Definition.

The word "hibakusha" is Japanese, originally written in kanji. While the term Hibakusha ("hi" "affected" + "baku" "bomb" + "sha" "person") has been used before in Japanese to designate any victim of bombs, its worldwide democratisation led to a definition concerning the victims of the atomic bombs dropped in Japan by the American army on the 6 and 9 August 1945.  Anti-nuclear movements and associations, among others of "hibakusha", spread the term to designate any direct victim of nuclear disaster, including the ones of the nuclear plant in Fukushima. They therefore prefer the writing (substituting "baku" with the homophonous "exposition") or "person affected by the exposition", implying "person affected by nuclear exposure". This definition tends to be adopted since 2011.  The juridic status of "hibakusha" is allocated to certain people, mainly by the Japanese government.

Official recognition.

The Atomic Bomb Survivors Relief Law defines "hibakusha" as people who fall into one or more of the following categories: within a few kilometers of the hypocenters of the bombs; within 2 km of the hypocenters within two weeks of the bombings; exposed to radiation from fallout; or not yet born but carried by pregnant women in any of these categories. The Japanese government has recognized about 650,000 people as "hibakusha"., 145,844 were still alive, mostly in Japan. The government of Japan recognizes about 1% of these as having illnesses caused by radiation. "Hibakusha" are entitled to government support. They receive a certain amount of allowance per month, and the ones certified as suffering from bomb-related diseases receive a special medical allowance.  The memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain lists of the names of the "hibakusha" who are known to have died since the bombings. Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings,, the memorials record the names of more than 500,000 "hibakusha"; 319,186 in Hiroshima and 182,601 in Nagasaki.  In 1957, the Japanese Parliament passed a law providing for free medical care for "hibakusha". During the 1970s, non-Japanese "hibakusha" who suffered from those atomic attacks began to demand the right for free medical care and the right to stay in Japan for that purpose. In 1978, the Japanese Supreme Court ruled that such persons were entitled to free medical care while staying in Japan.

Korean survivors.

During the war, Japan brought many Korean conscripts to both Hiroshima and Nagasaki to work. According to recent estimates, about 20,000 Koreans were killed in Hiroshima and about 2,000 died in Nagasaki. It is estimated that one in seven of the Hiroshima victims was of Korean ancestry. For many years, Koreans had a difficult time fighting for recognition as atomic bomb victims and were denied health benefits. However, most issues have been addressed in recent years through lawsuits.

Japanese-American survivors.

It was a common practice before the war for American Issei, or first-generation immigrants, to send their children on extended trips to Japan to study or visit relatives. More Japanese immigrated to the U.S. from Hiroshima than from any other prefecture, and Nagasaki also sent a high number of immigrants to Hawai'i and the mainland. There was, therefore, a sizable population of American-born Nisei and Kibei living in their parents' hometowns of Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the time of the atomic bombings. The actual number of Japanese Americans affected by the bombings is unknown – although estimates put approximately 11,000 in Hiroshima city alone – but some 3,000 of them are known to have survived and returned to the U.S. after the war.  A second group of "hibakusha" counted among Japanese American survivors are those who came to the U.S. in a later wave of Japanese immigration during the 1950s and 1960s. Most in this group were born in Japan and migrated to the U.S. in search of educational and work opportunities that were scarce in post-war Japan. Many were "war brides", or Japanese women who had married American men related to the U.S. military's occupation of Japan.  As of 2014, there are about 1,000 recorded Japanese American "hibakusha" living in the United States. They receive monetary support from the Japanese government and biannual medical checkups with Hiroshima and Nagasaki doctors familiar with the particular concerns of atomic bomb survivors. The U.S. government provides no support to Japanese American "hibakusha".

Other foreign survivors.

While one British Commonwealth citizen and seven Dutch POWs (two names known) died in the Nagasaki bombing, at least two POWs reportedly died postwar from cancer thought to have been caused by the atomic bomb. One American POW, Joe Kieyoomia, was a Navajo in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing but survived, reportedly having been shielded from the effects of the bomb by the concrete walls of his cell.

Double survivors.

People who suffered the effects of both bombings are known as "nijū hibakusha" in Japan.  A documentary called "Twice Survived: The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" was produced in 2006. The producers found 165 people who were victims of both bombings, and the production was screened at the United Nations.  On March 24, 2009, the Japanese government officially recognized Tsutomu Yamaguchi (1916–2010) as a double "hibakusha". Tsutomu Yamaguchi was confirmed to be 3 kilometers from ground zero in Hiroshima on a business trip when the bomb was detonated. He was seriously burnt on his left side and spent the night in Hiroshima. He got back to his home city of Nagasaki on August 8, a day before the bomb in Nagasaki was dropped, and he was exposed to residual radiation while searching for his relatives. He was the first officially recognized survivor of both bombings. Tsutomu Yamaguchi died at the age of 93 on January 4, 2010, of stomach cancer.

Discrimination.

"Hibakusha" and their children were (and still are) victims of severe discrimination when it comes to prospects of marriage or work due to public ignorance about the consequences of radiation sickness, with much of the public believing it to be hereditary or even contagious. This is despite the fact that no statistically demonstrable increase of birth defects/congenital malformations was found among the later conceived children born to survivors of the nuclear weapons used at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, or found in the later conceived children of cancer survivors who had previously received radiotherapy. The surviving women of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, that could conceive, who were exposed to substantial amounts of radiation, went on and had children with no higher incidence of abnormalities/birth defects than the rate which is observed in the Japanese average.  Studs Terkel's book "The Good War" includes a conversation with two "hibakusha". The postscript observes:  The is a group formed by "hibakusha" in 1956 with the goals of pressuring the Japanese government to improve support of the victims and lobbying governments for the abolition of nuclear weapons.  Some estimates are that 140,000 people in Hiroshima (38.9% of the population) and 70,000 people in Nagasaki (28.0% of the population) died in 1945, but how many died immediately as a result of exposure to the blast, heat, or due to radiation, is unknown. One Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC) report discusses 6,882 people examined in Hiroshima, and 6,621 people examined in Nagasaki, who were largely within 2000 meters from the hypocenter, who suffered injuries from the blast and heat but died from complications frequently compounded by acute radiation syndrome (ARS), all within about 20–30 days.  In the rare cases of survival for individuals who were in utero at the time of the bombing and yet who still were close enough to be exposed to less than or equal to 0.57 Gy, no difference in their cognitive abilities was found, suggesting a threshold dose for pregnancies below which, no life-limiting issues arise. In 50 or so children who survived the gestational process and were exposed to more than this dose, putting them within about 1000 meters from the hypocenter, microcephaly was observed; this is the only elevated birth defect issue observed in the Hibakusha, occurring in approximately 50 in-utero individuals who were situated less than 1000 meters from the bombings.  In a manner dependent on their distance from the hypocenter, in the 1987 "Life Span Study", conducted by the Radiation Effects Research Foundation, a statistical excess of 507 cancers, of undefined lethality, were observed in 79,972 hibakusha who had still been living between 1958–1987 and who took part in the study.  An epidemiology study by the RERF estimates that from 1950 to 2000, 46% of leukemia deaths and 11% of solid cancers, of unspecified lethality, could be due to radiation from the bombs, with the statistical excess being estimated at 200 leukemia deaths and 1,700 solid cancers of undeclared lethality.

Hibakusha (; or ; "person affected by a bomb" or "person affected by the exposition [to a bomb]") is a word of Japanese origin generally designating the people affected by the 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

被爆者是日语词汇,指第二次世界大战末,在日本广岛、长崎的原子弹爆炸中受核辐射影响而出现身体健康状况异常的受害者。在日本也特指依照原子弹被爆者援护法的规定持有被爆者健康证的人。


Asia.

Afghanistan.

In Afghanistan, there are no national cups. The Afghan

Australia.

From 1977 to 1997, the double could be achieved in Australia by winning the National Soccer League and the NSL Cup.  Between 1997 and 2014, Australia had no national cup competition so the traditional league and cup double could not be

Bahrain.

In Bahrain three teams have won the

Bangladesh.

In Bangladesh four teams have won the Double

Bhutan.

Bhutan has no national cup, the Bhutan

Brunei.

In Brunei, two teams have won the Double of

Cambodia.

In Cambodia only one team has won

China.

In China, three teams have won the Double of

Chinese Taipei.

In Chinese Taipei, two teams have won the Double

East Timor.

Now in East Timor there is no national cup,

Guam.

In Guam two teams have won the Double

Hong Kong.

In Hong Kong, nine teams have won the Double

India.

In India, three teams have won the Double

Indonesia.

In Indonesia only one team has won the Double

Iran.

In Iran, two teams have won the Double

Iraq.

In Iraq, four teams have won the

Japan.

The Japanese Double is generally considered to be winning the league championship (the Japan Soccer League Division 1 until 1991–92 and the J.League Division 1 since then) and the Emperor's Cup. Winning

Jordan.

In Jordan, three teams have won the

North Korea.

In North Korea, three teams have won the

South Korea.

In South Korea, two teams have won the Double of the First Division and the Korean National Football Championship in semi-professional era. In professional era, one team have won K

Kyrgyzstan.

In Kyrgyzstan, three teams have won

Kuwait.

In Kuwait, three teams have won the

Laos.

In Laos, two teams have won the Double

Lebanon.

In Lebanon, six teams have won the

Macau.

In Macau, only one team has won the

Malaysia.

In Malaysia, eight teams have won the Double of the Malaysia League /

Maldives.

In Maldives, four teams have won the Double of

Mongolia.

In Mongolia, only one team has won

Myanmar.

In Myanmar, two teams have won the Double

Northern Mariana Islands.

In the Northern Mariana Islands, only one team has

Oman.

In Oman four teams have won the

Pakistan.

In Pakistan, three teams have won the Double

Philippines.

Due to the sporadic nature of football competitions in the country, with a league not in place until the 21st century, and only the United Football League (UFL) to last more than a season, and a national cup competition not being consistently held annually, achieving a double has been mostly impossible until recently. The establishment of the UFL in 2009 led to annual league

Qatar.

In Qatar, three teams have won the Double

Saudi Arabia.

In Saudi Arabia, five teams have won the Double of

Singapore.

In Singapore, four teams have won

Sri Lanka.

In Sri Lanka, three teams have won the Double

Syria.

In Syria, six teams have won the

Tajikistan.

In Tajikistan, six teams have won

Thailand.

In Thailand, two teams have won the Double of

Turkmenistan.

In Turkmenistan, three teams have won

United Arab Emirates.

In the United Arab Emirates, five teams have

Uzbekistan.

In Uzbekistan, five teams have won

Vietnam.

In Vietnam, four teams have won the

Yemen.

In Yemen, four teams have won the Double of the

Africa.

Algeria.

In Algeria, five teams have won the

Angola.

In Angola, three teams have won

Benin.

In Benin, two teams have won the

Botswana.

In Botswana, seven teams have won the

Burkina Faso.

In Burkina Faso, three teams have won the

Burundi.

In Burundi, only one team has won

Cameroon.

In Cameroon five teams have won

Cape Verde.

In Cape Verde, only one team has won the Double

Central African Republic.

In Central African Republic, only one team has

Chad.

In Chad, no team has won the

Comoros.

In Comoros, two teams have won the

Democratic Republic of the Congo.

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, six

Republic of the Congo.

In the Republic of the Congo, three teams have

Djibouti.

In Djibouti, four teams have won the

Egypt.

In Egypt, two teams have won the

Equatorial Guinea.

In Equatorial Guinea, no team has won

Eritrea.

In Eritrea, no team has won the

Ethiopia.

In Ethiopia, three teams have won the

Gabon.

In Gabon, five teams have won the Double

The Gambia.

In The Gambia, two teams have won the

Ghana.

In Ghana, three teams have won the

Guinea.

In Guinea, two teams have won the

Guinea-Bissau.

In Guinea-Bissau, three teams have won the Double

Ivory Coast.

In the Ivory Coast, two teams have won

Kenya.

In Kenya, two teams have won the

Lesotho.

In Lesotho, five teams have won the

Liberia.

In Liberia, eight teams have won the

Libya.

In Libya, two teams have won the

Madagascar.

In Madagascar, four teams have won the

Malawi.

In Malawi, only one team has won the

Mali.

In Mali, three teams have won the

Mauritania.

In Mauritania, two teams have won the Double

Mauritius.

In Mauritius, seven teams have won

Morocco.

In Morocco, three teams have won

Mozambique.

In Mozambique, five teams have won

Namibia.

In Namibia, only one team has won

Niger.

In Niger, eight teams have won the

Nigeria.

In Nigeria, seven teams have won the

Rwanda.

In Rwanda, three teams have won the

São Tomé and Príncipe.

In São Tomé and Príncipe, six teams have won the Double

Senegal.

In Senegal, three teams have won the

Seychelles.

In Seychelles, two teams have won the

Sierra Leone.

In Sierra Leone, two teams have won the Double

Somalia.

In Somalia, no team has won

South Africa.

In South Africa, 13 teams have won the Double of the NFL / SASL

South Sudan.

In South Sudan, only one team has won

Sudan.

In Sudan, two teams have won the

Swaziland.

In Swaziland, two teams have won the

Tanzania.

In Tanzania, three teams have won the Double

Togo.

In Togo, five teams have won the

Tunisia.

In Tunisia, ten teams have won the

Uganda.

In Uganda, three teams have won the

Zambia.

In Zambia, six teams have won the

Zimbabwe.

In Zimbabwe, six teams have won the Double

North and Central America and Caribbean.

Anguilla.

In Anguilla, there is no national cup; the

Antigua and Barbuda.

In Antigua and Barbuda, two teams have

Aruba.

In Aruba, two teams have won the Double

Bahamas.

In the Bahamas, two teams have won

Barbados.

In Barbados, seven teams have won the

Belize.

In Belize, there is no national cup, the

Bermuda.

In Bermuda, seven teams have won the

Bonaire.

In Bonaire, only one team has won

British Virgin Islands.

There is no national cup in the British Virgin Islands,

Canada.

Top-level Canadian clubs either compete in the domestic Canadian Premier League (CPL), or Major League Soccer (MLS) of the United States. The Canadian Championship is the country's national cup and is contested between CPL teams, the Canadian teams of MLS and USL Championship (USLC), and the champions of League1 Ontario and the

Cayman Islands.

Five teams from the Cayman Islands have won

Costa Rica.

In Costa Rica, no team has won the

Cuba.

In Cuba, there is no national cup; the

Curaçao.

In Curaçao, there is no national cup, the

Dominica.

In Dominica, two teams have won the Double

Dominican Republic.

In the Dominican Republic, there is no national

El Salvador.

In El Salvador, two teams have won

French Guiana.

In French Guiana, four teams have won the

Grenada.

In Grenada, is no national cup, the

Guadeloupe.

In Guadeloupe, six teams have won the

Guatemala.

In Guatemala, three teams have won the Double of

Guyana.

In Guyana, only one team has won the

Haiti.

In Haiti, four teams have won

Honduras.

Club Deportivo Olimpia are the only club to complete

Jamaica.

In Jamaica, three teams have won the

Martinique.

In Martinique, three teams have won the Double

Mexico.

In Mexico, eight teams have won the Double

Montserrat.

In Montserrat, no team has won

Nicaragua.

In Nicaragua, two teams have won the Double

Panama.

In Panama, no team has won

Puerto Rico.

In Puerto Rico only one team has won

Saint Kitts and Nevis.

In Saint Kitts and Nevis, four teams have won the Double of the Saint Kitts Premier Division and

Saint Lucia.

In Saint Lucia, two teams have won the

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.

In Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, is no national

Sint Maarten.

In Sint Maarten, there is no national cup;

Suriname.

In Suriname, three teams have won

Trinidad and Tobago.

In Trinidad and Tobago, 13 teams have won the Double of the Port

Turks and Caicos Islands.

In Turks and Caicos Islands, is no national cup;

United States.

Men.

Currently in the United States, the Double may mean either the MLS Double, which is achieved by winning both the MLS Supporters Shield and the MLS Cup, or a league/cup Double of either the MLS Cup or Supporters Shield, in addition to the U.S. Open Cup or Canadian Championship for United States and

Women.

There is no currently sanctioned National Cup in the United States for women, so the only way to achieve the Double in the United States is through a league double (winning the Shield or its equivalent for the best regular-season record, and the league championship).  The Women's United Soccer Association did not have formal recognition of the team with the best regular season record, but during the 2002 WUSA season, the Carolina Courage had the best regular season record and won

United States Virgin Islands.

In the United States Virgin Islands, there is no national

South America.

Argentina.

Boca Juniors are the only club to simultaneously win

Bolivia.

Club Bolívar are the only club to complete the double

Brazil.

Due to the large size of the country and the late development of the transportion and communication infrastructure needed to support it, a nationwide competition did not emerge until 1959. For 30 years, a domestic double was not possible since there existed only one national tournament. An exception was the

Chile.

Two teams have won the Chilean

Colombia.

Millonarios is the first Colombian club to win the double, taking both the Categoría Primera A and Copa Colombia

Ecuador.

In Ecuador, there is no national cup; the

Paraguay.

In Paraguay, there is no national cup; the

Peru.

In Peru, there is no national cup; the

Uruguay.

In Uruguay, three teams have won the Double

Venezuela.

To complete the double, a club

Oceania.

American Samoa.

In American Samoa, two teams have won the

Cook Islands.

In Cook Islands, five teams have won the

Fiji.

In Fiji, two teams have won the

New Caledonia.

In New Caledonia, five teams have won the

New Zealand.

Between 1970 and 2003, five New Zealand teams have won the double of the national championship (New Zealand National Soccer League (1970–92 and 2000–04), Superclub competition (1993–95), National Summer Soccer League (1996–98) or the New Zealand island soccer leagues National Final (1999)) and the Chatham Cup. From 1993 to 2003, the league champions were determined by a knockout tournament between the top-finishing teams at the end of the season, the team that finished in first place during the league phase of the season were not

Palau.

In Palau, there is no national cup; the

Papua New Guinea.

In Papua New Guinea, there is no national cup; the

Samoa.

In Samoa, two teams have won the

Solomon Islands.

In Solomon Islands, is no national cup; the

Tahiti.

In Tahiti, nine teams have won the

Tonga.

In Tonga, only one team has won the

Europe.

Albania.

In Albania, five teams have won

Andorra.

In Andorra, three teams have won

Armenia.

Prior to the breakup of the Soviet Union, Armenian clubs were part of Soviet competition. Ararat Yerevan was one of just two non-Russian clubs to win the

Austria.

In Austria, nine teams have won

Azerbaijan.

In Azerbaijan, four teams have won the

Belarus.

In Belarus, four teams have won the

Belgium.

In Belgium, four teams have won the

Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, three teams have won the Double

Bulgaria.

In Bulgaria, four teams have won the

Croatia.

In Croatia, three teams have won the Double

Cyprus.

In Cyprus, five teams have won the

Czech Republic.

Two teams won the Double of the Czechoslovak First League and Czechoslovak Cup. Since the dissolution

Denmark.

In Denmark, five teams have won

England.

In England, eight teams have won the double

Estonia.

In Estonia, two teams have won

Faroe Islands.

In Faroe Islands, six teams have won the

Finland.

In Finland, three teams have won

France.

In France, 12 teams have won the

Georgia.

In Georgia, two teams have won the

Germany.

Inter-war period.

A national cup competition was introduced in Germany in 1935, and was known as the Tschammer-Pokal for the

Bundesliga era.

Play for what had become the DFB-Pokal was resumed following the war in 1953, and up until well after the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963, no club was able to complete the double. A new cup trophy

East Germany (defunct).

Following World War II, a separate football competition emerged in the Russian-occupied eastern area of Germany. The first division DDR-Oberliga was active from 1947–48 to 1990–91 (not held 1960–61) and saw the introduction of the FDGB-Pokal in 1949. The cup competition was not staged in 1950–51, 1952–53 and 1960–61. Five doubles were won in East German competition:  Since the reunification of Germany, no former East German club has won either the Bundesliga title nor the DFB-Pokal, and as of 2014, none of these former double winners is competing in the top tier.

Gibraltar.

In Gibraltar, seven teams have won the

Greece.

In Greece, the big three of Athens and PAOK have managed to win the double of the Superleague

Hungary.

In Hungary, five teams have won the

Iceland.

In Iceland four teams have won

Ireland.

In Ireland, the double is achieved by winning the League of Ireland and FAI Cup. Bohemians managed a similar feat in 1928

Israel.

In Israel, the Double can be achieved by winning the Top division championship and the Israel State Cup. The team that has

Italy.

Five Italian clubs share eleven doubles of the Serie A championship and the Coppa Italia.  Note: In 2006, Inter finished third in Serie

Kazakhstan.

In Kazakhstan, five teams have won the

Kosovo.

In Kosovo, four teams have won the

Latvia.

In Latvia, three teams have won the

Liechtenstein.

There is no national league in Liechtenstein, as its clubs partake in

Lithuania.

In Lithuania six teams have won the Double of the A Lyga

Luxembourg.

In Luxembourgian football, the Double is made up of the National Division title and the Luxembourg Cup. As there are no other senior football competitions in the country,

Republic of Macedonia.

In the Republic of Macedonia, five teams have

Malta.

In Malta, six teams have won the

Moldova.

Sheriff Tiraspol were only founded in 1997, but have come to dominate the Moldovan game, winning every title from 2001 to 2010 inclusive. Seven of these were double wins (Moldovan National

Montenegro.

In Montenegro, only one team has won

Netherlands.

In the Netherlands, six teams have

Northern Ireland.

In Northern Ireland, seven teams have won

Norway.

In Norway, seven teams have won

Poland.

In Poland, five teams have won the Double of the Ekstraklasa and the Polish Cup.

Portugal.

In Portugal, the Double is called ""Dobradinha"" and is achieved by winning the Primeira Liga and the Taça de Portugal. Only the "Big Three" have done

Romania.

In Romania, the Double is called the Event and can be achieved by winning the Liga I and the Cupa României. The team that has won the most doubles to date is Steaua București, with nine

Russia.

Four Russian teams achieved the Double of the Soviet Top League and the USSR Cup in the former Soviet Union. The final Soviet championship was contested in

San Marino.

In San Marino six teams have won

Scotland.

Three teams have accomplished the double of the Scottish league championship and the Scottish Cup. Only Aberdeen have managed to

Serbia.

Two teams in the current Republic of Serbia have won the Double of the Yugoslav First League and

Slovakia.

In Slovakia, seven teams have won the Double

Slovenia.

In Slovenia, three teams have won the

Spain.

In Spain, four teams have won the Double ("Doblete") of La Liga and the Copa

Sweden.

In Sweden, six teams have won the Double of the Swedish championship and the Svenska Cupen.  The Svenska Cupen was not introduced until the 1941 season, while Allsvenskan started for the 1923–24 season. Svenska Cupen was also not played between 1954 and 1966. It should also be considered that winning Allsvenskan did not grant the title of Swedish champions until 1931 and between 1982 and 1992 when the title was given to the winner of other cup tournaments that were organized at

Switzerland.

In Switzerland, eight teams have won the

Turkey.

In Turkey, four teams have won the Double of the Süper Lig and

Ukraine.

Prior to the breakup of the Soviet Union, Ukrainian clubs were part of Soviet competition. Since 1992, the country has had its own

Wales.

In Wales, seven teams have won the Double of the Division One (1904–92) / Welsh Premier League (1992–present)

Other countries.

Greenland.

The Greenlandic Football Championship is

Kiribati.

In Kiribati, there is no national cup; the

Northern Cyprus.

In Northern Cyprus, five teams have won

Réunion.

In Réunion, four teams have won the Double

Zanzibar.

In Zanzibar, only one team has won

League and League Cup Double.

A rarer (though less coveted) domestic double is that of winning the league championship and the League Cup. In many leagues, this cannot be done as there is no second domestic cup competition (such as in Italy and the Netherlands)

Doubles in lower divisions.

In many countries, knock-out competitions exclusive to clubs outside the top

Trans-State Double.

A very rare event. A Trans-State double occurs when a club wins a league and a cup which technically belong to two different countries and different associations.

Continental Double.

European Double.

In the same spirit as the European Treble, the European Double consists of winning the top tier European tournament (currently the UEFA Champions League) and domestic league title in a single season or calendar year. This has been achieved on 27 occasions by 15 clubs from 56 European competitions. Barcelona has achieved this on the most number of occasions (5). Ajax and Real Madrid are the only teams that have successfully defended a European Double. José Mourinho has the unique distinction of being the only manager to achieve this double with two different clubs, having done so with Porto (2004) and Internazionale (2010).

The Unbeaten Double.

In 1994–95, Louis van Gaal's Ajax with players such as Jari Litmanen, Patrick Kluivert, Marc Overmars, Finidi George, Nwankwo Kanu, Frank de Boer, Ronald de Boer, Edgar Davids, Clarence Seedorf, Winston Bogarde, Michael Reiziger and Edwin van der Sar succeeded an unbeaten double, winning the Dutch Eredivisie with a 27–7–0 record, and the UEFA Champions League with a 7–4–0 record. Van Gaal's dream team was the only club to achieve a European Double with no defeat.

League and Europa League Double.

The UEFA Europa League (formerly the UEFA Cup), with a domestic league title win, offers the chance

League and Cup Winners' Cup Double.

Similarly, there were six occasions of clubs winning their League and the now defunct UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (CWC). No club ever won the CWC as part

Continental Double outside of Europe.

Outside the UEFA confederation winning the Continental Double

Cup Double.

There are various possible combinations of winning two knock-out competitions.

Domestic Cup Double.

A Domestic Cup Double consists of winning both domestic cup competitions in a single

European Cup Double.

There have been several occasions when a club has won its association's cup or league cup

Other.

A combination of domestic league or cup and a lesser domestic or continental trophy

International Double.

A national team cannot usually win a FIFA World Cup and their continental championship in the same year because they are usually not held in the same year (except for the Africa Cup of Nations until 2010), but one which wins both titles consecutively could be said to have "done the double".

The Double, in association football, is the achievement of winning a country's top tier division and its primary cup competition in the same season. The lists in this article examine this definition of a double, while derivative sections examine much less frequent, continental instances. "The Double" can also mean beating a team both home and away in the same league season, a feat often noted as "doing the double" over a particular opponent.

-{A|zh-cn:双冠王; zh-tw:双冠王; zh-hk:双料冠军}-(英语:The Double)在足球术语表示球队在同一赛季内同时胜出本土顶级足球联赛及本土顶级杯赛冠军,但由于部分国家没有设立本土顶级杯赛,双冠王一词可能不适用。


Biography.

McTell's mother, Winifred (née Moss), was born in Hammersmith, London. During the Second World War she was living in Banbury, Oxfordshire, with her sister Olive when she met Frank May. They married in 1943 while Frank was home on leave from the army. Winifred moved to Croydon, Surrey, and McTell was born on 3 December 1944 in Farnborough, Kent. He was named after Ralph Vaughan Williams – Frank had worked as the composer's gardener before the war. A second son, Bruce, was born in 1946. Frank was demobilised, but after a year or so at home, he walked out on his family in 1947.  Winifred was left to support herself and bring up the boys unaided. She told McTell's biographer, "I remember Ralph saying to me quite soon after Frank left us, 'I'll look after you, Mummy'. I guess he'd got used to Frank being away all his short life." But despite their father's desertion and the consequent poverty, Ralph and Bruce May had a happy and fulfilled childhood in Croydon.  McTell's love of music surfaced early. He was given a plastic mouth organ and his grandfather, who played the harmonica, taught and encouraged him. The brothers spent many contented summer holidays at Banbury with their uncle and aunt and their grandparents. Banbury and north Oxfordshire would figure throughout McTell's life. Later, he recalled those childhood summers in his song "Barges".

Influences.

Other childhood experiences shaped McTell's songwriting. A young Irishman and his family were the Mays' upstairs neighbours. Needing a father figure, McTell greatly valued the young man's friendship, which later inspired the song "Mr. Connaughton". Similarly, "Mrs. Adlam's Angels" recalls his Sunday school teacher: "I loved the ceremonial and the music," he says, "you can hear the influence of hymn

Teens.

After passing his 11-plus school examination, McTell attended the John Ruskin Grammar School. He hated his time there, and despite being a very bright pupil, he did not do well academically. Many of his fellow pupils were from wealthier backgrounds, and though having many school friends, he felt he didn't fit in.  Musically, his tastes tended towards being an outsider as well. He was captivated by skiffle and American rock'n'roll. Acquiring an old ukulele and a copy of "The George Formby Method", he played his first chord. He later recalled, "I was thunderstruck – it was like magic!" Soon, he mastered skiffle classics such as "Don't You Rock Me, Daddy-O", and by his second year

Discovering African American music.

At college, McTell became interested in the beatnik culture that flourished in the 1950s and early 1960s. Besides reading the works of writers such as Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, he discovered African American music – jazz, blues and R&B. Inspired by musicians such as Jesse Fuller, Ramblin' Jack Elliott, Robert Johnson and Muddy Waters, he bought a guitar and practiced assiduously.  He and a group of like-minded friends became habitués of London's Soho jazz clubs

Busking.

By now, McTell had begun travelling abroad, busking around Europe with his guitar. He spent time in France and visited Belgium and Germany. Other trips took him to Italy and through Yugoslavia ("I felt a madness there, even then") to Greece.  Paris was a city that McTell revisited frequently. Late in 1965 he and a friend from Croydon took a room in a cheap hotel on the Left Bank, earning their rent by busking cinema queues. After braving a bitterly cold Paris winter, McTell met a young American, Gary Petersen, who had studied with the legendary guitarist Reverend Gary Davis. "There was a great anticipation every time I got to play with (Petersen)", McTell recalled. "Each time I learned something new, and through

Record deal.

During 1967, McTell landed a deal with Transatlantic Records and by the end of the year was recording his first album. Arranged by Tony Visconti and produced by Gus Dudgeon, the album, "Eight Frames a Second", was released early in 1968. It came to the attention of the BBC and was featured on radio programmes including "Country Meets Folk" in August and John Peel's "Top

Into the 1970s.

By 1970, "I'd got a family," McTell recalled in an interview, "and found I had a musical career, somehow." He was getting extensive radio play, and the audiences at his concerts were growing.  By May, he was sufficiently successful to fill the Royal Festival Hall in London. In August, McTell played the huge Isle of Wight Festival alongside Jimi Hendrix, Joan Baez, and Leonard Cohen.  Bruce May had bowed out and McTell was now being managed by impresario Jo Lustig. In October 1970, McTell sold out the Royal Festival Hall again and the album "Revisited" was released. This remixed compilation was originally intended to introduce McTell to American record-buyers but was released in the UK. It has still not been released on cd, even though all the other Transatlantic albums have been remastered.  Ralph and Nanna's daughter Leah was

The Royal Albert Hall.

During 1973, McTell undertook two major tours. The spring tour culminated in a sell-out concert at London's Royal Festival Hall on 5 May, whilst the winter tour was completed in front of a full house at London's Royal Albert Hall on 30 January 1974. By the end of the year, McTell was

The hit and the band.

McTell re-recorded "Streets of London" with bassist Rod Clements and backing vocalists Prelude. Released as a single (recorded on the Reprise label) on 7 December 1974, it rocketed up the charts to No. 2 in the first week of 1975, became a worldwide million-seller, and won McTell the Ivor Novello Award.  In early 1975, McTell released the album "Streets...", which sold strongly and spent twelve weeks in the album charts. Backing musicians on the album included Lindisfarne's Rod Clements, Fairport Convention's Dave Pegg and Jerry Donahue, and Maddy Prior from Steeleye Span, who inspired McTell to write the song "Maddy Dances". He decided to tour with a band to promote the album, but the experiment was not a success. That tour, he recalls, "became a nightmare." It was time

Quieter times.

Ralph and Nanna's son Billy was born on 19 April 1978. Professionally, it was a quieter year and Ralph spent time with his family in their homes in London and Cornwall.  In March 1979, McTell played The Royal Festival Hall accompanied by Dave Pegg and Dave Mattacks of Fairport Convention, and Nigel Smith and Mike Piggott.  McTell had written a number of new songs and went into the studio with backing musicians including Richard Thompson, Dave Pegg and Simon Nicol. The resulting album, "Slide Away The Screen" was released by Warner Bros.

Television.

In 1982, McTell's career took an unexpected change of direction. Granada Television commissioned "Alphabet Zoo", a series of children's programmes built around songs written and performed by McTell. Although initially reluctant to accept the offer, the fact that one of his heroes, Woody Guthrie, had composed dozens of songs for children, convinced him it was worthwhile. The first series, broadcast in 1983, was a success. A second series followed and Mays Records released two albums of the material – "Songs From Alphabet Zoo" and "Best of Alphabet Zoo".  During 1983,

Commercialism.

Bruce May negotiated a deal with Telstar Records, a company that pushed its products heavily with major advertising and hyping campaigns. McTell was persuaded to record an album that mixed his own material and 'classic songs' such as "Penny Lane", "Morning Has Broken" and "Scarborough Fair". The result, "At the End of a Perfect Day", released late in 1985, was one of McTell's least satisfactory

Homage.

As well as tours in his own right, McTell secured a prestigious support slot in 1987 opening the shows on The Everly Brothers' UK tour.  After tours in Europe, the US and Australia, McTell was back in the studio in February 1988 to record the album "Blue Skies Black Heroes". Released on his own Leola Music label, the album was a homage to the blues and ragtime musicians who had so influenced his playing.  "Nearly all my guitar heroes are black, American, usually blind and most of

Castle compilations.

In 1989, McTell signed a deal with the label Castle Communications to produce a compilation of his love songs. For contractual reasons, some songs had to be re-recorded in Dave Pegg's Woodworm Studio in Barford St. Michael. The resulting album, "A Collection of His Love Songs", was subtitled 'Affairs of the Heart'.  To support the album's release, McTell undertook an extensive tour in the autumn and early winter. The tour was well-supported with PR material and was managed on the road by John 'Jonah' Jones.  The next year, 1990, Castle released "Stealin'

"The Boy with a Note".

McTell completed a major project when in 1992, the BBC commissioned and broadcast "The Boy with a Note" – 'an evocation of the life of Dylan Thomas in words and music'. It was re-recorded and released on McTell's Leola label as an album. McTell is very proud of this ambitious piece. "Two or three years went into that," he said. "It's grown-up work."  During 1993, McTell toured Australia and the Far East, and back home he undertook The Black And White Tour. Road Goes on Forever Records released "The Complete Alphabet Zoo", presenting the songs from the two television series in alphabetical order. McTell and Mick McDonagh parted company.  In 1994

Tickety Boo.

In 1996, McTell presented BBC radio's coverage of Sidmouth Festival and toured the UK, Europe, and the US.  McTell's long-standing sound engineer, Gordon 'Doon' Graham, had captured many of McTell's concert performances on the desk, and an album of live material from 1976 to 1995 was released on Leola as "Songs for Six Strings Vol II".  Early in 1997, McTell began his association with Tickety Boo, the company which produced Billy Connolly's 'World Tour of...' television series. "In The Dreamtime", the song played over the closing credits

New century.

McTell had been busy writing during the previous couple of years and the result was "Red Sky". Recorded at Woodworm and released in 2000 on the Leola label, the album contained 19 listed tracks plus "Tickety-boo" as an instrumental hidden track.  McTell's output was not restricted to songs, however. He had been working on an autobiography for some years and the first volume, entitled "Angel Laughter", was published by Heartland Publishing in 2000.  To promote "Angel Laughter", McTell undertook a tour of bookshops and libraries.  In 2001, McTell undertook a special tour of the UK. Billed as 'The National Tour', it gave McTell a chance to present concerts featuring his newly acquired National Steel resonator guitar. Two live recordings from the National Tour made their way onto the 2002 Leola album "National Treasure".  On Sunday 22 February 2002, McTell appeared

"The Journey".

McTell celebrated his 60th birthday with a concert at London's Royal Festival Hall in November 2004. The entire show was filmed and released on DVD in 2005 as "The London Show".  Leola published "Time's Poems – The Song Lyrics of Ralph McTell" towards the end of 2005. Dedicated "to Woody Guthrie, the man who started it all for me", "Time's Poems" contains "...all the songs I could find in notebooks, on scraps of paper and old tapes, on records and CDs".  In 2006, McTell's 'Walk Into The Morning' tour was a sellout success.  For his 'up close' tour in September 2006, McTell performed a set billed as 'Dylan, Guthrie and

"As Far As I Can Tell".

In October 2007, McTell released an 'audio book' titled "As Far As I Can Tell". The three CDs included readings from the autobiography interspersed with new recordings of the songs they inspired. The "As Far As I Can Tell" treble CD was promoted by a tour that included a concert at St Mary’s church in Banbury, a location that featured in the first volume of autobiography.  A compilation CD comprising McTell’s own selection of songs, including the 'hit' version of "Streets of London", was released in December 2007 on the Highpoint label as "The Definitive Collection".  During 2008, McTell combined the two volumes of his autobiography into a single volume under the title "As Far

Story songs.

McTell released his first downloadable album in July 2009, titled "Streets of London and Other Story Songs", comprising twelve tracks from his back-catalogue.  McTell's summer 2009 festival appearances included a solo set at Fairport's Cropredy Convention on Saturday 15 August. He also joined Fairport Convention onstage during their set later the same evening.  In October 2009, McTell was honoured by the UK Parliament’s All Party Folk Music Group at a special award ceremony in the House of Commons, to celebrate his lifetime's contribution to folk music. This was only the second time such an award had been made, the previous recipient having been Tom Paxton.

Tribute.

McTell was invited to record his own interpretation of a Bob Dylan song for the BBC Radio 2 celebration of Dylan’s 70th birthday in May 2011. "Don’t Think Twice It’s Alright" was also the title of McTell’s own six-song tribute to Dylan, which was released as a downloadable EP.  McTell embarked on a 36-date UK autumn tour in September 2011, culminating in a concert at London's Cadogan Hall on 11 December. On the first night of the tour, McTell launched his new "Songs For Six Strings" boxed set.  In April and May 2012, McTell undertook a short tour of Australia. McTell's 2012 UK tour, branded “An

"About Time".

2015 saw little sign of "slowing things down", as McTell played more than 30 solo shows over the year. Towards the end of the year, McTell started a recording project with one of his earliest performing partners, Wizz Jones. The resulting CD was released in June 2016 with the appropriate title "About Time". McTell's fifty years as a recording artist was marked by Martin Guitars with a'signature' Ralph McTell guitar, built to McTell's specification and marketed as the Martin RM50.  McTell played a special show at the Royal Albert Hall in May 2016. Billed as a 'Loyal Command Performance', the setlist was voted for by McTell's fans, and McTell performed the 20 songs that received the most votes. Summer highlights included McTell's first appearance at the Glastonbury Festival and a return to Fairport's Cropredy Convention. In the autumn McTell undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom and Ireland. The sixth and final CD of McTell's

Ralph McTell (born Ralph May, 3 December 1944) is an English singer-songwriter and acoustic guitar player who has been an influential figure on the UK folk music scene since the 1960s.

拉尔富·麦可泰尔(英语:"Ralph McTell",1944年-12月),原名拉尔富‧梅(英语:Ralph May),出生于英格兰伦敦法恩伯勒,是一名英国创作歌手,原声吉他、钢琴、口琴等音乐弹奏歌手。他在英国六十年代的乡村蓝调和民间音乐中占有一个举足轻重及具影响力的地位。


History.

"The most imposing Italian palace of the 16th century", according to Sir Banister Fletcher, this palace was designed by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, one of Bramante's assistants in the design of St. Peter's and an important Renaissance architect in his own right. Construction began in 1515 after one or two years of preparation, and was commissioned by Alessandro Farnese, who had been appointed as a cardinal in 1493 at age 25 and was living a princely lifestyle. Work was interrupted by the Sack of Rome in 1527.  When, in January 1534 Alessandro became Pope Paul III, the size of the palace was increased significantly and he employed Michelangelo who completed the redesigned third story with its deep cornice and revised the courtyard as well. The post-1534 developments were not only a reflection of Alessandro's change in status but employed architecture to express the power of the Farnese family, much as at their Villa Farnese at Caprarola. The massive palace block and its facade dominate the Piazza Farnese.  Architectural features of the main facade include the alternating triangular and segmental pediments that cap the windows of the piano nobile, the central rusticated portal and Michelangelo's projecting cornice which throws a deep shadow on the top of the facade. Michelangelo revised the central window in 1541, adding an architrave to give a central focus to the facade, above which is the largest papal "stemma", or coat-of-arms with papal tiara, Rome had ever seen. When Paul appeared on the balcony, the entire facade became a setting for his person. The courtyard, initially open arcades, is ringed by an academic exercise in ascending orders (Doric, Ionic and Corinthian). The "piano nobile" entablature was given a frieze with garlands, added by Michelangelo.  On the garden side of the palace, which faced the River Tiber, Michelangelo proposed the innovatory design of a bridge which, if completed, would have linked the palace with the gardens of the Vigna Farnese, Alessandro's holding on the opposite bank, that later became incorporated into the adjacent villa belonging to the Chigi family, which the Farnese purchased in 1584 and renamed the Villa Farnesina. While the practicalities of achieving this bridge remain dubious, the idea was a bold and expansive one.  During the 16th century, two large granite basins from the Baths of Caracalla were adapted as fountains in the Piazza Farnese, the "urban" face of the palace.  The palazzo was further modified for the papal nephew Ranuccio Farnese by Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola. It was completed for the second Cardinal Alessandro Farnese by Giacomo della Porta's porticoed facade towards the Tiber which was finished in 1589.  Following the death of Cardinal Odoardo Farnese in 1626, the palazzo stood virtually uninhabited for twenty years. At the conclusion of the War of Castro with the papacy, Duke Odoardo was able to regain his family properties, which had been sequestered. The resulting inventory (see below) is the oldest surviving complete inventory of Palazzo Farnese.  After Odoardo's death, Pope Alexander VII allowed Queen Christina of Sweden to lodge in the palace for several months, but she "proved a tenant from hell". After her departure for Paris, the papal authorities discovered that her unruly servants not only had stolen the silver, tapestries, and paintings, but also had "smashed up doors for firewood" and removed sections of copper roofing.

Interior decorations.

Several main rooms were frescoed with elaborate allegorical programs including the Hercules cycle in the "Sala d'Ercole" or the Hercules Room, the "Sala del Mappamondo" or The Room of Maps, and the well known "The Loves of the Gods" (1597–1608) in the Farnese Gallery, both by the Bolognese painter Annibale Carracci. Other rooms have frescoes by Daniele da Volterra and by other artists.  For generations, the room with Herculean frescoes accommodated the famous Greco-Roman antique sculpture known as the "Farnese Hercules". Other works from the family collection of classical sculpture were also housed in the palace.  One of the vault and ceiling fresco by Annibale Carracci is "Galleria Farnese", an art gallery. According to Ann Sutherland Harris, "The Galleria frescoes make even more extensive use of ancient sculptural and architectural sources, and in addition take their basic structure from two ceilings by the most prestigious artists of the High Renaissance in Rome, the Loggia of Psyche by Raphael and Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling". Carracci adopted the "quadri riportati", which the ceiling is divided into units and turned it into a collection of framed paintings, along with the cast masks among the garlands, and carved putti, and sculptures supporting the central scene. This large central scene depicts the triumphal progress of Bacchus and Ariadne. Two smaller paintings are attached to the top and bottom of the central picture, and two vertical pictures on either side, filled with sphinxes, Pan, and two satyrs.

Inspired works.

The Palazzo's design has inspired several buildings outside Italy, including the Detroit Athletic Club in Detroit, Michigan; Château Grimaldi near Aix-en-Provence, France; the National Building Museum in Washington, D.C., USA; the Chief Secretary's Building in Sydney; the Banco di Roma in Alexandria, Egypt and the Royal Palace, Stockholm. In England Charles Barry's great admiration for the building led him to use it as the model for London's Reform Club.

Puccini's "Tosca".

In Puccini's opera "Tosca" (1900), set in Napoleonic Rome, the heroine's confrontation with the malevolent chief of police, Scarpia, takes place in Palazzo Farnese. The Palazzo was inherited from the Farnese by the Bourbon kings of Naples, from whom the French government purchased it in 1874. Though the government of Benito Mussolini ransomed it in 1936, the French Embassy remains, under a 99-year lease for which they pay the Italian government a symbolic fee of 1 euro per month.

Palazzo Farnese library.

The Palazzo Farnese houses the great scholarly library amassed by the Ecole Française de Rome, concentrating especially on the archeology of Italy and medieval Papal history. The Ecole Française de Rome embarked on a massive project of publishing as much of the documentation of the constructing of the palazzo, its frescoes and furnishings, library and works of art, fully annotated and indexed. The first three volumes are:

Palazzo Farnese in popular culture.

The Palazzo Farnese was filmed as part of the 2013 Julian Fellowes re-creation of Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet" starring Douglas Booth as Romeo.

Palazzo Farnese () or Farnese Palace is one of the most important High Renaissance palaces in Rome. Owned by the Italian Republic, it was given to the French government in 1936 for a period of 99 years, and currently serves as the French embassy in Italy.

法尔内塞宫(,),或译法尼榭宫,是罗马一座杰出的文艺复兴建筑,目前为法国驻意大利大使馆,坐落在法尔内塞广场(Piazza Farnese)。


Design and development.

Development of a four-engined airliner intended for use on routes from 500 to 2000 kilometers (310 to 1,262 miles) began at the end of 1955. Inspired by the Izdeliye N ("Izdeliye" – article or product) passenger version of the Antonov An-8, the Antonov design bureau developed the Izdeliye U ("U" for "Universal"), a four-engined aircraft with a similar layout to the An-8, but with increased dimensions and a circular-section pressurised fuselage. Early in the design process the choice of engines was between the Kuznetsov NK-4 and the Ivchenko AI-20, and despite superior performance the Kuznetsov NK-4 was eliminated and the Ivchenko AI-20 selected, partly due to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine which wanted as much as possible produced in Ukraine, where the Ivchenko factory was.  The first prototype flew on 7 March 1957, revealing poor directional stability which led to a taller vertical fin, and later to hexagonal auxiliary fins at the tips of the tailplane. Entering production at Zavod (factory) No.64, Voronezh in 1957, the initial three aircraft were delivered with Kuznetsov NK-4 engines, due to non-availability of the Ivchenko AI-20 engines. From 1958, production aircraft were delivered with the Ivchenko AI-20A engines which boasted a longer service life and comparable performance compared to the Kuznetsov engines. The new aircraft was displayed to the public for the first time in July 1957; the design was approved for mass production after testing was completed in June 1959. Aeroflot began operations with the An-10 from 22 July 1959 on the Moscow – Simferopol route.  Configured with 85 seats, the cabin was spacious and well-appointed with comfortable seats widely spaced, giving plenty of legroom, but due to the low cabin floor and wide diameter, there was much unusable space which limited baggage and cargo volume. The inefficient use of cabin volume contributed greatly to the low payload/TOW ratio which was much lower than that of the contemporary Ilyushin Il-18, but which was still higher than the Tupolev Tu-104. A later production version, the An-10A, addressed some of the efficiency concerns by increasing the number of seats from 85 to 89 and 100 (in the two versions of the An-10A), then to 117–118 and finally 132 through reducing seat pitch and changing the cabin layout. Powered by Ivchenko AI-20K engines the An-10A demonstrated superior performance and an increased maximum payload of 14.5 Tonnes (31,970 lb). The auxiliary endplate fins eventually gave way to improved splayed ventral fins under the rear fuselage. The directional stability was now acceptable and the new ventral fins also improved longitudinal stability at high g and on landing approach, as well as delaying the onset of Mach buffet to M0.702. Due to being sited in an area of flow separation, the new ventral fins also caused unpleasant vibrations. Following results of flight tests and at least two fatal crashes, an effective tailplane deicing system was retrofitted to all remaining aircraft.

Operational history.

A total of 104 aircraft were built, including the prototype and static test airframes, entering service with the Ukrainian Civil Aviation Directorate of Aeroflot from 27 April 1959, proving popular due to large cargo volume (when fitted with reduced seating) and excellent field performance, making the aircraft suitable for use on small undeveloped airfields. The Antonov Bureau simultaneously developed and produced the Antonov An-8 medium military transport, the An-10 civil airliner and military paratroop transport, as well as the Antonov An-12 military cargo transport.  On 16 November 1959 CCCP-11167 crashed on final approach near Lviv due to icing.  On 22 April 1962 an An-10A piloted by A. Mitronin achieved a world record 500 km closed loop speed record averaging.  On 26 February 1960, at Lviv Danylo Halytskyi International Airport, CCCP-11180 crashed due to reduced longitudinal stability and control authority caused by icing of the tailplane.  Military use of the An-10 was fairly extensive with 45 An-10TS built for the VTA, 16 flown exclusively by military units and the remaining 38 loaned to the Ministry of Civil Aviation, as well as the flyable aircraft remaining after withdrawal from Aeroflot service.  On 18 May 1972, while descending to Kharkiv International Airport an An-10 crashed, killing eight crew and 113 passengers. An investigation revealed fatigue cracking of the wing centre section stringers on many of the remaining aircraft. Following this accident, Aeroflot ceased operating the An-10.  After withdrawal from Aeroflot service on 27 August 1972, 25 An-10A aircraft which were in good condition were transferred to the VVS (Soviet Air Force) and other MAP (Ministry of Aircraft Production) units. These remaining An-10As were retired by 1974.  A few examples have been preserved as exhibits in museums, and several have been converted into children's theatres (at Kiev, Samara and Novocherkassk).

Accidents and incidents.

Over its life, the An-10 experienced 14 accidents, with 373 fatalities. The An-10 carried more than 35 million passengers and 1.2 million tons of cargo.

The Antonov An-10 (; NATO reporting name: Cat) is a four-engined turboprop passenger transport aircraft designed in the Soviet Union.

安托诺夫安-10(),北约代号猫(Cat),是一型由苏联安东诺夫设计局设计的四发动机涡桨客机。


Pre-Imagism.

Well-known poets of the Edwardian era of the 1890s, such as Alfred Austin, Stephen Phillips, and William Watson, had been working very much in the shadow of Tennyson, producing weak imitations of the poetry of the Victorian era. They continued to work in this vein into the early years of the 20th century. As the new century opened, Austin was still the serving British Poet Laureate, a post he held up to 1913. In the century's first decade, poetry still had a large audience; volumes of verse published in that time included Thomas Hardy's "The Dynasts", Christina Rossetti's posthumous "Poetical Works", Ernest Dowson's "Poems", George Meredith's "Last Poems", Robert Service's "Ballads of a Cheechako" and John Masefield's "Ballads and Poems". Future Nobel Prize winner William Butler Yeats was devoting much of his energy to the Abbey Theatre and writing for the stage, producing relatively little lyric poetry during this period. In 1907, the Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded to Rudyard Kipling.  The origins of Imagism are to be found in two poems, "Autumn" and "A City Sunset" by T. E. Hulme. These were published in January 1909 by the Poets' Club in London in a booklet called "For Christmas MDCCCCVIII". Hulme was a student of mathematics and philosophy; he had been involved in setting up the club in 1908 and was its first secretary. Around the end of 1908, he presented his paper "A Lecture on Modern Poetry" at one of the club's meetings. Writing in A. R. Orage's magazine "The New Age", the poet and critic F. S. Flint (a champion of free verse and modern French poetry) was highly critical of the club and its publications. From the ensuing debate, Hulme and Flint became close friends. In 1909, Hulme left the Poets' Club and started meeting with Flint and other poets in a new group which Hulme referred to as the "Secession Club"; they met at the Eiffel Tower restaurant in London's Soho to discuss plans to reform contemporary poetry through free verse and the tanka and haiku and through the removal of all unnecessary verbiage from poems. The interest in Japanese verse forms can be placed in a context of the late Victorian and Edwardian revival of interest in Chinoiserie and Japonism as witnessed in the 1890s vogue for William Anderson's Japanese prints donated to the British Museum, performances of Noh plays in London, and the success of Gilbert and Sullivan's operetta "The Mikado" (1885). Direct literary models were available from a number of sources, including F. V. Dickins's 1866 "Hyak nin is'shiu, or, Stanzas by a Century of Poets, Being Japanese Lyrical Odes", the first English-language version of the "Hyakunin Isshū", a 13th-century anthology of 100 waka, the early 20th-century critical writings and poems of Sadakichi Hartmann, and contemporary French-language translations.  The American poet Ezra Pound was introduced to the group in April 1909 and found their ideas close to his own. In particular, Pound's studies of Romantic literature had led him to an admiration of the condensed, direct expression that he detected in the writings of Arnaut Daniel, Dante, and Guido Cavalcanti, amongst others. For example, in his 1911–12 series of essays "I gather the limbs of Osiris", Pound writes of Daniel's line "pensar de lieis m'es repaus" ("it rests me to think of her"), from the canzone "En breu brizara'l temps braus": "You cannot get statement simpler than that, or clearer, or less rhetorical". These criteria—directness, clarity and lack of rhetoric—were to be amongst the defining qualities of Imagist poetry. Through his friendship with Laurence Binyon, Pound had already developed an interest in Japanese art by examining Nishiki-e prints at the British Museum, and he quickly became absorbed in the study of related Japanese verse forms.  In a 1915 article in "La France", the French critic Remy de Gourmont described the Imagists as descendants of the French Symbolists. Pound emphasised that influence in a 1928 letter to the French critic and translator René Taupin. He pointed out that Hulme was indebted to the Symbolist tradition, via William Butler Yeats, Arthur Symons and the Rhymers' Club generation of British poets and Mallarmé. Taupin concluded in his 1929 study that however great the divergence of technique and language "between the image of the Imagist and the'symbol' of the Symbolists[,] there is a difference only of precision". In 1915, Pound edited the poetry of another 1890s poet, Lionel Johnson. In his introduction, he wrote

Early publications and statements of intent.

In 1911, Pound introduced two other poets to the Eiffel Tower group: his former fiancée Hilda Doolittle (who had started signing her work H.D.) and her future husband Richard Aldington. These two were interested in exploring Greek poetic models, especially Sappho, an interest that Pound shared. The compression of expression that they achieved by following the Greek example complemented the proto-Imagist interest in Japanese poetry, and, in 1912, during a meeting with them in the British Museum tea room, Pound told H.D. and Aldington that they were "Imagistes" and even appended the signature "H.D. Imagiste" to some poems they were discussing.  When Harriet Monroe started her "Poetry" magazine in 1911, she had asked Pound to act as foreign editor. In October 1912, he submitted thereto three poems each by H.D. and Aldington under the "Imagiste" rubric, with a note describing Aldington as "one of the 'Imagistes'". This note, along with the appendix note ("The Complete Works of T. S. Hulme") in Pound's book "Ripostes" (1912), are considered to be the first appearances of the word "Imagiste" (later anglicised to "Imagist") in print.  Aldington's poems, "Choricos", "To a Greek Marble", and "Au Vieux Jardin", were in the November issue of "Poetry", and H.D.'s, "Hermes of the Ways", "Priapus", and "Epigram", appeared in the January 1913 issue; Imagism as a movement was launched. "Poetry"s April issue published what came to be seen as "Imagism's enabling text", the haiku-like poem of Pound titled "In a Station of the Metro":  The March 1913 issue of "Poetry" contained "A Few Don'ts by an Imagiste" and the essay entitled "Imagisme" both written by Pound, with the latter being attributed to Flint. The latter contained this succinct statement of the group's position:  Pound's note opened with a definition of an image as "that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time". Pound goes on to state,"It is better to present one Image in a lifetime than to produce voluminous works". His list of "don'ts" reinforced his three statements in "Imagism", while warning that they should not be considered as dogma but as the "result of long contemplation". Taken together, these two texts comprised the Imagist programme for a return to what they saw as the best poetic practice of the past. F. S. Flint commented "we have never claimed to have invented the moon. We do not pretend that our ideas are original."  The 1916 preface to "Some Imagist Poets" comments ""Imagism" does not merely mean the presentation of pictures. "Imagism" refers to the manner of presentation, not to the subject."

"Des Imagistes".

Determined to promote the work of the Imagists, and particularly of Aldington and H.D., Pound decided to publish an anthology under the title "Des Imagistes". It was first published in Alfred Kreymborg's little magazine "The Glebe" and was later published in 1914 by Alfred and Charles Boni in New York and by Harold Monro at the Poetry Bookshop in London. It became one of the most important and influential English-language collections of modernist verse. Included in the thirty-seven poems were ten poems by Aldington, seven by H.D., and six by Pound. The book also included work by F. S. Flint, Skipwith Cannell, Amy Lowell, William Carlos Williams, James Joyce, Ford Madox Ford, Allen Upward and John Cournos.  Pound's editorial choices were based on what he saw as the degree of sympathy that these writers displayed with Imagist precepts, rather than active participation in a group as such. Williams, who was based in the United States, had not participated in any of the discussions of the Eiffel Tower group. However, he and Pound had long been corresponding on the question of the renewal of poetry along similar lines. Ford was included at least partly because of his strong influence on Pound, as the younger poet made the transition from his earlier, Pre-Raphaelite-influenced style towards a harder, more modern way of writing. The inclusion of a poem by Joyce, "I Hear an Army", which was sent to Pound by W.B. Yeats, took on a wider importance in the history of literary modernism, as the subsequent correspondence between the two led to the serial publication, at Pound's behest, of "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" in "The Egoist". Joyce's poem is not written in free verse, but in rhyming quatrains. However, it strongly reflects Pound's interest in poems written to be sung to music, such as those by the troubadours and Guido Cavalcanti. The book met with little popular or critical success, at least partly because it had no introduction or commentary to explain what the poets were attempting to do, and a number of copies were returned to the publisher.

"Some Imagist Poets".

The following year, Pound and Flint fell out over their different interpretations of the history and goals of the group arising from an article on the history of Imagism written by Flint and published in "The Egoist" in May 1915. Flint was at pains to emphasise the contribution of the Eiffel Tower poets, especially Edward Storer. Pound, who believed that the "Hellenic hardness" that he saw as the distinguishing quality of the poems of H.D. and Aldington was likely to be diluted by the "custard" of Storer, was to play no further direct role in the history of the Imagists. He went on to co-found the Vorticists with his friend, the painter and writer Wyndham Lewis.  Around this time, the American Imagist Amy Lowell moved to London, determined to promote her own work and that of the other Imagist poets. Lowell was a wealthy heiress from Boston whose brother Abbott Lawrence Lowell was President of Harvard University from 1909 to 1933. She loved Keats and cigars. She was also an enthusiastic champion of literary experiment who was willing to use her money to publish the group. Lowell was determined to change the method of selection from Pound's autocratic editorial attitude to a more democratic manner. This new editorial policy was stated in the Preface to the first anthology to appear under her leadership: "In this new book we have followed a slightly different arrangement to that of our former Anthology. Instead of an arbitrary selection by an editor, each poet has been permitted to represent himself by the work he considers his best, the only stipulation being that it should not yet have appeared in book form." The outcome was a series of Imagist anthologies under the title "Some Imagist Poets". The first of these appeared in 1915, planned and assembled mainly by H.D. and Aldington. Two further issues, both edited by Lowell, were published in 1916 and 1917. These three volumes featured most of the original poets, plus the American John Gould Fletcher, but not Pound, who had tried to persuade Lowell to drop the Imagist name from her publications and who sardonically dubbed this phase of Imagism "Amygism".  Lowell persuaded D. H. Lawrence to contribute poems to the 1915 and 1916 volumes, making him the only writer to publish as both a Georgian poet and an Imagist. Marianne Moore also became associated with the group during this period. However, with World War I as a backdrop, the times were not easy for "avant-garde" literary movements (Aldington, for example, spent much of the war at the front), and the 1917 anthology effectively marked the end of the Imagists as a movement.

Imagists after Imagism.

In 1929, Walter Lowenfels jokingly suggested that Aldington should produce a new Imagist anthology. Aldington, by now a successful novelist, took up the suggestion and enlisted the help of Ford and H.D. The result was the "Imagist Anthology 1930", edited by Aldington and including all the contributors to the four earlier anthologies with the exception of Lowell, who had died, Cannell, who had disappeared, and Pound, who declined. The appearance of this anthology initiated a critical discussion of the place of the Imagists in the history of 20th-century poetry.  Of the poets who were published in the various Imagist anthologies, Joyce, Lawrence and Aldington are now primarily remembered and read as novelists. Marianne Moore, who was at most a fringe member of the group, carved out a unique poetic style of her own that retained an Imagist concern with compression of language. William Carlos Williams developed his poetic along distinctly American lines with his variable foot and a diction he claimed was taken "from the mouths of Polish mothers". Both Pound and H.D. turned to writing long poems, but retained much of the hard edge to their language as an Imagist legacy. Most of the other members of the group are largely forgotten outside the context of the history of Imagism.

Legacy.

Despite the movement's short life, Imagism would deeply influence the course of modernist poetry in English. Richard Aldington, in his 1941 memoir, writes: "I think the poems of Ezra Pound, H.D., Lawrence, and Ford Madox Ford will continue to be read. And to a considerable extent T. S. Eliot and his followers have carried on their operations from positions won by the Imagists."  On the other hand, Wallace Stevens found shortcomings in the Imagist approach: "Not all objects are equal. The vice of imagism was that it did not recognize this." With its demand for hardness, clarity and precision and its insistence on fidelity to appearances coupled with its rejection of irrelevant subjective emotions Imagism had later effects that are demonstratable in T. S. Eliot's 'Preludes' and 'Morning at the Window' and in D. H. Lawrence's animal and flower pieces. The rejection of conventional verse forms in the nineteen-twenties owed much to the Imagists' repudiation of the Georgian Poetry style.  Imagism, which had made free verse a discipline and a legitimate poetic form, influenced a number of poetry circles and movements. Its influence can be seen clearly in the work of the Objectivist poets, who came to prominence in the 1930s under the auspices of Pound and Williams. The Objectivists worked mainly in free verse. Clearly linking Objectivism's principles with Imagism's, Louis Zukofsky insisted, in his introduction to the 1931 Objectivist issue of "Poetry", on writing "which is the detail, not mirage, of seeing, of thinking with the things as they exist, and of directing them along a line of melody." Zukofsky was a major influence on the Language poets, who carried the Imagist focus on formal concerns to a high level of development. Basil Bunting, another Objectivist poet, was a key figure in the early development of the British Poetry Revival, a loose movement that also absorbed the influence of the San Francisco Renaissance poets. In his seminal 1950 essay "Projective Verse", Charles Olson, the theorist of the Black Mountain poets, wrote "ONE PERCEPTION MUST IMMEDIATELY AND DIRECTLY LEAD TO A FURTHER PERCEPTION"; his credo derived from and supplemented the Imagists.  Among the Beats, Gary Snyder and Allen Ginsberg in particular were influenced by the Imagist emphasis on Chinese and Japanese poetry. William Carlos Williams was another who had a strong effect on the Beat poets, encouraging poets like Lew Welch and writing an introduction for the book publication of Ginsberg's "Howl" (1955).

Imagism was a movement in early-20th-century Anglo-American poetry that favored precision of imagery and clear, sharp language. It has been described as the most influential movement in English poetry since the Pre-Raphaelites. As a poetic style it gave modernism its start in the early 20th century, and is considered to be the first organized modernist literary movement in the English language. Imagism is sometimes viewed as "a succession of creative moments" rather than a continuous or sustained period of development. René Taupin remarked that "it is more accurate to consider Imagism not as a doctrine, nor even as a poetic school, but as the association of a few poets who were for a certain time in agreement on a small number of important principles".

意象主义是发生于20世纪初提倡在英裔美国人诗歌中使用精准的意象和清晰、犀利的语言的运动。意象主义被认为是自前拉斐尔运动之后英语诗歌界最有影响力的运动。 意象主义运动促进了现代主义运动在20世纪初的诞生, 并且被认为是英语语言首个有组织的现代主义文学运动。 有时人们会认为意象主义是“一连串的创造性时刻”,而不是一个连续的发展时期。雷奈·多班评论道:“更准确地来说,意象主义既不是一项准则,也不是一个诗歌流派,而是一些诗人在一小部分重要原则上达成的一致意见。”


Description.

For any natural number, an -sphere of radius is defined as the set of points in -dimensional Euclidean space that are at distance from some fixed point, where may be any positive real number and where may be any point in -dimensional space. In particular:

Euclidean coordinates in -space.

The set of points in -space,, that define an -sphere, formula_3, is represented by the equation:  where = is a center point, and is the radius.  The above -sphere exists in -dimensional Euclidean space and is an example of an -manifold. The volume form of an -sphere of radius is given by  where is the Hodge star operator; see for a discussion and proof of this formula in the case. As a result,

-ball.

The space enclosed by an -sphere is called an -ball. An -ball is closed if it includes the -sphere, and it is open if it does not include the -sphere.  Specifically:

Topological description.

Topologically, an -sphere can be constructed as a one-point compactification of -dimensional Euclidean space. Briefly, the -sphere can be described as, which is -dimensional Euclidean space plus a single point representing infinity in all directions. In particular, if a single point is removed from an -sphere, it becomes homeomorphic to. This forms the basis for stereographic projection.

Volume and surface area.

<div style="overflow-wrap: normal">In general, the volume of the -ball in -dimensional Euclidean space, and the surface area of the -sphere in -dimensional Euclidean space, of radius, are proportional to the th power of the radius, (with different constants of proportionality that vary with ). We write for the volume of the -ball and for the surface area of the -sphere, both of radius, where and are the values for the unit-radius case.<div>  In theory, one could compare the values of and for. However, this is somewhat nonsensical. For example, if and then the comparison is like comparing a number of square meters to a different number of cubic meters. The same lack of sense applies to a comparison of and for.

Examples.

The 0-ball consists of a single point. The 0-dimensional Hausdorff measure is the number of points in a set. So, The unit 1-ball is the interval of length 2. So, The 0-sphere consists of its two end-points,. So, The unit 1-sphere is the unit circle in the Euclidean plane, and this has circumference (1-dimensional measure) The region enclosed by the unit 1-sphere is the 2-ball, or unit disc, and this has area (2-dimensional measure) Analogously, in 3-dimensional Euclidean space, the surface area (2-dimensional measure) of the unit 2-sphere is given by and the volume enclosed is the volume (3-dimensional measure) of the unit 3-ball, given by

Recurrences.

The "surface area", or properly the -dimensional volume, of the -sphere at the boundary of the -ball of radius is related to the volume of the ball by the differential equation or, equivalently, representing the unit -ball as a union of concentric -sphere "shells", So,  We can also represent the unit -sphere as a union of tori, each the product of a circle (1-sphere) with an -sphere. Let and, so that and. Then, Since, the equation holds for all.  This completes the derivation of the recurrences:

Closed forms.

Combining the recurrences, we see that So it is simple to show by induction on "k" that, where denotes the double factorial, defined for odd natural numbers by and similarly for even numbers.  In general, the volume, in -dimensional Euclidean space, of the unit -ball, is given by  where is the gamma function, which satisfies,, and.  By multiplying by, differentiating with respect to, and then setting, we get the closed form

Other relations.

The recurrences can be combined to give a "reverse-direction" recurrence relation for surface area, as depicted in the diagram:  Index-shifting to then yields the recurrence relations:  where,, and.  The recurrence relation for can also be proved via integration with 2-dimensional polar coordinates:

Spherical coordinates.

We may define a coordinate system in an -dimensional Euclidean space which is analogous to the spherical coordinate system defined for 3-dimensional Euclidean space, in which the coordinates consist of a radial coordinate, and angular coordinates, where the angles range over radians (or over degrees) and ranges over radians (or over degrees). If are the Cartesian coordinates, then we may compute from with:  Except in the special cases described below, the inverse transformation is unique:  where if for some but all of are zero then when, and (180 degrees) when.  There are some special cases where the inverse transform is not unique; for any will be ambiguous whenever all of are zero; in this case may be chosen to be zero.

Spherical volume and area elements.

Expressing the angular measures in radians, the volume element in -dimensional Euclidean space will be found from the Jacobian of the transformation:  and the above equation for the volume of the -ball can be recovered by integrating:  Similarly the surface area element of the -sphere, which generalizes the area element of the 2-sphere, is given by  The natural choice of an orthogonal basis over the angular coordinates is a product of ultraspherical polynomials,  for, and the for the angle in concordance with the spherical harmonics.

Stereographic projection.

Just as a two-dimensional sphere embedded in three dimensions can be mapped onto a two-dimensional plane by a stereographic projection, an -sphere can be mapped onto an -dimensional hyperplane by the -dimensional version of the stereographic projection. For example, the point on a two-dimensional sphere of radius 1 maps to the point on the -plane. In other words,  Likewise, the stereographic projection of an -sphere of radius 1 will map to the -dimensional hyperplane perpendicular to the -axis as

Generating random points.

Uniformly at random on the -sphere.

To generate uniformly distributed random points on the unit -sphere (that is, the surface of the unit -ball), gives the following algorithm.  Generate an -dimensional vector of normal deviates (it suffices to use, although in fact the choice of the variance is arbitrary),. Now calculate the "radius" of this point:  The vector is uniformly distributed over the surface of the unit -ball.  An alternative given by Marsaglia is to uniformly randomly select a point in the unit -cube by sampling each independently from the uniform distribution over, computing as above, and rejecting the point and resampling if (i.e., if the point is not in the -ball), and when a point in the ball is obtained scaling it up to the spherical surface by the factor ; then again is uniformly distributed over the surface of the unit -ball.

Uniformly at random within the -ball.

With a point selected uniformly at random from the surface of the unit -sphere (e.g., by using Marsaglia's algorithm), one needs only a radius to obtain a point uniformly at random from within the unit -ball. If is a number generated uniformly at random from the interval and is a point selected uniformly at random from the unit -sphere, then is uniformly distributed within the unit -ball.  Alternatively, points may be sampled uniformly from within the unit -ball by a reduction from the unit -sphere. In particular, if is a point selected uniformly from the unit -sphere, then is uniformly distributed within the unit -ball (i.e., by simply discarding two coordinates).  If is sufficiently large, most of the volume of the -ball will be contained in the region very close to its surface, so a point selected from that volume will also probably be close to the surface. This is one of the phenomena leading to the so-called curse of dimensionality that arises in some numerical and other applications.

In mathematics, an -sphere is a topological space that is homeomorphic to a "standard" -"sphere", which is the set of points in -dimensional Euclidean space that are situated at a constant distance from a fixed point, called the "center". It is the generalization of an ordinary sphere in the ordinary three-dimensional space. The "radius" of a sphere is the constant distance of its points to the center. When the sphere has unit radius, it is usual to call it the unit -sphere or simply the -sphere for brevity. In terms of the standard norm, the -sphere is defined as and an -sphere of radius can be defined as

"n"维球面是普通的球面在任意维度的推广。它是("n" + 1)维空间内的"n"维流形。特别地,0维球面就是直线上的两个点,1维球面是平面上的圆,2维球面是三维空间内的普通球面。高于2维的球面有时称为超球面。中心位于原点且半径为单位长度的"n"维球面称为单位"n"维球面,记为"S"。用符号来表示,就是:


汉斯-格奥尔格·冯·弗里德堡

Early life.

Hans-Georg von Friedeburg was born in Strassburg in the German Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine, the son of Prussian officer Karl von Friedeburg (1862–1924).

Military career.

On 1 April 1914 he joined the Imperial Navy as a "Seekadett". After the outbreak of World War I, von Friedeburg, promoted to the rank of "Fähnrich zur See" (Officer Aspirant) served on the dreadnought and took part in the 1916 Battle of Jutland against the British Royal Navy's Grand Fleet. Elevated to "Leutnant zur See", he joined the U-boat forces as naval officer on from June to November 1918.  A prominent German naval officer of the post-war period, he was appointed Deputy Commander of the German U-boat fleet in September 1941. Overseeing German U-boat training and deployment of the U-boat bases in France, he later organised U-boat picket lines in the mid-Atlantic to find and attack Allied convoys. Promoted to Rear Admiral in 1942, von Friedeburg assumed command of the German U-boat fleet in February of the following year. He was awarded the "Ritterkreuz des Kriegsverdienstkreuzes mit Schwertern" on 17 January 1945. He succeeded Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz as Commander-in-Chief of the Kriegsmarine when Dönitz became Reich President upon Hitler's suicide (and per Hitler's last will), and was promoted to general admiral on 1 May 1945.  In early May 1945, von Friedeburg was ordered by Dönitz to negotiate the surrender to the Western Allied forces. Arriving at Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's headquarters in Lüneburg, Germany he was informed that an unconditional surrender to all Allied forces was necessary and not negotiable. Upon receiving permission from Dönitz, he signed an instrument of surrender of all German armed forces in the Netherlands, northwest Germany and Denmark on 4 May 1945. On 7 May 1945, he was present at the first signing of the German Instrument of Surrender by General Alfred Jodl in Reims.  Von Friedeburg was in Berlin on 8 May 1945 for the second signing of the German Instrument of Surrender. He signed on behalf of the Kriegsmarine, along with Colonel General Hans-Jürgen Stumpff for the Luftwaffe and Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel for the Heer and OKW. Marshal Georgy Zhukov and Air Chief Marshal Arthur William Tedder signed for the Soviet Union and SHAEF respectively.

Death.

On 23 May 1945, the same day that members of the Flensburg Government were arrested, von Friedeburg became a prisoner of war of the British Army in Plön, and committed suicide by swallowing poison. His body was buried at Adelby Cemetery near Flensburg.

Personal life.

His son Ludwig von Friedeburg (1924–2010) became a sociologist and later a politician, serving from 1969 and 1974 as Minister for Culture in the state of Hesse.

Hans-Georg von Friedeburg (15 July 1895 – 23 May 1945) was a German admiral, the deputy commander of the U-boat Forces of Nazi Germany and the second-to-last Commander-in-Chief of the Kriegsmarine. He was the only representative of the armed forces to be present at the signing of the German instruments of surrender in Luneburg Heath on 4 May 1945, in Reims on 7 May and in Berlin on 8 May 1945. "Generaladmiral" von Friedeburg committed suicide shortly afterwards, upon the dissolution of the Flensburg Government.

汉斯-格奥尔格·冯·弗里德堡(德语:,1895年-7月15日-1945年-5月23日)是纳粹德国的一位海军大将,曾担任海军潜艇副总司令,也是最后一任的海军总司令。尽管弗里德堡有个犹太人祖母,他仍是纳粹政权的热烈支持者,并受到海因里希·希姆莱党卫队反犹势力的保护。在第一次世界大战后,弗里德堡担任了台下隐藏的潜艇部队指挥官,后来又于1941年9月成为德国潜艇部队副总司令,负责管理德国潜艇部队的训练和基地的运作,后来还在法国沿海布署潜艇警戒线以搜寻和攻击盟军船团。1942年,弗里德堡晋升为海军少将,隔年2月又晋升为德国潜艇总司令。1945年1月17日被授予宝剑骑士战功十字勋章,接着在5月1日晋升为大将,德国海军元帅卡尔·邓尼兹于阿道夫·希特勒自杀后接替成为国家元首后,弗里德堡也成了德国海军总司令。