Name.

The group's name has always been "Jamā'atu Ahli is-Sunnah lid-Da'wati wal-Jihād" (), meaning "Group of the People of Sunnah for Dawa and Jihad". It is also known as "Wilayat Garb Ifrqiya", meaning "West African Province", since March 2015 after becoming part of the Islamic State.  The name "Boko Haram" is usually translated as "Western education is

Ideology.

Boko Haram was founded upon the principles of Salafism which advocates strict adherence to Sharia law. It developed into a Jihadist group in 2009. The movement is diffuse, and fighters who are associated with it follow the Salafi doctrine. Their beliefs tend to be centered on strict adherence to Wahabism, which is an extremely strict form of Sunni Islam that sees many other forms of Islam as idolatrous. The group has denounced the members of the Sufi and the Shiite sects as infidels. Boko Haram seeks the establishment of an Islamic state in Nigeria. It opposes the Westernization of Nigerian society and the concentration of the wealth of the country among members of a small political elite, mainly in the Christian south of the country. Nigeria is Africa's biggest economy, but 60% of its population of

History.

Background.

Before colonization and subsequent annexation into the British Empire in 1900 as Colonial Nigeria, the Bornu Empire ruled the territory where Boko Haram is currently active. It was a sovereign sultanate run according to the principles of the Constitution of Medina, with a majority Kanuri Muslim population. In 1903, both the Borno Emirate and Sokoto Caliphate came under the control of the British. Christian missionaries at this time spread the Christian message in the region and had many converts. British occupation ended with Nigerian independence in 1960.  Except for a brief period of civilian rule between 1979 and 1983, Nigeria was governed by a series of military dictatorships from 1966 until the advent of democracy in 1999. Ethnic militancy is thought to have been one of the causes of the 1967–1970

Founding.

Mohammed Yusuf founded the sect that became known as Boko Haram in 2002 in Maiduguri, the capital of the north-eastern state of Borno. He established a religious complex and school that attracted poor Muslim families from across Nigeria and neighbouring countries. The center had the political goal of creating an Islamic state, and became a recruiting ground for jihadis. By denouncing the police and state corruption, Yusuf attracted followers from unemployed youth. He is reported to have used the existing infrastructure in Borno of the Izala Society (Jama'at Izalatil Bidiawa Iqamatus Sunnah), a popular conservative Islamic sect, to recruit members, before breaking away to form his own faction. The Izala were originally welcomed into government,

Post 2015 West African offensive.

In 2015 West African offensive, Boko Haram lost most of the territory it had occupied over time and retreated to the Sambisa Forest. Boko Haram retreated to guerilla warfare tactics. But since 2018, there has been major spike in attacks by Boko Haram. Majority of these attacks are concentrated to Borno State. Attacks by Boko Haram resulted in over seventeen hundred fatalities in first half of 2019, including casualties of its

Campaign of violence.

Boko Haram's attacks consist of suicide bombers as well as conventional armed assaults on both civilian and military targets. Following the 2014 kidnapping, a majority of Boko Haram's suicide bombers are female; some are as young as seven years old. Boko Haram jihadists rely on stealth, blending into local communities or hiding in the vast countryside. Critics accuse the Nigerian military of not properly equipping its soldiers to fight Boko Haram.

2009.

In 2008, police began an investigation into the group code-named Operation Flush. On 26 July, security forces arrested nine Boko Haram members and confiscated weapons and bomb-making equipment. Either this or a clash with police during a funeral procession led to revenge attacks on police and widespread rioting in Bauchi, Maiduguri, Potiskum and Wudil. A joint military task force operation was launched in response. By 30 July more than 700 people had been killed; police stations, prisons, government offices, schools and churches had been destroyed. Yusuf was arrested, and died in

2010.

Bauchi prison break.

On 7 September 2010, having regrouped under their new leader, Boko Haram broke 105 of its members out of

Jos bombings.

On 24 December 2010,

December Abuja bombing.

On 31 December 2010, Boko Haram bombed a barracks in Abuja, killing four civilians.

2011.

Under Shekau's leadership, the group continuously improved its operational capabilities. It launched a string of IED attacks against soft targets and its first vehicle-borne IED attack on 16 June 2011, killing six at Abuja's police headquarters. On 26 August, Boko Haram bombed the United Nations (UN) headquarters in Abuja, the first time they had struck a Western target. A spokesman claiming responsibility for the attack, in which 11 UN staff members died as well as 12 others, with more than 100 injured, warned of future planned attacks on U.S. and Nigerian government

Presidential inauguration.

Within hours of Goodluck Jonathan's presidential inauguration in May 2011, Boko Haram carried out a series of bombings in Bauchi, Zaria and Abuja. The most successful of these was the attack on the army barracks in Bauchi. A spokesman for the group told BBC Hausa that the attack had been carried out, as a test of loyalty, by serving members of the military hoping to join the group. This charge was later refuted by an army spokesman who claimed: "This is not a banana republic". However, on 8 January 2012 the president would announce that Boko Haram had in reality infiltrated both the army and the police, as well as the executive, parliamentary and legislative branches of government. Boko Haram's spokesman also claimed responsibility for the killing outside his home in Maiduguri of the politician Abba Anas Ibn Umar Garbai, the younger brother of the Shehu of Borno, who was the second most prominent Muslim in the country after the Sultan of Sokoto. He added: "We are doing what we are doing to fight injustice, if they stop their satanic ways of doing things and the injustices, we would stop what we are doing".  This was one of several political and religious assassinations Boko Haram carried out that year, with the presumed intention of correcting injustices in the group's home state of Borno. Meanwhile, the trail of massacres continued relentlessly, apparently leading the country towards civil war.

2012.

State of emergency.

Three days later they began a series of mostly small-scale attacks on Christians and members of the Igbo ethnic group, causing hundreds to flee. In Kano, on 20 January, they carried out by far their most deadly action yet, an assault on police buildings, killing 190. One of the victims was a TV reporter. The attacks included a combined use of car bombs, suicide bombers and IEDs, supported by uniformed gunmen.  Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch published reports in 2012 that were widely quoted by government agencies and the media, based on research conducted over the course of the conflict in the worst affected areas of the country. The NGOs were critical of both security forces and Boko Haram. HRW stated "Boko Haram should immediately cease all attacks, and threats of attacks, that cause loss of life, injury, and destruction of property. The Nigerian government should take urgent measures to address the human rights abuses that have helped fuel the violent militancy". According to the 2012 US Department of State "Country Report on Human Rights Practices":

2013.

Nigeria's Borno State, where Boko Haram is based, adjoins Lake Chad as do Niger, Cameroon and the country of Chad. The conflict and refugees spilled over the national borders to involve all four countries.  In 2013, Boko Haram increased operations in Northern Cameroon, and were involved in skirmishes along the borders of Chad and Niger. They were linked to a number of kidnappings, often reportedly in association with the splinter group Ansaru, drawing towards them a higher level of international attention.  The U.S. Bureau of Counterterrorism provides the following summary of Boko Haram's 2013 foreign operations: Boko Haram has often managed to evade the Nigerian army by retreating into the hills around the border with Cameroon, whose army is apparently unwilling to confront them. Nigeria, Chad and Niger had formed a Multinational Joint Task Force in 1998. In February 2012, Cameroon signed an agreement with

2014.

January Maiduguri bombing.

A car bombing in Maiduguri

Chibok kidnapping.

In April, Boko Haram kidnapped 276 schoolgirls from Chibok. Shekau announced his intention of selling them into slavery. More than 50 escaped. The incident brought Boko Haram extended global media attention, much of it focused on the pronouncements of the U.S. Former First Lady Michelle Obama Faced with condemnation for his perceived incompetence, as well as allegations from Amnesty International of state collusion, President Jonathan responded by hiring a Washington PR firm.  Parents of the missing girls and those who had escaped were kept waiting until July to meet with the president, which caused them concern. In October, the government announced the girls' imminent release, but the information proved unreliable. The announcement to the media of a peace agreement and the imminent release of all the missing girls was followed days later by

Northern Cameroon.

Boko Haram continued to increase its presence in northern Cameroon. On 16 May, ten Chinese workers were abducted in a raid on a construction company camp in Waza, near the Nigerian border. Vehicles and explosives were also taken in the raid, and one Cameroonian soldier was killed. Cameroon's anti-terrorist Rapid Intervention Battalion attempted to intervene but were vastly outnumbered. In July, the deputy prime minister's home village was attacked by around 200 militants; his wife was kidnapped, along with the Sultan of Kolofata and his family. At least 15 people, including soldiers and police, were killed in the raid. The deputy prime minister's wife was subsequently released in October, along with 26 others including the ten Chinese

Expansion of occupied territory.

The attack on Gwoza signalled a change in strategy for Boko Haram, as the group continued to capture territory in north-eastern and eastern areas of Borno, as well as in Adamawa and Yobe. Attacks across the border were repelled by the Cameroon military. The territorial gains were officially denied by the Nigerian military. In a video obtained by the news agency AFP on 24 August, Shekau announced that Gwoza was now part of an Islamic caliphate. The town of Bama, from the state capital Maiduguri, was reported to have been captured at the beginning of September, resulting in thousands of residents fleeing to Maiduguri, even as residents there were themselves attempting to flee. The military continued to deny Boko Haram's territorial gains, which were, however, confirmed by local vigilantes who had managed to escape. The militants were reportedly killing men and teenage boys in the town of over 250,000 inhabitants. Soldiers refused orders to advance on the occupied town; hundreds fled across the border into Cameroon, but were promptly repatriated. Fifty-four deserters were later sentenced to death by firing squad.  On 17 October, the Chief of the Defence Staff announced that a

Attacks in Cameroon.

In the second half of December, the focus of activity switched to the Far North Region of Cameroon, beginning on the morning of 17 December when an army convoy was attacked with an IED and ambushed by hundreds of militants near the border town of Amchide, north of the state capital Maroua. One soldier was confirmed dead, and an estimated 116 militants were killed in the attack, which was followed by another attack overnight with unknown casualties. On 22 December, the Rapid Intervention Battalion followed up with an attack on a Boko Haram training camp near Guirdivig, arresting 45 militants and seizing 84 children aged 7–15 who were undergoing training, according to a statement from Cameroon's Ministry of Defense. The militants fled in pick-up trucks carrying an unknown number of their dead; no information on army casualties was released. On 27–28 December, five villages were simultaneously attacked, and for the first time the Cameroon military launched air attacks when Boko Haram briefly occupied an army camp. Casualty figures were not released. According to Information Minister Issa Tchiroma:

2015.

Baga massacre.

On 3 January 2015, Boko Haram attacked Baga, seizing it and the multinational joint task force military base. As the militants advanced the army fled. Some residents managed to escape to Chad. Although the death toll of the massacre was earlier estimated by western media to be upwards of 2000, the Defence Ministry dismissed these claims as "speculation and conjecture", estimating the figure to be closer to 150.

West African offensive.

Starting in late January 2015, a coalition of military forces from Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon, and Niger began a campaign against Boko Haram. On 4 February, the Chad Army killed over 200 Boko Haram militants. Soon afterwards, Boko Haram launched an attack on the Cameroonian town of Fotokol, killing 81 civilians, 13 Chadian soldiers and 6 Cameroonian soldiers.  On 7 March 2015, Boko Haram's leader Abubakar Shekau pledged allegiance to ISIL via an audio message posted on the organisation's Twitter account. Nigerian army spokesperson Sami Usman Kukasheka said the pledge was a sign of weakness and that Shekau was like a "drowning man". On 12 March 2015, ISIL's spokesman Abu Mohammad al-Adnani released

Attrition of Catholic diocese of Maiduguri.

A report by the Catholic diocese of Maiduguri estimated that as of May 2015 over 5,000 Nigerian Catholics had been

N'Djamena suicide bombings.

On 15 June, two suicide bombings of police sites in N'Djamena, the capital and largest city of Chad, killed 38 people. Boko Haram later claimed responsibility for these attacks. On 27 June, suicide bombers killed six members of their own

July mosques massacres.

Boko Haram militants attacked multiple mosques between 1 and 2 July. Forty-eight men and boys were killed on the 1st at one mosque in

5 July attacks.

On 5 July, major attacks

Claims of defeat.

The March 2015 general election was won by Buhari, who had vowed to remove inefficiency and corruption in the military. On 9 September 2015, the Director of Information at the Defence Headquarters, Colonel Rabe Abubakar announced that

Borno.

On 20 September, a series of bombings occurred in Maiduguri and Monguno and the attacks followed an announcement by Shekau refuting the army's claims of defeat. A military spokesman stated that the event showed the "high level of desperation" of Boko Haram. The Arewa Consultative Forum released a statement condemning the bombings and commending the military offensive:  On 21 October in Nganzai, Borno, according to a civilian vigilante, fleeing militants shot at four cars, killing the passengers, and burnt and looted the nearby village. On 23 October, a suicide bombing occurred in a pre dawn attack at a mosque in Maiduguri. The National Emergency Management Agency

Federal Capital Territory/Nasarawa.

Two bombings on 2 October that killed 18 and wounded 41,

Adamawa.

On 1 October, villagers in Kirchinga, Adamawa complained of a lack of security personnel after 5 residents had their throats slit during an unchallenged early morning attack. The village borders Cameroon and the Sambisa forest. On 18 October the village of Dar, Adamawe was attacked. Maina Ularamu, a former Chairman of Madagali Local Government Area, stated: "A large number of gunmen invaded the village, forcing residents to flee to a nearby bush. Two female suicide bombers disguised as fleeing villagers detonated explosives in

Yobe.

On 7 October in Damaturu, Yobe at least 15 people were killed by 3 suicide bombers. In Goniri, Yobe 7 soldiers and over

Kano.

Boko Haram claimed responsibility for a suicide attack on a procession of Shi'ite Muslims killing at

Cameroon.

On 12 January 2015, Boko Haram attacked a Cameroon military base in Kolofata. Government forces report killing 143 militants, while one Cameroon soldier was killed. On 18 January, Boko Haram raided two Tourou Cameroon area villages, torching houses, killing some residents and kidnapping between 60 and 80 people including an estimated 50 young children between the ages of 10 and 15.  On 11 October, in the far north region of Cameroon two female suicide bombers killed nine people in the town of Mora. On 18 October, 10 militants were killed when they attacked a Cameroon military anti-terrorist division convoy close to the border, after a military vehicle became stuck in mud. One army commander later died of his wounds. On 12 October, the first 90 of a proposed deployment of 300 US troops arrived in the region to assist with training, reconnaissance and airborne intelligence using Predator drones. On 16 October, more than six security vehicles were transferred to the Cameroon military. An AFRICOM spokesman said that increased cooperation had led them "to study the viability of ISR flights from a temporary location in Cameroon". The deployment is "totally separate and distinct" from

Chad.

On 6 October 2015, the Chadian army reported an attack in the border region of Lake Chad. 11 soldiers were killed and 14 wounded in the pre dawn cross-border infiltration, and 17 militants were also killed, according to an army spokesman. On 10 October, 5 suicide bombers killed 33 in the market in Baga Sola, a camp for Nigerian refugees. On 1 November, two dawn

Niger.

On 25 September 2015, at least 15 civilians were massacred and stores were looted in a cross-border raid on a Niger village, according to anonymous military sources. On 2 October two soldiers died and four were wounded in a Boko Haram attack on a village near the Nigerian border in Niger's Diffa province. The militants also looted stores, according to Niger army officers. On 4 October, according to an aid worker, a policeman and five civilians were killed by 4 suicide bombers near the Nigerian border. On 6 October, three suspected Boko Haram militants accidentally blew themselves up while transporting explosives to Bosso town in Diffa. On 21 October near Diffa town two soldiers were killed by explosives while intercepting an attack. Diffa region hosts over 150,000 Nigerian refugees. It is under a state of emergency. On 14 October a curfew and movement restrictions were imposed. At

2016.

Bodo bombings.

On 25 January, over 30 people were killed

Dalori attack.

On 30 January, at least 86 people were killed and at least 62 more injured in an attack by Boko

Weakening and split.

Johns Hopkins University figures indicated that Boko Haram killed 244 people in the second quarter – the lowest quarterly figure for five years.  In early August, ISIL announced that it had appointed Abu-Musab al-Barnawi as the new leader of the group. In a video released a few days later, Shekau refused to accept al-Barnawi's appointment as leader and vowed to fight him while stating that he was still loyal to ISIL's leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.  The group has since split into pro-Barnawi and pro-Shekau factions, with reports of armed clashes breaking out between them. Shekau has released videos since

2017.

Rise in child suicide bombing.

UNICEF reported an increase in child suicide bombers with 27 incidents occurring in the first three months of 2017 in Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon and Chad, compared to 30 in the entire previous year, 56 in 2015 and 4 in 2014. Kidnapped children who escape from Boko Haram are often held in custody or ostracized by their community or family. Patrick Rose, a UNICEF regional coordinator, stated: "They are held in military barracks, separated from their parents, without medical follow-up, without psychological support, without

Maidiguri bombing.

On 22 March, suicide bombers attacked an IDP camp in the northeastern city of Maidiguri, killing four and wounding 18.

2018.

Dapchi kidnapping.

Boko Haram kidnapped 110 schoolgirls from the Government Technical Girls College in Dapchi, Yobe State, on 19 February 2018. Boko Haram killed

Maiduguri attack.

On 2 April, a Boko Haram attack on the outskirts of Maiduguri resulted in the death of 18 people and another 84 wounded. This attack

Operation Lafiya Dole.

On 18 May, the Nigerian Army killed 15 Boko Haram insurgents and rescued 49 persons in separate encounters between Boko Haram and Nigerian troops throughout the Southern Lake Chad Basin. The

Attacks in north-east Nigeria.

In December, Boko Haram launched a series of attacks in north-east Nigeria. Militants from Islamic State West Africa Province took over the town of Baga and seized the Multinational Joint Task Force base. The attacks took place two months prior to the presidential elections in Nigeria.

2019.

Attack near Nigerian army chief of staff’s family Home.

On 17 January, 6 Nigerian soldiers were killed and 14 injured by the Boko Haram jihadists during

Attack on Chadian security forces.

On 22 March, Boko Haram militants killed at least 23 Chadian soldiers overnight, two Chadian security sources said on that day, in what appeared to be the deadliest

Konduga bombings.

On 16 June, a triple suicide

Nganzai funeral attack.

On 27 July, civilians were massacred

Attack on Nigerian military base.

On August 15, 3 Nigerian soldiers were killed during a

Attack on Burkina Faso military base.

On 20 September, Boko Haram claimed that its fighters carried out an August attack in Koutougou in northern Burkina Faso that killed 24 soldiers, the country's worst-ever terrorist attack.

2020.

Gamboru bombing.

On 6 January, a bombing occurred

Auno attack.

On 9 February, a massacre occurred

Boma attack.

On 23 March, Boko Haram fighters attacked soldiers in Boma, Chad, killing 92 and destroying 24 army vehicles. It marked the deadliest ever attack by Boko Haram on the country’s military forces, and a serious escalation of conflict. In its eight-day

Goneri ambush.

On 23 March, at least 50 Nigerian soldiers were killed in an ambush by Boko Haram

Amchide bombing.

On 5 April, two Boko Haram suicide bombers

Gajigana attack.

On 18 May, Just as people were preparing to break their Ramadan fast after sundown, the sect attacked the Nigerian village of Gajigana, Borno State,

Gubio massacre.

On 9 June, ISWAP

Monguno and Nganzai massacres.

On 13 June, ISWAP killed at least 20 soldiers in Monguno and more than 40 civilians in Nganzai.

Organization.

Leader.

Boko Haram was founded by Mohammed Yusuf who led the group from 2002 until his death in 2009. After his death, his deputy Abubakar Shekau took control of the group and has led it

Financing.

Kidnap for ransom.

Boko Haram is said to have raised substantial sums from kidnap for ransom. In 2013, Boko Haram kidnapped a

Extortion.

As well as extortion from local residents, Boko Haram has claimed to extort money from local state governments. A spokesman of Boko Haram claimed that Kano state governor Ibrahim Shekarau and Bauchi state governor Isa Yuguda had paid them monthly.

Ties to other militant groups.

It has long been alleged that Boko Haram had a relationship with al-Qaeda. In 2011, letters from Boko Haram were reportedly found in bin Laden's compound.  Three weeks after the 2009 Boko Haram uprising began, al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb expressed sympathy for Boko Haram. Speaking by phone to reporters in November 2012, group spokesman Abu Qaqa said: "We are together with al-Qaeda, they are promoting the cause of Islam, just as we are doing. Therefore they help us in our struggle and we help them, too." The 2012 Reuters special report details how fighters have trained with al-Qaeda affiliates in small groups over at least 6 years.  According to the UN Security Council listing of Boko Haram under the al-Qaeda sanctions regime in May 2014, the group "has maintained a relationship with AQIM for training and material support purposes", and "gained valuable knowledge on the construction of improvised explosive devices from AQIM". The UN found that a "number of Boko Haram

Response by Nigerian authorities.

The Nigerian military is, in the words of a former British military attaché speaking in 2014, "a shadow of what it's reputed to have once been. It's fallen apart". They are short of basic equipment, including radios and armoured vehicles. Morale is said to be low. Senior officers are alleged to be skimming military procurement budget funds that are intended to pay for the standard issue equipment of soldiers. The country's defense budget accounts for more than a third of the security budget of $5.8 billion, but only 10 percent is allocated to capital spending. A 2014 United States Department of Defense assessment stated, funds are being "skimmed off the top", troops are "showing signs of real fear" and are "afraid to even engage".  In the summer of 2013, the Nigerian military shut down mobile phone coverage in the three north-eastern states to disrupt the group's communication and ability to detonate IEDs. Accounts from military insiders and data of Boko Haram incidences before, during and after the mobile phone blackout suggest that the shut

International responses.

United States responses.

In 2012, the U.S. Department of State had an internal debate on whether to place Boko Haram on its list of FTOs (Foreign Terrorist Organizations). The Bureau of Counterterrorism leaned towards designation while the Bureau of African Affairs urged caution. Officials from the Justice Department, the FBI, the CIA, and a number of members of Congress urged the State Department to designate Boko Haram as an FTO. The Nigerian government voiced its opposition to an FTO designation, citing concerns that it would raise Boko Haram's stature and have implications for humanitarian aid in the region where Boko Haram operated. Twenty academic experts on Nigeria signed a letter to the State Department urging it not to designate Boko Haram as an FTO, saying that it would hinder NGO efforts in the region and might legitimize the Nigerian Army's human rights abuses in its efforts to fight Boko Haram.  The U.S. State Department designated Boko Haram and its offshoot Ansaru as terrorist organizations in November 2013, citing Boko Haram's links with AQIM and its responsibility for "thousands of deaths in northeast and central Nigeria over the last several years including targeted killings of civilians". The State Department also cited Ansaru's 2013 kidnapping and execution of seven international construction workers. In the statement it was noted, however, "These designations are an important and appropriate step, but only one tool in what must be a comprehensive approach by the Nigerian government to counter these groups through a combination of law enforcement, political, and development efforts." The State Department had resisted earlier calls to designate Boko Haram as a terrorist group after the 2011 Abuja United Nations bombing. The U.S. government does not believe Boko Haram is currently (2014) affiliated

African Coalition force.

After a series of meetings over many months, Cameroon's foreign minister announced on 30 November 2014 that a coalition force to fight terrorism, including Boko

French and British assistance.

France and the United Kingdom, in coordination with the United States, have sent trainers and material assistance to Nigeria to assist in the fight against Boko Haram. France planned to use 3,000 troops in the region for counter-terrorism operations. Israel and Canada also pledged support.  In 2017, the United Kingdom enforced an emergency assistance package worth $259 million. The United Kingdom has also aided Nigeria through military support and counter-terrorism training. The British government has provided training to 28,000 Nigerian military troops to aid against Boko Haram. More than 40 British troops have also been sent long term to Nigeria.

Chinese assistance.

In May 2014, China offered Nigeria

Colombian assistance.

In October 2015, Colombia sent a delegation of security experts to assist the Nigerian authorities and share expertise on security

United Nations response.

In January 2019, when thousands of refugees from north-east Nigeria were forced to return from Cameroon, despite the continuous threat to civilian lives by Boko Haram jihadists, the United Nations

The Islamic State in West Africa or the Islamic State's West Africa Province (abbreviated ISWA or ISWAP), formerly known as Jamā'at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da'wah wa'l-Jihād (, "Group of the People of Sunnah for Preaching and Jihad") and commonly known as Boko Haram, is a jihadist terrorist organization based in northeastern Nigeria, also active in Chad, Niger and northern Cameroon.

博科圣地(,),后更名成为伊斯兰国下属的「西非省」( '),原名致力传播先知教导及圣战人民军( '),是一个尼日尔利亚的伊斯兰教原教旨主义组织,宣誓效忠于伊斯兰国后更名为西非省,目标是主张在尼日尔利亚全国推行穆罕默德先知的伊斯兰教法,以及透过圣战,成为哈里发国的一部分,有着尼日尔利亚的“塔利班”之称。


Specifications.

In Ferrari's first official announcement of the car, the 458 was described as the successor to the F430 but arising from an entirely new design, incorporating technologies developed from the company's experience in Formula One.  The body computer system was developed by Magneti Marelli.

Engine.

The 458 is powered by a engine of the "Ferrari/Maserati" F136 V8 family, generating a power output of at 9,000 rpm (redline) and of torque at 6,000 rpm with 80% torque available at 3,250 rpm. The engine features direct fuel injection, which is a first for Ferrari mid-engine setups in its road cars.

Transmission.

The only transmission available on the 458 is a dual-clutch 7-speed Getrag gearbox, in a different state of tune shared with the Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG. There is no traditional manual option, making this the fourth road-car after the Enzo, Challenge Stradale and 430 Scuderia not to be offered with Ferrari's classic gated manual. It is the first mainstream model to not be offered with a manual transmission.

Handling.

The car's suspension has double wishbones at the front and a multi-link setup at the rear, coupled with E-Diff and F1-Trac traction control systems, designed to improve the car's cornering and longitudinal acceleration by 32% when compared with its predecessors.  The brakes include a prefill function whereby the pistons in the calipers move the pads into contact with the discs on lift off to minimize delay in the brakes being applied. This, combined with the ABS and standard Carbon Ceramic brakes, have caused a reduction in stopping distance from 100–0 km/h (62-0 mph) to. Tests have shown the car will stop from 100 km/h (62.1 mph) in or in with run flat tires, from 60 mph (97 km/h) and from 60 mph (97 km/h) with run flat tires.  The adaptive magnetorheological dampers are co-developed with BWI Group.

Performance.

Ferrari's official 0– acceleration is 3.4 seconds. The top speed is. It has fuel consumption in combined cycle (ECE+EUDC) of while producing 307 g/km of CO.  The Ferrari 458 Italia has a power-to-weight ratio of per horsepower.

Design.

In keeping with Ferrari tradition, the body was designed by Pininfarina under the leadership of Donato Coco, the Ferrari design director.  The interior design of the Ferrari 458 Italia was done by Bertrand Rapatel (Director of Ferrari Interior Design), a French automobile designer.  The car's exterior styling and features were designed for aerodynamic efficiency, producing a downforce of at. In particular, the front grille features deformable winglets that lower at high speeds, in order to offer reduced drag. The car's interior was designed using input from former Ferrari Formula 1 driver Michael Schumacher; in a layout common to racing cars, the new steering wheel incorporates many controls normally located on the dashboard or on stalks, such as turning signals or high beams.  According to British car magazine "Autocar", the 458 Italia's design has drawn inspiration from the Enzo Ferrari and its Millechili concept car. It has been designed to be Ferrari's sportiest V8-engined car, to distinguish itself from the entry level Ferrari California.

Variants.

458 Spider (2011–2015).

The 458 Spider was introduced at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show. This convertible variant of the 458 Italia features an aluminium retractable hardtop which, according to Ferrari, weighs less than a soft roof such as the one found on the Ferrari F430 Spider, and requires 14 seconds for operation. The engine cover has been redesigned to accommodate the retractable roof system. It has the same 0–100 km/h (62 mph) acceleration time as the coupé but has a lower top speed of due to the added weight.

458 Speciale (2013–2015).

The 458 Speciale was unveiled in 2013 at the Frankfurt Motor Show as the high performance variant of the 458 Italia. Distinctions of the Speciale over the standard 458 Italia are the forged wheels, vented bonnet, finned side sills, a taller rear spoiler and redesigned bumpers, which include active aerodynamics designed by Ferrari Styling Centre in cooperation with Pininfarina; front and rear movable flaps balance downforce and cut drag at speed. The engine was revised, with power increased to at 9,000 rpm and of torque at 6,000 rpm. Electronic systems were updated too and side slip angle control (SSC) was introduced to improve car control on the limit. SSC performs instant-to-instant analysis of the car's side-slip, comparing it with the target value and then optimising both torque management (via integration with F1-Trac traction control) and torque distribution between the two wheels (via integration with the E-Diff electronic differential]). The Speciale accelerates from 0 to in 3.0 seconds, 0– in 9.1 seconds. Ferrari declared a Fiorano test track lap time of 1:23.5, only 0.5 seconds slower than the F12 berlinetta. Lateral acceleration now reaches 1.33 g.

458 Speciale A (2014–2015).

The 458 Speciale A is the convertible variant of the 458 Speciale which was unveiled at the 2014 Paris Motor Show. The 'A' stands for 'Aperta', which is Italian for 'open' – and the model was limited to only 499 examples (49 RHD examples). Just like the Speciale coupé, the Aperta has a 4.5-litre naturally aspirated V8 engine which generates a power output of and of torque. 0–100 km/h (62 mph) takes 3.0 seconds and the Spider is capable of a top speed of. It was the most powerful, street-legal, naturally aspirated Ferrari automobile the company had ever launched in a convertible variant, until it was surpassed by the naturally aspirated V12 of the LaFerrari Aperta in 2017.

Special Editions.

458 Italia China Edition (2012).

The 2012 458 Italia China Edition is a limited (20 units) version of the 458 Italia for the Chinese market, built to commemorate the 20th anniversary of Ferrari in China since the first Ferrari, a 348 TS, was ordered in Beijing. It is distinguished by its Marco Polo Red body colour, golden dragon graphic on the front bonnet, gold and black livery stripes symbolising a racing track, gold painted wheels, gold aeroelastic winglets, gold embroidery on the car's head rests, engine start button inscribed with the simplified Chinese characters for'start' and a '20th Anniversary Special Edition' plaque on the dash.  The vehicle was unveiled at the Italia Center of Shanghai World Expo Park.

One-offs.

Ferrari SP12 EC (2012).

The Ferrari SP12 EC is a one-off sports car built by Ferrari for English musician Eric Clapton under Ferrari's Special Projects programme, and based on the 458 Italia. It was revealed in May 2012 and shown at the 2013 Goodwood Festival of Speed. The bespoke SP12 EC's bodywork is inspired by that of the Ferrari 512 BB, and was designed by Centro Stile Ferrari in collaboration with Pininfarina. It uses the mechanicals of the 458 Italia, including its 4.5-litre V8 engine and seven-speed dual-clutch transmission, although many of the car's technical details are considered confidential. The car reportedly cost £3,000,000.

Pininfarina Sergio (2013).

The Pininfarina concept car, named in memory of long standing chairman Sergio Pininfarina, is a modern interpretation of the 2-seater barchetta built upon the 458 Spider's mechanicals. In keeping with the traditional open barchetta body style, it has no windshield; two matching helmets are provided for the driver and passenger.  The car was first shown in March 2013 at the Geneva Motor Show. According to Pininfarina, the Sergio was developed like a production car, and therefore it could be produced in limited numbers.  Ferrari built six units of the Ferrari Sergio in collaboration with Pininfarina in 2015 and sold it to handpicked customers. The production version incorporates a targa top body style due to complexities and high production costs arising in producing the original design of the car. Each unit reportedly cost US$3,000,000.

458 MM Speciale (2016).

The 458 Speciale MM is a one-off sports car based on a Ferrari 458 Speciale and built for a British customer. The design pays homage to the Ferrari 288 GTO and incorporates handcrafted aluminium and carbon fibre components.

Racing.

458 Challenge.

The 458 Challenge is a race car designed to participate in the Ferrari Challenge. It was presented at the Ferrari Annual Dealer Meeting on 14 July 2010 for the 2011 Ferrari Challenge season. The 458 Challenge Evo was introduced for the 2014 season and was replaced by the 488 Challenge for the 2017 season. Hence both variants of the 458 Challenge were used as the prime Challenge car for three seasons, the 458 Challenge for 2011 to 2013 and the 458 Challenge Evo for 2014 to 2016.  According to Ferrari the standard (non-Evo) 458 Challenge can lap the Fiorano test track in 1:16.5, which is two seconds faster than its F430 Challenge predecessor and only 0.2 seconds slower than the Ferrari FXX. Given the Evo upgrade, the 458 Challenge Evo is faster around the Fiorano test track than the Ferrari FXX.  Weight of the 458 Challenge was reduced from the standard 458 through the use of thinner body panels, carbon fibre replacement panels, and polycarbonate windows and windshield. Other differences over the regular road legal 458 include a racing cockpit with a Sabelt racing seat and six-point seat-belt harness, detachable steering wheel using a Lifeline quick-detach, plumbed-in Lifeline fire extinguisher system, air-jack mounting on the rear to lift the car up, racing fuel filler cap, center-lock wheels, a racing exhaust as well as tow hooks on the front and rear. The 2014 Evo upgrade was mainly focused on improving the aerodynamics of the 458 Challenge, with the most obvious change being the inclusion of a large rear wing. Ferrari sold an Evo upgrade kit, so that pre-2014 458 Challenge cars could be upgraded by Ferrari dealers and race teams to Evo spec.  Total production of the 458 Challenge and 458 Challenge Evo combined is just under 150 cars. Of this total, production of the Evo version is estimated at 30%, meaning that just over 100 458 Challenges and a little under 50 458 Challenge Evos were produced. It is estimated that between five and ten cars were destroyed through accidents each season, meaning that somewhere between 25 and 50 458 Challenge cars have been lost with the remaining cars possibly numbering less than 100.

458 Italia GT2.

Ferrari unveiled their new GTE class racer in 2011 to take part in Championships sanctioned by ACO and FIA. The 458 Italia GT2 drops the "flex splitter" found in the road cars in favour of a more conventional inlet, with the air exiting out through the louvers in the bonnet. Under new restrictor regulations, the 4.5-litre V8 engine generates a power output of, which is less than the road car and the 458 Challenge. Unlike the road car, which has a high-revving low-torque engine, the engine in the GT2 version only has a red line of 6,250 rpm, but maintains a close-to-stock torque number even with the horsepower loss. The double-clutch gearbox had to be replaced, but paddle-shifting is retained since the amended rules in 2011 allow them.  So far the 458 Italia GT2 has had an impressive racing record. The car won the 2012 and 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans, the 2012 12 Hours of Sebring and two editions of the Petit Le Mans, the first in 2011 and the second in 2012.  In 2011, the 458 Italia GT2 took the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup GTE Manufacturers' and the GTE PRO Team Titles, the Le Mans Series GTE Manufacturers' and GTE PRO Team and Drivers' honours and the International GT Open Overall and Super GT Team and Drivers' crowns. The following year, with the creation of an FIA-managed World Championship, the car obtained the GTE Manufacturers' and GTE PRO Team Titles in the FIA World Endurance Championship. In the same year the Italian car gained the European Le Mans Series GTE PRO Team and Drivers' honours and the International GT Open Overall and Super GT Manufacturers', Team and Drivers' crowns. In 2013 the car repeated its successes, winning the FIA World Endurance Championship GTE Manufacturers', GTE PRO Team, GTE Drivers' and GTE AM Team Titles, the European Le Mans Series GTE Team and Drivers' honours, the Asian Le Mans Series GTE Team and Drivers' crowns and the International GT Open Overall and Super GT Manufacturers' and Drivers' Titles. In 2014 the 458 Italia GT2 achieved, for the third straight year, the FIA World Endurance Championship GTE Manufacturers' and GTE PRO Team honours, as well as, for the second time in a row, the GTE Drivers' crown (which had been instituted in 2013). For the fourth time the car also clinched the European Le Mans Series GTE Team and Drivers' Titles, but it didn't take part in the International GT Open and Asian Le Mans Series Championships (the 458 Italia GT3 raced in both these series that year).  In 2015, the Ferrari 458 Italia GT2 cars competed in the FIA World Endurance Championship, European Le Mans Series and Tudor United SportsCar Championship.  The car was replaced for the 2016 season by the Ferrari 488 GTE.

458 Italia GT3.

Ferrari also unveiled a GT3 version of the Ferrari 458 Italia in 2011. The car is slightly lighter and more powerful than the GT2 version, generating a power output closer to and has a red-line of 9,000 rpm. The engine thus performs more similarly to that of the road car than the GT2 version. The aerodynamics of the car are also slightly different due to different aero regulations.  The 458 Italia GT3 has achieved many important victories in its career. It has won six times the 24 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps (two in the GT3 PRO AM category and two in the Gentlemen Trophy), four times the Gulf 12 Hours (three overall and one in the Gentlemen Trophy), the 2013 and 2014 12 Hours of Sepang, the 2014 and 2015 24 Hours of Dubai in the A6-AM class, the 2014 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour at the famous Mount Panorama Circuit in Bathurst and the 2014 24 Hours of Barcelona.  The 458 Italia GT3 holds the record for the number of titles won in many international Championships. In the Blancpain Endurance Series it took the 2011, 2012 and 2014 GT3 PRO AM Team and Drivers' crowns and the 2013 and 2014 Gentlemen Trophy Team and Drivers' honours, while in the European Le Mans Series, since the creation by the ACO of a GT3 class, clinched the 2013 and 2014 GTC Team and Drivers' Titles. In the International GT Open the Maranello car gained the 2011, 2012 and 2014 GTS Team and Drivers' crowns, the 2012, 2013 and 2014 GTS Manufacturers' honours and the 2014 Overall and Super GT Drivers' Titles. The 458 Italia GT3 has also a strong racing record in the most important Asian GT series, the GT3 Asia, in which it achieved the 2011 Drivers' crown and the 2012 and 2014 Team and Drivers' honours. The car has also been driven to win the 2011 FIA GT3 Drivers' Title, the 2013 Asian Le Mans Series GTC Team and Drivers' crowns and successes in national Championships like French GT, British GT, Italian GT, GTSprint and Supercar Challenge.  In 2015, the 458 Italia GT3 was involved in numerous racing series, including Blancpain Endurance Series, European Le Mans Series, International GT Open, GT3 Asia, Pirelli World Challenge, Blancpain Sprint Series, Asian Le Mans Series, Australian GT Championship and many other national GT3 Championships.

458 Italia Grand-Am.

In 2012, Ferrari developed a modified version of the 458 GT3 for Grand-Am. The car weighs the same but produces less downforce than the GT3 car; the engine is also restricted more heavily, generating a power output of and having an 8,000 rpm redline. Instead of a dual-clutch transmission, the car is fitted with a traditional sequential manual transmission  The roll-cage is also modified due to stricter safety regulations. The Grand-Am version lacks traction control and ABS. The car debuted at the 2012 24 Hours of Daytona. AimAutosport.com is the first team to win with the new 458 Italia Grand-Am spec. On Sept. 9, 2012, drivers Jeff Segal and Emil Assentato finished second at Laguna Seca and clinched the Grand-Am Rolex GT championship.

Awards.

The 458 won "Car of the Year 2009" and "Supercar of the Year". It also won "Cabrio of the Year 2011" for the Spider, from "Top Gear" magazine. "Auto Zeitung" magazine awarded the Ferrari 458 Spider "Best Cabrio 2011". "Motor Trend" awarded the Ferrari 458 Italia the title of "Best Driver's Car" in 2011. The 458 Speciale won Top Gear's Supercar of the Year 2013 and James May's Car of the Year. The car is now discontinued

Recalls.

Wheel-arch adhesive fires.

On 24 August 2010, BBC News reported that ten 458s had either crashed or caught fire in just three months. Ferrari responded later that it was aware of the fire-related cases, and was in the process of investigating them.  On September 1, 2010 Ferrari officially recalled all 1,248 of the 458s sold to date. A spokesman commented that the problem had been traced to an adhesive used in the wheel-arch assemblies and that, in certain circumstances, the glue could begin to overheat, smoke and even catch fire. In extreme cases the melting adhesive could lead to the heat shield deforming, and hence moving closer to the exhaust, causing the wheel-arch lining to catch fire. Owners who had reported fires, that were later confirmed by independent engineers to be due to this problem, received a new car. All other cars were modified by replacing the adhesive with mechanical fasteners.

Engine seizure.

In 2012, Ferrari recalled certain 2011 and 2012 US market cars because the engine could seize suddenly and possibly cause a crash. The F136 engines had incorrectly mounted crankshafts. The manufacturer learned of one such incident from a review car lent to critics. Owners could choose from having a new engine installed by their dealer, having the engine removed and the work done by Ferrari North America or having a new crankshaft and bearings installed at the dealership.

Marketing.

Hot Wheels produced a 1:18 scale model of the 458 Italia, Spider, GT2, Challenge, China Edition and, later, the Speciale versions under both its regular "Mattel / Heritage" and premium "Elite" and "Super Elite" lines of collectible die-cast models. Bburago also produced variants of the 458, such as the Italia, Spider and Challenge, in diecast in 1:18, 1:24, 1:32, and 1:43 scales under its "Race and play" line up. The Speciale version in 1:18 scale followed later under both its "Race and play" and "Signature series" lineups.

Other media.

The 458 was also reviewed on the 15th season of "Top Gear", where it received acclaim for its styling and performance. In a drag race against James May's Ferrari F430, it won by a considerable margin. The car also lapped the "Top Gear" test track in 1:19.1, 0.1 seconds slower than the Ferrari Enzo. A red 458 was used as the vehicle form for the character Dino in the film "". South African Pop group "Eden" also has a song titled 458 ITALIA.

Illicit trade practices investigation.

After the Ferrari 458 Italia had been reported to cost much more in China than the United States, the Chinese Automobile Dealers Association (CADA) began working in conjunction with the National Development and Reform Commission for possible price-fixing, despite automakers' claim of a 24% import tariff, 17% value-added tax, and a consumption tax having been added to the car's price.

The Ferrari 458 Italia (Type F142) is a mid-engine sports car produced by the Italian automobile manufacturer Ferrari. The 458 replaced the F430, and was first officially unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show. It was succeeded by the 488, which was unveiled at the 2015 Geneva Motor Show.

法拉利458 Italia是法拉利生产的车款之一。首次在2009年法兰克福车展公开,用以取代法拉利F430,2010年开始在全球发售。于2015年由后继车种 488GTB 取代


First generation (XP40; 2002).

The first generation Vios, codenamed XP40, was assembled in Thailand's Toyota Gateway Plant in Gateway City, Amphoe Plaeng Yao, Chachoengsao Province, as part of a cooperative project between Thai engineers and Toyota's Japanese designers.  In Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia and Taiwan markets, the first generation Vios is equipped with a 1.5 L "1NZ-FE engine" with VVT-i. The smaller 1.3 L 2NZ-FE engine is offered in the Philippines. In China, the Vios comes with the 1.3 L "8A-FE" and 1.5 L "5A-FE". Trim levels for Southeast Asian markets include J, E, G and S, while the DLX, GL, GLX and GLXi are offered in China.  The first generation Vios was adapted from the Platz with modified body panels and portions of the car feature design cues from the E120 series Corolla. Like the Vitz and Platz, the Vios features instrument panel mounted on the top center of the dashboard.  In September 2005, the Vios received minor cosmetic changes to its exterior and interior for the 2006 model year. Updates included the front bumper, headlights and tail lights, redesigned alloy rims, speedometer dial design, and added a console box in the interior.  The first generation Vios was campaigned in the Touring Car Championships in Indonesia and One Make Races in Thailand.  Taxicab versions marketed in Indonesia have less equipment and is rebadged as the Limo. This is not to be confused with certain taxis with the same name in Thailand, which use Corollas.

Markets.

China.

In China, the Vios was produced from 2004 to 2008 equipped with the 1.3 L "8A-FE" and 1.5 L "5A-FE" engines paired with a 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission. The "5A-FE" engine was replaced by the "2SZ-FE" engine and "3SZ-VE" engine in 2006. Trim levels consist of the DLX, GL, GLX and GLXi trims.

Philippines.

In the Philippines, the Vios came in J, E and G trim levels. The base 1.3 J included a "2NZ-FE" VVT-i engine, 5-speed manual and 13-inch steel wheels, introduced in 2005. The mid-level 1.3 E is same as the J trim, but with 5-speed manual, alloy wheels and power features. The 1.5 G is the top-of-the-line model, included a "1NZ-FE" VVT-i engine and available with either a 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission and a central instrumental digital display.

Singapore.

In Singapore, the Vios came in E and S trim levels and powered by a 1.5 L "1NZ-FE" engine. The top-of-the-line S trim comes with only a four-speed automatic transmission. It has a digital speedometer, foldable wing mirrors, foglamps, chrome door handles and boot lid garnish. The E trim was available in either 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission and has a conventional speedometer.

Malaysia.

In Malaysia, the specs and engines are generally similar as Singapore, the only difference is that in Malaysia, it is sold in E and G trim levels and comes with 15-inch alloy wheels and mudguards, while Singapore versions do not.

Taiwan.

In Taiwan, the Vios comes with a 1.5 L "1NZ-FE" engine in J and E trim levels. The first generation Vios was sold and produced until the first quarter 2014.

Vios Turbo.

A "Turbo" variant of the first generation Vios was made available only in Thailand, which only 600 cars were produced. A turbocharged 1.5 L engine with an air-to-air intercooler produces with light boost at 6,400 rpm with of torque. It can accelerate from 0– in 8.1 seconds. About 600 units were produced. Standard on the Vios Turbo are a functional scoop on its hood, wrap-around body kits, stiffer springs, firmer shock-absorbers and 16-inch alloy wheels. Colours available were red, black and silver. The transmission ratio and differential ratios were based on that of a MR-S.

Second generation (XP90; 2007).

The second generation Vios is essentially a rebadged Japanese-market Belta sedan with varying trim levels and equipment sold in Southeast Asian countries between April 2007 and March 2013.

Third generation (XP150; 2013).

The third generation Vios (designated XP150) for the Asian market was unveiled on March 25, 2013 at the 34th Bangkok International Motor Show in Thailand. Toyota aimed to export the third generation Vios as a global model for emerging markets. The car was sold in Thailand shortly after, and from the second quarter in Asia. Toyota Motor Philippines announced that the local variant of the Vios will be manufactured in Santa Rosa, Laguna.  The exterior was enlarged, but keeping the same width as before. Its styling outline was later followed by the XP150 series Yaris hatchback for the Southeast Asian market. The speedometer position is no longer mounted on the centre of the dashboard. The Yaris sedan is marketed in Africa, South America, Caribbean and the Middle East.  In early 2018, the Yaris ATIV-based Vios was available as a facelift instead of the XP150 series-based facelifted Vios sold exclusively in China and Thailand. The Yaris ATIV-based Vios expected to be sold as a global model, is currently sold in most Asian countries as a 2018 model. The facelifted Vios-based Yaris ATIV has a more differentiated styling.  The XP150 series Vios has not been offered in the United States, Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. The second generation (XP90 model) sedan was sold in these countries as the Yaris, but it was dropped in late 2011 due to lackluster sales, with only the XP130 model being offered from the 2012 model year. Yaris sedans subsequently sold in North America from 2015 are based on the Mazda2 and produced for Toyota by Mazda.  In Mexico and certain South American countries, the XP150 series Vios (for global markets) was sold as the Yaris Sedán. From early 2018, it has been replaced by a version of the facelifted Asian-market Yaris ATIV, marketed under the Yaris Sedán name as a lower-priced alternative to the more upmarket Mazda2-based Yaris R.  It is campaigned in One Make Races in Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand.

Markets.

Thailand.

The third generation Vios was launched in four trim levels: J, E, G and S. The J and E trims were offered in either manual or automatic transmission. A TRD Sportivo model was also introduced to the market.  Some additions include a push start system and smart entry, an Eco meter for the automatic models and automatic air conditioners with climate control for the G and S trims.  From 2016 in Thailand, the "1NZ-FE" VVT-i engine was replaced by the flex-fuel "2NR-FBE" 1.5 L Dual VVT-i engine. The four-speed automatic transmission was replaced with a continuously variable transmission (CVT) with seven-speed mode. The five-speed manual was dropped from the lineup. The safety kit has been given an upgrade. VSC stability control on top of the usual ABS with EBD was added, and brake assist is now available across the range.  An "Exclusive" version was introduced for 2016, to replace TRD Sportivo model. It includes redesigned 15-inch alloy wheels, a bodykit integrated with LED daytime running lights, black leather seats, piano black steering wheel and gearlever trim as well as a T-Connect infotainment system with a seven-inch touchscreen and Bluetooth connectivity. An option of White Crystal Pearl or Attitude Black Mica is only available for the Vios Exclusive.  The facelifted Vios was launched in Thailand on January 21, 2017. The car uses the same front fascia as Chinese market version (similar to the XV70 series Camry). The facelifted models features redesigned 15- and 16-inch alloy wheels. Trim levels offered include J, E, G and S.

Singapore.

The Vios was first unveiled in Singapore in May 2013, two months after its official showcase. It is available in two trim levels: E and G variants. Both are equipped with an automatic transmission. A fleet of manual E and J trim models are used by ComfortDelgro Driving Centre as manual transmission training cars, but it is not otherwise sold to the public.  The E trim features a touchscreen infotainment system with DVD/CD/USB/iPod/Bluetooth, keyless entry, dual SRS airbags as standard. The E (Elegance) grade has a standard switch air conditioning unit and features multi-reflector headlamps. On the other hand, the G (Grande) grade comes with air conditioner with auto climate control, projector headlamps, fog lamps and rear 15-inch disc brakes. The G model also adds multi-function steering controls, 60:40 split foldable rear seats, a rear console armrest and touchscreen telematics navigation system. Black-toned leather seats is optional on both models. In mid 2015, both E and G trims had been updated with 16-inch rims with all 15-inch disc brakes for the front and rear as standard.  In January 2017, the Vios was reintroduced to the lineup with the newer "2NR-FE" engine and continuously variable transmission (CVT) with 7-speed sport sequential mode and was available for a short period of time until April 2017.  On December 14, 2017, the Vios was reintroduced once more; this time as a rebadged Yaris ATIV sedan for the 2018 model year. The Vios for the Singapore market is offered in E and G model grades with only automatic CVT with a 1.5 L "2NR-FE" engine. Buyers of the Vios can choose between Ivory or Black interior with cross stitching on the leather seats. Safety features such as 7 airbags, Hill-start Assist, Smart entry with push start and LED fog lamps are standard items across the lineup.

Brunei.

Alongside Singapore, the Vios was also introduced to Brunei since the first generation and has been one of the best selling car in the country. The J and E trim levels are only available with either 4-speed automatic or 5-speed manual transmissions in Brunei.  Between the initial production sourced from Thailand and Indonesia, the Bruneian spec third generation Vios and Yaris hatchback were fully imported from Indonesia.  The car comes with only double-din audio head unit, "2NR-FE" Dual VVT-i engine, remote key lock and black with blue stitching fabric seats. However, headlamp bulb adjuster is not included. In its model update in 2016, black-painted rims and 'V-REV' optional bodykits were added.  The facelifted Vios as based on Yaris ATIV was launched in May 2018 alongside with the facelifted Yaris hatchback. However, the Vios was once again used the CD/AUX/USB/radio double-din audio head unit system, blue-black fabric and immobilizer remote key, to which is offered from the local distributors.  The updated features of the Vios includes daytime running lights (DRLs), Optitron speedometer, 7 airbags, redesigned 15-inch alloy wheels, fog lamps, multi-function steering wheel with audio switch controls, 6 speakers, reverse sensors, hill-start assist control (HSA), traction control, paddle shifters and comes with optional 7 colours (including Dark Blue Mica Metallic), and the rimcaps and alloy wheels were available.  Trim levels of the Yaris ATIV-based facelifted Vios are available in 1.5 E automatic transmission and 1.5 J manual transmission in Brunei.  In early 2019, updates to the Vios includes redesigned alloy wheels, optional bodykits and 7" inch touchscreen interface with rear-parking camera was available.

Malaysia.

The third generation of the Vios was launched in Malaysia on October 2, 2013, and is sold in five different trim choices (1.5J manual, 1.5J automatic, 1.5E automatic, 1.5G automatic and 1.5 TRD Sportivo automatic), similar to the previous generation.  There was also a TRD Sportivo variant similar to the previous generation which comes with TRD cosmetic parts and an all round bodykit featuring daytime running lights on the front bumper and 15-inch TRD wheels. The bodykit is optional on the other J, E and G trims.  In January 2015, Smart Entry and Push Start were made standard across the entire range. The door handles and rear garnish strip on the 1.5J and 1.5E received a chrome finish. The 1.5G model received an all-black leather interior, replacing the previous beige colour scheme. It also added door sill scuff plates – also standard on the 1.5E version. Further upgrades on the 1.5G variant were also the blue-coloured front footwell illumination while the range-topping TRD Sportivo model features a similar setup, albeit with an amber-coloured setup. In-car entertainment comes courtesy of two optional platforms. The DVD-AVX system increased the screen to 6.1 inches (compared to the old 5.8-inch screen) with USB, SD, AUX and Bluetooth along with a reverse camera. The premium DVD-AVN option came with a redesigned layout, a 7-inch touchscreen system, WiFi, HDMI, Bluetooth, voice recognition and a reverse camera.  In September 2016, the third generation Vios was updated again for the Malaysian market. Updates included an additional trim level dubbed "GX" which is positioned between the G variant and the TRD Sportivo variant and comes with a bodykit, smoked projector headlights, a dark chrome grille, two-tone wheels and black-and-tan combination leather seats. The "1NZ-FE" VVT-i engine was replaced by the '2NR-FE" 1.5 L Dual VVT-i engine across the lineup and the four-speed automatic transmission was replaced by a continuously variable transmission (CVT) with seven-speed mode. Vehicle stability control (VSC) and traction control also became standard across the lineup.  In April 2017, the third generation Vios was updated again for the Malaysian market. Updates for the entire range included a dashcam becoming a standard feature across the range and the addition of a USB port in front of the gearlever. For the 1.5E, 1.5G, 1.5GX and 1.5 TRD Sportivo variant, a panoramic view monitor and four exterior mounted cameras became standard and for the 1.5G, 1.5GX and 1.5 TRD Sportivo variant, automatic folding mirrors became standard.  In July 2017, a "Sports Edition" variant was announced. It is based on the 1.5J (automatic) variant. Changes included the addition of a rear spoiler, addition of an all-round bodykit, addition of "SE" emblems and badges, 15-inch multi-spoke alloy wheels finished in black, black and red stripes on the exterior, amber instead of blue footwell lighting, sports seats, unique floor mats and unique gearknob, illuminated scuff plates and sports suspensions which lowered the ride height by 27mm.  In January 2018, the third generation Vios was updated again for the Malaysian market. Updates for the entire range was a shark fin antenna and the footwell lighting being white opposed to blue. The 1.5 E, 1.5 G, 1.5 GX and 1.5 TRD Sportivo variants got illuminated steel scuff plates and a DVD-AVX entertainment system. The G, GX and TRD Sportivo trim levels received front parking sensors. The base E and mid-level G still come with the older style bumper, whole the GX and TRD Sportivo each come with exclusively designed fascias. The GX retained the standard bumpers but added the full body kits similar to the pre-facelift TRD Sportivo. Inside the GX has 2-tone brown and black leather seats. The facelifted TRD Sportivo comes with redesigned front bumper with wider black accent and openings, while the interior has black leather seats with red stitching.  The facelifted Vios based on the Yaris ATIV sedan and was launched on January 24, 2019. The GX and TRD Sportivo was discontinued, leaving only the J, E and G in the lineup. All models have standard automatic CVT. Full body kits including front, side, and rear lower skirtings, as well as trunk spoiler are optional for all model grades. Notably different in the Malaysian models is an additional colour matching trim piece across the centre section of the front bumper. Panoramic View Monitor (PVM), Blind Spot Monitor (BSM) and Rear Cross Traffic Alert (RCTA) are standard on the Vios E and G. All round disc brakes and leather interior are only standard in the top-of-the-line G.

Philippines.

In the Philippines, the third generation Vios was introduced in July 2013 with the same 4 trim levels as the outgoing model: 1.3 Base, 1.3 J, 1.3 E, and 1.5 G.  Both manual and automatic transmissions are available for the E and G spec trim levels, while the Base and J are available as manual only. The 1.3 L "2NZ-FE" and 1.5 L "1NZ-FE" engines as well as the 5-speed manual and 4-speed automatic transmissions are carried over from the previous model.  The E trim received front fog lights, power side mirror controls, and steering wheel audio controls as standard, and the G trim adds a 3-spoke leather steering wheel with audio control, multi information display beneath the speedometer and four wheel disc brakes. Base, J and E trims get the all black interior while the top spec G trim gets a more luxurious black and Beige interior.  TMP made a special event for the Vios named the "Vios Cup". In 2014 and in March 2015 the Vios Cup was held at Clark International Speedway in Pampanga. In May 2015, the Vios Cup was held in Cebu City while in September 2015, the Vios Cup was held at SM Mall of Asia. To celebrate as the country's best selling sedan TMP released a limited edition variant of the Vios which commemorates its event, the Vios 1 million edition which is only offered in Alumina Jade mettalic, Orange Mica Mettalic and Blue Mica Mettalic. Equipped with a 1.5 L "1NZ-FE" engine, TRD sportivo wheels, side skirt, duck tail spoiler and 1 million badge, which paved the way of adding the Alumina Jade and Blue Mica metallic colour options to the Vios in the following years before the facelifted model, and adding side skirts and duck tail spoiler to the G trim as standard.  In July 2016, the Vios received a newer engine option; the 1.3 L "1NR-FE" and 1.5 L "2NR-FE" engine with Dual VVT-i and are available with both 5-speed manual transmission and CVT.  Available colours are: Red Mica Metallic (J and E only), Silver Metallic (All trims), Dark Brown Mica metallic (E and G only), Freedom White (Base and J trims), Orange Metallic (E and G only), Blue Metallic (G only), Black Metallic (E and G only), Grey metallic (E and G only), and White Pearl (G trim only). In 2015 an additional variant of the Vios was added: 1.5 TRD, it receives TRD alloy wheels and TRD bodykits available in Orange Metallic, Blue Metallic or White Pearl. Additional updated colours as of 2016 are Blackish Red Mica and Alumina Jade Metallic (E and G only).  The facelifted version of the Vios is based on the Yaris ATIV sedan and was launched on July 19, 2018. Trim levels for the locally built Vios are 1.3 Base, 1.3 J, 1.3 E, 1.5 G, and also the 1.3 E Prime and 1.5 G Prime which replaced the TRD Sportivo.  The base and J are only offered with 5-speed manual transmission. The 1.3 E, 1.3 E Prime, and 1.5 G could be purchased with either manual or CVT. The sole transmission for the 1.5 G Prime is automatic CVT. Replacing the TRD model, the 1.3 E Prime and 1.5 G Prime come with all around body kits noticeably the big fog lamp housing and lower lip integrated to the front bumper, and the piano black door mirror covers.  Safety features such as ABS, 7 SRS Airbags, VSC, and HAC are standard across the range, but Daylight Running Lights (DRL), 16 inch two tone alloy wheels, rear disc brakes, Multi function steering switches, Automatic climate control AC with digital display, smart engine Start/Stop button, Eco and power response mode, paddle shifters, LED Tail lights and Power folding side mirrors are only standard in the cars with the 1.5 L engine.  In 2019, the XE was added into the lineup. Based on the J trim, the XE serves as a price leader automatic CVT equipped model and 7 inch infotainment screen that is present in the E and G trims. The XE Vios has the same exterior specs as the J with black side mirrors and door handles, no fog lights, steel wheels with hubcaps, no security car alarm and no power adjusting side mirrors. Later, the XLE was also added into the lineup. Based on the E trim, the XLE serves as a lower version of E and G trims with 5-speed manual or automatic CVT and 7 inch infotainment screen that is present also in E and G trims. The XLE version has the same features as the E trim with fog lights, power adjust side mirrors, 15 inch alloy wheels (same to E trim), body colored side mirrors and door handles and has 3 SRS Airbags.  Available colours on the facelifted Vios are: Super Red (G and G prime), Freedom White (Base, J and XE), Thermalyte (All Trims except G prime), Grayish Blue mica metallic (XLE, E, G and G prime), Alumina Jade Metallic (J, XE, XLE, E and G), White Pearl (G and G prime), Red Mica metallic (J, XE, XLE, E and E prime) Blackish Red metallic (XLE and E trim) and Black mica metallic (XLE, E and G).

Indonesia.

The third generation Vios was launched for the Indonesian market on May 7, 2013 and initially it was imported from Thailand. Starting from December 2013, the Vios is assembled locally in Karawang, Indonesia to fulfill the local market, and also for export. It is the first sedan to be manufactured at Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia (TMMIN).  Two trim levels were available; the 1.5 E and 1.5 G which powered by the 1.5 L "1NZ-FE" engine, paired to either 5 speed manual or 4 speed automatic ECT. The more affordable E has drum rear brakes and 15 inch alloys, while the upmarket G comes with rear disc brakes and 16 inch alloys. The TRD Sportivo trim, which is based on the G trim, was launched in September 2014 at the 22nd Indonesia International Motor Show in Jakarta.  The Vios received an update on November 3, 2016 with the 1.5 L "2NR-FE" engine option, mated to a 5-speed manual transmission or CVT. The G and TRD received redesigned alloy wheels, and the trunk spoiler was only installed on the TRD Sportivo.  The facelifted version of the Vios is based on the Yaris ATIV sedan and was launched on April 3, 2018. The TRD Sportivo was discontinued, leaving only the E and G in the lineup. All the locally-built models for the Indonesian market have Ivory colour interior. The top-of-the-line G has 16-inch alloy wheels, all around disc brakes, Daytime Running Lights (DRL), smart engine Start/Stop button, and automatic climate control AC. Paddle shift is exclusively for the G model with 7-speed simulated CVT.  In early 2019, the price leader E with manual transmission was no longer listed in the company website. Domestic sales for Vios was dropped in the recent years, and most Vios assembled by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia (TMMIN) are for export market.

China.

The Vios in China was launched in November 2013 after its debut at the Shanghai Auto Show in April. The Vios is now only available in either 1.3 or 1.5 L engine variants with the higher end 1.6 L model dropped. The Vios for the Chinese market will still be made locally by the FAW-Toyota joint venture that also made previous generations for Vios.  Both models are powered by newer Dual VVT-i engines "4NR-FE" and "5NR-FE" specially developed for the Chinese market.  In 2016, a facelifted hatchback version of the third generation Vios was launched exclusively in China by the FAW-Toyota joint venture. Based on the Yaris hatchback, it is known as the Vios FS. China also received the Vios-based Yaris L sedan. A 5-speed manual and CVT option are standard for both engines.

Taiwan.

In Taiwan, the third generation Vios was available from the second quarter of 2014. Three models have since been available in Classic, Elegant and Luxury variants. All models use the same 1.5 L "1NZ-FE" engine from the previous model.  Additional features are available on top of the basic equipment in the premium variant which consists of a front/rear aero kit, smart entry system, engine push start button, smart climate control, multi-information display (MID) and piano lacquered trim.  From the second quarter of 2016, the "1NZ-FE" engine was replaced by the "2NR-FE" engine and a CVT. The TPMS became standard also.  In March 2018, the Yaris ATIV-based version with a refreshed exterior was launched. VSC, TRC and HAC became standard. The engine and transmission remain the same.

Vietnam.

The Vios was sold in Vietnam as the Vios E (5-speed manual), Vios E (CVT) and Vios G (CVT). All have the 1.5 L engine.  The facelift based on the Yaris-ATIV sedan was also available in Vietnam, the trim levels available are carried over from the pre-facelift model.  The model is the best-selling car in Vietnam continuously from 2014 to 2018, with 67,787 cars sold during the period.

Facelift.

The third generation facelift model Vios was unveiled at the April 2016 Auto China show. For the facelift model, there are projector headlamps with integrated LED light guides, a wider T-shaped grille and fog lamps shifted to the lower air-dam with vertical LED DRLs affixed on the bumper, similar to that of the XV70 series Camry. At the rear, the tail lamps feature LED-type units with revised graphics and feature a thinner linking chrome boot lid bar. The facelifted model based on the XP150 series Vios with restyled bumpers is exclusive to Thailand and China.  The Thai-market Vios is powered by the "2NR-FBE" engine, and offered in 3 trim levels called Entry, Mid and High. All models come with CVT and have standard TRC and VSC. The Mid and High models also come with rear disc brakes, rear view camera, LED Daytime Running Light (DRL) and alloy wheels. Smart entry and Start/Stop engine push button are for the top-of-the-line model.  In most Asian countries (excluding Japan and Hong Kong), the Yaris ATIV-based Vios is sold from 2018 as a facelift model. The 1.5 L model is coded NSP151, and it is also offered in India, the Middle East and Latin American countries as the Yaris Sedan. It measures an additional 10mm in length and 30mm in width, bearing similarities to the facelifted version of the Vios.  The Yaris ATIV-based Vios is sold in Singapore, Brunei, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Taiwan, the Philippines, Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia. In the first 6 countries, the Vios is offered with 1.5 L "2NR-FE" engine, while in the last 3 countries, it only powered by the smaller 1.3 L "1NR-FE" engine. The Vios is offered in the Philippines with the choice of 1.3 L or 1.5 L engine. Transmission for either engine is 5-speed manual or a CVT with seven simulated speeds. Generally, trim levels are Base, J, E and top-of-the-line G. The base model comes with 2 SRS Airbag, the middle and high grade models have 7 SRS Airbags, Vehicle Stability Control (VSC) and Hill-Start Assist Control (HAC). Daytime Running Lights (DRL), rear solid disc brakes, multi function steering switches, automatic climate control with digital display and smart keyless entry with push start are reserved for the top-of-the-line model. Singapore and Indonesia received the E and G trims, while Indonesian buyers can choose between manual or CVT, the only transmission for Singapore is CVT. The Vios for the Malaysian market is offered in J, E, and G trim levels; and only offered with CVT.

Gallery.

Pre-facelift styling Post-facelift styling (Vios-based facelift) Post-facelift styling (Yaris ATIV-based facelift) Vios FS (China)

The Toyota Vios is a subcompact car produced by the Japanese manufacturer Toyota, primarily for markets in the Asia-Pacific region since 2002.

丰田Vios是由四门小型轿车制作的日本制造商丰田,主要面向亚太地区的新兴市场。


Description.

The K-15 is a two-stage submarine-launched ballistic missile which uses a gas booster to eject out of its launch platform and rise up to the surface of water. A solid rocket motor is fired after the missile reaches a fixed altitude. The missile has a range of around and reaches a maximum altitude of during its flight.

Development.

Development of the K-15 missile started in the late 1990s with the goal of building a submarine-launched ballistic missile for use with the Indian Navy nuclear-powered s. It was developed at the Defence Research and Development Organisation’s (DRDO) missile complex in Hyderabad.  The development of the underwater missile launcher, known as Project 420, was completed in 2001 and handed over to the Indian Navy for trials. The missile launcher is developed at Hazira in Gujarat. The Sagarika missile began integration with India's nuclear-powered Arihant class submarine that began harbor trials on 26 July 2009.  By 2008, the missile was successfully test fired seven times, and tested to its full range up to four times. The tests of 26 February 2008, were conducted from a submerged pontoon beneath the surface off the coast of Visakhapatnam. A land-based version of the K-15 Sagarika was successfully test-fired on 12 November 2008. A full range test of the missile was done on 11 March 2012. The twelfth and final development trial of the missiles was conducted on 27 January 2013. According to DRDO Director General V. K. Saraswat, the missile was again tested for its full range of 700 km and met all its objectives with a single digit impact-accuracy. The test will be followed by integration of the missile with. On 25 November 2015, a dummy or unarmed K-15 "Sagarika" missile was successfully test fired from INS "Arihant". The missile was tested for a total of three times on August 11 and August 12, 2018. This completed the first phase of user trials of the missile.  The missile was fully operationalised in August 2018.

Sagarika (IAST: Sāgarikā; en: Oceanic), also known by the code names K-15 or B-05, is an Indian submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) with a range of that was designed for retaliatory nuclear strikes. It belongs to the K Missile family and forms a part of India's nuclear triad.

K-15海洋导弹 (梵语: सागरिका) 是一种核弹头潜射弹道导弹,射程为.它是K系列导弹最有名气的一种,组成了印度的核三位一体关键的潜射一极,并给印度提供了离岸打击的能力它之前长期被错误报导成巡航导弹。还有人误认为是“烈火2”导弹水下型,现在比较一致的看法是它是“大地3”的水下型。在它服役前,印度海军只拥有“丹努什”式水面舰载弹道导弹。


Early life and family.

Junqueras was born on 11 April 1969 in Sant Andreu de Palomar, a neighbourhood in the Sant Andreu district of Barcelona, Spain. His father was a high school teacher and his mother was a nurse. Aged two, he and his family moved to Sant Vicenç dels Horts in Baix Llobregat. His parents were persuaded by a nun to send him to the Liceo Italiano in Barcelona where he learned Italian. As a youngster he worked in the family's almond and olive orchards in Castellbell i el Vilar, Bages. He is a Catholic.  Junqueras claims he started supporting Catalan independence when he was eight years old. After school he joined the University of Barcelona, where he was an activist in the student union, to study economics but before completing the course, transferred to the Autonomous University of Barcelona, graduating with a bachelor's degree in modern and contemporary history. He obtained a Ph.D in "History of Economic Thought" from the Autonomous University of Barcelona in 2002 after producing a thesis on economic thought in Catalonia in the Early Modern Age (1520–1630).

Academic career.

Junqueras was professor of "Premodern History of East Asia" and "Bases of the Modern World at the Autonomous University of Barcelona's Department of Modern and Contemporary History. He has been an advisor and scriptwriter to a variety of Catalan radio and television programmes on politics and history, including "Conviure Amb el Risc", "El Favorit" (TV3, 2005), "En Guàrdia and El Nas de Cleòpatra" (Catalunya Ràdio), "Els Maquis", "La Guerra Silenciada" and "Minoría Absoluta and El Món" (RAC 1). He has co-authored several books including "Els Catalans i Cuba" (1998), "La Batalla de l'Ebre" (1999) and "La Presó Model de Barcelona" (2000). He is a member of the Center Excursionista of Sant Vicenç dels Horts and Orfeó Vicentí.

Political career.

Junqueras contested the 2003 local elections as a Republican Left of Catalonia-Acord Municipal (ERC-AM) electoral alliance candidate in Sant Vicenç dels Horts but failed to get elected. He contested the 2007 local elections as an ERC-AM candidate in Sant Vicenç dels Horts and was elected but the ERC-AM remained in opposition. He was re-elected at the 2011 local elections as a Junts per Sant Vicenç (JuntsxSVH) electoral alliance candidate. JuntsxSVH formed an administration with the Convergence and Union (CiU) and the Initiative for Catalonia Greens-United and Alternative Left (ICV-EUiA-E) and Junqueras became Mayor of Sant Vicenç dels Horts. He was re-elected at the 2015 local elections.  Junqueras contested the 2009 European elections as a Europe of the Peoples–Greens (EdP–V) electoral alliance candidate and was elected to the European Parliament. He became leader of the Republican Left of Catalonia in 2011.  Junqueras contested the 2012 regional election as a Republican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yes (ERC–CatSí) electoral alliance candidate in the Province of Barcelona and was elected to the Parliament of Catalonia. In December 2012 the ERC and CiU reached an agreement whereby the ERC would support Artur Mas' minority government. As part of the agreement an independence referendum would be held in 2014. Despite the agreement, and protests form the Socialists and Greens, Junqueras was appointed Leader of the Opposition in the Catalan Parliament in January 2013.  Junqueras was re-elected at the 2015 regional election as a Junts pel Sí (JxSí) electoral alliance candidate. In January 2016, following a last-minute agreement between pro-Catalan independence parties JxSí and Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP) to replace Mas, Junqueras was appointed Vice President of Catalonia and Minister of Economy and Finance.

Catalonia independence crisis.

In June 2017 the President of Catalonia Carles Puigdemont announced that a referendum on Catalan independence would be held on 1 October 2017. The Catalan Parliament passed legislation on 6 September 2017 authorising the referendum which would be binding and based on a simple majority without a minimum threshold. The following day Constitutional Court of Spain suspended the legislation, blocking the referendum. The Spanish government put into effect Operation Anubis in order to disrupt the organisation of the referendum and arrested Catalan government officials. Despite this the referendum went ahead though it was boycotted by those opposing independence and turnout was only 43%. 92% of those who voted supported independence. Around 900 people were injured as the Spanish police used violence to try to prevent voting in the referendum.  On 27 October 2017 the Catalan Parliament declared independence in a vote boycotted by opposition MPs. Almost immediately the Senate of Spain invoked article 155 of the constitution, dismissing Puigdemont and the Catalan government and imposing direct rule on Catalonia. The following day Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy dissolved the Catalan Parliament and called for fresh regional elections on 21 December 2017. On 30 October 2017 Spanish Attorney General José Manuel Maza laid charges of rebellion, sedition and misuse of public funds at the Audiencia Nacional against Puigdemont, Junqueras and other members of the Catalan government. The charges carry maximum sentences of 30, 15 and 6 years in prison respectively.

Imprisonment.

On 2 November 2017 Audiencia Nacional judge Carmen Lamela remanded in custody Junqueras and seven other Catalan ministers (Dolors Bassa, Meritxell Borràs, Joaquim Forn, Carles Mundó, Raül Romeva, Josep Rull and Jordi Turull) as she considered them a flight risk. The jailed ministers were separated and sent to five different prisons: Bassa and Borrás to Alcalá, Junqueras and Forn to Estremera, Mundó to Aranjuez prison, Romeva and Turull to Valdemoro and Rull to Navalcarnero. A ninth minister, Santi Vila, was freed on bail as he had resigned from the government the day before the declaration of independence, but had to spend a night in Estremera prison whilst his lawyers secured his €50,000 bail. According to their lawyer Jaume Alonso-Cuevillas, the ministers were mistreated in a rough ride to prison. They were allegedly handcuffed behind their backs without seat belts in a van going very fast, forced to listen to the Spanish national anthem on a loop and threatened by their guards. Mundo allegedly suffered injuries due to the handcuffs and two ministers were allegedly forced to strip to prevent them carrying anything into prison. Earlier, as the ministers arrived at the Audiencia Nacional, Spanish police officers were shown, in video obtained "Reuters" and published by the "La Vanguardia", making sneering, homophobic comments about the ministers, with one officer saying "Wait till you see what they do to the little teddy bear", referring to Junqueras, "When they get him on all fours, they’ll fix his eye".  On 1 December 2017 the eight jailed ministers and two jailed independence activists — Jordi Cuixart and Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol — appeared before Supreme Court judge Pablo Llarena to request bail while they await trial. They renounced the declaration of independence, pledged support for the imposition of direct rule and agreed to work within the law. On 4 December 2017 Llarena released, after 32 days in prison, six of the ministers (Bassa, Borrás, Mundó, Romeva, Rull and Turull) on bail of €100,000 but ordered that their passports be confiscated. However, Junqueras and Forn, together with Cuixart and Sànchez, were refused bail. In denying them bail, Llarena claimed that it remained to be seen if their pledge to abide by Spanish law was "truthful and real" and that there was a risk that they would commit the same crimes if released.  Whilst remaining in prison, Junqueras contested the 2017 regional election as an ERC–CatSí electoral alliance candidate and was re-elected to Parliament. At the election Catalan secessionists retained a slim majority in the Catalan Parliament. Junqueras was denied bail on 5 January 2018 by Supreme Court judges Miguel Colmenero, Alberto Jorge Barreiro and Francisco Monterde who said that "there is no sign that the defendant has any intention of abandoning the route he has followed until now". On 12 January 2018 Supreme Court judge Pablo Llarena denied permission for Junqueras to attend the opening session of the Catalan Parliament, or for him to be transferred to a Catalan prison so that he could be closer to his relatives, but opened the way for him to vote by proxy. When the Catalan Parliament met on 17 January 2018 it allowed the three jailed MPs - Forn, Junqueras and Sànchez - to vote by proxy, with Marta Rovira voting for Junqueras.  On 7 March 2018, the High Commissioner of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights reminded Spanish authorities that "pre-trial detention should be considered a measure of last resort," referring to Catalan politicians and activists arrested after the independence referendum.  On 4 July 2018, Junqueras was transferred to Lledoners Prison in Catalonia. Since then, several demonstrations of support have taken place at the door of the prison. In December 2018, the International Association of Democratic Lawyers issued a statement requesting the release of 'Catalan political prisoners'. On 1 February 2019, he was transferred back to the Madrilenian prison of Soto del Real, to face the trial that is expected to begin on 12 February 2019.  On 29 May 2019, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention urged Spain to release Junqueras, Cuixart and Sànchez and to investigate their "arbitrary" detention and the violation of their rights, as well as compensating them for the time spent in jail. The Spanish government criticised the report, arguing that the reasoning for their opinion did not take into account some of the alleged crimes. Spain's government issued a statement that raised "doubts" about the group's "independence and impartiality" and called on the U.N. to make sure that its semi-independent working groups are not used "for spurious purposes".  On 14 October 2019, Junqueras was sentenced by the Supreme Court to 13 years of prison and 13 years of inability to hold any public or private office. The European Court of Justice ruled on 19 December 2019 that Junqueras had parliamentary immunity as he was an elected MEP and should have been released from prison.

Personal life.

Junqueras married school teacher Neus Bramona in 2013. They have a son, Lluc, and a daughter, Joana.

Oriol Junqueras i Vies (; born 11 April 1969) is a Spanish politician, historian and academic from Catalonia. A former mayor of the municipality of Sant Vicenç dels Horts in north-eastern Spain, Junqueras served as Vice President of Catalonia from January 2016 to October 2017 when he was removed from office following the Catalan declaration of independence and entered prison, convicted to 13 years for his role in organizing the 2017 Catalan independence referendum. He is president of the Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC). Born in 1969 in Barcelona, Junqueras grew up in the municipality of Sant Vicenç dels Horts. After graduating from the Autonomous University of Barcelona, he taught history at the university.

奥里奥尔·容克拉斯-维耶斯(;1969年-4月11日),一译洪克拉斯,加泰罗尼亚政治人物、史学家,2016年1月至2017年10月间任西班牙加泰罗尼亚自治区副主席。其为圣维森特-德尔斯奥尔特斯市前市长、加泰罗尼亚共和左翼主席。2015年9月27日加泰罗尼亚议会选举中,其政党联盟“一起说是”在135个席次中赢得了62个席次。