Current schedules and exceptions.

FIFA regulates in general that there shall be two windows, a longer one (max. twelve weeks) in the break between seasons and a shorter one (max. one month) in the middle of a season. The specific periods depend on the league's season cycle and are determined by the national football authorities.  Most major European leagues commence in the second half of the year (e.g. August or September) and stretch over two calendar years to the first half of the next year (e.g. May), resulting in a close season window in the Summer ending in August, and a mid-season window in January.  The periods are different when a league runs throughout a single calendar year, as in most Nordic countries due to weather constraints, Major League Soccer due to both weather and competition from other locally popular sports (notably basketball and American football), or as the traditional season in the Southern Hemisphere. The first window generally opens from 1 March until midnight of 30 April, followed by the in-season window from 1 to 31 August.  Premier League clubs in England voted to end the summer window on the Thursday before the start of the season - on August 9 in 2018, instead of August 31. Because FIFA demands the window must be open for 12 weeks, the window will open around May 17, shortly after the final games of the season on May 13. Clubs will be able to sell players until August 31 but not buy replacements after the deadline of August 9.  Although, in England, transfers between clubs in the same league can take place as soon as the last competitive fixtures for the season have been played, many transfers will not be completed until 1 July because many players' contracts expire on 30 June. International transfers into the English leagues (including the Premier League) cannot be made until the window has opened on 17 May. Outside the transfer window, a club may still sign players on an emergency basis, usually if they have no goalkeeper available. Special dispensation from their competition's governing body, for example the Premier League, is required. The transfer window restriction does not apply to clubs in or below the National League division.  If the last day of a transfer window is on a weekend, the deadline can be extended to the following Monday at the request of those involved for business reasons. The first shift of the deadline since its inception took place in summer 2008, when the deadline was extended by 24 hours to fall on Monday 1 September at midnight. The transfer deadline in England was similarly extended to 5 pm 1 September 2009, due to the August Bank Holiday. The German football league announced an extension of the January 2009 deadline to 2 February.  Free agents can be signed by a club at any time during the season, if they had been released by their previous club before the end of the transfer window. A club can request to sign a player on emergency basis, e.g. if several goalkeepers are injured at the same time. Outside the transfer window in England, once seven days have passed following the end of a transfer window, clubs from the English Football League (Regulation 53.3.4) and (provided the player is not registered with a club from any league below the National League division) National League division (Rule 6.6.4) can loan in players i) in the first half of the season, until 5.00pm on the fourth Thursday in November and ii) in the second half of the season, until 5.00pm on the fourth Thursday in March. An existing loan deal can be made permanent at any time outside the transfer window.  The day upon which a window closes is known as transfer deadline day, and is usually one of the busiest days of the window, generating a flurry of transfers, often because a number of interdependent transfers are completed resembling a housing chain, generating much media interest.

Calls to end the transfer window.

Steve Coppell, former manager of Reading in England's Premier League, and others have called for the transfer window to be scrapped in favour of the previous system, where deals could be struck throughout the season until the closing weeks. Coppell said that the transfer window breeds panic and encourages "scurrilous" transfer activity adding that "I cannot see the logic in a transfer window. It brings on a fire-sale mentality, causes unrest via the media and means clubs buy too many players" adding that "The old system, where if you had a problem you could look at loans or make a short-term purchase, was far better than this system we have at the moment". Former England Manager Sven-Göran Eriksson has also questioned the value of the transfer window, commenting: "You do wonder at times if it is right to have a window, it was easier when it was open all the time and perhaps fairer for the players. I am sure much of the business being done on the last day is a little bit desperate and that is not right. I think it was better before, but then I am old".  In January 2013 Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger asked for the January transfer window to be limited to two transfers per window and claimed it is "unfair" in its current form. He cited Newcastle United transfer activity as an example. The following year, Wenger hit out at Manchester United's £37m purchase of Juan Mata from rivals Chelsea. Wenger argued that the transfer was unfair because United and Chelsea had already played each other twice during the season, but United would still have to play Arsenal, and said that "the rules should be adapted more for fairness". Manchester City manager Manuel Pellegrini backed the sentiment of Wenger, disagreeing that a player "can go from one team to another team in the same league at this part of the year" and also said that the winter transfer window was unbalanced in favour of big clubs, saying "a club with money can take the best players from the other teams".  Former Crystal Palace manager Alan Pardew questioned why the Premier League transfer window remains open after the start of the season after Arsenal made a bid for midfielder Yohan Cabaye during his time as Newcastle United manager in August 2013.  In January 2015, FIFPro said that the current transfer window system is "failing football and its players", one of the main issues being that players are released from clubs without explanation or compensation.

A transfer window is the period during the year in which a football club can transfer players from other playing staff into their playing staff. Such a transfer is completed by registering the player into the new club through FIFA. "Transfer window" is the unofficial term commonly used by the media for the concept of "registration period" as described in the FIFA Regulations on the Status and Transfer of Player. According to the rules, each national football association decides on the time (such as the dates) of the 'window' but it may not exceed 12 weeks. The second registration period occurs during the season and may not exceed four weeks.

转会窗(transfer window)在足球运动内是代表一年中的特定时期让足球俱乐部可以收购或出售旗下足球员到其他足球会,转会程序经国际足协为新球员确认注册才正式成立。"转会窗"是国际足协规例中有关球员转会的"注册期限"("registration period")的常用字眼。根据规例每个国家的足球协会可自行决定注册期限的实行时间,国际足协指定每年有两个注册期限,首个注册期限由球季结束后展开及不可超越12星期;第二个注册期限在季中展开及不可超越4星期。在国际间的转会案例只需依据加盟球会地区的注册期限。


卡斯特雷特 (哥本哈根)

History.

St. Anne's Redoubt.

King Christian IV of Denmark initiated Kastellet’s construction in 1626 with the building of an advanced post, the Sankt Annæ Skanse (English: St. Anne's Redoubt), on the coast north of the city. The redoubt guarded the entrance to the port, together with a blockhouse that was constructed north of Christianshavn, which had just been founded on the other side of the strait between Zealand and Amager. At that time the fortifications only reached as far north as present day Nørreport station, and then returned south east to meet the coast at Bremerholm, the Royal Shipyard. However, part of the king's plan was to expand the area of the fortified city by abandoning the old East Rampart and instead extend the rampart straight north to connect it to Sankt Annæ Skanse. This plan was not completed until the mid-1640s, shortly after King Frederick III succeeded King Christian IV.

The new citadel.

After the Swedish siege of Copenhagen (1658–1660) the Dutch engineer Henrik Rüse was called in to help rebuild and extend the construction. The fortification was named "Citadellet Frederikshavn" ("The Citadel Frederik's harbor"), but it is better known as Kastellet ("the citadel").  Kastellet was part of the defence of Copenhagen against the United Kingdom in the Battle of Copenhagen (1807).  Christen Købke (1810–1848), Danish painter associated with the Golden Age of Danish Painting, grew up in Kastellet and made many paintings of the area.  During the German invasion of Denmark on 9 April 1940, German troops landing at the nearby harbor captured The Citadel without resistance.  Kastellet was renovated 1989–1999 with funds from the A.P. Møller and Wife Chastine McKinney Møllers General Fund.

Layout.

Gates.

The Citadel has two gates, King's Gate on the south side, facing the city, and Norway Gate on the north side of the edifice, which both date from 1663 as part of Ruise's original citadel. They are built in the Dutch Baroque style, and are on their interior side flanked by guardhouses. The King's Gate is decorated with garlands and pilasters, and a bust of King Frederik III. The clock and two bells on the interior facade of the gate come from the Central Guard House at Kongens Nytorv and were installed in 1874 when the central guard moved to the Citadel. In front of the gate stand two so-called caponiers from where it was possible to keep assaulting troops under fire. The Norway Gate used to face open countryside outside the city, and has therefore been built to a more simple design. The caponiers of this gate were demolished in the late 19th century.

Bastions.

The five bastions are named as follows: The King's Bastion (Kongens Bastion), The Queen's Bastion (Dronningens Bastion), The Count's Bastion (Grevens Bastion), the Princess's Bastion (Prinsessens Bastion) and the Prince's Bastion (Prinsens Bastion).

Moat and "Smedelinien" Outworks.

Smedelinien (English: The Blacksmith's Line) is a system of outworks, separating the inner and the outer moat, located to the south and southwest towards the city. It consisted of four ravelins and three counter guard interconnected by long, low earthworks. On Fyn's Ravelin, one of the eponymous forges has been preserved and is now used by the park authorities. Another forge was built on Falster's Counter Guard in 1709. Rebuilt in 1888, it now serves as residence of military employees. When the Free Port of Copenhagen was constructed, the northern portion of Smedelinien was dug away, but the remaining part was put at the disposal of the City of Copenhagen in 1918 and now serves as parkland.

Buildings.

Commander's House.

The Commander's House (Danish:Kommandantboligen) served as the residence of the commander of Kastellet. It was built in 1725 in the Baroque style by architect and master builder Elias Häuser who also designed the first Christiansborg Palace which burned in 1794. Built in yellow-dressed masonry with white detailing, it consists of two storeys under a red tile roof. The triangular pediment is decorated with a relief and Christian VII's monogram under topped by a crown. It is now the official residence of the Danish Chief of Defence.

The Rows.

The Rows (Danish: Stokkene) are six two-storey terraces which were originally built by Henrik Ruise as barracks for the soldiers based at the Citadel. The dorms measured four by four metres and contained two triple beds, a small table and two benches. Over time they became known under individual names: General Stock where the commanders resided until the Commander's House was built, Artillery Stock for the artillerists, and Star Stock, Elephant Stock, Swan Stock and Fortuna Stock. The Mansard roofs are not part of the original design but date from 1768 when the rows were altered. The original roof profile is today only seen at the end of Artillery Row as seen from the Prince's Bastion.

Southern and Northern Storehouse.

The two storehouses also date from the foundation of the Citadel. They were to store everything need in the event of a siege, and could when full feed the 1,800 men of the garrison, other personnel, and their families for four years. The Southern Storehouse (Danish: Søndre Magasin) served as an arsenal while the Northern Storehouse (Danish: Nordre Magasin) contained a granary.

Powder house.

The Powder House at the Queen's Bastion, which was used for the storage of black powder, is the only surviving of originally two identical powder houses which were built by Domenico Pelli in 1712. The other one was located at the Count's Bastion. It was designed with massive walls and a slightly vaulted ceiling to ensure that a possible explosion would move upward and thereby cause a minimum of damages to the surroundings. When in 1779 a powder house at the East Rampart exploded, causing damages in the Nyboder area and all the way to Bredgade, it was decided that it was too dangerous to store explosives at the Ramparts, and the powder houses at the Citadel instead came into use as a jailhouse.

Church.

The Kastelskirken ("Citadel Church") was built in 1703–4 in heavy Baroque style during the reign of King Frederik IV. It includes sound holes to the prison to enable prisoners to follow services.

Prison.

A prison complex was built on the rear side of the church in 1725. Eye holes in the wall between the church and the prison cells made it possible for the prisoners to follow the church services.  Struensee awaited his execution in Kastellet's prison. The English explorer and pirate John Norcross was the person to be imprisoned at Kastellet for the most extensive period. He spent 32 years in the prison at Kastellet, 16 of the years in a wooden cage.

Windmill.

On the King's Bastion, in the southwestern corner of Kastellet, stands a windmill. Built in 1847, it replaced another mill from 1718 which was destroyed by a storm the year before. The original mill was a post mill while the current mill is of the Dutch type.  Since a fortified city needed secure supplies, including supplies of flour and rolled groats, in the event of siege, numerous windmills were constructed on the bastions. In 1800, a total of 16 windmills were found on the ramparts of Copenhagen. The mill at Kastellet is the last which is still working, while another one, Lille Mølle at the Christianshavn Rampart, was transformed into a private home in 1915 and now survives as a historic house museum.  Russian Empress Consort Maria Feodorovna, daughter of Christian IX of Denmark, got her rye flour from the mill at Kastellet. The Army's Bread Factory would send it to the Imperial Court in Saint Petersburg where she was served øllebrød every morning in the Anichkov Palace.

Central Guard House.

Located just inside the King's Gate, the Central Guard House was built from 1873 to 1874 with an attached jailhouse. The architect is unknown. It replaced the Central Guard house at Kongens Nytorv where the Central Guard had been stationed since 1724.

Kastellet today.

Military use.

The Citadel is still an active military area that belongs to the Danish Defence Ministry. Military activity in the area includes use by the Chief of Staff, the Danish Home Guard ("Hjemmeværnet"), Military Intelligence ("Forsvarets Efterretningstjeneste"), the Judge Advocate Corps ("Forsvarets Auditørkorps"), and the Royal Garrison Library.

Visitation and museums.

In spite of the continuous military presence in the area, the Citadel is today a peaceful, protected area, serving as a public park as well as a cultural-historical monument. It is located close to Langelinie, The Little Mermaid, the Gefion Fountain. It is a popular place to go for a walk on a sunny day, and is very popular with children on account of the many animals and birds in the grounds, including Black-headed gull, Pomeranian duck, European herring gull, Grey heron and Mute swan. The site includes two small museums with limited opening hours. The Garrison's Historical Collections are on display in one of the guard buildings inside the North Gate. The other is the "Livjæger" Museum.

Special events and concerts.

There is a changing of the guard ceremony at the Central Guard House every day at 12.00. Military concerts take place at the drill grounds on summer afternoons at 14.00. The Citadel Church frequently arranges concerts as well.  The Citadel's birthday on 28 October is marked with an annual concert and the wings of the windmill. It is a tradition to promenade on the ramparts on "Store Bededag", a Danish holiday, which is also celebrated with music.

Kastellet, (English: The Citadel) located in Copenhagen, Denmark, is one of the best preserved fortresses in Northern Europe. It is constructed in the form of a pentagon with bastions at its corners. Kastellet was continuous with the ring of bastioned ramparts which used to encircle Copenhagen but of which only the ramparts of Christianshavn remain today.

卡斯特雷特(丹麦语:,中文又称“哥本哈根要塞”)是位于丹麦首都哥本哈根的一座要塞,它的结构为五角星形。其五个堡垒的名称分别为:国王堡垒(Kongens Bastion)、皇后堡垒(Dronningens Bastion)、伯爵堡垒(Grevens Bastion),公主堡垒(Prinsessens Bastion)和王子堡垒(Prinsens Bastion)。卡斯特雷特里有自己的教堂和磨坊。


Origin.

The first New York Fashion Week was created in 1943 by Eleanor Lambert, press director of the American fashion industry’s first promotional organization, the New York Dress Institute.  The event, the world's first organized fashion week, was called "Press Week", and was created to attract attention away from French fashion during World War II, when fashion industry insiders were unable to travel to Paris to see French fashion shows. It was also meant to showcase American designers for fashion journalists, who had neglected U.S. fashion innovations.  Press Week was a success, and fashion magazines like "Vogue", which were normally filled with French designs, increasingly featured American fashion.  By the mid-1950s, the event was known as "Press Week of New York". Spring 1951 (held February 1951) was the 16th Annual Press Week of New York.

Consolidation as "7th on Sixth".

In 1993, the CFDA, led by president Stan Herman and executive director Fern Mallis, consolidated the citywide events known as "New York Fashion Week" by staging them in a cluster of white tents in Bryant Park. The event was branded with the trademark "7th on Sixth."

21st century.

In 2001, "7th on Sixth" was sold to IMG. The exhibition was cancelled in September 2001 due to September 11 attacks.  In 2004, the camera company Olympus became a sponsor of IMG's events, which were then renamed "Olympus Fashion Week."  In 2007, Mercedes-Benz became title sponsor of the IMG-produced events, adding New York to its roster of international "Mercedes-Benz fashion weeks," and dubbing it "MB Fashion Week New York."  In 2010, IMG/Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week New York left the Bryant Park tents, relocating to the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts.  In September 2011, New York designers began live-streaming runway shows, following London, who began in February 2010. Streams were originally offered on YouTube, and later on other sites.  In 2013, IMG and its New York Fashion Week events were sold to William Morris Endeavor (WME) and Silver Lake Partners for $2.3 billion.  In 2014, the CFDA acquired FashionCalendar.com from Ruth Finley, who had managed it (originally in paper, then digital format) for more than 60 years.  In January 2015, Mercedes-Benz announced its departure as title sponsor from WME/IMG's events. Producer Kanye West announced he would gladly take over sponsorship of the event.  In March 2015, WME/IMG announced that it had acquired MADE Fashion Week, which takes place during WME/IMG's events.  In 2015, IMG's events were moved from Lincoln Center to Spring Studios.

Current location.

Following the loss of Bryant Park and later Lincoln Center as hosting site for New York Fashion Week, the event is no longer held in one central location. Locations have included a waterfront carnival, converted railway terminals and a former post office.

Other notable events.

2014.

In February 2014, Dr. Danielle Sheypuk became the first wheelchair-using model to appear in a show for New York Fashion Week; she modeled for designer Carrie Hammer.  In September 2014, Karen Crespo became the first quadruple-amputee to walk at New York Fashion Week, also for Carrie Hammer. On December 12, 2014, a New York state court approved a settlement in a lawsuit by community activists over whether allowing the Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week tents in Damrosch Park was a violation of the public trust doctrine. In accordance with the settlement, the City of New York, the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, and Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts agreed not to renew their contract with IMG. As a result, the February 2015 Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week was the last one staged in Damrosch Park.  In 2014, New York State passed legislation designating models under the age of 18 as child performers, restricting the hours they can perform and requiring additional documentation.

2015.

The fall/winter 2015 shows took place from February 12–19. In that week, actress Jamie Brewer became the first woman with Down syndrome to walk the red carpet at New York Fashion Week, which she did for designer Carrie Hammer.  The spring/summer 2016 shows took place from September 10–17, 2015 at two new locations, Skylight at Moynihan Station in Midtown and Skylight Clarkson Square in SoHo. The economic impact of these shows was estimated to be $900 million and attendance was approximately 125,000 people.  In December 2015, the CFDA announced that it had hired the Boston Consulting Group to study revising the format of New York Fashion Week to adapt to changes brought about by social media. One option being explored is to bifurcate the event, with private showroom appointments of next season's designs for buyers and public fashion shows displaying in-season merchandise for consumers.  The first New York Fashion Week dedicated menswear shows, called "New York Fashion Week: Men's," were produced by the CFDA in 2015.

2016.

Fall/winter 2016 events took place February 11–18, 2016 at a variety of locations around New York City, including Skylight Moynihan, Skylight Clarkson, Chelsea Piers, MADE Studios, and showrooms around town.  The season ended with a number of designers either experimenting with, or planning to adopt, a "see now, buy now model," with items available from the runway immediately after (or even during) the show, rather than six months later. The charge was led by brands such as Burberry, although experiments in the format can be traced back to earlier shows by designers such as Diane von Furstenberg.  Spring/summer 2017 events will be held September 8–15, 2016. (Fashion weeks are traditionally named for the season the clothes will appear at retail, six months after the events, although the trend may be changing due to fundamental shifts in the retail cycle.)  The advent of "see now, buy now" shopping is expected to further transform fashion week, as collections become "in season" and select items are offered from the runway in real time.

2018.

Fall/winter took place February 5–8, 2018, and spring/summer 2019 took place September 6–14, 2018. In February, major venues were Spring Studios, among others.

2019.

Fall/winter 2019 took place on February 6–13, 2019. This NYFW was notable for several reasons. Nine of the ten most booked models for NYFW were models of color. In this season's NYFW, 45.8% of the models booked were people of color, a 1 percentage point increase from the previous season's show. The model with the most bookings was Mayowa Nicholas (Nigeria) with 13 shows, including Tom Ford, Ralph Lauren, and Anna Sui. This season was historic because for the first time, a transgender designer showed at NYFW. Pierre Davis, a transgender woman of color and founder of NO SESSO, debuted an agender collection. The label, which is run by Davis and her partner Arin Hayes, creates "a world of fashion and art inclusive of LGBTQ and ethnic identities."

2020.

The New York Fashion Week fall/winter 2020 took place on February 6- 13, 2020. Vogue listed the top 10 collections of New York Fashion Week Fall 2020 as follows: Marc Jacobs, Michael Kors, Rodarte, Gabriela Hearst, Proenza Schouler, Tory Burch, Tom Ford, Marina Moscone, Collina Strada and Christopher John Rogers. This edition was graced by Miss Earth 2019 Nellys Pimentel, who walked at the Sergio Hudson’s show, is the first-ever Puerto Rican and Caribbean woman to win Miss Earth, one of the Big Four international beauty pageants that promotes environmental awareness and conservation.

Attendance.

Admission to shows at New York Fashion Week is typically in the form of accreditation, with specific events by invitation only.

No "official" New York Fashion Week.

In spite of CFDA's claim to run the "official" New York Fashion Week calendar, and as further purported by publications such as "Women's Wear Daily", it has been pointed out in publications such as "The Fashion Law" that CFDA has "little, in any, legal rights in the NYFW name". Therefore, trademark rights remain unclear, at best.

Trademark litigation.

In 2013 Fashion Week Inc., founded by business executive Trisha Paravas, registered the trademarks “New York Fashion Week,” “NYFW”, and “NYFW The Runway Shows” to use in conjunction with the production of its consumer-based fashion shows after realizing the current slate of New York Fashion Shows were invitation-only and designed for industry professionals and media.  Trisha Paravas launched bi-yearly shows in December 2013 and initially called them "New York Fashion Shows." After her first few shows drew increasing interest, she decided to rebrand it. At the time, Paravas claimed there was no trademark filed for "New York Fashion Week," and filed for “New York Fashion Week” trademark, along with the abbreviation "NYFW."  The Council of Fashion Designers of America, Inc. (CFDA) lacked registrations for the “New York Fashion Week” trademarks, and tried to cancel Fashion Week Inc's registations. Nonetheless, the CFDA was unsuccessful in its effort to have Fashion Week, Inc.’s “New York Fashion Week” trademark cancelled.  On June 28, 2016 Fashion Week Inc. and its CEO Trisha Paravas filed a lawsuit for $10 million against CFDA and WME-IMG for trademark counterfeiting, trademark infringement, false designation of origin, dilution, and unfair competition.  On August 12, 2016, the court denied Paravas and Fashion Week Inc.'s motion for a preliminary injunction. Judge Koeltl held that although Fashion Week, Inc. does have rights in the New York Fashion Week trademark, those rights are “limited” to “online entertainment ticket agency sales.” On the other hand, the court held that the CFDA and WME IMG enjoy rights in the mark for the “broad ambit of organizing and producing fashion shows.”

New York Fashion Week, held in February and September of each year, is a semi-annual series of events (generally lasting 7–9 days) when international fashion collections are shown to buyers, the press, and the general public. It is one of four major fashion weeks in the world, collectively known as the "Big 4", along with those in Paris, London, and Milan. The Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) created the modern notion of a centralized “New York Fashion Week” in 1993, although cities like London were already using their city’s name in conjunction with the words "fashion week" in the 1980s. NYFW is based on a much older series of events called "Press Week", founded in 1943.

纽约时装周(英语:New York Fashion Week,缩写:英语:NYFW)是每年举办两次,面向时尚买手、新闻媒体以及公众的国际时装周。每年2月举办当年秋冬时装周,9月举办次年春夏时装周。纽约时装周与巴黎、伦敦、米兰时装周被称为四大时装周(英语:Big 4)。


Description.

A "horo" was around 1.8 m (6 ft) long and made from several strips of cloth sewn together with a fringe on the top and bottom edges. The cloth strips were sewn together and formed into a sort of bag which would fill with air like a balloon when the wearer was riding a horse. A light framework of wicker, bamboo or whale bone known as an "oikago", similar to a crinoline, which is said to have been invented by Hatakeyama Masanaga during the Ōnin War (1467–1477), was sometimes used to keep the "horo" expanded. Attaching the "horo" generally involved a combination of fastening cords and possibly a staff. The top cords were attached to either the helmet or cuirass of the wearer while the bottom cords were attached to the waist. The family emblem ("mon") of the wearer was marked on the "horo".

Use.

"Horo" were used as far back as the Kamakura period (1185–1333). When inflated the "horo" was said to protect the wearer from arrows shot from the side and from behind. Wearing a "horo" is also said to have marked the wearer as a messenger ("tsukai-ban") or person of importance. According to the Hosokawa Yusai Oboegaki, the diary of Hosokawa Yusai (1534–1610) taking of an elite "tsukai-ban" messenger's head was a worthy prize. "When taking the head of a "horo" warrior, wrap it in the silk of the "horo". In the case of an ordinary warrior, wrap it in the silk of the sashimono".

A was a type of cloak or garment attached to the back of the armour worn by samurai on the battlefields of feudal Japan.

母衣(ほろ)是日本古代骑兵用的一种布幔护具,又名为「幌」或「保吕」。对于有效射程仅30米的和弓,有一定的防御效果。


Plot.

"Ben 10: Ultimate Alien" takes place a few weeks after the events of the. With the Omnitrix having been destroyed in the series finale of "", Ben Tennyson, now sixteen years old, must learn to master the powers of the Ultimatrix, a modified version of the Omnitrix which has the ability to evolve Ben's alien forms into much more powerful versions known as "ultimate forms." The series begins with the exposure of Ben's secret identity to the world by Jimmy Jones, a young internet conspiracy theorist who deduces his identity by studying alien sightings in Ben's hometown of Bellwood. Ben's exposure polarizes public opinion, with younger fans idolizing him, and adults (particularly news anchor Will Harangue) deriding Ben as a menace to society. Ben is now forced to adjust to a new life that not only involves battling the forces of evil alongside his cousin Gwen Tennyson and his friend Kevin Levin, but also his struggle against the pitfalls of his new-found fame.  The first season of "Ultimate Alien" revolves around an Osmosian villain named Aggregor, who kidnaps five powerful aliens from the Andromeda Galaxy in order to steal their powers. Although Ben and his team try to stop Aggregor, he succeeds in absorbing the aliens into himself, becoming virtually unstoppable. Ben then learns from Azmuth, the creator of the Omnitrix and Ultimatrix, that Aggregor's goal is to find the scattered pieces of the Map of Infinity, a map of spacetime which can lead him to a realm known as the Forge of Creation. Aggregor intends to enter the Forge of Creation and steal the powers of an infant Celestialsapien, a species of omnipotent, godlike aliens which can manipulate reality and time to an essentially unlimited extent with their thoughts. Aggregor manages to reach the Forge of Creation and the team pursues him. Both Ben and a 10-year old version of himself are defeated by Aggregor and all hope seems to be lost until Ben's younger self suggests to Kevin that he absorbs the powers of his Omnitrix as he did before when they were both young in order to defeat Aggregor. Kevin refuses and instead absorbs the powers of 16-year old Ben's Ultimatrix and manages to defeat Aggregor, absorbing his powers in the process. Unfortunately, the absorption of too much power overwhelms Kevin, leading him to insanity and an unquechable thirst for more power. This leads to a stand-off between him and Ben, who, after failed attempts at tracking and saving Kevin, resolves to kill Kevin to prevent him from hurting anyone. But with the aid of Gwen, he is able to instead remove Kevin's absorbed powers, saving him and restoring the five aliens from the Andromeda Galaxy back to life.  The second season features primarily self-contained stories, including an episode in which Ben's ultimate forms achieve sentience and attempt to free themselves from within the Ultimatrix. Ben decides to sacrifice himself so that the ultimates can be free; instead, the Ultimatrix recognizes his selflessness and frees both him and the ultimates.  Both the second and third seasons of "Ultimate Alien" primarily focus on the Forever Knights, and particularly their leader, Sir George, an immortal soldier and the origin of the myth of Saint George and the Dragon. George seeks to prevent the threat of Dagon, an extradimensional energy being which he defeated in the 12th century, which now seeks to return to Earth and take over the minds of all humans. George is killed, but Dagon himself is absorbed by Ben's nemesis Vilgax. Ben defeats Vilgax by using George's sword, a weapon built by Azmuth that is powerful enough to destroy planets, to absorb Vilgax's power into itself.  Though tempted by the sword's power to wipe out all evil with a mere thought, Ben overcomes the temptation and returns it to Azmuth. Azmuth, impressed by Ben's exercise of self-control in the face of such strong temptation, tells Ben to give up the Ultimatrix and rewards him with a which he says he has been working on since Ben got hold of the first Omnitrix in the original series. He then departs, telling Ben to use the Omnitrix well and do the right thing.

Video games.

Just like every other iteration of the Ben 10 series, "Ultimate Alien" received a video game based on its premise. The game was available on the 360, PS2, DS, PSP, Wii, and PS3. Ben 10 Galactic Racing is available on the 360, DS, 3DS, Wii, and PS3.

Toys.

"Ben 10: Ultimate Alien" toys were made by Bandai. They were first shown at the New York Toy Fair 2010. The first wave of the toy franchise was released in different places in America in spring 2010. The toys were released in Canada and the United Kingdom in the fall of 2010. McDonald's was also selling six "Ben 10: Ultimate Alien" toys to promote the show.

Ben 10: Ultimate Alien is an American animated television series, the third entry in Cartoon Network's Ben 10 franchise created by team Man of Action (a group consisting of Duncan Rouleau, Joe Casey, Joe Kelly, and Steven T. Seagle), and produced by Cartoon Network Studios. It was slated to premiere after the series finale of "" on March 26, 2010, but instead premiered on April 23, 2010, in the US and in the UK. In India and Latin America, it premiered on October 10, 2010. In Canada, the series started airing on September 12, 2010, on Teletoon.

《Ben 10 终极英雄》(英语:"Ben 10: Ultimate Alien"),为美国时代华纳公司旗下Cartoon Network Studios于2010年推出之电视动画。是Ben 10商标的第三部系列作,分两季52集。由Dwayne McDuffie和Glen Murakami以及Man of Action工作室制作。在美国是在2010年4月23日首播,在台湾、英国和拉丁美洲是在2010年10月10日10:00。美国已经在2012年3月31日播出最后一集,台湾则是在2012年9月27日播出最后一集。中国大陆初期由广东广播电视台嘉佳卡通卫视于2014年9月中到2015年6月15日为全国首播,现节目由腾讯公司旗下的腾讯视频重新配音在网络平台独家播出,以《少年骇客终极异形》名义,与台湾版不同 (大陆版为高清16:9播出,无字幕,在内地配音)。


Description.

The Centennial Bridge is the second major road crossing of the Panama Canal, the first being the Bridge of the Americas. (Small service bridges are built in the lock structures at Miraflores and Gatún Locks, but these bridges are only usable when the lock gates are closed and have limited capacity.)  The Centennial Bridge is located north of the Bridge of the Americas and crosses the Culebra Cut (Gaillard Cut) close to the Pedro Miguel locks. New freeway sections, connecting Arraijan in the west to Cerro Patacon in the east via the bridge, significantly alleviate congestion on the Bridge of the Americas.

History.

The Bridge of the Americas, which opened in 1962, was the only major road crossing of the Panama Canal. The traffic over this bridge was originally around 9,500 vehicles per day; however, this expanded over time, and by 2004 the bridge was carrying 35,000 vehicles per day.  Since the bridge represented a major bottleneck in the Pan-American Highway, Panama's Ministry of Public Works requested tenders for a second canal crossing in October 2000. The contract to build a replacement bridge was awarded in March 2002. An ambitious schedule of just 29 months was set for construction, so that the bridge could open on the 90th anniversary of the first ship transit of the Panama Canal by the cargo ship "Ancon," on 15 August 1914. The bridge was named for Panama's centennial, which occurred on 3 November 2003.  The new bridge was designed by a joint venture between T.Y. Lin International and the Louis Berger Group Inc, and constructed by German-based Bilfinger Berger using resources from its Australian subsidiary Baulderstone Hornibrook. Boston-based transportation architect Miguel Rosales from Rosales + Partners created the concept and initial aesthetic designs for the Panama-Centennial Bridge. Structural engineering contracts were awarded to Leonhardt, Andrä and Partner.  The bridge was inaugurated on schedule on 15 August 2004, although it was opened for traffic on 2 September 2005, when the new highways leading to it were finished.  Part of the access to the Centennial Bridge collapsed in December 2010, following heavy rain and flooding. In November 2011 full traffic was restored.

Construction.

The bridge is a cable-stayed design with a total span of 1,052 m (3,451 ft). The main span is 420 m (1,380 ft) and clears the canal by 80 m (262 ft), allowing large vessels to pass below it. The bridge is supported by two towers, each 184 m (604 ft) high. The deck carries six lanes of traffic across the canal.  The Centennial Bridge is designed to withstand the earthquakes which are frequently recorded in the canal area. It was built by the German construction firm Bilfinger.  The West Tower was built about 50 m inland to allow space for the future widening of the Panama Canal.

Panama's Centennial Bridge () is a major bridge crossing the Panama Canal. It was built to supplement the overcrowded Bridge of the Americas and to replace it as the carrier of the Pan-American Highway. Upon its opening in 2004, it became the second permanent crossing of the canal.

巴拿马的世纪大桥()是跨越巴拿马运河的一座公路斜拉桥。该桥的修建是为了缓解美洲大桥的交通压力,并替代它成为泛美公路的载体。大桥2004年开通后,成为第二条跨越运河的永久通道。


Club career.

Paulista.

Born in Santo Anastácio, Victor joined São Paulo FC's youth setup in 1997, aged 14. However, a year later he moved to Paulista FC, due to the limited prospect of playing in the first-team. Victor was called up to the main squad in 2000, but had to wait until 2003 to make his senior debut. He served his first years mostly as a backup to Rafael Bracalli, but in 2006, after the latter's move to C.D. Nacional, he was chosen as first-choice; Victor also was a part of the squad which won the 2005 Copa do Brasil, but remained as a substitute in the both legs of the final.

Grêmio.

On 18 December 2007, Victor joined Grêmio, with the "Tricolor" paying R$400,000 for a half of his registration rights. He retained a starting spot during his first games at the club, but suffered an injury on 24 February 2008, being sidelined for one and a half month. Victor returned from injury and was an undisputed starter during the year, appearing in all matches during the Brasileirão and winning the Prêmio Craque do Brasileirão for best goalkeeper of the tournament. In 2009, he was again the championship's best, winning both the Bola de Prata and the Craque do Brasileirão, but his contribution was reduced due to call-ups to the national side. In the summer, Victor was linked to Bari and Benfica, but nothing came of it.  On 18 June 2010, he signed a new contract with Grêmio, running until 2015. Victor remained in the starting eleven, and his side finished fourth. However, in the following years, Grêmio struggled to keep the same levels of the past seasons, but he appeared 32 times in 2011.

Atlético Mineiro.

On 29 June 2012, Victor joined Atlético Mineiro for a €3.5 million fee, signing a five-year contract. He immediately became the first-choice goalkeeper in his new club, appearing in 29 matches as Galo finished second in the 2012 Campeonato Brasileiro. In 2013, Victor was one of the key figures of Atlético Mineiro's 2013 Copa Libertadores winning run. An iconic moment for him and the club happened in the second leg of that competition's quarter-finals, when a penalty kick was awarded to Club Tijuana in injury time. It would have meant elimination for Atlético if it had been scored, but was saved by Victor with his foot. The save, according to sports commentators and fans, represented the kicking out of the club's historic "bad luck". Victor also made saves in the penalty shoot-outs against Newell's Old Boys in the semi-finals and Club Olimpia in the finals, and was elected the competition's best goalkeeper.

International career.

On 21 May 2009, Victor was called up for the second time (2005 was the first) to the Brazilian national team for 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification. On 10 August 2010, he made his debut with the main squad, starting in a 2–0 friendly match win against United States. He was included as a substitute goalkeeper in the Brazilian squad for 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup. Also, he was part of the squad for 2011 Copa América. On 7 May 2014, Victor was included among the 23-man squad ahead of 2014 FIFA World Cup.

Personal life.

Victor is Roman Catholic.

Honours.

Club.

Paulista  Grêmio  Atlético Mineiro

International.

Brazil

Victor Leandro Bagy (born 21 January 1983), known as Victor, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for Atlético Mineiro as a goalkeeper.

维克托·莱昂德罗·巴吉(,1983年-1月21日),简称维克托(Victor),是一名巴西足球运动员,现效力于巴西足球甲级联赛球队米内罗竞技。


彼得罗巴甫洛夫斯克级战列舰

Background and description.

Tsar Alexander III's ambitious building programme of 1882 called for construction of 16 battleships in 20 years for the Baltic Fleet. By 1890 the program was behind schedule and the director of the Naval Ministry, Vice Admiral, proposed that six first-class and four second-class battleships be built together with some armored coast-defense ships to make up the numbers required. The "Petropavlovsk"-class ships were designed as first-class battleships to meet his requirement for a heavily armored ship that displaced and had a speed of, a maximum draught of and a range of with good seakeeping qualities.  The design began as an enlarged and improved version of the battleship, but with her main armament of four guns mounted in lighter barbettes rather than the heavy gun turrets of the older ship. Based on experience with, in which the casemate-mounted secondary armament could often not be worked in rough weather, the Naval Technical Committee (NTC) adopted the layout of the American s with the secondary armament mounted in turrets on the upper deck. Use of the lighter barbette mounting allowed for a flush-deck hull, which gave the design high freeboard. It was approved in January 1891 by the NTC with a displacement of and a full-length waterline armor belt.  The design was intended to have a maximum speed of 17 knots using forced draft, but model testing of the hull showed that it could only reach. Rather than delay construction by redesigning the hull, the navy accepted the slower speed. Development of the quick-firing (QF) gun meant that an upper belt of armor was necessary and the weight required was gained by shortening the waterline armor belt, which left the ships' ends protected only by the sloping armor deck. Other changes included the replacement of the barbettes with turrets of the same type as used in the battleship and the substitution of QF guns for the original guns. This last change saved enough weight to permit four more six-inch guns to be added.  The "Petropavlovsk"-class ships were long overall, had a beam of and a draught of. Designed to displace, they were overweight and actually displaced. The ships were the first flush-decked battleships built for the navy. They had a partial double bottom, and the hull was divided by 10 watertight transverse bulkheads; a centerline bulkhead divided the machinery spaces. The upper part of the hull between the main and upper decks curved inwards (tumblehome). The "Petropavlovsk"s had a designed metacentric height of and were good seagoing ships. Their crew consisted of 26–27 officers and 605–625 enlisted men; "Petropavlovsk" had a crew of 750 when serving as a flagship.  The ships were powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller, using steam generated by 14 cylindrical boilers at a working pressure of. Unlike her sisters, "Sevastopol" had 16 boilers. The engines were rated at and designed to reach a top speed of 16 knots. "Poltava" and "Petropavlovsk" used turbines and boilers imported from Britain and slightly exceeded their specifications; during their sea trials, the ships reached maximum speeds of from, respectively. "Sevastopol", using domestically built machinery, only reached a speed of from, despite the extra boilers. The Naval Ministry chose not to exercise the penalty provisions of the contract for failing to attain the design speed because it had specified the machinery to be used. The "Petropavlovsk"s carried a maximum of of coal which allowed them to steam for at a speed of.

Armament.

The main armament of the "Petropavlovsk" class consisted of four 40-caliber 12-inch guns mounted in twin-gun turrets fore and aft of the superstructure. They used hydraulic power for loading and traversing, but the ammunition hoists were electrically powered. Designed to fire one shell every 90 seconds, the rate of fire of the guns in service proved to be one round every three minutes. The structure of the turrets proved to be too weak to withstand extra-strength charges and had to be reinforced. The guns could elevate to a maximum of +15° and traverse 270°; each was provided with 58 rounds. They fired a shell at a muzzle velocity of. This gave them a range of at an elevation of 10°.  The secondary armament of the ships consisted of a dozen 45-caliber QF Canet Model 1892 six-inch guns. Eight of these were mounted in four twin-gun turrets on the upper deck and the remaining four guns were on pedestal mounts in unarmored embrasures in the sides of the hull, one deck below and between the turrets. Electric motors traversed the turrets and worked the ammunition hoists, but the guns were elevated manually. They had a 135° arc of fire, and the guns could elevate to a maximum of +15° and depress to −5°. The rate of fire of the turret-mounted guns was generally only about half that (two to three rounds per minute) of the pedestal-mounted guns. The motors and mechanism of the ammunition hoists were troublesome and sometimes reduced the rate of fire down to one round per minute. The guns in the hull could traverse 100° and each six-inch gun was provided with 200 rounds. Their muzzle velocity of gave their shells a maximum range of.  Smaller guns were carried for defense against torpedo boats. These included a dozen quick-firing (QF) Hotchkiss guns in hull embrasures and on the superstructure. They fired a shell at a muzzle velocity of. Twenty-eight smaller Maxim QF guns were positioned in hull embrasures, on the superstructure and in the fighting tops. They fired a shell at a muzzle velocity of.  The "Petropavlovsk"-class ships carried four torpedo tubes, all above water, mounted on the broadside and two broadside underwater tubes. The forward 15-inch tubes were near the forward main gun turret and were unprotected by any armor; aft, the 15-inch tubes were protected by the upper armor belt. The underwater tubes were protected underneath the armor deck, forward of the forward 12-inch magazine. Each ship also carried 50 mines to be laid to protect its anchorage in remote areas.  The ships were fitted with Liuzhol stadiametric rangefinders that used the angle between two vertical points on an enemy ship, usually the waterline and the crow's nest, to estimate the range. The gunnery officer consulted his references to get the range and calculated the proper elevation and deflection required to hit the target. He transmitted his commands via a Geisler electro-mechanical fire-control transmission system to each gun or turret.

Protection.

The Russian armor-plate industry had not yet mastered the process for forming thick steel plates so the armor for these ships was ordered from companies in Germany and the United States. Even they could not produce enough of the latest types of armor plate in the quantities required for all three ships. "Petropavlovsk" had ordinary nickel steel, while "Sevastopol" used Harvey armor and "Poltava" was fitted with the latest Krupp armor. The thicknesses of the armor plates varied in an attempt to equalize their effectiveness. In "Petropavlovsk", the maximum thickness of the waterline armor belt over the machinery spaces was, which reduced to 12 inches abreast the magazines and tapered to a thickness of 8 inches at its bottom edge. In the other two ships, it was thick over the machinery spaces, over the magazines and at its lower edge. The belt covered of the ships' length and was high, of which the upper was intended to be above the waterline. It terminated in transverse bulkheads thick fore and aft, leaving the ends of the ships unprotected. Above the waterline belt was an upper strake of armor that ran between the turret bases, seven and a half feet high. The ends of the upper belt were closed off by five-inch angled transverse bulkheads that connected the ends of the upper belt to the turret support tubes.  The armor of the main-gun turrets and their supporting tubes was 10 inches thick (Krupp armor in "Poltava", nickel steel in the other two) with roofs thick. The turrets of the secondary armament had 5-inch sides with roofs. The six-inch guns in the hull embrasures were unprotected. The sides of the conning tower were 9 inches thick while the armor deck in the central citadel was 2 inches thick. Outside the area covered by the belt armor, the flat portion of the deck was thick, while the sloped portion was thick.

Service.

"Petropavlovsk" was the first of the sisters to enter service; she departed Kronstadt on 17 October 1899 and reached Port Arthur on 10 May 1900. Upon her arrival, she became flagship of the Pacific Squadron commander, Vice Admiral Nikolai Skrydlov. The ship supported international efforts to suppress the Boxer Rebellion in mid-1900. "Poltava" and "Sevastopol" departed for Port Arthur on 15 October 1900 and arrived on 12 and 13 April 1901 respectively. "Petropavlovsk" was the flagship of Vice Admiral Oskar Stark at the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War in February 1904.  During the Battle of Port Arthur on the second day of the war, "Poltava" was hit twice in the aft hull, "Petropavlovsk" was hit three times in the bow and "Sevastopol" was hit once. Between them, the sisters had two men killed and seven wounded and were not significantly damaged. None of them made any hits on Japanese ships. The Naval Ministry relieved Stark, and he was replaced by Vice Admiral Stepan Makarov who assumed command on 7 March. On 31 March, "Petropavlovsk" and "Poltava" sortied to support Russian cruisers and destroyers engaging their Japanese counterparts, but they headed back to Port Arthur to join the rest of the Pacific Squadron when the main Japanese battlefleet appeared. They ran into a newly laid minefield en route and "Petropavlovsk" struck at least one of the mines, sinking in less than two minutes. Casualties included Admiral Makarov and his guest, the war artist Vasily Vereshchagin, 26 other officers and 652 enlisted men. Only 7 officers and 73 crewmen were rescued.  The new commander, Vice Admiral Wilgelm Vitgeft, made an attempt to lead the Pacific Squadron to Vladivostok on 23 June, but abandoned the sortie when the squadron was discovered and pursued by the Japanese. While returning to Port Arthur, "Sevastopol" struck a mine, and the ship took on an estimated of water; despite the flooding she was able to keep up with the fleet and reached port successfully. While under repair, which lasted until 9 July, a fire broke out aboard the ship, killing 2 crewmen and injuring another 28. All of the 47- and 37-millimeter guns in the lower hull embrasures were removed from "Poltava" and "Sevastopol" during this time; some were remounted on the superstructure, but others were used to reinforce the land defenses of Port Arthur.  Vitgeft made another attempt to break through the Japanese blockade on 10 August in obedience to a direct order from Tsar Nicholas II. The squadron was spotted relatively quickly, and the Japanese main fleet intercepted the Russians in the early afternoon. In the resulting the Battle of the Yellow Sea, "Poltava" and "Sevastopol" were the last battleships in the Russian column and the former, slowed by engine problems, became the primary target of the Japanese battleships and armored cruisers when Vitgeft maneuvered the squadron past the Japanese and forced them into a stern chase. Shortly before sunset, a lucky hit killed Vitgeft and threw the squadron into confusion. The Russian second-in-command, Rear Admiral Prince Pavel Ukhtomsky, eventually gained control of the squadron and led most of the ships back to Port Arthur. "Poltava" was hit by 12–14 large-caliber shells and lost 12 crewmen killed and 43 wounded; "Sevastopol" was hit by several shells that killed 1 and wounded 62 crewmen. On 23 August, "Sevastopol" sortied to bombard Japanese troops and struck a mine near her forward magazines while returning to port. She was badly damaged and three of her magazines were flooded. The ship was towed back into Port Arthur and her repairs lasted until 6 November. In the meantime, the new squadron commander, Rear Admiral Robert Viren, decided to use the men and guns of the Pacific Squadron to reinforce the defenses of Port Arthur, and even more guns were stripped from the squadron's ships. By September "Poltava" had dismounted three 6-inch, four 47- and twenty-six 37-millimeter guns, and "Sevastopol" lost one 47- and twenty-six 37-millimeter guns. Both ships were lightly damaged by shells in October when the Imperial Japanese Army's siege guns began firing blindly into the harbor. The capture of Hill 203, which overlooked the harbor, on 5 December allowed them to fire directly at the Russian ships, and "Poltava" was sunk in shallow water that same day by a shell that started a fire in a magazine that eventually exploded. By 7 December all of the Russian battleships except "Sevastopol" had been sunk and the ship's captain, Nikolai Essen, anchored her under the guns of the remaining coast defense guns outside the harbor. He rigged torpedo nets and laid a minefield around his ship that thwarted repeated attacks until 16 December when one torpedo struck the ship in the stern during a blinding snowstorm. Badly damaged, "Sevastopol" was towed to deep water about two weeks later, when Port Arthur surrendered on 2 January 1905 and scuttled. "Poltava" was subsequently raised, repaired and reclassified as a first-class coastal defense ship in the Imperial Japanese Navy. Renamed "Tango" (丹後), she served as a gunnery training ship and participated in the Siege of Tsingtao at the beginning of World War I. She was sold back to Russia in March 1916 as the countries were now allies against the Central Powers and arrived in Vladivostok on 2 April 1916. Renamed "Chesma" ("Чесма"), because her original name was being used by a, the ship arrived in Port Said, Egypt, on 19 September, and later supported efforts to intimidate the Greek Government into supporting Allied operations in Macedonia. She arrived at Alexandrovsk on 16 January 1917 after a brief refit in Birkenhead and became flagship of the Arctic Flotilla. Her crew joined the Bolsheviks in October 1917 and "Chesma" was captured by the British in Murmansk in March 1918 during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War. The ship was already in poor condition, and the British immobilized her when they departed Russia in October 1919. She was stricken from the Navy List on 3 July 1924 and subsequently scrapped.

The "Petropavlovsk" class, sometimes referred to as the "Poltava" class, was a group of three pre-dreadnought battleships built for the Imperial Russian Navy during the 1890s. They were transferred to the Pacific Squadron shortly after their completion in 1899–1900 and were based at Port Arthur before the start of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. All three ships participated in the Battle of Port Arthur on the second day of the war. sank two months after the war began after striking one or more mines laid by the Japanese. Her two sister ships, and, took part in the Battle of the Yellow Sea in August 1904 and were sunk or scuttled during the final stages of the Siege of Port Arthur in early 1905.

彼得罗巴甫洛夫斯克级战列舰(俄语来源常称波尔塔瓦级战列舰,),是俄罗斯帝国海军在十九世纪末建造的一级3艘前无畏舰。三舰在建成后不久都派往旅顺港(俄方称亚瑟港)加入太平洋舰队旅顺分舰队(后来改称第一太平洋舰队)。首舰彼得罗巴甫洛夫斯克号长期作为太平洋舰队旗舰,在战争爆发两个月后即触雷沉没,成为俄国损失的第一艘主力舰。其余两舰参加了黄海海战,在旅顺会战中被日本陆军重炮击伤,二号舰波尔塔瓦号坐沉,三号舰塞瓦斯托波尔号则由俄军官兵自沉。


Description and history.

The column was made of brick, and covered with brass plaques. The column stood on a marble pedestal of seven steps, and was topped by a colossal bronze equestrian statue of the emperor in triumphal attire (the "dress of Achilles" as Procopius calls it), wearing an antique-style muscle cuirass, a plumed helmet of peacock feathers (the "toupha"), holding a "globus cruciger" on his left hand and stretching his right hand to the East. There is some evidence from the inscriptions on the statue that it may actually have been a reused earlier statue of Theodosius I or Theodosius II.  The column survived intact until late Byzantine times, when it was described by Nicephorus Gregoras, as well as by several Russian pilgrims to the city. The latter also mentioned the existence, before the column, of a group of three bronze statues of "pagan (or Saracen) emperors", placed on shorter columns or pedestals, who kneeled in submission before it. These apparently survived until the late 1420s, but were removed sometime before 1433. The column itself is described as being of great height, 70 meters according to Cristoforo Buondelmonti. It was visible from the sea, and once, according to Gregoras, when the "toupha" fell off, its restoration required the services of an acrobat, who used a rope slung from the roof of the Hagia Sophia. By the 15th century, the statue, by virtue of its prominent position, was actually believed to be that of the city's founder, Constantine the Great. Other associations were also current: the Italian antiquarian Cyriacus of Ancona was told that it represented Heraclius. It was therefore widely held that the column, and in particular the large "globus cruciger", or "apple", as it was popularly known, represented the city's "genius loci". Consequently, its fall from the statue's hand, sometime between 1422 and 1427, was seen as a sign of the city's impending doom. Shortly after their conquest of the city in 1453, the Ottomans removed and dismantled the statue completely as a symbol of their dominion, while the column itself was destroyed around 1515. Pierre Gilles, a French scholar living in the city in the 1540s, gave an account of the statue's remaining fragments, which lay in the Topkapi Palace, before being melted to make cannons: The appearance of the statue itself with its inscriptions is preserved, however, in a 1430s drawing (see left) made at the behest of Cyriacus of Ancona.

The Column of Justinian was a Roman triumphal column erected in Constantinople by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I in honour of his victories in 543. It stood in the western side of the great square of the Augustaeum, between the Hagia Sophia and the Great Palace, and survived until 1515, when it was demolished by the Ottomans.

查士丁尼柱(Column of Justinian)是君士坦丁堡的一根凯旋柱,由拜占庭皇帝查士丁尼一世所立,纪念他在543年的胜利。它位于巨大的奥古斯塔广场的西侧,介于圣索菲亚大教堂与君士坦丁堡大皇宫之间。它一直幸存到16世纪初,才被奥斯曼帝国拆除。


Plot synopsis.

Don Bellows (Franchot Tone), a prominent architect, is engaged to the beautiful and wealthy Gail Armitage (Margaret Lindsay) when he meets down-and-out Joyce Heath (Bette Davis), who was once the most promising young actress on Broadway. Don feels deeply indebted to Joyce because her performance as Juliet inspired him to become an architect.  While rehabilitating her, Don falls in love with the tempestuous actress. Joyce, convinced she destroys anything and anyone she touches, warns him she is a jinx. Compelled to save her, Don breaks his engagement to Gail and risks his fortune to back the actress in a Broadway show. Before opening night, he insists they marry, but Joyce resists his proposal, hiding the fact she is married to Gordon Heath (John Eldredge), an ineffectual but devoted man who was financially ruined by their marriage.  Joyce goes to Gordon and begs him for a divorce. When he refuses, she causes an automobile accident that cripples him for life. Her own injuries keep her from opening in the show, which fails. Don is ruined, and when he learns that Joyce has deceived him, he accuses her of being a completely selfish woman, her only true jinx.  Joyce briefly considers suicide, but eventually sees the truth in Don's accusation. She re-opens the show and, although she truly loves Don, sends him away to marry Gail. The show is a success, and Joyce, now dedicated to a responsible life, goes to visit Gordon and salvage her marriage.

Production.

Bette Davis initially turned down the script, but Warner Bros. studio production chief Hal B. Wallis convinced her she could make something special out of the character, who had been inspired by one of Davis' idols, actress Jeanne Eagels. She was determined to look like an actress on the skids, and insisted Orry-Kelly design costumes appropriate for a woman who had seen better days. It was for this film Perc Westmore styled her hair in the bob cut she would favor for the rest of her life.  Franchot Tone, who recently had completed "Mutiny on the Bounty", was borrowed from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to bolster Davis' marquee value. Davis was immediately drawn to the actor, who was engaged to Joan Crawford at the time. Producer Harry Joe Brown later revealed he had walked in on Davis and Tone in a compromising position. Crawford apparently knew about the liaison, but didn't break the engagement. Most biographers believe this was the start of the alleged feud between the two actresses.  Three songs by Harry Warren - "Forty-Second Street," "The Little Things You Used to Do," and "Sweet and Slow" - are heard on the soundtrack. The other song was "Bridal Chorus" by Richard Wagner.  In 1941, the film was remade as "Singapore Woman" with Brenda Marshall in the lead role. It coincidentally utilized some of the sets from "The Letter", the 1940 film starring Davis.  Davis won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance, but always felt it was a consolation prize for not having been nominated for "Of Human Bondage" the previous year. In 2002, Steven Spielberg anonymously bought the Oscar Davis had won at auction at Sotheby's and returned it to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. The statuette had been part of the memorabilia displayed by the Planet Hollywood restaurant chain.

Critical reception.

"The New York Times" wrote "That Bette Davis has been unable to match the grim standard she set as Mildred in "Of Human Bondage" is not to her discredit. In "Dangerous", she tries again. Except for a few sequences where the tension is convincing as well as deadly she fails...Say this for Miss Davis: she seldom lets down."  "Variety" wrote "Laird's dialog is adult, intelligent and has a rhythmic beat. Davis' performance is fine on the whole, despite a few imperfect moments. When called upon to reach an intense dramatic pitch without hysterics, Davis is capable of turning the trick. Yet there are moments in "Dangerous" when a lighter acting mood would be opportune."  Writing for "The Spectator" in 1936, Graham Greene gave the film a mixed review. Characterizing the story as "poor, [and] the ending atrociously sentimental", and criticizing Margaret Lindsay's portrayal of Gail, Greene also praised Bette Davis for her portrayal of Joyce, and concluded that the film was "a picture to see for [Bette Davis'] sake"—"unusual, but only because of Miss Davis."

Dangerous is a 1935 American drama film directed by Alfred E. Green and starring Bette Davis in her first Oscar-winning role. The screenplay by Laird Doyle is based on his story "Hard Luck Dame".

《女人女人》(Dangerous)是一部1935年上映的美国电影。贝蒂·戴维斯在剧中饰演一个酗酒的麻烦不断的女演员,并因此片荣获奥斯卡最佳女主角奖。


Geography.

In the Jervis Bay Territory on the southern side of the bay are the settlements of Greenpatch, Hyams Beach, and Bowen Island. From north to south on the New South Wales shore of the bay are Callala Beach, Callala Bay, Huskisson and Vincentia. Beecroft Peninsula, on the northern side of the bay, has been used as a bombing range by the Australian Navy. Point Perpendicular forms the southern end of the peninsula. Jervis Bay is approximately a three-hour drive south of Sydney. A door to door shuttle service is available between Sydney Airport and the South Coast everyday.

Geology.

Jervis Bay is a drowned river valley and formed 15,000 years ago, at the end of the last ice age. The bay took on its present appearance around 4000 BC after the sea levels had risen, and as sand dune barriers created the southern peninsula. Much of the rock in Jervis Bay is part of the Sydney Basin sandstone formation, which is 280-225 million years old, although lower areas are overlain with Tertiary-era sediments.  Several features at Jervis Bay have been used as evidence that the Australian coast experienced many giant tsunamis prior to European colonisation.

Climate.

Jervis Bay experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: "Cfb"), with average maximum temperatures varying from 16°C in winter to 25°C in summer tempered by sea breezes. The highest recorded temperature is 42.1°C in January, and the lowest 4.7°C in August.  Hot summer evenings are often relieved by a front of rapidly moving cool air known as a southerly buster.  Rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the seasons, with a bias to the first half of the year, due to prevailing easterlies. Short high intensity rainfall events may happen at any time of the year and can lead to local flooding. Jervis Bay also experiences thunderstorms during the warmer months bringing lightning, heavy rain and occasionally hail.  Yearly rainfall is influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation.

Environment.

Significant areas of the Jervis Bay natural environment are Booderee National Park, Jervis Bay National Park and the Jervis Bay Marine Park.  Some of the land on both sides of the bay have been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because the coastal heathland supports the largest sub-population of the endangered eastern bristlebird, isolated from other sub-populations.  Jervis Bay has been recorded as having the whitest sand in the world.

History.

Archaeological evidence at Burrill Lake, 30 kilometres south of Jervis Bay, shows Aboriginal occupation dating back 20,000 years.  Jervis Bay was sighted by Lieutenant James Cook aboard on 25 April 1770 (two days after Saint George's Day) and he named the southern headland Cape St George.  In August 1791 Lieutenant Richard Bowen, aboard the convict transport ship "Atlantic", part of the Third Fleet, sailed into the bay and named it in honour of Admiral John Jervis, under whom he had served. In November 1791 Master Matthew Weatherhead entered the bay aboard, which had also been part of the Third Fleet, in order to undertake repairs to the ship.  In mid 1797, survivors of the wreck of passed through the area on foot, while undertaking an arduous trek of 600 kilometres in an attempt to get to Port Jackson (Sydney) – only three of them completed the journey.  Explorer George Bass entered the bay on 10 December 1797 and named Bowen Island.  Alexander Berry's takeover of land in the Shoalhaven displaced Aboriginal people who were moved in 1822 to Wreck Bay. Smallpox and syphilis significantly reduced local populations. A separate population of Aborigines, who settlers called 'the Jervis Bay tribe' - the Wandandian people - remained on their traditional lands on the bank of Currambene Creek (near Huskisson) and around St Georges Basin, until well into the C20th.  Jervis Bay is named after Sir John Jervis, Admiral of the Fleet, Earl of St. Vincent, and first Viscount St. Vincent.  In 1841, the township of South Huskisson on Jervis Bay was founded as a seaport and terminus of The Wool Road.  The land now comprising the Jervis Bay Territory was surrendered by the state of New South Wales to the Commonwealth Government in 1915 to provide a seaport for the new Federal capital under construction at Canberra, which would be Australia's only inland capital.  In the late 1960s, Australia's first nuclear power plant was proposed for the area, and a site was prepared. However, the project did not proceed.

Recreation.

Jervis Bay is well known for recreational fishing, kayaking, paddleboarding, sailing and scuba diving, with tour operators departing from Huskisson and amateurs using boat ramps at bayside towns and camp sites. Popular diving sites include The Labyrinths, Gorgonian Wall, Point Perpendicular, a submerged Fairey Firefly aeroplane, scallop beds, Middle Ground, Ten Fathom Reef, and Bowen Island.  Jervis Bay is also known for whale watching, because whale migration, both north and south, can be observed as the animals pass the entrance to the bay, frequently entering the sheltered waters to rest. The majority of whales sighted at Jervis Bay are humpbacks, which migrate along Australia's east coast from June to November. Southern right whales are also showing a slow but steady increase in recent years as they re-colonize former habitats, having been extensively hunted in the 19th and 20th centuries. Other species sighted have been false killer whales, orcas, minke whales and, on one occasion, a blue whale.

Tourism.

Tourism in Jervis Bay is one of the most important avenues of income for many of the local residents, with many businesses orienting themselves towards it. The Jervis Bay Visitors Information Centre is at Huskisson, and is part of the Lady Denman Maritime Museum and Gallery. Local Council-managed Visitor Information Centres are at Nowra and Ulladulla.

Jervis Bay (, ) is a oceanic bay and village on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia, said to possess the whitest sand in the world. It is surrounded by Jervis Bay and Wreck Bay.

杰维斯湾(英语:Jervis Bay;“Jervis” 或当地),又译查维斯湾或渣维斯湾,是一个位于澳大利亚东南部的大海湾,湾岸分属新南威尔士州、杰维斯湾领地及澳大利亚首都领地的一块飞地,是澳大利亚首都领地的出海口。澳洲皇家奎斯威尔海军学院(HMAS Creswell)就在杰维斯湾畔的杰维斯湾领地内,位于杰维斯湾村(Jervis Bay Village)及格兰柏治(Greenpatch)之间。


格林维尔 (阿拉巴马州)

History.

Greenville was first settled in 1819. Its original name was Buttsville, but after becoming the county seat in 1822, its name was changed to Greenville, in remembrance of the former locale in South Carolina of many of the original settlers. The first county seat was at Fort Dale, a fortification that was named for Sam Dale, who fought to defend the area during the Creek War. The site of Fort Dale lies on the north of the city near the Fort Dale Cemetery, along what is now Alabama Highway 185.  The namesake of the county, Captain William Butler, was killed during the Creek War. He is buried in the Pioneer Cemetery, which is across from the oldest church in Butler County, the First United Methodist Church of Greenville.  During World War II, a satellite camp for German prisoners was based in Greenville.

Geography.

Greenville is located in southern Alabama at 31°49'52.583" North, 86°37'39.241" West (31.831273, -86.627567). Interstate 65 passes to the west of the city center, with access from exits 128 and 130. U.S. Route 31 passes to the east of the city center. Montgomery, the state capital, is northeast, the closest city to Greenville with a population above 50,000. Mobile is to the southwest on I-65.  According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Greenville has a total area of, of which is land and, or 0.82%, is water.

Climate.

The city of Greenville has a humid subtropical climate, with an average high temperature of and an average low temperature of. The city averages of precipitation per month.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, there were 8,135 people, 3,332 households, and 2,126 families residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 55.5% Black or African American, 41.7% White, 0.0% Native American, 1.8% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 0.5% from two or more races. 1.3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  In the city, 27.3% of the population was under the age of 18, 8.6% were 18 to 24, 25.0% were 25 to 44, 24.4% were 45 to 64, and 14.8% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.3. For every 100 females, there were 82.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.7 males.  There were 3,332 households. Of those, 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.0% were married couples living together, 25.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.2% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.06.  The median income for a household in the city was $26,664, and the median income for a family was $31,107. Males had a median income of $33,716 versus $24,928 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,649. About 20.3% of families and 24.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.1% of those under age 18 and 20.9% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

Primary and secondary education.

Public education is provided by the Butler County Board of Education.  Private schools in Greenville include Fort Dale Academy and Camellia City Christian School.

Economy.

Prior to the Civil War, cotton farming was the main occupation in Butler County. During the 1850s lines along the Mobile and Ohio Railroad were constructed, making the county a major trading center. Greenville was a railroad town and became the center of commerce between Montgomery and south Alabama. During the late nineteenth century, the construction of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad through Greenville contributed further to the town's success. At the turn of the century, Gulf Red Cedar Company and Factory in Greenville became a noted bucket manufacturing enterprise.  Today, Greenville has a diverse industrial manufacturing base of companies in the textile, wood products, automobile, and other industries. Major employers include Hwashin American Corporation, Hysco America Corporation, CorStone Industry, and Connector Manufacturing.

Law and government.

The local government of Greenville is run by the Mayor and City Council. The city council consists of five members each elected from single member districts. The city is located in Alabama's 2nd Congressional District and is currently represented by U.S. Representative Martha Roby.

Media.

Radio stations.

WGYV has applied to relocate its license to Aurora, Indiana.

Recreation and culture.

Greenville was a common setting in the 2002 movie "Sweet Home Alabama". None of the movie was actually filmed in Greenville.  The city's residents were featured on the premiere episode of the ABC reality/game show series "My Kind of Town", on Sunday, August 14, 2005.  The 2007 movie "Honeydripper" was shot in locations around Greenville in late summer and fall of 2006. The film featured sites located on Main Street in the city's historic downtown. Local residents were selected as principal characters and extras for the movie. New Beginnings Ministry's church choir was featured in the film.  Located in Greenville is the historic Ritz Theatre, a local theatre where community events and plays can be performed for the city. Annually, the city's Area Arts Council will perform a musical revue by the name of "Puttin' on the Ritz" which has a different theme each year.  Greenville is the location of a Robert Trent Jones-designed golf course, Cambrian Ridge, northwest of downtown, and to Sherling Lake Park and Campground which has 41 campsites and surrounds two lakes just east of the golf course.  Greenville is also the home of the Watermelon Jubilee, a local arts and crafts exposition held each year in the month of August. Every year in September, the city hosts the Butler County Fair. Also, during the fall, Greenville hosts Old Time Farm Day which features activities such as tractor races, blacksmithing and quilting demonstrations. Watermelon Jubilee no longer held

Greenville is a city in Butler County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census, the population was 8,135. The city is the county seat of Butler County and is known as the Camellia City. The movement to change the official Alabama state flower from the goldenrod to the camellia originated in Greenville with legislative sponsors LaMont Glass and H.B. Taylor.

格林维尔(),是美国阿拉巴马州下属的一座城市,是巴特勒县的县城。面积约为21.36平方英里(约合 55.31平方公里)。根据2000年人口普查,该市有人口7,228人。根据2010年人口普查,该市有人口8,135人,人口密度为380.94/平方英里(约合147.08/平方公里)。


Plot.

Dr. Martin Harris and his wife Liz arrive in Berlin for a biotechnology summit. At their hotel, Harris realizes he left his briefcase at the airport and takes a taxi to retrieve it. The taxi is involved in an accident and crashes into the Spree, knocking him unconscious. The driver rescues him but flees the scene. Harris regains consciousness at a hospital after being in a coma for four days.  When Harris returns to the hotel, he discovers his wife with another man. She says this man is her husband and declares she does not know Harris. The police are called, and Harris attempts to call a colleague, to no avail. He writes down his schedule for the next day from memory. When he visits the office of Prof. Leo Bressler, whom he is scheduled to meet, "Dr. Harris" is already there. As Harris attempts to prove his identity, "Harris" provides identification and a family photo, both of which have his face. Overwhelmed by the identity crisis, Harris loses consciousness and awakens back at the hospital. Smith, apparently an assassin sent to target Harris, kills Gretchen Erfurt, Harris's attending nurse, but Harris escapes.  Harris seeks help from Erfurt's friend, private investigator and former Stasi agent Ernst Jürgen. Harris's only clues are his father's book on botany and Gina, the taxi driver, a Bosnian illegal who has been working at a diner since the crash. While Harris persuades her to help him, Jürgen researches Harris and the biotechnology summit, discovering it is to be attended by Prince Shada of Saudi Arabia. The prince is funding a secret project headed by Bressler, and has survived numerous assassination attempts. Jürgen suspects that the identity theft might be related.  Harris and Gina are attacked in her apartment by Smith and another assassin, Jones; they escape after Gina kills Smith. Harris finds that Liz has written a series of numbers in his book, numbers that correspond to words found on specific pages. Using his schedule, Harris confronts Liz alone; she tells him that he left his briefcase at the airport. Meanwhile, Jürgen receives Cole at his office and reveals his findings about a secret assassination group known as Section 15. Jürgen soon deduces that Cole is a former mercenary and member of the group. Knowing Cole is there to kill him and with no way of escape, Jürgen commits suicide to protect Harris.  After retrieving his briefcase, Harris parts ways with Gina. When she sees him kidnapped by Cole and Jones, she steals a taxi and follows them. When Harris awakes, Cole explains that "Martin Harris" is just a cover name created by Harris. His head injury caused him to believe the cover persona was real; when Liz notified Cole of the injury, "Harris" was activated as his replacement. Gina runs over Jones before he can kill Harris, then rams Cole's van, killing him as well. After Harris finds a hidden compartment in his briefcase containing two Canadian passports, he remembers that he and Liz were in Berlin three months earlier to plant a bomb in Prince Shada's suite.  Now aware of his own role in the assassination plot, Martin seeks to redeem himself by thwarting it. Hotel security immediately arrests Martin and Gina, but Martin proves his earlier visit to the hotel. After security is convinced of the bomb's presence, they evacuate the hotel.  Harris realizes that Section 15's target is not Prince Shada. It is Bressler, who has developed a genetically modified breed of corn capable of surviving harsh climates. Liz accesses Bressler's laptop and steals the data. With Bressler's death and the theft of his research, billions of dollars would fall into the wrong hands. Seeing that the assassination attempt has been foiled, Liz tries and fails to disarm the bomb before it explodes. Harris kills "Harris", the last remaining Section 15 assassin, before he can murder Bressler. While Bressler announces that he is giving his project to the world for free, Harris and Gina—with new identities—board a train together.

Cast.

Many German actors were cast for the film. Bock had previously starred in "Inglourious Basterds" (which also starred Diane Kruger) and "The White Ribbon". Other cast includes Adnan Maral as a Turkish taxi driver and Petra Schmidt-Schaller as an immigration officer. Kruger herself is also German, despite playing a non-German character.

Production.

Principal photography took place in early February 2010 in Berlin, Germany, and in the Studio Babelsberg film studios. The bridge the taxi plunges from is the Oberbaumbrücke. The Friedrichstraße was blocked for several nights for the shooting of a car chase. Some of the shooting was done in the Hotel Adlon. Locations include the Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin Hauptbahnhof, Berlin Friedrichstraße station, Pariser Platz, Museum Island, the Oranienburger Straße in Berlin and the Leipzig/Halle Airport. According to Andrew Rona, the budget was $40 million. Producer Joel Silver's US company Dark Castle Entertainment contributed $30 million. German public film funds supported the production with €4.65 million (more than $6 million). The working title was "Unknown White Male".

Release.

"Unknown" was screened out of competition at the 61st Berlin International Film Festival. It was released in the United States on February 18, 2011.

Critical response.

On Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, the film has an approval rating of 55% based on 200 reviews; the average rating is 5.81/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Liam Neeson elevates the proceedings considerably, but "Unknown" is ultimately too derivative – and implausible – to take advantage of its intriguing premise." On Metacritic the film has an average weighted score of 56 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.  Richard Roeper gave the film a B+ and wrote, "At times, "Unknown" stretches plausibility to the near breaking point, but it's so well paced and the performances are so strong and most of the questions are ultimately answered. This is a very solid thriller." Justin Chang of "Variety" called it "an emotionally and psychologically threadbare exercise".

Box office.

"Unknown" grossed $63.7 million in North America and $72.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $136.1 million.  It finished a number one opening at its first week of release with $21.9 million.

Unknown is a 2011 action-thriller film directed by Jaume Collet-Serra and starring Liam Neeson, Diane Kruger, January Jones, Aidan Quinn, Bruno Ganz, and Frank Langella. The film, produced by Joel Silver, Leonard Goldberg and Andrew Rona, is based on the 2003 French novel by Didier Van Cauwelaert published in English as "Out of My Head" which was adapted as the film's screenplay by Oliver Butcher and Stephen Cornwell. The narrative centers around a professor who wakes up from a four-day long coma and sets out to prove his identity after no one recognizes him, including his own wife, and another man claims to be him.

《无名杀机》(英语:Unknown)是一部2011年由赞美·哥勒施拉执导的惊悚片,连恩·尼逊、詹纽瑞·琼斯、艾丹·奎因及黛安·克鲁格主演,剧情根据法国作家迪迪尔·范·考委拉尔特所写的2003年法国小说(英文名:Out of My Head)改编而成。于2011年2月18日在美国上映。影片入围了第61届柏林电影节的竞赛单元。


Biography.

Vsevolod Anatolyevich Chaplin was born on 31 March 1968 to the family of an agnostic professor of radio engineering in Moscow. He attended school in Golyanovo, Moscow.  After he finished secondary education in 1985, he joined the staff of the Publishing Department of the Moscow Patriarchate. On recommendation of Metropolitan, he entered the Moscow Theological Seminary, graduating in 1990.  From October 1990 to March 2009, he was in the Department for External Church Relations (DECR) of the Moscow Patriarchate, beginning as an ordinary staffer (1990–1991) before moving into public affairs (1991–1997), then being secretary (1997–2001) and vice-president (2001–2009). At the same time as being in the DECR, he continued studies at the Moscow Theological Academy, defending his thesis and graduating in 1994.  He was ordained to the diaconate on April 21, 1991, and to the priesthood on January 7, 1992. He was elevated to archpriest in 1999. In 2009 he was appointed chairman of the newly created synodal department for the Cooperation of Church and Society of the Moscow Patriarchate.  On 24 December 2015, by the decision of the Holy Synod he was released from this position of head of the Department for the Cooperation of Church and Society, the latter being merged with the Information Department headed by. Chaplin was also removed from the.  Shortly after his dismissal, Chaplin gave a series of interviews which were sharply critical of Patriarch Kirill who he said would "not last much longer". In March 2017, he described people who fled to the West as traitors and expressed support for the killing of "traitors". He died in Moscow.

Committees.

In addition to his other work, Fr. Vsevolod was a member of:

Public statements.

Fr Vsevolod's role as Chairman of the Department for the Cooperation of Church and Society meant that he made public statements on religion and ethics, including:

Relationship with Patriarch Kirill.

Vsevolod Chaplin was one of the closest and loyal people of Kirill for many years, said the former Patriarch Alexy II, congratulating him with the birthday in 2008 year. They both were the main developers of. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation calls Chaplin: "Patriarch Kirill's right-hand man" (2014 year).

Vsevolod Chaplin (; 31 March 1968 — 26 January 2020) was a Russian celibate priest of the Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate). He was the chairman of the Synodal Department for the Cooperation of Church and Society of the Moscow Patriarchate from 2009 to December 2015.

弗谢沃洛德·安纳托列维奇·卓别林(,1968年-3月31日-2020年-1月26日),是一名俄罗斯正教会的祭司。自2009年至2015年12月,他曾担任莫斯科牧首区教会与社会合作部部长。