伊莉莎维塔·图克塔米谢娃

Personal life.

Elizaveta Sergeyevna Tuktamysheva (occasionally romanized Tuktamisheva) was born 17 December 1996 in Glazov, Udmurtia, Russia. Her mother teaches algebra and geometry and was her daughter's class teacher from the 5th to 9th grade. Her father, a former skier who later coached soccer, died in April 2011. Her sister, Evgenia, is seven years younger and has also taken up skating. The family moved from Glazov to Saint Petersburg in August 2011.

Career.

Early career.

Tuktamysheva started skating at the age of four, after meeting girls interested in the sport at a summer camp. Her first coach was Svetlana Veretennikova in Glazov. Alexei Mishin observed Tuktamysheva at a competition in Belgorod but did not invite her into his group, considering her technique too incomplete. A year later he saw her again and changed his mind due to her ability to jump high, but she had to rework the technique on all of her jumps. Since her family could not afford to move to a big city, she remained in Glazov, continuing to train under Veretennikova, but regularly visited Mishin in Saint Petersburg, where she lived in a dormitory. The train journey from Glazov to Saint Petersburg took 27 hours. Until the summer of 2011, she would spend an average of one to two weeks in Saint Petersburg and the rest of the month in Glazov.  Tuktamysheva was called a figure skating prodigy by the Russian media, because at the age of 12 she performed difficult jumps, such as the triple axel in practice, but she did not attempt the triple axel in competition until 2015. In 2008, she placed tenth at the Russian Championships. Mishin was criticized for allowing Tuktamysheva to participate in the senior Russian Championships (2008) at only 11 years old.  In 2009, Tuktamysheva won the silver medal at the Russian Championships, after placing fourth in the short program and first in the free skating. She placed second with a margin of 0.67 points behind champion Adelina Sotnikova, who is half a year older than Tuktamysheva. Mishin said his student was Russia's "main hope for the gold medal at the Sochi Olympics". Despite her medal, she was not sent to any ISU Championships, including Junior Worlds, because she was not old enough according to ISU rules.  At the 2010 Russian Championships, Tuktamysheva was tenth after the short program but earned 124.57 points in the free skate and was able to win a bronze medal. Her technical marks were higher than even those of male competitors. In March, she skated in the "Kings on Ice" ice show. During the summer, she took part in training camps in Estonia, Italy and Germany in preparation for the new season.

2010–2011 season: Junior World silver.

In the 2010–11 season, Tuktamysheva was old enough to compete in ISU Junior competitions. She won her Junior Grand Prix events in Germany and Romania and qualified for the Junior Grand Prix Final. At the Final, she placed second in both programs to win silver behind Adelina Sotnikova. At the 2011 Russian Championships, she placed seventh in the short program and 3rd in the long, to win the bronze medal. She won the Russian Junior Championships by placing first in both programs. At the 2011 World Junior Championships, she won the silver medal behind teammate Adelina Sotnikova.  Tuktamysheva settled with her family in Saint Petersburg in the summer of 2011. In preparation for the new season, she took part in Mishin's training camps in Jaca (Spain), Tartu (Estonia), and Pinzolo (Italy).

2011–2012 season: Grand Prix debut and Youth Olympics.

According to ISU age rules, Tuktamysheva was eligible for the senior Grand Prix circuit during the 2011–12 season, although not for senior ISU Championships. She was assigned to two Grand Prix events, the 2011 Skate Canada International and 2011 Trophée Éric Bompard. Tuktamysheva replaced the injured Sarah Meier at the Japan Open in October and won the event. Tuktamysheva debuted on the senior Grand Prix circuit at Skate Canada International, where she won the gold medal with a combined personal best score of 177.38 points, becoming the youngest champion in the event since Tracey Wainman in 1981. She dedicated the win to her late father. Tuktamysheva then won gold at 2011 Trophée Éric Bompard to qualify for her first senior Grand Prix Final. She is the first ladies' skater to win her senior debut event and to win both events in her senior Grand Prix debut. At the Grand Prix Final, she finished fourth with a combined total of 174.51 points.  At the 2012 Russian Championships, Tuktamysheva was seventh in the short program and fourth in the free skate and finished sixth overall. She then competed at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics and won the gold medal. Tuktamysheva withdrew from the 2012 World Junior Championships in order to prepare for the following season, including working on the triple axel.

2012–2013 season: National title and European bronze.

In the summer before the 2012–13 season, Tuktamysheva sustained a knee injury. She was assigned to 2012 Skate Canada International and the 2012 Trophée Éric Bompard, entering both events as the defending champion. In October, Mishin said that her participation at Skate Canada International was uncertain due to injury and growth issues. Tuktamysheva did compete in Skate Canada International, placing sixth in the short program and third in the free skate. She finished fourth overall with a total score of 168.00, just 0.04 less than bronze medalist Kanako Murakami. At the 2012 Trophée Éric Bompard, Tuktamysheva was third in the short program and second in the free skate. She obtained a personal best free skating score, 121.36 points, and won the silver medal ahead of teammate Yulia Lipnitskaya. Tuktamysheva qualified for the Grand Prix Final in Sochi, Russia, where she was fifth in the short program and second in the long, finishing fifth overall. At the 2013 Russian Championships, also held in Sochi, she placed first in the short program but fell ill with a cold before the free skate. Mishin initially indicated that she would withdraw but later she and her team decided she would compete. Tuktamysheva said, "I might find myself in an even worse situation in the future. I have to know how to handle it, so we decided to skate." She finished first in the free skate and won her first senior national title.  At the 2013 European Championships, Tuktamysheva placed fourth in the short program, first in the long program, and won the bronze medal overall. She and silver medalist Adelina Sotnikova were Russia's first medalists in the Europeans ladies' event since Irina Slutskaya won the title in 2006. At the 2013 World Championships, Tuktamysheva was fourteenth in the short program after falling from a sit spin and singling her double Axel. She placed eighth in the long program and finished tenth overall in her Worlds debut. At the 2013 World Team Trophy in Tokyo, she finished tenth individually while Team Russia was fourth overall.

2013–2014 season.

Tuktamysheva started her season at the 2013 Finlandia Trophy. Placing sixth in the short and second in the free, she won the bronze medal behind Akiko Suzuki and Yulia Lipnitskaya. At the 2013 Skate America, she placed ninth in the short and third in the free, finishing fourth overall with 176.75 points. Despite a back injury, she competed at her next event, the 2013 Rostelecom Cup, and finished fourth behind Mirai Nagasu. After taking the bronze medal at the 2013 Golden Spin of Zagreb behind Miki Ando, Tuktamysheva competed as the defending champion at the 2014 Russian Championships. She came in tenth after placing ninth in both segments. On 2 March 2014, she sustained an ankle injury at the Russian Cup Final — the preliminary diagnosis suggested a torn ankle ligament. Although she hoped to resume training at the end of March, her injury took longer to heal and she returned to the ice in mid-June.

2014–2015 season: World Champion.

Tuktamysheva began her season by winning her first ISU Challenger Series (CS) event, the 2014 Nebelhorn Trophy, where she outscored teammate Alena Leonova by almost six points and American Gracie Gold by over ten points. She then won another CS title at the 2014 Finlandia Trophy, defeating American Samantha Cesario by more than 30 points. She also won CS title at the 2014 Warsaw Cup and with these results she later became the winner of the 2014–15 ISU Challenger Series.  Tuktamysheva started her Grand Prix season at the 2014 Skate America; she placed first in the short and second in the free skate, taking the silver medal behind Elena Radionova. At her next event, the 2014 Cup of China, she won the gold medal, beating teammate Yulia Lipnitskaya. The results qualified her to the Grand Prix Final, which she won with a new personal best combined total of 203.58, ahead of Radionova and American Ashley Wagner. At the 2015 Russian Championships, Tuktamysheva placed second in both programs, finishing with the silver behind Radionova. She subsequently won the 2015 European Championship by a slim margin of 0.86, finishing second in the short program and first in the free skate, posting personal bests in both segments.  At the 2015 World Figure Skating Championships, Tuktamysheva won the short program with a new personal best of 77.62, the third highest short program score under the ISU Judging System. She performed the triple axel for the first time in major competition, becoming the sixth woman to complete the jump and the fourth to do so at the World Championships. She also completed a triple toe-triple toe combination and a triple Lutz, making her the first woman to land four triples in the short program. Tuktamysheva went on to win the free skate with a score of 132.74, for a total of 210.36. She decisively won the event, earning 16.76 points over silver medalist Satoko Miyahara, becoming the third Russian woman to win the World Championships (after Maria Butyrskaya in 1999 and Irina Slutskaya in 2002 and 2005).  After her victory, Tuktamysheva ended her season skating for team Russia at the 2015 World Team Trophy. She placed second in the short program, 0.33 points behind Gracie Gold, earning 11 points. She then won the free program with a score of 134.21 (including a triple Axel), winning 12 points, which greatly aided Team Russia in winning the silver medal.

2015–2016 season.

In the spring of 2015, Tuktamysheva went to Switzerland to work with Stéphane Lambiel on new programs and spent time training with Carolina Kostner while she was there. Lambiel choreographed Peer Gynt, her free program, and I Put a Spell on You, intended as her short program but which she decided to use as her exhibition. Benoît Richaud created her new short program, Carmina Burana.  Tuktamysheva began her season by placing third in the individual competition of the Japan Open before winning the gold medal at the 2015 International Cup of Nice. Turning to the Grand Prix series, she won silver at Skate Canada International behind Ashley Wagner after placing seventh in the short program but winning the free skate. At the Trophée Éric Bompard in Bordeaux, France, she placed fifth in the short program after falling on a triple Axel. Due to the cancellation of the free skate following the November 2015 Paris attacks, the short program standings were accepted as final. As a result, she finished as the second alternate for the 2015–16 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final and was unable to defend her title. Tuktamysheva finished first in the 2015–16 ISU Challenger Series standings after winning gold medals at the 2015 Warsaw Cup and at the 2015 Golden Spin of Zagreb with a season's best score of 201.33 points. After the Warsaw Cup, Tuktamysheva decided to switch back to her Boléro short program from the previous season. At the 2016 Russian Championships, she finished eighth after placing ninth in the short and sixth in the free skate. She was named as an alternate for the 2016 European Championships.  Tuktamysheva was invited to the 2016 Team Challenge Cup but withdrew due to an ankle injury.

2016–2017 season.

Tuktamysheva began her season competing at the 2016 CS Nebelhorn Trophy where she won the silver medal, after placing first in the short and second in the free skate. She then competed at the 2016 CS Finlandia Trophy where she placed fourth. In her Grand Prix events, she placed third at 2016 Cup of China and fourth at 2016 Skate Canada International. After her Grand Prix events she competed at one more Challenger event, 2016 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb, where she won the silver medal.  At the 2017 Russian Championships Tuktamysheva finished 8th. In February 2017 she competed at the 2017 Winter Universiade where she placed fourth.

2017–2018 season.

Tuktamysheva started her season by competing in two Challenger events. First she competed at the 2017 CS Lombardia Trophy where she placed sixth and then she skated at the 2017 CS Finlandia Trophy where she won the bronze medal. In her Grand Prix events, she placed 7th at the 2017 Cup of China and ninth at the 2017 Internationaux de France. After the Grand Prix events she skated her third Challenger event of the season, at the 2017 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb where she won the bronze medal.  At the 2018 Russian Championships Tuktamysheva finished seventh.

2018–2019 season: Comeback.

In the summer before the start of the 2018-19 season, Tuktamysheva began training both the triple Axel and the triple Lutz-triple toe loop combination again with the intention of adding both components back into her programs in competition. She started her season in September at the 2018 Lombardia Trophy where she won the gold medal by a margin of over 21 points over the silver medalist, her training mate Sofia Samodurova, after placing first in both the short program and the free skate. During her free skate, she landed a fully rotated triple axel but stepped out of the landing and received negative GOE for the jump. Nevertheless, Tuktamysheva's final score of 206.07 was her best result since the 2014-2015 season.  At the 2018 Finlandia Trophy, Tuktamysheva again won gold after placing first in both segments. She attempted the triple axel in her free skate, as well as in her short program for the first time in competition. Both attempts were ratified as fully rotated, but received negative grades of execution (GOE) due to three-turns out of the landings of both jumps.  Tuktamysheva competed at her first Grand Prix assignment, 2018 Skate Canada International at the end of October. She won the competition by a narrow margin of just 0.26 points over silver medalist Mako Yamashita after a costly fall on her triple axel in the free skate opened the door for the rest of field. She placed first in the short program with a new season's best of 74.22, landing her triple axel cleanly for the first time this season, and third in free skate behind Yamashita and Russian teammate Evgenia Medvedeva. During the gala exhibition portion of the competition, Tuktamysheva performed a controversial program to Toxic by Britney Spears, where she stripped down to her bra partway through the performance. The program was received with a combination of shock and fanfare.  In early November, Tuktamysheva competed at her second Grand Prix assignment, 2018 NHK Trophy, where she won the bronze medal behind Japanese skaters Rika Kihira and Satoko Miyahara. She scored personal bests in both the free skate (142.85) and overall, with a score of 219.02 points. She ranked first the in short program, but dropped to third in the free skate. Though she landed fully rotated triple Axels in both programs, she had to do a three-turn out of her landing in the free skate and received negative GOE for the jump. With her gold and bronze Grand Prix medals, and a total of 26 qualification points, she qualified to the 2018–19 Grand Prix Final. At the Final, Tuktamysheva returned to the podium with a bronze medal, landing all of her elements cleanly except for the triple Axel in her short program which was judged underrotated. She expressed satisfaction with having successfully increased her program difficulty in press conferences at the event.  On 12 December 2018, in the week before the 2019 Russian Championships, Tuktamysheva was forced to withdraw from the competition after being hospitalized with pneumonia. Russian media outlet TASS reported that her recovery would take two weeks. After Russian Nationals, she was named to the 2019 Winter Universiade team and as first alternate to the 2019 European Figure Skating Championships team.  In February 2019, Tuktamysheva competed at the Russian Cup Final, going to head to head with countrywomen Evgenia Medvedeva and Stanislava Konstantinova to earn a spot on the Russian 2019 World Figure Skating Championships team. Though she won the free skate, Tuktamysheva placed second overall behind Medvedeva. After several days of deliberation, the Russian Figure Skating Federation's board of coaches named Medvedeva to the team along with Alina Zagitova and Tuktamysheva's training mate Sofia Samodurova. Tuktamysheva was named first alternate. This decision was controversial, with some feeling that Tuktamysheva should have been selected based on the strong season she had had. The skater herself posted on Twitter afterward: "Inside myself still was a little girl who naively believed. You’ve killed her. But I’m a fighter and will return."  On March 26, 2019, Tuktamysheva was named to the Russian team for the 2019 World Team Trophy alongside training mate Sofia Samodurova. At the competition, she set new personal best scores in both programs as well as overall after skating both of her programs cleanly for the first time all season. With both programs cleanly performed, she became the first and only woman to land twelve clean triple jumps in one international competition. Tuktamysheva finished first overall in the ladies event and earned a bronze medal for Team Russia's collective efforts.

2019–2020 season.

Tuktamysheva began training a quad toe loop with the hope of incorporating it into competition at some point in the season. She initially had a short program from Canadian choreographer Shae-Lynn Bourne to Florence + the Machine's "Drumming Song", but decided to change the music whilst aiming to retain much of the original choreography before the beginning of the season, instead using Astor Piazzolla's tango "Oblivion". She began her season at the 2019 CS Lombardia Trophy where she placed first in the short program and second in the free skate to earn a second place finish overall behind Russian teammate Anna Shcherbakova. At this event, Tuktamysheva landed three triple Axels for the first time in one competition, incorporating one in her short program and two in her free skate. Tuktamysheva subsequently returned to the "Drumming Song" music for the short program for her next competition, 2019 CS Finlandia Trophy, where she placed second, behind Alena Kostornaia.  Beginning the Grand Prix at 2019 Skate America, Tuktamysheva landed her triple Axel in the short program, but made errors on both other jumping passes, as well as receiving low spin levels. She was fifth in that segment. She rose to the bronze medal position after the free skate. At the 2019 Cup of China, Tuktamysheva fell on the triple Axel in her short program and performed only a double toe loop as the second part of her combination, placing fourth in that segment. She revived her previous season's free program for the free skate, placing second in that segment, and taking a second bronze medal overall. Despite her two bronze medals on the Grand Prix circuit, Tuktamysheva was only the third alternate to the 2019-20 Grand Prix Final behind Satoko Miyahara and Mariah Bell.  On November 27, 2019, Tuktamysheva posted an Instagram video of herself landing a quad toe loop. After winning the Golden Spin event, she skated at the 2020 Russian Championships, placing fourth in the short program despite turning out of her triple Axel and making a spin error. She attempted the quad toe loop in competition for the first time, but under-rotated and fell on it, in addition to other jump errors that had her place ninth in that segment, but remained in fourth overall. The oldest ladies' skater in the field, Tuktamysheva was named first alternate for the European and World Championships behind a trio of first year seniors (Anna Shcherbakova, Alena Kostornaia, and Alexandra Trusova).

Detailed results.

Small medals for short program and free skating awarded only at ISU Championships. At team events, medals awarded for team results only.

Senior level.

ISU Personal Bests highlighted in bold.

Junior level.

Personal bests highlighted in "italic".

Elizaveta "Liza" Sergeyevna Tuktamysheva (pronounced "Took-tah-MISH-eh-va"; ; born 17 December 1996) is a Russian figure skater. She is the 2015 World champion, the 2015 European champion, the 2014–15 Grand Prix Final champion, a 13-time medalist on the Grand Prix series, and the 2013 Russian national champion. On the junior level, she is the 2012 Youth Olympic champion, 2011 World Junior silver medalist, and 2010–11 JGP Final silver medalist.

伊莉莎维塔·谢尔盖耶芙娜·图克塔米谢娃(,俄语罗马化:Elizaveta Sergeyevna Tuktamysheva;1996年-12月17日),俄罗斯花式滑冰运动员。她是2015年世界锦标赛女子单人冠军、欧州锦标赛冠军、大奖赛总决赛冠军,2013年俄罗斯锦标赛冠军,以及2011年青少年世锦赛亚军、2010-11年青少年大奖赛总决赛冠军、2012年青奥会冠军。她是史上第七位成功在比赛中完成艾克索三周跳的女性运动员。


Definition.

The definition of a phablet has changed in recent years due to the proliferation of larger displays on mainstream smartphones, and smartphones designed with thin bezels and/or curved screens to make them more compact than other devices with similar screen sizes. Thus, a device with a "phablet-sized" screen may not necessarily be considered one.  Current phablets typically have a diagonal display measurement between and, assuming a aspect ratio. In comparison, most flagship smartphones released in 2016 have a screen size of around, with larger versions of mainstream flagships (such as iPhone 7 Plus, Pixel XL, and Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge) using displays. "PhoneArena" argued that the S7 Edge was not a phablet, as it has a narrow and compact build with a physical footprint more in line with the smaller-screened Nexus 5X, due primarily to its use of a display with curved edges.  In 2017, several manufacturers began to release smartphones with displays taller than the conventional 16:9 aspect ratio used by the majority of devices, and diagonal screen sizes often around 6 inches. However, in these cases, the sizes of the devices are more compact than 16:9 aspect ratio devices with equivalent diagonal screen sizes.

History.

Origins.

In tracing the 10 earliest devices in the history of the phablet concept, "PC Magazine" called the 1993 AT&T EO 440, "the first true phablet", followed by the following devices:  The Android-based Dell Streak included a 5-inch (130 mm), 800×480 display and a widescreen-optimized interface. Reviewers encountered issues with its outdated operating system, Android 1.6 (which was not yet optimized for such a large screen size), and the device was commercially unsuccessful.

Galaxy Note and competitors.

The Samsung Galaxy Note used a screen. While some media outlets questioned the viability of the device, the Note received positive reception for its stylus functionality, the speed of its 1.5 GHz dual-core processor, and the advantages of its high resolution display. The Galaxy Note was a commercial success; Samsung announced in December 2011 that the Galaxy Note had sold 1 million units in two months. In February 2012, Samsung debuted a Note version with LTE support. By August 2012, the Note had sold 10 million units worldwide.  In late 2012, Samsung introduced the Galaxy Note II, featuring a 1.6 GHz quad-core processor, a screen and the ability to run two applications at once via a split-screen view. The Note II also incorporated a refreshed hardware design based on the Galaxy S III, with a narrower, smoother body. International sales of the Galaxy Note II reached 5 million in two months. The 2012 LG Optimus Vu used a 5-inch (130 mm) display with an unusual in contrast to the aspect ratio used by most smartphones. Joining the Galaxy Note II on many carriers' lineups in 2013 was the nearly-identically-sized LG Optimus G Pro, released in April.  In late-2012 and early 2013, companies began to release smartphones with 5 inch screens at 1080p resolution, such as the HTC Droid DNA and Samsung Galaxy S4. Despite the screen size approaching those of phablets, HTC's design director Jonah Becker said that the Droid DNA was not a phablet. HTC would release a proper phablet, the HTC One Maxa smartphone with a screen and a design based on its popular HTC One model, in October 2013.  Examples of Android phablets with screens larger than 6 inches began appearing in 2013 with the Chinese company Huawei unveiling its Ascend Mate at Consumer Electronics Show and Samsung introducing the Galaxy Mega, a phablet with a variant, which has midrange specs and lacks a stylus compared to the flagship Galaxy Note series. Sony Mobile also entered the phablet market with its Xperia Z Ultra.  As a variation of the concept, Asus and Samsung also released otherwise small-sized tablets, the FonePad, Galaxy Note 8.0 and Galaxy Tab 3 8.0, with cellular connectivity and the ability to place voice calls. Later that year, Nokia also introduced Windows Phone 8 phablets, such as the 6-inch Lumia 1520.  In September 2014, Apple released its first phablet, the -inch iPhone 6 Plus; the introduction of the new model reversed a previous policy under late Apple CEO Steve Jobs not to produce a mid-sized device larger than the iPhone or smaller than the iPad, which were 3.5 inches and 9.7 inches, respectively, at the time of his death. While Apple's iPad heavily dominated the tablet market, the void in their lineup left an opening for intermediate-sized devices, with other handset manufacturers already jumping on the trend of producing larger screen sizes to suit all niches.

Sales.

"Engadget" identified falling screen prices, increasing screen power efficiency and battery life, and the evolving importance of multimedia viewing as critical factors in the popularity of the phablet. Phablets also satisfy a consumer needfor the perfect sized device, since smartphones may be too small for viewing and tablets lose their portabilityfuelling their global market growth. Phablets have also been popular with an older demographic of smartphone userstheir large screens provide a benefit to those with deteriorating eyesight.  In April 2013, Doug Conklyn, vice president of global design for Dockers told Fox News that the company reworked the size of its pants pockets "to accommodate the growing size of smartphones". For women, a small handbag can easily accommodate a phablet, but not most tablets.  In January 2013, IHS reported that 25.6 million phablet devices were sold in 2012 and estimated that these figures would grow to 60.4 million in 2013, and 146 million by 2016. Barclays projected sales of phablets rising from 27 million in 2012 to 230 million in 2015. In September 2013 International Data Corporation (IDC) reported that its research indicated that phablets "overtook shipments of both laptops and tablets in Asia in the second quarter of 2013".  In 2014, "Business Insider" predicted phablets would outsell smartphones by 2017. Speaking with CNET in 2014, David Burke, Vice President of Engineering at Google, said "If you gave them a phablet for a week, 50 percent of [consumers] would say they like it and not go back".  In Q1 2014, phablets made up 6% of US smartphones sold. In the first quarter of 2015, phablets accounted for 21% of all smartphones sold in the US, with the iPhone 6 Plus making up 44 percent of those phablets sold.

The phablet () is a class of mobile devices combining or straddling the size format of smartphones and tablets. The word itself is a portmanteau of the words "phone" and "tablet".

平板手机(英语:Phablet,,为混成词,取自手机"Phone"与平板电脑"Tablet")是一种结合了智能手机与平板电脑两者功能的移动设备。它的萤幕尺寸原先认知为介于5.3英寸至7.0英寸(16:9比例)之间,随着主流智能手机萤幕尺寸逐渐放大,以及无边际全萤幕或18:9萤幕比例手机成为趋势,现在认知尺寸介于5.7吋以上萤幕才算大萤幕手机。大萤幕尺寸强化了移动网络与多媒体的阅览效果。兼具更大的可触摸萤幕面积、更大的电池面积、更容耐废热、零件排列紧密而薄、省去携带多样设备的功能重复等实用优势,并一度被认为是综合手持设备的最终稳定发展方向。


History.

The Central Bank of Cyprus has its origins in the British Colonial Government of Cyprus, which established a Cyprus Currency Board in 1927. This followed on from the unilateral annexation of Cyprus by the British Empire in 1914, the Treaty of Lausanne, establishing the legality in international law of this British takeover, in 1923, and the full establishment of a colonial system of government in Cyprus, with the creation of a Legislative Council, in 1926.  The role of the Chairman of the Currency Board was held by the Accountant General, also known as the Auditor General, of the Government of Cyprus. The Board could issue notes and coins, initially denominated in the Cypriot pound, shillings and piastres, and later, following decimalization, in Cyprus pounds and mils. However, the local currency was pegged at one Cyprus pound to one pound sterling meaning ultimate fiscal control still rested with the Bank of England in London and the Government of the United Kingdom. This link was maintained by the requirement that for every Cyprus pound issued by the Currency Board in Cyprus, one pound sterling issued by the Bank of England had to be deposited by the Government of Cyprus with the Crown Agents in London.  With independence from Britain in 1960, Article 118 of the Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus, which came into force on the island on 1 April 1960, gave the President and Vice-President of Cyprus the right to establish a new central bank, called in the Constitution the 'Issuing Bank' and appoint its Governor. Article 119 sets out the responsibilities of the Governor and the Issuing Bank, Article 120 states that the Governor of the Issuing Bank shall abide by future relevant laws enacted by the Republic of Cyprus, and Article 121 gives the Government of the Republic of Cyprus the right to convert the Issuing Bank into a Central Bank if it wishes. In effect, the Issuing Bank was a continuation of the former colonial Currency Board within the framework of the Constitution of the new Republic, but the Constitution gave the right to the Republic to convert it into a Central Bank if it chose to do so. A decision to do this was taken in 1963, and the Issuing Bank was replaced that year by the Central Bank of Cyprus.  Following the accession of the Republic of Cyprus to the European Union in 2004, the Central Bank of Cyprus became a member of the Eurozone group of central banks in 2008, when the island converted from using the Cyprus pound to the euro currency.

Role of the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus.

The Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus is the highest official in the Central Bank of Cyprus and is appointed by the President of the Republic. The position was established in 1963 when the Central Bank of Cyprus was established. The convention is for the Governor to serve a term of five years, but this is renewable.  The Governor has the responsibility of chairing the meetings of the Central Bank's Governing Council and Board of Directors. He or she had the responsibility for setting the Central Bank's policy in relation to the Cypriot economy, but this responsibility passed to the President of the European Central Bank on 1 January 2008, which is also the date that Cyprus changed over to the euro from the Cypriot pound. The Governor is a member of the Governing Board of the European Central Bank.  Source:

The Central Bank of Cyprus ( ), is the central bank of the Republic of Cyprus, located in Nicosia. It was established in 1963. Its current Governor is Constantinos Herodotou The bank issued Cypriot pound banknotes and coins prior to 2008, when Cyprus adopted the euro.

塞浦路斯中央银行(;),是塞浦路斯共和国的中央银行,位于首都尼科西亚,成语于1963年,在2008年1月1日加入欧元区之前负责本国的塞浦路斯镑纸币和硬币的发行。


High school career.

In high school, Arthur guided South Oak Cliff High School to back-to-back Texas 4A state titles in 2005 and 2006 and was the tournament's MVP both years. However, it was later determined that the school illegally changed player's grades to keep them eligible, and the titles have since been forfeited. Arthur went on to earn McDonald's All-American and third-team "Parade" All-American honors in 2006. Considered a five-star recruit by Rivals.com, Arthur was listed as the No. 3 power forward and the No. 16 player in the nation in 2006.

College career.

Arthur's uniform number in college was 00, making him the first Jayhawk to wear that number since Greg Ostertag. He was named to the Big 12 All-Rookie team his Freshmen year in 2006–07. Arthur was named to the All-Big 12 first team the year Kansas won the NCAA championship.

Professional career.

Memphis Grizzlies (2008–2013).

Arthur was selected by the New Orleans Hornets as the 27th overall pick in the 2008 NBA draft but was promptly traded to the Portland Trail Blazers for cash. The Trail Blazers then traded Arthur to the Houston Rockets for draft rights to 25th overall pick Nicolas Batum. Soon afterwards, the Rockets traded Arthur to the Memphis Grizzlies for draft rights to the 28th overall pick Donté Greene.  On September 3, 2008, Arthur and fellow former Kansas Jayhawks teammate Mario Chalmers were excused from NBA's Rookie Training Camp following a marijuana-related incident. Police responding to their hotel room following a fire alarm at 2:00 a.m. claimed that the room smelled strongly of marijuana but none was found and no charges were filed. Fellow NBA rookie Michael Beasley was also reported to have been in the room at the time, but was not asked to leave camp. Beasley was later fined $50,000 for his involvement in the incident Arthur later released a statement denying any involvement with marijuana. Arthur was later fined $20,000 by the league for missing the rookie camp, but was not fined or suspended for any drug-related violations.  On June 29, 2012, the Grizzlies extended a qualifying offer to Arthur, making him a restricted free agent.

Denver Nuggets (2013–2018).

On June 27, 2013, Arthur was traded to the Denver Nuggets along with 55th overall draft pick Joffrey Lauvergne in exchange for Kosta Koufos. On June 23, 2014, he exercised his player option for the 2014–15 season.  On August 7, 2015, Arthur re-signed with the Nuggets. On March 31, 2016, he tied a career high with 24 points off the bench in a 101–95 loss to the New Orleans Pelicans.  On July 9, 2016, Arthur again re-signed with the Nuggets.  On July 13, 2018, Arthur was traded, along with Kenneth Faried, a protected 2019 first round draft pick and a 2020 second round draft pick, to the Brooklyn Nets in exchange for Isaiah Whitehead. Seven days later, Arthur was traded to the Phoenix Suns in exchange for Jared Dudley and a 2021 second round draft pick. On October 15, 2018, he was waived by the Suns.

Darrell Antwonne Arthur (born March 25, 1988) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Kansas Jayhawks for two seasons where he was part of the 2007–08 national championship team. He was drafted by the New Orleans Hornets in the 2008 NBA draft but after two trades, he ended up with the Memphis Grizzlies, with whom he signed on July 8, 2008. He is listed at, and plays the power forward position.

达雷尔·安特万·阿瑟(英语:Darrell Antwonne Arthur,1988年-3月25日),美国职业篮球运动员,现为任意球员。亚瑟身高2米06,场上位置大前锋或小前锋。


Polish spaces.

Descriptive set theory begins with the study of Polish spaces and their Borel sets.  A Polish space is a second-countable topological space that is metrizable with a complete metric. Heuristically, it is a complete separable metric space whose metric has been "forgotten". Examples include the real line formula_1, the Baire space formula_2, the Cantor space formula_3, and the Hilbert cube formula_4.

Universality properties.

The class of Polish spaces has several universality properties, which show that there is no loss of generality in considering Polish spaces of certain restricted forms.  Because of these universality properties, and because the Baire space formula_2 has the convenient property that it is homeomorphic to formula_6, many results in descriptive set theory are proved in the context of Baire space alone.

Borel sets.

The class of Borel sets of a topological space "X" consists of all sets in the smallest σ-algebra containing the open sets of "X". This means that the Borel sets of "X" are the smallest collection of sets such that:  A fundamental result shows that any two uncountable Polish spaces "X" and "Y" are Borel isomorphic: there is a bijection from "X" to "Y" such that the preimage of any Borel set is Borel, and the image of any Borel set is Borel. This gives additional justification to the practice of restricting attention to Baire space and Cantor space, since these and any other Polish spaces are all isomorphic at the level of Borel sets.

Borel hierarchy.

Each Borel set of a Polish space is classified in the Borel hierarchy based on how many times the operations of countable union and complementation must be used to obtain the set, beginning from open sets. The classification is in terms of countable ordinal numbers. For each nonzero countable ordinal "α" there are classes formula_9, formula_10, and formula_11.  A theorem shows that any set that is formula_9 or formula_10 is formula_23, and any formula_24 set is both formula_9 and formula_10 for all "α" > "β". Thus the hierarchy has the following structure, where arrows indicate inclusion.  formula_27

Regularity properties of Borel sets.

Classical descriptive set theory includes the study of regularity properties of Borel sets. For example, all Borel sets of a Polish space have the property of Baire and the perfect set property. Modern descriptive set theory includes the study of the ways in which these results generalize, or fail to generalize, to other classes of subsets of Polish spaces.

Analytic and coanalytic sets.

Just beyond the Borel sets in complexity are the analytic sets and coanalytic sets. A subset of a Polish space "X" is analytic if it is the continuous image of a Borel subset of some other Polish space. Although any continuous preimage of a Borel set is Borel, not all analytic sets are Borel sets. A set is coanalytic if its complement is analytic.

Projective sets and Wadge degrees.

Many questions in descriptive set theory ultimately depend upon set-theoretic considerations and the properties of ordinal and cardinal numbers. This phenomenon is particularly apparent in the projective sets. These are defined via the projective hierarchy on a Polish space "X":  As with the Borel hierarchy, for each "n", any formula_39 set is both formula_30 and formula_41  The properties of the projective sets are not completely determined by ZFC. Under the assumption "V = L", not all projective sets have the perfect set property or the property of Baire. However, under the assumption of projective determinacy, all projective sets have both the perfect set property and the property of Baire. This is related to the fact that ZFC proves Borel determinacy, but not projective determinacy.  More generally, the entire collection of sets of elements of a Polish space "X" can be grouped into equivalence classes, known as Wadge degrees, that generalize the projective hierarchy. These degrees are ordered in the Wadge hierarchy. The axiom of determinacy implies that the Wadge hierarchy on any Polish space is well-founded and of length Θ, with structure extending the projective hierarchy.

Borel equivalence relations.

A contemporary area of research in descriptive set theory studies Borel equivalence relations. A Borel equivalence relation on a Polish space "X" is a Borel subset of formula_32 that is an equivalence relation on "X".

Effective descriptive set theory.

The area of effective descriptive set theory combines the methods of descriptive set theory with those of generalized recursion theory (especially hyperarithmetical theory). In particular, it focuses on lightface analogues of hierarchies of classical descriptive set theory. Thus the hyperarithmetic hierarchy is studied instead of the Borel hierarchy, and the analytical hierarchy instead of the projective hierarchy. This research is related to weaker versions of set theory such as Kripke–Platek set theory and second-order arithmetic.

In mathematical logic, descriptive set theory (DST) is the study of certain classes of "well-behaved" subsets of the real line and other Polish spaces. As well as being one of the primary areas of research in set theory, it has applications to other areas of mathematics such as functional analysis, ergodic theory, the study of operator algebras and group actions, and mathematical logic.

描述集合论是数学中集合论的一个分支。在这门学问中,研究的对象是波兰空间。数学家们将子集合的依照其在拓扑上定义的复杂程度分成Borel 集合、解析集合、投射集合等以及更细的分类,并且依照这些类别研究他们的结构以及性质。


Names.

It was known as kwaráu in the extinct Huamoé language of the Serra Negra in Pernambuco State, Brazil, and as ˈkʌ̨́ñíkį̀ in the extinct Kambiwá language of Barreira, Petrolândia, Pernambuco.

Habitat.

The Brazilian three-banded armadillo lives primarily in open savannahs ("Cerrado") and dry woodlands ("Caatinga"), where low rainfall and poor soil limit the vegetation to tall, woody grasses, scattered bushes, and gnarled trees. There is an abundance of cactus-like plants in the northern reaches of its range.

Range.

As its name suggests, the Brazilian three-banded armadillo is indigenous to Brazil, living primarily in the northeastern part of the country, just south of the equator. They are rarely seen west of 50°W longitude.

Diet.

The main staples of its diet are ants and termites, which it can smell through up to 20 centimeters of soil. It finds food by shuffling slowly along with its nose to the ground. When it detects prey, it frantically digs a hole and thrust its nose into it, using its long, sticky tongue to lap up any insects it may find. Other foods include mollusks, worms, fruit, and carrion.

Anatomy.

Brazilian three-banded armadillos have a head-and-body length of about and the tail is between long. They weigh. The armor is composed of ossified dermal scutes covered by nonoverlapping, keratinized epidermal scales, which are connected by flexible bands of skin. This armor covers the back, sides, head, tail, ears, and outside surfaces of the legs. The underside of the body and the inner surfaces of the legs have no armored protection, and are covered instead by long, coarse hair. The genus "Tolypeutes", which includes both the Brazilian and southern species of three-banded armadillos, is unique in the ability to roll up in a tight, almost impenetrable ball. This is because their armor is slightly looser than that of other armadillo genera, which allows for greater freedom of movement. The loose armor also creates a layer of air between the shell and the body, which insulates the animal. This higher capacity for thermoregulation allows them to survive in climates too arid for some of the other armadillo species. When the armadillo rolls into a defensive ball, the ears are tucked into the shell and the head and tail interlock to seal the shell completely. The teeth are soft and peg-like, adapted solely for smashing the exoskeletons of insects.

Behavior.

Armadillos are chiefly solitary, but this species will occasionally travel in small family groups of up to three members. They are largely nocturnal, but have been known to forage during the day. All the armadillos are spectacular diggers, but unlike most of the other species, three-banded armadillos do not dig in defense or to find shelter. They prefer to rest under bushes, rather than dig burrows, and their ability to roll into a ball makes defensive digging unnecessary. When they are not foraging, they move with a sort of trot, bouncing on the tips of their front toes, while their hind feet slap flatly on the ground. They mark their territories with secretions from glands on their face, feet, and rump. When threatened, they occasionally do not seal their armor completely, but wait until they are touched. They then quickly snap shut in an effort to startle the predator.

Reproduction.

The mating season lasts from October to January, during which there is a brief courtship before mating. The female carries the young for a gestation period of 120 days at the end of which single, blind offspring is born. The newborn’s armor is soft, but its claws are fully developed, and it can walk and roll into a ball within hours of birth. The armor hardens by the third or fourth week, around the same time the eyes and earflaps open. The young armadillo is weaned at 10 weeks and reaches sexual maturity at 9–12 months.

Threats.

The defense system of the Brazilian three-banded armadillo makes it safe from the majority of predators. Adult pumas and jaguars are the only South American mammals powerful enough to be a natural threat. The real danger to armadillos is the destruction of their habitats to make room for livestock.

2014 FIFA World Cup mascot.

The Caatinga Association, a Brazilian environmental NGO, launched in January 2012 a national campaign proposing the three-banded armadillo to become mascot of the 2014 FIFA World Cup hosted by Brazil. In March 2012, the Brazilian weekly, "Veja", reported the three-banded armadillo would be the official mascot for the FIFA World Cup. Official announcement came in September 2012.

The Brazilian three-banded armadillo ("Tolypeutes tricinctus") is an armadillo species endemic to eastern Brazil, where it is known as (, lit. ball armadillo). It is one of only two species of armadillo that can roll into a ball (the other is the southern three-banded armadillo). It has suffered a 30% decline in population in the last 10 years.

巴西三带犰狳(学名:"")是巴西特有的一种犰狳,葡萄牙文称作 (,指球形的犰狳)。此种与同属的拉河三带犰狳("Tolypeutes matacus")是唯一两种可以将身体卷成密封球形的犰狳,一度被认为是已经灭绝的物种,至1990年代起才再被发现于极少的地区之中。由于其生活于巴西独有的卡廷吉地貌内,分布虽然广泛,但是栖息地破坏致使此种的数量估算在过去10至12年内最多减少了30%。其巴西独有的分布及可卷成球形的特性令它成功获选为2014年世界杯足球赛的吉祥物。


Plot.

The film opens as Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) Officer Dave Brown (Harrelson) patrols the Rampart Division. Brown is a 24-year veteran of the force, who previously served in the Vietnam War. While training a new officer, he roughs up a suspect to find the location of a meth lab. After work, he goes home to his two daughters and two ex-wives, who are also sisters (Heche and Nixon). After dinner, he goes to a piano bar where he picks up a stranger and has a one night stand.  The next day, Brown is t-boned in his patrol car. When the other driver attempts to flee, Brown brutally beats him, and the assault is captured by a bystander. The video creates another controversy for the LAPD, which is already besieged by the recent Rampart scandal. The Assistant District Attorney (Weaver) urges Brown to simply retire. He refuses and outlines his defense. Over the course of the film, it is revealed that although Brown failed the bar exam, he remains extremely knowledgeable about case law.  Back at the piano bar, Brown picks up a lawyer named Linda (Wright), after first determining that she is not surveilling him. Later he meets with ex-cop Hartshorn (Beatty), who suggests that Brown was set up to distract from the scandal. As the LAPD exerts more pressure on Brown, he retains legal counsel. Soon after, his ex-wives ask him to leave their houses so that they can sell them. Brown meets again with Hartshorn and mentions his need for cash. Hartshorn tips him off to a high stakes card game happening later that night at the Crystal Market.  While Brown surveils the card game, it is knocked off by two armed men. Brown pursues the gunmen, killing one of them and letting the other go. He then stages the scene to make it look like he was shot at. Brown realizes that a homeless man nicknamed "General" (Foster) witnessed the whole thing from his wheelchair. As another investigation into Brown heats up, he goes to a hotel and blackmails the concierge into giving him a room. Next, he blackmails a pharmacist into giving him an assortment of drugs.  When Brown meets with Hartshorn to give him a cut of the money from the card game, he asks for the source of Hartshorn's tip about the game. He suspects that he was set up again. Hartshorn refuses to name his source. Brown then meets with General in a parking lot to make sure that he will not testify about witnessing the shooting. The next day, an investigator with the District Attorney, Kyle Timkins (Cube) surveils Brown, who confronts him. Brown insists that he is not a racist, merely a misanthrope.  Brown grows increasingly paranoid and reliant on drugs as the pressure on him mounts. He pulls a gun on Hartshorn and accuses him of setting him up. The elderly man scuffles with Brown until he has a heart attack. Instead of calling an ambulance, Brown leaves him to die. Back at the hotel, Brown's two daughters drop off some dry cleaning at his room, and he confesses to his younger daughter that everything she has heard about him is true.  Brown summons Timkins to a meeting and tapes a confession in front of him. He admits that he has been a dirty cop, and that in 1987, he killed a business acquaintance. He justified the murder because he knew the man was a serial rapist, which is why he got away with the extrajudicial killing. Timkins refuses the confession, insisting that he will arrest Brown for his most recent murder. The film ends with Brown revisiting his family and staring at his elder daughter on the front porch before disappearing into the night.

Marketing.

The marketing team behind "Rampart" posted controversial posters in several major U.S. cities before the film was released. They showed Harrelson’s character, Officer Dave Brown, beating a man with a baton. The posters stated "I Work For You" and were meant to look like street art posters. Oren Moverman, the director of "Rampart", said one of the producers had been "searching for an image that would be thought-provoking and challenging, not an indictment of a cop but rather a communal approach to the idea of policing'; the idea that maybe when cops do bad things it’s more of a reflection of society and what it is willing to tolerate, rather than the fault of one bad apple or an institutional problem. If they work for us, could it be they are us?"  Harrelson conducted several interviews to promote the film. In one interview with "The Playlist," Harrelson indicated "I had a period where I saw an early cut of the movie and didn't go for it, mainly because it was so different from the script and what we shot." Harrelson also lost significant weight to prepare for the role. During the same interview, he stated "I lost 30 pounds and a part of it was that I felt like he would have this relationship to food which is very similar to his relationship with women." Harrelson's take on the character was the following: "He can't really accept love, and if the food were representative of love. It's his inability to take that affection and nourishment." He went on to say about the character he played, "I would say if one emotion that is most at play with Dave Brown it would be paranoia. So that emotion was kind of with me quite a bit during the filming."

Reddit AMA.

An attempt to market the film via the social news website Reddit went "horribly wrong" according to "Forbes". Harrelson agreed to answer questions in an AMA (Ask Me Anything) session on Reddit's massively popular IAmA subreddit, where notable people engage in Q&A sessions with the Reddit community. Redditors were disappointed by his answers and his apparent misunderstanding of the format, with some vowing to "boycott the flick". CNET characterized one of Harrelson's responses as "sheer oozing, all-about-me-ism". Josh Feldman with MediaIte shared the following perspective: "a proxy for the actor basically gave vague answers to half of the questions and in-no-way subtle plugs for his upcoming movie Rampart to the other half. It was a public relations nightmare, and while it certainly raised awareness about the movie, it definitely backfired." Feldman went on to say about the incident, "it came across as robotic and represented an inability to connect with people when it should have been insanely easy to do so." Feldman summarized the lesson learned by stating the following, "When you’re doing an AMA on Reddit, you drop the act and engage with real people. Some will be fans, some won’t, but if you’re just honest and it doesn’t seem like your answers have been planned out, people will respect you for it."

Reception.

Critical response.

"Rampart" received generally positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 74% based on 148 reviews, with an average rating of 6.61 out of 10. The site's consensus was that ""Rampart" sends viewers plummeting into a nihilistic hell of its protagonist's creation, yet Woody Harrelson's performance in the central role is too magnetic to dismiss". On Metacritic the film has a score of 70 based on 35 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".  Roger Ebert gave the film four stars out of four and praised Harrelson's performance, writing "Harrelson is an ideal actor for the role. Especially in tensely wound-up movies like this, he implies that he's looking at everything and then watching himself looking." Peter Travers of Rolling Stone praised Harrelson's performance: "it could have been a bucket of bleak. But the electric talent of Harrelson and Moverman is too exciting to be anything but exhilarating."  Justin Chang of Variety wrote: "While the film is drenched in atmosphere and packs a verbal and visceral punch, its relentless downward spiral makes for an overdetermined, not entirely satisfying character study." Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "Harrelson goes full bore from the opening scene and there are no scenes he is not in. But the effect is wearying rather than exhilarating."

Box office.

"Rampart" was a box office bomb, opening at #47 and earning only $60,446 on its opening weekend across 5 theatres in North America. It ended up making just $972,512 domestically and $595,393 elsewhere across 106 theaters for a total of $1,567,905 against an estimated $12 million budget. In addition, total domestic video sales were equal to $2,150,130.

Rampart is a 2011 American drama film. Directed by Oren Moverman and co-written by Moverman and James Ellroy, the film stars Woody Harrelson, Ice Cube, Ned Beatty, Anne Heche, Steve Buscemi, and Sigourney Weaver. It is set in the midst of the fallout from the Rampart scandal of the late 1990s, when corrupt Los Angeles Police Department Officer Dave Brown (Harrelson) is forced to face the consequences of his wayward career. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 10, 2011. and was released in theaters in the U.S. on February 10, 2012.

《野兽特警》(英语:Rampart)是一部2011年的美国电影,由欧林·穆佛曼执导,穆佛曼和詹姆士·艾洛伊共同编剧,主演是活地·夏里逊、冰块酷巴、尼德·巴帝、安·海契、史提夫·布斯美和薛歌妮·韦花。本片设定在1990年代末兰帕特分局丑闻的余波之中,当时腐败的洛杉矶警察局警察Dave Brown(活地·夏里逊 饰演)被迫要面对后果。本片于2011年9月10日在多伦多国际电影节上首映,2012年2月10日在美国公映。


Plot.

In nineteenth century China, Jungle Village is home to several warring clans. The village blacksmith creates deadly weapons for the clans, intending to use his payments to purchase the freedom of his lover Lady Silk, and leave the village. The region's governor tasks the Lion Clan's leader, Gold Lion, with protecting a large shipment of gold that must pass through the village. Gold is betrayed by his lieutenants Silver Lion and Bronze Lion, who plan to steal the gold. They use the chaos ensuing from a fight with the Hyena Clan to allow their co-conspirator Poison Dagger—the governor's aide—to assassinate Gold, after which Silver becomes the Lions' leader. Gold's son Zen-Yi learns of his father's murder and sets off to the village to seek revenge.  The Qing Emperor's undercover emissary Jack Knife arrives in the village to monitor the gold and takes up residence in the Pink Blossom, a brothel run by Madam Blossom, Lady Silk's madame. Silver sends members of the Rodent clan to kill Zen-Yi before he can reach the village, but Zen-Yi kills them. The mercenary Brass Body arrives in the village and meets with Silver; he is sent to kill Zen-Yi. The blacksmith meets with Silk in the brothel and delivers the final payment needed to free her. After arriving in the village, Zen-Yi and his men are confronted by Brass and find that they cannot physically harm him because his skin turns to metal on impact. Brass beats Zen-Yi and destroys his blade-laden armor. Zen-Yi's last surviving man sacrifices himself to pull a canopy support beam loose, burying Brass under heavy stone. The blacksmith is watching the fight; he rescues Zen-Yi and helps him recover as penance for crafting the weapon that killed Zen-Yi's father.  Meanwhile, the gold shipment arrives in the village, accompanied by two skilled warriors, the Geminis. The Lions soon confront the Geminis and their men, and in the ensuing fight, Poison Dagger assassinates the Geminis and the Lions capture the gold. Jack later arrives to investigate the incident and learns that the Geminis were poisoned with mercury-tipped weapons, leading him to the blacksmith. The Lions' theft prompts the governor to send his Jackal troops to recover the shipment or destroy the village. Zen-Yi asks the blacksmith to craft him a new suit of weaponized armor. The Lions suspect that the blacksmith is helping Zen-Yi and have him tortured for information. The blacksmith refuses to talk, and Brass cuts off his forearms. Jack, who had been following the blacksmith, saves him from bleeding to death. While the blacksmith recovers, he tells Jack of his past as an emancipated American slave who accidentally killed a white man who refused to let him go. He fled America by boat and went to China, where monks trained him to use his body's energy to perform superhuman feats. Jack with the aid of the blacksmith crafts his greatest weapon: a pair of iron forearms that he can animate using this energy.  Zen-Yi recovers and joins Jack and the blacksmith. Meanwhile, Blossom offers to let Silver hide the gold in a secret tomb beneath the brothel in return for payment. The gold is stored in a coffin which is raised up to the rafters. That night, Blossom has her girls serve the Lions, and Silk serves Brass. At Blossom's signal, the girls use weapons hidden in their mouths to poison many of the Lions, and they join with Blossom as the Black Widows. When Silk tries to poison Brass, his skin protects him, and he beats and almost kills her. Zen-Yi, Jack, and the blacksmith arrive and join with the Black Widows to fight the remaining Lions while Blossom and Bronze fight and kill each other. While fighting Jack, Poison Dagger is crushed between large moving gears. Silver and Zen-Yi fight in the tomb; Zen-Yi cuts the coffin free, and it crushes Silver. The blacksmith finds Silk, who dies in his arms. He confronts Brass, and his iron fists prove capable of inflicting damage on Brass' seemingly invincible body. While Brass is in metal form, a powerful punch from the blacksmith shatters him to pieces. Jack runs outside in time to stop the soldiers from decimating the building with Gatling guns.  Ultimately, Jack leaves the village to accompany the gold, and Zen-Yi tells the blacksmith that he has gained a brother. With the clans destroyed and the village safe, the blacksmith vows to keep it that way and destroys the sign pointing to his weapon shop. During the credits, Zen-Yi's pregnant fiancee is kidnapped by a bird clan, prompting Zen-Yi to seek the blacksmith's aid.

Cast.

The cast also includes Pam Grier as the blacksmith's mother Jane, Osric Chau as Blacksmith's assistant, MC Jin as Zen-Yi's ally Chan, Daniel Wu as Poison Dagger, and Andrew Lin and Grace Huang as The Geminis. Co-writer Eli Roth appears in a cameo. Several veteran martial arts actors—including Chen Kuan-tai as Golden Lion, Bryan Leung as Hyena Chief, Telly Liu as Iron Lion, Xue Jing Yao as Copper Lion, Zhu Zhu as Zen-Yi's fiancee Chi Chi, Terence Yin as the Governor, and Gordon Liu as The Abbot—appeared in the film. Liu's role was written for RZA's Shaolin teacher Shi Yan Ming, but Ming could not obtain permission to return to China for filming.

Production.

Development.

Development of the film began in 2003 when RZA produced the soundtrack for Quentin Tarantinos film "Kill Bill". RZA set himself a $50,000 budget and flew to the "Kill Bill" set in Beijing, where he spent approximately thirty days taking notes on the way Tarantino directed the film. In 2005, RZA met Eli Roth in Iceland, and they traveled together to LA. During the journey, RZA told Roth of his idea for a kung fu genre film, which attracted Roth's interest, but no further progress was made. RZA completed the story for the film, but Roth convinced him that he would need a completed screenplay for the project to gain any support. In 2007, after Roth's "" was released, Roth and RZA agreed to seriously pursue the project. The pair took the project to several studios and met with their preferred producer, Edward R. Pressman. One of the studios suggested setting the film in a post-apocalyptic situation, which RZA considered. They took the project to Strike Entertainment, which considered that it needed more development and assigned several writers to rewrite the script, which began to depart from RZA's initial idea.  RZA continued to work with Strike Entertainment's writers, but Roth, who returned from filming "Inglourious Basterds", was disappointed with the rewritten screenplay and he and RZA spent a year developing and finalizing it. In total, they spent between 18 months and 2 years developing the screenplay in between other projects, and turned RZA's 90-page story into a 130-page screenplay. Citing the specificity of the fictional universe in the "Star Wars" series, Roth said that the pair tried to fully define the aspects of "The Man with the Iron Fists" to make it interesting without fight scenes. Roth said that RZA had "imagined every tribe, every fighting style, every costume". The original script focused on several animal-themed clans fighting over territory, in particular Jungle Village, which acted as a center for shipments. As the script developed, several of the clans were removed, and the focus shifted to commerce and the transportation of government gold, which also introduced the government as a higher power over the clans. RZA and Roth approached fights in the script by introducing a new character, fighting style or weapon to avoid monotony; if a fight did not advance the story, they removed it.  RZA then financed and directed a short martial arts film called "Wu-Tang vs. the Golden Phoenix" featuring Hong Kong-based, kung-fu-trained actors. When he and Roth pitched "The Man with the Iron Fists" to producers, RZA used the short film to prove that he could handle the martial arts action and be trusted to take on his first directing role. On May 7, 2010, Universal Pictures announced it had agreed to finance and distribute the film, which Roth and Strike Entertainment's Marc Abraham and Eric Newman would produce. The producers gave RZA a $20 million budget.  During the development process, Tarantino agreed to lend his name to the film with a "presented by" credit. In October 2012, RZA said that he and Tarantino had intended to cross over "The Man with the Iron Fists" with Tarantino's 2012 Western "Django Unchained". The crossover would have included a younger version of RZA's blacksmith character in a slave auction, but scheduling conflicts prevented RZA's participation. "The Man with the Iron Fists" spent 14 weeks in pre-production including four to six weeks on location scouting. RZA insisted that six weeks of pre-production would be sufficient, but Marc Abraham told him to take 14 weeks, for which RZA was later thankful after he reached week 13 and still needed more time. During filming, RZA and Roth discussed the potential for a sequel if the film was successful.

Filming.

Principal photography took place over approximately 10 weeks on a $20 million budget. Filming began in China in December 2010 in locations including the city of Shanghai and Hengdian World Studios, and continued until March 2011. Corey Yuen was the film's action choreographer. To compensate for time lost to filming issues, some scenes were filmed in a single take. Approximately 6 weeks into filming, RZA began pushing the crew to work faster to remain on schedule. His assistant director eventually informed RZA that because of the push, some stunt workers were injured and being sent to hospital. After this, RZA abandoned some of his intended shots and replaced them with Computer Generated Images (CGI). Roth also directed some shots for RZA. Crowe and Le were originally scripted to fight each other, but because of Crowe's limited shooting schedule, he did not have the time to rehearse the fight, and instead Le was scripted to fight Liu.  The first cut of the film was four hours long and RZA suggested splitting it into two films, but Roth disagreed. It was edited to 96 minutes to meet the studio's requirements and to excise graphic content that would cause it to receive a restrictive rating, limiting its audience. RZA abandoned the editing process for two weeks, feeling disgust at having to cut the film. In October 2012, he said that he intended to release a "director's cut" of the film for home viewing, and would reinsert at least 13 minutes of the cut footage. RZA described the film as an homage to the martial art films of the Hong Kong-based Shaw Brothers.  The film used mostly practical special effects in preference to CGI. An effect in which Yune's character kills six opponents whose airborne blood spray spells out "revenge" in Chinese, was specifically written to use CGI. RZA declined to subtitle the message for English audiences. The action scenes resulted in several injuries, and Bautista suffered raw and bleeding arms from RZA's sandpaper-like prop iron fists during their fight scene.

Marketing.

RZA launched an 11-date music concert called "The Iron Fists Tour" to promote the film in association with Rock the Bells and Guerilla Union. It featured performances by members of Wu-Tang Clan and other artists. The tour began on October 3, 2012, and visited several North American cities including New York City, Baltimore, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Las Vegas. An animated short film about the blacksmith's journey to China and his first meeting with Brass Body, which RZA narrated, was released on October 20, 2012, as a prequel to the film. 16 heavily stylized posters, each by a different artist, were placed in outdoor locations in several North American cities and were designed to allow pedestrians to remove and keep them.  The marketing campaign sponsored the 2012 BET Hip Hop Awards, star Bautista's debut mixed martial arts debut fight at Classic Entertainment and Sports: Real Pain in October 2012, and the release of the video game "Assassin's Creed III". The film premiered in Los Angeles and New York City, and directly targeted minority demographics. RZA promoted the film at the Hispanic-owned Martial Arts History Museum in Burbank, California and an original Spanish-dub viral video was also released. RZA targeted African-American audiences by promoting the film on rapper Snoop Dogg's YouTube channel. An online awareness campaign included partnerships with Machinima Inc., hip-hop news site Global Grind, Ultimate Fighting Championship, IGN and Spotify.

Music.

The film features music from The Black Keys, Kanye West, Wiz Khalifa, My Chemical Romance, John Frusciante and Chinese singer Sally Yeh. RZA also developed new tracks based on excerpts from Wu-Tang Clan master tracks provided by Sony Music, and songs performed by William Bell, Isaac Hayes and Mable John, which Stax Records provided. Composer Howard Drossin wrote the original musical cues for the film.  RZA had not initially set out to score the film; he inserted temporary tracks of songs he wanted to use. After watching the temporary-track cut of the film, the music was found to be unsuitable, and it was suggested that RZA provide the music. RZA sought Tarantino's help with the score after he helped Tarantino with the score for "Kill Bill". Tarantino also suggested RZA entirely produce the score. RZA and Drossin developed and finalized the score. They then developed the film's soundtrack, which was scheduled for release on October 23, 2012 and features 15 songs from the film including original songs by Kanye West, the Wu-Tang Clan, Talib Kweli, Ghostface Killah, Pusha T, Raekwon, and collaborations by RZA with The Black Keys and Flatbush Zombies. The character Jack Knife, who was influenced by rapper Ol' Dirty Bastard, has a theme tune featuring a jaw harp cue reminiscent of the artist's song "Shimmy Shimmy Ya." The blacksmith is represented by cues from Isaac Hayes' music.

Release.

"The Man with the Iron Fists" premiered on October 25, 2012, at Mann's Chinese 6 theater in Hollywood. David Bautista attended in a yellow spandex suit, which he wore as a tribute to Bruce Lee, who wore a similar outfit in "Game of Death" (1972). The film was released in North America on November 2, 2012.

Box office.

"The Man with the Iron Fists" grossed $15.6 million from North America and $4 million from other territories for a worldwide total of $19.7 million, against a $15 million budget. Pre-release tracking in North America for the week before release estimated that the film would attract a mostly male audience and would earn between $7 million and $10 million during its opening weekend. "The Man with the Iron Fists" earned $3 million during its opening day, and during its opening weekend the film earned $7.9 million from 1,868 theaters – an average of $4,235 per theater—finishing fourth behind holdover "Argo" ($10.2 million), and fellow new releases "Flight" ($25 million) and "Wreck-It Ralph" ($49.1 million). The largest demographic of the opening weekend audience was under 30 (53%) and male (64%).

Critical reception.

The film received mixed reviews from critics. It has garnered a 51% approval rating from 86 critics—an average rating of 5.1 out of 10—on the review-aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, which said, "Messy kung-fu homage "The Man with the Iron Fists" demonstrates a slavish affection for the genre it mimics, for better or worse." Metacritic provides a score of 51 out of 100 from 19 critics, which indicates "mixed or average" reviews. CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was "C+" on an A+ to F scale.  "Variety"s Andrew Barker called the film endearing and engagingly enthusiastic, and said it is "more fun than it ought to be". Barker considered RZA's on-screen role to be too withdrawn to carry the central character role, but praised the supporting performances, especially those of Le's crime lord and Crowe, who Barker said "smirkingly goes for broke to an extent that viewers haven't seen from him since, well... ever." Barker also praised the film's score, but was critical of the script's uneven tone. "The New York Times"s Manohla Dargis called it an erratically enjoyable product of a deep cinephile passion for the martial arts genre. Dargis praised Crowe's performance and Byron Mann's "gaudy baddie with heavy-metal hair and a psycho grin", but considered RZA's central role a mistake, saying "with his sleepy eyes and an affect so laid-back... [he] is too recessive a screen presence to make the character pop, much less hold your interest". The A.V. Club's Nathan Rabin credited RZA's conceptualization of the "rich, bloody, dense universe he created down to the most insignificant details", and praised RZA's "powerful inner calm" and Crowe's "defiantly theatrical turn".  The "Los Angeles Times" Betsy Sharkey called it a martial-arts spectacle that "may just be one of the best bad movies ever." Sharkey said that some uneven performances and lack of refinement were the result of RZA's lack of directing experience, but appreciated the choreography of the "extreme action" and the film's visual aesthetic, which she described as "a blend of French Baroque and ancient China". Sharkey said that the plot "goes seriously off-course" when expanding on the Blacksmith's history. "The Hollywood Reporter"s Todd McCarthy said that the film is "sufficiently well done and amusing enough to satisfy the appetites of fans who mainline this sort of thing," but considered that in directly acting as an homage to the genre, it lacked any stylistic inspiration or imaginative flair to reinvent it. McCarthy however praised the imaginative weapon designs, and the performances of Lucy Liu and Crowe. "The Village Voice"s Nick Pinkerton said "the action scenes are often too cluttered for legibility, and, curious to say of a movie made by a musician, the film has broad swaths without tempo", and added that it has a homemade charm that he found "curiously touching".  "USA Today"s Scott Bowles was critical of the film, awarding it 1.5 stars out of 4. He said that the film is "heavy on bloody kung fu action...and light on just about everything else", that it "doesn't have enough tension to be taken seriously, or enough laughs to be taken lightly", and called it "slick and hip". Bowles wrote that the film has "beautifully choreographed moments, and the action sequences won't disappoint any fans of slow-motion fistfights and arteries that gush like fire hydrants". Independent film critic Emanuel Levy wrote that Crowe's "commanding performance" and his chemistry with Liu lift the film slightly above the routine. Levy said that the film is an "ultra-violent movie that blends thrilling martial arts sequences, orchestrated and executed by some of the masters of this specific milieu, with a semi-involving tale" that would be appreciated by a young, indiscriminating audience. Leonard Maltin of "IndieWire" said that "RZA's understated performance isn't bad, but his staging of action leaves something to be desired", and that the film imitates earlier kung-fu films, which it fails to improve upon.

Home media.

"The Man with the Iron Fists" was released on DVD, Blu-ray and digital download on February 12, 2013 in North America. The DVD and Blu-ray editions contain the theatrical release version of the film, an unrated cut containing approximately twelve minutes of additional footage, deleted scenes and three featurettes: "A Look Inside "The Man with the Iron Fists"", "A Path to the East", and "On the Set with RZA".

Sequel.

A sequel was announced by RZA in an interview with the title "The Man with the Iron Fists: Sting of the Scorpion" but revealed that he's not directing the sequel, instead Roel Reine will direct the film as RZA, Rick Yune, Zhu Zhu, Andrew Lin and Grace Huang will reprise their roles as the Blacksmith, X-Blade, Chi Chi and The Gemini Twins, joining the cast are Dustin Nguyen, Cary Tagawa, Carl Ng and Simon Yin. The sequel was released on DVD and Blu-ray on April 14, 2015.

The Man with the Iron Fists is a 2012 American martial arts film directed by RZA and written by RZA and Eli Roth. The film stars RZA, Russell Crowe, Cung Le, Lucy Liu, Byron Mann, Rick Yune, Dave Bautista, and Jamie Chung. Set in 19th century China, the story follows a series of lone warriors who are forced to unite to defeat a common foe and save their home of Jungle Village.

《铁拳》(英语:The Man with the Iron Fists)美国惊悚片、动作片,导演RZA,主演罗素·克劳、杰米·钟、刘玉玲、帕姆·格里尔、戴夫·巴蒂斯塔、吴彦祖。


Biography.

Ruether was born on November 2, 1936, in Saint Paul, Minnesota, to a Roman Catholic mother and Episcopal father. She has reportedly described her upbringing as free-thinking and humanistic as opposed to oppressive. Ruether's father died when she was 12 and afterwards Ruether and her mother moved to California. Ruether attended several Catholic schools staffed by the Sisters of Providence from St. Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana, who, in conjunction with her mother's friend group, offered Ruether a strong feminist and activist foundation that informed her later work. She pursued a college education at Scripps College from 1954 to 1958. She entered with an intention to study art, but one professor, Robert Palmer, influenced her decision to switch to classics. Palmer's passion for classical Greek and Roman culture introduced Ruether to the philosophies and histories of the era. She received an MA in classics and Roman history, and later a doctorate in classics and patristics at Claremont School of Theology.  Ruether participated in civil rights activism during the 1960s in Mississippi and Washington, DC. She worked for the Delta Ministry in Mississippi where she was exposed to the struggles of African American communities and the realities of racism. She became immersed in black liberation theology literature during her time of teaching at the Howard University, School of Religion. She dedicated her time to the peace movement in Washington, DC, and she often went to jail with other radical Catholics and Protestants because of marches and demonstrations.  Despite her radicalism, Ruether remained in the Catholic Church alongside other religious activists. Her first book, "The Church Against Itself" (1967), criticizes the doctrine of the church and the church's views of sexuality and reproduction.  She is married to the political scientist Herman Ruether. They studied their different interests alongside each other after their marriage during Ruether's last year of college. They have three children and live in California.

Career.

Ruether holds a BA in philosophy from Scripps College (1958), an MA in ancient history (1960) and a PhD in classics and patristics (1965) from Claremont Graduate School in Claremont, California.  She is Visiting Professor of Religion and Feminist Theology at Claremont School of Theology and Claremont Graduate University. Her first appointment was as professor at Howard University in Washington, DC, from 1965 to 1975. She was Carpenter Professor of Feminist Theology at the Pacific School of Religion and Graduate Theological Union, and retired from her long-term post as Georgia Harkness Professor of Applied Theology at the Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary. Ruether is the author of 36 books and over 600 articles on feminism, eco-feminism, the Bible, and Christianity.  In 1977, Ruether became an associate of the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press (WIFP). WIFP is an American nonprofit publishing organization. The organization works to increase communication between women and connect the public with forms of women-based media.  On January 22, 2000, Ruether received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Theology at Uppsala University, Sweden.  In 2012, Ruether received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (LHD) degree from Whittier College.  Ruether's work has been influential in the field of feminist theology, influencing scholars such as Beverly Wildung Harrison and Pauli Murray.

References.

Also see biographical information in Emily Leah Silverman, Whitney Bauman, and Dirk Von der Horst, ed., "Voices of Feminist Liberation: Celebratory Writings in Honor of Rosemary Radford Ruether" (London: Equinox Press, 2012).

Rosemary Radford Ruether (born 1936) is an American feminist scholar and Catholic theologian.

雷亚(Rosemary Radford Ruether)是女性主义神学主流的主要领袖之一。她执教于加瑞特(Garrett)福音派神学院,那所学校是附属位于伊利诺伊州伊凡斯顿市的西北大学。蕾亚是一位口齿伶俐又能言善道的讲员,同时也是一位多产的作家,她对女性主义神学的推广,以及妇女教会的建立,做出了巨大贡献。她的书包括《惟性主义与谈神:女性主义神学初探》(Sexism and God- Talk: Toward a Feminist Theology, 1983),以及《妇女教会:神学与实践》(Women – Church: Theology and Practice, 1986)


History.

Uptown.

Norman Rexford came to Chicago from Charlotte, Vermont in 1835 and in 1836 became the first permanent settler of Blue Island when he established the Blue Island House near the intersection of present-day Western Avenue and Gregory Street just north of the Western Avenue bridge. Before Rexford built the Blue Island House he had constructed a four-room log cabin in the wilderness at the north end of the Blue Island ridge that he intended as a tavern for wayfarers, but after a year realized that the place was not likely to be profitable for him and began to look for another site where he

The Blue Island Market.

For many years on the first Thursday of every month, Western Avenue south of the canal and to the city limits on 139th Street was host to an open-air market, the Blue Island Market, more commonly known as Market Day. The market was a place where farmers from a wide area surrounding Blue Island came to

Brickyards.

After it was discovered in the early 1850s that rich deposits of clay surrounded the ridge, Blue Island became the center of a significant brick-making industry that lasted for over a century. In the early years, these efforts were small, with the bricks being made by hand and the turnout created mostly for local use, but by 1886 the Illinois Pressed Brick Company (organized in 1884) was employing about 80 men and using "steam power and the most approved machinery", which

The Portland question.

Some sources state that the city of Blue Island was once officially (or commonly) known as Portland. This claim is erroneous.  "The north end of the bench of land on which Blue Island stands was originally covered with a dense forest, and from Chicago, before the view was obstructed by buildings, this timber presented a blue appearance like smoke. Water was like-mirrored forth by the mirage which almost always prevailed, giving the timber the appearance of land surrounded by water, and it was from this circumstance that the hunters called it Blue Island, which name was perpetuated by my brother getting a Post Office located there, which was also called Blue Island – so much for the name."  "'Portland' did not become a river town. Neither did the name 'Portland' ever come into general use. In spite of all the efforts of

Historic buildings and structures.

Bertrand Goldberg designed the Dr. Aaron Heimbach House (1939). The house is one of only six surviving residential designs by the architect, and is a designated landmark in the City of Blue Island. In 2009, its owners received the Richard H. Driehaus Foundation Preservation Award from Landmarks Illinois for the outstanding quality of the restoration work performed on the house during the previous four years.  Because of its long history, the built environment of Blue Island exhibits a broad range of architectural styles and periods. Although largely built in the vernacular tradition, the works of notable architects, including Adler and Sullivan, George Maher, August Fiedler, Oscar Wenderoth, Robert E. Seyfarth, Perkins and Will, and Bertrand Goldberg, are featured throughout the community.  The Bell/Hendriks house was designed and construction in 1947 for the Prize Homes competition which was sponsored and promoted by the "Chicago Tribune", and several thousand persons toured the "modified Colonial" home when

The American House.

One of the oldest buildings in Blue Island, the American House was built in 1839 as the courthouse for Lake County, Indiana—a function it never actually had the chance to serve, as the county seat was moved from Liverpool to Crown Point in 1840. In 1844, the building was disassembled, sent by raft up the Little Calumet River, and reassembled in Blue Island.  The building originally stood on the west side of Western Avenue north of Vermont Street, (where Three Sisters Antique Mall stands today. It was popular among Southerners who used it as a summer boarding

The Joshua P. Young House.

An ad appeared in the book "Chicago and Its Suburbs", which was published in 1874 in part to promote the interests of real estate developers in the Chicago area. Note the mention of the firm's holdings in Englewood, South Lawn (later Harvey), Homewood and Washington Heights (later Morgan Park), the latter of which was purchased in 1869 for $150 per acre from the tract that was then being developed by the Blue Island Land and Building Co.  The house was built by Carlton Wadhams (1810–1891), who came to Blue Island in 1839 from Goshen, Connecticut, and farmed on land north of the village until he opened the American House Hotel (building extant) in 1844. During his time in Blue Island, Wadhams made his first fortune as the owner of the hotel and as a cattle dealer, staying until c. 1857 when he sold his holdings and moved to South Bend, Indiana. In South Bend he

USS "Blue Island Victory".

On December 28, 1945, 91 days after her keel was laid, the USS "Blue Island Victory" was launched from the Bethlehem-Fairfield Shipyard in Baltimore, Maryland. Dubbed "the Ugly Duckling of the merchant marine" by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Victory ships were armed cargo ships that were built during World War II to transport troops and supplies wherever

City hall.

The oldest portion of Blue Island's city hall was built in 1891 and designed by Edmund R. Krause, a prominent Chicago architect who among other buildings designed the 20-story Majestic Theatre building in Chicago's Loop at what is now 22 W. Monroe Street (the theater, whose interiors were designed by Rapp and Rapp, has been renamed several time in the last fifty years – most recently in 2015 when it became the PrivateBank Theatre). An annex to city hall was built in 1925 according to plans by the Chicago architectural firm of Doerr, Lindquist and Doerr. The design for the annex was apparently a conscious

Religion.

Although religious gatherings have taken place in Blue Island almost since the community was founded in 1836, the first denominational services took place in 1850 with the founding of the Central Methodist Church (predecessor

Etymology.

The north-central section of the city of Blue Island is located at the south end of a glacial moraine that once was an island when the waters from Lake Chicago covered the surrounding area at the former lake's Glenwood Stage. Early pioneers gave the ridge the name because at a distance it looked like an island set in a trackless prairie sea. The blue color was attributed to atmospheric scattering or to blue flowers growing on the ridge. The Chicago "Democrat", February, 1834 described it:  "Nearly south of this town and twelve

Geography.

According to the 2010 census, Blue Island has a total

Demographics.

As of the 2010 census there were 23,706 people, 8,013 households, and 5,452 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,824.6 people per square mile (2,257.7 per square kilometer). The racial makeup of the city was 41.3% White, 30.8% African American, 0.8% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 23.6% some other race, and 3.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 47.0% of the population. There were 8,013 households, of which 43.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them,

Arts and culture.

Tourism.

Blue Island Area Sports Hall of Fame.

As part of its focus, the park district serves the needs of the community by sponsoring Little League Baseball, football, softball and other sports activities. It is also host to the Blue Island Area Sports Hall of Fame, which was sponsored by the Blue Island "Sun Standard" and founded by its sports editor, Don Rizzs. As part of a community that is heavily involved in sports on many levels, the Hall of Fame is a repository of photos and biographies of many individuals who have distinguished themselves on the playing field, both on the local level and in the international spotlight.

Parks and recreation.

The park district was formed in 1909 and in 1912 acquired the property of the late Benjamin Sanders, who was Blue Island's first village president when the village incorporated in 1872 and served as the chairman of the building committee of the Cook County Board after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. The property included Sanders' home, which was remodeled into a field house and also provided living quarters for the park's superintendent. Central Park eventually offered tennis courts, playground equipment, and the community's first swimming pool. It was vacated by the park district in 1965 when St. Francis Hospital acquired the property for $325,000. () to build its east campus there.  Memorial Park, the city's next public park, was dedicated on Decoration Day (now Memorial Day), 1922, in ceremonies that were presided over by Brigadier General Abel Davis of Glencoe, Illinois. The section of Memorial Park running adjacent to Burr Oak Avenue with of

Government.

Nearly all of Blue Island is in Illinois' 1st

Education.

As the largest settlement in the southern part of Cook County in the middle of the nineteenth century, Blue Island was an important trading and cultural center. The village offered educational opportunity to its residents as early as 1845 in the form of a private school for girls that was operated by local citizens, and public education was introduced in 1846 with the construction of a one-room schoolhouse that served the community exclusively for that purpose until the first Whittier School was built in 1854. The one-room schoolhouse was repurposed several times in subsequent years and still stands, much remodeled, as a comfortable house on Greenwood Avenue.  Blue Island hosted a number of educational conferences during the 1850s, and because of this (and through the influence of Benjamin Sanders, whose tenure with the Cook County Board was during that time) Chicago State University was founded in Blue Island in 1867 as the Cook County Normal (or Teacher's) School in the classrooms of the old Whittier School building on Vermont Street. This arrangement lasted until 1870, when the new campus for the college was completed in what is now the Englewood neighborhood of Chicago on of land that was donated by L. W. Beck for the purpose in 1868.  The public school district as a legal entity (now Cook County School District 130) was established in 1887, and the current high school district (Community High School District 218) was created in 1927, replacing earlier versions from 1897 and 1903. Blue Island Community High School (now Dwight D. Eisenhower High School) was accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools (now North Central Association – Commission on Accreditation and School Improvement) in 1899. As president of Columbia University, Eisenhower was the keynote speaker at the dedication of the new facility on Sacramento Avenue for Blue Island Community High School in 1951, and the building was renamed in his honor in 1962.  A portion of Blue Island is within the Posen-Robbins School District 1431⁄2.

Elementary and middle schools.

Most residents of Blue Island live within the boundaries of Cook County School District 130. The grade school district serves not only Blue Island, but also much of Crestwood, some of Robbins and a fraction of Alsip. Residents in the far Southeast of the city have

High schools.

The public high school is:  In 1903, a high school district, separate from District 130 was voted into law by the IL state legislature. For many years (at least until 1938), the superintendent of the high school district was the same for District 130; their school boundaries being virtually identical (the only difference being the inclusion of a cemetery in the high school district!). In August 1927, the Blue Island Community High School

Special education.

Public schools include:

Infrastructure.

Transportation.

Public transportation.

The city is a hub for Metra trains, with six stations, four of them along the Rock Island District line: 119th Street, 123rd Street, Prairie Street, and Vermont Street.  The Rock Island District line splits at Gresham, northeast of Blue Island, and the branch, known alternately as the "Beverly", "Blue Island", or "Suburban" branch, serves the Chicago communities of Gresham, Beverly Hills, and Morgan Park. The Rock Island District uses the stations in Blue Island between 119th Street to the north and Vermont Street, where the tracks rejoin the main line, to the south. The branch line was built in 1888 as a result of efforts by the Blue Island Land and Building Company to promote its interests in what was to become the town, and eventually, the Chicago neighborhood of Morgan Park.  The Vermont Street station—which is

Other transportation.

Blue Island is from O'Hare International Airport and from Midway International Airport. It is located a half mile west of Interstate 57, one and a half miles east of the Tri-State Tollway, and is bisected by Western Avenue, which in Blue Island is part of the historic Dixie Highway that in its heyday connected Chicago with Miami, Florida.

Public library.

A lending library has been in existence in some form or another in Blue Island since about 1845, when Thomas McClintock began to make his private library of about 100 volumes available to the public for a nominal fee. The founding of the library as a publicly supported institution dates to 1854, when the library's collection, which at this time numbered around 800 volumes, was housed in the new Whittier School building on Vermont Street. The library expanded again in 1890 when the Current Topics Club, predecessor to the Blue Island Woman's Club, opened a small reading room above Edward Seyfarth's hardware store on Western Avenue with a collection of about 1,500

Health care.

Blue Island is home to MetroSouth Medical Center, long nationally recognized as one of the nation's premier cardiovascular primary care centers. The hospital was originally opened as the Saint Francis Hospital in 1905 by the Sisters of St. Mary (currently the Franciscan Sisters of Mary). They purchased the home of the late Ernst Uhlich in 1905 for $30,000 () and updated its systems to outfit the building for its new purpose. At the time, this section of Gregory Street was lined with churches and the homes of some of Blue Island's

In popular culture.

Writers and literature.

Over the years, Blue Island has provided the setting for the works of at least a couple of writers. In 1935, for example, the Chicago playwright and Pulitzer Prize-winning author Margaret Ayer Barnes (1886-–1967) wrote the novel "Edna, His Wife, an American Idyll", using Blue Island as the first locale of the four that make up her story (the other three being Chicago, Washington, D.C., and New York City). The book chronicles the life of the title character who spent her formative years in Blue Island but leaves after she marries, becoming increasingly unhappy as she leads a more sophisticated life elsewhere while "...remain[ing] a

Music.

Because of the wide popularity of performers such as W. C. Handy, the blues became a popular musical genre during the Roaring Twenties. It is not surprising, then, that when Wendell Hall, Harry Geise and Emory O'Hara were looking for a title for their 1923 composition, they hit upon the name "Blue Island Blues" The sheet music for it was published that year by Waterson, Berlin & Snyder Co. Described by "The New York

Television and film.

This layout is from a 1911 Sanborn map Founded in 1856 as the Busch and Brandt brewery and consolidated with United Breweries in 1898, this was one of four such establishments that operated in Blue Island for many years. The long narrow building marked

Sports.

Blue Island is home to Santos Degollado, a soccer team

Blue Island is a city and a south suburb of Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, located approximately south of Chicago's Loop. Blue Island is adjacent to the city of Chicago and shares its northern boundary with that city's Morgan Park neighborhood. The population was 23,706 at the 2010 United States Census.

布卢岛(英语:Blue Island)是一个位于美国伊利诺伊州库克县的城市。