Background.

Following the assassination of the Crown Prince by a Bosnian Serb, Austria-Hungary had attacked Serbia in August 1914 but had failed to overcome Serbian resistance. After the entry of the Ottoman Empire into the war on the side of the Central Powers (November 1914), the decisive factor in the Balkans became the attitude of Bulgaria. Bulgaria occupied a strategically important position on the Serbian flank and its intervention on either side of the belligerents would be decisive. Bulgaria and Serbia had fought each other twice in the previous thirty years: in the Serbo-Bulgarian War of 1885 and in the Second Balkan War of 1913. Bulgaria had suffered defeat in 1913 and the Bulgarian government and people generally felt that Serbia had stolen land which rightfully belonged to Bulgaria. While the Allies could only offer Bulgaria small territorial concessions from Serbia and neutral Greece, the Central Powers' promises appeared far more enticing, as they offered to cede most of the land which Bulgaria claimed. With the Allied defeats at the Battle of Gallipoli (April 1915 to January 1916) and the Russian defeat at Gorlice-Tarnów (May to September 1915) demonstrating the Central Powers' strength, King Ferdinand signed a treaty with Germany and on 21 September 1915 Bulgaria began mobilising for war.

Triple invasion and the fall of Serbia.

After the victory of the Serbian army in the Battle of Kolubara in December 1914, the Serbian front saw a lull until the early autumn of 1915. Under the command of Field Marshal August von Mackensen, the Austro-Hungarian Balkan Army, the German 11th Army and river flotillas on the Danube and the Sava began an offensive on 6 October 1915, the largest offensive against Serbia. By September 1915, despite the extreme sacrifice of the Serbian army, the Austro-Hungarian Balkan Army, having crossed the rivers Sava and Drina and the German 11th Army after crossing the Danube, occupied Belgrade, Smederevo, Požarevac and Golubac, creating a wide bridgehead south of the Sava and Danube rivers, and forcing Serbian forces to withdraw to southern Serbia.  On 15 October 1915, two Bulgarian armies attacked, over-running Serbian units, penetrating into the valley of the South Morava river near Vranje up to 22 October 1915. The Bulgarian forces occupied Kumanovo, Štip, and Skopje, and prevented the withdrawal of the Serbian army to the Greek border and Thessaloniki (Salonika).  For a year, the Allies (Britain and France) had repeatedly promised to send serious military forces to Serbia, while nothing had materialised. But with Bulgaria's mobilisation to its south, the situation for Serbia became desperate. The developments finally forced the French and the British to decide upon sending a small expedition force of two divisions to help Serbia, but even these arrived too late in the Greek port of Thessaloniki (Salonica) to have any impact in the operations. The main reason for the delay was the lack of available Allied forces due to the critical situation in the Western Front. The Entente used Greek neutrality as an excuse, although they could have used the Albanian coast for a rapid deployment of reinforcements and equipment during the first 14 months of the war. (As the Serbian Marshal Putnik had suggested, the Montenegrin army gave adequate cover to the Albanian coast from the north — at a safe distance from any Bulgarian advance in the south in the event of a Bulgarian intervention.) The Entente also delayed due to protracted secret negotiations aiming at bringing Bulgaria into the Allied camp, which event would have alleviated Serbia's need for Franco-British help.  In the event the lack of Allied support sealed the fate of the Serbian Army. Against Serbia the Central Powers marshalled the Bulgarian Army, a German Army, and an Austro-Hungarian Army, all under the command of Field Marshal Mackensen. The Germans and Austro-Hungarians began their attack on 7 October with a massive artillery barrage, followed by attacks across the rivers. Then, on 11 October, the Bulgarian Army attacked from two directions, one from the north of Bulgaria towards Niš, the other from the south towards Skopje (see map). The Bulgarian Army rapidly broke through the weaker Serbian forces which tried to block its advance. With the Bulgarian breakthrough, the Serbian position became hopeless; their main army in the north faced either encirclement and enforced surrender, or retreat.  Marshal Putnik ordered a full Serbian retreat, southwards and westwards through Montenegro and into Albania. The Serbs faced great difficulties: terrible weather, poor roads and the need for the army to help the tens of thousands of civilians who retreated with them. Only soldiers reached the Adriatic coast and embarked on Italian transport ships that carried the army to Corfu and other Greek islands before it travelled on to Thessaloniki. Marshal Putnik had to be carried during the whole retreat; he died just over a year later in a French hospital.  The French and British divisions marched north from Thessaloniki in October 1915 under the joint command of French General Maurice Sarrail, and British General Bryan Mahon (Commander, British Salonika Force, 1915). However, the War Office in London was reluctant to advance too deep into Serbia. So the French divisions advanced on their own up the Vardar River. This advance gave some limited help to the retreating Serbian Army, as the Bulgarians had to concentrate larger forces on their southern flank to deal with the threat, which led to the Battle of Krivolak (October–November 1915). By the end of November, General Sarrail had to retreat in the face of massive Bulgarian assaults on his positions. During his retreat, the British at Kosturino were also forced to retreat. By 12 December, all allied forces were back in Greece. The Germans ordered the Bulgarians not to cross the Greek borders, reluctant to risk a Greek entry into the war in response to a Bulgarian invasion in Macedonia. The Allies for their part took advantage of that, reinforcing and consolidating their positions behind the borders.  Thus there resulted a clear, albeit incomplete victory for the Central Powers. As a consequence they opened the railway line from Berlin to Constantinople, allowing Germany to prop up its weaker partner, the Ottoman Empire. Despite the Central Powers' victory, the Allies managed to save a part of the Serbian Army, which although battered, seriously reduced and almost unarmed, escaped total destruction and after reorganising resumed operations six months later. And most damagingly for the Central Powers, the Allies—using the moral excuse of saving the Serbian Army—managed to replace the impossible Serbian front with a viable one established in Macedonia (albeit by violating the territory of an officially neutral country); a front which would prove key to their final victory three years later.

Establishment of the Macedonian front.

On 5 January 1916, the Austro-Hungarian Army attacked Serbia's ally Montenegro. The small Montenegrin army offered strong resistance in the Battle of Mojkovac, which greatly helped the withdrawal of the Serbian Army, but soon faced impossible odds and was compelled to surrender on 25 January. The Austro-Hungarians advanced down the coast of the Adriatic Sea into Italian-controlled Albania. By the end of the winter, the small Italian army in Albania had been forced out of nearly the whole country. At this point, with the war in the Balkans almost lost, the British General Staff wanted to withdraw all British troops from Greece, but the French government protested strongly and the troops remained. The Allied armies entrenched around Thessaloniki, which became a huge fortified camp, earning themselves the mocking nickname "the Gardeners of Salonika". The Serbian Army (now under the command of General Petar Bojović), after rest and refit on Corfu, was transported by the French to the Macedonian front.  In the meantime, the political situation in Greece was confused. Officially, Greece was neutral, but King Constantine I was pro-German, while Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos was pro-Allied. Venizelos invited the Entente into Thessaloniki.  With knowledge that Romania was about to join the Allied side, General Sarrail began preparations for an attack on the Bulgarian armies facing his forces. The Germans made plans of their own for a "spoiling attack". The German offensive was launched on 17 August, just three days before the French offensive was scheduled to start. In reality, this was a Bulgarian offensive, as the Austro-Hungarian Army was in Albania and only one German division was on the Greek border. The Bulgarians attacked on two fronts. In the east, they easily conquered all Greek territory east of the river Struma (see Struma Offensive), since the Greek Army was ordered not to resist by the pro-German King Constantine. In the west, the attack achieved early success thanks to surprise but the Allied forces held a defensive line after two weeks. Having halted the Bulgarian offensive, the Allies staged a counter-attack starting on 12 September (Battle of Kaymakchalan). The terrain was rough and the Bulgarians were on the defensive but the Allied forces made steady gains. Slow advances by the Allies continued throughout October and on into November, even as the weather turned very cold and snow fell on the hills. The Germans sent two more divisions to help bolster the Bulgarian Army but by 19 November the French and Serbian Army captured Kaymakchalan, the highest peak of Nidže mountain, and compelled the Central powers to abandon Bitola to the Entente; Bulgarians and Germans were killed, wounded or captured. The Allies suffered c. 50,000 battle casualties but another 80,000 men died or were evacuated due to sickness. The front moved about.  The unopposed Bulgarian advance into Greek-held eastern Macedonia precipitated a crisis in Greece. The royalist government ordered its troops in the area (the demobilised IV Corps) not to resist and to retreat to the port of Kavala for evacuation, but no naval vessels turned up to permit the evacuation to take place. Despite occasional local resistance from a few officers and their nucleus units, most of the troops, along with their commander, surrendered to a token German force and were interned for the remainder of the war at Görlitz, Germany. The surrender of territory recently won with difficulty in the Second Balkan War of 1913 was the last straw for many Venizelist army officers. With Allied assistance, they launched a coup which secured Thessaloniki and most of Greek Macedonia for Venizelos. From that point Greece had two governments: the "official" royal government at Athens, which maintained Greek neutrality, and the "revolutionary" Venizelist "Provisional Government of National Defence" at Thessaloniki. At the same time, the Italians had deployed more forces to Albania and these new troops managed to push the Austrian corps back through very hilly country south of Lake Ostrovo.

1917.

By spring 1917, General Sarrail's "Allied Army of the Orient" had been reinforced to six French, six Serbian, seven British, one Italian, three Greek and two Russian brigades. An offensive was planned for late April but the initial attack failed with major losses and the offensive was called off on 21 May. The Venizelists and the Entente, wishing to exert more pressure on Athens, occupied Thessaly, which had been evacuated by the royalists and the Isthmus of Corinth, dividing the country. After an attempt to occupy Athens by force, that caused the reaction of the local royalist forces and ended in an fiasco in December (see Noemvriana), the Allies established a naval blockade around southern Greece which was still loyal to king Constantine, causing extreme hardship to the people in those areas. Six months later in June, the Venizelists presented an ultimatum, resulting in the exile of the Greek king (on 14 June, his son Alexander became king) and the reunification of the country under Venizelos. The new government immediately declared war on the Central Powers and created a new Army.

1918.

Military operations.

On 30 May 1918, the Allies launched an offensive on the heavily fortified Skra salient, commencing the battle of Skra-di-Legen. The battle marked the first major Greek action on the Allied side in the war. Utilizing the cover of heavy artillery a Franco-Hellenic force made a rapid push into the enemy trenches, conquering Skra and the surrounding system of fortifications. Greek casualties amounted to 434–440 killed in action, 154–164 missing in action and 1,974–2,220 wounded, France lost approximately 150 men killed or injured. A total of 1,782 soldiers of the Central Powers became prisoners of war, including a small number of German engineers and artillery specialists that served in Bulgarian units; considerable amounts of military equipment also fell into Entente hands. The plan for a Bulgarian counterattack against Skra remained unfulfilled as the Bulgarian soldiers refused to take part in the operation. Both the Greek and the French press used the opportunity to extol the efforts of the Greek army, favourably influencing the Greek mobilisation.  The fall of Skra prompted Bulgarian prime minister Vasil Radoslavov to resign on 21 June 1918. Aleksandar Malinov who assumed office immediately afterwards pursued secret negotiations with Britain, offering Bulgaria's exit from the war with the condition that Bulgaria fully retain eastern Macedonia. However, British prime minister David Lloyd George rejected the proposal, assuring the Greek ambassador in London Ioannis Gennadius, that Britain would not act against Greek interests.  With the German spring offensive threatening France, Guillaumat was recalled to Paris and replaced by General Franchet d'Esperey. Although d'Esperey urged an attack on the Bulgarian Army, the French government refused to allow an offensive unless all the countries agreed. General Guillaumat, no longer needed in France, travelled from London to Rome, trying to win approval for an attack. Finally in September, agreement was reached and d'Esperey was allowed to launch his grand offensive.  The Allied forces were now large, despite the Russian exit from the war due to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. Greece and its army (nine divisions) were fully committed to the Entente, while 6,000 Czech and Slovak former prisoners of war held on the Italian front were re-armed, re-organized, and transferred to the Macedonian front to fight for the Entente. The Bulgarians had also increased their army during 1917, and in total manpower, the two sides were roughly equal battalions vs. battalions, plus ten German battalions). However, as 1918 progressed, it was clear that the Entente had momentum the Central Powers lacked. Russian defeat had yielded no meaningful benefit to the Central Powers. The Ottoman Empire faced progressive loss of Arab lands. In Austria-Hungary, non-German and non-Hungarian parts of the multinational empire grew more openly restive. On the Western Front, intense German spring offensives had not defeated France, while American deployment was increasingly effective. Though Bulgaria and the United States were not at war with each other, German victory over the United States appeared conceptually infeasible. Finally, and most importantly for Bulgaria, almost all of its territorial war aims were already achieved, but as World War I was not merely a third Balkan War, Bulgaria could not quit. Alongside its partners, Bulgaria continued to suffer high casualties and civilian privation, including food shortages, seemingly to achieve the unrealized objectives of its allies. As a constitutional monarchy, Bulgaria depended on the consent of its people to keep fighting, while stress and discontent with the war grew.  The preparatory artillery bombardment of Bulgarian and Central Powers positions for the Battle of Dobro Pole began on 14 September. The following day, the French and Serbians attacked and captured their objective. On 18 September, the Greeks and the British attacked but were stopped with heavy losses by the Bulgarians in the Battle of Doiran. The Franco-Serbian army continued advancing vigorously and next day, some Bulgarian units started surrendering positions without a fight and the Bulgarian command ordered a retreat.  In the official British government history of the Macedonian campaign, Cyril Falls wrote a detailed analysis of the situation of the Bulgarian forces and the situation of the front. Although a breakthrough was achieved at Dobro Pole and the allied forces continued their advance, the Bulgarian army was not routed and managed an orderly retreat. By 29 September (a day before Bulgaria exited World War I), Skopje fell but a strong Bulgarian and German force had been ordered to try and retake it the next day; the number of Bulgarian prisoners-of-war in allied hands around that day was only  Another major factor contributed to the Bulgarian request for an armistice. A mass of retreating Bulgarian mutineers had converged on the railway centre of Radomir in Bulgaria, just from the capital city of Sofia. On 27 September, leaders of the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union took control of these troops and proclaimed the overthrow of the monarchy and a Bulgarian republic. About rebellious troops threatened Sofia the next day. Under those chaotic circumstances a Bulgarian delegation arrived in Thessaloniki to ask for an armistice. On 29 September, the Bulgarians were granted the Armistice of Thessaloniki by General d'Esperey, ending their war. The Macedonian front was brought to an end at noon on 30 September 1918 when the ceasefire came into effect. The Soldiers' Uprising was finally put down by 2 October.  German Emperor Wilhelm II in his telegram to Bulgarian Tsar Ferdinand I stated: “Disgraceful! 62,000 Serbs decided the war!" On 29 September 1918, the German Supreme Army Command informed Kaiser Wilhelm II and the Imperial Chancellor Count Georg von Hertling, that the military situation facing Germany was hopeless. Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria abdicated and went into exile on 3 October.  The British Army headed east towards the European side of the Ottoman Empire, while the French and Serbian forces continued north and liberated Serbia, Albania and Montenegro. The British Army neared Constantinople and with no serious Ottoman forces to stop it the Ottoman government asked for an armistice (the Armistice of Mudros) on 26 October; Enver Pasha and his partners had fled several days earlier to Berlin. The Serbo-French Army re-captured Serbia and overran several weak German divisions that tried to block its advance near Niš. On 3 November Austria-Hungary was forced to sign an armistice on the Italian front and the war there ended. On 10 November, d'Esperey's army crossed the Danube river and was poised to enter the heartland of Hungary. At the request of the French general, Count Károlyi, leading the Hungarian government, came to Belgrade and signed another armistice, the Armistice of Belgrade.  Memorials erected in the area include the Doiran Memorial to the dead of the British Salonika Army.

The Macedonian front, also known as the Salonica front (after Thessaloniki), was a military theatre of World War I formed as a result of an attempt by the Allied Powers to aid Serbia, in the fall of 1915, against the combined attack of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria. The expedition came too late and in insufficient force to prevent the fall of Serbia, and was complicated by the internal political crisis in Greece (the "National Schism"). Eventually, a stable front was established, running from the Albanian Adriatic coast to the Struma River, pitting a multinational Allied force against the Bulgarian Army, which was at various times bolstered with smaller units from the other Central Powers. The Macedonian front remained quite stable, despite local actions, until the great Allied offensive in September 1918, which resulted in the capitulation of Bulgaria and the liberation of Serbia.

马其顿战役(Macedonian Front)也称萨洛尼卡战役,是第一次世界大战期间在马其顿地区的战役。1915年秋季, 德意志第二帝国,奥匈帝国和保加利亚展开了对塞尔维亚的进攻,马其顿战役爆发。之后同盟国军队一度在这里展开稳定的占领。但在1918年9月,协约国军队开始反攻。保加利亚被迫投降,同时塞尔维亚得到解放。马其顿战役以协约国的胜利而告终。


Biography.

A lawyer by profession, Rinne holds a Candidate of Law degree from the University of Helsinki. He served as chair of the Union of Private Sector Professionals (ERTO) from 2002 to 2005, the Union of Salaried Employees from 2005 to 2010, and Trade Union Pro from 2010 to 2014.

Political activities.

Rinne was elected chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) on 9 May 2014, defeating Jutta Urpilainen.  He was Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister of Finland between 2014 and 2015 and has been a Member of Parliament since 2015. In the 2019 parliamentary election, Rinne led the Social Democrats to victory and served as Speaker of Parliament before being appointed as Prime Minister on 6 June 2019.

Rinne cabinet.

Rinne and his cabinet resigned on the 3rd of December 2019, when the Centre Party withdrew its support due to controversies on the handling of a postal strike. President Sauli Niinistö asked him to continue with a caretaker government until a new government was appointed. On 10 December 2019, Sanna Marin was appointed as Prime Minister.  On 11 December 2019, Rinne was elected as the First Deputy Speaker of the Parliament, replacing Tuula Haatainen, who had been named as the Minister of Employment in Marin Cabinet.

Controversies.

Antti Rinne was convicted of organizing an illegal strike with Ammattiliitto Pro against the forestry industry. The conviction was upheld by the Court of Appeals (Hovioikeus in Finnish) with a decision in the end of 2018 which also condemned Rinne to pay fines and legal costs to the other party.  Rinne had to resign from an ACP lawyer position (Automotive, Cargo and Ports worker's union, AKT in Finnish). He was charging twice for the same work related commute. According to him, it had been negligence and amounted to about FIM 1,000 (€200). In 2005, the President of the ACP stated in an interview with the Suomen Kuvalehti that it was FIM 10,000 (€2,000).  In a second case, Rinne was the manager of a housing company in Lohja in Finland. The Suomen Kuvalehti reported that he failed to return the receipts for the year and paid for his own telephone bill from the housing company's cashier. FIM 25,000 (€5,000) of damages were claimed from him by the housing company.

Antti Juhani Rinne () (born 3 November 1962) is a Finnish politician who served as Prime Minister of Finland from June to December 2019 and as Leader of the Social Democratic Party from 2014.

安蒂·尤哈尼·林内(;1962年-11月3日,姓氏又译为“林奈”),芬兰政治人物及前任总理。2014年5月9日担任芬兰社会民主党的党主席,在2014年6月6日至2015年5月29日期间担任芬兰财政部长,2015年起当选为议员。在2019年的议会选举中,社民党在他的领导下取得最多议席。2019年6月6日,林内被任命为芬兰总理。2019年12月3日正式递交辞呈,宣布辞去总理职务。


Setting.

The "Alien" franchise depicts a series of deadly encounters between humanity and the Aliens; a hostile, endoparasitoid, extraterrestrial species. Predominantly transpiring in the future, between the 21st and 24th centuries, humanity is shown to have become a space-faring race that has established an interstellar dominion following the gradual merger of the two prominent corporations Weyland Corporation and Yutani Corporation. Travel between the different sectors of space is achieved through lengthy travel that typically lasts for months or years and necessitates the extensive utilization of cryosleep for the brunt of it. Throughout the series, an ensemble of characters are repeatedly manipulated by and put in harm's way by the greedy, unscrupulous, megacorporation Weyland-Yutani Corp which seeks to capture the Aliens for bio-weaponization purposes.  The series provides a fictionalized account of the origin of the human race. Billions of years prior to the main events of the films, a member of an

Background.

After completion of the film "Dark Star" (1974), writer Dan O'Bannon wanted to develop some of the ideas (especially "alien hunts crew through a spaceship") and create a science-fiction action film. Provisionally called "Memory", screenwriter Ronald Shusett collaborated with O'Bannon on the project, adding elements from a previous O'Bannon script, "Gremlins", which featured gremlins causing mayhem aboard a World War II bomber. The duo finished the script, initially titled "Star Beast" — it was changed to "Alien" after O'Bannon noticed the number of times the word "alien" occurred in the script. Their script was sold to Brandywine Productions, a company formed by producers Gordon Carroll, David Giler, and Walter Hill which had a distribution deal with 20th Century Fox, (now 20th Century Studios). The writers expected it to be a low-budget film, but the success of "Star Wars" inclined 20th Century Fox to invest millions.  In the original script, the ship had an all-male crew (though the script's "Cast of Characters" section explicitly states that "The crew is unisex and all parts are interchangeable for men or women"), including the Ripley character, who was to be played by Tom Skerritt. Later, when Fox president Alan Ladd Jr. and the producers at Brandywine heard rumors of Fox working on other titles with strong female leads, it was decided to cast a female as Ripley and Skerritt became Captain Dallas. Shortly before filming began, Veronica Cartwright was set for the Ripley role, but director Scott opted for Sigourney Weaver following screen tests. Cartwright played Navigator Lambert in the movie, the final crew member to be killed.  Swiss painter

Films.

Original series.

After completion of the film "Dark Star" (1974), writer Dan O'Bannon wanted to develop some of the ideas and create a science-fiction action film. Provisionally called "Memory", screenwriter Ronald Shusett collaborated with O'Bannon on the project, adding elements from a previous O'Bannon script, "Gremlins", which featured gremlins causing mayhem aboard a World War II bomber. The duo finished the script, initially titled "Star Beast" — it was changed to "Alien" after O'Bannon noticed the number of times the word "alien" occurred in the script. Their script was sold to Brandywine Productions, which had a distribution deal with 20th Century Fox. The writers anticipated a low-budget film, but 20th Century Fox was inclined to invest millions, thanks to the success of "Star Wars". The original script featured an all-male crew, including Ripley character, with Tom Skerritt attached, with the caveat that the roles were interchangeable for men or women. When Fox president Alan Ladd Jr. and the producers at Brandywine were made aware of Fox working on other

Prequel series.

Development of a prequel story began in the early 2000s when both Ridley Scott and James Cameron started to develop ideas for a story that would explore the origins of the Alien. In 2002, the development of "Alien vs. Predator" had taken precedence and the prequel project remained dormant until 2009. Jon Spaihts wrote the first screenplay for the project, but Scott then opted for a different direction and hired Damon Lindelof in 2010, to rewrite the script into a story that focused on the creators of the

"Prometheus" (2012).

Some 30 years before the events of "Alien", scientists Elizabeth Shaw and Charlie Holloway discover a star map among the remnants of several ancient Earth cultures. Accompanied by David 8 and hoping to discover the origins of humanity, they journey aboard the spaceship USCSS "Prometheus" and arrive on the distant planet LV-223 in

"Alien: Covenant" (2017).

Eleven years after the events of "Prometheus", the colony ship USCSS "Covenant", carrying thousands of colonists and hundreds of human embryos in cryo-stasis, makes its way towards the planet Origae-6. The crew is awakened by a neutrino blast and intercepts a transmission sent from Shaw, which they decide to trace to an apparently habitable Engineer home world (referred to as Planet 4), devoid of all non-floral life. When several crew members are infected by the same mutagen encountered by the "Prometheus" crew and give birth to a new breed of Alien, the Neomorphs, the android David 8 rescues them.

Short films.

In 2012 and 2017 respectively, Ridley Scott directed eight short films to tie in with the releases of "Prometheus" and "Alien: Covenant". In July 2018, it was reported that 20th Century Fox had joined forces with Tongal to produce short films, intended to coincide with the 40th anniversary of the "Alien" franchise. By March 2019, the details of the short films were

Future.

In the mid-1990s, screenwriter Stuart Hazeldine wrote a treatment titled "Alien: Earthbound". Fox executives were impressed by the script, having read it after "Alien Resurrection" had entered post-production. Joss Whedon had written an Earth-set script for "Alien 5", but Sigourney Weaver was not interested and wanted it to be set on the original planetoid. She has remained open to a role on the condition that she likes the story. Before 20th Century Fox greenlit "Alien vs. Predator", James Cameron had been collaborating on the plot for a fifth "Alien" film with another writer, but ceased work on learning of the crossover. Cameron stated that the crossover would "kill the validity of the franchise," and that "it was "Frankenstein Meets Werewolf"" – like "Universal just taking their assets and starting to play them off against each other." Although he liked the final product, he ruled out any future

Television.

In 1979, 20th Century Fox considered producing a television series based upon the 1979 film "Alien" and hoped that ABC would pick it up but its only media coverage was found in the June 1980 "Fangoria" issue #6 and it ended up abandoned as the 1986 sequel "Aliens" arrived on the scene. In 1992, a now cancelled animated series inspired by the 1986 film "Aliens" titled "Operation: Aliens" was being produced along with an LCD game, board game, and action figures. However the brand lived on through Kenner toylines as simply "Aliens" and in the comics series included with the action figures as well as in the "Aliens/Predator Universe" trading cards set. In 2007, Ain't It Cool News reported that a now cancelled animated series inspired by the 1986 film "Aliens" titled "Aliens: War Games" was being produced. On February 13, 2019, Bloody Disgusting reported about rumors of an "Alien" television series currently being developed at the hands of Ridley Scott and Hulu.

Web series.

In 2014, Sega published the video game "". On February 20, 2019, Axis Animation reported that a seven-episode animated adaptation of "Alien: Isolation" was in development. On February 27, 2019, IGN confirmed that the seven-part "Alien: Isolation - The Digital Series" would be exclusively released to IGN on February 28, 2019. The series, developed by 20th Century Fox, in conjunction with Reverse Engineering Studios and DVgroup,

Reception.

Critical response.

"Alien" was nominated for two Academy Awards, winning for Best Visual Effects. "Aliens" received seven nominations, including a Best Actress nomination for Sigourney Weaver, and won for Best Visual Effects and Best Sound Effects. "Alien 3" was nominated for Best Visual Effects. "Prometheus" was also nominated for Best Visual Effects. "Alien" was also inducted into the

Alien Day.

"Alien Day", April 26, has become the fan celebration day for the Aliens franchise. The date derives from LV-426, the "426" converting to "4/26" or "April 26". On Alien Day 2016, Neill Blomkamp

"Alien: The Play".

From March 19 to 22, 2019, North Bergen High School (New Jersey, US) staged an adaptation of "Alien" entitled "Alien: The Play", which was widely

In academia.

The Bishop character has been the subject of literary and philosophical analysis as a high-profile android character conforming to science fiction author Isaac Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics and as a model of a compliant, potentially self-aware machine. The portrayal of androids in the "Alien" series—Ash in "Alien", Bishop in "Aliens" and "Alien 3", and Call (Winona Ryder) in "Alien Resurrection" (1997)—has

Home media.

There have been dozens of stand-alone releases of the individual films on various formats, including Betamax, VHS, Laserdisc, DVD, and Blu-ray. The multiple single releases on VHS were generally the original theatrical cuts of each film.  Laserdisc saw single releases of all theatrical versions, as well as two so-called "box sets" which only contained one film (there were two single releases, one each for "Alien" and "Aliens") but had multiple discs and a large amount of supplemental material with a high retail price tag (around US$100). The "Aliens" set included a new "Special Edition" cut of the film completed by James Cameron just for this release, which was a significantly extended version of the film.  The films made their DVD debut in 1999, both

Other media.

There exists a great number of spin-offs in other media, including a large number of crossovers with the "Predator" franchise.

Print media.

"Alien" print media has been published since shortly before the release of the original eponymous film, in 1979. The full library of these literary works include novelizations of the films, original content that expand upon the fictional universe, comics and companion books for both the cataloging of in-universe elements and supplemental works concerning the development of the franchise. These include works by special effects company Amalgamated Dynamics Incorporated (ADI), which assisted with the effects in "Alien 3" and "Alien Resurrection".

Novels.

Several novelizations of each of the six films and some comic books as well as original canonical novels based on the franchise have been released. The original novels include "", "Alien: Sea of Sorrows", "Alien: River of Pain", marketed

Comic books.

In addition to "", a graphic novel adaptation of the original film, there have been numerous limited series set in the "Alien" universe, as well as non-canonical crossover appearances of the Alien. In addition to "Alien vs. Predator" comics featuring the Alien and Predator battling, Dark Horse Comics published "Fire and Stone" between 2014 and 2017, crossing over the continuities of the "Alien" prequel series with the "Alien vs. Predator" franchise.  Dark Horse Comics has also published a number of other miniseries crossovers, featuring the Alien species as an enemy pitted

Video games.

Since the launch of the "Alien" franchise, there have been numerous video games released over the years, spanning a variety of genres. In addition to appearances in crossover video games, including those from the "Alien vs. Predator" franchise and "Mortal Kombat X", the four films from the original series were adapted into video games, typically multiple times. The first release was "Alien" (1982) for the Atari 2600, inspired heavily by "Pac-Man". A second adaptation of the first film was released in 1984. The sequel, "Aliens" was adapted into four different video games: two different 1986 games titled "Aliens: The Computer Game", a collection of minigames by Activision and a first-person shooter by Software Studios; as well as two different games titled "Aliens", a 1987 MSX platformer by Square and a 1990 arcade shoot 'em up by Konami. Acclaim Entertainment released three different games based on "Alien 3"; two different run and gun platformers - one for consoles in 1992, another for the SNES a year later - and a Game Boy adventure game in 1993. Sega also released a light gun arcade game "Alien 3:

Merchandising.

Despite "Alien" being widely considered a mature and non child-appropriate series, merchandise - including action figures, board games and role-playing games - has been manufactured and marketed to a wide range of age groups. Prior to the release of the first film, 20th Century Fox executives signed a deal with Kenner Products, for the production of a board game called "Alien Game", as well as action figures, marketed for being family-friendly. Following the release of the film and the outcry from parents about its nature of being a graphic and mature horror film, the product lines were abruptly cancelled. The merchandising efforts for the franchise remained largely stagnant until the release of the more action-based sequel, "Aliens", seven years later. From thereon out, merchandise has been produced on a rolling, ongoing basis.  From the franchise's inception until Kenner's closure in 2000, the company was a major manufacturer of "Alien" action figures. From 1992 to 1995, Kenner produced a line of action figures dubbed "Aliens", initially intended to promote a cancelled animated series called "Operation: Aliens". In 1996, Galoob released the Micro Machines "Alien" line of miniature toys, but ceased production the following year, due

"Alien vs. Predator" franchise.

Inspired by the Dark Horse Comics series, the filmmakers of "Predator 2" (1990) incorporated an easter egg in which an Alien skull was seen in a Predator trophy case. Expansions upon this shared universe between the "Alien" and "Predator" franchises followed through comics and video games, leading up to the launch of a film franchise with the release of "Alien vs. Predator" in 2004, followed by "" in 2007. The franchise has spawned various comics, novels, video games, and other merchandise based upon or inspired by the films. A third film has been variously rumored since the production of "Requiem". In mid-2018, Shane Black, the director of "The Predator", expressed his belief that a third "Alien vs. Predator" could still happen, indicating the studio's interest in both franchises.

Alien is a science-fiction horror/action media franchise centered on the film series depicting warrant officer Ellen Ripley (Sigourney Weaver) and her battles with an extraterrestrial lifeform, commonly referred to as "the Alien" or Xenomorph. Produced and distributed by 20th Century Studios, the series began with "Alien" (1979), directed by Ridley Scott, and was followed by three sequels, "Aliens" (1986), "Alien 3" (1992), and "Alien Resurrection" (1997), directed by James Cameron, David Fincher, and Jean-Pierre Jeunet, respectively.

《异形》(Alien)是一系列科幻恐怖电影。首集《异形》(Alien,1979年)由雷利·史考特执导,之后又推出了三部续集《异形2》(Aliens,1986年)、《异形3》(Alien3,1992年)、《异形4:浴火重生》(Alien: Resurrection,1997年);雷利·史考特还执导了异形的前传系列《普罗米修斯》(Prometheus,2012年)和《异形:圣约》(Alien: Covenant,2017年)。


Demographics.

According to the 2011 census Navsari district has a population of 1,329,672, roughly equal to the nation of Estonia or the US state of Maine and Hawaii. with 678,165 (51%) being Male and 651,507 (49%) being Female. This gives it a ranking of 366th in India (out of a total of 640). 49% of the whole population in Navsari District are belong to general caste, 3% are from schedule caste and 48% are schedule tribes. Child (aged under 6 years) population of Navsari district is just 9.73%, lowest in Gujarat, among them 52% are boys and 48% are girls with 9.62% of total rural Population and 9.99% of total urban Population is child. There are about 295,131 households in the district and an average 5 persons live in every family. Jalalpore being least populated region with 228065 People, Rank 86th least Populated Taluka in Gujarat and Navsari taluka being most populated with 311,238 people, Ranking 39th most populated taluka of Gujarat and Chikhli, Gandevi and Vansada with 309,877, 249,264 and 231,228 people with 40th, 66th and 79th most populus sub-district (taluka) of Gujarat. The district has a population density of. 3,519,890  Navsari's population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 8.24% lowest Population growth rate in Gujarat (with 7.86% in boys and 8.63% in girls), less than half growth rate (19.17% total population growth) of Gujarat in 1st decade of the 21st century, while the neighboring district, Surat has highest Population growth with 42.19% in 2001- 2011. Out of (total 7,494,176) 4,676,249 total rural child Population and 2,817,927 total urban child population of Gujarat, Navsari has 1.9% share (88,677) rural child population (Ranked 5th) and 1.45% (40,853) urban child population (Ranked 6th). Navsari Population growth mainly serge in Urban area with 21.63% (with 21.49% in boys and 21.79% in girls) and rural area with 3.19% (with 2.58% in boys and 3.82% in girls) in 2001 to 2011. and Navsari is being one of the lowest interns of population growth of males (which seems improving) and little increase in female population growth compare to other district in Gujarat and India but it ranked well in sex ratio. Furthermore, Navsari has lowest proportion of people in Gujarat with just only 2.2% of population of Gujarat. With 135,170 and 10.17% of total population of Navsari being child between 0-6 age and 70,298 and 10.37% being boy and 64,872 and 9.96% being girl child and among total child population of 129,530 and 88,677 born in rural area and 40,853 born in urban area with 12.09% decrements in total child population, with 19.84% decrements in rural area, while in urban area it has been increased by 5.68%. Navsari has witness sharp decrements in rural Population with Male decremented at 20.34% rate (Ranked 5th) like Surat (28.41), Jungadh (23.79), Gandhinagar (24.67), Bharuch district (21.98) and female decremented at the rate of 19.3% (5th lowest like males) and in urban area with 5.47% (Ranked 11th from decrements) increment of males and 5.92% (Ranked 17th) increment of females.  The Navsari District's majority of the population, nearly 69% (about 920,535) live rural part of Navsari District and 31% (about 4,09,137) population live in the urban part of Navsari District. Rural population density of Navsari district is 424 and urban population density is 5,624 persons per sqkm. Navsari is 13th most urbanized District in Gujarat as per 2011 and it had urbanized at the rate of 3.38% (increase in urban Population), higher than national average 3.35% increase, but lower increment rate than Gujarat (5.22%) in urbanization.  Navsari ranked highest urban population with 64.7% population (~201,371 people) with 70,162 household out of 311,238 People, lives in urban area, higher than Gujarat state with 44.7% urban Population and in Navsari taluka, 35.3% People live in rural area, among them 51.4% is males and 48.6 is females.  Navsari has a sex ratio of 961 females for every 1000 males, 5th highest in Gujarat state after Dang, Tapi, Dahod, Amreli and ranks 234th in India among 640 district in 2011. It ranks 4th in Rural Navsari with 982 females per 1000 males with increment of 12 females in between 2001 and 2011 behind Tapi, Dang and Dahod District but ranked low (15th) in Uraban Navsari with 917 females with increment of 2 femles And it have child sex ratio of 923 girls per 1000 boys. In terms of Taluka (tehsil) Vansda (Bansda) has highest sex ratio in Navsari District with 1001 females per 1000 males and 8th highest among 251 Taluka of Gujarat. Chikhali, Gandevi and Navsari with 980, 970 and 944 sex ratio while Jalalpore Tehsil (Taluka) has the lowest sex ratio in Navsari District with just 909 female per 1000 males. Navsari have Child sex ratio of 921 girls per 1000 boys (7th in Gujarat after Dang, Tapi, Dahod, Narmada, Valsad and Panchmahal), In Rural Area it Ranked 3rd (after Dang and Tapi) with 945 girls and just 872 in urban Area (13th) among child.  Navsari District has a literacy rate of 84.78% (with just 8.94% change in literacy level, Ranking 20th fastest out of 33 compare from 75.83% in 2001) almost similar to Vanuatu almost similar to worlds average literacy with 1,001,909 literate of which in Navsari has 539,472 male literate with 90.06% (7th highest male literacy after Kheda, Anand, Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad, Mehsana and Surat) literacy with 7.29% change (14th highest among 33 district) compare to 2001 and 462,438 female literate with 79.30% (3rd highest female literacy after Ahmadabad and surat) literacy with 10.69% change (21st highest among 33 district) compare to 2001 and Navsari rank 89th in India out of 640 district and ranking 5th highest after Surat, Ahmadabad, Anand and Gandhinagar and 19th highest in Western India. Navsari district has urban literacy of 89.8% with 4th Rank (getting ahead of Narmada and Bharuch but defeated by Anand due to sharp increase 8.03% in Anand compared to 4.73% in Navsari) after Valsad (92.92%), Vadodra (91.49%) and Anand district (90.16%) with 93.85% (7th highest getting ahead of Narmada, Panchmahal and Bharuch but defeated by Anand due to sharp increase 5.31% in Anand compared to 3.65% in Navsari after Valsad, Vadodara, Anand, Mehsana, Gandhinagar and Dang) in urban males and 85.41% (3rd highest getting ahead of Bharuch and Narmada after Vadodra and Valsad) urban females, it has been also Ranked 4th (getting ahead of Mehsana, but defeated by Kheda due to sharp increase 14% in Kheda, compare to 10% in Navsari) in Rural literacy Rate in Gujarat with 82.55% after Anand (83.85%), Gandhinagar (83.15%) and Kheda (83.14%) with 88.33% (5th getting ahead of Bharuch after Kheda, Gandhinagar, Anand, Mehsana) in rural males and 76.69% highest Rural female literacy in Gujarat. Among all city, Navsari city has literacy rate of 88.36%, where male and female literacy was 92.04% and 84.44%.  In Navsari District, Gandevi Taluka (tehsil) is Ranked 1st in Gujarat Per literacy rate out of 251 taluka (tehsil) in Gujarat with 90% literacy and Jalalpore Taluka having 3rd highest literacy rate with 89% literacy after Gandevi and Vadadra taluka (Tehsil). Thus Navsari has Two Tehsil which has Ranked above major city and Taluka in Gujarat like Ahmadabad, Surat, Rajkot, Valsad and ranked in top ten Taluka (Tehsil) or Sub- District in Gujarat. Furthermore, Navsari and Chikhli taluka has literacy rate of 86 and 82% with 17th and 41st rank in Gujarat. The only Tehsil which has lower literacy than 80% and less than literacy level of Gujarat is Vansda Tehsil with 72% literacy rate with 146th rank out of 251 in Gujarat, which lack in educational Development in Navsari.  In 2011, total 991 families live on footpath or without any roof cover in Navsari district of Gujarat. Total Population of all who lived without roof at the time of Census 2011 numbers to 3,302. This approx 0.25% of total population of Navsari district.  At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 89.46% of the population in the district spoke Gujarati, 5.62% Hindi, 2.69% Marathi and 0.91% Bhili as their first language.  In Navasari District out of total population, 1,225,087 are being adherent of Hindu religion being major religion with almost 92.13% being Hindu out of total population. The other minority include Muslim with 5.92%, Christian with 0.43% and Jain and Sikh with 1.01%, 0.18% and 0.05% being Buddhist.

Administrative divisions.

Navsari district is divided into 6 talukas (20th out of 33):  Navsari district has 13 town out of 348 Town of Gujarat (less than 11 District of Gujarat) with having 9 census Town (less than 6 District of Gujarat )and 4 Statutory Towns ( less than 20 District of Gujarat) :  In Navsari Taluka :  In Gandevi Taluka :  In Jalalpore Taluka :  In Bansda Taluka :  In Jalalpore Taluka :  Navsari district has 372 Village out of 18,225 Village of Gujarat ( 21 district has more village than Navsari ).

Tourism.

There are few Biggest Tourist Spot in Navsari District. Unai hot spring in Vansda taluka is famous for its medical benefit to body. Navsari is also famous for ubharat and Dandi Beach in South Gujarat with Tithal Beach of Valsad. Dandi is also famous for Dandi salt march led by Mahatma Gandhi.  The other famous spot for tourist attraction in this district is Sayaji Vaibhav Public Library in Navsari City, Navsari, reason behind calling Bokkish or educational city of Gujarat and book reading culture of Navsari and Gujarat. There are also other famous library like Mehrajirana library and other like NAU central library and Nila spore Library.  The other tourist spots are famous temple like Andheshwar temple in Amalsad, Gangeshvar Temple in kachholi, Kameshwar Mahadev near Gadat, Mallikarjun Mahadev near Majigam, Shukleshwar Mahadev near Anaval, Barumal Mahadev near Barumal, Vighneshwar Mahadev near Mahuwa, Kedareshwar Mahadev near Bardoli, Somnath Mahadev Mandir, Shri Jalaram Mandir, Shri Gayatri Mandir, Shri Dwarkadhish Mandir, Swaminarayan Mandir, Ganga Mata Temple, Shri Ramji Mandir (at Talodh) near Bilimora in Gandevi Taluka(Tehsil), Unai mata temple in Vansda taluka(Tehsil) and Ashapuri Temple in Navsari City and other few Temple for religious tourism of Hindu and masjid-e-noor and bhattai mosque for religious tourism for Muslims and Desai Atash Behram a fire temple for Parsis and chintamani temple for Jain. Navsari is also famous for Ajmalgadh of Vansda. And Luncikui in Navsari City is famous for popular Area of Navsari.  The other famous tourist spot for wildlife adventure in this district is Vansda National Park near Vansda and known for Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, Hyana, Python, and Indian langur. And it is also famous for its giradhodh waterfall and botanical Garden near Waghai in Dang District. And Wildlife experience Purna Wildlife Sanctuary in nearby Dang Districts, the park is considered as being a part of the Dangs' Forest. Other famous tourist spot included in nearby region is Saputara Hill Station in Dang District is most popular tourist destination of Gujarat and most favorite Hill station to chillout in Gujarat.

Transport.

Air.

Gujarat Government and Airports Authority of India (AAI) has given permission to build international airport in Navsari District near ubharat connecting Navsari and Surat. The Gujarat Civil Aviation Board (GUJCAB) has been formed to foster development of aviation infrastructure in Gujarat. The Board is headed by the Chief Minister.

Rail.

Gujarat comes under the Western Railway Zone of the Indian Railways. Navsari Railway Station is the one of the busiest railway station in Gujarat. It is situated on the Mumbai – Delhi Western Railway Mainline. Other close important railway stations are Surat railway station, Bhruch Railway Station, Vadodra Railway Station and Valsad Railway Station. Indian Railways is planning Delhi–Mumbai dedicated rail freight route passing through the District. National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited is planning to Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor passing through Navsari District and having station stop at Bilimora.

Sea.

Gujarat State has the longest sea coast of 1600 km in India. Gujarat Maritime Board has identified Vansi – Borsi near Umbharat Beach as Green field site for development of direct berthing deep water port. The location is identified as handling Petroleum and liquid chemical cargo for immediate hinterland. The Proposed site is 13 km away from Navsari broad gauge railway link. Other closest big port to Navsari district is Kandla Port is one of the largest ports serving Western India. Other important ports in Gujarat are the Port of Navlakhi, Port Pipavav, Bedi Port, Port of Porbandar, Port of Veraval and the privately owned Mundra Port. Ro-Ro ferry service available near Navsari at dahej. Modern fishing harbour (jalalpore) Dhaloi gone develop as Dhaloi Port at the cost of 3.5 million Us Dollar.

Road.

Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation (GSRTC) is the primary body responsible for providing the bus services within the state of Gujarat and also with the neighbouring states. It is a public transport corporation providing bus services and public transit within Gujarat and to the other states in India. Apart from this, there are a number of services provided by GSRTC.

Navsari is an administrative district in the state of Gujarat in India, with its headquarters at Navsari city. The district covers an area of 2,211 square kilometres roughly equal to country like Luxembourg and the US state of Delaware, and had a population of 1,329,672 in 2011 roughly equal to country like Estonia and the US state of Hawaii. The district was formed in 1997 after Valsad district was bifurcated into Valsad and Navsari districts.

瑙萨里县(或译作“纳夫萨里”,Navsari district)为印度古吉拉特邦辖县。地处古邦东南部,县域东部与当斯县、马哈拉施特拉邦接壤,南接瓦尔萨德县,北连苏拉特县,西临坎贝湾。面积2,211平方公里,人口1,329,672人(2011年),其中城镇人口27.36%(2011年),人口密度602/km2。行政中心驻瑙萨里。


Description.

"Iris anguifuga" has the unique form of having only one bract. It is also similar in form to a slender spuria iris.  When in growth (see above about seasonal bulb and seasonal rhizome habit), it has a short, thick rhizome, that is swollen and thicker at the top. It has the fibrous remains of last seasons growth leaves, similar to a bulb at the top.  It has 3–5 linear, pointed (lanceolate), narrow, green leaves, between and wide. They have 3–6 parallel veins. It has a flowering stem of between tall. It has one terminal (at the top of the stem) flower, between March and April.  It has 1 lanceolate (lance-like) between long and wide, spathes (leaves of the flower bud).  The spider-like flowers are in diameter, and have a slight fragrance. The flowers are violet or blue. It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the'standards'. The long and narrow falls are oblanceolate, long and wide, they are sometimes marked with brown or purple lines or dots on the edges and along the centre of the petal. The standards are also oblanceolate, but are long and wide. They also have purple or brown markings.  It has violet style branches, long and wide.  It has a 2.5 cm long pedicel, 3 cm long perianth tube, 2.5 cm long stamens and bright yellow anthers.  After the iris has flowered, in May and June, it produces a fusiform (spindle shaped) seed capsule, which is three angled and has a long beak on the end (almost as long as the capsule). It is long and wide. Inside, are 4-5mm diameter globose (spherical) seeds.

Biochemistry.

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. It has a chromosome count: 2n=34, Mao & Xue, 1986.

Taxonomy.

It is written as 单苞鸢尾 in Chinese script and known as "dan bao yuan wei" in China.  It has the common name of "Snake bane iris", or "single-bract iris".  The Latin specific epithet "anguifuga" means snake-bane or snake-chaser.  It was first published and described by Y.T.Zhao and X.J.Xue in 'Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica' (of Beijing) Vol.18 Issue 1 page56 in 1980. They placed the iris within 'Section Ophioiris', (meaning'snake iris', a separate section just for the iris ) but Brian Mathew (in his book 'The Iris',1981) included it within "Series Tenuifoliae". Later, chromosome counts, placed the iris within "Series Tenuifoliae".  It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003.

Distribution and habitat.

"Iris anguifuga" is native to temperate areas of Asia.

Range.

It is found within the Provinces of China, in Anhui, Guangxi and Hubei.

Habitat.

It grows on the hillsides and in grasslands.

Cultivation.

"Iris anguifuga" is not common in cultivation the UK or the USA. But has been in cultivation in China for centuries.  It is hardy between USDA Zone 1 and Zone 6, but may survive in lower temperatures but has not been trialed.  It prefers sandy, well drained soils.  It is vigorous in full sun, but will tolerate partial shade (under Deciduous trees), but with reduced flower growth.  It is unique in its growth habit as a rhizomous iris, as it is dormant and leafless during most of the 'normal' growing season, then in late fall / autumn (in China), it begins to grow new leaves and is evergreen through the winter and produces flowers in the spring and goes dormant again. In colder regions (the USA and UK), it acts like a bulb, dormant through to the spring before emerging and producing leaves and flowers (in a shorter period) before disappearing in summer.  When the iris, has finished flowering, most of the plant withers away, apart from a growth point, which is similar in form to a bulb. It is possible that this is the origin of all bulbous irises. It is one of the few known plants with seasonal bulbs and seasonal rhizomes.  It needs to be kept dry during winter (in the USA or UK), needing the protection of bulb frames, it only needs water during the growing season. It will not tolerate being waterlogged.  Resembles a skinny spuria iris, evergreen during winter, but dormant during summer and starts growing again in mid-autumn.

Propagation.

It can be propagated by division or by seed growing, but it does not like being disturbed. So seed growing may be more successful.

Hybrids and cultivars.

No variation has been observed and no cultivars have been selected.

Uses.

It is cultivated in the western part of Hubei in China as a medicinal plant. The rhizome is ground into a paste and then can be applied to snakebites as a herbal remedy.

Culture.

It is thought in China, that the iris has the ability to keep snakes from entering the garden. It grows all winter, keeping snakes out, but then goes dormant in the spring, allowing the snakes back into the garden. In the autumn, the iris re-appears and can stop the snakes again.

Iris anguifuga (or snake-bane iris) is a beardless iris in the genus "Iris", in the subgenus "Limniris" and in the series "Tenuifoliae" of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from China. It has narrow green leaves, long stem and violet or blue flowers.

单苞鸢尾(学名:)是鸢尾科鸢尾属的植物,为中国的特有植物。分布在中国大陆的广西、湖北、浙江、贵州、安徽、江西等地,生长于海拔1,200米的地区,一般生于山坡草地,目前尚未由人工引种栽培。


Early life and education.

David Alan Brat was born in Detroit, Michigan, on July 27, 1964. His father, Paul, was a doctor of internal medicine; his mother, Nancy, was employed as a social worker in Alma, Michigan, where he was raised. His family moved from Alma to Minnesota when David, the oldest of three boys, was in junior high. Brat graduated from Park Center Senior High School in Brooklyn Park, Minnesota.  Brat earned a B.A. in business administration from Hope College in 1986, a master's degree in divinity from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1990 and a Ph.D. in economics from American University in 1995.

Academic career.

After working for Arthur Andersen and as a consultant for the World Bank, in 1996 Brat joined the faculty of Randolph–Macon College, where he served as chair of the department of economics and taught courses including "Britain in the International Economy", "International Economic Development", and "Business Ethics".  From 2010 to 2012 Brat headed Randolph-Macon's BB&T Moral Foundations of Capitalism program, one of 60 similar programs and chairs in the philosophy and economics departments at United States universities devoted to the study of capitalism and morality, endowed by the BB&T Corporation.  In 2006 Brat was appointed by Virginia governor Tim Kaine to the Governor's Advisory Board of Economists, a position he continues to hold. He has also served on the board of directors of the Richmond Metropolitan Authority, and on the advisory board of the Virginia Public Access Project.  He is the Dean of the Liberty University School of Business.

Early political career.

From 2005 to 2011 Brat worked as a special legislative assistant to Virginia state senator Walter Stosch in the area of higher education. In 2006 he was appointed by Democratic governor Tim Kaine to serve on a bipartisan economic advisory council. He was later reappointed by Republican Governor Bob McDonnell.

Elections.

2011 Virginia House of Delegates campaign.

In August 2011 Brat announced he was running for the Virginia House of Delegates seat for the 56th district. There was no primary, and six Republican leaders met and chose Peter Farrell as the Republican nominee for the November 2011 general election.

2014 U.S. House campaign.

Republican primary.

Brat's run for the House of Representatives in 2014 was notable in its lack of resources and traditional campaign tactics. In his challenge of House Majority Leader Eric Cantor for the Republican nomination, Brat was outspent by Cantor 40 to 1: Cantor spent over $5 million, while Brat raised $200,000 and did not spend all of it. Brat's primary campaign was managed by 23-year-old Zachary Werrell. An analysis of campaign filings conducted by the Center for Responsive Politics concluded that Brat did not receive any donations from political action committees (PACs), noting "it's almost impossible to profile Brat's typical donor, because he had so few." Brat's victory garnered national attention, as it was the first time a sitting House Majority Leader was defeated in his primary race since the position was created in 1899. Brat defeated Cantor by a 12-point margin.  Compared with Cantor, described as aloof, Brat was characterized as knowing how to work a crowd. He ran an anti-establishment campaign criticizing Cantor's position on illegal immigration, government bailouts and budget deals while frequently invoking God and the United States Constitution in his speeches. During the campaign, Cantor criticized Brat as a "liberal professor" who had strong ties to Tim Kaine, Virginia's former Democratic governor and current junior Senator.  Brat complained that Cantor had a "crony-capitalist mentality", putting the interests of the corporate sector ahead of small businesses. Radio talk show host Laura Ingraham endorsed Brat's candidacy and hosted a rally with him in a Richmond suburb. Brat was also supported by radio talk show host Mark Levin and Ann Coulter. Chris Peace, a state legislator who collaborated with Brat on state budget issues at Randolph-Macon College, said that Brat was inspired to run for Congress because of "his passion for the structure of government and belief in free markets."  Brat's victory was described in the press as exposing a "deep schism" in the Republican party between its conservative base and its business wing, as well as a split between establishment Republicans and Tea Party insurgents. Some libertarian groups, such as the Virginia Liberty Party, backed Brat.  Brat received support from, and gave credit for his win to, local Tea Party groups in Virginia, but received no funding or endorsement from national Tea Party organizations. Brat has not identified with the Tea Party movement. Ron Rapoport, a political scientist at the College of William & Mary, has said Brat may be correctly identified as a "tea partier" only if the term is used as a catchall for "anti-establishment activist", while John Judis has opined that Brat could more correctly be described as a "right-wing populist". Matea Gold in "The Washington Post" stated, "the fact that Brat took off without the help of those organizations [national tea party groups] now makes it harder for them to claim his victory as their own."  Although the national media were shocked at Brat's victory, Richmond-area media outlets had received signs well before the primary that Cantor was in trouble. The "Richmond Times-Dispatch" reported two weeks before the primary that a number of Cantor's constituents felt he took them for granted. The "Times-Dispatch" also revealed that Cantor's attempt to brand Brat as a liberal professor actually made more people turn out for Brat. "The Chesterfield Observer," a local paper serving Chesterfield County—roughly half of which is in the 7th—reported that Tea Party-aligned candidates had won several victories there, and at least one Cantor loyalist believed Tea Party supporters smelled "blood in the water." One local reporter told David Carr of "The New York Times" that many constituents believed Cantor was arrogant and unapproachable. Due to massive cutbacks, the race was severely underpolled by local media. Few Capitol Hill reporters were willing to go to Cantor's district for fear that they would be out of Washington if a major story broke.

General election.

Brat faced Democratic nominee Jack Trammell, another professor at Randolph-Macon, and James Carr, the Libertarian candidate, in the November general election. Brat was favored because of the 7th's significant Republican leaning (the district has a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+10, showing it to be the most Republican district in eastern Virginia).  According to an article in "The Boston Globe", Cantor announced plans to aid Brat by resigning from the United States Congress on August 18, so that a special election for the balance of Cantor's seventh term could be held on the same day as the general election for a full two-year term. Thus the winner, in a race in which Brat was favored, would take office with two months' more seniority over other first-term Republicans elected in the 2014 midterm elections and the ability to participate in the lame-duck session of Congress.  Brat defeated Trammell in that election, with 60.83% of the vote to Trammell's 36.95%. Carr finished third, with 2.09% of the vote.

2016 U.S. House campaign.

A court-ordered redistricting significantly changed the 7th's configuration. It lost its share of Richmond to the neighboring 4th District; the 7th and its predecessors had included all or part of Richmond for over a century (it had been numbered as the 3rd District before 1993). It also lost Hanover County to the 1st District.  Brat defeated Democrat Eileen Bedell with 57.7% of the vote in the general election on November 8, 2016.

2018 U.S. House campaign.

Brat ran for a third term in 2018 against Henrico native and former CIA officer Abigail Spanberger. The race was rated "Safe Republican" by the nonpartisan "Cook Political Report" until October 13, 2017, when "Cook" updated the rating to "Likely Republican." On February 8, 2018, the rating was changed to "Leans Republican," and on July 7, 2018, the race was rated a "Toss-up."  During an October 2018 debate, Brat characterized Spanberger as a disciple of Nancy Pelosi. Brat referred so often to Pelosi that it started to draw laughs. According to the "Washington Post", a conservative estimate is that he referred to Pelosi 25 times.  Brat ultimately lost to Spanberger, 48.4% to 50.4%, due in part to a large swing in the district's shares of Henrico and Chesterfield counties, traditional Republican strongholds. While Brat carried five of the district's seven counties, Spanberger defeated him in Henrico and Chesterfield by a combined 30,600 votes, five times the overall margin of 6,600 votes.

U.S. House of Representatives.

Brat was sworn in on November 12, 2014, to finish Cantor's term. He was a member of the Freedom Caucus.  On January 6, 2015, Brat was one of 25 House Republicans to vote against John Boehner's reelection as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. Boehner, who needed at least 205 votes, was reelected with 216 votes. Though Brat supported Boehner earlier, he reversed his support after the House GOP leadership did not allow him to make an amendment to block a controversial executive order signed by President Barack Obama in a spending bill.  Brat faced heckling by 150 people at a "raucous" town hall meeting in the small town of Blackstone, Virginia, on February 21, 2017. Some questioned him on the border wall, health care, and President Trump's policies. Several of Brat's supporters left the meeting early. He was criticized for not meeting with his constituents because he claimed there were paid protesters among them. On January 28, at a meeting held at Hanover Tavern with "the GOP-friendly audience", he had lamented that, "[s]ince Obamacare and these issues have come up, the women are in my grill no matter where I go. They come up — 'When is your next town hall?' And believe me, it’s not to give positive input." He also urged his fellow conservatives at the Tavern to write newspaper articles because "we’re getting hammered." Brat considered running in Virginia's 2018 Senate election.  In November 2017 the "Richmond Times-Dispatch" reported that a campaign staffer was using her personal Facebook profile to debate commenters on his Facebook posts. The woman did not identify herself as a paid campaign staffer. When asked about this, Brat said, "Her job is to clarify issues and put out my policy positions from my vantage point. It’s not to argue with people." Brat had another run-in with social media on March 1, 2018, when it was discovered that his campaign Twitter account had "liked" several controversial tweets, including one that questioned whether one of the survivors of the Parkland school shooting, David Hogg, was a "crisis actor". After an outcry from concerned constituents, Brat's office issued a statement that attributed the likes to a campaign staffer who believed they were logged into their personal account. He also said that safeguards were being put in place to ensure it did not happen again.

Economic views.

Brat asserts that culture matters in economic markets. He believes that the culture that produced Adam Smith was a Protestant culture and that fact and the ethics of that culture are important in understanding market efficiency. Brat advocated that Christians should more forcefully support free-market capitalism and behave more altruistically, in the manner of Jesus, so that "we would not need the government to backstop every action we take."  According to Kevin Roose in a "New York" Magazine article, Brat "sees free-market economics as being intricately linked to ethics and faith and he makes the case that Adam Smith's invisible hand theory, should be seen in the context of Christianity". Furthering the central theme of Max Weber's seminal book "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism," Brat argues in his 2004 paper "Economic Growth and Institutions: The Rise and Fall of the Protestant Ethic?" that "institutions such as religion, democracy and government anti-diversion policies all significantly enhance a country's long-run economic performance," and concludes that "the religion variable may be the strongest ex ante, exogenous institutional variable in the literature."  In a paper titled "Is Growth Exogenous? Taking Bernanke Seriously", Brat criticized Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke, asserting that Bernanke's work on economic growth overlooks religious institutions—in particular Protestant—in a country's economic growth, and that while savings rates, population growth, and human capital accumulation help drive economic growth, the larger factor is "the Protestant religious establishment", which Bernanke ignores.  Brat has blamed the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany on the lack of "unified resistance", adding, "I have the sinking feeling that it could all happen again, quite easily." Brat believes that countries with Protestant pasts have economic advantages over countries that do not, and that Protestantism "provides an efficient set of property rights and encourages a modern set of economic incentives" that often lead to "positive economic performance". He believes in Christ as a transformer of culture, and that capitalism is the key to world transformation, which can be achieved when capitalism and Christianity merge; if people follow the gospel, and as a consequence behave more morally, he argues, then the markets will improve.  Zack Beauchamp from "Vox Media" has said that Brat believes that "most economists are motivated by philosophy rather than science: they're secretly utilitarians who believe that the goal of public policy is to produce the greatest good for the greatest number." Although Brat has said he does not identify as a Randian, he has acknowledged having been influenced by Ayn Rand's novel "Atlas Shrugged" and expressed appreciation of her case for human freedom and capitalism.

Political positions.

"Conservative Review" graded Brat's voting record an A with a Liberty Score of 100%. Brat was one of two Republican representatives to receive this highest possible grade out of 247 Republicans in the House of Representatives, along with Jim Jordan of Ohio.

Economy.

Brat promised to vote against raising the debt ceiling for the first five years while he was in Congress, and attacked Cantor during the primary campaign for voting to end the federal government shutdown of 2013. Brat advocated an end to tax credits, deductions and loopholes, and called for a flatter and more efficient tax code. He opposed TARP, the Troubled Asset Relief Program of 2008, and said that, if elected, he would "vote against bills that benefit big business over small business". "I'm not against business. I'm against big business in bed with big government", he said.  Brat supported President Trump's trade policies, arguing that Americans benefitted from re-negotiating NAFTA and that while tariffs on China would cause short-term harms, they would ultimately lead to "zero tariffs."

Education.

Brat opposed federally driven education policies such as the Common Core curriculum and No Child Left Behind.

Ethics reform.

Brat's decision to enter the Republican primary was driven largely by Cantor's role in weakening congressional ethics reform. "If you want to find out the smoking gun in this campaign, just go Google and type the STOCK Act and CNN and Eric Cantor", Brat said.

Healthcare.

Brat opposed the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare). In March 2017 he said he opposed the initial version of the American Health Care Act, which was the GOP's replacement for Obamacare, and that he intended to vote against it in the House Budget Committee. On May 4, 2017, Brat voted to repeal Obamacare and pass the revised version of the American Health Care Act. He said the bill contained protections for preexisting conditions and would lead to lower prices; "The Washington Post" noted that the bill would have allowed insurers to charge higher premiums for individuals with preexisting conditions, and that an analysis by the Congressional Budget Office estimated that average health care premiums would increase as a result of the bill (more so for older Americans).  During his 2018 reelection campaign Brat falsely claimed that "The Washington Post" fact-checker had given "four Pinocchios" to his opponent Abigail Spanberger for claims she made about Brat's position on health care. "The Washington Post" fact-checker asked Brat to comment on his misrepresentation but did not receive a response.

Foreign policy and defense.

Brat called for the National Security Agency to end bulk collection of phone records and stated his support for statutory protections for e-mail privacy. He argued that domestic intelligence activities have "spun out of control" and that "the NSA's indiscriminate collection of data on all Americans is a disturbing violation of our Fourth Amendment right to privacy." In an April 21, 2015, interview with radio talk show host Rusty Humphries, Brat claimed that the terrorist group ISIS had set up a base in Texas. "In our country it looks like we have an ISIS center in Texas now...You can't make up what a terrible problem this is." After the Texas Department of Public Safety responded that there was no substantiation for the claim, Brat's office said that he had really meant Mexico, not Texas, citing the conservative group Judicial Watch, which declined to provide any substantiation for its report.

Immigration.

Brat supported President Trump's 2017 executive order to temporarily curtail immigration from the Muslim-majority nations of Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen until better screening methods are devised. Brat said that "the temporary halt on migration from seven countries will last only a few months until we have solid vetting procedures in place" and that "these seven countries with a temporary travel ban have been identified by both the Obama administration and our intelligence agencies as being the greatest threat to our national security because they have a history of training, harboring, and exporting terrorism."  In September 2017 Brat said that Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), which provided temporary stay for unauthorized immigrants brought to the United as minors, allowed minors to "bring in their entire extended family once they reach a certain status" and could bring in up to 4 million additional immigrants. PolitiFact disputed Brat's figure.

Social issues.

In 2011 Brat criticized the political right for simultaneously advancing the pursuit of individual liberty while pushing laws restricting abortion, gay rights and gambling, and the political left for simultaneously supporting progressive liberal individualism while coercing others to "fund every social program under the sun". Brat's website said he supported "the life of every child, both born and unborn."

Social Security and Medicare.

Brat criticized both major parties' approach to Medicare and Social Security, stating, "neither side of the aisle will talk about the most important issues because that is going to involve pain." He advocated "market-based reforms" to these programs, arguing individuals ought not to receive more from programs than they have paid into them. Brat has suggested age- and means-based reform to the eligibility of claimants for mandatory entitlements as a way to avoid insolvency.

Term limits.

Brat was a proponent of term limits for members of Congress. He pledged to serve a maximum of 12 years (six terms) in Congress.

Personal life.

Brat moved to Virginia in 1996 with his wife, Laura. They live in Glen Allen, a suburb of Richmond. They have two children.  Brat was raised in a Presbyterian church and his wife is a Roman Catholic. Splitting their time between two churches, they are parishioners of St. Mary Catholic Church in Richmond. Brat also identifies as a Calvinist and lists affiliations with Christ Episcopal Church, Third Presbyterian, and Shady Grove Methodist.

David Alan Brat (born July 27, 1964) is an American academic and politician who is the dean of the Liberty University School of Business. A member of the Republican Party, he served as the U.S. Representative for Virginia's 7th congressional district from 2014 to 2019.

戴夫·布拉特(David Alan "Dave" Brat;1964年-7月27日)是美国的一位经济学家和政治人物。


License policy.

CUBRID has a separate license for its server engine and its interfaces. The server engine adopts the GPL v2.0 or later license, which allows distribution, modification, and acquisition of the source code. CUBRID APIs and GUI tools have the Berkeley Software Distribution license in which there is no obligation of opening derivative works. The reason of adopting two separate license systems is to provide complete freedom to Independent software vendors (ISV) to develop and distribute CUBRID-based applications.

Architecture.

The feature that distinguishes CUBRID database from other relational database systems is its 3-tier client-server architecture which consists of the database server, the connection broker and the application layer.

Database server.

The database server is the component of the CUBRID database management system which is responsible for storage operations and statement execution. A CUBRID database server instance can mount and use a single database, making inter-database queries impossible. However, more than one instance can run on a machine.  Unlike other solutions, the database server does not compile queries itself, but executes queries precompiled in a custom access specification language.

Connection broker.

The CUBRID connection broker's main roles are:  Also, a local object pool enables some parts of the execution to be deferred from the database server (e.g. tuple insertion and deletion, DDL statements), thus lowering the database server load.  Since the connection broker is not bound to the same machine as the database server, CUBRID can take advantage of the hardware resources of several machines while processing queries on a single database.

Application layer.

Applications can use one of the available APIs to connect to a CUBRID connection broker.

Features.

High Availability.

CUBRID High Availability provides load-balanced, fault-tolerant and continuous service availability through its shared-nothing clustering, automated fail-over and manual fail-back mechanisms.  CUBRID's 3-tier architecture allows native support for High-Availability with two-level auto failover: the broker failover and server failover.

Broker failover.

When connecting to a broker via a client API, users can specify, in the connection URL, a list of alternative hosts where brokers are listening for incoming requests. In case of a hardware, network, operating system or software failure on one of the hosts, the underlying client API automatically fails over to the next host that a user has provided.

Server failover.

The High Availability environment can be built with 1:N master-slave server nodes. Each slave node communicates with the master via CUBRID Heartbeat protocol. When a master node is unresponsive, the first of the slave nodes will get promoted to a master role. Replication between nodes can be achieved in one of two modes: synchronous and asynchronous.  Administrators can specify a list of server hosts each broker can connect to and, in the event of a failure of the master node, another will be used.

Scalability and Maintainability.

Backup.

CUBRID supports online, offline and incremental backup.

Performance.

API-level load balancing.

Because a connection broker can be configured in four different modes (read-write, read-only, slave-only, preferred host read only), the list of alternative hosts which a user has provided via the connection URL can be used as a method to balance the load. When "Load Balancing" is used, the client API will randomly choose a host among those specified in the connection URL except the one which was used to connect to last time. If the chosen host is not available, the selection will continue until all the hosts are determined as unavailable. In such case, the driver will report an error.

Query plan caching.

A query execution plan cache is implemented on the broker in order to skip most of the compilation steps on often used queries. Because the queries are parametrized during parsing, two queries that differ only by the values of literal constants share the same cache entry.

Storage.

Indexes.

CUBRID has support for B+-tree indexes, both single-column and multi-column. The following types of indexes can be created:  The query optimizer can use indexes to produce faster execution plans using methods such as:

Table partitioning.

CUBRID supports horizontal partitioning by range, hash and value lists, with a maximum of 1024 partitions per table. Partitions can be accessed independently and support most operations that are valid on a normal table.  As of version 9.0, CUBRID implements execution-time partition pruning.

SQL support.

CUBRID implements a large subset of the ANSI standard, extended with features from later SQL standards and custom features.

Window functions.

CUBRID provides support for window functions as defined in the standard. The implemented functions are "ROW_NUMBER", "COUNT", "MIN", "MAX", "SUM", "AVG", "STDDEV_POP", "STDDEV_SAMP", "VAR_POP", "VAR_SAMP", "RANK", "DENSE_RANK", "LEAD", "LAG" and "NTILE".

Hierarchical queries.

Hierarchical queries using the non-standard START WITH... CONNECT BY Oracle syntax are supported in CUBRID. A number of specialized pseudocolumns and operators are provided for controlling the behavior of the query execution.

Built in click-counter.

CUBRID optimizes the common scenario in web applications where database fields need to be incremented on certain events (e.g. page views). In contrast to the usual approach of using a SELECT/UPDATE statement combination, CUBRID can increment fields from within the SELECT statement execution, bypassing some expensive compiling, execution and locking overhead associated with an UPDATE statement.

Java stored procedures.

The only stored procedure language supported in CUBRID is Java, requiring a Java virtual machine to be installed on the system. The virtual machine is started and managed by the server and is used for code execution.  Stored procedure code that requires database access must use the JDBC driver, either using the parent transaction or issuing a new one.

Regular expression.

In addition to the LIKE operator, CUBRID provides the REGEXP operator for regular expression pattern matching. By default, the operator does a case insensitive matching on the input string, but the modifier BINARY can be used for case sensitive scenarios. An optional alias of REGEXP is RLIKE.  Currently, CUBRID does not support REGEXP on Unicode strings.

Data types.

A variety of data types are supported by CUBRID:

Supported platforms.

CUBRID is available for Microsoft Windows and Linux (most distributions), for 32- and 64-bit architectures.

Interfaces.

Command line.

CUBRID comes with a built-in command-line interface named "csql" that can be used to execute SQL statements on the CUBRID server. The tool can be used in one of two modes: CUBRID's "csql" also implements some internal commands related to schema information, plan generation, debugging, transaction control, query timing and more.

Programming.

CUBRID provides a number of language-specific application programming interfaces: C driver (also called "CCI", CUBRID's native driver), JDBC, PHP/PDO driver, ODBC, OLEDB, ADO.NET, Ruby driver, Python driver, Node.js driver and Perl driver.

Graphical.

Several graphical user interface tools have been developed for CUBRID:

Applications.

Some applications and websites that have added CUBRID support or are powered by CUBRID:

CUBRID ( "cube-rid") is an open-source SQL-based relational database management system (RDBMS) with object extensions developed by CUBRID Corp. for OLTP. The name CUBRID is a combination of the two words "cube" and "bridge", "cube" standing for a space for data and "bridge" standing for "data bridge".

CUBRID 是一个全面开源,且完全免费的关系数据库管理系统。CUBRID为高效执行线上交易处理(OLTP)进行了高度优化,特别是需要处理大数据量和高并发请求的复杂商务服务。通过提供独特的最优化特性,CUBRID可以支持更多的并发请求,更少的响应时间。