Development and launch.

Shortly after the launch of the OnePlus 2, OnePlus co-founder Carl Pei hinted at the launch of a new device at the end of 2015 when interviewed at one of the popup events in New York City. After months of speculation by the media, the OnePlus X was officially unveiled on 29 October 2015. It was subsequently praised by reviewers and critics alike for its elegant looking design and high quality build. The price of the phone was announced at $249 for the unlocked version, making it a relatively affordable phone. The Ceramic version of the phone comes in at $399 and features a ceramic back baked over a 25-day manufacturing process, which OnePlus claims was the first of its kind for a smartphone material.  Four days after the release of the phone, the company also released an extended warranty programme called On-Guard for users in Europe and India. It gives new OnePlus 2 and OnePlus X users coverage from device breakage, liquid damage, accidental damage, and vandalism among others. The On-Guard extended warranty can be purchased along with the device for an additional fee that entitles the user of the handset to free service and repairs for a period of either 12 or 24 months, depending on the warranty plan purchased.

Release and distribution.

Invitation system.

As with all other OnePlus phones released thus far, the OnePlus X required an invitation to be purchased. Despite heavy criticism over the invitation system, OnePlus has claimed that it was necessary practice for the startup to manage product flow and prevent overstocks from occurring, hence the implementation of the system on all its phones.

Open sales.

OnePlus has announced open sales for the OnePlus X after the initial month of sales that was strictly invitation based. Open sales will allow buyers to purchase the phone without an invitation, and will be held every week on specific dates of December that are yet to be announced by OnePlus. Open sales are also held in OnePlus' pop-up events in various cities held by company employees. The company was also keeping Open Sales events every Tuesday in India, while keeping invitation-system intact for rest of week days. Starting from 28 January 2016 it was completely invitation free.

Specifications.

Design and hardware.

The design of the OnePlus X features a smooth glass back with textured aluminium bezels which provides a good grip on the frame of the phone. Both versions of the phone feature a dark glass back reminiscent of the glass back on the iPhone 4. The phone inherits the alert slider first found on the OnePlus 2 which toggles between All, Priority Only and No notifications. Due to the smaller form factor of the phone the internal battery was smaller compared to the OnePlus 2, coming in at 2,525 mAh compared to the latter's 3,300 mAh battery. The lower price of the phone also meant that the fingerprint sensor previously present on the OnePlus 2 has been omitted along with other features like optical image stabilization and swappable back covers. Oddly, the USB-C connector of the OnePlus 2 has not been carried over to the OnePlus X and the phone uses the micro USB instead of the newer USB-C connector. OnePlus has released textured back covers for the OnePlus X which resemble the styles of the swappable StyleSwap Covers for the OnePlus 2 with Bamboo, Rosewood, Black Apricot and Kevlar backs.  With a 5" AMOLED 1920 × 1080 Full HD resolution screen protected by Corning Gorilla Glass, the OnePlus X was a departure from both the OnePlus One and OnePlus 2 which featured a larger 5.5" LCD panel with the same resolution. Despite the smaller form factor, users still have the option of choosing between hardware capacitive buttons or on-screen customisable navigation "soft keys".  The OnePlus X was available in Onyx and Ceramic versions with each sporting different unique backs and a slightly different colour. Manufacturing the ceramic version requires a process which was 25 days long and the company has stated that it will have a limited run of only 10,000 units. The ceramic version was slightly heavier at 160 g (5.6 oz) and it will only be sold in Europe and India as announced by OnePlus. Despite being a design-centric device as advertised by OnePlus, the phone packs quite a punch with relatively powerful internal specs which was similar to last generation flagships like the OnePlus One and LG G3. The OnePlus X features 16 GB of internal storage with 3 GB LPDDR3 RAM and the handset was powered by the Qualcomm Snapdragon 801 32-bit quad-core chip clocked at 2.3 GHz with an Adreno 330 graphics processor.  Other features include FM radio and a dual SIM (nano SIM) card layout with 4G LTE compatibility which can be swapped to include a micro SD storage card in the 2nd SIM slot for the adding of removable storage. As with the OnePlus 2, NFC was not available on the OnePlus X.  The OnePlus X has been tested on the AnTuTu Benchmark test and it yields a score of 45000+ points, on par with similar devices powered by the Snapdragon 801 quad core processor.  Unlike the earlier OnePlus 2, since OnePlus X does not support any 700 MHz LTE frequency bands (namely, LTE Band 12 and 17, used by T-Mobile US and AT&T LTE networks, respectively), rural and indoor reception may be poor in the United States, especially in the case of T-Mobile US network, where LTE Band 12 was the only sub-1 GHz coverage option.  OnePlus X was also released in White (Champagne Edition) for other countries like India, after keeping it exclusive for home country China. Other than color difference, there isn't any difference in the device.

Software.

The OnePlus X comes preloaded with Oxygen OS version 2.1.2, OnePlus's build of Android 5.1.1 "Lollipop".  On 4 August 2016, OnePlus began rolling out version 2.2.2 of Oxygen OS for OnePlus X. The update brings some bug fixes along with changes to camera UI and inclusion of Android's July security patch.  On 28 September 2016, OnePlus started rolling out version 2.2.3 of Oxygen OS for OnePlus X. The update comes with Android's September security patch and necessary dependencies for Android Marshmallow upgrade.  On 1 October 2016, OnePlus started rolling out version 3.1.3 of Oxygen OS for OnePlus X. The update comes with Android Marshmallow upgrade.

The OnePlus X is an Android smartphone developed by OnePlus. It was released on 29 October 2015, three months after the release of the company's second flagship, the OnePlus 2 on 27 July.

一加手机X(英语:OnePlus X),是由一加开发的Android智能手机,于2015年10月29日发布。


Early life and education.

Lighthizer was born in 1947 in Ashtabula, Ohio, where he was raised, the son of Orville James and Michaelene Lighthizer. His father practiced medicine. He attended Gilmour Academy in Gates Mills, Ohio. He later graduated from Georgetown University with a Bachelor of Arts in 1969 and a Juris Doctor in 1973.

Career.

After graduating from law school, Lighthizer joined Covington & Burling in Washington D.C. as an associate attorney. In 1978, Lighthizer left Covington & Burling to work for Senator Bob Dole (R-Kan.), who at the time was the Ranking Member of the Senate Finance Committee. When Dole became Chairman of the Finance Committee in 1981, Lighthizer became the committee's staff director and chief of staff. In the 1980s, Lighthizer hired fellow Georgetown Hoya Patrick Ewing as an intern.  In 1983, during the administration of President Ronald Reagan, Lighthizer was nominated and confirmed to serve as Deputy U.S. Trade Representative under William Brock. During his tenure, Lighthizer negotiated over two dozen bilateral international agreements, including agreements on steel, automobiles, and agricultural products. As Deputy USTR, Lighthizer also served as Vice Chairman of the Board of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation.  In 1985, Lighthizer joined the law firm Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP (Skadden) as a partner. He practiced international trade law at Skadden for over 30 years, representing American workers and businesses ranging from manufacturing to financial services, agriculture, and technology. While at Skadden, Lighthizer worked to expand markets to U.S. exports and defended U.S. industries from unfair trading practices. He defended the steel industry in particular.  Lighthizer served in a senior position in the 1988 presidential campaign of U.S. Senator Bob Dole. In 1996, he served as the treasurer of the Dole campaign.

18th United States Trade Representative.

On January 3, 2017, Donald Trump announced that he planned to nominate Lighthizer as U.S. Trade Representative, a cabinet-level position. On January 23, press reports speculated that Lighthizer's nomination might require a waiver of section 141(b)(4) of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended, due to his brief representation of a foreign government in litigation 25 years prior. In March, White House Counsel Donald McGahn sent a letter to Senate leadership citing a Clinton-era opinion by the White House Counsel arguing that the statute was an unconstitutional limit on the president's ability to appoint his cabinet.  At his confirmation hearing, Lighthizer was introduced by former Senator Bob Dole and U.S. Senators from Ohio Sherrod Brown and Rob Portman. In introducing Lighthizer, Brown said, "Mr. Lighthizer is eminently qualified, as Senator Dole said, for this job. He has a long history of fighting on behalf of American manufacturers, and I would add, American workers."  On April 25, the Senate Finance Committee unanimously approved Lighthizer's nomination to serve as the U.S. Trade Representative as well as a waiver of section 141(b)(4) of the Trade Act of 1974.  Lighthizer was confirmed as the 18th U.S. Trade Representative on May 11, 2017, by a margin of 82–14. He was sworn in by Vice President Mike Pence on May 15, 2017.  Three days later, on May 18, Lighthizer notified Congress that President Trump intended to renegotiate the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which would make him the first USTR to renegotiate a major U.S. free trade agreement.  According to multiple media reports, Lightizer became one of the most influential Trump Administration officials and the lead figure in formulating the administration's trade policy. The media noted his agreement with Trump on trade issues.  In April 2018, the media reported that Lightizer had spent $917,000 on new furnishings for two offices. Lighthizer said the upgrades had been initiated under former President Barack Obama to replace decades-old furniture, an assertion supported by vendors who supplied the new items.

Policy views.

Tariffs.

Lighthizer has stated that using tariffs to promote American industry was a Republican tenet dating back to the pro-business politicians who established the party. In a 2008 op-ed, he defended protectionism.

Trade with China.

Politico describes Lighthizer as "a decades-long skeptic of Beijing". Lighthizer has accused the country of China of unfair trade practices, and he believes China needs to make substantive and structural changes to its trade policies, as opposed to only minor changes it has offered in the past. He wrote: "The icon of modern conservatism, Ronald Reagan, imposed quotas on imported steel, protected Harley-Davidson from Japanese competition, restrained import of semiconductors and automobiles, and took myriad similar steps to keep American industry strong. How does allowing China to constantly rig trade in its favor advance the core conservative goal of making markets more efficient? Markets do not run better when manufacturing shifts to China largely because of the actions of its government."  In a 1997 op-ed in "The New York Times", Lighthizer advocated against allowing China to join the World Trade Organization. He suggested that the U.S. should bring more cases against China for failure to comply with the regulations of the World Trade Organization. In testimony before the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission in 2010, Lighthizer said that "USTR (U.S. Trade Representative) should pursue WTO litigation with respect to all such examples of non-compliance. If necessary, Congress should give USTR additional resources to increase its ability." Lighthizer called for reforming the WTO during a testimony to Congress on June 17, 2020.

Domestic manufacturing.

In March 2020, Lighthizer stated that the COVID-19 pandemic had shown that the U.S. must promote domestic manufacturing of medical supplies and reduce its reliance on foreign countries.

Negotiating.

Lighthizer has stated in 1984 "I try to be friendly in negotiations. I'm not the theatrical type. The art of persuasion is knowing where the leverage is."

Personal life.

Lighthizer lives in Florida. He has two children, Robert and Claire, and three grandchildren. Lighthizer is known for paying close attention to his health.  Lighthizer's brother, O. James Lighthizer, is an American Civil War expert. James Lighthizer is the president of the American Battlefield Trust, a battlefield preservation organization, and a former member of the Maryland House of Delegates.

Robert Emmet Lighthizer (; born October 11, 1947) is an American attorney and government official who is the current United States Trade Representative.

罗伯特·埃米特·莱特海泽(;;1947年-10月11日),美国律师,又译:赖海哲。2017年1月3日,美国候任总统唐纳德·特朗普提名莱特希泽担任第18届美国贸易代表。


History.

Andorra and Portugal are two European nations sharing the Iberian Peninsula (along with Spain) with similar histories. Due to it size, Andorra was heavily influenced by both France and Spain and administered by the Bishop of Urgell in Spain and by the President of France. Andorra and Portugal have long-standing historical social, cultural, political and economic relations, which grew especially since the 1980s, when the great Portuguese migration to Andorra began. On 22 December 1994 both nations established diplomatic relations after Andorra adopted a new constitution establishing them as a parliamentary democracy. In 2003, Portugal opened a resident embassy in Andorra la Vella, however, the embassy was closed in 2012 due to financial restraints.  The strong presence of the Portuguese community in Andorra, which currently represents around 14% of the population of Andorra, contributed to a strong relationship between both nations. In November 2009, Andorran Prime Minister Jaume Bartumeu paid a visit to Estoril, Portugal to attend the 19th Ibero-American Summit. In March 2010, Portuguese President, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, paid an official visit to Andorra, the first by a Portuguese head-of-state. In September 2017, Portuguese President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa paid a visit to Andorra. The visit was reciprocated by Andorran Prime Minister Antoni Martí in 2018.  In 2019, both nations celebrated 25 years of diplomatic relations.

High level-visits.

High-level visits from Andorra to Portugal  High-level visits from Portugal to Andorra

Bilateral agreements.

Both nations have signed a few agreements such as an Agreement on social security (1988); Agreement on the respective application modalities (1988); Agreement for Educational Cooperation (2000); Agreement on international road transport of passengers and goods (2000); Agreement on the entry, circulation, stay and establishment of the nationals of each country in the territory of the other (2007); Agreement for on the exchange of information on tax matters (2009) and an Agreement to avoid double taxation and prevent tax evasion (2015).

Trade.

In 2018, trade between both nations totaled €3.3 million Euros. Andorra's main export products include: food and beverages and industrial supplies. Portugal's main export products include: food and beverages; wood, cork and paper; textiles and clothing; machinery and parts; and land transport equipment and parts.

References.

Andorra–Portugal relations refers to the diplomatic relations between the Principality of Andorra and the Portuguese Republic. Both nations are members of the Council of Europe, Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations.

安道尔—葡萄牙关系是指安道尔公国与葡萄牙共和国之间的外交关系。这两个国家都是欧洲理事会、伊比利亚-美洲国家组织和联合国的成员。


History.

The Château de Pourtalès was built around 1750 as a small manor house in the Robertsau neighborhood by Joseph Guérault, then contractor of the works of the king in charge of the construction of the fortifications of Strasbourg. In 1802, Baron Paul-Athanase Renouard de Bussierre, who was from a wealthy industrial family from Strasbourg, bought the house and expanded the manor into a gracious Château. Between 1870 and 1914, the château was the residence of Comtesse Mélanie de Pourtalès ("née" de Bussière) and her husband, Count Edmond de Pourtalès (a son of the Swiss banker and art collector, Count James-Alexandre de Pourtalès). Comtesse Mélanie, a renowned French salonnière and Lady-in-waiting to Empress Eugénie, was the only surviving child of Baron Alfred Renouard de Bussière, head of the Royal Mint of Paris.  During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the château suffered fire damage. Prominent guests of the château included European aristocracy and members of the arts, including Albert Schweitzer, Franz Liszt, Napoléon III and his wife, the Empress Eugénie, the Princes of Belgium and Russia, Ludwig I of Bavaria, the Grand Duke of Baden and the Princess Metternich.  After Comtesse Mélanie's death in 1914, the château was inherited by her youngest daughter, Agnès de Pourtalès, who was married to Henri, Marquis de Löys-Chandieu (who had been engaged to Victoria Sackville-West before her marriage to Baron Sackville).  During World War I, it was occupied by the Germans, and later liberated by the Americans. The owners of the château in 1939 closed the property and during World War II, it was confiscated by the Germans and used to house high-ranking officers before it was occupied by Allied Forces for a short period following the war. After the War, it was the site an Eastern European University for a short time, but was closed again following the construction of the Berlin Wall.  In 1972, the nearly falling down château was bought by Dr. Walter Leibrecht, the founder of Schiller International University, to house students of the University. For more than 25 years, Schiller's students resided in the château.

Hotel Château de Pourtalès.

In 2009, the Château de Pourtalès was converted to a hotel and has housed many Members of the European Parliament during the session.

Château de Pourtalès (or Château de Robertsau) is a château situated in the "département" of Bas-Rhin, Alsace, France. It's dated to the 18th century and named after the Pourtalès family.

波达尔斯城堡(Château de Pourtalès)是法国斯特拉斯堡的一座城堡,位于同名的波达尔斯公园内,建于18世纪。1984年列为法国文化古迹


Background.

The policy was created after acknowledgment that "Dreamer" students had been largely raised in the United States, and this was seen as a way to remove immigration enforcement attention from "low priority" individuals with good behavior. "Dreamers" get their name from the DREAM Act, a bill that aimed to grant legal status to young immigrants residing in the U.S. unlawfully after being brought in by their parents. The undocumented immigrant student population was rapidly increasing; approximately 65,000 undocumented immigrant students graduate from U.S. high schools on a yearly basis. The vast

Establishment.

President Barack Obama announced this policy with a speech in the Rose Garden of the White House on June 15, 2012. The date was chosen as the 30th anniversary of "Plyler v. Doe", a Supreme Court decision barring public schools from charging undocumented immigrant children tuition. The policy was officially established by a memorandum from the Secretary of Homeland Security titled "Exercising Prosecutorial Discretion with Respect to Individuals Who Came to the United States as Children". This policy allowed certain immigrants to escape deportation and obtain work permits for a period of two years—renewable upon good behavior. To apply, immigrants had to be younger than 31 on June 15, 2012, must have come to the U.S. when they were younger than 16, and must have lived in the U.S. since 2007. In August 2012, the Pew Research Center estimated that up to 1.7 million people were eligible.  U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) began accepting applications for the program on August 15, 2012., USCIS had received 844,931 initial applications for DACA status, of which 741,546 (88%) were approved, 60,269 (7%) were denied, and 43,121 (5%) were pending. Over half of those accepted reside in California and Texas. According to an August 2017 survey, most current registrants (called "Dreamers" in a reference to the DREAM Act bill) are in their 20s, and about 80% arrived in the United States when they were 10 or younger.  In November 2014, Obama announced his intention to expand DACA to make more people eligible. However, in December 2014, Texas and 25 other states, all with Republican governors, sued the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas asking the court to enjoin implementation of both the DACA expansion and Deferred Action for Parents of Americans,(a similar program). In February 2015, Judge Andrew S. Hanen issued a preliminary injunction blocking the expansion from going into effect while the case, "Texas v. United States", proceeded. After progressing through the court system, an equally divided (4–4) Supreme Court left the injunction in place, without setting any precedent.

Reaction.

Republican Party leaders denounced the DACA program as an abuse of executive power.  Nearly all Republicans in the House of Representatives (along with three Democrats) voted 224–201 to defund DACA in June 2013.

Implementation.

DACA was formally initiated by a policy memorandum sent from Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano to the heads of U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). The memo formally directed them to exercise their enforcement discretion on behalf of individuals who met the requirements.  To apply for DACA, eligible individuals must pay a $495 application fee, submit several forms, and produce documents showing they meet the requirements. They do not need legal representation.

Eligibility.

To be eligible, recipients must be present in the United States unlawfully after being brought in as children before their 16th birthday and prior to June 2007, be currently in school, a high school graduate or be honorably discharged from the military, be under the age of 31, and not have been convicted of a felony, significant misdemeanor or three other misdemeanors, or otherwise pose a threat to national security. The program does not currently provide permanent lawful status or a path to citizenship, nor does it provide eligibility for federal welfare or student aid.

Travel eligibility.

Until September 5, 2017, DACA recipients who wished to travel outside the United States could apply to do so by submitting a request for Advance Parole and paying an additional fee. If successful, the DACA recipient could travel outside the United States and re-enter the United States with a grant

Renewals.

USCIS released the process for DACA renewals in June 2014 and directed applicants to file their documents during a 30-day window starting

Expansion.

In November 2014, U.S. President Barack Obama announced changes to DACA which would expand it to include undocumented immigrants who entered the country prior to 2010, eliminate the requirement that applicants be younger than 31 years old, and lengthen the renewable deferral period to two years. The Pew Research Center estimated that this would increase the number of eligible people by about 330,000; in December 2014, Texas and 25 other states, all with Republican governors, sued in the District Court for the Southern District of Texas asking the court to enjoin implementation of both the DACA expansion and Deferred Action for Parents

Impact.

Research has shown that DACA increased the wages and labor force participation of DACA-eligible immigrants and reduced the number of undocumented immigrant households living in poverty. Studies have also shown that DACA increased the mental health outcomes for DACA-eligible immigrants and their children. There are no known major adverse impacts from DACA on native-born workers' employment, and most economists say that DACA benefits the U.S. economy.

Crime.

According to FactCheck.org, "there is no evidence that DACA holders are more likely to commit

Economy.

Fact-checkers note that, on a large scale or in the long run, there is no reason to believe that DACA recipients have a major deleterious effect on American workers' employment chances; to the contrary, some economists say that DACA benefits the overall U.S. economy. Economists have warned that ending DACA could adversely affect the U.S. economy, and that "most economists see immigration generally as an "economic boon"." Almost all economists reject Jeff Sessions' claim that DACA "denied jobs to hundreds of thousands of Americans by allowing those same jobs to go to illegal aliens." Sessions' claim is rooted in what economists call

Education.

Research has shown mixed findings for DACA on education outcomes. A 2016 study in the "Journal of Public Economics" found that DACA had no significant effect on the likelihood of attending school. The study only found "suggestive evidence that DACA pushed over 25,000 DACA-eligible individuals into obtaining their GED certificate in order to be eligible for DACA." However, research by Roberto G. Gonzales, professor of education at Harvard University, showed that DACA led to increased educational attainment. A 2018 National Bureau of Economic Research paper found that DACA led to greater high school attainment and college attendance for DACA-eligible individuals.  A 2016 study in the "Journal of Population Economics" found that DACA "reduced the probability of school enrollment of eligible higher-educated individuals, as well as some evidence that it increased the employment likelihood of men, in particular. Together, these findings suggest that a lack of authorization may lead individuals to enroll in school when working is not a viable option."  The effects of the rescinding and subsequent reimplementation

Health and well-being.

A 2017 study published in the journal "Science" found that DACA led to improved mental health outcomes for the children of DACA-eligible mothers. A 2017 "Lancet Public Health" study found that DACA-eligible individuals had better mental health outcomes as a result of their DACA eligibility. A cross-sectional study published in 2018 in the journal "Social Science & Medicine" determined that receiving deferred action improved the psychological well-being of DACA recipient, as measured by declines in levels of distress, negative emotions, and fear of deportation. A study published in 2017 in the journal "Social Problems" reported findings from a series of in-depth interviews with 53 undocumented young adults in Florida (of whom 42 obtained DACA), who had been brought to the United States at an average age of eight. The study found that undocumented youth in the United States suffered from a lack of ontological security, and that negative emotions (such as frustration) were more pronounced among youth who do not have DACA status than among those who did receive DACA status. The interviews demonstrated that DACA recipients received relief from immediate fear of deportation, but continued to suffer "anxiety and insecurity...

Migration flows.

A 2016 study published in the journal "International Migration" found that DACA did not significantly impact the number of apprehensions of unaccompanied minors from Central America.

Legal challenges to DACA.

The legality of DACA and its proposed expansions were challenged in court based on a Fifth Circuit decision that had upheld a similar challenge to the related DAPA. But only the expansions were halted under a preliminary injunction. Legal experts are divided as to the constitutionality of DACA and one district court has ruled it to be likely illegal.  One of challenges against DACA was filed in August 2012 by ten agents from the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). The plaintiffs claimed that following the new lenient deportation policies established by DACA required them to violate the law. Almost a year later, Judge Reed O'Connor from the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas dismissed the lawsuit, ruling that the court lacked jurisdiction to decide on what essentially was a dispute between federal employees and their employer, the U.S. government. Nonetheless, in his decision to dismiss the case, the judge reiterated his view that DACA was inherently unlawful. The plaintiffs then filed an appeal but the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit upheld the dismissal on procedural grounds.  The first challenge against the DACA expansions was filed by Sheriff Joe Arpaio of Maricopa County, Arizona, in November 2014. In the lawsuit, Arpaio claimed that DACA and its expansions were "unconstitutional, arbitrary and capricious, and invalid under the Administrative Procedure Act as, in effect, regulations that have been promulgated without the requisite opportunity for public notice and comment." The U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia promptly dismissed the lawsuit ruling that Arpaio did not have standing. That decision was upheld unanimously by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit on August 14, 2015. Arpaio then asked the U.S. Supreme Court to review the case, but on January 19, 2016, the court denied that request.  The challenge that was granted a preliminary injunction was filed on December 2014 by Texas and 25 other states—all with Republican governors. The group of

State and city responses.

State-level government officials are also divided on the issue. Those that support DACA claim that the government does not have the resources to target all undocumented immigrants and that the policy thus helps federal agencies in exerting prosecutorial discretion—that is, in enforcing the law selectively by focusing limited resources on criminal immigrants rather than on non-criminal ones such as those eligible for DACA. Those that oppose the policy, however, claim that states would be forced to spend hundreds of millions of dollars on health care, education, law enforcement, and other public benefits associated with the immigrants receiving relief. For instance, DACA opponents claim that Texas could assume up to $500 million in administrative costs for issuing new driver's licenses.

Arizona.

Arizona became the first state to oppose President Obama's order for DACA when Governor Jan Brewer issued an order blocking those with deferred status from receiving any state benefits. This caused controversy, as eligible and approved

California.

To assist those eligible under the program, the state of California has agreed to support those who receive a DACA grant by

Illinois.

Mayor of Chicago Rahm Emanuel stated that he wants to make Chicago the "most immigrant-friendly city in the country". In addition to

Iowa.

In 2012, the then-director of the Iowa Department of Transportation, Paul Trombino III (now nominee for Administrator of

Maryland.

In 2016, Mayor of Baltimore (2010-2016) Stephanie Rawlings-Blake stated that Baltimore police would not check the citizenship status of people with whom they interact.  Maryland residents are eligible for in-state public tuition rates regardless of immigration status under certain conditions. A Maryland resident is eligible if

Michigan.

In October 2012, the Michigan Secretary of State, Ruth Johnson, announced that Michigan would not issue driver's licenses or state identification of any kind to beneficiaries of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals. In making this decision, it was clear that the Secretary of State erroneously conflated the notion of "lawful presence," which is required under Michigan Law to issue a driver's license, and "lawful status," a different legal concept entirely. USCIS has made it clear that DACA beneficiaries do not possess legal

Nebraska.

Governor Dave Heineman opposed Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals and in 2012 directed the Nebraska Department of Motor Vehicles to not issue driver's licenses to people who received deferred action under DACA. Heineman said that providing any benefit, including a driver's license, to an illegal immigrant would be a violation of Nebraska state law.  In 2015, however,

North Carolina.

North Carolina briefly suspended giving driver's licenses to DACA grantees while awaiting the state attorney general's opinion. The attorney general decided that

Texas.

Although in-state tuition was still offered, Governor Rick Perry announced his opposition to DACA by distributing a letter to all state

Virginia.

In April 2014, Virginia Attorney General Mark Herring sent a letter to the director of the State Council of Higher Education for Virginia (SCHEV), the presidents of Virginia public colleges and universities,

Rescission.

While running for president, Donald Trump declared he intended to repeal DACA on "day one" of his presidency.  On February 14, 2017, a CNN report on the detention of 23-year-old Daniel Ramirez Medina in Northwest Detention Center, Tacoma, Washington following his arrest in his father's Des Moines, Washington home, observed that "The case raises questions about what it could mean" for the 750,000 Dreamers, who had "received permission to stay under DACA." On March 7, 22-year-old Daniela Vargas of Jackson, Mississippi, another DACA recipient, was detained by ICE, further raising speculation about President Trump's commitment to Dreamers and questioning whether immigrants who speak out against the administration's policies should fear retaliation. Vargas was released from LaSalle Detention Center on March 10, 2017 and Ramirez Medina's release followed on March 29.  On June 16, 2017, the United States Department of Homeland Security announced it intended to repeal the executive order by the Barack Obama administration that expanded the DACA program, although the DACA program's overall existence would continue to be reviewed. A ban on travel outside the U.S. was instituted, reversing the ability granted under Obama's executive order.  On September 5, 2017, Attorney General Jeff Sessions announced that the program is being repealed. Sessions stated that the DACA-eligible individuals were lawbreakers who adversely impacted the wages and employment of native-born Americans. Sessions also attributed DACA as a leading cause behind the surge in unaccompanied minors coming to the United States from Central America. President Trump said that "virtually all" "top legal experts" believed that DACA was unconstitutional. Fact-checkers have said that only a few economists believe DACA adversely affects native-born workers, that there is scant evidence that DACA caused the surge in unaccompanied minors, and that it is false that all "top legal experts" believe DACA to be unconstitutional.  Sessions added that implementation would be suspended for six months; DACA status and Employment Authorization Documents ("EAD") that expired during the next six months would continue to be renewed. DACA recipients with a work permit set to expire on or before March 5, 2018 would have the opportunity to apply for a two-year renewal if their application was received by USCIS by October 5, 2017. In a follow-up statement, Trump said "It is now time for Congress to act!" The approximately 800,000 immigrants who qualified for enrollment in DACA would become eligible for deportation by the end of those six months. A White House memo stated that DACA recipients should "use the time remaining on their work authorizations to prepare for and arrange their departure from the United States."

Reaction.

According to the "New York Times", "Democrats and some Republicans, business executives, college presidents and immigration activists condemned the repeal as a coldhearted and shortsighted effort that was unfair to the young immigrants and could harm the economy." Former President Obama condemned the repeal as "cruel" and wrote:  They were brought to this country by their parents, sometimes even as infants. They may not know a country besides ours. They may not even know a language besides English. They often have no idea they're undocumented until they apply for a job, or college, or a driver's license... Whatever concerns or complaints Americans may have about immigration in general, we shouldn't threaten the future of this group of young people who are here through no fault of their own, who pose no threat, who are not taking away anything from the rest of us... Kicking them out won't lower the unemployment rate, or lighten anyone's taxes, or raise anybody's wages.  The reaction was mixed among Republicans. Several senior Republicans praised Trump's action, such as House Speaker Paul Ryan, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and Senator Ron Johnson, chairman of the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee. Ryan said that Mr. Trump, “was right in his decision” to give Congress the time to find a compromise that could protect the 800,000 young adults brought to the United States illegally

Legal challenges to rescission.

The rescission was challenged in court by different entities. On September 6, 2017, fifteen states and the District of Columbia filed a lawsuit, titled "New York v. Trump", in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York seeking to stop the repeal. A few days later, the California attorney general, Xavier Becerra, filed a separate lawsuit, which was joined by the states of Maine, Minnesota, and Maryland. Becerra stated that, as a quarter of the people in the DACA program live in California, he thinks that "everyone recognizes the scope and breadth of the Trump decision to terminate DACA hits hardest here." Not only have state governments filed suit, but also six DREAMERs have filed suit against Trump in San Francisco. The University of California, which currently has approximately 4,000 undocumented students, has also filed a lawsuit against the Department of Homeland Security which was filed in the Northern District of California. Janet Napolitano, president of the UC system, called the rescission of DACA, "unconstitutional, unjust, and unlawful". In a released statement Napolitano said:  I am deeply troubled by President Trump's decision to effectively end the DACA program and uproot the lives of an estimated 800,000 Dreamers across the nation. This backward-thinking, far-reaching move threatens to separate families and derail the futures of some of this country's brightest young minds, thousands of whom currently attend or have graduated from the University of California.  On December 20, 2017, the Supreme Court remanded five DACA cases originally filed in the Northern District of California back to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. This action stops the

Proposed legislative responses to the DACA repeal.

In announcing the rescission, the Trump Administration delayed implementation for six months to allow Congress to pass the DREAM Act or otherwise settle the status of Dreamers legislatively. Multiple proposals were introduced in Congress but none passed. Proposals included:  In February 2018 the Senate considered four

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) is a United States immigration policy that allows some individuals with unlawful presence in the United States after being brought to the country as children to receive a renewable two-year period of deferred action from deportation and become eligible for a work permit in the U.S. To be eligible for the program, recipients cannot have felonies or serious misdemeanors on their records. Unlike the proposed DREAM Act, DACA does not provide a path to citizenship for recipients. The policy, an executive branch memorandum, was announced by President Barack Obama on June 15, 2012. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) began accepting applications for the program on August 15, 2012.

童年入境者暂缓遣返手续(Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals,简称DACA)是美国总统奥巴马在2012年6月推出的一项政策,容许若干在入境美国时尚未满16岁的非法移民申请可续期的两年暂缓遣返,并容许他们申请工作许可。此项政策是奥巴马以行政命令方式启动,没有经由国会表决。


History.

On August 31, 2017, Apple invited the press to a media event at the Steve Jobs Theater in the Apple Park campus on September 12, 2017. The iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus were announced at that event, and released on September 22, 2017.  On April 9, 2018, Apple introduced an iPhone 8 with a red color finish and a black front, in support of their partnership with Product Red and their AIDS fundraising campaign.  In March 2020, Apple started selling refurbished iPhone 8 Plus models starting at $469. In May 2020, Apple started selling iPhone 8 models starting at $339.  On April 15, 2020, Apple announced the second-generation iPhone SE as a direct successor to the iPhone 8. The same day, both the iPhone 8 and 8 Plus were discontinued.

Specifications.

Hardware.

Display.

The iPhone 8 and 8 Plus retain the Retina HD Display found in the iPhone 7, but they now feature True Tone technology, allowing for automatic screen adjustments based on surrounding ambient lighting. They can play HDR10 and Dolby Vision content despite not having an HDR-ready display, done by down-converting the HDR content to fit the display while still having some enhancements to dynamic range, contrast, and wide color gamut compared to standard content.

Camera.

The iPhone 8 features a 12 MP camera with autofocus, f/1.8 aperture and optical image stabilization capable of capturing 4K video at 24, 30, or 60 frames per second, or 1080p video at 30, 60, 120 or 240 frames per second. The iPhone 8 Plus upgrades the main camera for a wide-angle lens with up to 10× digital zoom or 2× optical zoom, and retains a second, telephoto lens similar to the one found on the iPhone 7 Plus, but with improved depth-of-field and lighting effects in Portrait mode. Both models have a 7 MP front camera with an f/2.2 aperture capable of capturing 1080p video at 30 frames per second and 720p video at 240 frames per second, along with face detection and high-dynamic range.

Chipset.

The iPhone 8 and 8 Plus contain the Apple A11 Bionic system-on-chip, a hexa-core processor that the company says features two cores that are 25% faster than the iPhone 7's A10 processor and four cores that are 70% faster than the prior model. The phones also feature an Apple-designed graphics processing unit 30% faster than prior units, with the same level of performance as the A10 at half the power.

Other.

The phones have glass backs instead of the complete aluminum housing found on prior models, enabling the use of Qi inductive charging. The phones are rated IP67 for water resistance and dust resistance.  The iPhone 8 has a 6 out of 10 repairability score from iFixit, mainly due to the use of excessive glue for the battery and glass for the back.

Software.

The iPhone 8 and 8 Plus shipped with iOS 11 on launch, and support iOS 12 and iOS 13.

Reception.

Samuel Axon of "Ars Technica" called the A11 processor "a marvelous feat of engineering", writing that it offers "industry-leading performance". Axon also praised the cameras, writing that "The colors are great, and low light performance is very good for a smartphone". Chris Velazco of "Engadget" praised the speed of the A11 processor, the build quality and the "excellent" camera, while criticizing design familiarities with previous iPhone generations and limited water-protection levels compared to competitors.  John McCann of "TechRadar" enjoyed the feel of the glass back despite criticizing the phone's overall design. McCann also praised the camera and called inductive charging a "useful" addition to the iPhone lineup.  David Pierce of "Wired" similarly stated that the iPhone 8 models were overshadowed by the iPhone X, despite calling them "virtually perfect phones". Pierce praised performance, cameras, and displays, while repeatedly criticizing the "outdated" design.  Nilay Patel of "The Verge" called the iPhone 8 the "default option", noting that the 8 models stand as almost universally overlooked by Apple's other new iPhone launched, the iPhone X. He nevertheless praised the device's form factor for being easy and non-slippery to hold, the display's addition of True Tone technology and upgraded speakers, though he cited issues with inductive charging speed through wireless pads as well as the price of the iPhone 8 Plus 256 GB, which was close to that of the iPhone X. Patel also criticized the iPhone 8's aging design, dating back to the iPhone 6 released in 2014; the most notable critique was of the thick bezels when compared to other 2017 smartphones, designed with nearly bezel-less faces to incorporate larger screens in a similar form factor.  The iPhone 8 and 8 Plus were also criticized for their durability, as drop tests performed showed that the rear glass is not "the most durable glass ever in a smartphone", as claimed by Apple.  Camera testing company DxOMark gave the camera on the iPhone 8 a rating of 92 and 8 Plus a rating of 94, giving them the title of best smartphone cameras tested by the company. The Samsung Galaxy Note 8 later matched the iPhone 8 Plus with an identical overall score of 94. They were later overtaken by the Google Pixel 2, which scored a 98 rating.

Issues.

On August 31, 2018, Apple announced that a "very small percentage" of iPhone 8 devices released between September 2017 and March 2018 contained a manufacturing defect in the logic board. This fault affected iPhone 8 models sold in Australia, China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Macau, New Zealand, and the United States. Defective devices may experience unexpected reboots, a frozen or unresponsive screen, or may fail to turn on. Users with an affected device, as determined by their serial number, can have their device replaced for free by Apple. This issue does not affect the iPhone 8 Plus.

The iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus are smartphones designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. They are the 11th generation of the iPhone. They were announced on September 12, 2017, alongside the higher-end iPhone X, at the Steve Jobs Theater in the Apple Park campus, and released on September 22, 2017, succeeding iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus. The iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus were discontinued by Apple on April 15, 2020 with the release of the second-generation iPhone SE.

iPhone 8与iPhone 8 Plus 是苹果公司设计、开发与销售的两款智能手机,作为iPhone 7和iPhone 7 Plus的续作,发布会上连同iPhone X(iPhone 10)一起于2017年9月12日在苹果园区史蒂夫·乔布斯剧院(Steve Jobs Theater)由提姆·库克发布。


History.

Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs was originally announced with the code name "Eiger" on 12 May 2005. ("Mönch" was announced as a potential follow-up project at about the same time.) The name "Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs" appeared in a press release in September 2005, when it was introduced as "formerly code-named “Eiger”" and described as "an exclusive benefit to SA <nowiki>[</nowiki>Microsoft Software Assurance<nowiki>]</nowiki> customers".  A Gartner evaluation from April 2006 stated that:  The RTM version of Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs was released on July 8, 2006. The release was announced to the press on July 12, 2006.  In May 2011, Microsoft announced Windows Thin PC as the successor product.

Technical specifications.

Microsoft positions Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs as an operating system that provides basic computing services on older hardware, while still providing core management features of more recent Windows releases, such as Windows Firewall, Group Policy, Automatic Updates, and other management services. However, it is not considered to be a general-purpose operating system by Microsoft.  Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs is a Windows XP Embedded derivative and, as such, is optimized for legacy PCs. It requires significantly fewer system resources than the fully featured Windows XP. It also features basic networking, extended peripheral support, DirectX, and the ability to launch the remote desktop clients from compact discs. In addition to local applications, it offers support for those hosted on a remote server using Remote Desktop. It can be installed on a local hard drive, or configured to run on a diskless workstation.

Hardware requirements.

Despite being optimized for older PCs, hardware requirements for Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs are similar to Windows XP, although it is faster running on slower clock speeds than Windows XP.

Limitations.

Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs has a smaller feature set than Windows XP. For example, WinFLP does not include Paint, Outlook Express and Windows games such as Solitaire. Another limitation is the absence of the "Compatibility" tab in the "Properties..." dialog box for executable files.  Internet Explorer 8 (and 7) can be installed, but a hotfix is required for auto-complete to work in these newer versions of the browser.

Availability.

Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs was exclusively available to Microsoft Software Assurance customers, as it is designed to be an inexpensive upgrade option for corporations that have a number of Windows 9x computers, but lack the hardware necessary to support the latest Windows. It is not available through retail or OEM channels.  On October 7, 2008, Service Pack 3 for Windows Embedded for Point of Service and Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs was made available.  On April 18, 2013, Service Pack 3 for Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs was made available for download again after previously having been removed from the Microsoft site.  The Microsoft marketing pages for Windows Fundamentals now redirect to those of Windows Thin PC, suggesting that Windows Fundamentals is no longer available for any customers.  Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs has the same lifecycle policy as Windows XP; as such, its support lifespan ended on 8 April 2014.

Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs ("WinFLP") is a thin client operating system from Microsoft, based on Windows XP Embedded and is optimized for older, less powerful hardware. It was released on July 8, 2006 and is not marketed as a full-fledged general purpose operating system, although it is functionally able to perform most of the tasks generally associated with one. It includes only certain functionality for local workloads such as security, management, document viewing related tasks and the.NET Framework. It is designed to work as a client–server solution with RDP clients or other third party clients such as Citrix ICA.

Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs(WinFLP)是微软公司于2006年7月8日发表的精简客户端(Thin client)版本Windows XP。它在2005年中开发时用了Eiger和Mönch 这两个开发代号。


Early life.

Raima Sen was born on 7 November 1979 in Bombay (present-day Mumbai) to Moon Moon Sen and Bharat Dev Barma and the granddaughter of actress Suchitra Sen who was once regarded as the "Mahanayika" of Bengali Cinema. Her sister Riya Sen is also in the Bollywood industry. Their father Bharat Dev Varma is a member of the royal family of Tripura. Her paternal grandmother, Ila Devi, was the princess of Cooch Behar, whose younger sister Gayatri Devi was the Maharani of Jaipur. Her paternal great-grandmother Indira was the only daughter of Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III of Baroda.  Raima's maternal great-grandfather Adinath Sen was a prominent Kolkata businessman, whose son Dinanath Sen – a relative of former Union Law Minister Ashoke Kumar Sen- was the Diwan or a Minister of the Maharaja of Tripura. The sisters are credited on-screen under their mother's maiden name, although their official papers carry the surname Dev Varma.

Career.

Sen made her debut in the film "Godmother", which was a critically acclaimed success, but her minor role may have been overlooked in favour of the protagonist, played by Shabana Azmi. She then starred in the film "Daman" playing Raveena Tandon's daughter, where her small performance was appreciated.  Her breakthrough role came when she starred in the Rituparno Ghosh's film "Chokher Bali". After a few more average movies she had a critically acclaimed hit in 2005 with "Parineeta", where she played the playmate of the film's heroine, played by the debutante Vidya Balan. Since then she has had two more hits with the action thriller "Dus" and the Bengali film "Antar Mahal" (where she had a very small role). In 2006, she appeared in the film "The Bong Connection" (co-starring Shayan Munshi). In 2007, she worked in the thriller "Manorama Six Feet Under" with Abhay Deol. In 2011, she starred in the hit Bengali film "Baishe Srabon", opposite Parambrata Chatterjee.  2014 saw Sen as the leading lady in the critically acclaimed "Hrid Majharey", the first Bengali movie based on the works of William Shakespeare, and presented as a tribute on the 450th year of birth of the Bard.<ref name="Hrid Majharey (Bengali) / Dark but honest|"></ref> She co-stars with Abir Chatterjee and Indrasish Roy in this dark love-story by debutant filmmaker Ranjan Ghosh. The film has earned a rare recommendation from the very prestigious "Film London" in its list of world cinema based on the plays of Shakespeare. The film and its screenplay have also been included in the prestigious "UGC Literature Archive". It is also famous for being the only other Bengali film after "Sabuj Dweeper Raja" (1979) to be shot in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.  In 2016, she was seen in "Bollywood Diaries", a film written and directed by K.D. Satyam. The film also stars Ashish Vidyarthi and Salim Diwan.. Amazon Prime The Last Hour Web Series will release in 2020 Ending in this series Raima Sen and sanjay kapoor playing the main role this series directed by Amit Kumar.

Personal life.

Sen is said to resemble her grandmother much more than either her mother or her sister. In an interview, she says while she enjoys Mumbai's faster pace of life, its gyms and its nightclubs, she misses her family in Kolkata, her dog Cuddles, and Kolkata's street food, notably Jhal Muri and Aloo chaat.

Raima Sen (born Raima Dev Varma on 07 November 1979) is an Indian actress who is known for her work in Bengali and Hindi Film industry.

莉玛·森(,英语:Raima Sen,1979年-11月7日)是印度女演员,主要出现在孟加拉语电影及宝莱坞电影。她比较知名的电影包括:《Chokher Bali》 、《Parineeta》 及《Hrid Majharey》 等等。


Biography.

Xie was born 21 May 1923 in Beijing, with his ancestral home in Shanghai. He was the son of the geologist Xie Jiarong. From 1941 to 1945, Xie studied physics and chemistry at the College of Sciences of Zhejiang University. Xie also studied chemistry at Chongqing University.  After graduation, Xie mainly worked for the Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). He was elected as an academician of CAS in 1980. Xie also taught as a professor at Changchun Geological College (later merged into Jilin University), Jilin Province, China.

Research activities.

During the 1970s and 1980s, Xie proposed and led the National geochemical mapping project and the China-Regional Geochemistry-National Reconnaissance (RGNR) Project. He also technically sponsored these programs, and initially emphasized and demonstrated by mapping the gold mines in China's territory (see also Gold mining in China).  This RGNR project lasted for at least 24 years and scanned more than six million km of China's mainland surface. The useful information offered from this mega program also contributed to about 80% new mineral discoveries within recent two decades in China.  In the 1990s, Xie also contributed to the international standardization for methodology of world geochemical mapping.  Xie also further developed some new approaches of searching for buried giant ore deposits. Xie also proposed several deep-penetrating geochemical techniques and methods.

Academic assignments.

Xie has served many academic positions including:

Honors and awards.

Xie received many honors and awards both from China and international organizations, especially the prestigious AAG Gold Medal from the Association of Applied Geochemists in June, 2007 at the 23rd International Geochemical Exploration Symposium banquet in Oviedo, Spain, for ""his outstanding scientific achievements in exploration geochemistry"".

Xie Xuejin (; 21 May 1923 – 24 February 2017) was a Chinese geochemist who won the AAG Gold Medal in 2007. Xie was considered as the "Father of Geochemical Mapping in China".

谢学锦(1923年-5月21日-2017年-2月24日),上海人。勘察地球化学家。中国共产党党员。1980年当选为中国科学院学部委员(院士)。


History.

Officially founded on 1 May 1925, the Second National Labour Congress convened in Guangzhou with 277 delegates representing 540,000 workers and adopted the Constitution of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions. Between 1922 and 1927, the organization flourished, as did the Communist Party of China’s control over the trade union movement. The labour movement had grown enormously, particularly in the three industrial and commercial centres of Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Shanghai, but it also had some organizational success in other cities, such as Wuhan. The ACFTU was restricted in 1927 by the newly established rule of the Nationalist regime under Chiang Kai-shek ordering the execution of thousands of CPC cadres and trade unionists. All Communist Party-led unions were banned and replaced with yellow unions loyal to him (e.g. Chinese Federation of Labour which has since reformed into an independent Union).  By the rise of Mao Zedong in 1949, the ACFTU had been re-established as the sole trade union centre, but was again dissolved in 1966 in the wake of the Cultural Revolution to be replaced by revolutionary committees. Following Mao's death in 1976, in October 1978 the ACFTU held its first congress since 1957. Since the early 1990s it has been regulated by the Trade Union Law of the People’s Republic of China. According to a 2011 study during the period of rapid economic growth in China the ACFTU has prioritized the interests of business over the interests of labor and has lost legitimacy in the eyes of many laborers.  At the 2018 the 17th National Congress of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions was held at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing. At the congress Union leadership faced pressure to stop acting as a bridge or mediator between workers and management and start acting as a genuine voice of the workers. This pressure arose both internally and was also applied by the Communist Party of China.

Lack of independence.

The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (now the International Trade Union Confederation) maintains the position that the ACFTU is not an independent trade union organisation, and states in its policy: 5. There are differing approaches among ICFTU affiliates and Global Union Federations concerning contacts with the ACFTU. They range from “no contacts” to “constructive dialogue”. The ICFTU, noting that the ACFTU is not an independent trade union organisation and, therefore, cannot be regarded as an authentic voice of Chinese workers, reaffirms its request to all affiliates and Global Union Federations having contacts with the Chinese authorities, including the ACFTU, to engage in critical dialogue. This includes raising violations of fundamental workers’ and trade union rights in any such meetings, especially concerning cases of detention of trade union and labour rights activists.  However, activists within the ACFTU and the World Federation of Trade Unions dispute the claims of the rival trade union federation. ACFTU activist Guo Wencai has said that democratic elections were a key standard to measure the effectiveness of a trade union and noted that the practice of Chinese company chiefs "appointing union leaders or assigning someone from their human resources department to act as union leader hampers a trade union's independence and its ability to protect workers' rights."

Other labor activism in China.

The ACFTU remains the country's only legally-permissible trade union. Attempts to form trade unions independent of the ACFTU have been rare, short-lived, and brutally repressed with the Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation formed during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests a notable example.  The failure of the ACFTU to advocate for workers has led to an increase in wildcat strikes and other unauthorized labor action. Wildcat strikes are one of few options available to workers because the ACFTU refuses to authorize strikes no matter what the conditions.

The All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU; ) is the nationalised organisation federation of the People's Republic of China. It is the largest trade union in the world with 302 million members in 1,713,000 primary trade union organizations. The ACFTU is divided into 31 and 10. The ACFTU is the country's sole legally-mandated trade union, with which all enterprise-level trade unions must be affiliated. There has been dispute over whether ACFTU is an independent trade union or even a trade union at all.

中华全国总工会,简称全国总工会、全总,是中华人民共和国境内唯一全国性工会联合会。根据《中华人民共和国工会法》、《》的规定,中华全国总工会为中华人民共和国境内各级地方工会和产业工会的领导机关;其下有中国大陆31个省级总工会和多个全国性产业工会总会。中国共产党领导下的中华全国总工会是“参加中国人民政治协商会议的人民团体”之一,是免于在民政部登记的社会团体。


Biography.

Chen Pokong played a key role of leadership in 1989 China Democracy Movement (a nationwide Tiananmen Square Protests). He was imprisoned for several years by the Chinese government, and subsequently exiled to the United States. He is now residing in New York.  Born in Sichuan Province of China,Origin is china, Chen is a graduate of Hunan University and a postgraduate of Tongji University in China, and obtained MPA degree from Columbia University in the United States. As a postgraduate student in 1985, he submitted a joint letter calling for political reform to former Chinese Communist Party General Secretary Hu Yaobang. Chen Pokong, as one the most prominent student leaders, then co-organized the massive 1986 students movement in Shanghai calling for democracy.  In 1989, Chen Pokong initiated and organized a large-scale democracy movement in Guangzhou. After establishing a "democracy salon" in Sun Yat-sen University in January, on April 22, 1989, Chen Pokong joined Chen Wei, Yu Shiwen and other student leaders in launching student protests in Guangzhou in support of the student protests in Beijing's Tiananmen Square. The nationwide protests for democracy lasted for about two months, Chen was wanted and arrested by Chinese government for his prominent leading role in the movement. He spent the years between 1989 and 1993 in prison and forced labor. In 1994, he furnished evidence to the United Nations and other international bodies that China was exporting goods produced in labor camps for sale, a contravention of international law and a breach of human rights. Chen came to the United States in 1996, where he attended Columbia University as a visiting scholar and later obtained a master's degree.  In the U.S., Chen Pokong regularly appears as an analyst on Chinese current affair programs, including Voice of America, Radio Free Asia, New Tang Dynasty Television, SET Taiwan,Radio Los Angeles 1300, and others. He frequently writes political columns for Radio Free Asia, Hong Kong's Open Magazine, and other publications. He is also an author of a number of books on Chinese political culture and international conflicts, mostly published in Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong, including “A Hundred Points of Common Sense on China," "A Thick Black Theory of Zhongnanhai," "If the US and China Go to War," "The Unwelcome Chinese," and others. In 2007, Chen was awarded the "Prominent News and Culture Award."  Chen Pokong was invited by The Oxford Union to join a debate on June 1, 2017. The subject of the debate was This House Welcomes China's Impact Overseas. As a speaker in opposition, Chen Pokong pointed out: "While China exerts influence beyond its borders, I do not believe that China is interested in benefiting the world, but instead in China’s own self-interest, especially that of the Red Elite. ""As the world’s second-largest economy and newest superpower, China’s overseas impact is growing by the day. However, its methods, processes, and results all show that, generally, China’s overseas impact is not constructive, but rather destructive; and that China is not contributing to world peace, but rather introducing danger and risk to the world. "Oxford Union  Chen Pokong was invited by The Cambridge Union to join a debate on May 3, 2018. The subject of the debate was This House Believes The Future Belongs To The East. As a speaker in opposition, Chen Pokong pointed out: "China’s single-party totalitarian government has killed the creativity of its people. Most of China’s technology has come from plagiarizing, pirating and stealing technology from the West. Other technology has come from acquiring Western companies together with their core technologies. It is shameless for Chinese government to show off its so-called “Great Technological Leap”, because almost all of China's technology comes from the West.""One of the prerequisites for free trade is the free flow of information. How can other countries expect China to lead free trade when it closes itself off from free information? Establishing the Great Firewall to isolate Chinese people from the rest of the world is extreme isolationism. ""For China, being prosperous and powerful, this is not the first time nor the last. In the history of thousands of years, there have been many times. However, because the political system has never changed, dictatorship, dictatorship, then dictatorship, power has never been constrained, finally resulting in unavoidable official corruption. Each time, a prosperous and powerful China had become a cloud of smoke. Today’s China, continuing to reject democracy and the rule of law, will certainly repeat the failure of history."

Works.

Chen Pokong was an assistant professor of economics at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, when the 1989 pro-democracy demonstrations began in China. He co-organized the protests and was arrested in 1989. After nearly five years in prison on two separate occasions, Chen was exiled to the United States in 1996. There, he became a visiting scholar at Columbia University, and then obtained MPA from there. Chen later built a career in the United States as a principal of a business school located in Manhattan, New York.  At the same time, he has been writing for Chinese pro-reform or pro-democracy publications, As a talented writer, he has published a number of influential books in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Japan:  Power Struggle behind Red Wall, 2014,; Japan, US and China, Coming War in Asia, 2014 ;Inside Story of Red Paper Tiger, 2013 ; If U.S., Japan, and China Go to War, 2013 ; Zhongnanhai's Thick Black Theory, 2010,; One hundred points of common sense about China,2007.  As a prominent critic and writer, Chen has been writing and speaking on a number of media, including Radio Free Asia, Voice of America, Hong Kong Open Magazine, Beijing Spring, and others; speaking at news conferences, panel discussions, and other events; writing books; and offering commentary to media.  Topics of Chen's analysis include a range of contemporary issues involving modern China and its relationship with the US and the rest of the world. Other topics discussed include human rights, minority issues, official corruption, social instability, economic inequality, military expansion, and cross-strait tension.

Prison time.

Chen Pokong was sent to prison or forced labor on two occasions:  Chen had resumed political activities after his release from prison in July 1992, and was wanted by the government by 1993. He fled to Hong Kong and applied for political asylum, but was rejected. After being repatriated he was sent to forced labor.  In a letter to the international community in 1994, Chen alleged that prisoners in the Guangzhou No. 1 Reeducation-Through-Labor-Center were often beaten and "subjected to conditions which amount to cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment." Chen had the letter smuggled out of the camp in the latter half of 1994, when it was reported on by international human rights groups. He said that production quotas force prisoners to work over 14 hours a day, 7 days a week, with only 3 days of holiday per year. Heavy labor is done during the daytime, including transporting and loading stones from a quarry to a boat. At night, prisoners were forced to make artificial flowers for export, according to Chen's letter. The food supplied by camp authorities was often insufficient and consisted of "coarse rice and rotten vegetables," according to Amnesty International.  Part of Chen's letter said: "Inmates who labour slightly slower are brutally beaten and misused by supervisors and team leaders (themselves inmates). Inmates are often beaten until they are blood-stained all over, collapse or lose consciousness (shortly before I was sent here, one inmate was beaten to death.)... Many inmates, including myself, their hands and feet squashed by big stones, stained with blood and pus, have to labour as usual. As a consequence, many inmates were crippled for life." In his letter, he said the Guangdong No. 1 Reform Through Labor, Quarry 1, Company 9 in Chini Town, Hua County, Guangdong was the "most vicious," and that he was sent there so the Guangdong authorities could "vent their bitter hatred on me."  In a House Congressional testimony on the subject of Chinese forced labor, Nancy Pelosi characterized Chen's letter as "a compelling appeal for help, relating the terrible tale of ill treatment and slave labor" in Chinese prison camps. Chen was reportedly the first person to provide the United Nations with evidence that the Chinese government and its agencies used forced labor to manufacture products for sale overseas.

Publications.

Books, monographs, and studies which Chen has authored or contributed authorship of include:

Chen Pokong ( aka Chen Jinsong ), born December 20, 1963, is a Chinese-born American columnist, political commentator, author, television pundit and YouTuber. As an author of many books and numerous articles, in print and online, Chen Pokong has gained an extensive worldwide readership. His books include Machiavelli in Beijing (Thick and Black in Zhongnanhai), One Hundred Basic Facts about China, If the US and China Were To Go to War, and Trump vs. Xi: Duel or Deal, among others. He has been providing commentary for Radio Free Asia and is one of the most frequent guests on Voice of America's weekly "Pros and Cons" show, as well as other Chinese-language TV programs. Chen is one of the most popular overseas Chinese YouTubers.

陈破空(1963年-12月20日),原名陈劲松,生于四川省三台县。旅美中国作家、政治评论家、知名民运人士。先后就读于湖南大学、上海同济大学。美国哥伦比亚大学公共管理硕士。曾执教广州中山大学。美国之音常任嘉宾、自由亚洲电台特约评论员。长期从事写作、时评、演讲、电视与电台评论,维护新闻自由和民主价值。截至2020年5月,其YouTube频道陈破空纵论天下拥有24.5万名订阅者。海外政论网红,点击率名列前茅。勤于笔耕,出版大量著作,涉政治、经济、文学等领域。代表作包括《中南海厚黑学》、《假如中美开战》、《关于中国的一百个常识》、《全世界都不了解中国人》、《不受欢迎的中国人》、《川普对决习近平》、《红色纸老虎内幕》等。另有小说《台风》、诗集《绯闻》等文学作品。政见与政论主要发表在自由亚洲电台、香港开放杂志、风传媒、禁闻网等。经常出场的电视或电台评论与访谈节目,包括:美国之音,自由亚洲电台,新唐人电视台,台湾三立电视台,洛杉矶1300等。现居美国纽约。