. Darius attempted to raise a new army but was forced to flee Ecbatana in June 330 BCE. After Darius' death a month later at the hands of Bessus, Atropates surrendered to Alexander. Alexander initially chose Oxydates as satrap of Media, but in 328-327 BCE after a period of two years Alexander lost trust in Oxydates' loyalty, and Atropates was reinstated to his old position. In 325-324, Atropates delivered Baryaxes (a sought-after rebel of the region) to Alexander while the latter was at Pasargadae. Alexander's esteem for the governor rose so high that soon afterwards Atropates' daughter was married to Alexander's confidant and cavalry commander Perdiccas at the famous mass wedding at Susa in February 324 BCE.  Later that year, Alexander visited Atropates in Ecbatana with his good friend and second-in-command Hephaestion, who fell ill and died in October 324 BCE. At this time, "[i]t was related by some authors, that Atropates on one occasion presented Alexander with a hundred women, said to be Amazons; but Arrian ([Anabasis] vii. 13) disbelieved the story."  Alexander himself died eight months later on June 10, 323 BCE, and Atropates' new son-in-law Perdiccas was named regent of Alexander's half-brother Philip III. Following the "Partition of Babylon" in 323 BCE, Media was divided into two parts: the greater portion in the south-east was to be governed by Peithon, a general of Perdiccas, while a smaller portion in the north west (principally around the Araxes River basin) was given to Atropates. At some point thereafter, Atropates refused to convey allegiance to the diadochi and made his part of Media an independent kingdom, while his son-in-law Perdiccas was eventually murdered by Peithon in the summer of 320 BCE.

Legacy.

The dynasty Atropates founded would rule the kingdom for several centuries, at first either independently or as vassals of the Seleucids, then as vassals of the Arsacids, into whose house they are said to have married. They became, however, the new House of Parthia through the marriage of the Arsacid heiress to the Atropatenid heir.  The region that encompassed Atropates' kingdom come to be known to the Greeks as "Media Atropatene" after Atropates, and eventually simply "Atropatene". The Arsacids called it 'Aturpatakan' in Parthian, as did also the Sassanids who eventually succeeded them. Eventually Middle Iranian 'Aturpatakan' became 'Azerbaijan', whence, according to one etymological theory, the modern nation of Azerbaijan and the Iranian province of Azerbaijan (which province is largely contiguous with the borders of ancient Atropatene) got their names; another theory traces the etymology from the ancient Persian words "Āzar" (), meaning "Fire", and "Pāyegān" () meaning "Guardian/Protector".

Atropates (Greek Aτρoπάτης, from Old Persian "Aturpat" "guardian of fire"; c. 370 BC – after 321 BC) was a Persian nobleman who served Darius III, then Alexander the Great, and eventually founded an independent kingdom and dynasty that was named after him. Diodorus (18.4) refers to him as 'Atrapes', while Quintus Curtius (8.3.17) erroneously names him 'Arsaces'.

阿特罗巴特斯(希腊语:Aτρoπάτης 古波斯语义:被火保护的;前370年-前321年)出身于波斯的贵族,曾效力于大流士三世、亚历山大大帝,最终建立一个以他为名的独立国家和王朝。


Broadcast.

The report was produced as an April Fools' Day joke in 1957, showing a family in the canton of Ticino in southern Switzerland as they gathered a bumper spaghetti harvest after a mild winter and "virtual disappearance of the spaghetti weevil". Footage of a traditional "Harvest Festival" was aired along with a discussion of the breeding necessary to develop a strain to produce the perfect length. Some scenes were filmed at the (now closed) Pasta Foods factory on London Road, St Albans, in Hertfordshire, and at a hotel in Castagnola, Switzerland.  "Panorama" cameraman Charles de Jaeger dreamed up the story after remembering how teachers at his school in Austria teased his classmates for being so stupid that if they were told that spaghetti grew on trees, they would believe it. The editor of "Panorama" Michael Peacock told the BBC in 2014 how he gave de Jaeger a budget of £100 and sent him off. The report was made more believable through its voice-over by respected broadcaster Richard Dimbleby. Peacock said Dimbleby knew they were using his authority to make the joke work, and that Dimbleby loved the idea and went at it with relish.  At the time, 7 million of the 15.8 million homes (about 44%) in Britain had television receivers. Pasta was not an everyday food in 1950s Britain, and it was known mainly from tinned spaghetti in tomato sauce and considered by many to be an exotic delicacy. An estimated eight million people watched the programme on 1 April 1957, and hundreds phoned in the following day to question the authenticity of the story or ask for more information about spaghetti cultivation and how they could grow their own spaghetti trees; the BBC told them to "place a sprig of spaghetti in a tin of tomato sauce and hope for the best".

Popular Culture.

San Giorgio, an American pasta company, parodied the hoax in a 1978 commercial.

The spaghetti-tree hoax was a three-minute hoax report broadcast on April Fools' Day 1957 by the BBC current-affairs programme "Panorama", purportedly showing a family in southern Switzerland harvesting spaghetti from the family "spaghetti tree". At the time spaghetti was relatively unknown in the UK, so many Britons were unaware that it is made from wheat flour and water; a number of viewers afterwards contacted the BBC for advice on growing their own spaghetti trees. Decades later CNN called this broadcast "the biggest hoax that any reputable news establishment ever pulled".

意大利面树恶作剧(英语:Spaghetti tree hoax)是英国广播公司时事节目《广角镜》,在1957年4月1日(愚人节)播放的一则长约三分钟恶作剧报导。报告说瑞士南部一户家庭意大利面丰收,从树上可以采摘意大利面。播放当时的英国,意大利菜尚未流行,意大利面被视为是「异域美食」,有部分英国人不知道意大利面是由面粉及水制成的义式面食。估计当时有800万人在当日观看了此报导,并有数百人致电英国广播公司想确认事件的真实性,还有人询问怎样在自家种植意大利面树。这个骗局后来被美国有线新闻网络称为「史上有良好声誉的新闻机构发布的最成功骗局」。


Biography.

Michael Dorris was born in Louisville, Kentucky to Mary Besy (née Burkhardt) and Jim Dorris. (The senior Dorris was later reported as mixed race, with a Native American father.) His father died before Dorris was born (reportedly by suicide during WWII). Dorris was raised as an only child by his mother, who became a secretary for the Democratic Party. Two maternal relatives reportedly also helped raise him, either two aunts, or an aunt and his maternal grandmother. In his youth, he spent summers with his father's relatives on reservations in Montana and Washington State. The "Washington Post" reported that he was raised in part by a stepfather.  In an article published in "New York Magazine" two months after Dorris' death, a reporter quoted the Modoc tribal historian as saying, "Dorris was probably the descendant of a white man named Dorris whom records show befriended the Modocs on the West Coast just before and after the Modoc War of 1873. Even so, there is no record of a Dorris having been enrolled as an Indian citizen on the Klamath rolls." The "Washington Post" reported: "Dorris' father's mother, who was white, became pregnant by her Indian boyfriend, but, the times being what they were, she could not marry him. She later married a white man named Dorris."  Dorris received his BA (cum laude) in English and Classics from Georgetown University in 1967 and a Masters degree from Yale University in anthropology in 1971, after beginning studies for a theater degree. He did his field work in Alaska, studying the effects of offshore drilling on the Native Alaskan communities. At a time of rising Native American activism, in 1972, Dorris helped form Dartmouth College's Native American Studies department, and served as its first chair.  In 1971, he became one of the first unmarried men in the United States to adopt a child. His adopted son, a 3-year-old Lakota boy named Reynold Abel, was eventually diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome. Dorris' struggle to understand and care for his son became the subject of his 1987 memoir "The Broken Cord" (in which he uses the pseudonym "Adam" for his son). Dorris adopted two more Native American children, Jeffrey Sava in 1974 and Madeline Hannah in 1976, both of whom also likely suffered from fetal alcohol syndrome.  He wrote the text to accompany the photographs of Joseph C. Farber in the book "Native Americans: Five Hundred Years After" (1975). He was named a Guggenheim Fellow in 1977 for his work in Anthropology & Cultural Studies. In 1980, he took his three adopted children with him from Cornish, New Hampshire to New Zealand, where he had arranged a year's sabbatical.  After returning to the United States in 1981, he married Louise Erdrich, a writer of Anishinaabe, German-American, and Métis descent. They had met 10 years earlier while he was teaching at Dartmouth and she was a student. During his sabbatical in New Zealand, Dorris and Erdrich had begun corresponding regularly by mail. After their marriage, she adopted his three children. They had three daughters together: Persia Andromeda, Pallas Antigone, and Aza Marion.  Dorris and Erdrich contributed to each other's writing and together wrote romance fiction under the pseudonym Milou North to supplement their income. Many of the latter pieces were published in the British magazine "Woman".  Erdrich dedicated her novels "The Beet Queen" (1986), "Tracks" (1988), and "The Bingo Palace" to Dorris. The family lived in Cornish, New Hampshire.  While teaching at Dartmouth, Dorris frequently mentored other students. He was part of the successful effort to eliminate the college's Indian mascot. In 1985, after the couple had received major grants, the family moved for a year to Northfield, Minnesota.  Beginning in 1986, Dorris' son Sava was sent to boarding school and military school. Madaline began attending boarding school when she was 12. After the success of "The Broken Cord" in 1989, and an advance of $1.5 million for the outline of "Crown of Columbus", Dorris quit teaching at Dartmouth to become a full-time writer. In 1991, his oldest son Reynold Abel was hit by a car and killed. Dorris, Erdrich, and their three daughters moved to Kalispell, Montana, allegedly because of death threats Sava had made towards them. They later returned to New Hampshire in 1993. They finally moved to the Piper Mansion in Minneapolis.  Sava sent a letter to the couple in 1994 threatening to "destroy their lives" and demanding money. Dorris and Erdrich took Sava to court for attempted felony theft. The first jury deadlocked, and the next year Sava was acquitted of the charges.  The couple separated in 1995. Dorris went for treatment of alcohol abuse at Hazelden. Dorris and Erdrich divorced in 1996. Dorris considered himself "addicted to" Erdrich and fell into a depression.  Madeline and two of Dorris' biological daughters made allegations of abuse against him. In March 1997, Dorris made a suicide attempt. On April 10, 1997, he used a combination of suffocation, drugs, and alcohol to end his life in the Brick Tower Motor Inn in Concord, New Hampshire. In conversations with friends, Dorris maintained his innocence and his lack of faith that the legal system would exonerate him without his "demolishing" his wife and children in a "vicious" court trial. With his death, the criminal investigations into the sexual abuse allegations were closed.

Reception.

Dorris is the author, co-author, or editor of a dozen books in the genres of fiction, memoirs and essays, and non-fiction.  His "Yellow Raft in Blue Water" (1987) has been named among the "finest literary debuts of the late 20th century." It tells the story of three generations of women, in a non-linear fashion, from multiple perspectives, a technique that Dorris would frequently use in his later writings as well.  His memoir "The Broken Cord" is credited with bringing "international attention to the problem of fetal alcohol syndrome" ("FAS"). The book won a number of awards, including the Christopher Award and the National Book Critics Circle Award for general non-fiction. It is credited with inspiring Congressional legislation on FAS. It was adapted as a made-for TV film, with Jimmy Smits playing Dorris. In an essay originally published in the "WicaSa Review", Elizabeth Cook-Lynn criticizes Dorris and Erdrich (who had written the Foreword), claiming that they were calling for the jailing of alcoholic Native mothers during their pregnancies to forestall fetal alcohol syndrome.  When he and Erdrich co-wrote "The Crown of Columbus" (the only fiction they officially share credit for, although they frequently stated that they collaborated on other works), each individually wrote a preliminary draft of each section. Within the novel, various characters are writing collaborators. The work has been characterized as an autobiographical representation of the creative "pleasure and problems" that Dorris and Erdrich shared.  In "Cloud Chamber" (1997), Dorris continued the story of the families introduced in "Yellow Raft in Blue Water", telling "the hard story of hard people living difficult lives with much courage". It was described as written in "evocative prose".  Dorris published three works for young adults during his lifetime; "The Window" was published posthumously. These novels also explore his themes of identity and sibling rivalry.

Michael Anthony Dorris (January 30, 1945 – April 10, 1997) was an American novelist and scholar who was the first Chair of the Native American Studies program at Dartmouth College. His works include the novel "A Yellow Raft in Blue Water" (1987) and the memoir "The Broken Cord" (1989).

迈克尔·杜瑞斯(英语:Michael Dorris,1945年-1月30日-1997年-4月11日),印第安人和欧洲人的混血族裔。著名学者、作家。毕生致力于印第安文化的推行。1967年毕业于乔治城大学,主修英国文学和古典文学,后到耶鲁大学就学并获得人类学学士学位。 1972年在达特默斯大学执教,并在该大学创立了美洲土族研究项目。1997年4月11日自杀身亡。主要作品有:《个人档案》(Paper Trail)《森林少年》(Guests)《劳动者》(Working Men)《云室》(Cloud Chamber)《晨曦女孩》(Morning Girl)等。