Similarity of asymmetric binary attributes.

Given two objects, "A" and "B", each with "n" binary attributes, the Jaccard coefficient is a useful measure of the overlap that "A" and "B" share with their attributes. Each attribute of "A" and "B" can either be 0 or 1. The total number of each combination of attributes for both "A" and "B" are specified as follows:  Each attribute must fall into one of these four categories, meaning that  The Jaccard similarity coefficient, "J", is given as  The Jaccard distance, "d", is given as

Difference with the simple matching coefficient (SMC).

When used for binary attributes, the Jaccard index is very similar to the simple matching coefficient. The main difference is that the SMC has the term formula_14 in its numerator and denominator, whereas the Jaccard index does not. Thus, the SMC counts both mutual presences (when an attribute is present in both sets) and mutual absence (when an attribute is absent in both sets) as matches and compares it to the total number of attributes in the universe, whereas the Jaccard index only counts mutual presence as matches and compares it to the number of attributes that have been chosen by at least one of the two sets.  In market basket analysis, for example, the basket of two consumers who we wish to compare might only contain a small fraction of all the available products in the store, so the SMC will usually return very high values of similarities even when the baskets bear very little resemblance, thus making the Jaccard index a more appropriate measure of similarity in that context. For example, consider a supermarket with 1000 products and two customers. The basket of the first customer contains salt and pepper and the basket of the second contains salt and sugar. In this scenario, the similarity between the two baskets as measured by the Jaccard index would be 1/3, but the similarity becomes 0.998 using the SMC.  In other contexts, where 0 and 1 carry equivalent information (symmetry), the SMC is a better measure of similarity. For example, vectors of demographic variables stored in dummy variables, such as gender, would be better compared with the SMC than with the Jaccard index since the impact of gender on similarity should be equal, independently of whether male is defined as a 0 and female as a 1 or the other way around. However, when we have symmetric dummy variables, one could replicate the behaviour of the SMC by splitting the dummies into two binary attributes (in this case, male and female), thus transforming them into asymmetric attributes, allowing the use of the Jaccard index without introducing any bias. The SMC remains, however, more computationally efficient in the case of symmetric dummy variables since it does not require adding extra dimensions.

Weighted Jaccard similarity and distance.

If formula_19 and formula_20 are two vectors with all real formula_21, then their Jaccard similarity coefficient (also known then as Ruzicka similarity) is defined as  and Jaccard distance (also known then as Soergel distance)  With even more generality, if formula_24 and formula_25 are two non-negative measurable functions on a measurable space formula_6 with measure formula_5, then we can define  where formula_29 and formula_30 are pointwise operators. Then Jaccard distance is  Then, for example, for two measurable sets formula_32, we have formula_33 where formula_34 and formula_35 are the characteristic functions of the corresponding set.

Probability Jaccard similarity and distance.

The weighted Jaccard similarity described above generalizes the Jaccard Index to positive vectors, where a set corresponds to a binary vector given by the indicator function, i.e. formula_36. However, it does not generalize the Jaccard Index to probability distributions, where a set corresponds to a uniform probability distribution, i.e.  It is always less if the sets differ in size. If formula_38, and formula_39 then  Instead, a generalization that is continuous between probability distributions and their corresponding support sets is  which is called the "Probability" Jaccard. It has the following bounds against the Weighted Jaccard on probability vectors.  Here the upper bound is the (weighted) Sørensen–Dice coefficient. The corresponding distance, formula_43, is a metric over probability distributions, and a pseudo-metric over non-negative vectors.  The Probability Jaccard Index has a geometric interpretation as the area of an intersection of simplices. Every point on a unit formula_44-simplex corresponds to a probability distribution on formula_45 elements, because the unit formula_44-simplex is the set of points in formula_45 dimensions that sum to 1. To derive the Probability Jaccard Index geometrically, represent a probability distribution as the unit simplex divided into sub simplices according to the mass of each item. If you overlay two distributions represented in this way on top of each other, and intersect the simplices corresponding to each item, the area that remains is equal to the Probability Jaccard Index of the distributions.

Optimality of the Probability Jaccard Index.

Consider the problem of constructing random variables such that they collide with each other as much as possible. That is, if formula_48 and formula_49, we would like to construct formula_6 and formula_51 to maximize formula_52. If we look at just two distributions formula_53 in isolation, the highest formula_52 we can achieve is given by formula_55 where formula_56 is the Total Variation distance. However, suppose were weren't just concerned with maximizing that particular pair, suppose we would like to maximize the collision probability of any arbitrary pair. One could construct an infinite number of random variables one for each distribution formula_57, and seek to maximize formula_52 for all pairs formula_53. In a fairly strong sense described below, the Probability Jaccard Index is an optimal way to align these random variables.  For any sampling method formula_60 and discrete distributions formula_53, if formula_62 then for some formula_63 where formula_64 and formula_65, either formula_66 or formula_67.  That is, no sampling method can achieve more collisions than formula_68 on one pair without achieving fewer collisions than formula_68 on another pair, where the reduced pair is more similar under formula_68 than the increased pair. This theorem is true for the Jaccard Index of sets (if interpreted as uniform distributions) and the probability Jaccard, but not of the weighted Jaccard. (The theorem uses the word "sampling method" to describe a joint distribution over all distributions on a space, because it derives from the use of weighted minhashing algorithms that achieve this as their collision probability.)  This theorem has a visual proof on three element distributions using the simplex representation.

Tanimoto similarity and distance.

Various forms of functions described as Tanimoto similarity and Tanimoto distance occur in the literature and on the Internet. Most of these are synonyms for Jaccard similarity and Jaccard distance, but some are mathematically different. Many sources cite an IBM Technical Report as the seminal reference. The report is available from several libraries.  In "A Computer Program for Classifying Plants", published in October 1960, a method of classification based on a similarity ratio, and a derived distance function, is given. It seems that this is the most authoritative source for the meaning of the terms "Tanimoto similarity" and "Tanimoto Distance". The similarity ratio is equivalent to Jaccard similarity, but the distance function is "not" the same as Jaccard distance.

Tanimoto's definitions of similarity and distance.

In that paper, a "similarity ratio" is given over bitmaps, where each bit of a fixed-size array represents the presence or absence of a characteristic in the plant being modelled. The definition of the ratio is the number of common bits, divided by the number of bits set ("i.e." nonzero) in either sample.  Presented in mathematical terms, if samples "X" and "Y" are bitmaps, formula_71 is the "i"th bit of "X", and formula_72 are bitwise "and", "or" operators respectively, then the similarity ratio formula_73 is  If each sample is modelled instead as a set of attributes, this value is equal to the Jaccard coefficient of the two sets. Jaccard is not cited in the paper, and it seems likely that the authors were not aware of it.  Tanimoto goes on to define a "distance coefficient" based on this ratio, defined for bitmaps with non-zero similarity:  This coefficient is, deliberately, not a distance metric. It is chosen to allow the possibility of two specimens, which are quite different from each other, to both be similar to a third. It is easy to construct an example which disproves the property of triangle inequality.

Other definitions of Tanimoto distance.

Tanimoto distance is often referred to, erroneously, as a synonym for Jaccard distance formula_76. This function is a proper distance metric. "Tanimoto Distance" is often stated as being a proper distance metric, probably because of its confusion with Jaccard distance.  If Jaccard or Tanimoto similarity is expressed over a bit vector, then it can be written as  where the same calculation is expressed in terms of vector scalar product and magnitude. This representation relies on the fact that, for a bit vector (where the value of each dimension is either 0 or 1) then  and  This is a potentially confusing representation, because the function as expressed over vectors is more general, unless its domain is explicitly restricted. Properties of formula_80 do not necessarily extend to formula_24. In particular, the difference function formula_82 does not preserve triangle inequality, and is not therefore a proper distance metric, whereas formula_83 is.  There is a real danger that the combination of "Tanimoto Distance" being defined using this formula, along with the statement "Tanimoto Distance is a proper distance metric" will lead to the false conclusion that the function formula_82 is in fact a distance metric over vectors or multisets in general, whereas its use in similarity search or clustering algorithms may fail to produce correct results.  Lipkus uses a definition of Tanimoto similarity which is equivalent to formula_24, and refers to Tanimoto distance as the function formula_82. It is, however, made clear within the paper that the context is restricted by the use of a (positive) weighting vector formula_87 such that, for any vector "A" being considered, formula_88 Under these circumstances, the function is a proper distance metric, and so a set of vectors governed by such a weighting vector forms a metric space under this function.

The Jaccard index, also known as Intersection over Union and the Jaccard similarity coefficient (originally given the French name "coefficient de communauté" by Paul Jaccard), is a statistic used for gauging the similarity and diversity of sample sets. The Jaccard coefficient measures similarity between finite sample sets, and is defined as the size of the intersection divided by the size of the union of the sample sets:

雅卡尔指数(英语:Jaccard index),又称为并交比(英语:Intersection over Union)、雅卡尔相似系数(英语:Jaccard similarity coefficient),是用于比较样本集的相似性与多样性的统计量。雅卡尔系数能够量度有限样本集合的相似度,其定义为两个集合交集大小与并集大小之间的比例:


Club career.

Early career.

Born in Vigo, Galicia, Falque began his career with Real Madrid before moving to Barcelona in 2001. After several years in the club's youth ranks, he was never aggregated either to the first team of Frank Rijkaard nor B side of Luis Enrique. On 30 August 2008, Falque signed a four-year contract with Juventus, and was officially presented on 2 September 2008. He transferred to the Serie A club on a free deal which included compensation to Barcelona up to €2.5 million if certain matches and goals were reached by the player in his stay with the club. On 6 December 2008, he received his first call-up to the club's first team in a match against Lecce, on the 15th matchday of the 2008–09 Serie A season.  On 25 August 2009, Falque was transferred on loan to Bari, then newly promoted to Serie A. After playing the first half of the season with the "Primavera" formation, he returned to Juventus on 15 January 2010 without ever debuting for Bari's first team.  On 29 July 2010, Falque joined Villarreal B on loan with the right of redemption. He maintained a starting position for the club, making 36 appearances and scoring 11 goals. Villarreal opted not to activate their redemption clause and so, on 30 June 2011, Falque returned to Juventus.

Tottenham Hotspur.

On 25 August 2011, Falque joined Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur on a season-long loan deal, with an option to make the move permanent. He was first named in a matchday squad on 10 September, remaining unused in a 2–0 win at Wolverhampton Wanderers, and made his debut five days later by starting in a goalless away draw against PAOK in the season's UEFA Europa League.  On 9 December 2012, he played his only Premier League match, appearing for five minutes at the end of a 1–2 loss at Everton as a substitute for striker Jermain Defoe.

Loans to Southampton and Almería.

On 16 January 2012, Tottenham signed Falque permanently for €1 million (€250,000 went to Barcelona), loaning him to Championship leaders Southampton for the remainder of the season. He made his Southampton debut seven days later, starting in a 0–2 home loss against Leicester City. However, he failed to make any other appearance with "Saints", subsequently returning to Tottenham in June, and on 18 July he scored in a pre-season 2–0 victory at Stevenage.  On 23 January 2013, Falque joined Almería on loan until the end of the season. He made his debut for the Andalusians on 4 February in a 1–2 away loss against Real Madrid Castilla, and scored his first goal on 24 February in a 4–1 home routing over Ponferradina. Falque was ever-present in the promotion back to the top level, appearing in 22 matches and scoring two times.

Loan to Rayo Vallecano.

On 22 August 2013, Falque joined La Liga side Rayo Vallecano in a season-long loan deal, with a buyout clause. He made his division debut eight days later in a 1–2 home loss against Levante. In February 2014, Falque scored his first goals for Rayo, in a 4–1 win over Málaga; for the first, he "rushed down the right wing, beating two defenders with a turn and a nutmeg before knocking the ball in off the near post", and in the second, "exhibiting the same quick feet and ability to float past defenders as he did in the first".

Genoa.

On 1 August 2014, Genoa confirmed the signing of Falque. He scored his first Serie A goal on 2 November in a 4–2 win at Udinese. On 24 February 2015, Falque opened the scoring in the "Derby della Lanterna" against Sampdoria, an eventual 1–1 draw. He scored his 12th and 13th goals of the season on 17 May in a 4–1 win away to Atalanta.

Roma.

On 1 July 2015, Falque's transfer to Roma was confirmed as a season-loan deal for €1 million, with a buyout clause activated as soon as he plays one official match for Roma with the additional sum of €7 million with €1 million performance-related bonus. The contract that Falque signed after the buyout clause will be until 30 June 2020.

Torino.

On 19 July 2016, it was announced that Falque was loaned to Torino with a buying option for the 2016–17 season. He scored his first goal in Serie A for Torino on 11 September, from a free-kick, in a 2–1 defeat to Atalanta. On 25 September he scored a brace, in a 3–1 victory against parent club Roma. He finished his first season with Torino with 12 goals and 8 assists, his personal best since 2015 at Genoa.  On 4 January 2017, it was announced that Torino exercised the right to purchase Falque outright. He started the 2017–18 season with Torino, playing two consecutive seasons for the same club for the first time in his career. He finished the season as top-scorer for Torino with 12 goals and eight assists (plus two goals in Coppa Italia), his personal best season.

Loan to Genoa.

On 31 January 2020, Falque returned to Genoa on loan with an option to purchase.

International career.

In 2008, Falque played for the Galicia national football team in a friendly match against Iran.

Honours.

Club.

Juventus F.C. Youth Sector

Iago Falque Silva (, ; born 4 January 1990) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Italian club Genoa on loan from Torino.

耶高·法尔基·施华(,1990年-1月4日)出生于西班牙加利西亚自治区的维戈,是一名足球运动员,司职中场,现时于意甲球会拖连奴。


By industry.

Financial asset management.

The most common usage of the term "asset manager" refers to investment management, the sector of the financial services industry that manages investment funds and segregated client accounts. Asset management is part of a financial company which employs experts who manage money and handle the investments of clients. From studying the client's assets to planning and looking after the investments, all things are looked after by the asset managers and recommendations are provided based on the financial health of each client.

Physical and Infrastructure asset management.

Infrastructure asset management is the combination of management, financial, economic, engineering, and other practices applied to physical assets with the objective of providing the best value level of service for the costs involved. It includes the management of the entire life cycle—including design, construction, commissioning, operating, maintaining, repairing, modifying, replacing and decommissioning/disposal—of physical and infrastructure assets. Operation and maintenance of assets in a constrained budget environment require a prioritization scheme. As a way of illustration, the recent development of renewable energy has seen the rise of effective asset managers involved in the management of solar systems (solar park, rooftops, and windmills). These teams often collaborate with financial asset managers in order to offer turnkey solutions to investors. Infrastructure asset management became very important in most of the developed countries in the 21st century, since their infrastructure network was almost completed in the 20th century and they have to manage to operate and maintain them cost-effectively. Software asset management is one kind of infrastructure asset management.  The International Organization for Standardization published its management system standard for asset management in 2014. The ISO 55000 series provides terminology, requirements, and guidance for implementing, maintaining and improving an effective asset management system.

Enterprise asset management.

Enterprise asset management (EAM) systems are asset "information" systems that support the management of an organization's assets. An EAM includes an asset registry (inventory of assets and their attributes) combined with a computerized maintenance management system (CMMS) and other modules (such as inventory or materials management). Assets that are geographically distributed, interconnected or networked, are often also represented through the use of geographic information systems (GIS).  GIS-centric asset registry standardizes data and improves interoperability, providing users the capability to reuse, coordinate, and share information in an efficient and effective manner. A GIS platform combined with information of both the "hard" and "soft" assets helps to remove the traditional silos of departmental functions. While the hard assets are the typical physical assets or infrastructure assets, the soft assets might include permits, licenses, brands, patents, right-of-ways, and other entitlements or valued items.  The EAM system is only one of the 'enables' to good asset management. Asset managers need to make informed decisions in order to fulfill their organizational goals, this requires good asset information but also leadership, clarity of strategic priorities, competencies, inter-departmental collaboration and communications, workforce, and supply chain engagement, risk and change management systems, performance monitoring and continual improvement.

Public asset management.

Public asset management expands the definition of enterprise asset management (EAM) by incorporating the management of all things of value to a municipal jurisdiction and its citizens' expectations. An example in which public asset management is used is land-use development and planning.

Intellectual and non-physical asset management.

Increasingly both consumers and organizations use assets, e.g. software, music, books, etc. where the user's rights are constrained by a license agreement. An asset management system would identify the constraints upon such licenses, e.g. a time period. If, for example, one licenses software, often the license is for a given period of time. Adobe and Microsoft both offer time-based software licenses. In both the corporate and consumer worlds, there is a distinction between software ownership and the updating of software. One may own a version of the software, but not newer versions of the software. Cellular phones are often not updated by vendors, in an attempt to force a purchase of newer hardware. Large companies such as Oracle, that license software to clients distinguish between the right to use and the right to receive maintenance/support.

Asset management refers to systematic approach to the governance and realization of value from the things that a group or entity is responsible for, over their whole life cycles. It may apply both to tangible assets (physical objects such as buildings or equipment) and to intangible assets (such as human capital, intellectual property, goodwill or financial assets). Asset management is a systematic process of developing, operating, maintaining, upgrading, and disposing of assets in the most cost-effective manner (including all costs, risks and performance attributes).

资产管理(英语:Asset management),又称投资管理(英语:Investment management),是一项针对证券及资产的金融服务,以投资者利益出发并达致投资目标。投资者的范围非常广泛,可以是机构譬如保险公司、退休基金及公司或者是私人投资者。


Historical origin.

In 1744, the "Virginia and Maryland" coffee house in Threadneedle Street, London, changed its name to "Virginia and Baltick," to more accurately describe the business interests of the merchants who gathered there. Today's Baltic Exchange has its roots in a committee of merchants formed in 1823 to regulate trading and formalize the exchange of securities on the premises, which by then had moved to the Antwerp Tavern. The first daily freight index was published by the Baltic Exchange in January 1985.

How it works.

Every working day, a panel of international shipbrokers submits their assessment of the current freight cost on various routes to the Baltic Exchange. The routes are meant to be representative, i.e. large enough in volume to matter for the overall market.  These rate assessments are then weighted together to create both the overall BDI and the size specific Capesize, Panamax, and Supramax indices. The BDI factors in three different sizes of oceangoing dry bulk transport vessels:  The BDI is based on daily assessments of the following 20 routes:  The BDI contains route assessments based only on time-charter hire rates "USD hire paid per day".  The index can be accessed on a subscription basis directly from the Baltic Exchange as well as from some financial information and news services such as Bloomberg and Reuters.

Review of the weighting of the BDI.

Following consultation with members, in January 2018 the Baltic Exchange announced that it will be implementing changes to the Baltic Dry Index (BDI). From 1 March 2018 the BDI will be re-weighted to the following ratios of timecharter assessments: 40% Capesize, 30% Panamax and 30% Supramax and will no longer include the Handysize timecharter average. A multiplier of 0.1 will be applied.  External research concluded that the contribution of the various dry bulk vessel types to the dry bulk market was 40% Capesize, 25% Panamax, 25% Supramax and 10% Handysize. This analysis was based on the fleet composition, vessel utilisation including ballasting and total cargo moved – based on import/export reports and AIS data, the BDI weightings will be reviewed on an annual basis. The decision to not include Handysize contributions makes no statistical difference to the calculation of the BDI, based on the above weightings.  The Baltic Exchange will continue to report the Handysize vessel market and in November 2017, as part of the ongoing review of its indices, launched a trial of a new Handysize Imabari 38 benchmark vessel and seven timecharter routes.

Importance.

Most directly, the index measures the demand for shipping capacity versus the supply of dry bulk carriers. The demand for shipping varies with the amount of cargo that is being traded or moved in various markets (supply and demand).  The supply of cargo ships is generally both tight and inelastic; it takes two years to build a new ship, and the cost of laying up a ship is too high to take out of trade for short intervals, the way you might park a car safely over the winter. So, marginal increases in demand can push the index higher quickly, and marginal demand decreases can cause the index to fall rapidly. e.g. "if you have 100 ships competing for 99 cargoes, rates go down, whereas if you've 99 ships competing for 100 cargoes, rates go up. In other words, small fleet changes and logistical matters can crash rates..." The index indirectly measures global supply and demand for the commodities shipped aboard dry bulk carriers, such as building materials, coal, metallic ores, and grains.  Because dry bulk primarily consists of materials that function as raw material inputs to the production of intermediate or finished goods, such as concrete, electricity, steel, and food, the index is also seen as an efficient economic indicator of future economic growth and production. The BDI is considered by some people as a leading economic indicator because it predicts future economic activity.  Other leading economic indicators, which serve as the foundation of important political and economic decisions, are often measured to serve narrow interests, and subjected to adjustments or revisions. Payroll or employment numbers are often estimates; consumer confidence appears to measure nothing more than sentiment, often with no link to actual consumer behavior; gross national product figures are consistently revised; and so forth. Unlike stock and bond markets, the BDI "is totally devoid of speculative content," says Howard Simons, an economist and columnist at TheStreet.com. "People don't book freighters unless they have cargo to move."

Significant levels.

On 20 May 2008, the index reached its record high level since its introduction in 1985, reaching 11,793 points. Half a year later, on 5 December 2008, the index had dropped by 94%, to 663 points, the lowest since 1986; though by 4 February 2009 it had recovered a little lost ground, back to 1,316. These low rates moved dangerously close to the combined operating costs of vessels, fuel, and crews.  By the end of 2008, shipping times had been already increased by reduced speeds to save fuel consumption, but lack of credit meant the reduction of letters of credit, historically required to load cargoes for departure at ports. Debt load of future ship construction was also a problem for shipping companies, with several major bankruptcies and implications for shipyards. This, combined with the collapsing price of raw commodities created a perfect storm for the world's marine commerce.  During 2009, the index recovered as high as 4661, but then bottomed out at 1043 in February, 2011, after continued deliveries of new ships and flooding in Australia.  Though rebounding to 2000 on 7 October, by 3 February 2012, the index made a new multi-decade low of 647 on a continued glut of dry bulk carriers and decreases in orders of iron and coal.  On 10 February 2016 the Baltic Dry Index reached the historic low of 290.  By 15 November 2016 it rebounded to over 1000 sending the entire shipping industry to massive gains. Some companies reached 2000%+ in share price gains in as little as 5 days.

The Baltic Dry Index (BDI), is issued daily by the London-based Baltic Exchange. The BDI is a composite of the Capesize, Panamax and Supramax Timecharter Averages. It is reported around the world as a proxy for dry bulk shipping stocks as well as a general shipping market bellwether.

波罗的海干散货指数或波罗的海综合指数(Baltic Dry Index,缩写作BDI)是航运业的经济指标,包含航运业的干散货交易量的转变。它的前身是波罗的海货运指数(Baltic Freight Index,BFI),BFI在1999年11月1日废除后改以BDI代之。


History.

The university's origins can be traced back to a private School of Art founded in 1856, which eventually became the Southampton College of Art. Mergers with the Southampton College of Technology, and later the College of Nautical Studies at Warsash, led to the establishment of the Southampton Institute of Higher Education in 1984.  Southampton Institute became a university on 12 July 2005, adopting the name Southampton Solent University on 15 August 2005. Prior to 2005, Southampton Institute provided assistance to Nottingham Trent University in its provision of business focused degrees, relating to accountancy, finance and professional ACCA qualifications. Some Nottingham Trent University certificates included Southampton Institute/Solent University stamps to indicate this agreement. In 2015 the University came to an agreement with New College of the Humanities, London whereby it will validate some of their degrees. In November 2017, the Privy Council approved the change of name of Southampton Solent University to Solent University, with effect from 2018.

Campus.

Solent University has three primary locations: City, Warsash and Timsbury Lake. The City campus is in the centre of Southampton, on the east side of East Park. This campus broadly includes the Sir James Matthews building, which is situated on the far side of the park. Part of the Warsash School of Maritime Science and Engineering is on the eastern bank of the Hamble River overlooking Southampton Water, while Timsbury Lake is located in Timsbury.

Halls of residence.

The University has five major student Halls complexes:  All the halls are located a short walk away from the main teaching buildings. They are all located south east of the city centre, between the St Mary's and Ocean Village areas of the Southampton.

Academic profile.

Solent University is a comprehensive University offering programmes across five academic Schools, including the School of Art, Design and Fashion; Business, Law and Communications; Media Arts and Technology; Sport, Health and Social Sciences and through its Warsash School of Maritime Science and Engineering. Solent's maritime courses have been ranked among the best in the world. The University generally has a growing reputation, and have been climbing the major league tables year on year - most recently reaching 81st place in the Guardian League Table in 2019.  The University also has strong links with local and regional businesses, professional bodies and industry groups, all with a focus on providing the best routes into the workforce (for example the British Computer Society, Creative Skillset and the PTC).  The student yachting team has often consisted of Olympians and are previous world champions.

Research.

The University also has a dedicated Research, Innovation and Enterprise Office, providing cohesive support for research and innovation through a researcher development programme and the Research, Innovation and Knowledge Exchange Awards.

Creative and digital industries.

Solent has a strong record of research and innovation in the creative industries, with a focus on the fields of visual art and culture (history, theory and practice), music industries, screen research (film and television), and communications and creative writing.  Rapidly developing research areas in creative and immersive technologies, such as virtual reality and augmented reality, are driving innovative research forward. We cover the range of the design process from inception through prototyping, to implementation and user experience and usability.

Business and society.

Working with private, public and third sector industries, Solent focuses on research areas such as marketing, the ‘visitor economy’, SME partnerships, international economic development, entrepreneurship and innovation, and cyber-crime. A particular focus is social policy in relation to employment, gender, and diversity in areas ranging from maritime and seafarers, to music and culture.

Sport, health and wellbeing.

Solent University has emerged as a leading provider of academic programmes relating to the study of sport, health and wellbeing. These programmes are informed by cutting-edge research in areas such as sports science, sports development, the sociology of sport, psychology, health and wellbeing, and social care.  A focus of current research is how sport can be used as a vehicle for social change. Research in sports science focuses on strength and conditioning, the physiological basis of human performance in a range of sub-elite and elite sporting environments, and the psychology of the coaching process. The University is also recognised as one of the leading centres for football-based research.

Maritime, technology and environment.

Historically, one of the key research strengths of Solent has been in maritime, with its long history and association with shipping, ports and seafarer training through Warsash Maritime Academy, now the Warsash School of Maritime Science and Engineering. The focus is on applied research and innovation that makes a real impact on industry, including a specific focus on maritime education and training (including the use of technology), employment, health and safety, gender, and welfare.  We also have a developing area of research relating to sustainability and resilience, including environmental accounting, life cycle assessment; environmental impacts, and modelling. Other areas of research include materials science and additive manufacturing; acoustics; computer networks, immersive technologies, multimedia communication, and software engineering; as well as sustainable design and the built environment. It also hosts the China Centre (Maritime).

Student life.

Student media.

The student media outlets at Solent University are covered by the umbrella brand of 'Sonar Media'. These outlets are considered Special Status Societies within the Students' Union and are run entirely by students. The four societies under the brand include Radio Sonar, the student radio station; SonarTV, the student television station; Sonar Magazine, the student magazine; and Sonar Film, the student-run cinema. Solent's University Life has been featured in several The Daily Touch articles - courtesy of StudentCrowd.

TV station.

The student-run Television Station operated under the name SonarTV. The station was founded in 2009 as part of the student media rebrand within the Students' Union. SonarTV are the only outlet within the university that can affiliate with NaSTA (The National Student Television Association), and in 2012 was selected to be joint host for the first ever NaSTAvision broadcast with Staffs TV of Staffordshire University. At the 2013 NaSTA Awards, they placed 3rd for Best Broadcaster in the 40th annual edition of the NaSTA Awards, hosted by XTV of Exeter University.

Radio station.

The student run Radio Station is called Radio Sonar. The University radio station was founded by Giacomo Shimmings in 1998 and was originally known as Sin FM. the name came from the first 28-day FM radio licence held by the station. After applying for a Low Powered AM (LPAM) licence, the station changed its name to Sin Radio and at the same time became an online radio station. The name of the station was changed in 2009 to Radio Sonar. The rename was in conjunction with all Student Union media, part of Sonar Media rebrand. Radio Sonar has won the prestigious "Outstanding Contribution to Student Radio" at the National Student Radio Conference in 2010 and again in 2011. in 2012 Mel Lewis won Best Female Presenter. The current station manager is Danny Humby. Radio Sonar was nominated in the 2014 SRA awards for 'Best Chart Show' and achieved 3rd place.

Sport.

The university has a long tradition of achieving at sailing and has won the student national yachting championships on numerous occasions.

Criticism.

The university has been the subject of media criticism in the past, being featured on BBC South's investigative programme Inside Out for rewarding students pass grades for poor standards of work. Independent experts questioned in the film asked whether some of those having work passed as satisfactory were ready to study at university at all and whether courses were'remedial'.

Solent University (formerly Southampton Solent University) is a public university based in Southampton, United Kingdom. It has approximately 11,000 students. Its main campus is located on East Park Terrace near the city centre and the maritime hub of Southampton.

索伦特大学(Solent University)是一所位于英国汉普郡南安普顿的公立大学。原称南安普顿索伦特大学(Southampton Solent University),2017年11月英国枢密院批准其改现名,次年生效。


Manga.

The characters of Di Gi Charat and her sidekick Gema first appeared in July 1998 in "From Gamers", a promotional magazine for the Akihabara store, Gamers. In August of that year, the two appeared in, a four-panel comic-strip in "From Gamers" drawn by dōjin artist Koge-Donbo. Dejiko was later adopted as the mascot of Gamers.  Broccoli Books in the US published the "Di Gi Charat Theater" series, which contain a number of Di Gi Charat manga by Koge Donbo and several dōjin artists. The comic strip "Gema Gema", which still runs in "From Gamers", is republished in these volumes. Broccoli Books have stated that all the manga will be translated and released. However, due to Broccoli closing their offices in the US in 2008, "Dejiko's Adventure" and "Leave it to Piyoko!" were left unfinished.  Current Di Gi Charat Manga released in North America:  Broccoli Books Di Gi Charat Theater - Dejiko's Summer Vacation Di Gi Charat Theater - Piyoko is Number One! Di Gi Charat Theater - Dejiko's Adventure Di Gi Charat Theater - Leave it to Piyoko!  Viz Media  Studio Ironcat  Comic Di Gi, a bimonthly magazine that is issued by Broccoli, included a Di Gi Charat comic called GemaGema Theater by Koge-Donbo.

Anime.

An animated Dejiko and her sidekick Gema first appeared on in a television advertisement for Gamers, set to the store's theme song, "Welcome!" by Hiroko Kato. The first anime premiered on the Tokyo Broadcasting System on November 29, 1999. Set in a Gamers store in Akihabara, the original series was sixteen episodes long, with each episode running for three minutes. Light-hearted and relatively cheaply animated, the series follows the story of Di Gi Charat (Dejiko), her new sidekick Petit Charat (Puchiko) and Gema, who arrive in Akihabara, Tokyo. Dejiko dreams of becoming an idol, only to realize that they have no money and nowhere to stay. The manager of a Gamers store takes pity on them, and the series follows their exploits as they work in the shop. The series introduces Dejiko's rival, "Rabi-en-Rose", and minor characters Abarenbou, Takeshi, Yoshimi, Takurou and Takurou. All other citizens of Akihabara, including the manager, are drawn as anthropomorphic thumbs, the reason being that Akihabara is one of the largest shopping areas of Earth for video games, among other things, and thumbs are most commonly used by people to press buttons while playing video games. The creative team was given free rein over the content of Di Gi Charat, and it is outrageous at times. The anime is directed by Hiroaki Sakurai, animated by Madhouse and produced by BROCCOLI.  As 2008 was the 10th anniversary of the series "Di Gi Charat", Broccoli Inc. decided to recast the actresses of the main characters of "Di Gi Charat". The new actress for Dejiko, Puchiko, and Usada were Satomi Akesaka, Nao Minakami, and Rieka Yazawa respectively.  However, as of the 15th Anniversary in 2013, Broccoli Inc. has since reverted to using their original voice actresses and retconned the 10th Anniversary in a comic.

Specials.

Despite the series' low budget and its status as an advertisement for a games store, sequels for Di Gi Charat, several feature-length Di Gi Charat special episodes and OVAs, followed. Each special was around twenty minutes long. The specials introduce the Black Gema Gema Gang (Black Gema Gema Dan) and Dejiko's rival, Pyocola Analogue III (Piyoko).

Movie.

is a movie that premiered on December 22, 2001 in Japan. The twenty-minute animation follows the adventures of Dejiko, Piyoko and Gema as they use the spaceship seen in the first episode to travel back to Dejiko's home planet, "Planet Di Gi Charat". It was licensed by Synch-Point and announced at Anime Boston 2003 along with "Leave it to Piyoko!".  Synch-Point planned to include a 13-minute bonus episode called "Kuchi kara Bazooka" ("Rocket From the Mouth Special" or "Upchuck Bazooka") that was also included in the Japanese release, but it was never released.

Panyo Panyo Di Gi Charat.

A prequel of sorts with its own alternate continuity, Panyo Panyo aired from January 5, 2002 until September 29, 2002. The characters are drawn to look much younger. Princess Dejiko and Puchiko wish to escape castle life to help people of Planet Di Gi Charat achieve happiness. Pyocola Analogue III and hologram Digi Devil try to stop her. In this series Dejiko, Puchiko and Gema meet friends Meek and Rinna.  Panyo Panyo was arranged into five-minute mini episodes in order to make it feel like classic four panel manga. Panyo Panyo did not have the wide open endings which the original series had.

Di Gi Charat Theater - Leave it to Piyoko-pyo!

is an eight episode OVA that was released in 2003. The OVA is the only show in the series where Dejiko is not the main character. Instead it focuses on Piyoko, Rik, Ky, Coo, and the rest of the Black Gema Gema Gang as they leave Planet Analogue and make their way to Earth to kidnap Dejiko.  At Anime Boston 2003, Synch-Point announced they have acquired North American distribution rights to the OVA. It was released on two DVDs on November 15, 2005 and March 7, 2006. Miyuki Sawashiro, the voice actor of Puchiko, also dubbed Puchiko in English for the first six episodes. It marked the first time a Japanese voice actor repeated their role in English for an English anime dub.

Di Gi Charat Nyo!

An alternate story to the original series, Nyo!, aired from April 6, 2003 until March 28, 2004. There were two stories for each of the fifty-two twenty-minute episodes.

Winter Garden.

is a two part spin-off series. Dejiko is around 20 years old and Puchiko is now around 15. This was also the last animated project to feature the original voices of the characters. The story starts on Christmas with Dejiko working at a cake shop. She meets a young man named Senba Takuro while going home on Christmas night. Dejiko accidentally drops her cake, but Takuro exchanges his for hers, and love starts after several unplanned meetings with each other.  A promotional video premiered at Anime Expo 2006 during the Di Gi Charat panel sponsored by TBS, PONYCANYON and Broccoli. The series first aired on TBS on December 23, 2006 and December 24, 2006 and later on BS-i.

Characters.

Most of the characters of Di Gi Charat originally debuted in the yonkoma "Gema Gema", and later appeared in the anime series. Across all of the Di Gi Charat series, each catgirl ends their sentence with a cat sounding suffix, such as Dejiko's "Nyo". The four DVDs of the series "Panyo Panyo Di Gi Charat" are named after each of the four catgirl's onomatopoeia. Piyoko talks in a similar manner.

Music.

A great number of Di Gi Charat albums have been released, including soundtracks to the anime as well as collections of original songs sung by the main characters. These albums include drama CDs which expand the Di Gi Charat story.

Games.

A game titled "Di Gi Charat Fantasy" was released for the Dreamcast. It's a visual novel style game, in which the player takes on the role of a boy with a crush on Dejiko who, along with Dejiko, Puchiko, and Rabi-en-Rose, gets sucked through a dimensional vortex into a fantasy world. The player finds himself alone with Dejiko in a forest, and she's lost her memory. In this game, players are given a very different view of Dejiko, as the amnesia makes her innocent and shy.  This game later was ported to PlayStation 2 and was renamed "Di Gi Charat Fantasy Excellent". Since the PS2 version uses DVD-ROM media, it features improved FMV cutscenes and additional VA. The PS2 port came with a Standard release and a "Premium Box" release that contained one extra disc.  Di Gi Charat: Digi-communication I & II  Glove on Fight  Dejiko appeared as a selectable character in the 2D fighting game Glove on Fight for the PC. The game contains several popular mascot characters such as Ecoco and characters from well known visual novels and anime such as To Heart and Tsukihime. This was a fanmade (or doujinshi) game by the circle French-Bread.  Dejiko no Maibura  Dreamcast game.  Dejiko no Mahjong Party  Game Boy Color game.  Di Gi Charat Puzzle  Game for iOS.

Reception.

THEM anime gave the original TV series one star out of five and described the characters as cute but with "schizophrenic, sometimes homicidal personalities that just incite cringes from any sane member of the audience" Carl Kimlinger from Anime News Network gave "Di Gi Charat Nyo"'s first DVD a review in which he describes Dejiko having a "mercenary personality and butt-scratching manners" with a "frilly-cute exterior". In "Panyo Panyo Di Gi Charat", Carlo Santos from Anime News Network describes Dejiko having a temper that "adds some spice to her goody-goody nature". In contrast, in the alternate story Winter Garden where she is now twenty, Chris Beveridge from the Fandom Post describes Dejiko as a "normal young woman".

Several specials, OVAs, and movies have been adapted as prequels, sequels and alternate stories. Trading cards and video games are among the many forms of merchandise released for the series. The original series, movie, and Leave it to Piyoko! were licensed in North America by Synch-Point. The manga series is licensed by several companies. The original series, 4 specials and the Winter Garden special are now licensed by Sentai Filmworks.

Di Gi Charat(;又译滴骰孖妹(香港无线电视)、铃铛猫娘(香港译名)、叮当小魔女(台湾译名))是Broccoli为其角色精品店所做的角色企画,原作者是小夏钝帆。由于其独特的造型,很快就成为了Broccoli的精品连锁店GAMERS的吉祥物,因大受欢迎亦被多次改编动画、电子游戏等。


Development.

In April 1997 Iranian Brigadier General Arasteh, a deputy head of the General Staff of the Armed Forces, declared that Iran had successfully designed, constructed and tested its first fighter aircraft. By late 1997 it was reported that Iran had begun mass-producing the aircraft and by mid-2000 four aircraft were said to be undergoing operational tests, with production proceeding at a rate of around ten aircraft per year.  On May 17, 2000, Iran's acting commander of the Air Force said that Azarakhsh had reached mass-production stage. On August 5, 2007, Azarakhsh conducted a successful test flight. On August 6, 2007, Ministry of Defense Mostafa Mohammad-Najjar said, "<nowiki>[Azarakhsh]</nowiki> is now at the stage of industrial production and its mass production will start in the future."

Design.

Azarakhsh.

Production started by late 1997 and as of 2001 there were six aircraft reported to be in service. Iran has yet to release any additional information about the aircraft and its capabilities are unknown.  There are no known differences between the Azarakhsh and the original Northrop F-5E. Coupled with the fact only very few Azarakhsh jets have been observed since the claimed start of production indicates that the Azarakhsh is not a new-built jet fighter, but a rebuild of existing Northrop F-5s.

Saeqeh.

The HESA Saeqeh is a follow on aircraft, derived from the Azarakhsh fighter. As with many previous indigenous Iranian developed weapons, no performance data has been released to verify official claims. An unknown number of this generation have been built and are reported to have entered service with the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force (IRIAF) on September 22, 2007.

Kowsar.

In August 2018, IAIO unveiled the Kowsar (or Kosar) jet trainer and strike aircraft. The Kowsar will be produced in single and two-seater versions.

The HESA Azarakhsh ( "Âzarakhš", "lightning") is a jet fighter aircraft manufactured by the Iran Aircraft Manufacturing Industrial Company (HESA). It is widely regarded as a rebuilt and renamed American Northrop F-5 Freedom Fighter/Tiger II although Iranian authorities claim it is Iran's first domestically manufactured combat jet fighter.

考刹尔战斗机(Kowsar/Azarakhsh)是伊朗于2010年代,根据早年巴勒维时代友美政策取得的F-5E战机进行逆向仿制达成全国产化的一款喷射战机,但有利用现代科技做若干改良。


Nomenclature.

In this article "Dungan people" refers specifically to Hui people, who are a predominantly Muslim ethnic group in China. They are sometimes called "Chinese Muslims" and should not to be confused with the "Turkestanis" or "Turkic" people mentioned, who are Uyghurs, Kazakhs, Kyrgyzes, Tatars and Uzbeks amongst others.

Anachronisms.

The ethnic group now known as Uyghur people was not known by that name before the 20th century. The Uzbeks of Yaqub Beg were called "Andijanis" or "Kokandis", while the Uyghurs in the Tarim Basin were known as "Turki". Uyghur immigrants from the Tarim Basin to Ili were called "Taranchi".

Revolt in Gansu and Shaanxi.

Background.

The Dungan Revolt by the Hui occurred partly because of racial antagonism and class warfare, not only religious strife as is sometimes mistakenly assumed.  When the Qing dynasty invaded the Ming dynasty in 1644, Muslim Ming loyalists in Gansu led by Muslim leaders Milayin and Ding Guodong led a revolt in 1646 against the Qing during the Milayin rebellion to drive the Qing out and restore the Ming Prince of Yanchang Zhu Shichuan to the throne as the emperor. The Muslim Ming loyalists were

Course of the revolt.

As Taiping troops approached southeastern Shaanxi in the spring of 1862, the local Han Chinese, encouraged by the Qing government, formed "Yong Ying" militias to defend the region against the attackers. Afraid of the now-armed Han, the Muslims formed their own militia units as a response.  According to some historians, the Dungan revolt began in 1862, not as a planned uprising but as a succession of local brawls and riots triggered by trivial causes. There were also rumors—false, as it turned out—spread that the Hui Muslims were aiding the Taiping Rebels. It is also said that the Hui Ma Hsiao-shih claimed that the Shaanxi Muslim revolt was connected to the Taiping.  Many Green Standard Army troops of the Imperial army were Hui. According to some historians, one of the many brawls and riots that contributed to the revolt was initiated by a fight triggered over the price of bamboo poles that a Han merchant was selling to a Hui. Afterwards, Hui mobs attacked Han and other Hui people who had not joined them in revolt. It was this seemingly trivial and unimportant dispute over bamboo poles that set off the full-scale revolt. However, according to historical records from the era, bamboo poles were bought in large quantities by the Hui to make spears as weaponry. Moreover, there had already been attacks on Han counties prior to the Shengshan bamboo incident. Historical records from the era show that prior to the conflict over the price of bamboo poles, there had already been plans among the Hui community to set up an Islamic State in the west of China. Organized through mosques and mullahs, the Hui people in Shaanxi started purchasing bamboo poles in large volumes. These

Confusion.

The rebels were disorganized and without a common purpose. Some Han Chinese rebelled against the Qing state during the revolt, and rebel bands fought each other. The main Hui rebel leader, Ma Hualong, was even granted a military rank and title during the revolt by the Qing dynasty. Only later, when Zuo Zongtang launched his campaign to pacify the region, did he decide which rebels who surrendered were going to be executed, or spared.  The title Chaoqing in 1865 was granted by Mutushan, a Qing General to Ma Hualong after he officially submitted to the Qing but it was deemed as false by Zuo Zongtang.  Zuo Zongtang generally massacred New Teaching Jahriyya rebels, even if they surrendered, but spared Old Teaching Khafiya and Sunni Gedimu rebels. Ma Hualong belonged to the New Teaching school of thought, and Zuo executed him, while Hui generals belonging to the Old Teaching clique

Nature of the revolt.

During the revolt, some Hui people fought for the Qing against the rebels from the beginning. A reward was bestowed upon Wang Dagui, a pro-Qing Muslim Hui leader who fought against Hui rebels. The relatives of Wang Dagui and Wang himself were then slaughtered by other anti-Qing Hui rebels In addition, the Hui Chinese rebel leaders never called for Jihad, and never claimed that they wanted to establish an Islamic state. This stood in contrast to the Xinjiang Turki Muslims who called for Jihad. Instead of overthrowing the government, the rebels wanted to exact revenge from local corrupt officials and others who had done them injustices.  When Ma Hualong originally negotiated with the Qing authorities in 1866, he agreed to a "surrender", giving up thousands of foreign weapons, spears, swords, and 26 cannons. Ma assumed a new name signifying loyalty to the Dynasty, Ma

Hui Muslims in non-rebellious areas.

Hui Muslims living in areas that did not take part in the revolt were completely unaffected by it, with no restrictions placed on them, nor did they try to join the rebels. Professor Hugh D. R. Baker stated in his book "Hong Kong Images: People and Animals", that the Hui Muslim population of Beijing remained unaffected by the Muslim rebels during the Dungan revolt. Elisabeth Allès wrote that the relationship between Hui Muslim and Han peoples continued normally in the Henan area, with no ramifications or interagency from the Muslim revolts of other areas. Allès wrote in the document "Notes on some joking relationships between Hui and Han villages in Henan" published by the French Center for Research on Contemporary China that "The major Muslim revolts in the middle of the nineteenth century which involved the Hui in Shaanxi, Gansu and Yunnan, as

Revolt in Xinjiang.

Pre-revolt situation.

By the 1860s, Xinjiang had been under Qing rule for a century. The area had been conquered in 1759 from the Dzungar Khanate whose core population, the Oirats, subsequently became the targets of genocide. However, as Xinjiang consisted mostly of semi-arid or desert lands, these were not attractive to potential Han settlers except some traders, so other people such as Uyghurs settled in the area. The whole of Xinjiang was divided into three administrative circuits:  Overall military command of all three circuits fell to the General of Ili, stationed in Huiyuan Cheng. He was also in charge of the civilian administration (directly in

Multi-centric revolt.

The first spark of revolt in Xinjiang proved small enough for the Qing authorities to easily extinguish it. On March17, 1863, some 200 Dungans from the village of Sandaohe (a few miles west of Suiding), supposedly provoked by a rumor of a preemptive Dungan massacre, attacked Tarchi ( now part of Huocheng County), one of the Nine Forts of the Ili Basin. The rebels seized weapons from the fort's armory and killed the soldiers of its garrison, but were soon defeated by government troops from other forts and were themselves slaughtered.  Revolt broke out again the following yearthis time, almost simultaneously in all three Circuits of Xinjiangon a scale that made its suppression beyond the capability of the authorities.  On the night of June3–4, 1864, the Dungans of Kucha, one of the cities south of Tianshan, rose up and were soon joined by the local Turkic people. The Han fort, which, unlike many other Xinjiang locations, was inside the town rather than outside it, fell within a few days. Government buildings were burnt and some 1000 Hans and 150 Mongols killed. As neither the Dungan nor Turkic leaders of the revolt had sufficient authority over the entire community to become commonly recognized as a leader, the rebels instead choose a person who had not participated in the revolt, but was known for his spiritual role: Rashidin (Rashīdīn) Khoja, a dervish and the custodian of the grave of his ancestor of saintly fame, Arshad-al-Din (? – 1364

Yaqub Beg in Kashgaria.

As noted by Muslim sources, the Qing authorities in Kashgar had all along intended to eliminate local Dungans, and managed to carry out their preemptive massacre in the summer of 1864. This weakening of the local Dungan contingent was possibly the reason why the initial revolt had not been as successful in this area as in the rest of the province. Although the Dungan rebels were able to seize Yangihissar, neither they nor the Kyrgyzs of Siddiq Beg could break into either the Manchu forts outside Yangihissar and Kashgar, nor into the walled Muslim city of Kashgar

Yaqub Beg's Kashgaria declares Jihad against the Dungans.

Taranchi Turkic Muslims in Xinjiang initially cooperated with the Dungans (Hui people) when they rose in revolt, but later abandoned them after the Hui attempted to subject the entire region to their rule. The Taranchi massacred the Dungans at Kuldja and drove the rest through the Talk pass to the Ili Valley. The Hui people in Xinjiang where neither trusted by the Qing authorities nor the Turkestani Muslims.  Yaqub Beg's Kokandi Andijani Uzbek forces declared a Jihad against Dungan rebels under T'o Ming (Tuo Ming a.k.a. Daud Khalifa). Fighting broke out between Dungan and

Foreign relations of Kashgaria Yaqub Beg.

Russia and Britain signed several treaties with Yaqub Beg's regime in Kashgar with Yaqub seeking to secure British and Russian aid for his government.

Relations with Russia.

Relations between Yaqub Beg and the Russian Empire alternated between fighting and peaceful diplomatic exchanges.  The Russians detested the native population of Kashgar because of

Ottoman and British support.

The Ottoman Empire and the British Empire both recognized Yaqub Beg's state and supplied him with thousands of guns. British diplomats Robert Barkley Shaw and Thomas Douglas Forsyth to Kashgar in 1868 and 1870 respectively, aroused British interest for Ya'qub's regime and the British concluded a commercial treaty with the emir in 1874.

Qing reconquest of Xinjiang.

The Qing decided to reconquer Xinjiang in the late 1870s. Zuo Zongtang, previously a general in the Xiang Army, was the commander in chief of all Qing troops participating in this counterinsurgency. His subordinates were the Han Chinese General Liu Jintang and Manchu Jin Shun. As Zuo Zongtang moved into Xinjiang to crush the Muslim rebels under Yaqub Beg, he was joined by Dungan (Hui) General Ma Anliang and General Dong Fuxiang. Qing forces entered Ürümqi unopposed. Yaqub's subordinates defected to the Qing or fled as his forces started to fall apart, and the oasis fell easily to the Qing troops. The mass retreat of the rebel army shrank their sphere of control smaller and smaller. Yaqub Beg lost more than 20,000 men either though desertion or at the hands of the enemy. In October, Jin Shun resumed his forward movement and encountered no serious opposition. General Zuo appeared before the walls of Aksu, the bulwark of Kashgaria on the east, and its commandant abandoned his post at the first onset. Qing army then

Aftermath.

Punishment.

Yaqub Beg and his son Ishana's corpses were "burned to cinders" in full public view. This angered the population in Kashgar, but Qing troops quashed a rebellious plot by Hakim Khan. Surviving members of Yaqub Beg's family included his four sons, four grandchildren (two grandsons and two granddaughters), and four wives. They either died in prison in Lanzhou, Gansu or were killed by the Qing government. His sons Yima Kuli, K'ati Kuli, Maiti Kuli, and grandson Aisan Ahung

Memorials.

On January25, 1891, a temple was constructed by Liu Jintang. He had been one of the generals participating in the counterinsurgency against the Dungan revolt and at that time he was the Governor of Gansu. The temple was built in

Flight of the Dungans to the Russian Empire.

The failure of the revolt led to the immigration of some Hui people into Imperial Russia. According to Rimsky-Korsakoff (1992), three separate groups of the Hui people fled to the Russian Empire across the Tian Shan during the exceptionally severe winter of 1877/78:  Another wave of immigration followed in the early 1880s. In accordance with the terms of the Treaty of Saint Petersburg signed in February 1881, which required the withdrawal of the Russian troops from the Upper Ili Basin (the Kulja area), the Hui and Taranchi (Uighur) people of the region were

Increase in Hui military power.

The revolt increased the power of Hui Generals and military men in the Qing Empire. Many Hui Generals who served in the campaign were promoted by the Emperor, including Ma Anliang, and Dong Fuxiang. This led Hui armies to fight again in the Dungan Revolt (1895) against the rebels, and in the Boxer revolt against Christian Western Armies. The Muslim Gansu braves and Boxers, attacked and killed Chinese Christians in revenge for foreign attacks on Chinese, and were the fiercest attackers during the siege

Border dispute with Russia.

After General Zuo Zongtang and his Xiang Army crushed the rebels, they demanded Russia return the city of Kuldja in Xinjiang, which they had occupied. Zuo was outspoken in calling for war against Russia and hoped to settle the matter by attacking Russian forces in Xinjiang. In 1878, tensions in the area increased. Zuo massed Qing troops toward the Russian occupied Kuldja. Chinese forces also fired on Russian expeditionary forces originating from Yart Vernaic, expelling them, which resulted in a Russian retreat.  The Russians were in a very bad diplomatic and military position "vis-a-vis" China. Russia feared the threat of military conflict, which forced them

Western explorers.

Ney Elias traveled through

Hui Muslims during the 1911 Xinhai revolution.

During the Dungan revolt, the Hui Muslims of Xi'an city (in Shaanxi province) did not rebel against the Qing and refused to join the rebels while the Hui Muslims of Gansu revolted under General Ma Zhan'ao and his son Ma Anliang revolted before defecting and surrendering to the Qing.  The Hui Muslim community was divided in its support for the 1911 Xinhai Revolution. The Hui Muslims of Xi'an in Shaanxi supported the revolutionaries

The Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) or Tongzhi Hui Revolt (, Xiao'erjing: توْجِ حُوِ بِيًا/لُوًا, ) or Hui (Muslim) Minorities War was a mainly ethnic and religious war fought in 19th-century western China, mostly during the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor (r. 1861–1875) of the Qing dynasty. The term sometimes includes the Panthay Rebellion in Yunnan, which occurred during the same period. However, this article relates specifically to the uprising by members of the Muslim Hui and other Muslim ethnic groups in China's Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia provinces, as well as in Xinjiang, between 1862 and 1877.

同治陕甘回乱(1862年-1873年),是于19世纪清朝同治年间发生在中国西北地区的一场大规模的回民动乱,期间陕甘地区回汉族群之间存在大量残酷地屠杀行为。该次战争的起因复杂,主要是由于太平天国运动导致清朝西北防务空虚和西北官僚、地主对其治下人民日益深重的盘剥,在一部分激进回族伊斯兰教职人员和欺压地方群众的清政府官吏的挑拨下,加上大环境中长期以来回民、汉人生活习惯和宗教信仰的不同,使得回民和汉民由于互相的恐惧和愤恨情绪,导致矛盾空前激化。战争由陕甘回民和哲合忍耶苏菲门宦在圣山砍竹事件后的武装暴乱开始,主要表现为回民,汉民之间的相互屠杀及清军对反清军队的镇压。


2008年夏季残疾人奥林匹克运动会田径比赛

Classification.

Athletes are given a classification depending on the type and extent of their disability. The classification system allows athletes to compete against others with a similar level of function.  The athletics classifications are:  The class numbers are given prefixes of "T", "F" and "P" for track, field and pentathlon events, respectively.

Events.

For each of the events below, medals are contested for one or more of the above classifications.  • T11 • T12 • T13

Track events - Men.

• T35 • T36 • T37 • T38 • T42 • T44 • T46 • T52 • T53 • T54 • T11 • T12 • T13 • T36 • T37 • T38 • T44 • T46 • T52 • T53 • T54 • T11 • T12 • T13 • T36 • T38 • T44 • T46 • T52 • T53 • T54  • T12 • T13 • T36 • T37 • T46 • T52 • T53 • T54 • T11 • T13 • T46 • T54 • T11 • T13 • T46 • T54 • T12  • T11–T13 • T35–T38 • T42–T46 • T53–T54 • T53–T54 • T12 • T46 • T52 • T54 • T11 • T12 • T13

Track events - Women.

• T36 • T37 • T38 • T42 • T44 • T46 • T52 • T53 • T54 • T11 • T12 • T13 • T36 • T37 • T38 • T44 • T46 • T52 • T53 • T54  • T12 • T13 • T53 • T54 • T12–13 • T53 • T54 • T13 • T54  • T54 • T53–T54 • T54

Participating countries.

There were 1028 athletes (696 male, 332 female) from 111 countries taking part in the athletics competitions.

Medal summary.

Medal table.

This ranking sorts countries by the number of gold medals earned by their athletes (in this context a nation is an entity represented by a National Paralympic Committee). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If, after the above, countries are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically.

Women's events.

† Diane Roy was initially awarded the gold, Shelly Woods the silver and Amanda McGrory the bronze in the women's 5000 m T54. However a re-run of the race was ordered by the International Paralympic Committee following protests by the Australian, US and Swiss teams after 6 competitors were involved in a crash on the penultimate lap. The re-run race resulted in the same three athletes winning medals but in a different order.  †† Rebecca Chin of Great Britain was originally awarded the silver medal in the women's discus throw F37-38 event. Following a challenge to her classification, Chin was deemed ineligible for the event, stripped of her medal, and her results were erased.

Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics were held in Beijing National Stadium from September 8 to September 17. There were 160 gold medals in this sport.

2008年夏季残奥会的田径比赛会由9月8日至9月17日在国家体育场举行,比赛合共产生160枚金牌。


History.

After the end of World War II, the Ford Foundation created a fund that supported committees studying education. The program, which was then referred to as the "Kenyon Plan", was founded and pioneered at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, by the then-college president Gordon Chalmers. The first study was conducted by four prep schools—the Lawrenceville School, Phillips Academy, Phillips Exeter Academy, and St. Paul's School —and three universities—Harvard University, Princeton University and Yale University. In 1952 they issued the report "General Education in School and College: A Committee Report" which recommended allowing high school seniors to study college-level material and to take achievement exams that allowed them to attain college credit for this work. The second committee, the Committee on Admission with Advanced Standing, developed and implemented the plan to choose a curriculum. A pilot program was run in 1952 which covered eleven disciplines. In the 1955-56 school year, it was nationally implemented in ten subjects: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, English, History, French, German, Spanish, and Latin.  The College Board, a non-profit organization based in New York City, has run the AP program since 1955. From 1965 to 1989, Harlan Hanson was the director of the Advanced Placement Program. It develops and maintains guidelines for the teaching of higher level courses in various subject areas. In addition, it supports teachers of AP courses and supports universities. These activities are funded through fees required to take the AP exams.  In 2006, over one million students took over two million Advanced Placement examinations. Many high schools in the United States offer AP courses, though the College Board allows any student to take any examination regardless of participation in its respective course. Therefore, home-schooled students and students from schools that do not offer AP courses have an equal opportunity to take AP exams.  As of the 2015 testing season, exams cost $91 each, though the cost may be subsidized by local or state programs. Financial aid is available for students who qualify for it; the exam reduction is $26 or $28 per exam from College Board plus an additional $8 rebate per fee-reduced exam from the school. There may be further reductions depending on the state. Out of the $91, $8 goes directly to the school to pay for the administration of the test, which some schools will reduce to lower the cost to the student.  On April 3, 2008, the College Board announced that four AP courses—French Literature, Latin Literature, Computer Science AB, and Italian Language and Culture—would be discontinued after the 2008–2009 school year due to lack of funding. However, the Italian Language and Culture test was again offered beginning in 2011.  Starting July 2013 AP allowed students for the first time to both view and send their scores online.  The number of AP exams administered each year has seen a steady increase over the past decade. In 2003, 175,860 English Language and Composition exams were administered. By 2013, this number had risen to 476,277, or an increase of 171%. Such an increase has occurred in nearly all AP exams offered, with the AP Psychology exam seeing a 281% increase over the past decade. In 2017, the most taken AP exam was English Language and Composition with 579,426 students and the least taken AP exam was Japanese Language and Culture with 2,429 students.  The AP exams begin on the first Monday in May and last ten school days (two weeks).

Scoring.

AP tests are scored on a 1 to 5 scale as follows:  The multiple choice component of the exam is scored by computer, while the free response and essay portions are scored by trained Readers at the AP Reading each June. The scores on various components are weighted and combined into a raw Composite Score. The Chief Reader for each exam then decides on the grade cutoffs for that year's exam, which determine how the Composite Scores are converted into the final grades. During the process a number of reviews and statistical analyses are performed to ensure that the grading is reliable. The overall goal is for the grades to reflect an absolute scale of performance which can be compared from year to year.  Some colleges use AP test scores to exempt students from introductory coursework, others use them to place students in higher designated courses, and some do both. Each college's policy is different, but most require a minimum score of 3 or 4 to receive college credit. Typically, this appears as a "CR" grade on the college transcript, although some colleges and universities will award an A grade for a 5 score. Some countries, such as Germany, that do not offer general admission to their universities and colleges for holders of an American high school diploma without preparatory courses will directly admit students who have completed a specific set of AP tests, depending on the subject they wish to study there.  In addition, completing AP courses help students qualify for various types of scholarships. According to the College Board, 31 percent of colleges and universities look at AP experience when making scholarship decisions.  Beginning with the May 2011 AP Exam administration, the College Board changed the scoring method of AP Exams. Total scores on the multiple-choice section are now based on the number of questions answered correctly. Points are no longer deducted for incorrect answers and, as was the case before, no points are awarded for unanswered questions. However, scoring requirements have also been increased.

Score reporting.

Starting with the May 2013 AP Examination Administration, the College Board launched an Internet-based score reporting service. Students can use their 2013 AP Number or Student Number (if one was indicated) along with a College Board Account, to access current and previous years' exam scores. This system can also be used to send scores to colleges and universities for which a four-digit institutional code is assigned.

Exam subsidies.

Recognizing that the cost could be an impediment to students of limited means, a number of states and municipalities independent of the College Board have partially or fully subsidized the cost. For example, the state of Florida reimburses schools districts for the exam costs of students enrolled in Advanced Placement courses. The Los Angeles Unified School District, the Montebello Unified School District, the Hawaii Department of Education, New York City Department of Education, and the state of Indiana subsidize Examination fees in subjects of math, science, and English, and the Edmonds School District in suburban Seattle currently subsidizes Advanced Placement fees of students who enroll in the free school lunch program. Some school districts, such as Fairfax County Public Schools, will fully cover the cost of a limited number of exams, after which point the student must pay. In addition, some school districts offer free tests to all students enrolled in any Advanced Placement class.

Advanced Placement courses.

There are currently 38 courses and exams available through the AP Program. A complete list of courses can be found below:

Recent exam information.

Below are statistics from the 2019 exam cycle showing the number of participants, the percentage who obtained a score of 3 or higher, and the mean score. Students generally need a score of 3 or higher to receive credit or benefit.  One issue to consider is the fact that not all AP students take their course's test. The College Board estimates that about 2/3 of students enrolled in an AP course take the course's AP test. On the other hand, a study of University of California system students found that only about 55% to 60% of AP students took their course's exam.  However, "It has recently become clear... that these estimations of overall participation rates mask the variability in participation rates across AP examinations." For example, one study of math and science AP courses showed that participation rates were 52.7% for AP Chemistry, 53.6% for AP Physics, 57.7% for AP Biology, and 77.4% for AP Calculus. The largest study on this topic found similar participation rates (49.5% for AP Chemistry, 52.3% for AP Physics, 54.5% for Biology, and 68.9% for Calculus). History exams tend to have slightly higher participation rates (57.9% for AP European History, 58.5% for AP World History, and 62.8% for AP U.S. History), and 65.4% of AP English students took either the AP English Language or AP English Literature exam. This same study found that for "core AP subjects (i.e., no arts or language subjects)", the overall test participation rate was 60.8%.  In February 2014 College Board released data from the previous ten years of AP exams. College Board found that 33.2% of public high school graduates from the class of 2013 had taken an AP exam, compared to 18.9% in 2003. In 2013 20.1% of graduates who had taken an AP test achieved a 3 or higher compared to 12.2% in 2003.

Criticism.

Decreasing quality.

Independent educational researchers began to question whether AP could maintain high academic standards while experiencing explosive growth. Research has shown that the most popular AP tests tend to have the lowest passing rates, a possible indication that less academically prepared students are enrolling in AP classes. Whether the AP program can serve large numbers of students without decreasing academic rigor is a matter of debate within the education field.

Passing scores and university credit.

University faculty, such as former professor and high school teacher John Tierney, have expressed doubts about the value of a passing AP score. Students who receive scores of 3 or 4 are being given college credit at fewer universities. Academic departments also criticise the increasing proportion of students who take and pass AP courses but are not ready for college-level work.

Academic achievement.

Independent researchers in education have since 2010 studied the impact of the Advanced Placement program on students' academic achievement. An early study published in "AP: A critical examination of the Advanced Placement program" found that students who took AP courses in the sciences but failed the AP exam performed no better in college science courses than students without any AP course at all. Referring to students who complete the course but fail the exam, the head researcher, Phillip M. Sadler, stated in an interview that "research shows that they don't appear to have learned anything during the year, so there is probably a better course for them".  Two other studies compared non-AP students with AP students who had not taken their course's AP exam, had taken the AP exam but did not pass it, or had passed the AP exam. Like Sadler's study, both found that AP students who passed their exam scored highest in other measures of academic achievement. The largest study of this sort, with a sample size of over 90,000, replicated these results and also showed that non-AP students performed with equal levels of academic achievement as AP students who did not take their course's AP exam—even after controlling for over 70 intervening variables. This led the authors to state that AP participation "... is not beneficial to students who merely enroll in the courses..."

School quality.

Several states use Advanced Placement data for accountability purposes, and U.S. News and World Report use data on Advanced Placement course offerings and participation to rank high schools. However, studies of local school districts and the United States as a whole show that increasing AP participation does not increase the overall academic achievement or school quality at the group (e.g., high school, racial/ethnic group, nation) level. This led one researcher to state, "Clearly, offering AP alone will not magically turn a failing school into a successful one."

Advanced Placement (AP) is a program in the United States and Canada created by the College Board which offers college-level curricula and examinations to high school students. American colleges and universities may grant placement and course credit to students who obtain high scores on the examinations. The AP curriculum for each of the various subjects is created for the College Board by a panel of experts and college-level educators in that field of study. For a high school course to have the designation, the course must be audited by the College Board to ascertain that it satisfies the AP curriculum. If the course is approved, the school may use the AP designation and the course will be publicly listed on the AP Course Ledger.

进阶先修课程(英语:Advanced Placement,缩写英语:AP),又称大学先修课程,是在美国和加拿大等国的高级中学中,由美国大学理事会(英语:College Board)赞助和授权的高中先修性大学课程,至今一共有34门科目可供修读。


History.

The Huntsman Corporation was initially founded as the Huntsman Container Corporation in 1970 by Jon Huntsman, Sr. It went public as the Huntsman Corporation on the New York Stock Exchange in February 2005. Huntsman has grown through a series of acquisitions (with some divestitures) and today is a manufacturer and marketer of differentiated and specialty chemical products.  In April 1994, Huntsman acquired the Texaco Chemical company for $1.1 billion. Texaco Inc. agreed to sell its last remaining petrochemicals plant to Huntsman in 1999 for about $600 million.  The Huntsman Corporation became the then third-largest petrochemical business in the United States when in 1999, it acquired Imperial Chemical Industries' polyurethanes, titanium dioxide, aromatics and petrochemical global businesses for $2.8 billion.  Huntsman also acquired the Performance Additives and Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) businesses of Rockwood Holdings, Inc. on October 1, 2014, to become the largest color and white pigments company in the world. Huntsman paid approximately $1 billion in cash and assumed certain unfunded European pension liabilities.

Proposed merger of equals: HuntsmanClariant.

In May 2017, Huntsman and Clariant announced that they would merge, as equals, forming HuntsmanClariant which would be the global leader in speciality chemical production - with the deal valued at $20 billion. Clariant shareholders would own 52% of the new entity, with Huntsman shareholders owning the remaining 48% of shares.  The merger agreement was terminated on October 27, 2017.

IPO of Venator.

Huntsman Corporation spun off its Pigments and Additives division as Venator Materials in an initial public offering on August 8, 2017.  Venator became the owner of Huntsman's Titanium Dioxide and Performance Additives businesses, which offers products comprising a broad range of pigments and additives that add performance and color to many everyday items. Venator is a global company with more than 4,300 employees across 27 facilities in more than 10 countries.

Terminated takeover by Access Industries.

In June 2007, it was announced that Huntsman had agreed to be acquired by Access Industries, owned by the billionaire Len Blavatnik, for $5.88 billion in cash. Huntsman shareholders would receive $25.25 a share from Access Industries' chemical unit, Basell Holdings, based in Hoofddorp, Netherlands. Access would assume $3.7 billion of Huntsman debt.  However, on July 12, 2007, the agreement was terminated as Huntsman agreed to be bought by Apollo Management for $6.51 billion or $28 a share. Huntsman filed a suit against Apollo Management and its two partners in Texas after the group backed out of the deal to purchase the chemical company. The suit alleged fraud against Apollo Management as Huntsman believed that the group never intended to allow its Hexion Specialty Chemicals unit to buy Huntsman Corp. for $6.5 billion. Huntsman also claimed Apollo put forth a higher bid to prevent the Basell AF buyout as it would have threatened Hexion's market share. Hexion stated Huntsman's declining financial position as the reason the deal was terminated. Upon termination of the Hexion merger agreement, the Huntsman stock value dropped by almost 50%.  In December 2008, Apollo and Hexion agreed to pay Huntsman $1.1 billion in return for Huntsman dropping all charges against them. This includes $500 million in cash, a $250 million investment in Huntsman, and an additional $425 million in cash, repayable by separate suits against Credit Suisse.

Business segments.

Advanced Materials is a supplier of synthetic and formulated polymer systems. Huntsman’s epoxy, acrylic and polyurethane-based polymer products are used to replace traditional materials in aircraft, automobiles and electrical power transmission. Epoxy-based adhesives are also sold in the B2C segment primarily in India, Brazil & some parts of Europe under the brand name Araldite. The roots date back to 1758, when J.R. Geigy Ltd., the oldest chemicals company in Basel, Switzerland, began trading in chemicals and dyes. Huntsman acquired the Advanced Materials business from Vantico back in 2003.  Polyurethanes manufactures MDI-based polyurethane solutions used in an extensive range of applications and market sectors. Polyurethanes provide key benefits of energy efficiency, comfort, and well-being. Insulation products conserve energy in housing and commercial properties and play a critical role in the food supply chain – keeping products at the right temperature in refrigerated vehicles, chiller cabinets, and refrigerators. Polyurethanes also provide comfort and well-being in automotive seating, furniture, bedding, and footwear. Adhesive products, coatings, and elastomers are used extensively throughout consumer and industrial applications.  Performance Products manufactures products primarily based on amines, carbonates, surfactants, and maleic anhydride. End uses include agrochemicals; oil, gas, and alternative energy solutions; home detergents and personal care products; adhesives and coatings; mining; and curing agents for polyurethane and epoxy.  Textile Effects manufactures and markets textile dyes and chemicals that enhance color and improve performance such as fade resistance, UV-blocking and the ability to repel water and stains in apparel, home, and technical textiles.

Huntsman Corporation is an American multinational manufacturer and marketer of chemical products for consumers and industrial customers. Huntsman manufactures assorted polyurethanes, performance products, and adhesives for customers like BMW, GE, Chevron, Procter & Gamble, and Unilever. With headquarters in The Woodlands, Texas and executive offices in Salt Lake City, Utah, they operate more than 70 manufacturing, R&D and operations facilities in over 30 countries and employ approximately 9,000 associates across four business divisions. Huntsman Corporation had 2019 revenues of approximately $7 billion.

亨斯迈(英语:Huntsman Corporation)是一家美国化学工业公司。主要生产特种化学品。


纳伊夫·本·阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹·阿勒沙特

Early life and education.

Nayef bin Abdulaziz, sometimes Naif bin Abdulaziz, was born in Ta'if in 1934 to Ibn Saud (King Abdulaziz) and Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi, making him one of the Sudairi Seven. He was the twenty-third son of King Abdulaziz.  Prince Nayef received education at Princes' School and from senior ulema (Muslim legal scholars). Additionally, he was educated in diplomacy and security affairs.

Early experience.

From 1952 to 1953, Prince Nayef served as vice governor of Riyadh Province. In 1953, he was appointed as the governor of Riyadh province and stayed in this post for one year. He then served as governor of the Medina Region. In 1970, King Faisal appointed him to both deputy interior minister and minister of state for internal affairs.

Minister of Interior.

In March 1975, after King Faisal's assassination, then-minister of interior Prince Fahd became the crown prince and Prince Nayef was appointed as the minister of interior by King Khalid.

Timeline.

In December 1994, he ordered hundreds of terrorism-related arrests with the support of Prince Turki, head of Saudi intelligence services.  In April 2001, he, not foreign minister Saud al Faisal, went to Iran as Saudi envoy in an unprecedented move. He issued all women in Saudi Arabia identity cards. Women were previously registered under their husband's or father's name in November 2001. After the September 11 attacks, as the man in charge of the Saudi investigation he received US criticism for his continuing to insist that the Saudi hijackers were dupes in a Zionist plot for over a year after 9/11, and for not undertaking sufficient action against extremists.  In 2003, Prince Nayef, who was in charge of foreign labor, decreed that foreign workers and their family members should not exceed 20 percent of the Saudi population in 2013. Senator Charles Schumer lobbied through Prince Bandar to remove Prince Nayef as Minister of Interior in July 2003.  Between 2003 and 2006, he led Saudi Arabia's confrontation against Al Qaeda, which sponsored a series of domestic attacks on expatriate housing compounds, oil infrastructure, and industrial facilities. His political stance was strengthened because of increased media exposure and the successful end to terrorist attacks. In March 2011, during the 2011 Saudi Arabian protests, 200 people who called for more information on their imprisoned relatives were denied a meeting with Nayef.

Second deputy prime minister.

Since Crown Prince Sultan could not deal with demanding duties due to his extended absences for treatment and King Abdullah was about to travel to Doha to attend the League of Arab States Summit before going to London for the G20 summit, it was imperative to leave a senior official in charge, which added burdens to the leukemia-suffering 76-year-old Nayef. Therefore, on 27 March 2009, Prince Nayef became second deputy prime minister. His appointment caused a rare public split in the royal family. Prince Talal asked the King to clarify that the appointment did not necessarily mean that Nayef would become Crown Prince.  His appointment as second deputy prime minister expanded Prince Nayef's influence into all corners of Saudi domestic policy and allowed him to participate in the development of foreign policy. He was not expected to interfere in economic matters, but to influence the judiciary.  Prince Nayef chaired many cabinet meetings when King Abdullah and Crown Prince Sultan were away for health reasons. Critics said he was behind the cancellation of the nation's only film festival in the summer of 2009. In November 2010, he undertook all Hajj-related responsibilities. In some government offices, his picture was added next to King Abdulaziz, King Abdullah, and Crown Prince Sultan.

Crown Prince and first deputy prime minister.

Prince Nayef was appointed Crown Prince and first deputy prime minister by King Abdullah on 27 October 2011, five days after the death of his full brother, Prince Sultan. Shortly thereafter he vowed that Saudi Arabia would "never sway from and never compromise on" its adherence to Wahhabi doctrine which he stated was "the source of the kingdom's pride, success and progress."  During his time as Crown Prince, Nayef brought about modernizations such as "removing religious authorities who objected to the mingling of men and women in public spaces."

Influence.

Prince Nayef's career was propelled by his full-brother King Fahd. Under Fahd, the ministry of interior became one of the most influential bureaucracies in Saudi Arabia. Prince Nayef served as a mediator in disputes between King Fahd and Prince Sultan. As King Fahd's health deteriorated, his power gradually diminished as well. As Crown Prince, Prince Nayef was the most influential of the Sudairi Seven. He delegated the day-to-day responsibilities of his ministry to his son, Prince Muhammad and then-deputy minister Prince Ahmed. Prince Nayef had members of the ministry of interior placed in all overseas embassies.  In 2003, he "threatened to cancel certain business deals with the French government" if the narcotics investigation of Nayef bin Sultan bin Fawwaz al-Shaalan continued.  When meeting with US diplomats in 2009, he voiced support for aggressive activity against Iran after what he believed was a breach of the 2001 security agreement. He urged European nations to turn in suspected terrorists and asked for US intercession. He said the most effective way to combat extremism was through Friday sermons.

Various positions.

Prince Nayef served for a time as the supervisor general of the Saudi committee for the Al Quds intifada, which provided aid to Palestinian refugees. He headed the supreme council on information, which oversaw the media and regulated the internet in the country. He also chaired the supreme committee on the Hajj and headed the ministerial committee on morality and the ministerial oversight committee on the World Trade Organization.

Views.

Prince Nayef was considered to be one of the more conservative, but also pragmatic, members of the Al Saud family. He viewed the potential erosion of the official Wahhabi-Salafi doctrine as a diminishing of the core legitimacy of the state itself and resisted such moves, not from a pronounced sense of religious devotion, but rather a desire to maintain a firm grip on the levers of state power.  In November 2002, Prince Nayef said, "It is impossible that 19 youths carried out the operation of September 11, or that bin Laden or al Qaeda did that alone.... I think [the Zionists] are behind these events." He later proposed that Americans visiting the kingdom should be fingerprinted like visitors to the United States.  According to leaked cables, Prince Nayef argued for a tougher approach than King Abdullah towards the then Yemeni president Saleh in 2009. Leaked cables also argued that his views on Iran were more sophisticated and comprehensive than those of King Abdullah.  His motto was "no to change, yes to development". He believed that no change is necessary in Saudi Arabia: “Change means changing something that already exists. Whatever exists in the Kingdom is already well-established; however, there is a scope for development – development that does not clash with the principles of the nation”. In a similar vein, in March 2009, he publicly stated that he saw no need for either elections or women in government.  After visiting Cleveland for planned health-tests in March 2012, Prince Nayef addressed the controversy over the participation of Saudi women athletes at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London from his residence in Algeria. According to "Al Hayat", he said that women can represent Saudi Arabia at the Olympics as long as they do not break Islamic laws. His approval was conditioned on women competing in sports that "meet the standards of women's decency and don't contradict Islamic laws", though even this concession seemed surprising. However, only a few days later, his statement led to other statements by Saudi officials. At a press conference in Jeddah, the head of the Saudi Olympic Committee, Nawwaf bin Faisal, explicitly stated that Saudi women athletes would not be sent to the Olympics: "We are not endorsing any Saudi female participation at the moment in the Olympics or other international championships." He further added that Saudi women taking part on their own are free to do so, and the Kingdom's Olympic authority would "help in ensuring that their participation does not violate the Islamic shari'a law." Though he did emphasize that this was in accordance with a previously stated position, it did seem a rebuff to Crown Prince Nayef.

Personality.

Prince Nayef, before being appointed second deputy prime minister in 2009, was generally described as elusive, ambiguous, pragmatic, unimaginative, shrewd, and outspoken. According to leaked cables, he had a reputation of being anti-Western, but tended to do business if there were shared interests. It is further stated that his conservative approach did not reflect his personal religious personality (indeed, he was rumored to be a heavy drinker in his younger days). However, his conservative views allowed him to gain support from social and religious conservatives. He seemed to be reserved and even a bit shy. He was described as neither well-spoken nor articulate, and had a tendency to repeat platitudes in private as well as in public. He did appear to understand and speak at least some English. On the other hand, Prince Naif was considered by other princes to be one of the kinder members of his royal generation in his approach towards nephews and nieces.  Prince Nayef and his full brother and then-deputy interior minister, Prince Ahmed, were reported to pay massive bonuses to successful security officers. They both also had a reputation for honesty and using the security budget only for the stated purposes, not enriching themselves.

Personal life.

Prince Nayef married three times. He was the father of ten children.  His first wife was Noura Alfarraj Alsubaie. Later, they divorced. His child from this marriage is Jawahir, wife of late King Fahd's son, Mohammed bin Fahd, who is former governor of Eastern Province. Jawahir bint Nayef was raised by her aunt Princess Al Jawhara bint Abdulaziz Al Saud.  Al Jawhara bint Abdulaziz bin Musaid Al Jiluwi was his second spouse. His children from this marriage are Muhammad, Noura, Saud and Sara.  His third wife was Maha bint Mohammed bin Ahmad al-Sudairi. They later divorced. Their children are: Nouf, Nawwaf, Mishail, Hayfa and Fahd. In March 2013, lawyers for the Shangri-La Hotel in Paris won a legal bid at a court in Nanterre, near Paris, to have her assets in France seized, after she was caught absconding in June 2012 owing US$7.5 million having occupied with the entourage a 41-room floor for about 6 months. She is known to have bought three units in central Paris, and goods from her shopping trips around the French capital were believed to have been stored there including leather goods, artworks, jewellery, and clothing worth up to US$15 million.

Illness.

Prince Nayef was said to be suffering from diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis as well as leukemia. In March 2012, he went to Morocco for a "private vacation", then to Cleveland for pre-planned medical tests. This news raised some speculation about his health and Saudi succession. He returned to Saudi Arabia after staying in Algeria in April 2012.  Prince Nayef again left Saudi Arabia for medical tests on 26 May 2012. Although it was unknown where Prince Nayef went, Prince Ahmed stated in "Al Watan" on 3 June 2012 that he was "well and in good health... and he will soon return to Saudi Arabia". After his death in June 2012, it was reported that Prince Nayef had gone to Geneva on 26 May 2012 for treatment for a knee ailment.

Death and funeral.

On 16 June 2012 at about 1 pm (UTC+3), Saudi state television reported that Crown Prince Nayef had died. According to Reuters, he died in Geneva, Switzerland. A medical source in Geneva said that Nayef died of "cardiac problems" while staying at his brother's residence there. His body was kept at the Geneva Mosque before being taken to Jeddah.  The royal court stated that his funeral would be held on 17 June 2012. It was reported that Crown Prince Nayef's body was brought from Geneva to Jeddah. Funeral prayers were held in the Masjid al-Haram, also known as the Grand Mosque, in Mecca after sunset prayer, led by Sheikh Saud Ash-Shuraim. His body was buried in an unmarked grave in Al Adl cemetery in Mecca as per his wish on 17 June 2012.  Major political figures sent their condolences to King Abdullah, including US President Barack Obama, French President François Hollande, UK Foreign Minister William Hague, King Abdullah II of Jordan, Turkish President Abdullah Gul, and other leaders of Arab and Persian Gulf States.

Legacy.

On 6 July 2012, King Abdullah renamed the Qassim Regional Airport in Buraidah as the Prince Naif bin Abdulaziz Regional Airport.

Honours and awards.

Prince Naif was the recipient of several honours, including the military Order of the Cloud and Banner by Taiwan (1977), the Legion of Honor by France (1977), the Al Kawkab Decoration by Jordan (1977), the Order of National Security by Republic of Korea (1980), and the National Order of the Cedar by Lebanon (2009). In addition, he was awarded the followings;  Posthumously Prince Naif was honoured by the United Nations with the Outstanding Donor Award for the Special Human Settlements Programme for the Palestinian People on 28 June 2013.

Nayef bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (, ""; 1934 – 16 June 2012) was the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia as well as first deputy prime minister from 2011 to 2012. He was also minister of interior from 1975 to 2012.

纳伊夫·本·阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹·阿勒沙特(, "Nayef bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud",1934年8月23日-2012年-6月16日),是一位沙特阿拉伯政治家。曾任沙特内政大臣兼副首相,以及沙特阿拉伯王储,不过他没有继任即病逝。