History.

The day, as a concept, was conceived in 2004. A year-long campaign culminated in the first International Day Against Homophobia on May 17, 2005. 24,000 individuals as well as organizations such as the International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA), the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC), the World Congress of LGBT Jews, and the Coalition of African Lesbians signed an appeal to support the "IDAHO initiative". Activities for the day took place in many countries, including the first LGBT events ever to take place in the Congo, China, and Bulgaria. The date of May 17th was specifically chosen to commemorate the World Health Organization’s decision in 1990 to declassify homosexuality as a mental disorder.  In 2009, transphobia was added to the name of the campaign, and activities that year focused primarily on transphobia (violence and discrimination against transgender people). A new petition was launched in cooperation with LGBT organizations in 2009, and it was supported by more than 300 NGOs from 75 countries, as well as three Nobel Prize winners (Elfriede Jelinek, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, and Luc Montagnier). On the eve of May 17, 2009, France became the first country in the world to officially remove transgender issues from its list of mental illnesses.  Frenchman was founder of the day, and acted as its Committee Chairperson until his resignation in September 2013. He was succeeded by internationally renowned Venezuelan trans rights activist, lawyer and law professor Tamara Adrián, who became one of the first trans legislators in Latin America in 2015.  Louis-Georges Tin and two other Committee members started a hunger-strike on June 2012 to urge the French president Hollande to introduce a UN resolution decriminalising homosexuality.  In France, same-sex marriage has been legal since 18 May 2013; a decision announced on May 17.  Biphobia was added to the name of the campaign in 2015.  The Enforcement Act of Judicial Yuan Interpretation No. 748 that legalised same-sex marriage in Taiwan was passed on International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia in 2019, with the law coming into effect on 24 May 2019.

Goals and activities.

The main purpose of the May 17 mobilisations is to raise awareness of violence, discrimination, and repression of LGBT communities worldwide, which in turn provides an opportunity to take action and engage in dialogue with the media, policymakers, public opinion, and wider civil society.  One of the stated goals of May 17 is to create an event that can be visible at a global level without needing to conform to a specific type of action. This decentralized approach is needed due to the diversity of social, religious, cultural, and political contexts in which rights violations occur.

May 17 around the world.

The day is particularly strong in Europe and Latin America, where it is commemorated with public events in almost all countries. May 17 is also marked in multiple countries in all world regions including, in 2013, 32 of the 76 countries in the world where same-sex relationships are criminalised.  Common actions include large-scale street marches, parades and festivals. In Cuba, for example, Mariela Castro has led out a huge street parade in honor of May 17 for the past 3 years. In Chile in 2013, 50,000 people took to the streets to mark May 17, and the VIII Santiago Equality march.  Arts and culture-based events are also common. For example, Bangladeshi activists organised the music festival "Love Music Hate Homophobia" in 2013. Albanian LGBT activists have, in 2012 and 2013 been organising an annual Bike (P) Ride for May 17 through the streets of the capital Tirana. In 2013, the day's Committee called for international actions for a Global Rainbow Flashmob to mark May 17. Activists in 100 cities, in 50 countries participated with diverse public events spanning coloured balloon releases, dance flashmobs, musical events, and performance and street art.  On Friday, May 17, 2019, Taiwan became the first country in Asia to legally recognize same-sex marriage.  In Nepal, this day is celebrated as International Day Against Queer / MOGAI -phobia' as well as IDAHOT.

Official recognition.

In 2003 the Canadian organization Fondation Émergence instituted a similar event, the National Day Against Homophobia, which was held on June 1. In 2006, they changed the date to May 17, in order to join the international movement.  In 2006, The Declaration of Montreal was created and adopted by the 2006 World Outgames. The Declaration demanded that the United Nations and all states recognize May 17 as the International Day Against Homophobia.  In 2007, in Aosta Valley (Italy), the government approved the support for the IDAHOT  In 2010, Lula, then president of Brazil, signed an act that instituted May 17 as the National Day Against Homophobia in his country.  The day is also officially recognized by the EU Parliament, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, the UK, Mexico, Costa Rica, Croatia, the Netherlands, France, Luxembourg and Venezuela. It is also recognized by numerous local authorities, such as the province of Quebec or the city of Buenos Aires.  In 2012, the city of Liverpool, England created a pioneering programme of events in association with the organisation Homotopia, called IDAHO 50. The event was supported by 50 leading organisations based in Liverpool.  On March 21, 2014, Mexico declared, by Presidential Decree, May 17 as the National Day Against Homophobia. See LGBT rights in Mexico.  Venezuela's National Assembly (AN) officially recognized May 17 as the Day against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia on May 12, 2016. AN Deputy Tamara Adrian, also international Chairwoman of the IDAHO Committee, hailed the legislative act as a "sign of change" in a Venezuela where "everyone has equal rights and opportunities".  In several other countries (e.g. Argentina, Bolivia, Australia, and Croatia), national civil society coalitions have called upon their authorities to have May 17 officially recognized.

Impact.

, 69 countries still criminalize same-sex relationships, which means that millions of gays, lesbians and bisexuals are unable to live their lives openly. Also, in 26 countries, transgender individuals are subjected to punishments, and they're disproportionely at risk of violence across the globe. IDAHOBIT is frequently used as a platform for organizing initiatives to advance the fight for the rights of LGBT+ groups in many countries, even in those (like Uganda) in which homosexuality is criminalized.

The International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia is observed on May 17 and aims to coordinate international events that raise awareness of LGBT rights violations and stimulate interest in LGBT rights work worldwide. By 2016, the commemorations had taken place in 132 countries across the globe.

国际不再恐同日(International Day against Homophobia, Transphobia, and Biphobia,简称IDAHOTB)为每年5月17日。该纪念日是目前公认的国际LGBTI权利纪念日。2013年,第九个国际不再恐同日有120个国家举行了纪念活动。


Classification.

The name Spinosauroidea is sometimes used in place of Megalosauroidea. The superfamily Spinosauroidea was named in 1915 by Ernst Stromer. It is a synonym of Megalosauroidea in almost all modern phylogenetic analyses, and it is therefore redundant. Spinosauroidea was defined as a clade in 1998 by Paul Sereno as the node clade containing the common ancestor of "Spinosaurus" and "Torvosaurus" and all its descendants. Thomas Holtz in 2004 defined a branch clade with the same name containing all species closer to "Spinosaurus" than to "Passer domesticus". The ICZN holds that even clade names (which do not yet have any governing body) should be replaced if having a traditional taxon suffix and being synonyms of ranked taxa at or below the superfamily level. The seniority of Megalosauroidea was not followed in most paleontological literature during the 1990s and early 2000s. A series of papers supporting the validity of "Megalosaurus" as a genus, the relationships of megalosauroids, and the placement of "spinosauroids" among them, published between 2008 and 2010 argued that Megalosauroidea was in fact the valid name for the group.  The classification of megalosauroids follows a study by Benson in 2010. Note that several "wildcard" taxa that are probably megalosauroids were excluded from the final tree, including "Magnosaurus", "Piveteausaurus" and "Streptospondylus". Later, "Magnosaurus" and "Streptospondylus" were added in the final tree. These are known from remains too fragmentary to be reliably classified. Some of these 'wildcard' taxa, such as "Poekilopleuron" and "Megaraptor", have been considered possible megalosauroids in the past, but the analysis found that they are more likely allosauroids.  Carrano, Benson & Sampson (2012) performed much larger phylogenetic analysis of the Tetanurae that includes more taxa. They used the clade name Megalosauria (Bonaparte, 1850) in their analysis and defined it as the node comprising "Megalosaurus", "Spinosaurus", their most recent common ancestor, and all its descendants. Furthermore, a new megalosauroid family Piatnitzkysauridae was named to include all megalosauroids more closely related to "Piatnitzkysaurus" than to either "Spinosaurus" or "Megalosaurus". Within Megalosauridae a new subfamily was named, Afrovenatorinae, to include all megalosaurids more closely related to "Afrovenator" than to "Megalosaurus". Unlike Benson "et al.", 2010, they recovered "Poekilopleuron" as an afrovenatorine, while "Xuanhanosaurus" was recovered as the basalmost metriacanthosaurid. However, the position of these taxa is very unstable, and their exclusion from the analysis gave more resolved and stable cladogram. "Streptospondylus" was also excluded to get more resolved Megalosauridae and Afrovenatorinae. The Chinese tetanuran "Leshansaurus" was included for the first time in a phylogenetic analysis, and was recovered as an afrovenatorine. Both "Chuandongocoelurus" and "Monolophosaurus" were found to be just outside Orionides. The cladogram presented here follows that study.  In 2019 saw the description and publication of "Asfaltovenator vialidadi", a basal allosauroid that curiously has characteristics displaying primitive and derived features seen in Tetanurae. Their phylogenetic analysis has found Megalosauroidea to be a basal grade of carnosaurs in respect to Allosauroidea.

Megalosauroidea (meaning 'great/big lizard forms') is a superfamily (or clade) of tetanuran theropod dinosaurs that lived from the Middle Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous period. The group is defined as "Megalosaurus bucklandii" and all taxa sharing a more recent common ancestor with it than with "Allosaurus fragilis" or "Passer domesticus". Members of the group include "Spinosaurus", "Megalosaurus", and "Torvosaurus".

斑龙超科(学名:)又译巨龙超科,是兽脚亚目坚尾龙类的一个超科,牠们生存于中侏罗纪到中白垩纪。棘龙科可能属于斑龙超科。斑龙超科的定义为:和巴氏斑龙有比脆弱异特龙和家麻雀较远的最近共同祖先的物种。该演化支包含了棘龙属、斑龙属和蛮龙属。


Form.

This symbol came in several different shapes, all of which were of x-height. The shape of the letter used in blackletter scripts Textualis as well as Rotunda is reminiscent of "half an r", namely, the right side of the Roman capital "R"; it looks similar to an Arabic numeral "2".  Like minuscules in general, the origins of the letter are in cursive writing as it was common during the medieval period, ultimately derived from scribal practice during Late Antiquity.  The "r rotunda" shape of cursive "r" resembling the numeral "2" is also found in a number of medieval scribal abbreviations containing "r", e.g. in the signs for the Latin word-final syllables "ram", "-orum" and "-arum".  There are variant forms for the "r rotunda" glyph.  Also found in Textura manuscripts is a very narrow second variant, in the form of one solid diamond atop another atop a vertical stroke. Another form found in German typefaces was a variant of that previous, with the part of an "s" that looks like an integral sign atop something rather like a "c". It can be found used as the second "r" of a pair and after "e". A fifth form, used in the 18th century in some French italic typefaces, was a derivative either of the Schrift form of the minuscule "r" or of similar typefaces used elsewhere. Its form was of a backwards "J" set just after the same shape rotated 180 degrees. They were separated by a space smaller than the stroke width between them, and the whole character was slanted as though it were cursive. As this typeface had the "d" that curved to the left, it was used after that character as well. By then, though, the character was the same width as a regular "r" so it was maintained because it appeared to its users to have some elegance or to remind them of prestigious old calligraphy.

Use for Tironian "et".

The abbreviation "etc." was typeset using the Tironian "et" (⁊), as "⁊c." in early incunables. Later, when typesets no longer contained a glyph for the Tironian "et", it became common practice to use the "r rotunda" glyph instead, setting "ꝛc." for "etc."

Demise.

Use of the letter form was never widespread except in blackletter scripts and so it fell out of use in English in the 16th century as roman scripts became predominant. Modern cursive scripts use a letter r that has a resemblance to the r rotunda.

Encoding.

The letter was proposed to be added to Unicode in 2005, in the Latin Extended-D block. As per Unicode 5.1 the encodings are and, although there seems to be no real evidence for the historical existence of a capital version and a normal capital "R" seems to have been used instead.  Before, the Medieval Unicode Font Initiative (MUFI) had allocated it in the Private Use Area (PUA) of medievalist fonts at U+F20E and U+F22D. Since the characters are available in Unicode, MUFI recommends that the Unicode code points be used, not the PUA code points.  Some fonts treat the glyph as a mere stylistic variant of "r" and may make it available by smart font features, e.g. Open Type 'hist', 'hlig', 'calt','salt' or'ss**'.  Latin Extended-D also has characters for medieval scribal abbreviations. Among them is the abbreviation for the syllable "rum", consisting of a "r rotunda" with a cut, resulting in a shape very similar to the astrological symbol for Jupiter (♃).

The r rotunda (ꝛ), "rounded r", is a historical calligraphic variant of the minuscule (lowercase) letter Latin "r" used in full script-like typefaces, especially blackletters.

半r (, R rotunda) 是字母R的古老的变体。 从中世纪到现在,许多字符的不同写法都消失了。这些消失了的字符有连字符的一个不同的写法、连体字、书写用缩写词、一些花体字的突出部分,还有带连字符的长s,半r等等。与很多被列出的惯例一样,这些字符的变体原本的设计目的要不是为了节省在昂贵的羊皮纸上的书写位置,要不就是为了让字母更有美感。


Early life and education.

Burwell was born in New York City, the son of Natalie (née Benedict), a maths teacher, and Charles Burwell, who founded Thaibok Fabrics, Ltd. He graduated from King School in Stamford, Connecticut with George Hofecker and other notables and Harvard College, where he was a cartoonist for "The Harvard Lampoon".

Career.

As a film composer, Burwell has had a long-working relationship with the Coen brothers, providing music for every film they have made (except for "O Brother, Where Art Thou?" and "Inside Llewyn Davis", which had folk music soundtracks produced by T-Bone Burnett). He enjoys working with left-field directors, such as Spike Jonze. Among his best known film scores are "Miller's Crossing" (1990), "And the Band Played On" (1993), "Conspiracy Theory" (1997), "Hamlet" (2000), "The Spanish Prisoner" (1997), "Before the Devil Knows You're Dead" (2007), "In Bruges" (2008), "Twilight" (2008), "Where the Wild Things Are" (2009), "The Blind Side" (2009), and "Breaking Dawn Part 1" (2011). Burwell wrote and recorded the original score for the film "The Bourne Identity", but his version was replaced by director Doug Liman for one by John Powell.  Ultimately the ethos of the punk rock movement gave Burwell the impetus to start performing. He performed in New York with several bands, notably The Same, Thick Pigeon, and Radiante. Burwell played in Thick Pigeon with Stanton Miranda; the group released two albums, "Too Crazy Cowboys" (Factory) and tracks on "Miranda Dali" (Crepuscule), originally released as a Miranda solo project but later reissued as a Thick Pigeon release. On Burwell's soundtrack for "Psycho III", Miranda was a featured singer.  By 1986 he had composed the music for a dance piece, RAB, which premiered at the Avignon Festival. At the same time, he was touring worldwide with The Harmonic Choir, David Hykes' experimental vocal group, which specialized in overtone singing.  Burwell used the country music genre as the basis for his score for the Coens' "Raising Arizona" in 1987. From 1982 to 1987 he worked at the New York Institute of Technology.  His work has alternated between live performance, dance and theater commissions, and film scoring. His chamber opera, "The Celestial Alphabet Event," was presented in New York in 1991, and other theater pieces include "Mother" (1994) and "Lucia's Chapters" (2007), both with the experimental theater group Mabou Mines.  In April 2005 Burwell composed and conducted music performed by The Parabola Ensemble for the plays "Sawbones," written and directed by the Coen brothers, "Hope Leaves the Theater," written and directed by Charlie Kaufman, and "Anomalisa," written and directed by Kaufman as Francis Fregoli. This was a segment of the sound-only production "Theater of the New Ear", which debuted at St. Ann's Warehouse in Brooklyn, New York, with support from Sirius Satellite Radio. It was also performed at the Royal Festival Hall in London, England, in May 2005, and at Royce Hall in Los Angeles, California, in September 2005, as part of the UCLA Live Festival.  In 2009, Burwell was the recipient of the ASCAP Henry Mancini Award from the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. In 2010, he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score for "Where the Wild Things Are".  In 2015, he received the Distinguished Film Composer award from the Middleburg Film Festival, and the Los Angeles Film Critics Association award for Best Music Score for "Anomalisa" and "Carol". He was nominated for the Annie Award for Music in an Animated Feature Production for "Anomalisa" and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score for "Carol". In 2016, he received the Satellite Award for Best Original Score and the Best Score award by the International Cinephile Society for "Carol". Burwell was awarded Film Composer of the Year by the World Soundtrack Awards, and the score for "Carol" received the Public Choice Award for the Best Score of the Year.  Burwell received his first Academy Award for Best Original Score nomination for "Carol", and his second for "Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri".

Personal life.

Burwell married Christine Sciulli in 1999.

Carter Benedict Burwell (born November 18, 1954) is an American composer of film scores. He has consistently collaborated with the Coen brothers, having scored most of their films, including "Blood Simple", "Fargo", "The Big Lebowski", "No Country For Old Men", and "The Ballad of Buster Scruggs". Burwell has also scored three of Todd Haynes's films and all the films of director Martin McDonagh. He has received Oscar nominations for Best Original Score for Haynes's "Carol" (2015) and McDonagh's "Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri" (2017).

卡特·伯韦尔(英语:Carter Burwell,1955年-11月18日)是一位电影配乐作曲家。他常和科恩兄弟合作,至今已为15部科恩兄弟的电影作品配乐。卡特也为陶德·海恩斯的三部作品配过乐,其中电影《因为爱你》的配乐为其赢得了奥斯卡最佳原创音乐奖的提名。他参与配乐的著名电影还包括斯派克·琼斯的电影《傀儡人生》(1999)、《何必偏偏玩谢我》(2002)、《野兽冒险乐园》(2009),大卫·欧·拉塞尔的《夺金三王》(1999)、《爱,当下》(2014)、《安诺玛丽莎》(2015)。


Plot.

Ma Hon Keung (Jackie Chan), a Hong Kong cop, comes to New York to attend the wedding of his Uncle Bill (Bill Tung). Uncle Bill owns the Wa-Ha Supermarket in The Bronx, an area with a high level of crime. He meets Bill's neighbor Danny (Morgan Lam), a disabled Chinese-American boy, and his aunt-to-be Whitney (Carrie Cain Sparks), an African-American woman working at Bill's supermarket. Bill is trying to sell his supermarket, and he meets a potential buyer, Elaine (Anita Mui), who is reluctant to buy it for Bill's price. Nonetheless, Bill invites Elaine to his wedding, hoping that there's still a chance to sell it. Unbeknownst to Keung and Elaine, Bill's market is a victim of frequent shoplifting and a protection racket, and he is desperate to sell it. The next day, at the wedding, Keung helps negotiate a deal that convinces Elaine to buy the market.  One day, when Keung is helping Elaine at the market, members of a local biker gang (Tony (Marc Akerstream)), attempt to shoplift the market, but are thwarted and beaten by Keung. Later that night, Keung notices a woman getting abducted. He scares away her would-be kidnappers. However, when Keung "rescues" the woman, she attacks him, revealing a ploy to lure him into a spot where Tony's gang attacks him again. Keung is cornered into a dead-end alleyway. The gang severely injures him by swatting glass bottles around him. Afterwards, Keung almost makes it back to his Uncle's apartment, but not before fainting in front of Nancy (Francoise Yip), who is Tony's girlfriend and the woman who lured Keung earlier. It is revealed that Nancy is Danny's neglectful older sister, and she fixes Keung's wounds upon realizing that he is also Danny's friend. Danny informs Keung about Nancy's help the next morning, but Keung still doesn't know that Nancy was the one who lured him.  Later that morning, Keung goes to Elaine's market to inform her that he lost the contract (during the alleyway brawl with the gang). The supermarket is a mess due to a failed attempt to stop thieves, and Elaine informs Keung about her desire to back out of the deal upon realizing how often the market is a victim of theft and a protection racket. When two thugs demanding "protection money" come by, Keung scares them away. However, Tony and his gang come back to the store, demanding "compensation" for Keung hurting them earlier. Elaine gives into their demand, and they rob and vandalize the store. Keung confronts them outside, and tells the gang that he's the boss of the store. After Elaine is assaulted, Keung reveals that he has called the police on them. The gang disperses upon the police's arrival. Later, Tony and his gang attempt to chase down Keung for revenge, which leads to Keung making a daring escape by jumping from the roof of a parking garage to a fire escape on a building across the street.  Later, a member of Tony's gang named Angelo (Garvin Cross) gets involved in an illegal diamond deal gone bad and steals the diamonds. A criminal syndicate led by White Tiger (Kris Lord) is after the diamonds. Keung and Danny are outside together, and they witness some of the carnage go down. Keung and Danny run inside for safety, leaving Danny's wheelchair in the apartment hallway. Unable to run and hide from the syndicate, Angelo stuffs the diamonds in Danny's wheelchair cushion. Some of the syndicate members are arrested (along with Angelo), but all are let go due to a lack of evidence. Meanwhile, at Danny and Nancy's apartment, Nancy eavesdrops on a conversation between Keung and Danny, where she listens to Danny talk about the emotional difficulty of being disabled. Upon hearing this, she comes out into the living room and tearfully apologizes to Keung, and both agree to keep their previous encounter a secret from Danny.  Meanwhile, Elaine tries to scare away the thugs from the protection racket. However, they are not intimidated, and they assault her while taking her money. After this, she tries to sell the market to another Chinese couple, selling it using the same lies that Uncle Bill used to convince her. Keung witnesses this, and gives her back the check she used to buy the market, asking that she only pay him back once she makes money.  Later that evening, Keung goes out, but not before being questioned by the syndicate men (who are posing as FBI agents) looking for the diamonds. They give Keung a number to call if he finds anything. Later Keung visits Nancy at a nightclub where she is a lingerie dancer and model. When the gangsters see this, they chase Keung and Nancy, but they escape after Nancy knocks over their motorcycles. Keung advises her to stay away from Tony's gang and to look after Danny. A romantic relationship develops between them. After failing to confront Keung, the bikers trash Elaine's supermarket, during which two of Tony's men are captured by White Tiger's men, who turn up at the supermarket in search of Angelo. Angelo's colleagues are unaware of his diamond heist and one is executed in a tree-shredder. Meanwhile, Keung and Nancy go to the bikers' headquarters after the latest supermarket attack, and Keung defeats them in another brawl. After the brawl, he berates and insults the gang for their criminal lifestyle and urges them to change for the better. Immediately after, one of the gangsters comes back to the hideout, with the executed gangster's remains, which he reveals was a warning to return the goods that Angelo stole. Keung agrees to help Tony and his gang.  Keung contacts the syndicate (which he thought was the FBI) after they find Angelo. Angelo reveals that he hid the diamonds in Danny's wheelchair. Tony, Angelo, and Nancy are taken hostage while some of White Tiger's thugs go with Keung to Danny and Nancy's apartment. Keung eventually subdues the gangsters after they find the diamonds. When White Tiger calls one of the gangsters, Keung takes the cell phone and reveals that he has his diamonds and his thugs held hostage. White Tiger tells him that he'll arrange an exchange and warns him not to contact the police. Keung makes Danny wait at school for his own safety. When one of the syndicate thugs interrogates Tony, demanding Keung's whereabouts, Tony tells him that Keung is the owner of the Wa-Ha supermarket. Keung goes to Elaine for advice, but later, the syndicate's thugs destroy the supermarket with a tow truck, as a warning to Keung.  Keung decides to call the police for help. They give Keung recording equipment and instruct him to just show the gangsters one diamond, and to try to get the gang to talk about the murder and robbery. However, during their meeting, Keung reveals that he knows of the name "White Tiger", which make the syndicate men realize that Keung is working with the police. They take Keung to a secret place to have him executed. But before they can execute him, Keung overpowers them and attempts to escape. Later, the police come and chase the gangsters away. White Tiger's men hijack a hovercraft and are pursued by Keung and the New York Police Department in the Hudson River. The hovercraft ends up running through the streets, causing much damage to property. Keung ends the chase by stealing a large sword from a museum, clamping it onto a sports car window and driving into the hovercraft, shredding the rubber skirt and crashing the vehicle. After shooting one of the syndicate men non-fatally to force them to reveal White Tiger's location, Keung drives the repaired hovercraft to a golf course where White Tiger is playing with subordinates. He runs them over, leaving White Tiger naked on the ground.

Production.

In his autobiography, "I am Jackie Chan: My life in Action", Jackie Chan talked about the initial difficulty of filming a movie in Vancouver that is set in New York. The production team initially had to put up fake graffiti during the day and take it all down during the evening, while simultaneously making sure that no mountains made it into the background. However, Chan decided that it was best that the production team focus on the action only without worrying too much about scenery. Viewers have noted mountains in the background, which are not present in the NYC landscape, as well as the NYC helicopter which displays a Canadian civil registration (C-GZPM - A Bell Jet Ranger).  The original spoken dialogue consisted of all of the actors speaking their native language most of the time. In the completely undubbed soundtrack, available on the Warner Japanese R2 DVD release, Jackie Chan actually speaks his native Cantonese while Françoise Yip and Morgan Lam (the actors playing Nancy and Danny) speak English. All of the original dialogue was intended to be dubbed over in the international and Hong Kong film markets, and New Line cinema overdubbed and slightly changed the original English dialogue.  During filming, Chan injured his right leg while performing a stunt. He spent much of the remaining shooting time with one leg in a cast. When it came to the film's climax, the crew colored a sock to resemble the shoe on his good foot, which Chan wore over his cast. His foot still had not completely healed when he went on to shoot his next film, "Thunderbolt" (filmed the same year, 1994, but released earlier in the U.S.).  The lead actress and several stunt doubles were also injured during the shooting of a motorcycle stunt, with several people suffering broken limbs and ankles.  The film had a production budget of.

Release.

New Line Cinema acquired the film for international distribution and commissioned a new music score and English dub (with participation from Jackie Chan). A scene of Keung's airplane flying into John F. Kennedy International Airport was added to the opening credits. Three scenes were added exclusively for the international version: a shot of the syndicate's car pulling up to the diamond deal, Keung and Nancy escaping from the nightclub after the bikers spot them together, and White Tiger taking a golf shot before a subordinate approaches him with his phone. None of these scenes were in the original Hong Kong release. In comparison to the Hong Kong version, 17 minutes of cuts were made, and the new English dub changed some of the context of the characters' conversations. Keung being a cop and having a girlfriend in Hong Kong is never mentioned. Keung's father being shot by a robber years ago is also not mentioned. In the New Line Cinema edit, Elaine buys the grocery store upon her first meeting with Uncle Bill, but in the Hong Kong version, she decides to buy the market at Bill's wedding.  The new soundtrack replaced Chan's song over the closing credits with the song "Kung Fu" by the band Ash, the lyrics of which mention Jackie Chan, as well as other Asian figures and characters ubiquitous in the west.

Reception.

Box office.

In Hong Kong, "Rumble in the Bronx" broke the box office record, earning 56,911,136, making it the highest-grossing film in Hong Kong up until then. In China, the film grossed, making it the highest-grossing imported film in China up until then; it was later overtaken by the Chinese release of "True Lies" (1994) the same year, with "Rumble in the Bronx" being the second highest-grossing film of 1995 in China.  It was the year's eighth highest-grossing film in Taiwan, earning. In Japan, the film grossed. In South Korea, it was the highest-grossing film of the year, selling 941,433 tickets and earning.  The film was Chan's mainstream breakthrough in North America. Opening on 1,736 North American screens, it was number one at the box office in its opening weekend, grossing US$9,858,380 ($5,678 per screen). It became one of the year's top 20 highest-grossing R-rated films, finishing its North American run with $32,392,047 (equivalent to $66,982,600 adjusted for inflation in 2018). The film had sold 7,325,824 tickets in the United States and Canada.  In the United Kingdom, the film sold 130,583 tickets and grossed. In France and Germany, the film sold 493,756 tickets. In other European countries, the film sold 460,254 tickets.  It became Chan's biggest ever hit up until then, with a worldwide box office gross of (equivalent to approximately adjusted for inflation). It was one of the most profitable films of 1996, grossing over ten times its budget.

Critical reception.

When released in North America, "Rumble in the Bronx" received generally positive reviews, as most critics were happy that a Jackie Chan film was finally getting a wide theatrical release in North America. The film currently has an 80% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Most critics agreed that the plot and acting were lacking, but the action, stunts, and Chan's charm made up for it.  Roger Ebert gave the film a positive review, rating it 3 out of 4 stars. His review for the "Chicago Sun-Times" stated: "Any attempt to defend this movie on rational grounds is futile. Don't tell me about the plot and the dialogue. Don't dwell on the acting. The whole point is Jackie Chan – and, like Astaire and Rogers, he does what he does better than anybody. There is a physical confidence, a grace, an elegance to the way he moves. There is humor to the choreography of the fights (which are never too gruesome). He's having fun. If we allow ourselves to get in the right frame of mind, so are we.  The film was featured in a 2015 video essay by Every Frame A Painting, calling attention to the fact that the movie was shot in Vancouver despite being set in the Bronx, where no mountain ranges are visible.  For the "Ben Knows" comedy TV spot

Home video.

The majority of DVD versions of the film contain the heavily edited US New Line Cinema cut, with the relevant dubs created for each market. However, other versions exist, which are closer to the original theatrical release.

Thakral/Chinastar.

It appears that a joint-distribution deal was made, with Thakral releasing the film in China, and Chinastar releasing it in Hong Kong. This version contains no credits, not even the film title, but is otherwise the Hong Kong version. There are no English subtitles and the ratio is roughly 2.10:1.

Speedy.

Malaysian distributor Speedy released a VCD. As well as local censorship (for profanity - also featuring a substituted shots of Angelo insulting Keung), it has a slightly different Cantonese/English soundtrack (some characters are dubbed in Cantonese); there are English, Chinese and Malay subtitles languages. It is cropped to approximately 1:85:1 and distorted to 1:56:1.

Funny.

The film had three separate DVD releases by Taiwanese distributor Funny. Two of these DVDs feature the Taiwanese Mandarin-dubbed version with embedded subtitles. One of these contains a Dolby 5.1 soundtrack only, whilst the other contains both Dolby and DTS soundtracks. The third release is a double-sided disc, featuring the Taiwanese Mandarin dub on one side and the English-dubbed New Line Cinema version on the other. Despite containing a dubbed soundtrack, these DVDs are the only releases to contain English subtitles for a Chinese version. All three are presented in 2.35:1.

Rumble in the Bronx (Chinese title Hong Faan Kui) is a 1995 Hong Kong martial arts action film starring Jackie Chan, Anita Mui and Françoise Yip. It was directed by Stanley Tong, with action choreographed by Chan and Tong. Released in Hong Kong in 1995, "Rumble in the Bronx" had a successful worldwide theater run, and brought Chan into the North American mainstream. The film is set in the Bronx area of New York City, but was filmed in and around Vancouver, Canada. The film grossed worldwide (approximately adjusted for inflation), against a budget, making it one of the most profitable films at the time.

乃动作巨星成龙于1995年主演的电影,导演为唐季礼。此片乃成龙重要的作品之一,盖因成龙凭此片成功打入北美市场,奠定其国际巨星之地位。继《奇迹》及《醉拳2》之后,成龙第三度邀请梅艳芳合作,再次为电影注入喜剧元素。


History.

The vessel was ordered in February 2006 and designed under the name "Project Genesis". Her keel was laid down on 12 November 2007 by STX Europe Turku Shipyard, Finland. The company announced that full funding for "Oasis of the Seas" was secured on 15 April 2009.  The name "Oasis of the Seas" resulted from a competition held in May 2008.  During the first float-out of the vessel the tugboats that were pulling the ship from its dock failed to control the ship, resulting in the port side of the ship hitting the dock. This resulted in some cosmetic damage and minor damage to the hull, which was repaired and did not affect the final delivery date of the vessel.  The ship was completed and turned over to Royal Caribbean on 28 October 2009. Two days later, she departed Finland for the United States. While exiting the Baltic Sea, the vessel passed underneath the Great Belt Fixed Link in Denmark on 31 October 2009 at 23:18 UTC. The bridge has a clearance of above the water; "Oasis" normally has an air draft of. The passage under the bridge was possible due to retraction of the telescoping funnels, and an additional was gained by the squat effect whereby vessels traveling at speed in a shallow channel will be drawn deeper into the water. Approaching the bridge at, the ship passed under it with less than of clearance.  Proceeding through the English Channel, "Oasis" stopped briefly in the Solent so that 300 shipyard workers who were on board doing finishing work could disembark, then left on the way to her intended home port of Port Everglades in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The ship arrived there on 13 November 2009, where tropical plants were installed prior to some introductory trips and her maiden voyage on 5 December 2009.  "Oasis" had a minor refit in winter 2011. She underwent a second drydock refit in October 2014. During drydock the ship was modified by dividing the main dining room into three separate restaurants.  On 1 April 2019, "Oasis of the Seas" was undergoing work at a dry dock in The Bahamas when two cranes collapsed onto the ship. Eight people suffered non-life-threatening injuries, and extensive damage to the ship required it to relocate to Cádiz for repairs. The ship returned to service on 5 May, but three sailings were cancelled during its downtime.  On 20 December 2019, "Oasis" was almost struck by the "Carnival Legend" while in port in Cozumel, Mexico. The Legend was on the receiving end of a collision with the "Carnival Glory" earlier that day.  "Oasis" is scheduled to cruise the Mediterranean out of Barcelona in summer 2019 before undergoing a major drydock at the end of the season. "Oasis" will then reposition to her new homeport of Miami for the fall and winter 2019 seasons. She will then move to Cape Liberty Cruise Port in May 2020.  During the COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships, the "Miami Herald" reported that 14 crew members had tested positive for COVID-19. At that time, the vessel had been at anchor near Port Miami since mid-March. The passengers had disembarked for flights to their home countries but the ship remained in the area. By 10 April 2020, seven crew members had been taken to nearby hospitals within a week. As of 4 May 2020, three crew members had died in various hospitals in South Florida.

Technical details.

The gross tonnage of "Oasis of the Seas" at launch was 225,282, but it was expanded to 226,838 GT when additional cabins were added to Deck 14 in 2019. Her displacement—the actual mass of the vessel—is estimated at approximately, slightly less than that of an American.  To keep the ship stable without increasing the draft excessively, the designers created a wide hull; of the ship sits beneath the water, a small percentage of the ship's overall height. Wide, shallow ships such as this tend to be "snappy", meaning that they can snap back upright after a wave has passed, which can be uncomfortable. This effect, however, is mitigated by the vessel's large size. The cruise ship's officers were pleased with the ship's stability and performance during the transatlantic crossing, when the vessel, in order to allow finishing work to go on, slowed and changed course in the face of winds "almost up to hurricane force" and seas in excess of.  The ship's power comes from six medium-speed, marine-diesel generating sets: three 16-cylinder Wärtsilä 16V46D common rail engines producing each and three similar 12-cylinder Wärtsilä 12V46D engines producing each. The fuel consumption of the main engines at full power is of fuel oil per engine per hour for the 16-cylinder engines and per engine per hour for the 12-cylinder engines. The total output of these prime movers, some, is converted to electricity, used in hotel power for operation of the lights, elevators, electronics, galleys, water treatment plant, and all of the other systems used on the operation of the vessel, as well as propulsion. Propulsion is provided by three Azipods, ABB's brand of electric azimuth thrusters. These pods, suspended under the stern, contain electric motors driving propellers. Because they are rotatable, no rudders are needed to steer the ship. Docking is assisted by four transverse bow thrusters. Additional power comes from solar panels fitted by BAM Energy Group, which provide energy for lighting in the promenade and central park areas. The installation cost and covers on deck 19.  The ship carries 18 lifeboats that hold 370 people each, for a total of 6,660 people. Inflatable life rafts provide for additional passengers and crew.

Facilities.

The ship features a zip-line, an ice-skating rink, a surf simulator, an aquatic amphitheater, a moving bar, a casino, a miniature golf course, multiple night clubs, several bars and lounges, a karaoke club, comedy club, five swimming pools, volleyball and basketball courts, youth zones, and nurseries for children. Many of the ship's interiors were extensively decorated by muralist Clarissa Parish.

Naming ceremony and launch party.

The ship was formally named on 30 November 2009 during a charity sailing for Make-A-Wish Foundation. At this ceremony the ship was sponsored by seven "godmothers", each representing one of the seven neighbourhoods on board. Her godmothers are Gloria Estefan, Michelle Kwan, Dara Torres, Keshia Knight Pulliam, Shawn Johnson, Jane Seymour and Daisy Fuentes.

Oasis of the Seas is an owned and operated by Royal Caribbean International., she is the third largest passenger ship in the world behind her sisters, "Harmony of the Seas", and "Symphony of the Seas." Her hull was laid down in November 2007 and she was completed and delivered to Royal Caribbean in October 2009. At the time of construction, "Oasis of the Seas" set a new capacity record of carrying over 6,000 passengers. The first of her class, she was joined by sister ships "Allure of the Seas" in December 2010, "Harmony of the Seas" in May 2016, and "Symphony of the Seas" in April 2018. "Oasis of the Seas" conducts cruises of the Caribbean from her home port of PortMiami in Miami, Florida.

海洋绿洲号(英语:Oasis of the Seas)属于皇家加勒比国际游轮(英语:Royal Caribbean International),是目前为止全球最大、造价最高的邮轮,其级别属绿洲级。


Description.

The Lord Howe woodhen is a small olive brown bird, with a short tail and a downcurved bill. Wings are chestnut with darker bars. The eyes have a red iris.

Ecology.

The species lives in sub-tropical forests, feeding on earthworms, crustaceans, fruit, and occasionally taking the eggs of shearwaters and petrels.  Woodhens mate for life and are usually encountered in pairs. They are territorial and will appear from the forest's understory to investigate the source of any unusual noise. A mated pair will defend an area of approximately three hectares, with offspring being expelled from this area once grown. The population of birds is thus restricted by the amount of available territory.

Decline and recovery.

When explorers first discovered Lord Howe Island in 1788, they identified 15 bird species including the then common woodhen. Being flightless, curious, and having never been hunted, they became a readily available source of food for visiting sailors and the island's early human population. Since its discovery and the arrival of settlers on the island in 1834, nine of these 15 species became extinct. The woodhen declined in numbers until the late 1970s, when surveys showed that the population had dropped to less than 30 birds, confined to the difficult to access summit regions of the island's two mountains, Mount Gower and Mount Lidgbird. The woodhen was at the very brink of extinction in 1980, with just 15 individuals found.  A comprehensive study was carried out to determine the cause of the decline, which was eventually attributed to the introduction of feral pigs. The elimination of the pigs and other disruptive animals (goats), plus a programme of ex-situ conservation (captive breeding) which commenced in May 1980 (the first egg was laid in June 1980), allowed the Lord Howe woodhen to recover its numbers. The captive breeding program was funded with $150,000 from the Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife, which was spent to construct the compound and to employ scientists involved in this project.  In 2007-08 there are about 250 birds on the island, which may be the optimal population size for this area. The population of adult birds in 2016 was 232.  The analysis of the threats to the Lord Howe woodhen, and the solution, is considered a model for conservation biology. A number of possible causes of the decline were on the island, from introduced rats to Tasmanian masked owls. However, only the elimination of the pigs would have saved the species from extinction, and identifying the cause and solution in a timely manner was crucial to the success of the programme.  Following success with the woodhen, there have been recovery efforts for other endemic species on Lord Howe Island, including the Lord Howe flax snail ("Placostylus bivaricosus") and the Lord Howe currawong ("Strepera graculina crissalis").

Gilbert rail.

A rail, known only from a single specimen in the form of an alcohol-preserved skin at Harvard, was originally believed to have been collected on one of the Gilbert Islands and named as the Gilbert rail, "Gallirallus conditicius" (Peters & Griscom, 1928).  However, the island attributed to this holotype is low, rocky and sandy, and has no habitat suitable for a rail.  It now appears that a curatorial error led to the specimen being labeled to the wrong collection, and the specimen is actually an immature female Lord Howe woodhen. It differs from that species only in a paler crown, throat and underparts, and browner head, but long immersion in alcohol could have changed the colour. The island to which the specimen was originally attributed is 4,500 km from Lord Howe Island, and it appears improbable that two flightless rails could evolve separately with no morphological differences.

The Lord Howe woodhen ("Gallirallus sylvestris") also known as the Lord Howe Island woodhen or Lord Howe (Island) rail, is a flightless bird of the rail family, (Rallidae). It is endemic to Lord Howe Island off the Australian coast. It is currently classified as endangered by the IUCN.

森秧鸡(学名:),又名豪岛秧鸡或罗德哈威秧鸡,是澳洲豪勋爵岛特有的一种不能飞的鸟。牠们细小及呈橄榄褐色,尾巴短小,喙向下弯。牠们栖息在亚热带森林,主要吃蚯蚓、甲壳类、果实、海鸥及海燕的蛋。


Playing career.

Born in Liverpool, Lancashire, and educated at De La Salle School, Jewell began his career as an apprentice with home-city club Liverpool.  In December 1984, Jewell moved to Wigan Athletic for £15,000. He made his league debut for Wigan against Rotherham United in a 3–3 draw. He appeared 137 times for Wigan, scoring 35 goals, before moving to Bradford City in an £80,000 deal. Terry Dolan brought Jewell to Valley Parade in June 1988 as part of a re-building exercise after the club failed to win promotion to Division One in 1987–88 and had lost Stuart McCall and John Hendrie to Everton and Newcastle United, respectively. He spent a decade as a player at City scoring 56 league goals in 269 appearances, and forged a successful partnership with Sean McCarthy for four of those seasons. Jewell's most successful spell occurred in 1992–93 when he scored 16 league goals to McCarthy's 17 in the first season of new player-manager Frank Stapleton's tenure.  Jewell had a brief loan spell at Grimsby Town before returning to Bradford. He retired as a player in 1997–98 when Bradford won promotion from Division Two in 1995–96 under manager Chris Kamara.

Managerial career.

Bradford City.

Jewell started his coaching career long before he retired as a player, joining City's coaching staff during the successful 1995–96 campaign. The following season City came 21st in Division One, avoiding relegation with a 3–0 victory on the final day of the season against Queens Park Rangers. A year later, with 13 points from a possible 15, City were top after five games. However, performances declined from there, and chairman Geoffrey Richmond sacked Kamara on 6 January 1998, three days after a 2–0 FA Cup defeat to Manchester City.  Richmond turned to Jewell, already Kamara's assistant manager, who then won his first game 2–1 to Stockport County. In his 21 games in charge, Jewell won six games and drew five to guide City to 13th, their highest position since Jewell had joined the club. He was rewarded with a permanent contract when others expected Richmond to recruit a higher-profile replacement. Richmond wanted to make a promotion challenge, so Jewell broke the club's transfer record twice within the first week of the 1998–99 season, first with the £1m acquisition of Lee Mills and then the £1.3m purchase of Arsenal youngster Isaiah Rankin. He also brought back Stuart McCall from Rangers. After a poor start, when City won just one of its first seven games, they picked up momentum and were second behind Sunderland for most of the latter half of the season. Jewell added Lee Sharpe on loan and a third £1m signing, Dean Windass, as City held off Ipswich Town and Birmingham City to finish second. With promotion to the Premier League, Bradford had returned to top-flight football after an absence of 77 years.  Bradford struggled in the Premiership during the 1999–2000 season, but their survival was secured on the last day when, against expectations, they beat Liverpool 1–0 at home, a defeat that cost their opponents a UEFA Champions League place. Jewell handed in his notice after Richmond called City's 17th-placed Premiership finish "a disappointment". Richmond refused to accept Jewell's resignation. He contended that Jewell had already lined up a job at Sheffield Wednesday whilst still contracted to City, and placed Jewell on gardening leave. However, Wednesday worked out a compensation package with City, and Jewell was installed as the new manager of the relegated club.

Sheffield Wednesday.

Jewell had been hoping to mount a promotion challenge in 2000–01 with Wednesday but after enduring a torrid eight months in charge was sacked in February 2001 with the debt-ridden Hillsborough club struggling near the foot of Division One. His highlight was the 2–1 League Cup victory over local rivals Sheffield United and victory over Premier League club West Ham United.

Wigan Athletic.

In June 2001, Jewell made his return to management with ambitious Division Two club Wigan Athletic. In his second season as manager (2002–03) the club won the Division Two championship and entered the upper half of the English professional football league system for the first time ever. They were near the top of Division One throughout the 2003–04 season but were pipped to a playoff place on the final day of the season by Crystal Palace—who went on to win the playoffs.  On the final day of the 2004–05 Championship season, Jewell's Athletic side clinched promotion to the Premiership bringing top-flight football to the Lancashire town for the first time. For the 2005–06 season, Jewell's side lost their first game at home to Chelsea via a last-minute winner from Hernán Crespo but won their first match two games later at home to Sunderland. They contested the League Cup final against Manchester United on 26 February 2006 but went down 4–0.  On 11 February 2007 during the aftermath of Wigan's defeat at the hands of Arsenal, Jewell accused referee Phil Dowd of failing to award Wigan a penalty and for allowing what appeared to be an offside goal. After the game Jewell was charged by the FA for improper conduct regarding his verbally insulting the referee. For this offence Jewell was fined £2,000 and given a two match touchline ban (suspended for 12 months). A second charge relating to the same referee was brought by the Football Association, and was heard on 16 May 2007 and was found not proven.  On the final day of the 2006–07 season, Jewell steered Wigan safe from relegation after a win against Sheffield United at Bramall Lane on 13 May 2007. A day later, Jewell resigned as Wigan manager due to health reasons.

Derby County.

After leaving Wigan, Jewell was linked with various vacant managerial positions at the start of the 2007–08 season. He was linked twice to Leicester City; to Wigan again, after his successor, Chris Hutchings, was sacked; and to the Republic of Ireland job. The rumours ceased on 28 November 2007 after he was unveiled as Derby County's new manager two days after the departure of Billy Davies. Jewell acquired former Birmingham City and Blackburn Rovers midfielder Robbie Savage, and former Manchester United and West Ham United goalkeeper Roy Carroll His first win as manager came on penalties in an FA Cup game against Sheffield Wednesday, four days before they were knocked out of the competition to 22nd-placed Championship side Preston North End. His 16th game as Derby manager came at his former club Wigan Athletic on 23 February 2008 when a 2–0 defeat set a Derby club record of 21 league games without victory. Derby's relegation from the Premier League was confirmed on 29 March 2008 after a 2–2 draw with Fulham. The point gained from the draw was just Derby's 11th of the season. Derby finished the season with a record low of 11 points, and just one win, which was gained under Jewell's predecessor Billy Davies, equalling a 108-year Football League record.  Jewell's first victory as Derby manager came in the second game of the 2008–09 season when a hat-trick from Nathan Ellington helped his side defeat Lincoln City 3–1 after extra time in the first round of the League Cup. He recorded his first league win as Derby manager after 10 months in the job when his side defeated Sheffield United 2–1 on 13 September 2008. Despite leading Derby to their first League Cup semi-final in 40 years by defeating Stoke City, newspapers continued to report Jewell's job was unsafe. He resigned after the final game of the 2008 calendar year after his side lost 1–0 to Ipswich Town, which left Derby in 18th place in the Championship table. For a third time, Jewell was replaced by his assistant manager Chris Hutchings, this time as caretaker manager.

Ipswich Town.

Jewell was announced as Ipswich Town manager on 10 January 2011, and took up the post on a permanent basis three days later, replacing caretaker Ian McParland, after the 1–0 League Cup semi final win. His first match was a 2–1 defeat away to Millwall. Seven losses in a row dropped Ipswich from 6th to 21st place. Ipswich next travelled to Barnsley where, in front of the Sky cameras, they won 5–3, coming from 2–0 down at half time.  Jewell celebrated his 550th game as manager as Ipswich played his former club Derby County at Portman Road.  After a poor start to the 2011−12 season which saw the team bottom of the table after 12 games, Jewell left his post as Ipswich Town's manager on 24 October 2012 by mutual consent.

Later career.

Jewell was appointed as assistant manager at West Bromwich Albion in January 2015. However, he resigned after only one week, after reportedly refusing to take a pay cut. Two years later on 30 November 2017, Jewell was appointed as assistant manager of Oldham Athletic, but after just over one month in the role Jewell resigned.  On 11 December 2018, Jewell was appointed as director of football at Swindon Town.

Personal life.

Jewell's family home is in Witney. He and his wife, Ann-Marie, have two children: a son, Sam, who is a Yorkshire county golfer; and a daughter, Alex. His father was a trade union activist in Liverpool.

Honours.

Player.

Wigan Athletic

Manager.

Bradford City  Wigan Athletic  Individual

Paul Jewell (born 28 September 1964) is an English football manager and former player. He is currently director of football at Swindon Town.

保罗·史提芬·祖维尔(英语:Paul Steven Jewell,1964年-9月28日)生卡英格兰西北部默西赛德郡都市自治市利物浦,是一名前足球运动员,司职前锋,退役后担任领队。


扬娜·安耶洛普洛斯-扎斯卡拉基

Early life.

Born to a middle-class family in Heraklion, Crete. Daskalaki studied law in the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.

Personal life.

In 1990, she married the Greek shipping and steel magnate Theodore Angelopoulos, and has since been involved in several aspects of Angelopoulos' business interests, mainly in shipping.  She is the mother of three children, Panagiotis, Dimitris, and Carolina Angelopoulos, and the grandmother of three granddaughters.

Political career.

In the late 1980s, she became actively involved in politics in Athens. In 1986, she was elected to the Athens Municipal Council. In 1989, she was elected to parliament, and won reelection the following year.  In 1998, she was appointed Ambassador at Large by the Greek government. She was paid for this appointment and donates the sums to several Greek charities each year.  In October 2008, she was appointed Chevalier of the French Republic's National Order of the Legion of Honor during the presidency of Nicolas Sarkozy.

Involvement In 2004 Athens Olympic Games.

Disappointed over losing the bid for the 100 Year Celebration of the revival of the Olympic Games in 1996, Greece officials decided to bid for the 2004 Summer bidding committee, making her the first female president of any Olympic organizing committee, and succeeded in bringing the games to Athens. She was however excluded from the initial organization committee that would prepare for the games.  When the International Olympic Committee questioned Greece's commitment to the games and its ability to complete all preparations prior to the opening ceremony, Angelopoulos-Daskalaki was asked to return and was named president of the Olympic Organizing Committee in May 2000. She was the first woman to hold this position. Under her watch, competition facilities were completed and security issues were taken care of. International Olympic Committee presidents Juan Antonio Samaranch and Jacques Rogge both specifically credit Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki for the success of the games. In his speech at the Closing Ceremony, Rogge said, "These Games were unforgettable, dream Games."  After the 2004 Olympic Games, Angelopoulos-Daskalaki bought "Eleftheros Typos" ("Free Press”); the daily paper eventually was wound up, with its staff receiving on top of their severance pay the proceeds from the sale of the paper’s title.

Involvement In Greece 2021.

Greece 2021 is a multidimensional initiative that will occur at the time of the 200th Anniversary of the Greek Revolution. While honoring Greece's past, Greece 2021 will primarily celebrate the skill and resilience of the Greek people and demonstrate its confidence in the future. Specific emphasis on entrepreneurship, science and innovation, will highlight the opportunities found in the modern Greece.  Angelopoulos will lead the commission responsible for delivering the event in 2021.

Post-political career.

In 1994, she was appointed Vice-Chairman of the Dean’s Council of Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government, where she continues to serve today.  In 1995, Angelopoulos-Daskalaki co-chaired, along with Kennedy School Professor Graham Allison, a Harvard Leadership Symposium titled "The Greek Paradox: Promise vs. Performance", which addressed the gap between Greece’s potential and its performance in the realms of politics, economic growth, and regional leadership. Harvard published a book that followed the symposium with the same title. Angelopoulos-Daskalaki is the author of the book’s Preface.  In 2012, she created the Harvard Kennedy-School based Angelopoulos Global Public Leaders Fellowship program as a part of a Commitment to Action for the Clinton Global Initiative. The program was announced by Ambassador Angelopoulos, with Dean Ellwood and president Bill Clinton at the Clinton Global Initiative annual meeting in 2011. The program provides opportunities for high-profile leaders who are transitioning out of public office or other leadership positions to spend time in residence at Harvard for teaching, learning and research.  In 2013, Angelopoulos-Daskalaki established the Angelopoulos Clinton Global Initiative University (CGIU) Fellowship program to recruit, select and sponsor Greek students with implementable entrepreneurial ideas. She has since sponsored over 75 students. In 2016, she announced the evolution of the CGIU program into the Angelopoulos 100, a vehicle to sustain and support the alumni of the program and continue to empower Greek entrepreneurs.  In February of 2019, Gianna Angelopoulos established an innovative program at Cambridge University that further reflects her commitment to education, entrepreneurship and economic growth. The Gianna Angelopoulos Programme for Science, Technology and Innovation will be an internationally unique ecosystem of training, research and entrepreneurial activity. The Programme will support PhD students and four academic positions based at the University’s Cavendish Laboratory in the fields of energy materials and devices and computational multiphysics.

Authored Books.

She is the author of "My Greek Drama: Life, Love, and One Woman's Olympic Effort to Bring Glory to Her Country". The book debuted at #18 on the New York Times Nonfiction Bestseller list for the June 2, 2013 print edition, and entered the top 10 at #7 in the June 9, 2013 print edition of the paper. The book was also a Wall Street Journal and USA Today bestseller.

TV Interviews.

MSNBC 5/6/13: Greece Is In a 'Bad Marriage With the European Union'

Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki (born Ioanna Daskalaki, 1955) is a Greek businesswoman and Ambassador-at-Large for the Hellenic State. She is best known for being the leader of the bidding and organizing committees for the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. In July of this year she was appointed by Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis, to lead Greece 2021, a year-long initiative to both commemorate the 200th anniversary of the Greek Revolution and to introduce to the world a new Greece of effort and optimism.

扬娜·安耶洛普洛斯-扎斯卡拉基(希腊语:',1955年-12月12日),出生于希腊伊拉克利翁,希腊政治家、商人,曾任2004年雅典奥运会组委会主席并入选《财富》五十女强人榜单。


Life and career.

Born in Hamilton, Ontario, to a leather shop owner, Fields graduated from Hamilton Collegiate Institute in 1880 and the University of Toronto in 1884 before leaving for the United States to study at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. Fields received his Ph.D. in 1887. His thesis, entitled "Symbolic Finite Solutions and Solutions by Definite Integrals of the Equation dy/dx = xy", was published in the "American Journal of Mathematics" in 1886.  Fields taught for two years at Johns Hopkins before joining the faculty of Allegheny College in Meadville, Pennsylvania. Disillusioned with the state of mathematical research in North America at the time, he left for Europe in 1891, locating primarily in Berlin, Göttingen and Paris, where he associated with some of the greatest mathematical minds of the time, including Karl Weierstrass, Felix Klein, Ferdinand Georg Frobenius and Max Planck. Fields also began a friendship with Gösta Mittag-Leffler, which would endure their lifetimes. He began publishing papers on a new topic, algebraic functions, which would prove to be the most fruitful research field of his career.  Fields returned to Canada in 1902 to lecture at the University of Toronto. Back in the country of his birth, he worked tirelessly to raise the status of mathematics within academic and public circles. He successfully lobbied the Ontario Legislature for an annual research grant of $75,000 for the university and helped establish the National Research Council of Canada, and the Ontario Research Foundation. Fields served as president of the Royal Canadian Institute from 1919 until 1925, during which time he aspired to mold the institute into a leading centre of scientific research, although with mixed success. His efforts, however, were pivotal in making Toronto the location of the 1924 International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM). He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1912 at Cambridge, in 1924 at Toronto, and in 1928 at Bologna.  Fields is best known for his development of the Fields Medal, which is considered by some to be the Nobel Prize in Mathematics, although there are differences between the awards. First awarded in 1936, the medal was reintroduced in 1950 and has been awarded every four years since. It is awarded to two, three or four mathematicians, under the age of 40, who have made important contributions to the field.  Fields began planning the award in the late 1920s but, due to deteriorating health, never saw the implementation of the medal in his lifetime. He died on August 9, 1932 after a three-month illness; in his will, he left $47,000 for the Fields Medal fund.  Fields was elected fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1907 and fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1913.  The Fields Institute at the University of Toronto was named in his honour.

John Charles Fields, FRS, FRSC (May 14, 1863 – August 9, 1932) was a Canadian mathematician and the founder of the Fields Medal for outstanding achievement in mathematics.

约翰·查尔斯·菲尔兹(英语:John Charles Fields,1863年-5月14日-1932年-8月9日),加拿大数学家。他设立了菲尔兹奖,颁给成就杰出的数学家。


Accretion mechanism.

One of the most critical consequences of the WD's magnetism is that it synchronizes the rotational period of the WD with the orbital period of the binary; to first order, this means that the same side of the WD always faces the donor star. This synchronous rotation is considered a defining feature of polars. Additionally, the WD's magnetic field captures the accretion stream from the donor star before it can develop into an accretion disk. The capture of the accretion stream is known as threading, and it occurs when the magnetic pressure from the WD matches the stream's ram pressure. The captured material flows along the WD's magnetic field lines until it violently accretes onto the WD in a shock near one or more of the star's magnetic poles. This accretion region covers only a fraction of the WD's surface, but it can contribute half of the system's optical light. In addition to optical and near-infrared cyclotron radiation, the accretion region also produces X-rays due to the high temperature of gas within the shock, so polars are frequently brighter in X-rays than non-magnetic CVs.  Whereas accretion in a non-magnetic system is governed by viscosity within the accretion disk, accretion in a polar is entirely magnetic. Additionally, while an accretion disk can be crudely envisioned as a two-dimensional structure with no significant thickness, the accretion flow in a polar has complex three-dimensional structure because the magnetic field lines lift it out of the orbital plane. Indeed, in some polars, the vertical extent of the accretion flow enables it to regularly pass in front of the WD's accretion spot as seen from Earth, causing a temporary decrease in the system's observed brightness.  Polars derive their name from the linearly and circularly polarized light that they produce. Information about the accretion geometry of a polar can be found by studying its polarization.

Asynchronous polars.

The 1:1 ratio of the WD rotational period and the binary orbital period is a fundamental property of polars, but in four polars (V1500 Cyg, BY Cam, V1432 Aql, and CD Ind), these two periods are different by ~1% or less. The most common explanation for the WD's asynchronous rotation is that each of these systems had been synchronous until a nova eruption broke the synchronization by changing the WD's rotation period. The first known asynchronous polar, V1500 Cyg, underwent a nova in 1975, and its asynchronous rotation was discovered after the nova faded, providing the best observational evidence of this scenario. In V1500 Cyg, BY Cam, and V1432 Aql, there is observational evidence that the WD is resynchronizing its spin period with the orbital period, and these systems are expected to become synchronous on a timescale of centuries.  Due to the slight difference between the orbital and WD rotation periods, the WD and its magnetosphere slowly rotate as seen from the donor star. Critically, this asynchronous rotation causes the accretion stream to interact with different magnetic field lines. Since the accretion flow travels along the field lines which have captured it, it will follow different trajectories when it interacts with different field lines. As a concrete example, the accretion flow in the eclipsing polar V1432 Aql sometimes threads onto field lines which carry it so far above the orbital plane that the flow is not obscured when the donor star eclipses the WD, but at other times, it threads onto field lines with less vertical extent, causing the accretion flow to be much more fully eclipsed. The corresponding variations in eclipse depth were shown to depend very strongly on the orientation of the WD's magnetic field with respect to the donor star. For comparison, in a synchronous polar, the WD does not rotate with respect to the donor star, and the stream always interacts with the same field lines, resulting in a stable accretion geometry.  There is also evidence in each of the four asynchronous polars that the accretion stream is able to travel much deeper into the WD's magnetosphere than in synchronous systems, implying an unusually high rate of mass transfer from the donor star or a low magnetic field strength, but this has not been studied in detail.

Intermediate polars.

Another class of cataclysmic variables with magnetic white dwarfs accreting material from a main sequence donor star are the intermediate polars. These have less strong magnetic fields and the rotation of the white dwarf is not synchronised with the orbital period. It has been proposed that intermediate polars may evolve into polars as the donor is depleted and the orbit shrinks.

A Polar is a highly magnetic type of cataclysmic variable binary star system, originally known as an AM Herculis star after the prototype member AM Herculis. Like other cataclysmic variables (CVs), polars contain two stars: an accreting white dwarf (WD), and a low-mass donor star (usually a red dwarf) which is transferring mass to the WD as a result of the WD's gravitational pull, overflowing its Roche lobe. Polars are distinguished from other CVs by the presence of a very strong magnetic field in the WD. Typical magnetic field strengths of polar systems are 10 million to 80 million gauss (1000–8000 teslas). The WD in the polar AN Ursae Majoris has the strongest known magnetic field among cataclysmic variables, with a field strength of 230 million gauss (23 kT).

高偏振星(Polar)或武仙座AM型变星(AM Herculis Star)是有强磁场的双星系统形成的激变变星。


Architecture.

The theater was designed by David Rockwell of the Rockwell Group, with Theatre Projects Consultants, specifically with the Oscar ceremonies in mind. Though the stage is one of the largest in the United States—roughly tied with the Edward C. Elliott Hall of Music at Purdue University—measuring wide and deep, its seating capacity is only about half the Hall of Music's, accommodating 3,332 people.  The result of astute planning and technical design, the auditorium is particularly successful as a venue for televised theatrical performance (improving production values for "American Idol" and the Academy Awards). The architectural team consulted extensively with leading production personnel in Hollywood, achieving a highly functional cable infrastructure, with an underground cable bunker that crosses under the theater to truck locations on adjacent streets. Power is also substantial and accessible. The theater has a unique Rockwell-designed cockpit in the orchestra seating area for camera, sound, and stage management.  The hall from the front entrance to the grand stairway (leading up to the theater) is flanked by storefronts, as well as Art Deco columns displaying the names of past recipients of the Academy Award for Best Picture, with blank spaces left for future Best Picture winners, well into the 21st century. Currently the columns are set for Best Picture up to 2071. In a fashion reminiscent of Hollywood movie-making, the building is dressed before the Academy Awards ceremony, sometimes with a different sign on its facade, red drapery to hide its storefronts, and the famous red carpet running up its grand stairway.

History.

The theater is rented to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for weeks before Oscar night. Having hosted the awards ceremony annually since 2002, the theater is best known for this event. During the rest of the year, it hosts numerous live concerts, awards shows, symphony performances, and other events.  The theater was sponsored, until February 2012, by the Eastman Kodak Company, which paid $75 million for naming rights to the building. In early 2012, Eastman Kodak filed for bankruptcy protection, thus ending its naming-rights deal. Then the theater's name was temporarily changed to the Hollywood and Highland Center at the suggestion of the venue's landlord. On May 1, 2012, it was announced that the venue would be renamed the Dolby Theatre, after Dolby Laboratories signed a 20-year naming-rights deal. Dolby updated the sound system first by installing Dolby Atmos. The company plans to continue updating the auditorium with newer technologies as they become available.  From September 2011 until early 2013, the venue was home to the permanent Los Angeles Cirque du Soleil show "Iris", an acrobatic journey through the world of cinema, featuring an original score by Danny Elfman. The show made significant changes to the theater, including adding lifts deep under the original floor. It was announced on November 29, 2012, that "Iris" would close on January 19, 2013, after only two seasons, due to lack of profit. After hosting the Academy Awards on February 24, 2013, the theater reopened for touring acts and headliners.  As of 2016, the theater hosts the live shows of "America's Got Talent". It also hosts the "America's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular" that broadcasts live during the Christmas season.

The Dolby Theatre (formerly known as the Kodak Theatre) is a live-performance auditorium in the Hollywood and Highland Center shopping mall and entertainment complex, on Hollywood Boulevard and Highland Avenue, in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles. Since its opening on November 9, 2001, it has been the venue of the annual Academy Awards ceremony. It is adjacent to the TCL Chinese Theatre and the El Capitan Theatre nearby on Hollywood Boulevard.

杜比剧院(英语:Dolby Theatre),旧名柯达剧院(英语:Kodak Theatre),位于美国加州好莱坞好莱坞大道,是好莱坞高地中心的其中一栋建筑物,于2001年11月9日启用,在2002年开始成为奥斯卡颁奖典礼的永久举行地。在其他时间,剧院则供举办演唱会等表演,及其他种类的颁奖礼。美国歌唱真人秀《美国偶像》每季的大结局会在此举行。


Name.

The name comes from the French term "acide ellagique", from the word "galle" spelled backwards because it can be obtained from "noix de galle" (galls), and to distinguish it from "acide gallique" (gallic acid).

Metabolism.

Biosynthesis.

Plants produce ellagic acid from hydrolysis of tannins such as ellagitannin and geraniin.

Biodegradation.

Urolithins are microflora human metabolites of dietary ellagic acid derivatives.

History.

Ellagic acid was first discovered by chemist Henri Braconnot in 1831. Maximilian Nierenstein prepared this substance from algarobilla, dividivi, oak bark, pomegranate, myrabolams, and valonea in 1905. He also suggested its formation from galloyl-glycine by "Penicillium" in 1915. Julius Löwe was the first person to synthesize ellagic acid by heating gallic acid with arsenic acid or silver oxide.

Natural occurrences.

Ellagic acid is found in oak species such as the North American white oak ("Quercus alba") and European red oak ("Quercus robur").  The macrophyte "Myriophyllum spicatum" produces ellagic acid.  Ellagic acid can be found in the medicinal mushroom "Phellinus linteus".

In food.

The highest levels of ellagic acid are found in raw chestnuts, walnuts, pecans, cranberries, raspberries, strawberries, and grapes, as well as distilled beverages. It is also found in peaches and pomegranates.

Medicinal claims and research.

Ellagic acid has been marketed as a dietary supplement with a range of claimed benefits against cancer, heart disease, and other medical problems. Ellagic acid has been identified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a "fake cancer 'cure'". A number of U.S.-based sellers of dietary supplements have received Warning Letters from the Food and Drug Administration for promoting ellagic acid with claims that violate the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.  Urolithins, such as urolithin A, are microflora human metabolites of dietary ellagic acid derivatives that are under study as anti-cancer agents. Claims that ellagic acid can treat or prevent cancer in humans have not been proven.

Ellagic acid is a natural phenol antioxidant found in numerous fruits and vegetables. The antiproliferative and antioxidant properties of ellagic acid have prompted research into its potential health benefits, but it has been identified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a fake cancer cure. Ellagic acid is the dilactone of hexahydroxydiphenic acid.

鞣花酸(Ellagic acid)是存在于众多水果和蔬菜中的天然酚类抗氧化剂,包括黑莓、覆盆子、草莓、蔓越莓、山核桃、石榴、枸杞等植物。鞣花酸的抗增生和抗氧化特性,刺激了对鞣花酸潜在价值的研究。


History.

First Tournaments (1983–1989).

The OFC Women's Nations Cup started in 1983 (as the "OFC Women's Championship"). The first edition took place in New Caledonia, and was won by New Zealand, after defeating Australia 3–2 in Nouméa. New Caledonia and Fiji also participated in this edition.  New Zealand hosted the second edition in 1986, won by guests Chinese Taipei, after beating Australia 4–1. A second New Zealand team also played in this tournament.  Chinese Taipei won again in 1989, on Australian soil, against New Zealand. This edition marked the debut of Papua New Guinea, who lost all of its games.

First World Cup qualifiers (1991–1995).

The tournament returned in 1991, again in Australia; with only three teams: the hosts, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. This competition also served as the qualifying process for the 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup. New Zealand finished first and qualified for the World Cup.  In 1995, Papua New Guinea was the host. This edition featured the same teams from the previous edition. Australia won the tournament this time and qualified for the 1995 FIFA Women's World Cup in Sweden.

1998 to today.

The American Samoa and Samoa made their debuts in 1998. This time, the competition took place in Australia, and was won by them. The country won again in 2003. This was their last participation on the championship before moving to the Asian Football Confederation in 2006.  The following editions were all won by New Zealand, with Papua New Guinea in the second place.

Results.

The top four placed teams so far were:  Notes

Participating nations.

A total of 15 teams have participated in the tournament, including all 11 current full OFC members (associate members are not allowed entry). Additionally, former OFC members Australia and Chinese Taipei previously participated. The secondary teams of Australia and New Zealand also each participated once.  India were set to enter the 1989 tournament as invited guests, but withdrew after being refused permission to participate by the Indian government. <onlyinclude>  Notes </onlyinclude

The OFC Women's Nations Cup (previously known as the OFC Women's Championship) is a women's association football tournament for national teams who belong to the Oceania Football Confederation (OFC). It was held every three years from 1983 to 1989. Currently, the tournament is held at irregular intervals. Of the 11 tournaments that have been held, New Zealand won six of them.

大洋洲女子国家杯 (英语:OFC Women's Nations Cup)是大洋洲足球协会所举办的女子足球国家队的比赛,是大洋洲足球协会各成员国女子足球代表队之间的最高级别杯赛,对应男子足球的大洋洲国家杯。目前赛事已举行了九届,上一届的冠军是新西兰,通常每三年举行一届,但相隔举行的时间常常出现变化,现时每4年举行一届赛事。


Overview.

The Somali State covers much of the traditional territory of Ogaden and it formed a large part of the pre-1995 province of Hararghe. The population is predominantly Somali, and there have been attempts to incorporate the area into a Greater Somalia. In the 1970s, Somalia, supported by the United States, invaded Ethiopia, igniting the Ogaden War, which Somalia lost due to timely military intervention from the Soviet Union and its ally Cuba. Despite this defeat, local groups still tried either to become part of Somalia or independent.  The 2007 Abole oil field raid, in which 72 Chinese and Ethiopian oilfield workers were killed, has led to a series of military reprisals against the rebel group ONLF Ogaden National Liberation Front.  Until its first-ever district elections in February 2004, Zonal and woreda administrators, and village chairmen were appointed by the Regional government. Senior politicians at the Regional level nominated their clients to the local government positions. In the 2004 local elections, each woreda elected a council including a spokesman, vice-spokesman, administrator, and vice-administrator. These councils have the responsibility of managing budgets and development activities within their respective districts.

Demographics.

Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), the Somali Region has a total population of 4,445,219, consisting of 2,472,490 men and 1,972,729 women; urban inhabitants number 623,004 or 14.02% of the population, a further 1,687,858 or 37.97% were pastoralists. With an estimated area of 279,252 square kilometers, this region has an estimated density of 15.9 people per square kilometer. For the entire region 685,986 households were counted, which results in an average for the Region of 6.8 persons to a household, with urban households having on average 6 and rural households 6.5 people. Ethnic groups include Somalis (97.2%), Amhara (0.66%), Oromo (0.46%), foreign-born Somalis (0.20%) and Gurages (0.12%). The population was projected to be 5,748,998 in 2017.  There are 8 refugee camps and 1 transit center, housing 212,967 refugees from Somalia, located in Somali Region.  In the previous census, conducted in 1994, the region's population was reported to be 3,439,860, of which 1,875,996 were males and 1,563,864 were females. The urban residents of the Somali Region numbered 492,710 households, with an average of 6.6 persons per household; a high sex ratio of 120 males to 100 females was reported. The ethnic groups included Somalis (96.23%), Oromo (2.25%), Amhara (0.69%), and Gurages (0.14%). Somali was the working language and is predominantly spoken within the Region, spoken by 95.9% of the inhabitants. Other major languages included Oromifa (2.24%), Amharic (0.92%), and Gurage (0.033%). 98.7% of the population were Muslim, 0.9% Orthodox Christian, and 0.3% are followers of other religions.  According to the CSA,, 38.98% of the total population had access to safe drinking water, of whom 21.32% were rural inhabitants and 77.21% were urban. Values for other reported common indicators of the standard of living for Somali include the following: 71.8% of the inhabitants fall into the lowest wealth quintile; adult literacy for men is 22% and for women 9.8%; and the Regional infant mortality rate is 57 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, which is less than the nationwide average of 77; at least half of these deaths occurred in the infants’ first month of life.

Languages.

Somali was spoken by 98.82% of the inhabitants. Other minor languages included Amharic (0.67%), and Oromifa (0.51%).

Religion.

Islam accounts for 99.4% of the population, 0.50% Orthodox Christian, and 0.10% are followers of all other religions.

Agriculture.

The CSA of Ethiopia estimated in 2005 that farmers in the Somali Region had a total of 459,720 cattle (representing 1.19%% of Ethiopia's total cattle), 463,000 sheep (2.66%), 650,970 goats (5.02%), 91,550 donkey (3.66%), 165,260 camels (36.2%), 154,670 poultry of all species (0.5%), and 5,330 beehives (0.12%). For nomadic inhabitants, the CSA provided two sets of estimates, one based on aerial surveys and the other on more conventional methodology:

Transportation.

Ground travel.

West from Addis Ababa, Awash 572 km via Harar and Jijiga to Degehabur

Air travel.

Somali Region has 3 international airport and 2 commercial airports. The international airports are Jijiga Airport, Gode Airport, and Kabri Dar Airport, The 2 commercial airports are Dolo Airport, and Shilavo Airport.

Government.

Executive branch.

The executive branch is headed by the President of Somali Region. The current President is Mustafa Muhummed Omer (Cagjar), elected in 22 August 2018. A Vice President of Somali Region succeeds the president in the event of any removal from office, and performs any duties assigned by the president. The current vice president is Adam Farah Ibrahim. The other offices in the executive branch cabinet are the Regional Health Bureau, Educational Bureau, and 18 other officials.

List of Presidents of Somali Region.

Judicial branch.

There are three nominal levels of the Somali state judiciary. All gibberish The lowest level is the court of common pleas: each woreda maintains its own constitutionally mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over all justiciable matters. The intermediate-level court system is the district court system. Four courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in an administrative zone. A case heard in this system is decided by a three-judge panel, and each judge is elected.  The highest-ranking court, the Somali Supreme Court, is Somali's "court of last resort". A Seven-justice panel composes the court, which, by its own discretion, hears appeals from the courts of appeals, and retains original jurisdiction over limited matters. The chief judge is called the Chief of Soamli Supreme Court Abdullahi Saed Omar.

Legislative branch.

The State Council, which is the highest administrative body of the state, is made up of 269 members.

National politics.

Somali is represented by

Administrative zones.

Like other Regions in Ethiopia, Somali Region is subdivided into eleven administrative zones and Six Special administrative zones:  The zones are themselves subdivided into districts.

The Somali Regional State (,, ), officially known as the Somali West (), is the second largest and easternmost of the Nine regions ("kilimo") of Ethiopia. The state borders the Ethiopian states of Afar and Oromia and the chartered city Dire Dawa (Dir Dhaba) to the west, as well as Djibouti to the north; Somalia to the north, northeast and east; and Kenya to the southwest.

索马里州(,,又称西索马里)是埃塞俄比亚的一个州,位于该国东部,北邻吉布提,最南部与肯尼亚接壤,东部为索马里包围。南部属谢贝利河—朱巴河上游地区。面积279,252平方公里,2005年估计人口4,329,001人。首府吉吉加。