Species.

"Cercis" comprises the following species:  The Judas tree ("Cercis siliquastrum") is a small tree to 10–15 m tall native to the south of Europe and southwest Asia, in Iberia, southern France, Italy, Bulgaria, Greece and Asia Minor, which forms a handsome low tree with a flat spreading head. In early spring it is covered with a profusion of magenta pink flowers, which appear before the leaves. The flowers have an agreeably acidic bite, and are eaten in mixed salad or made into fritters. The tree frequently figured in the 16th and 17th century herbals. This small, sparsely branched tree is said to be the one from which Judas Iscariot hanged himself after betraying Christ, but the name may derive from "Judea's tree", after the region encompassing Israel and Palestine where the tree is commonplace.  A smaller Eastern American woodland understory tree, the eastern redbud, "Cercis canadensis", is common from southernmost Canada to Piedmont, Alabama and East Texas. It differs from "C. siliquastrum" in its pointed leaves and slightly smaller size (rarely over 12 m tall). The flowers are also used in salads and for making pickled relish, while the inner bark of twigs gives a mustard-yellow dye. It is commonly grown as an ornamental.  The related western redbud, "Cercis occidentalis", ranges from California east to Utah primarily in foothill regions. Its leaves are more rounded at the tip than the relatively heart-shaped leaves of the eastern redbud. The tree often forms multi-trunked colonies that are covered in bright pink flowers in early spring (February - March). White-flowered variants are in cultivation. It buds only once a year.  The chain-flowered redbud ("Cercis racemosa") from western China is unusual in the genus in having its flowers in pendulous racemes, as in a Laburnum, rather than short clusters.

Species names with uncertain taxonomic status.

The status of the following species is unresolved:

Wood.

The wood is medium weight, somewhat brittle, of light tan color with a noticeably large heartwood area of darker brown, tinged with red. The wood has attractive figuring and is used in wood turning, for making decorative items and in the production of wood veneer.

Cercis is a genus of about 10 species in the subfamily Cercidoideae of the pea family Fabaceae, native to warm temperate regions. It contains small deciduous trees or large shrubs commonly known as redbuds. They are characterised by simple, rounded to heart-shaped leaves and pinkish-red flowers borne in the early spring on bare leafless shoots, on both branches and trunk ("cauliflory"). Cercis is derived from the Greek word κερκις ("kerkis") meaning "weaver's shuttle", which was applied by Theophrastus to "C. siliquastrum".

紫荆属(学名:"")为豆目豆科的一属,是落叶小乔木或灌木,早春未出叶时先开花,花蕾及话为玫瑰红色,缀满枝条,因此也叫“满条红”、“珊瑚树”。花为假蝶形花冠。非常壮观,在晋朝时即已经被引种为庭院树。花谢后密生绿色荚果,在树上一年不落,直到第二年春天,新花蕾出现才脱落。紫荆耐寒、耐热但不耐涝,叶为圆心形,花落时才吐芽。


History.

The United States first established diplomatic relations with Austria when Henry A. P. Muhlenberg was appointed first U.S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Austrian Empire on 8 February 1838. When according to the Compromise of 1867 the empire became the union of Austria-Hungary, the Ministers were so commissioned. The legation officially was elevated to the status of an embassy on 17 May 1902, with Robert Sanderson McCormick as first U.S. Ambassador.  When upon the American entry into World War I the United States broke off diplomatic relations with Austria-Hungary in April 1917, Spain handled the representation of U.S. interests in Vienna for the duration of the war. In 1921 the U.S. diplomatic mission reopened as a legation.  The Neo-baroque embassy building at Boltzmanngasse 16 was constructed from 1902 to 1904 according to plans designed by architect Ludwig Baumann, then as the new location of the "K.k." Academy for Oriental Languages established in 1754 (the precursor of the present-day Diplomatic Academy of Vienna). The studying conditions were severely restricted after the Austrian "Anschluss" to Nazi Germany and the building was temporarily used as a Wehrmacht military hospital. At the conclusion of World War II, U.S. occupation troops seized the building until 1946.  The U.S. Government finally purchased the building on 30 June 1947, at the intercession of Eleanor Lansing Dulles and with the consent of the Austrian National Council. The U.S. Mission in Austria held the status of a legation from 1947 until 1951, when it officially became an embassy, with Walter J. Donnelly as the first U.S. ambassador to serve in Vienna since Frederic Courtland Penfield departed in World War I.  The current United States Ambassador to Austria is Trevor Traina, who presented his credentials to the Austrian president Alexander Van der Bellen on 24 May 2018.

The Embassy of the United States of America in Vienna is the main United States diplomatic mission to Austria. Since 1947 the embassy building is located on Boltzmanngasse 16, in the Alsergrund district of Vienna.

美国驻奥地利大使馆位于维也纳阿尔瑟格伦德区波兹曼巷(Boltzmanngasse)16号。


Playing career.

Club career.

Born in Montevideo, a goalscoring midfielder, he began his career with spells at Grenoble and River Plate. Poyet moved to Real Zaragoza in 1990; winning the Copa del Rey in 1994 and the Cup Winners' Cup a year later, beating Arsenal in the final. He became Zaragoza's longest-serving foreign player, and scored 60 goals in 240 games for the club.  Poyet joined Chelsea on a free transfer in June 1997. Not long into his first season at the London club, he suffered cruciate ligament damage, this meant he missed the victorious 1998 Football League Cup Final but recovered to play in the team's successful Cup Winners' Cup Final against VfB Stuttgart. The following year, he contributed 14 goals – making him the club's second highest scorer – to help Chelsea finish third in the Premiership, including a crucial headed goal in 1–0 win against Leeds United. He also scored the winner for Chelsea in the 1998 UEFA Super Cup against Real Madrid. In 1999–2000, he scored 18 goals (which again made him Chelsea's second highest scorer), with a scissors-kick volley against Sunderland, a long range strike against Lazio, and both of Chelsea's goals in the FA Cup semi-final against Newcastle United, among the most memorable, as the team won the FA Cup and reached the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals.  With the arrival of new manager Claudio Ranieri in September 2000, Chelsea was a team in transition. With Ranieri seeking to reduce the average age of the squad, Poyet became surplus to requirements and requested a transfer.  In 145 appearances for Chelsea, Poyet scored 49 goals.  Poyet joined Tottenham Hotspur in May 2001 for around £2.2 million. He scored 14 goals in his debut season for Spurs and helped his team reach the League Cup final, but they lost 2–1 to Blackburn Rovers. His time at the club was blighted by injuries, and he again sustained cruciate ligament damage in August 2002, but still managed to score 23 goals in 98 games.

International career.

Poyet was a Uruguay international, making his international debut on 13 July 1993 in a friendly match against Peru (1–2). After 67 minutes, he was substituted by Carlos Aguilera.  Poyet helped his country win the Copa América in 1995. In doing so, he was voted as the best player in his position at the tournament.  He won 26 caps in total, scoring three goals.

Coaching career.

In July 2006, he became a player and assistant manager at Swindon Town alongside ex-Chelsea teammate, Dennis Wise. Both Poyet and Wise were given permission to talk about forming the new Leeds United management team on 23 October 2006 and looked set to take the place of caretaker manager, John Carver, until Swindon withdrew permission due to disagreements over compensation. On 24 October 2006, Poyet was confirmed as assistant manager of Leeds with Dennis Wise as the manager. On 29 October 2007, Poyet rejoined his former club Tottenham Hotspur to work alongside new head coach Juande Ramos as a first team coach with Marcos Álvarez as a fitness coach. During his first season as assistant manager at White Hart Lane, he won the 2007–08 League Cup, beating Chelsea 2–1 after extra time in the Final after a penalty from Dimitar Berbatov in normal time and a header early into extra time from Jonathan Woodgate.  On 25 October 2008, Poyet parted company with Tottenham Hotspur along with manager Juande Ramos, first team coach Marcos Álvarez and sporting director Damien Comolli.

Management career.

Brighton & Hove Albion.

On 10 November 2009, Poyet was announced as the new manager of English League One side Brighton & Hove Albion on a one-and-a-half-year contract. Former Tottenham teammate Mauricio Taricco was also announced as Poyet's assistant manager. He steered the club to safety as he had a brilliant start to his career at Brighton by going to Southampton and winning 3–1. He started the 2010–11 season by making a number of signings including Gordon Greer, Radostin Kishishev, Liam Bridcutt, Matt Sparrow, Casper Ankergren and Ashley Barnes. He also signed a new four-year contract along with his assistant Mauricio Taricco.  The season started with five wins from the first eight games putting Brighton top of the League One table. Brighton started the year 2011 with a 5–0 home win on New Year's Day against Leyton Orient. Most notable was a run of eight straight league victories in March, leaving the club 13 points clear at the top with games in hand over all of their closest rivals with the exception of Southampton. Brighton secured promotion to the Championship following a 4–3 home win over Dagenham & Redbridge, Ashley Barnes scoring the winner in the 63rd minute. The League One title was clinched on 16 April 2011, as Brighton beat Walsall 3–1, having been top without slipping since the eighth game of the season and with four games of the season still to play. On 23 May 2011, Poyet was voted LMA League One Manager of the Year for his achievements in the 2010–11 season – his first full season as a football manager.  During pre-season 2011, Poyet twice broke the club's record transfer-fee in signing Will Buckley and Craig Mackail-Smith, and also brought in former Spain and Valencia playmaker Vicente on a free transfer. After an unbeaten start to the 2011–12 season, Poyet was named as Championship manager of the month for August 2011. Poyet shortly after signed a new and improved five-year contract to remain at the club until 2016. In March 2012, Poyet won the Outstanding Managerial Achievement Award at the Football League Awards ceremony, beating Crystal Palace manager Dougie Freedman and former Huddersfield Town boss Lee Clark.  On 16 May 2013, days after Brighton lost to Crystal Palace in the Championship play-off semi-finals, Poyet was suspended by Brighton and told to stay away from the club pending an inquiry. Poyet reportedly told his players that he could not guarantee whether he would remain at the club, and also intimated that he had taken Brighton as far as he could. On 23 June, Brighton released an official statement declaring that Poyet had been informed that "his employment has been terminated with immediate effect". Poyet said that he was only made aware of his sacking when a member of the BBC production staff handed him a printout of the club statement, whilst working as a pundit for BBC Three's coverage of the Spain vs. Nigeria group game in the FIFA Confederations Cup.

Sunderland.

On 8 October 2013, it was announced that Poyet had been appointed as Head Coach at Sunderland on a two-year contract, becoming the first Uruguayan to manage in the Premier League. Eleven days later in his first match in charge, they lost 0–4 away to Swansea City. His second game in charge, and first at the Stadium of Light, resulted in a 2–1 win against local rivals Newcastle United on 27 October.  In his first season in charge, he took Sunderland to the League Cup Final after a penalty shootout win over Manchester United in the semi-finals. On 19 April 2014, Poyet defeated José Mourinho in his first-ever home league defeat in the Premier League as Chelsea manager, a 2–1 win to Sunderland at Stamford Bridge. Poyet led Sunderland to a 2–0 win at home to West Bromwich Albion on 7 May to guarantee Premier League safety with one game remaining, performing "a miracle" in his own words by arresting a decline that saw Sunderland seven points adrift of safety as late as 7 April, when they lost 5–1 to Tottenham Hotspur. Defeat to Everton in their following league game made avoiding relegation look like a near impossible task for the club, but Sunderland, under Poyet's stewardship, earned 13 points out of a possible 15 in their following five league games. Poyet signed a new two-year contract at Sunderland on 28 May 2014.  The club sacked Poyet on 16 March 2015. Two days prior, in his last game, they lost 0–4 at home against Aston Villa with all goals conceded in the first half, prompting a mass exit by fans. At the time of his sacking, they were in 17th place in the league, one point above the relegation places.

AEK Athens.

On 29 October 2015, AEK Athens reported that Poyet had agreed in principle to be the club's manager until summer 2016. In February 2016, he guided his team to successive wins against neighbours Olympiacos and Panathinaikos. He was sacked on 19 April 2016

Betis.

On 9 May 2016, Poyet had signed a two-year deal with Real Betis. On 12 November 2016, he was sacked and replaced by Víctor Sánchez.

Shanghai Shenhua.

On 29 November 2016, Poyet became the manager of Chinese Super League side Shanghai Shenhua. On his debut, Shenhua lost to Brisbane Roar at home in AFC Champions League Playoff stage. Later in the season, he led the club to achieve its first consecutive away victories since 2010, but also witnessed the first home defeat within two seasons. Despite of being blamed by public for poor performance in the league and resigning on 11 September, he was still appreciated by some fans for his contribution to the team's championship in 2017 Chinese FA Cup later in November, including a 1-0 home victory over classic rival Beijing Guoan in 4th round, and a 3-1 away victory over Shandong Luneng in quarter final.

Bordeaux.

On 20 January 2018, Poyet became the manager of Ligue 1 side Bordeaux. In August, he was suspended by the club after criticising the sale of Gaëtan Laborde to Montpellier. He was subsequently fired and replaced by Ricardo Gomes on 5 September.

Personal life.

Poyet is married to Madelon González with whom he has two sons: Diego (born 1995) and Matias (born 1993). Diego is also a midfielder, making his professional debut in 2014 for Charlton Athletic before moving to West Ham United, and has represented England at youth international level.  Poyet's father was Olympic basketball player Washington Poyet, while his brother Marcelo also played the sport professionally in South America. Poyet introduced basketball to Sunderland academy training sessions, believing it to share many attributes with football, particularly marking.

Gustavo Augusto Poyet Domínguez (; born 15 November 1967) is a Uruguayan former footballer. He was most recently the manager of Ligue 1 side Bordeaux.

古斯塔沃·奥古斯托·"古斯"·普耶·多明格斯(,1967年-11月15日),简称古斯·普耶(Gus Poyet),出生在乌拉圭蒙特维多,是一名前乌拉圭足球员及现役足球教练,曾效力萨拉戈萨、车路士和热刺等球会,曾执教布莱顿、桑德兰、雅典AEK、皇家贝蒂斯、上海绿地申花主教练。


Etymology.

The specific name, "wagneri", is in honor of Moritz Wagner, a German explorer, who collected the type specimen in 1846.

Description.

"V. wagneri" grows to a maximum total length (body + tail) of.  The head is relatively large, elongate, and distinct from the neck. The snout is rounded and covered with small keeled scales. The rostal is in contact with 2–3 apical scales. The eyes are in broad contact with the large supraoculars and surrounded by 12–15 circumorbital scales. Across the top of the head, there are 6–7 interocular scales. There are usually 9 upper labials and 12–13 lower labials. The former are separated from the eye by 1–2 rows of scales. The nostril is located within a single nasal scale. The temporal scales are keeled, and there is usually one canthal scale on either side of the head.  Midbody there are 23 rows of keeled dorsal scales. There are 2–3 preventral scales, 161–170 ventrals, and 23–31 paired subcaudals. The anal plate is single.  The dorsal color pattern consists of a grayish ground color, overlaid with a central series of occasionally connected blotches or spots that run from the back of the head to the tail. These blotches are light brown to yellowish brown or orange, with black borders, and each is 4–8.5 scales wide.  The top of the head usually has two black elongated blotches that form a large dark open V marking, but without an apex. The arms of the V end on the neck. There is usually a dark stripe that runs from the corner of the eye to the angle of the mouth.

Geographic range.

"Montivipera wagneri" is found in the mountains of eastern Turkey and adjacent northwestern Iran.  The type locality given is "vicinity of Lake Urmia ("Armenisch-Persische Grenze" [=Armenian-Persian border]), province Azerbaijan, N.W. Iran".

Conservation status.

The species "M. wagneri" was classified as "endangered" (EN) in 1996. In 2009 the status was changed to "critically endangered" (CR) due to strong population decline caused by exploitation and collection for the international pet trade. Additionally, planned Kara kurt dam complex will result in loss of over 80% of the suitable habitat.  This species is also listed on CITES Appendix II, which means that it is not necessarily threatened with extinction, but may become so if it is not listed. It is, however, listed as a strictly protected species (Appendix II) under the Berne Convention.  The main threats are capture for the exotic pet trade and habitat loss due to dam construction.  Nine endangered ocellate mountain vipers were born on August 16, 2013 at the St. Louis Zoo. The St. Louis Zoo is a part of a cooperative breeding and conservation program for these endangered species. The zoo's vipers were bred on the recommendation of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums Species Survival Plan.

Habitat.

"Montivipera wagneri" is found at altitudes of in rocky and grassy habitats.

Wagner's viper ("Montivipera wagneri") is a venomous viper species endemic to eastern Turkey and northwestern Iran. No subspecies are currently recognized.

魏氏蝰(学名:')又名魏氏山丘蝰、魏氏山蝰,俗名鄂图曼蝰蛇,是分布在土耳其东部及伊朗西北部的毒蛇。其下并没有亚种。


Origin of the Girays.

Milner (1855) tells this story. His original name was Devlet. He was called Haji although there seems to be no evidence that he had made the Hajj. As a boy, when his family was defeated, he was protected by a shepherd. When he grew powerful he asked the old shepherd what reward he wanted. The man replied that Haji Devlet should take the shepherd’s name of Giray.  His early ancestors were Genghis khan, Jochi, Tuka-Timur (thirteenth son of Jochi who did not receive an ulus), Uran-Timur. Tuka-Timur fought under Batu Khan who conquered the west in the 1240s. In the 1260s Mengu-Timur (Golden Horde,1266-80) gave Crimea to Uran-Timur and his descendants ruled Crimea.  Haji’s grandfather was Tash-Timur bin Cansı and his father was Gyyas-ed-Din (Гыяс-эд-Дин, Gıyaseddin). Tash-Timur minted coins in Crimea in 1394/95 (=A.H. 797), which might imply some degree of independence. During one of Tamerlane’s wars (1395?) Tash-Timur was driven from Crimea. His sons Gyyas-ed-Din and Devlet-Berdi (?Dawlat Berdi) fled to Lithuania. Haji was born in 1397, probably at Lida. The brothers supported Tokhtamysh against Edigu and in one of these battles Gyyas-ed-Din was killed. It is said that a servant of Gyyas-ed-Din hid Haji for six years. After Edigu’s death in 1419 Devlet-Berdi and his nephew Haji Giray established themselves in Crimea. In 1427 Devlet-Berdi captured Sarai, but was killed by ‘Borak’ (?Barak Khan)

Gaining Crimea 1428–1441.

According to Vasary, in 1426/27 Crimea was ruled by Ulugh Mohammad and by March 1427 by Devlet Berdi.  In 1428 Haji took over Crimea with the support of 16000 men, Vytautas of Lithuania and the Shirin mirzas. He took Solkhat/Stary Krym and Kyrk-Er/Chufut-Kale. Ulugh Muhammad invaded, many nobles changed sides, including Shirin chief Tegene-Bey, and Haji fled to the steppes and Lithuania. In 1431 Haji returned with troops collected in the Lithuanian lands. Tegene-Bey joined him at Perekop. Both Ulugh and Küchük failed to drive him out. In 1433 Haji allied with Prince Alexios I of the Principality of Theodoro. That fall Alexios took the Genoese port of Cembalo/Balaklava. In the summer of 1434 the Genoese returned with a fleet and captured Balaklava and Alexios. They then took Kalamita/Inkerman, moved inland but were defeated by Haji near Stary Krym. When Haji besieged Kaffa the Genoese paid a ramson and recognized him as khan.  In 1434 Ulugh Mohammad invaded Crimea, the Shirins changed sides and Haji fled to the Lithuanian lands to gather a new army. Sigismund Kęstutaitis decided to hold him hostage and gave him a castle at Lida. In 1437 Ulugh was driven out by Kuchuk Mohammad. Soon Sayid Ahmad I gained Crimea. He became unpopular when his officials greatly increased taxes and nomads several times raided the peninsula. Around 1440 the Crimean nobles asked Casimir IV Jagiellon of Lithuania to release Haji. He went to Kiev, met the Beys and went to Crimea with a large army and Radvila Astikas (the founder of the Radziwills) and drove out Sayid’s governor. Tegene-Bey of the Shirins swore allegiance.

Reign 1441–1466.

In March 1441 Genoese sources name him as the new khan. In that year he minted coins with his name at Chufut-Kale, so 1441 is often taken as the official start of his reign and the foundation of the Crimean Khanate. Other possible dates are 1428 (above) and 1449 (below). Vasary says that the traditionally accepted date is August 1449  In 1442 the Genoese consul at Kaffa allied with Sayid and the Genoese republic sent troops. Haji defeated the Genoese and an arrangement was made. At the same time Sayid invaded and took Solkhat. The Shinins changed sides and Haji fled to the Dnieper. Sayid collected tribute and burned Solkhat which cost him local support. Sayid returned to the steppes. While Sayid was fighting on the Don Haji entrenched himself at Perekop. He tried to capture Sayid’s steppe subjects and failed. Sayid’s governor failed to break thru Perekop. Haji strengthened Perekop and awaited an attack.  In 1445 Sayid unsuccessfully besieged Perekop. He retreated, was defeated, lost many men and horses and fled beyond the Don. Haji, supported by the Shirins and Baryns entered Crimea and became khan. (in August 1449?)  Haji allied with Alexios I of Theodoro (1410–1447), gave him financial and military support and sent troops to help him re-take Kalamita/Inkerman from the Genoese. His son Meñli I Giray lived in Alexios’s court and Alexios’s heir was brought up in Stary Krim with Haji’s children.  Since he was fighting the steppe warlords he was necessarily a friend of the Lithuanians. In 1452 Sayid made a deep raid into Podolia almost as far as Lvov. Returning with many captives and much loot, Haji attacked him while crossing the Dnieper. He was surrounded and defeated, many of his soldiers went over to Haji and Sayid broke out with a few men. He went to Kiev and asked for Lithuanian help (sic). He was arrested and spent the rest of his life in Kovno.  In 1453 the Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople. Next year a Turkish fleet (56 ships under Demir-Khyakhi) approached Crimea to raid the Genoese ports. They landed at Kaffa in July but could not storm the fort. Three days later Haji Giray arrived with 6000 men and negotiated with the Turkish commander. We do not know what was said, but the next day the Turks withdrew, received supplies from the Genoese and headed out to sea. In 1456 Haji defeated Mahmud bin Küchük as he was crossing the Don after a raid on Russia. Mahmud was replaced by his brother Ahmed Khan bin Küchük and fled to Astrakhan. Many of his men took service with Haji and were settled on Haji’s lands, further increasing his strength.  It is said that in 1456 his son Hayder of Crimea briefly seized the throne, but this is not certain.  He moved his capital from Stary Krim to the rock-fort of Chufut-Kale. (Mengli I Geray moved it down to the valley at Salachik and Sahib I moved it to Bakhchisaray). He died in August 1466 and was buried in Salachik which is now on the outskirts of Bakhchisarai.

Afterwards.

His important sons were: Mubarek, Hayder of Crimea (1456?), 2nd son Nur Devlet (3 reigns between 1466 and 1476), 6th son Meñli I Giray (3 reigns 1468-1515). For more descendants see Mengli’s son Mehmed I Giray.  After his death, in 1466–1478 Haji’s sons Mengli and Nur Devlet fought for the throne. In 1475 the Turks captured the Genoese colonies on the south coast and in 1478 made Mengli I Giray (1478–1515) khan as a vassal or ally, an arrangement that lasted until 1774. In 1502 Mengli destroyed the remnant of the Golden Horde. Mengli’s son Mehmed I Giray (1515–1523), tried to rejoin the three khanates but was killed. In 1523–1532 the khanate was contested by Mehmed’s sons and brothers until Sahib I Giray (1532–1551) established a firm rule.

Hagı I Giray (1397–1466, ruled circa 1441–1466) was the founder of the Crimean Khanate and the Giray dynasty of Crimea. As the Golden Horde was breaking up he established himself in Crimea and spent most of his life fighting off other warlords. He was usually allied with the Lithuanians.

哈吉·格来(),克里米亚汗国奠基人,他说他是成吉思汗十一世孙,他本人是拔都兄弟秃花·帖木儿后人,他们的领土是克里米亚半岛。


Background and history.

The idea to hold a competition for young musicians was examined by the EBU Expert Group for TV music programmes in March 1980 during a meeting chaired by BBC's Humphrey Burton in Geneva, Switzerland.  The Eurovision Young Musicians, inspired by the success of the BBC Young Musician of the Year, is a biennial competition organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) for European musicians that are 18 years old or younger. The BBC competition was established in 1978 by Burton, Walter Todds and Roy Tipping, former members of the BBC Television Music Department. Michael Hext, a trombonist, was the inaugural winner that year. As a result of the success of the competition, the Eurovision Young Musicians competition was initiated in 1982. The first edition of the Eurovision Young Musicians took place in Manchester, United Kingdom on 11 May 1982 and six countries took part. Some participating countries held national heats in order to select their representatives for the contest. Germany's Markus Pawlik won the contest, with France and Switzerland placing second and third respectively. It was also notable that Germany won the Eurovision Song Contest 1982 just a few weeks earlier.  In 1986, due to the increasing number of participating countries, a semi-final round was introduced at the competition, from which, according to the results of the jury's voting, five to eight of the participating countries progressed to the televised final. Following this, the competition did not undergo any major changes for a number of years. In 2006, the competition was one of the central events of the Year of Mozart and to celebrate the 250th anniversary of the birth of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, the pieces performed by the finalists were restricted to Mozart or pieces from his contemporaries.  Between 2006 and 2012, the competition was the opening event of one of the largest festivals in Europe, Vienna Festival and was held on an open-air stage for the first time. The 2018 contest was hosted by the BBC in partnership and as a highlight of the annual Edinburgh International Festival. The 2020 edition of the contest is scheduled to take place on 21 June to coincide with World Music Day celebrations.

Instruments and their first appearance.

List contains only televised finals (preliminary rounds or semi finals are not included).

Format.

Each country is represented by one young talented musician that performs a piece of classical music of his or her choice accompanied by the local orchestra of the host broadcaster and a jury, composed of international experts, decides the top 3 participants. From 1986 to 2012 and again in 2018, a semi-final round took place a few days before the Contest, and the jury decided as well which countries qualified for the final.  A preliminary round took place in 2014, with the jury scoring each musician and performance, however all participating countries automatically qualified for the final. The semi final elimination stage of the contest was expected to return in 2016. However the semi-finals were later removed due to the low number of participating countries that year.  In 1992 and 1994, a compilation CD was released by the host broadcaster and supported by an independent record label.

Participation.

Eligible participants include primarily Active Members (as opposed to Associate Members) of the EBU. Active members are those who are located in states that fall within the European Broadcasting Area, or are member states of the Council of Europe.  The European Broadcasting Area is defined by the International Telecommunication Union:  The western boundary of Region 1 is defined by a line running from the North Pole along meridian 10° West of Greenwich to its intersection with parallel 72° North; thence by great circle arc to the intersection of meridian 50° West and parallel 40° North; thence by great circle arc to the intersection of meridian 20° West and parallel 10° South; thence along meridian 20° West to the South Pole.  Active members include broadcasting organisations whose transmissions are made available to at least 98% of households in their own country which are equipped to receive such transmissions. If an EBU Active Member wishes to participate, they must fulfil conditions as laid down by the rules of the contest (of which a separate copy is drafted annually).  Eligibility to participate is not determined by geographic inclusion within the continent of Europe, despite the "Euro" in "Eurovision" – nor does it have any relation to the European Union. Several countries geographically outside the boundaries of Europe have competed:, and, in Western Asia, since 1986, 1988 and 2012 respectively. In addition, several transcontinental countries with only part of their territory in Europe have competed:, since 1994; and, since 2012. Listed below are all the countries that have taken part in the competition or are eligible to take part but have yet to do so.  Forty-two countries have participated in the Eurovision Young Musicians since it started in 1982. Of these, eleven have won the contest. The contest, organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), is held biennially between members of the Union.

Hosting.

Most of the expense of the contest is covered by commercial sponsors and contributions from the other participating nations. The contest is considered to be a unique opportunity for promoting the host country as a tourist destination. The table below shows a list of cities and venues that have hosted the Eurovision Young Musicians, one or more times. Future venues are shown in "italics". With 6 contests, Austria and its capital, Vienna have hosted the most contests.

Winners.

As of 2018, there have been nineteen editions of the Eurovision Young Musicians competition, a biennial musicians contest organised by member countries of the European Broadcasting Union, with each contest having one winner.

By country.

The table below shows the top-three placings from each contest, along with the years that a country won the contest.

By instrument.

As of 2018, twenty-four instruments have appeared at least once in the televised finals (preliminary rounds or semi finals are not included). The following seven have been played by a winner at least once.

The Eurovision Young Musicians (), often shortened to EYM, or Young Musicians, is a biennial classical music competition for European musicians that are aged between 12 and 21. It is organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and broadcast on television throughout Europe, with some countries holding national selections to choose their representatives for the contest.

欧洲青少年音乐家比赛(英语:Eurovision Young Musicians)是欧洲广播联盟为欧洲18岁及18岁以下年龄的青少年设立的一个音乐比赛。比赛每2年举办一次。比赛中每一个参赛国家都要派一个青少年音乐家与本地交响乐团一起登场表演,表演曲目可以是自由选定的任何古典音乐。每一个国家也需要派出一个由国际级专家组成的评委团,他们将共同参与评出参赛者中的前3名。该比赛也是欧盟青少年音乐比赛(EMCY)的一个组成部分。


Range fragmentation.

Also called range fragmentation, disjunct distributions may be caused by changes in the environment, such as mountain building and continental drift or rising sea levels; it may also be due to an organism expanding its range into new areas, by such means as rafting, or other animals transporting an organism to a new location (plant seeds consumed by birds and animals, can be moved to new locations during bird or animals migrations, and those seeds can be deposited in new locations in fecal matter). Other conditions that can produce disjunct distributions include: flooding, or changes in wind, stream, and current flows, plus others such as anthropogenic introduction of alien introduced species either accidentally or deliberately (agriculture and horticulture).

Habitat fragmentation.

Disjunct distributions can occur when suitable habitat is fragmented, which produces fragmented populations, and when that fragmentation becomes so divergent that species movement between one suitable habitat to the next is disrupted, isolated population can be produced. Extinctions can cause disjunct distribution, especially in areas where only scattered areas are habitable by a species; for instance, island chains or specific elevations along a mountain range or areas along a coast or between bodies of water like streams, lakes and ponds.

Examples.

There are many patterns of disjunct distributions at many scales: Irano-Turanian disjunction, Europe - East Asia, Europe-South Africa (e.g. genus "Erica"), Mediterranean-Hoggart disjunction (genus "Olea"), etc.

Lusitanian distribution.

This kind of disjunct distribution of a species, such that it occurs in Iberia and in Ireland, without any intermediate localities, is usually called "Lusitanian" (named after the Roman Province Lusitania, corresponding roughly to modern day Portugal).  Examples of animal species with a Lusitanian distribution are: the Kerry slug "Geomalacus maculosus" and the Pyrenean glass snail "Semilimax pyrenaicus". Plant species with this kind of distribution include several heather species ("Calluna" spp.) and the strawberry tree ("Arbutus unedo").  The theory behind the name "Lusitanian" is now discredited; it posited that there was an ice-free land mass that served as a refugium off of the south-west of Ireland during the Quaternary (last) glaciation. In this refugium, relic fauna and flora from a previous ice-free period survived until the present warmer interstadial period. Although the theory is no longer accepted, the term Lusitanian is still used as a descriptive term for faunal elements such as the Kerry slug. Recently a better explanation of the occurrence of the Kerry slug and similar faunal elements in southwestern Ireland has been developed. This new theory is supported by two recent discoveries: the genetic similarity of much of Ireland’s fauna to that of northern Spain, and the genetic similarity of much of Ireland’s human population to that of northern Spain.  Mascheretti et al. (2003) examined the genotypes of Eurasian pygmy shrew, a small mammal, across its range in Europe. The Irish population showed close genetic affinity to a population from Andorra but not to that of Britain or other places in Europe. The genetic structure of the population further showed that the entire Irish population of the Eurasian pygmy shrew had originated from a single founder event. The authors concluded that it had been introduced in the early (Palaeolithic) or middle (Mesolithic) Stone Age, by boat, probably from south-west Europe. This coincides with work on human populations, which found a strong genetic similarity in make-up between populations in western Ireland and in northern Spain. This would be explained by a human migration from Spain to Ireland in the late Paleolithic or early Mesolithic.  It seems increasingly likely that much of Ireland’s Lusitanian fauna is in reality an artefact of this era of human expansion in the early part of the Postglacial era. In other words, it seems likely that these species were introduced accidentally with trade items or goods brought by boat from Iberia.

In biology, a taxon with a disjunct distribution is one that has two or more groups that are related but considerably separated from each other geographically. The causes are varied and might demonstrate either the expansion or contraction of a species' range.

隔离分布(disjunct distribution),亦作不连续分布(discontinuous distribution)或异域分布,是生物地理学名词,指两个生物的活动范围完全分隔,它们不会同时在同一个地方出现;而这两个活动范围内的生物可以是相同或不同的物种或分类单元。因为地理上的隔绝而被分为两组或更多相关的分布 (生物)地域。 隔离分布的成因不尽相同:可能表明物种范围的扩大或收缩,使本来相连的分布地域被隔开。


Early years.

Born in Koprivshtitsa, his older brother Lyuben initially became more well known as a writer and leading member of the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee. Initially educated at the Greek language school at Enez, Karavelov was an apprentice weaver until he left for Moscow at the age of 16. Here he studied history and philology at Moscow State University, before serving as a tutor to a number of prominent families. He also served in the Russian Army during the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878. In 1878, the Russians appointed him the deputy governor of Svishtov, before he was elected to the new Assembly for the Liberal Party.

Prime Minister.

Karavelov was first offered the premiership in 1879 when Prince Alexander asked him to head up a coalition administration. Karavelov rejected the offer however, as Alexander required an anti-Russian government that would curb freedoms, both tenets being unacceptable to the Liberals. He first served as Prime Minister from 1880–1881 but was effectively declared persona non grata when Alexander suspended the constitution in 1881. A number of Liberals followed Karavelov into exile although a sizeable group remained in Bulgaria, creating a division in the party. He relocated to Plovdiv, in the semi-autonomous Eastern Rumelia, where he found work as a teacher, before returning to Bulgaria proper in 1884. He also served as a Mayor of Plovdiv during his exile.  Karavelov then returned as Prime Minister from 1884 to 1886, overseeing Bulgarian unification and the Serbo-Bulgarian War. It is claimed that in 1885 Karavelov was involved in a Russian-led plot to oust Alexander along with his wife Ekaterina, although it is unknown if the Russian envoys convinced the Karavelovs to become fully involved in the scheme. He joined Stefan Stambolov and others as a member of the Regency Council after the abdication of Alexander of Bulgaria in 1886, serving a brief third spell as Prime Minister in August of that year. His reigns as Prime Minister where characterized by close association with Russia. Karavelov was criticised as a poor public speaker who let his ego determine many of his political decisions, although supporters lauded him as a pragmatist and a statesman with a keen academic mind.

Out of favour.

As a committed liberal, he became associated with the Democratic Party after the party split. He broke from his former ally Stambolov and was imprisoned 1891-1894, after being accused of instigating the assassination of government Minister Hristo Belchev. During this and other shorter prison spells under Stambolov Karavelov was subjected to torture. He was amnestied in 1894 with the resignation of Stambolov.

Later years.

Karavelov was a founder of the Democratic Party around the turn of the century. In contrast to Karavelov's earlier opinions, the new group favoured a free hand in foreign policy but preferred a closer relationship with the western European powers rather than Russia. By this point he was recognised as the "grand old man" of democratic liberalism in Bulgaria and was the centre of a wide circle of influential followers in the nation's capital Sofia. He briefly returned in 1901 to lead the party's first government.  Karavelov is buried alongside his wife in the grounds of the Sveti Sedmochislenitsi Church, Sofia with their grave being the only one in the church (which has no cemetery). He was father of Lora Karavelova, who was married to Peyo Yavorov. She committed suicide in 1913 during an argument with her husband which led to Yavorov being tried for, and acquitted of, her murder.

Petko Stoichev Karavelov () (24 March 1843 – 24 January 1903) was a leading Bulgarian liberal politician who served as Prime Minister on four occasions.

佩特科·斯托伊切夫·卡拉维洛夫(,1843年-3月24日-1903年-1月24日),保加利亚自由主义政治家,四次担任首相。


Career.

Born in Canton, China in 1912 to Kanchi and Mewshing Li, Choh-Ming Li was the third child and the eldest son in a family of 11 children. He graduated from Puiying High School in Canton before heading off to the U.S. at the University of California, Berkeley where he earned his B.S. in commerce (1932), M.A. (1933) and Ph.D. in economics (1936). Eventually, three of his brothers Choh-Hao, Choh-Hsien, Choh-Luh and a sister, Djoh-i, came from China to study various sciences at U.C. Berkeley. Li returned to China to teach economics at Nankai University in Tiensien in 1937. From 1938-1943, Li taught at the National Southwest Associated University (Lianda) when the top three universities in China (Tsinghua, Peking, Nankai) consolidated into one, moving to Kunming and Chungking as the Sino-Japanese war broke. Li was among the key economists to bring Western economic ideas into China, both in teaching and serving as China’s representative at various international missions. In 1945-47 Li was named Deputy Director-General of the Chinese National Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (CNRRA)in Shanghai, to work with the United Nations (UNRRA) in managing the postwar relief and recovery effort in China. As the war ended, Li became China’s permanent delegate to the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) in 1948-49 and Chairman of the Board of Trustees for Rehabilitation Affairs (BOTRA) 1949-50 to help reconstruct China with long-term economic development.  In 1951 Li immigrated to the U.S. where he began as a lecturer in economics, becoming professor of business administration in 1958, and Chairman of the Center for Chinese Studies (1961) at his alma mater, the University of California-Berkeley. Upon becoming a U.S. citizen, Li was able to bring his wife Sylvia and family of 2 sons, Winston and Tony, and a daughter Jeannie, to the U.S. from Hong Kong in 1955.

Writing.

His scholarly contributions focused on the economic system of Communist China and its performance. His books, the "Economic Development of Communist China" (1959) and "The Statistical System of Communist China (1962)" were seminal works before China sealed itself off from outsiders. Li’s continuous study of social and economic problems of China helped establish UC-Berkeley as a center for scholarly research on China. His expertise in international trade and economics helped establish international business in the School of Business Administration curricula. In 1963 the Government of Hong Kong appointed Choh-Ming Li to head the Chinese University of Hong Kong. With government backing of the U.K. and the U.S., the Board of Regents of the University of California granted him an unprecedented 10-year leave of absence to form and establish the new university. As head, Li was named Vice-Chancellor of the university (in the British tradition, the Governor of Hong Kong was the Chancellor of all Hong Kong colleges and universities). The new university was founded with the motto “to combine tradition and modernity and to bring together China and the West” by adding the Chinese dimension or data into every academic discipline. From the beginning, English, Cantonese, and Mandarin were the languages of instruction. Student and faculty exchanges with the U.S., the U.K., and other countries were established. He wrote and oversaw The CUHK publications on the formation and development of the university: "The First Six Years 1963-69" (1971), "The Emerging University" (1975), and "A New Era Begins" (1979). Li retired from The CUHK in 1978. Li was Professor Emeritus at Berkeley in 1973. Throughout his tenure at The CUHK, Li personally compiled and developed a pictophonetic Cantonese-Mandarin dictionary. He called his new system of codifying Chinese characters the Fan System. "The Li Chinese Dictionary" (李氏中文字典, Li shi zhong wen zi dian) was published and distributed in the West and in the People’s Republic of China in 1981. Choh-Ming Li received many honors from around the world. Among them were honorary knighthoods, the Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1967 and Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1973. At The Chinese University of Hong Kong, the medical building is named after him and a life size statue of him sits at the Institute of Chinese Studies. From the University of California, he received the Elise and Walter A. Haas International Award (1974) and the Clark Kerr Award (1979).

References.

International Who’s Who, 1999  The Gale Group, Contemporary Authors Online, "Choh-Ming Li" 2000  University of California, Berkeley, Haas School of Business 100 Years: Brief Centennial History 1898-1998, p. 23  Berkeley China Initiative video, “Center for Chinese Studies, UC Berkeley 50th Anniversary 1957-2007” Balderston, Garbarino, Kerr, Votow, 1992 “Choh-Ming Li” University of California, In Memoriam  The Chinese University of Hong Kong Bulletin, Autumn-Winter 2004 “Immortalizing the Spirit of the Trailblazer: Statue of Founding Vice-Chancellor Dr. Choh-Ming Li”, pp. 41–42  Trescott, Paul. Jingji Xue: History of the Introduction of Western Economic Ideas into China, 1850-1950. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2007.

Li Choh-ming, KBE, (李卓敏, 1912 – 1991) was a Chinese-born American economist and educator. He was the founding Vice-Chancellor of the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 1963. He compiled The Li Chinese Dictionary (Cantonese-Mandarin). He was an economics professor at the University of California, Berkeley and at Nankai University in Tiensien during his academic career.

李卓敏博士,KBE(Hon.)(,1912年-2月17日-1991年-4月21日),美籍华裔教育家、工商管理学家和经济学家,1964年2月至1978年9月担任香港中文大学创校校长。


History.

I learned very early the life lesson that it is people, not buildings, that make up an institution. And if we put our hearts to it we can do something worthwhile. – "Henry Marshall Tory"

Carleton College (1942-1957).

Initial discussions on establishing a second institution of higher learning in Ottawa began in the fall of 1938 among a committee of members from the local YMCA chapter, intent on creating facilities to serve the educational needs of Ottawa's sizeable non-Catholic population. While the outbreak of the Second World War disrupted the committee's activities, a new committee, under the leadership of Henry Marshall Tory, was reorganized into the Ottawa Association for the Advancement of Learning through a meeting held in December 1941, which was formalized in June 1942.  Established in 1942 as Carleton College, a non-denominational institution, the school began offering evening courses in rented classrooms at the High School of Commerce, now part of the Glebe Collegiate Institute. Classes offered during the first

Carleton University (1957–present).

In 1957, the "Carleton University Act" was enacted as an amendment to the "Carleton College Act", granting Carleton nominal status as a public university and resulting in its current name, Carleton University. This did not result in substantive changes to the school's governance and academic organization as it had already been granted university powers through the preceding legislation.

Rapid development and growth (1960–69).

The completion of initial construction at the Rideau River campus in 1959 saw the University move to its current location at the beginning of the 1959–60 academic year. Completed at a cost of $6.5 million, the first three buildings, the Maxwell MacOdrum Library, Norman Paterson Hall and the Henry Marshall Tory Building became the centre for academic life at the institution, with Paterson Hall and Tory Building respectively serving the arts and sciences disciplines. The1960s saw meteoric growth in student enrolment, with the number of full-time students ballooning from 857 to 7,139 within the decade, dovetailing with a sharp uptick in financial support from the provincial and federal governments towards post-secondary institutions. An increasing share of these students came to the school from outside the National Capital Region, prompting the University to open its first purpose-built residence halls, Lanark and Renfrew Houses in the fall of 1962. The residences were initially segregated by sex, with Lanark House reserved for male students and

Steady expansion (1970–1999).

The arrival of a new decade ushered in the inauguration of the long-awaited University Centre, designed to be the linchpin for student life on campus, housing a student-operated pub and other administrative services. With growing restrictions in physical space, the University hailed the completion of Dunton Tower, then referred to as the Arts Tower, in September 1972, gracing the skyline of Carleton's campus with what was then the tallest academic building in Canada. Rising attention towards recreation and fitness, coupled with generous grants from the provincial government, spurred the construction of the Athletics Centre in 1974, housing a multiplicity of different sports facilities, including a pool, squash courts, and gymnasium.  Although Carleton experienced

Contemporary developments (2000–present).

The new millennium brightened prospects for Carleton's finances, allowing it to fund the construction of several new buildings during the 2000s. These include, "inter alia", the $30-million construction of new athletics facilities, the $22-million, 9,011 m (97,000 ft) Human Computer Interaction (HCI) Institute Facility and Centre for Advanced Studies in Visualization and Simulation (V-SIM), and the $17-million upgrade and expansion to the University Centre. In 2008, a sustainably-designed residence hall was added named Frontenac House, primarily serving returning second-year students. During this decade, Carleton inaugurated its first female President and Vice Chancellor, Roseann Runte in 2008, who served in this position until 2017, resigning to fulfill a new position as President and CEO of the Canada Foundation for Innovation. Runte's leadership also pushed forward the planning and

COVID-19 pandemic.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Carleton joined other Canadian post-secondary institutions in a decision to suspend in-person classes for the remainder of the 2019–20 academic year, effectively moving instruction online. This move also saw the temporary withdrawal of non-essential services, such as athletics facilities, in order to contain the spread of Coronavirus disease 2019 on campus. Unlike some institutions, Carleton did not immediately move to evict students from residence buildings, but allowed students to leave early at their own discretion. To accommodate the disruption to the semester that ensued from the abrupt suspension of in-person classes, the Carleton University Senate approved an unprecedented proposal to provide students with the option to receive a SAT or UNSAT grade in place of typical letter and grade point for their courses. The school also cancelled in-person classes for the upcoming summer semester, allowing courses to only be delivered remotely online.

Organization and administration.

Governance.

The university's governing framework is established through the "Carleton University Act, 1952", enabling legislation which sets out the basic legal obligations and purposes of the institution. The Act establishes Carleton as a bicameral institution, governed by a Board of Governors and Senate. The "Act" establishes the objects and purpose of the university as the advancement of learning; the dissemination of knowledge; the intellectual, social, and moral development of its members and the community at large; and the establishment of a non-sectarian institution within the City of Ottawa.

Board of Governors.

The Board of Governors oversees the corporate affairs of the institution, including finances, real property, risk management, and strategic direction. The Board is also responsible for appointing the President and Chancellor, and determines the compensation of staff, faculty, and members of the senior administration. The Board of Governors is composed of 36 members, with 18 members derived from the students, staff, and administration of Carleton. These include four students, two faculty members, two members of the University Senate, two alumni, two staff,

Senate.

The Senate is the Carleton's highest academic body and is responsible for university's academic governance. The Senate's duties include conferring degrees, approving recipients of honorary degrees, developing scholarships and selecting recipients thereof, approving new programs and curricular changes, in addition to overseeing academic regulations.  The Senate comprises 86 members, including 40 faculty members, two contract instructors, 10 undergraduate students, three graduate students, 23 ex-officio members, four members of the Board of Governors, and up to four special appointments.

Finances.

For the 2019–20 academic year, Carleton reported an estimated annual operating budget of $489.13 million, with the largest expenditures for the institution being employee salaries, campus infrastructure, and student support services.  The largest annual sources of

Academics.

Carleton is a mid-sized comprehensive and research-intensive public university, and is part of several pan-institutional bodies, including Universities Canada and the Association of Commonwealth Universities. As of the 2017–18 academic year, Carleton received 25,121 applications, producing a first-year cohort of 6,716. In 2019, the school reported an enrolment of 31,202 students, comprising 27,152 undergraduate and 4,050 graduate students, supported by 929 full-time faculty members and 778 adjunct instructors. Carleton's graduation rate within seven years is approximately 70.4% as of the 2017–18 academic year, with a graduate employment rate of 92.7% within two years of graduation.

Academic units.

Arts and Social Sciences.

The Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (FASS) offers a variety of programs leading to the Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Arts (Honours), Bachelor of Arts (Combined Honours), Bachelor of Cognitive Science (B.Cog.Sci.), Bachelor of Global and International Studies (B.GINS) degrees, and Bachelor of Humanities (B.Hum.) degrees. The faculty oversees a variety of disciplines in the humanities and social science fields, including African studies, anthropology, English, French,

Engineering and Design.

The Faculty of Engineering and Design is among the oldest within the university, with the first engineering courses offered in 1945, and four-year engineering degrees being offered by the school beginning in 1956. The Faculty of Engineering and Design has since developed a broad range of coursework in the fields of engineering, architecture, industrial design, and information technology housing 20 distinct undergraduate programs under the Bachelor of Engineering (BEng), Bachelor of Architectural Studies (BAS), Bachelor of Industrial Design (BID), Bachelor of Information Technology (BIT), and Bachelor of Media Production and Design (BMPD), along with 37 graduate programs at the master's and PhD level. As of the fall 2019 semester, more than 5,800 undergraduate and 1,200 graduate students are enrolled in the Faculty.  The Faculty offers a renowned Bachelor in Industrial Design, representing one of the oldest degrees of its kind in Canada, immersing students in an interdisciplinary approach toward industrial design,

Public Affairs.

The Faculty of Public Affairs (FPA) houses the university's academic disciplines that deal directly with government, civil society, and the relationship between them, comprising twelve academic units, offering 12 undergraduate programs and 21 graduate programs in criminology, economics, European studies, legal studies, journalism, political science, and public policy.  Many of Carleton's flagship offerings are housed in the Faculty of Public Affairs (FPA). This includes the School of Journalism and Communication, which offers the university's Bachelor of Journalism and Master of Journalism programs and has educated many leading personalities in the field, and the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs (NPSIA), which houses Canada's oldest foreign affairs graduate program. NPSIA, founded in 1965, is a member of the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs (APSIA). The School of Public Policy and Administration is the oldest such academic division in

Science.

The Faculty of Science offers 86 undergraduate and 39 graduate programs across various fields including biology, chemistry, physics, health sciences, mathematics, computer science, neuroscience, and earth sciences, with over 6,500 students enrolled, served by 177 faculty members. Initial coursework on biology, chemistry, geology, and mathematics was first introduced in 1942 as night classes. In 1947, the school introduced its first undergraduate degrees in science, graduating its first cohort of honours degrees by 1950.  The Faculty of Science is divided into eleven departments, each with distinct teaching and research focuses.

Sprott School of Business.

Carleton first began offering a Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.) degree beginning in 1949, and functioned as a department-level academic unit under the Faculty of Arts & Sciences, the Faculty of Social Sciences, and lastly the Faculty of Public Affairs and Management before its establishment as a separate faculty in 2006. The School currently offers two undergraduate programs, the Bachelor of Commerce and Bachelor of International Business, in addition to five graduate-level programs and several certificate programs for professionals. As of the 2018–2019 academic year, Sprott

Admissions.

For the 2018–2019 academic year, Carleton admitted 5,988 first-year undergraduate students, with a median admission average of 83.9% for students applying from Canadian high schools. Undergraduate admission averages and

Scholarships and bursaries.

During the 2017–18 academic year, Carleton awarded $21.5 million in scholarships and bursaries to students, totalling approximately 12,000 individual scholarships.  Students admitted from high school with an academic average above 80% qualify for an entrance scholarship starting at $4,000 over four years, with $1,000 disbursed annually. The amount students receive increases incrementally with their admission average, with students entering with an average above 95% receiving $16,000 over four years. Nevertheless, students must maintain a minimum 10.0 CGPA (A-) year-to-year in order

Reputation.

Carleton has been included in Canadian and international college and university rankings. The 2019 international "Academic Ranking of World Universities" ranked the university in the 701–800 range. In the 2021 international QS World University Rankings, Carleton ranked in the 601–650 range, and 20–22 in Canada. According to the international 2020 listings for the "Times Higher Education World University Rankings", Carleton ranks in the 501–600 range. In the 2020 "U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking", the university was ranked 483rd in the world, and nineteenth in Canada.  In terms of specific program rankings, Carleton has fared quite well in many of its flagship programs. In a 2009 worldwide survey of academics, which sought to determine the best professional Master's programs in "International Affairs", Carleton's Norman Paterson School of International

Campus.

The Carleton University campus is situated on 150 acres (60 ha) bounded to the west by Colonel By Drive and the Rideau Canal, to the east by Bronson Avenue, and the south by the Rideau River. During its initial construction in 1959, the campus consisted of three buildings, the MacOdrum Library, the Tory Building, and Paterson Hall, forming a quadrangle situated at the heart of the university's academic buildings. Since then, the university has expanded to forty-seven buildings, the newest addition being the Health Sciences Building, which was inaugurated in 2018.  The campus is accessible to road traffic through two entrances respectively located at Bronson Avenue and Colonel By Drive. Carleton's campus contains a series of surface roads to facilitate traffic in and out of the university, the most heavily-used of them being Campus Avenue, which was converted to a single-direction road in 2019. Several OC Transpo bus lines, including the 7, 10, and 111 serve the campus directly, in addition to the O-Train's Carleton station, located at the centre of campus.  The campus is bisected by the O-Train Trillium line, with several pedestrian and vehicular bridges and tunnels facilitating access between either side. The majority of the university's academic and residential buildings are situated on the western side of campus, while the eastern side contains the university's athletics facilities and administrative offices.

Recent developments.

The 2010–2011 academic year saw the inauguration of three buildings; Richcraft Hall (formerly River Building), Canal Building, and Lennox-Addington House, in addition to an extension to Residence Commons Canal Building will both house classes and serve as an extension to the Engineering faculties; Richcraft Hall will house the School of Journalism and Communication, the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs and the School of Public Policy and Administration.  In December 2013, an extension of the MacOdrum Library, which saw the installation of a new glass facade, was inaugurated. In September 2016, the River Building was renamed Richcraft Hall in recognition of a donation of $3 million from the Singhal family, known for their

Architecture.

The prevalence of modernist architecture, as well as brutalist architecture, in the design of the earliest academic buildings on the Carleton campus represented a stylistic departure from the tradition of collegiate architecture in North America, which historically emulated the Gothic style. The decision to

Tunnel system.

Buildings on campus, with a few exceptions, are connected by a five kilometer-long system of underground pedestrian tunnels. The Carleton University tunnel system is the most extensive network of tunnels at a Canadian university or college campus. The tunnels were initially built as part of the second phase of initial construction on campus in the 1960s. Originally conceived as a maintenance crawl space connecting

Student housing.

Carleton has eleven student residence buildings clustered together in the northwest section of campus, and are connected to the university's tunnel system. The first residence buildings constructed on campus were the Renfrew and Lanark Houses, which began accommodating students in 1962. In 1969, the university introduced the first co-educational dormitories in North America. Since then, the university has gradually expanded the number of dormitories as enrollment has risen. On-campus housing at Carleton is configured in traditional and suite-style residences, with the latter offering students a kitchenette shared between four students. Unlike most collegiate dormitories, bathroom facilities are usually shared between two rooms, in contrast to the typical communal bathrooms. Residence floors are staffed by dedicated Residence Fellows, upper-year students

Library and collections.

MacOdrum Library.

One of the three original buildings on the Carleton campus, the MacOdrum Library has served as Carleton's central library and archives. The library is named for former Carleton President and Vice-Chancellor Murdoch Maxwell MacOdrum. As of 2017, the Library maintains a collection of approximately 1.8 million print items, 161,396 cartographic materials, and 876,396 e-books.  Since 1959, the library has undergone expansion and renovations on several occasions, the most recent of which was completed in late 2013. The facility contains computer labs, study carrels, and meeting rooms for students to complete assignments and conduct academic research. During midterm and final examination periods, the Library extends its operating hours to twenty-four hours to accommodate students preparing for their examinations or completing assignments. On an annual basis, the library receives upwards of 1.6 million visits from students, faculty, and researchers.  In 2013, the Library inaugurated the Discovery Centre for Undergraduate Research, a multi-purpose space containing meeting tables, multimedia collaborative spaces, video game laboratories, as well as 3D printers.  The Library occasionally hosts special artistic and historical exhibitions on the first floor, covering a broad spectrum of topics and academic disciplines.

Archives and Special Collections.

The MacOdrum Library maintains extensive archives and research collections of documents, artifacts, and other materials related to specific academic disciplines, as well as the personal effects of various persons of historical significance. Notable collections include the W. McAllister Johnson Collection, containing artwork and other documents pertaining to French art history in the 17th and 18th centuries, The Uganda Collection, which houses newspaper clippings, documents, and artifacts related to the expulsion of Uganda's South Asian minority under the rule of Idi Amin, as well as Carleton University heritage material, storing yearbooks, student newspapers, photographs, and ephemera significant to the history of the university itself.

Carleton University Art Gallery.

Since 1992, the Carleton University Art Gallery (CUAG), located in a 9,255 sq. ft. (860 sq. meters) facility situated in the St. Patrick's Building at the north end of campus, has served as a community hub for the visual arts at Carleton. CUAG contains three distinctive galleries on two floors, offices, collection storage vaults, and exhibition preparation room.  Admission to the gallery is free, and is open from Tuesday to Sunday weekly, with the exception of statutory holidays. In

Student life.

Student union and services.

Carleton University Students' Association.

All undergraduate students are members of the Carleton University Students' Association (CUSA), Canadian Federation of Students Local 1. The organization was established in 1942 and has a long history of being a nucleus of political activity on campus. The organization advocates for the interests of undergraduate students to the university's administration, organizes and delivers the annual Orientation Week in conjunction with the university, certifies and financially supports student-run clubs and societies and provides a variety of services to students.  CUSA is led by a six-member executive body comprising the President and Vice Presidents of Finance, Internal, Student Issues, Student Services, and Student Life, who are elected annually by the undergraduate student body. Undergraduate students also elect twenty-eight Councillors proportionately to each

Rideau River Residence Association.

Undergraduate students living in the university's residence facilities are also members of the Rideau River Residence Association (RRRA). Founded in 1968 and incorporated in 1976, students elect a three-member executive consisting of a President

Graduate Students' Association.

All of the university's graduate students are members of the Carleton University Graduate Students' Association (GSA), Canadian Federation of Students Local 78. Graduate students elect an executive and council members to represent their respective interests within the organization, which in turn advocates on their behalf and provides a variety of services that cater to postgraduates, which include the operation of a Grad Lounge and Mike's Place, a student pub located in University Centre specializing in Anglo-Indian cuisine, namesake of late Prime Minister and former Chancellor Lester B. Pearson. The GSA is also responsible for th provision of access to a variety of office services for graduate students.

Fraternities and sororities.

Greek letter organizations are an active part of student life at Carleton, affiliated with both local and international organizations. From an administrative perspective, Carleton does not formally recognize fraternities and sororities, and has prohibited them from tabling in the University Centre Atrium and Residence Commons while wearing their letters.  Since 2007, most Greek activities at Carleton are overseen by the Carleton University Greek Council (CUGC), a student-led organization which plans and

Arts and media.

Student newspapers.

Carleton's primary undergraduate student newspaper is "The Charlatan", which was founded in 1945 and known as "The Carleton" until 1971. Until 2019, the newspaper published print editions on a bi-weekly basis when budgetary restraints forced the paper to reduce its frequency to once monthly. The Charlatan's operations are overseen by a volunteer Board of Directors, composed of representatives from the newspaper's staff, students, faculty, and the community at large.  Carleton is also served by "The Leveller", a monthly newspaper established

Broadcasting.

Carleton is home to a community radio station, CKCU-FM. Since its first broadcast in November 1975, CKCU-FM was the first licensed community-based campus radio station in Canada. CKCU-FM

Theatre.

The Sock 'n' Buskin Theatre Company, which was founded in 1943, is Carleton's amateur theatre company, having distinguished itself as one of Carleton's most important cultural fixtures. The Company puts on diverse showcase of theatrical productions each year, with recent productions including "The Crucible," "As You Like It", "Twelfth Night.," and "Angels in America." Sock 'n' Buskin is entirely run and governed by student volunteers, who also comprise the actors and stage managers involved in each production.

Athletics.

Carleton competes as the Carleton Ravens, participating in intercollegiate competitions at both the national and provincial levels. Carleton is a member of both U Sports and Ontario University Athletics, encompassing 13 varsity sports.

Men's basketball.

Carleton is recognized for the strength of its men's basketball team, which has accumulated the highest number of national titles of any collegiate basketball team in Canadian history. Between 1999 and 2019, Dave Smart served as the head men's basketball coach at Carleton, and is credited for building the team's capacity to its current reputation of repeated success. Smart resigned from his position in 2019 to serve as Carleton's director of basketball operations.  The Ravens men's basketball team has won the national championship fourteen times, with five consecutive titles between 2002–03 and 2006–07 and seven consecutive titles between 2010-2011 and 2016–2017, surpassing the University of Victoria at

Football.

Carleton established a football team during the 1945–46 academic year, losing 15–0 to Macdonald College during its debut match. In tandem with basketball and hockey, Carleton's football matches transformed into a staple of student life at Carleton during the early years of the school, securing funding for sports equipment early in the school's history. In 1959, Carleton's move to the Rideau campus provided the team with updated facilities, including a field, training room, and equipment room.  In 1955, the football team began competing in the much-celebrated annual Panda Game against their rivals, the Ottawa Gee-Gees. The game evolved into an iconic highlight within student life at Carleton, gaining a sordid reputation for heavy drinking and outlandish

Other sports.

The Carleton Ravens men's ice hockey team plays within the Ontario University Athletics conference of U Sports. Carleton also maintains a rivalry with the University

Notable alumni and faculty.

Notable faculty.

Past faculty include three Nobel laureates (pioneering scientists in physics and chemistry Gerhard Herzberg and Peter Grünberg and the former Prime Minister of Canada, Lester B. Pearson) as well as six Order of Canada recipients. The Right Honourable Herb Gray, Canada's longest-serving continuous Member of Parliament, former Cabinet

Notable alumni.

Carleton has produced notable graduates across numerous disciplines, including politicians, journalists, lawyers, entrepreneurs, architects and entertainers. Journalism being one of Carleton's traditional fortes, many of its alumni have gone on to leading positions in Canadian and international media outlets. These include Rosemary Barton and Andrew Chang, co-anchors of CBC News' The National, Greg Ip, a columnist for the Wall Street Journal, and Edward Greenspon, Editor-in-Chief of "The Globe and Mail". Legislators at all levels of government are also represented among Carleton alumni. These

Carleton University is a public comprehensive university in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Founded in 1942 as Carleton College, a private, non-denominational evening college to serve veterans returning from World War II, the institution was chartered as a university by the provincial government in 1952 through "The Carleton University Act". The legislation was subsequently amended in 1957 to give the institution its current name. The university moved to its current campus in 1959, expanding rapidly throughout the 1960s amid broader efforts by the provincial government to increase support to post-secondary institutions and enhance access to higher education.

卡尔顿大学(Carleton University),又译卡尔登大学,是一所位于加拿大安大略省渥太华的综合性大学。学校于1942年创立,当时名为卡尔顿学院。大学名称源自安大略省卡尔顿郡,该郡已改制为渥太华市。卡尔顿郡则命名自第一代多尔切斯特男爵盖伊·卡尔顿,他曾在1786年至1796年担任加拿大总督。


Biography.

Helpman was born in Jalal-Abad, Soviet Union, in 1946 and immigrated with his family to Israel. He had planned to study engineering, but soon changed his mind. Helpman recounts the story of a friend who studied economics, and often carried Samuelson's thick textbook to evening classes. When Helpman casually picked up the book to read, he simply could not stop. It was then he realized he would become an economist. His voracious reading across multiple fields would characterize his approach to knowledge, allowing him to research in many different fields.  He graduated from Tel Aviv University twice, first with a B.A. in economics and statistics (1969) and then as a member of the first graduating class in the economics M.A. program (1971). Just three years later he completed his Ph.D. in economics at Harvard. Returning immediately to Tel Aviv University, he was a lecturer and later a university professor (1974-2004). In 1997, having already made landmark contributions in three separate areas of economics, he agreed to return to Harvard University.  He is married to Ruth Helpman, and has two daughters. All three women are highly trained professionals. A renaissance man of many interests, his passion is opera.

Career.

Helpman's contributions include studies of the balance of payments, exchange-rate regimes, stabilization programs and foreign debt. Most important, however, are his studies of international trade, economic growth and political economy. He is a cofounder of the "new trade theory<nowiki>"</nowiki> and the "new growth theory,<nowiki>"</nowiki> which emphasize the roles of economies of scale and imperfect competition. Much of his work in trade, growth, and political economy is summarized in seven books: "Market Structure and Foreign Trade" (with Paul Krugman), "Trade Policy and Market Structure" (with Paul Krugman), "Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy" (with Gene Grossman), "Special Interest Politics" (with Gene Grossman), "Interest Groups and Trade Policy" (with Gene Grossman), "The Mystery of Economic Growth", and "Understanding Global Trade."  Helpman has also studied the Israeli economy and has been an active participant in Israeli policy debates. He was a member of the Advisory Board of the Bank of Israel, the Council for National Planning, and the National Council for Research and Development. In addition, he was a member of the board of directors of Bank Hapoalim.  Helpman has served on the editorial boards of several scientific journals, and served as Co-Editor of the "Journal of International Economics" and the "Quarterly Journal of Economics" and as Editor of the "European Economic Review". He is a Fellow of the Econometric Society and was a member of its Council. He delivered major invited lectures, such as the Frank Graham Memorial Lecture at Princeton University, the Schumpeter Lecture of the European Economic Association, the Walras-Bowley and Frisch Lectures of the Econometric Society and the Ohlin Lectures at the Stockholm School of Economics. He is a member of the Israeli Academy of Sciences and Humanities, a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy, a member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts and a Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association. He was President of the Israeli Economic Association and President of the Econometric Society. He was awarded Honorary Doctorates by the Catholic University of Louvain and the University of Warsaw. From 2004 to 2014 he was director of the Program on Institutions, Organizations and Growth at the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR). He received the Mahalanobis Memorial Medal, the Bernhard Harms Prize, the Rothschild Prize, the EMET Prize, the Nemmers Prize, the Onassis Prize, the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award, the Jean-Jacques Laffont Prize, and the Israel Prize.

Elhanan Helpman (Hebrew: אלחנן הלפמן, born March 30, 1946) is an Israeli economist who is currently the Galen L. Stone Professor of International Trade at Harvard University. He is also a Professor Emeritus at the Eitan Berglas School of Economics at Tel Aviv University. Helpman is among the thirty most cited economists in the world according to IDEAS/RePEc.

埃尔赫南·赫尔普曼(希伯来语:,1946年-3月30日),以色列及美国籍经济学家。他的研究主要集中在国际贸易,经济增长和贸易政策的政治经济学。他经常与吉恩·格罗斯曼合作。赫尔普曼是新贸易理论和内生增长理论的创始人之一,这两个理论都强调规模经济和不完全竞争的经济体系。在政治经济学领域,他的研究重点是游说团体和政客之间的互动如何塑造贸易政策。他还研究了国际贸易和企业组织之间的关系。


Origin.

The first micro-blogs were known as "tumblelogs". The term was coined by why the lucky stiff in a blog post on April 12, 2005, while describing Leah Neukirchen's Anarchaia.  Jason Kottke described tumblelogs on October 19, 2005:  However, by 2006 and 2007, the term " microblog" was used more widely for services provided by established sites like Tumblr and Twitter.  As of May 2007, there were 111 micro-blogging sites in various countries. Among the most notable services are Twitter, Tumblr, FriendFeed, Plurk, Jaiku and identi.ca. Different versions of services and software with micro-blogging features have been developed. Plurk has a timeline view that integrates video and picture sharing. Flipter uses micro-blogging as a platform for people to post topics and gather audience's opinions. PingGadget is a location-based micro-blogging service. Pownce, developed by Digg founder Kevin Rose among others, integrated micro-blogging with file sharing and event invitations. Pownce was merged into SixApart in December 2008.  Other leading social networking websites Facebook, MySpace, LinkedIn, Diaspora, JudgIt, Yahoo Pulse, Google Buzz, Google+ and XING, also have their own micro-blogging feature, better known as "status updates". Although status updates are usually more restricted than actual micro-blogging in terms of writing, it seems any kind of activity involving posting, be it on a social network site or a micro-blogging site, can be classified as micro-blogging.  Services such as Lifestream and Snapchat will aggregate micro-blogs from multiple social networks into a single list, while other services, such as Ping.fm, will send out your micro-blog to multiple social networks.  Internet users in China are facing a different situation. Foreign micro-blogging services like Twitter, Facebook, Plurk, Tumblr, and Google+ are censored in China. The users use Chinese Weibo services such as Sina Weibo and Tencent Weibo. Tailored to Chinese people, these webs are like hybrids of Twitter and Facebook. They implement basic features of Twitter and allow users to comment to others' posts, as well as a post with graphical emoticons, attach an image, music and video files. A survey by the Data Center of China Internet from 2010 showed that Chinese micro-blog users most often pursued content created by friends, experts in a specific field or related to celebrities.

Usage.

Several studies, most notably by the Harvard Business School and by Sysomos, have tried to analyze user behavior on micro-blogging services. Several of these studies show that for services such as Twitter a small group of active users contributes to most of the activity. Sysomos' Inside Twitter survey, based on more than 11 million users, shows that 10% of Twitter users account for 86% of all activity.  Twitter, Facebook, and other micro-blogging services have become platforms for marketing and public relations, with a sharp growth in the number of "social-media marketers". The Sysomos study shows that this specific group of marketers on Twitter is much more active than the general user population, with 15% of marketers following over 2,000 people and only 0.29% of the Twitter public following more than 2,000 people.  Micro-blogging has also become an important source of real-time news updates during socio-political revolutions and crisis situations, such as the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks or the 2009 Iran protests. The short nature of updates allow users to post news items quickly, reaching an audience in seconds. Clay Shirky argues that these services have the potential to result in an information cascade, prompting fence-sitters to turn activist.  Micro-blogging has noticeably revolutionized the way information is consumed. It has empowered citizens themselves to act as sensors or sources of information that could lead to consequences and influence, or even cause, media coverage. People share what they observe in their surroundings, information about events, and their opinions about topics from a wide range of fields. Moreover, these services store various metadata from these posts, such as location and time. Aggregated analysis of this data includes different dimensions like space, time, theme, sentiment, network structure etc., and gives researchers an opportunity to understand social perceptions of people in the context of certain events of interest. Micro-blogging also promotes authorship. On the micro-blogging platform Tumblr, the reblogging feature links the post back to the original creator.  The findings of a study by Emily Pronin of Princeton University and Harvard University's Daniel Wegner may explain the rapid growth of micro-blogging. The study suggests a link between short bursts of activity and feelings of elation, power and creativity.  While the general appeal and influence of micro-blogging seem to be growing continuously, mobile micro-blogging is moving at a slower pace. Among the most popular activities carried out by mobile internet users on their devices in 2012, mobile blogging or tweeting was last on the list, with only 27% of users engaging in it.

Issues.

Micro-blogging is not without issues, such as privacy, security, and integration.  Privacy is arguably a major issue because users may broadcast sensitive personal information to anyone who views their public feed. Micro-blog platform providers can also cause privacy issues through altering or presetting users' privacy options in a way users feel compromises their personal information. An example would be Google’s Buzz platform which incited controversy in 2010 by automatically publicizing users’ email contacts as ‘followers’. Google later amended these settings.  On centralized services, where all of the Micro-blog's information flows through one point (e.g. servers operated by Twitter), privacy has been a concern in that user information has sometimes been exposed to governments and courts without the prior consent of the user who generated such supposedly private information, usually through subpoenas or court orders. Examples can be found in Wikileaks related Twitter subpoenas, as well as various other cases.  Security concerns have been voiced within the business world, since there is potential for sensitive work information to be publicized on micro-blogging sites such as Twitter. This includes information which may be subject to a superinjunction.  Integration could be the hardest issue to commonly overcome since it can be argued that corporate culture must change to accommodate micro-blogging.

Related concepts.

Live blogging is a derivative of micro-blogging that generates a continuous feed on a specific web page.  Instant messaging and IRC display status, but generally only one of a few choices, such as: available, off-line, away, busy. Away messages (messages displayed when the user is away) form a kind of micro-blogging.  In the Finger protocol, the.project and.plan files are sometimes used for status updates similar to micro-blogging.

See also.

Services.

Defunct.

Past micro-blogging services, no longer active.

Microblogging is an online broadcast medium that exists as a specific form of blogging. A micro-blog differs from a traditional blog in that its content is typically smaller in both actual and aggregated file size. Micro-blogs "allow users to exchange small elements of content such as short sentences, individual images, or video links", which may be the major reason for their popularity. These small messages are sometimes called "microposts".

微博(英语:microblog)是一种允许用户即时更新简短文本(通常少于Twitter开始的140字)并可以公开发布的微型博客形式。它允许任何人阅读或者只能由用户选择的群组阅读。随着发展,这些讯息可以被很多方式传送,包括短信、即时讯息软件、移动应用程序、电子邮件或网页。一些微博也可以发布多媒体,如图片或影音剪辑和出版。


Taxonomy.

The fungus was initially described by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1797 as "Clavaria formosa". In 1821, Elias Magnus Fries sanctioned the genus name "Clavaria", and treated "Ramaria" as a section of "Clavaria". It was placed in its current genus by French mycologist Lucien Quélet in 1888. Synonyms have resulted from transfers of the fungus to the now obsolete genera "Merisma" by Harald Othmar Lenz in 1831, and to "Corallium" by Gotthold Hahn in 1883.  The generic name is derived from Latin "rāmus" 'branch', while the specific epithet comes from the Latin "formōsus" 'beautiful'. Common names include salmon coral, beautiful clavaria, handsome clavaria, yellow-tipped- or pink coral fungus. There is some confusion over its classification as there is evidence the binomial name has been applied loosely to any coral fungus fitting the description, and thus some collections from North America may be a different species.

Description.

The fruit body of "Ramaria formosa" grows to a height of and width of ; it is a many-branched coral-like structure, the yellow-tipped pinkish branches arising from a thick base. Terminal branches are less than in diameter. The flesh is white, with pink in the middle, or pale orange. It may turn wine-coloured or blackish when bruised. Old specimens may fade so the original colour is hard to distinguish. The smell is unpleasant and taste bitter. However, the taste has been reported as indistinct in North American collections. Old specimens dry out and become brittle and chalk-like, so that rubbing the branches between one's fingers crumbles them into powder.  "Ramaria formosa" produces a golden-yellow spore print. The spores have a cylindrical to elliptical shape, and measure 8–15 by 4–6 μm. The spore surface features small warts that are arranged in confluent lines. Basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, measuring 40–60 by 7–10 μm, and have one to four sterigmata. In the stalk, the hyphae comprising the flesh are interwoven, while hyphae in the branches have a more parallel arrangement. Both types measure 4–13 μm wide. Some of the hyphae are gloeoplerous, meaning they have an oily or granular appearance when viewed under the microscope. Clamp connections are present in the hyphae. Iron salts applied to the branches will cause a green colour change.

Similar species.

In Europe, it could be confused with two edible yellow coral fungi—the high yellow clavaria ("Ramaria flava") and "R. aurea". These have pale golden yellow flesh in their branches, unlike the white flesh of "R. formosa". However, this difference can be hard to make out. A general rule is to avoid all old coral fungi. The North American species "R. largentii" has orange branches. There are several other "Ramaria" species with yellow-tipped, salmon-coloured branches, including "R. leptoformosa", "R. neoformosa", "R. raveneliana" and "R. rubricarnata". These are distinguished from "R. formosa" most reliably using microscopic characteristics.

Distribution and habitat.

Fruiting in autumn, "Ramaria formosa" is associated with beech and is found in Asia (Yunnan, China and India), Europe, and North America. Forms from the western areas are known to occur under conifers. In Cyprus, the fungus is thought to form mycorrhizal associations with golden oak ("Quercus alnifolia").

Toxicity.

Consumption of the fungus results in acute gastrointestinal symptoms of nausea, vomiting, colicky abdominal pain and diarrhea. The toxins responsible are unknown to date. It has been reported as edible if the acrid tips are removed. Toxicity notwithstanding, the fungus is used as a traditional medicine by the Gurjar and Bakarwal tribes in the Rajouri and Poonch districts of India. Fruit bodies are eaten with food after cooking, in the belief that they relieve body pain. The fungus is also sold in markets in Lijiang, China.

Ramaria formosa, commonly known as the beautiful clavaria, handsome clavaria, yellow-tipped- or pink coral fungus, is a coral fungus found in Asia, Europe and North America. It is widely held to be mildly poisonous if consumed, giving rise to acute gastrointestinal symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and colicky pain. It is a pinkish, much-branched coral-shape reaching some high. Some forms collected in North America often lack the bitter taste common to European specimens and may represent a different species.

粉红枝瑚菌(学名:英语:Ramaria formosa),俗称美丽的珊瑚菌(英语:beautiful clavaria)、英俊的珊瑚菌(英语:handsome clavaria)、黄色尖顶(英语:yellow-tipped-)和粉红色的珊瑚菌(英语:pink coral fung),是一种广泛分布在欧洲和北美的珊瑚菌。这种菌被广泛地认为带有少量毒性。这种菌是一种粉红色的,多分枝的珊瑚状真菌,其高度能达。在北美洲收集得来的粉红枝瑚菌标本缺乏在欧洲收集得来的标本,这显示北美和欧洲的粉红枝瑚菌可能是两个品种。


Description.

It is a scrambling shrubby vine growing vigorously to tall. Unlike most roses, it is practically thornless, though it may bear some prickles up to 5 mm long, particularly on stout, strong shoots. The leaves are evergreen, 4–6 cm long, with three to five (rarely seven) leaflets 2–5 cm long with a serrated margin.  The flowers are small, 1.5–2.5 cm diameter, white or pale yellow and are fragrant. It is amongst the earliest flowering of all roses, usually appearing during May in the northern hemisphere, though cold weather can delay flowering. All Lady Banks' roses are said to smell of violets to varying degrees.

Taxonomy.

"R. banksiae" was first described and published by W. T. Aiton in 'Hortus kew.' edition 2, Vol.3 on page 258 in 1811. Some places attribute Robert Brown as the author but it was agreed in 2018 by ICN that W. T. Aiton was the true author.

Cultivation and uses.

"Rosa banksiae" has likely been grown in the gardens of China for hundreds of years. The species was introduced to Europe by William Kerr, who had been sent on a plant-hunting expedition by Sir Joseph Banks. He bought the first Lady Banks' Rose, subsequently named the white Lady Banks ("R. banksiae" var. "banksiae") from the famous Fa Tee nursery in 1807.  A number of other forms were subsequently discovered growing in China, including "R. banksiae" var. "normalis" (see above), and "R. banksiae" 'Lutea', the yellow Lady Banks' rose (brought to Europe in 1824 by J. D. Parks). In 1993 this cultivar earned the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. It is used in traditional Chinese medicine, with portions of other plants and herbs (such as monkshood and "Ligusticum wallichii") to make a liniment to treat a painful swelling of the joints.  An "R. banksiae" planted in Tombstone, Arizona in 1885 is reputedly the world's largest rose bush. It covers up to of the roof on an inn, and has a circumference trunk.

Varieties.

There are two varieties:

Rosa banksiae, common names Lady Banks' rose, or just Banks' rose, is a species of flowering plant in the rose family, native to central and western China, in the provinces of Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Sichuan and Yunnan, at altitudes of. The rose is named for Dorothea Lady Banks, the wife of the botanist Sir Joseph Banks.

木香花(学名:),为蔷薇科下的一个植物物种。