Early life.

Family background.

Jonathan Jennings, the son of Jacob and Mary Kennedy Jennings, was born in either Readington Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey, or Rockbridge County, Virginia, on March 27, 1784. He was the sixth of the Jennings's eight children. His father was a doctor, Presbyterian missionary, and an ordained minister in the Dutch Reformed Church. His mother, who was well educated and practiced medicine, was the daughter of Samuel Kennedy, a Presbyterian minister at Basking Ridge, New Jersey. Mary, who may have had a medical degree, assisted her husband in his practice. Around 1790 Jennings's father moved the family to Dunlap Creek in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, where Jennings remained until his adulthood. After his mother's death in 1792, Jennings was raised by his older sister, Sarah, and his brother, Ebenezer. Jennings was particularly close to Ebenezer and his younger sister, Ann, and her husband, David G.

Confrontation with Harrison.

In August 1807 Jennings was appointed clerk of the Vincennes University board of trustees and began to be drawn into ongoing political disputes going on territory. The territorial governor, William Henry Harrison, was a member and president of the board. As governor of the Indiana Territory, Harrison wielded considerable influence through his political appointments and veto powers. Jennings received the university appointment after General Washington Johnston resigned as clerk of the board following a dispute over Harrison's proposal to ban the French residents of Vincennes from using the university's commons. The board defeated Harrison's proposal, but Johnston resigned as its clerk and Jennings was selected as his replacement over Henry Hurst, one of Harrison's loyal supporters. Harrison was outraged and promptly resigned from the

Courtship and marriage.

During his first session in Congress, Jennings had a small portrait of himself made, which he later gave to Ann Gilmore Hay, the daughter of a prominent Charlestown politician, whom he had recently begun courting. Hay was born in Harrodsburg, Kentucky, in 1792. Her family moved to Clark County in Indiana Territory, and settled in Charlestown. Jennings first met her when he was campaigning for Congress in 1809. After his first session in Congress

Congressman.

Battle with Harrison.

Angered over his electoral loss, Randolph harangued anti-Harrison supporters, even challenging one to a duel. He was stabbed three times, but recovered and challenged Jennings in his bid for reelection in 1810. Harrison came out to personally stump on Randolph's behalf. Jennings focused on the slavery issue and tied Randolph to Harrison's continued attempts to legalize the institution. The congressional election coincided with the first popular election of delegates to the territorial legislature. In 1809, a year prior to the election, the territory's pro-slavery faction suffered a significant setback when Illinois was separated from the Indiana Territory, cutting Harrison off from his supporters in the western portion

Push for statehood.

By 1815 Jennings and the territorial legislature were ready to embark on a course for statehood. In December 1815 Jennings's introduced a petition from the territorial legislature to Congress that requested statehood for Indiana. The 1815 census showed the territory had a population exceeding 63,000, more than the minimum requirement for statehood under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. The House began a debate on the measure and passed the Enabling Act on April 11, 1816. The act granted Indiana the right to form a government and elect delegates to a constitutional convention that would create a state constitution. The territorial governor, Thomas Posey, expressed concern that the territory was too under-populated to provide sufficient tax revenue to fund a state government. In a letter to President Madison, he recommended

Governor.

Campaign and election.

At the state convention in June 1816, Jennings may have informed some of the delegates that he intended to run for governor and by early July 1816 he had publicly announced his candidacy. Thomas Posey, Indiana's last territorial governor, was Jennings's opponent. Posey announced his own candidacy for governor prior to the convention's adjournment on June 29, 1816. With just five weeks before the August 5 election, there was little active campaigning. Posey, who thought Indiana statehood was premature, was not a popular candidate and suffered from health issues. Jennings won by a large majority, 5,211 votes to 3,934. Most of Jennings's votes probably came from the eastern portion of the state, where his support was particularly strong, while Posey's probably came from the western portion. Jennings moved to the new state capital at Corydon, where he served the duration of his term as governor.  Jennings's salary as governor, which was the highest for an

Internal improvements.

In 1818, Jennings began promoting a large-scale plan for internal improvements in the state. Most of the projects were directed toward construction of roads, canals, and other projects to enhance the commercial appeal and economic viability of the state. During Jennings's second term the state government continued to support public improvements, with new road construction and expanded settlement into central Indiana. After Indianapolis became the site for the state's permanent capital in 1821 and new settlers arrived in the area, the Indiana General Assembly appropriated $100,000 for new road construction and improvements to some of the more important routes, but it was considerably short of the amount needed.  The state experienced budget shortages because of low tax revenues, which forced Jennings to pursue other means of financing the projects. The main sources of funds came from issuing government

Treaty of St. Mary's.

In late 1818, Jennings was appointed as a federal commissioner, along with Lewis Cass and Benjamin Parke, to negotiate a treaty with the Native Americans (Potawatomi, Wea, Miami, and Delaware), who lived in the northern and central parts of Indiana. The Treaty of St. Mary's allowed the State of Indiana to purchase millions of acres of land north of an 1809 treaty line and extending west to the Wabash River and two more parcels of land, which opened most of central Indiana to American settlement. The

Personal financial problems.

Jennings's personal finances suffered from the panic of 1819, while the Indiana governorship continued to increase his financial burden. Jennings was never able to recover from his debts. One historian suggests that Jennings's financial situation may arisen from the expenses incurred during his political campaigns, his long-time service in state government, and being too busy to adequately manage his farm. Jennings and his wife frequently entertained visitors, legislators, and other dignitaries at their Corydon home. At a high-profile dinner in 1819, he hosted President James Monroe and General Andrew Jackson at a dinner held in their honor in

Return to Congress.

In September 1822, shortly before his second term as governor expired, Jennings became a candidate for Congress after William Hendricks resigned his seat to run for Indiana governor. A special election was held on August 5, 1822, to fill Hendricks's vacant seat in Congress. At the same time, the state's increased population gave Indiana three congressional seats. A regular congressional election was held on the same day to elect three Indiana congressmen. Jennings and Davis Floyd were the principal candidates in the special election, which Jennings won. In the regular election to fill the seat for Indiana's Second Congressional District, Jennings easily won, defeating James Scott by a wide margin. Jennings became a Democratic-Republican to the 17th Congress and Lieutenant Governor

Later years.

Jennings was twice-elected Grand Master of the Indiana Grand Lodge of Freemasons, serving in 1824 and 1825. He declined reelection in 1825.

Retirement.

Jennings retired with his wife, Clarissa, to his home in Charlestown. Tipton may have felt it had been mistake to force Jennings out of public service and hoped that work would force him to give up alcohol. In 1831 Tipton secured Jennings an appointment to negotiate a treaty with native tribes in northern Indiana. Jennings attended the negotiations of the Treaty of Tippecanoe, but the delegation failed in their attempt. Afterwards, Jennings returned to his farm, where his health steadily declined. He continued drinking alcohol, spending considerable time a local tavern, and was frequently discovered sleeping in streets or in roadside ditches. Jenning's alcoholism worsened to

Legacy.

Memorials.

In the late nineteenth century, several attempts were made to erect a monument honoring Jennings's public service. On three separate occasions, in 1861, 1869 and 1889, petitions were brought before the Indiana General Assembly to erect a marker for Jennings's grave, but each attempt failed. In 1892 the state legislature finally granted the petition to erect a monument in his honor. Around the same time, after Jennings's unmarked gravesite was independently verified

Political impact.

Historians have offered varied interpretations of Jennings's life and his impact on the development of Indiana. The state's early historians, William Wesley Woollen and Jacob Piatt Dunn Jr., wrote of Jennings in an almost mythical manner, focusing on the strong positive leadership he provided Indiana in its formative years. Dunn referred to Jennings as the "young Hercules", praising his crusade against Harrison and slavery. Woolen's assessment was also positive: "Indiana owes him a debt more than she can compute." During the prohibition era in the early twentieth century, historians Logan Esarey and Arthur Blythe were more critical of Jennings. Esarey, who wrote about Jennings during the height of Prohibition, when attitudes towards alcohol consumption was particularly harsh, was highly critical of Jennings's alcoholism and destitution. Blythe described Jennings's abilities as "mediocre." Esarey argued that Jennings "took no decisive stand" on the important issues and dismissed his importance and impact on Indiana, saying the legislature and its

Jonathan Jennings (March 27, 1784 – July 26, 1834) was the first governor of Indiana and a nine-term congressman from Indiana. Born in either Hunterdon County, New Jersey, or Rockbridge County, Virginia, he studied law before immigrating to the Indiana Territory in 1806. Jennings initially intended to practice law, but took jobs as an assistant at the federal land office at Vincennes and assistant to the clerk of the territorial legislature to support himself and pursued interests in land speculation and politics. Jennings became involved in a dispute with the territorial governor, William Henry Harrison, that soon led him to enter politics and set the tone for his early political career. In 1808 Jennings moved to the eastern part of the Indiana Territory and settled near Charlestown, in Clark County. He was elected as the Indiana Territory's delegate to the U.S. Congress by dividing the pro-Harrison supporters and running as an anti-Harrison candidate. By 1812 he was the leader of the anti-slavery and pro-statehood faction of the territorial government. Jennings and his political allies took control of the territorial assembly and dominated governmental affairs after the resignation of Governor Harrison in 1812. As a congressional delegate Jennings aided passage of the Enabling Act in 1816, which authorized the organization of Indiana's state government and state constitution. He was elected president of the Indiana constitutional convention, held in Corydon in June 1816, where he helped draft the state's first constitution. Jennings supported the effort to ban slavery in the state and favored a strong legislative branch of government.

乔纳森·詹宁斯(英语:Jonathan Jennings,1784年-3月27日-1834年-7月26日),美国政治人物,1816年11月7日至1822年9月12日担任印第安纳州州长,为印第安纳州第1任州长。


趣味游戏 (2007年电影)

Plot.

George and Ann Farber, their son Georgie, and their dog Lucky arrive at their lake house. Their next-door neighbour, Fred, is seen with two young men, Peter and Paul. They find Fred reacting somewhat awkwardly. Fred and Paul come over to help put the boat into the lake. After they leave, George and Georgie stay outside by the lake, tending to their boat. Georgie asks his father why Fred was behaving so strangely.  While Ann is in the kitchen cooking, Peter visits and asks to borrow some eggs. Ann gives him the eggs but Peter clumsily drops them. Feeling a little annoyed after Peter accidentally knocks her phone into the sink filled with water, Ann gives him another four eggs and he leaves. Soon afterwards she hears Lucky barking and finds Peter and Paul inside together. Lucky had jumped on Peter, causing him to break the second batch of eggs. Paul asks her to try out one of the golf clubs outside, and she begrudgingly agrees. In the boat, George and Georgie hear Lucky barking hysterically when suddenly the barking stops. Peter and Paul request more eggs, and Ann becomes frustrated, but George arrives and tries to force the men to leave, slapping Paul. In retaliation, Peter breaks one of George's legs with the golf club. The two young men then take the family hostage.  Paul guides Ann on a hunt to find the family's dog, which he had killed with George's golf club. When their neighbors, the Thompsons, visit, Ann passes the two men off as friends. After returning to the house, the Farbers are forced to participate in a number of sadistic games in order to stay alive. Paul asks if George or Ann wants to bet that they will be alive by 9:00 in the morning, and says that he and Peter are betting they will not be. Paul frequently ridicules Peter's weight and lack of intelligence, and describes a number of contradicting stories of Peter's past, although no definitive explanation is ever presented as to the men's origins or motives.  During the "games", Peter and Paul put Georgie's head in a bag and ask Ann to strip naked. Georgie is nearly suffocated until George asks Ann to follow the men's instructions. When released from the bag, Georgie escapes the house with the help of his parents. He goes to the neighbors', where he discovers their bloody corpses. Meanwhile, Paul pushes Ann, whose hands have been tied with tape behind her back, onto a sofa that is some space away from George, and ties her ankles with tape before going out to search for Georgie, leaving Peter to watch over the Farbers. Ann asks why they do not directly kill them, and Peter answers that they should not forget the fun of the games. When Peter goes to kitchen to get eggs, Ann jumps to George but George fails to untie her before Peter comes back, and Peter beats her and breaks the eggs again. Ann begs Peter to let them go, but he refuses. Georgie finds a shotgun in the neighbors' house and Paul tells him to go ahead and shoot him with it, but the gun fails to go off. Paul returns him to the living room, and gives the shotgun to Peter.  The men play a new game, saying whoever gets counted out will be shot. While Paul is in the kitchen getting something to eat, Georgie panics and runs, which results in Peter shooting and killing him. Paul berates Peter for being trigger-happy, and the two men decide to briefly leave. George and Ann are grief-stricken over their loss, but they eventually resolve to survive. Ann is able to free herself and flee the house while George desperately tries to make a call on the malfunctioning phone. Ann fails to find help, only to be re-captured by Peter and Paul, who bring her back to the house.  After stabbing George, they tell Ann to say a prayer before making a choice for her husband; a painful and prolonged death with the "little" knife, or a quick and brutal death with the "big" shotgun. While Paul is talking, Ann seizes the shotgun on the table in front of her and kills Peter. An enraged Paul grabs the shotgun and starts looking for the television remote. Upon finding it, he rewinds the last occurrences back to a moment before Ann grabs the shotgun, breaking the fourth wall. On the "do over", Paul snatches the shotgun away before she can grab it and admonishes her, saying she is not allowed to break the rules.  Peter and Paul kill George and take Ann, bound and gagged, out onto the family's boat. Ann tries to free herself, but is caught by Paul and Peter. Around eight o'clock in the morning, they nonchalantly throw her into the water to drown, thus winning their bet. They knock on the door of the Thompsons' house and request some eggs. The film ends with Paul glancing at the camera with a smirk.

Cast.

For 2007's American remake, the character of Gerda was renamed "Betsy", the second family to fall victim to Paul and Peter were given the surname "Farber" and the third family were given the surname "Thompson".

Development.

Michael Haneke wanted to make a film set in the United States, but for practical reasons he had to set the original 1997 film in Austria.  After the 2007 film used the same house including props and tones, Robert Koehler of "Cineaste" wrote that this "proves for certain that—whether he uses the great cinematographer Jurgen Jurges (for the 1997 version) or the great Darius Khondji (for the new film)—Haneke is fundamentally his own cinematographer exercising considerable control over the entire look of his films."

Release.

The film made its British premiere at the London Film Festival on 20 October 2007. Its United States premiere was at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival on 19 January 2008. It began a limited release in the United States and Canada on 14 March 2008, distributed by Warner Independent. A wider release to more theaters came on 8 April 2008. The film was shown at the Istanbul Film Festival in April 2008. It did not receive a wide theatrical release in the United States before coming out on DVD. "Funny Games" was a box office failure, grossing a little more than half of its $15 million budget. "Guardian" writer Geoffrey Macnab included "Funny Games"s lack of success among the reasons for the closure of Tartan Films, which co-produced the film and released it in the United Kingdom. In Germany, the film was released under the title "Funny Games U.S.".  The film's poster, done by Akiko Stehrenberger, is considered by professional poster designer Adrian Curry to be his favorite film poster of the 2000s.

Home media.

The DVD was released on 10 June 2008, in the US. The DVD does not contain any extra material but instead it includes both widescreen and full screen editions on one disc. In the UK, the DVD and Blu-ray were released on 28 July with the extra material being the original theatrical trailer, Q&A with producers Hamish McAlpine and Chris Coen, interviews with the cast, viral video clips and film notes.

Themes.

Haneke states that the entire film was not intended to be a horror film. He says he wanted to make a message about violence in the media by making an incredibly violent, but otherwise pointless movie. He had written a short essay revealing how he felt on the issue, called "Violence + Media." The essay is included as a chapter in the book "A Companion to Michael Haneke."

Reception.

The film received mixed reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 51% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 142 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Though made with great skill, "Funny Games" is nevertheless a sadistic exercise in chastising the audience." Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 44 out of 100, based on 33 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".  Todd Gilchrist from IGN called the film "Unrelenting and brilliant, "Funny Games" is a truly great film – an incisive, artistic triumph that doubles as a remarkably thrilling and unique cinematic experience." Conversely, Joshua Rothkopf from "Time Out New York" called the film "a sour project that defines anti-imaginative." A.O. Scott of the "New York Times" wrote: "At least with the remake "Funny Games", Mr. Haneke shows a certain kinship with someone like Eli Roth, whose "Hostel" movies have brought nothing but scorn from responsible critics." "The Chicago Sun-Times" review of 14 March 2008 gave the film a mere half-star out of a possible four.  "The Times" of London ranked it #25 on its 100 Worst Films of 2008 list, calling it "art-house torture porn."

Soundtrack.

The music in the introduction and the closing credits is "Bonehead" by Naked City from the album "Torture Garden".

Funny Games (alternatively titled Funny Games U.S.) is a 2007 internationally co-produced psychological thriller film written and directed by Michael Haneke, an Austrian, and a remake of his own 1997 film of the same name. Naomi Watts, Tim Roth, Michael Pitt, and Brady Corbet star in the main roles. The film is a shot-for-shot remake of the 1997 film, albeit in English and set in the United States with different actors. Like the original, the film follows a middle class family as they encountered two young men on their vacation. The family was subsequently captured and tortured by them, giving them until the next day to survive. Exterior scenes were filmed on Long Island. The film is an international co-production of the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Italy. Haneke has stated that the film is a reflection and criticism of violence used in media.

趣味游戏(英语:Funny Games)是2007年上映的惊悚片,翻拍自奥地利导演迈克尔·哈内克在1997年的同名作品。


Development.

The Type 63/68 was intended to replace the Type 56 semi-automatic carbine in Chinese service at one time when infantry felt the need for a compromise between rifle firepower and long rifle range and to help the Type 56 rifle integrate into service as there were too few of these to equip the entire PLA. The development of the Type 63/68 started in 1959; the design certificate was issued in 1963 (which is why the Chinese designation is "Type 63"), and the rifle entered service within the PLA in 1968 (which is why the weapon is referred to as the "Type 68" by Western experts).  Other than China, the biggest user of the Type 63 rifle was Albania, where it was exported in quantities when the Communist regime split from the Soviet sphere of influence to gain stricter relationships with China (to which it also granted, for a certain amount of time, a naval base in the Mediterranean Sea). The Type 63 rifle was also exported by China to North Vietnam during the Vietnam War, and throughout the 1970s, it was also sent in smaller amounts to Burma, Cambodia and other countries in Asia and Africa. Shipments were also made to Afghanistan to support the local guerrilla fighters against the Soviet invasion.

Design.

The Type 63/68 rifle is a select-fire weapon, fed by proprietary "cut-down" 20-round magazines or standard AK-47 30-round magazines, although these require minor modifications (removal of the bolt hold-open device) to fit. The fire selector is placed on the right side of the weapon right above the trigger guard, at index finger reach. The Type 63/68 rifle also features a non-removable folding spike-bayonet and a gas regulator system to use standard live ammunition or blank ammunition for the launch of rifle grenades.  The Type 63/68 was an outdated design already at the moment of its adoption. It responded to a military philosophy based on the use of masses, rather than individual weapons, a philosophy that claimed the troops to be able to stop the enemy advance by rifle shots at extremely long distances and by relying on the use of the bayonet for the final close-quarters engagements.  As such, the Type 63/68 had the accuracy and range of an "old time" rifle but was too long and heavy to be serviceable and lacked the firepower of a true modern assault rifle as it was less than controllable in full-automatic fire. Additionally, design flaws and poor manufacturing qualities erupted with user experience gaining a reputation of unreliability. Poor performance and increasing availability of more modern weapons (Chinese-made AK clones) in Chinese service caused the final withdrawal of this weapon from PLA use in 1978.  Several thousand of these rifles, with welded semi-auto-only selectors, were imported as surplus into Australia and sold to the public in the late 1980s. It was shown that the guns could be converted back to select fire, although one required a reasonable knowledge, metalworking skill, and access to the right machinery. Customs made an attempt to recover them, but an unknown number were unrecovered. Several dozen have turned up in the hands of OPM rebels in West Irian, Indonesia. They have also been seen in the recent fighting in Bangladesh, but whether or not they came from Australia is unknown as the Chinese "sold" many Type 63/68s on to other interested parties.

Rifle loading.

The Type 63 can be loaded in four different ways because of its system:

The Type 63 (), often incorrectly referred to as Type 68 by Western sources, is a Chinese-designed rifle with a resemblance to the SKS. However, the weapon uses a rotating bolt working system from the AK-47 rifle instead of the tilting bolt system of the SKS. It is based on the Type 56 carbine (Chinese SKS) and the Type 56 assault rifle.

63式7.62毫米自动步枪(简称63式,西方国家往往误称为68式自动步枪)是一款由中华人民共和国基于56式半自动步枪(仿制自SKS)而设计的自动步枪。然而,此武器使用的转拴式枪栓操作系统(枪机回转式闭锁)却是来自AK突击步枪系统,而不是SKS的操作系统(枪机倾斜式闭锁)。1963年完成了设计定型。1969年投入大量生产和装备部队,至1978年停产、撤装。发射7.62×39毫米苏联口径中间型威力步枪子弹。


Early life.

McDonagh was born in Camberwell, London, to Irish parents. His mother (originally from Killeenduff, Easky, County Sligo) and his father (originally from Leitir Mealláin, Connemara, County Galway) moved back to Galway in 1992, leaving McDonagh and his brother (writer-director John Michael McDonagh) in London.

Career.

Theatre.

Separated into two trilogies, McDonagh's first six plays are located in and around County Galway, where he spent his holidays as a child. The first is set in Leenane, a small village on the west coast of Ireland, and consists of "The Beauty Queen of Leenane" (1996), "A Skull in Connemara" (1997) and "The Lonesome West" (1997). His second trilogy is set across the Aran Islands, off the coast of County Galway, and consists of "The Cripple of Inishmaan" (1996), "The Lieutenant of Inishmore" (2001) and "The Banshees of Inisheer". The third play was never published, as McDonagh insisted it "isn't any good", though he has expressed a desire to return to it when he is older.  McDonagh's first non-Irish play, "The Pillowman", is set in a fictitious totalitarian state and premiered at the Royal National Theatre in 2003, after a reading at the Finborough Theatre in 1995.  "A Behanding in Spokane" is McDonagh's first play that is set in the United States and it premiered on Broadway in March 2010. Lead actor Christopher Walken was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for his performance as a killer looking for the hand he lost in his youth.  McDonagh also penned two prize-winning radio plays, one of which is "The Tale of the Wolf and the Woodcutter".  In February 2010, an announcement revealed that McDonagh was working on a new stage musical with composer Tom Waits and director Robert Wilson.

The Leenane Trilogy.

"The Beauty Queen of Leenane".

The story of the dysfunctional relationship between a spinster and her domineering mother, during the course of which the former faces her last chance at love, and the latter faces a rather grim end. The play was well received on its opening night in Galway in 1996 and was next produced Off-Broadway at the Atlantic Theater Company in 1998. The play transferred to Broadway in April 1998 and was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Play.

"A Skull in Connemara".

A Connemara man is employed to exhume skeletons in an overcrowded graveyard and he encounters the wife whom he was once accused of killing. The play premiered in 1997 at Town Hall Theatre, Galway. The play was presented at the Royal Court Theatre (London), and made its US premiere at the A Contemporary Theatre (ACT) in Seattle, Washington in July to August 2000. The play ran Off-Broadway in January to May 2001 at the Gramercy Theatre, produced by the Roundabout Theatre.

"The Lonesome West".

Two brothers bicker in the aftermath of the supposedly accidental fatal shooting of their father. The play ran on Broadway in 1999 and received a Tony Award nomination for Best Play in 1999.

The Aran Islands Trilogy.

"The Cripple of Inishmaan".

A dark comedy in which a crippled teenager schemes to attain a role in "Man of Aran". The play opened in 1997 at the Royal National Theatre (Cottesloe) in London. It opened in April 1998 Off-Broadway at the Joseph Papp Public Theater, with Ruaidhri Conroy in the title role on both occasions. Also in 1998, Frederick Koehler played the title role in the Geffen Playhouse production in Los Angeles, California.  In December 2008, "The Cripple of Inishmaan" was produced Off-Broadway by the Atlantic Theater Company, in conjunction with The Druid Theatre Company of Galway, Ireland.

"The Lieutenant of Inishmore".

The play was written as a response to the 1993 Warrington bombings when two children were killed by the IRA. It is a dark comedy in which the insane leader of an INLA (Irish National Liberation Army) splinter group discovers that his best friend, a cat, has been killed. The play was produced Off-Broadway in February 2006 by the Atlantic Theater Company. It transferred to Broadway in May 2006 and received a 2006 Tony Award nomination for Best Play.

"The Banshees of Inisheer".

The finale of the Aran Islands trilogy. Unproduced and unpublished, it is "a portrait of an ageing writer with declining skills". As of February 2020, McDonagh was reported to be working on a film with the same title as a name. It is not known if it is related to, or based on, the unproduced play.

Other plays.

"The Pillowman".

A writer in a non-specified totalitarian state is interrogated over the content of several of his Brothers Grimm-style short stories. The play was awarded the Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play in 2004 and received a 2005 Tony Award nomination for Best Play.

"A Behanding in Spokane".

A play in which the character of Carmichael has been searching for his missing left hand for a quarter of a century. The play opened on Broadway in March 2010. The play was nominated for the 2010 Drama League award, Distinguished Production of a Play.

"Hangmen".

A play following Harry Wade, England's second-best hangman, after the abolition of hanging in Great Britain in 1965. The play premiered at the Royal Court Theatre, London, in September 2015. The play was awarded the Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play in 2016.

"A Very Very Very Dark Matter".

A play set in a townhouse in Copenhagen that reveals the dark source of the tales of children's author Hans Christian Andersen, as well as of the writer Charles Dickens. Premiered at the Bridge Theatre, London in October 2018.

Film.

McDonagh has stated that he prefers writing films to plays, as he holds a "respect for the whole history of films and a slight disrespect for theatre." In a 1998 conversation with Irish drama critic Fintan O'Toole in "BOMB" magazine, McDonagh further explained, It's not that I don't respect theatre. I'm intelligent enough to know that a play can completely inspire a person as much as a film...[but] theatre isn't something that's connected to me, from a personal point of view, I can't appreciate what I'm doing.In an interview in 2005, the "New York Times" writer observed that McDonagh "now seems more comfortably resigned to the storytelling powers of drama, if still dismissive of its inherent elitism. 'It's kind of weird working in an art form that's not, well...,' he stops and starts again. 'It's strange to be working in an art form that costs $100 to participate in.'" In an interview with Sean O'Hagan of "The Guardian", McDonagh said theatre "is never going to be edgy in the way I want it to be", when discussing his absence from London theatre and promoting his new play "Hangmen".  In 2006, McDonagh won an Academy Award for his short film "Six Shooter" (2004), which is his first film that he wrote and directed. "Six Shooter" is a black comedy (as are his plays) that features Brendan Gleeson, Rúaidhrí Conroy, David Wilmot and Aisling O'Sullivan. It was shot on location in Wicklow, Waterford and Rosslare. In the short film, Gleeson's character encounters a strange, and possibly psychotic, young man during a train journey homeward following his wife's death.  McDonagh entered into an agreement with the Focus Features film production company to direct "In Bruges", a feature-length film based on his own screenplay. Two Irish hitmen hide in the Flemish city of Bruges after a problematic job. Released in the US in 2008, the film features Colin Farrell, Ralph Fiennes and Brendan Gleeson. "In Bruges" was the Opening Night film for the 2008 Sundance Festival and the Jameson Dublin International Film Festival, and McDonagh received a nomination for Best Original Screenplay at the 81st Academy Awards.  In a 2008 interview with "Stop Smiling" magazine, McDonagh said, "I've got a couple of film scripts that are ready to go. I'm not going to do anything with them for a couple of years, until I've travelled and had some fun. But there's one called "Seven Psychopaths"; if I do another film, that'll be it. I hope you like it." The production of the film was confirmed in May 2011 and it was eventually released in North America on 12 October 2012. Colin Farrell, Sam Rockwell, Woody Harrelson, Christopher Walken, and Tom Waits star in the film.  McDonagh wrote and directed his drama-dark film "Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri" (2017), starring Frances McDormand, Woody Harrelson, and Sam Rockwell, which premiered at the Venice Film Festival on 4 September and won the People's Choice Award at the Toronto International Film Festival on 17 September 2017. "Three Billboards" won four awards at the 2017 Golden Globes, including Best Screenplay for McDonagh.

Personal life.

As of 2018, McDonagh is in a relationship with writer and actor Phoebe Waller-Bridge.

Filmography.

Executive producer

Martin Faranan McDonagh (; born 26 March 1970) is an Irish-British playwright, screenwriter, producer, and director. Born and brought up in London, the son of Irish parents, he is considered among the most acclaimed living Irish playwrights. A winner of the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film, McDonagh has been nominated for three other Academy Awards, and in 2018 won three BAFTA Awards from four nominations and two Golden Globe Awards from three nominations for his film "Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri".

马丁·麦多纳(英语:Martin McDonagh,,1970年-3月26日)是一名英国与爱尔兰男剧作家、编剧和导演。麦多纳常为舞台剧撰写剧本而闻名,而曾被誉为最重要的爱尔兰剧作家之一。此外,麦多纳也是名电影导演与编剧,较知名的作品如《杀手没有假期》(2008年)和《疯狗绑票令》(2012年)。2017年作品《三块广告牌》赢得了第74届威尼斯影展最佳剧本奖、第75届金球奖最佳戏剧类影片和最佳剧本,以及第71届英国电影学院奖最佳电影、最佳英国电影和最佳原创剧本。


History.

Hancock got its start in the year 1880, following construction of the Rock Island Railroad through the territory. It was named for its founder, F. H. Hancock.

Geography.

Hancock is located at (41.390511, -95.362944).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and is water.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 196 people, 88 households, and 62 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 95 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 95.9% White, 0.5% Native American, 2.0% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6% of the population.  There were 88 households of which 26.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.7% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 8.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29.5% were non-families. 23.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.53.  The median age in the city was 48 years. 18.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23% were from 25 to 44; 32.1% were from 45 to 64; and 21.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.0% male and 50.0% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 207 people, 90 households, and 68 families living in the city. The population density was 277.1 people per square mile (106.6/km2). There were 97 housing units at an average density of 129.9 per square mile (49.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.52% White and 0.48% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0% of the population.  There were 90 households out of which 21.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.1% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.4% were non-families. 22.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.68.  16.4% are under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 23.2% from 25 to 44, 30.4% from 45 to 64, and 19.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.6 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $33,056, and the median income for a family was $37,500. Males had a median income of $31,429 versus $19,083 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,200. About 2.6% of families and 2.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.3% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those sixty five or over.

Education.

The community is served by the AHSTW Community School District. It was in the Hancock-Avoca Community School District until July 1, 1996, when that district merged into the A-H-S-T Community School District. That one in turn merged into AHSTW on July 1, 2016.

Hancock is a city in Pottawattamie County, Iowa, United States, along the West Nishnabotna River. The population was 196 at the 2010 census.

汉考克(英语:Hancock)是一个位于美国爱荷华州波特瓦特米县的城市。


Synopsis.

Setting.

"Soul Eater" is set at — for short — located in the fictional Death City in Nevada, United States. The school is run by Shinigami, also known as Death, as a training facility for humans with the ability to transform into weapons, as well as the wielders of those weapons, called. Attending this school are Maka Albarn and her scythe partner, Soul Eater; assassin Black Star and his partner, Tsubaki Nakatsukasa, who can turn into various ninja weapons; and Shinigami's son, Death the Kid, and his pistol partners, Liz and Patty Thompson. The goal of the school's meister students is to have their weapons absorb the souls of 99 evil humans and one witch, which dramatically increases the weapon's power and turns them into "death scythes" used by Shinigami.

Plot.

Maka and Soul Eater battle the witch Medusa, who forces Crona, her child and meister of the demon sword Ragnarok, to collect non-evil human souls and eventually transform into a, an evil god. Medusa and her cohorts attack DWMA to revive Asura, the first "kishin" who nearly plunged the entire world into madness before being sealed beneath DWMA by Shinigami. Despite the combined efforts of Maka, Black Star, and Death the Kid, Medusa's group successfully revives Asura, who leaves to spread chaos around the world after a brief battle with Shinigami. Medusa is seemingly killed by meister and DWMA teacher Franken Stein, while Crona surrenders to DWMA and enrolls there.  As a result of Asura's spreading madness, Medusa's sister Arachne comes out of hiding and reforms her organization, Arachnophobia, which poses a serious threat to DWMA. Shinigami calls in death scythes from around the world to aid in the fight against Arachnophobia. During this time, Medusa reappears with her soul possessing the body of a young girl, and forms a truce with DWMA so they can annihilate Arachnophobia together. The DWMA students and Medusa's entourage infiltrate Arachnophobia's headquarters, where Maka kills Arachne, only for Medusa to betray DWMA, possess Arachne's body, and brainwash Crona into rejoining her. Meanwhile, Death the Kid is captured by Noah, an artificial construct created from the Book of Eibon. Following this, Maka uses Arachne's soul to turn Soul Eater into a death scythe. The duo become part of the newly formed meister unit Spartoi along with their friends, who rescue Death the Kid and defeat Noah.  Crona resurfaces in a city in Russia, destroying it and the death scythe stationed there, before being provoked by Medusa into killing her and getting taken by insanity. Maka is ordered by Shinigami to hunt down Crona; while searching for Crona with her powers, she unwittingly detects Asura's location on the cartoonish moon within the atmosphere. DWMA launches an attack on the moon to defeat Asura, aided by the witches after Death the Kid convinces them to establish a temporary alliance. During the battle, Crona absorbs Asura's body before being overtaken by him. Maka, Black Star, and Death the Kid eventually restore Crona's sanity and defeat Asura by sealing him on the moon with his own blood; Crona willingly remains with Asura to keep him imprisoned, and Maka promises to one day rescue Crona. The DWMA forces return to Earth, where Death the Kid becomes the new Shinigami following his father's death, and establishes a peace treaty with the witches.

Production.

After the end of his first manga series, "B.Ichi", Atsushi Ōkubo created a one-shot story called "Soul Eater" published in "Gangan Powered". Japanese readers were so fascinated by it that Ōkubo created two other one-shots called "Black Star" and "Death the Kid". Since the results were high, the editor of Gangan Comics asked Ōkubo to create a series from his one-shots which became the introductory chapters to "Soul Eater".  In an interview, Ōkubo stated that the series was greatly inspired by ideas from Tim Burton's animations, and by concepts from "Harry Potter". Ōkubo also stated he made the hero (or heroine) of the series, Maka, a female to differ from the traditional male hero found in most shōnen manga. He also said the series' title, "Soul Eater", was intended to refer to Asura and his desire to eat innocent souls, and not to the character, Soul. Ōkubo has explained that, when he began "Soul Eater", he already had the plot and details like the DWMA fully formed and shared with his editors. He thought too many manga had characters who were developed through flashbacks, which he considered too clever. Therefore, he decided to develop his characters in the present rather than referring to their pasts, and to focus on "action and momentum," so he could "write freely."

Media.

Manga.

"Soul Eater" is written and illustrated by Atsushi Ōkubo. The manga initially began as three separate one-shots published between June 24, 2003 and November 26, 2003 across two manga magazines published by Square Enix: The first one-shot, "Soul Eater" was published in the summer 2003 special edition of "Gangan Powered". The second one-shot, "Black Star", was published in the autumn 2003 special edition of the same magazine. The third and final one-shot, "Death the Kid" was published in the 2004 1st issue of "Gangan Wing". The manga was serialized in Square Enix's "Monthly Shōnen Gangan" manga magazine between the June 2004 issue published on May 12, 2004 and the September 2013 issue published on August 12, 2013. Square Enix compiled the series into 25 "tankōbon" volumes released under their Gangan Comics imprint in Japan between June 22, 2004 and December 12, 2013.  The manga has been licensed by Yen Press for distribution in English in North America. The manga was initially serialized in Yen Press' "Yen Plus" anthology magazine; the first issue went on sale on July 29, 2008. The first English volume of the manga was published on October 27, 2009.  Another manga series which runs alongside the main series, titled, began serialization in the February 2011 issue of "Monthly Shōnen Gangan" published on January 12, 2011. "Soul Eater Not!" is licensed by Yen Press, and it is released in English simultaneously. The first "tankōbon" volume was released on September 22, 2011, and as of July 21, 2012, two volumes had been released.

Drama CD.

A drama CD was released on August 31, 2005 by Square Enix titled. The CD came bundled with an art book and a script of the CD dialogue. Of the cast used for the drama CD, only Black Star's voice actress Yumiko Kobayashi was retained for the anime voice cast.

Anime series.

A 51-episode anime adaptation was directed by Takuya Igarashi and produced by Bones, Aniplex, Dentsu, Media Factory, and TV Tokyo; Bones and Aniplex were responsible for the animation and music production respectively. The scenario writer was Akatsuki Yamatoya who based the anime's story on Atsushi Ōkubo original concept. Character design was headed by Yoshiyuki Ito, with overall art direction by Norifumi Nakamura. The anime's conceptual design was done by Shinji Aramaki.  The episodes aired on TV Tokyo between April 7, 2008 and March 30, 2009, and two animated specials aired on May 29 and June 1, 2008. The episodes aired at later dates on TV Aichi, TV Hokkaido, TV Osaka, TV Setouchi, and TVQ Kyushu Broadcasting Co. The anime was regularly broadcast Mondays at 6:00 pm on TV Tokyo. The official Japanese website of the "Soul Eater" anime series announced that each episode would air in two versions: the regular Monday 6:00 pm version and a late-night "Soul Eater Late Show" version. Special footage was added at the start and end of the commercial break; the next episode preview was different from the regular version. The dual broadcast of the series was billed as the "world's first evening and late-night resonance broadcast." The "resonance" term refers to a story concept in which the characters, such as the heroine Maka and her living weapon partner Soul Eater, achieve maximum power by synchronizing their souls. The first DVD compilation volume was released on August 22, 2008 with the first three episodes. The second DVD compilation volume was released on September 25, 2008 with episodes four through seven. Each DVD volume was released in monthly intervals. The anime was licensed by Funimation, who released the series in four half-season DVD box sets starting with the first volume in February 2010.  MTV Portugal premiered "Soul Eater" on February 1, 2010. In the Philippines, "Soul Eater" aired in a Tagalog version over the cable channel Hero TV from April to June 2010. The anime made its North American television debut when it aired on the Funimation Channel on September 6, 2010; it aired on Adult Swim's Toonami block in North America from February 17, 2013. The series was rebroadcast by TV Tokyo under the title on September 30, 2010, featuring new opening and closing themes. It was broadcast in Italy on Rai 4 between September 2, 2010 and September 8, 2011.  Media Factory and Kadokawa brought the two previous Blu-ray box sets together into one box set released on February 26, 2014.

Video games.

Three "Soul Eater" video games were produced. The first,, is an action-adventure video game exclusively for the Wii and developed by Square Enix with Bones. It was released on September 25, 2008 in Japan. Two characters that appear in the game, and, are original characters designed by author Atsushi Ōkubo; Ponera is the titular Monotone Princess and Grimoire is known as Noah in the manga. A soundtrack called was released as a pre-order bonus CD. This game is only compatible with Japanese Wii systems.  The second game,, is an action game produced by Namco Bandai Games for the Nintendo DS and was released on October 23, 2008. Despite being created by two different companies, there are similarities between the Nintendo Wii game and the Nintendo DS game. It is a third-person hack-and-slash game.  The third game,, is a fighting game developed by BEC and produced by Namco Bandai Games for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable, and was released on January 29, 2009. This game follows the story line of the first 24 episodes of the anime series and allows the player to engage in the training and battles the characters experienced first hand. Along with new costumes and items, the player gets to experience the minds and wardrobes of each playable character.

Music.

Six pieces of theme music are used for the episodes: two opening themes and four closing themes. The first opening theme is "Resonance" by T.M.Revolution for the first 30 episodes, and the single was released on June 11, 2008. The second opening theme is "Papermoon" by Tommy heavenly from episode 31 onward; the single was released on December 10, 2008 by DefStar Records. The first closing theme is "I Wanna Be" by Stance Punks for the first 13 episodes and the 51 episode; the single was released on June 4, 2008. The second closing theme is "Style" by Kana Nishino from episode 14 to 26; the single was released on August 13, 2008 by Sony Music Entertainment Japan. The third closing theme is by Soul'd Out's Diggy-Mo from episode 27 to 39; the single was released on November 26, 2008 by Sony Music Entertainment Japan. The final closing theme is "Strength" by Abingdon Boys School from episode 40 through episode 50; the single was released on February 25, 2009. The anime rebroadcasting features two additional opening and closing themes. The first opening is "Counter Identity" by Unison Square Garden, released in autumn 2010, and the first ending is by Yui Makino, released on November 10, 2010. The second opening is by Shion Tsuji, released on March 9, 2011, and "Northern Lights" by How Merry Marry.  The first character song maxi single sung by Chiaki Omigawa (Maka) and Kōki Uchiyama (Soul) was released on August 6, 2008 by Aniplex. The second single by Yumiko Kobayashi (Black Star) and Kaori Nazuka (Tsubaki) was released on September 3, 2008, and the third single by Mamoru Miyano (Kid), Akeno Watanabe (Liz), and Narumi Takahira (Patty) was released on October 1, 2008. Composed and produced by Taku Iwasaki, two CD soundtracks have been released for the "Soul Eater" anime series. "Soul Eater Original Soundtrack 1" was released on August 27, 2008 with 20 tracks, and "Soul Eater Original Soundtrack 2" was released on March 18, 2009 with 22 tracks by Aniplex. The theme song for "Soul Eater: Monotone Princess" is "Soul's Crossing" sung by T.M.Revolution, and is included on the "Resonance" single.

Reception.

As of April 2018, the manga had sold 18.2 million copies worldwide.  Writing for the "Los Angeles Times", Charles Solomon ranked the series the sixth best anime on his "Top 10". Jacob Hope Chapman of Anime News Network describes the series as "dark but lively, visually imaginative, explosive great fun."

The manga was published by Square Enix and was first released as three separate one-shots serialized in two "Gangan Powered" special editions and one "Gangan Wing" in 2003. The manga started regular serialization in Square Enix's "Monthly Shōnen Gangan" manga magazine from May 12, 2004 to August 12, 2013. The manga has been licensed for distribution in North America by Yen Press. The English translation of "Soul Eater" was serialized in Yen Press' "Yen Plus" manga anthology magazine starting in July 2008, and the first manga volume was released in October 2009. A manga series spin-off that ran alongside the main series, titled "Soul Eater Not!", was serialized in "Monthly Shōnen Gangan" from January 2011 to November 2014.

抚顺战犯管理所,位于中国辽宁省抚顺市新抚区宁远街,占地面积4万多平方米。原址是日本侵华期间,于1936年修建的一所监狱,1950年6月中华人民共和国司法部根据毛泽东和周恩来指示,将其改为抚顺战犯管理所,关押中国抗日战争期间侵华日本战犯共计982人、满洲国战犯71人和354名第二次国共内战中被俘国军将领的监狱。


The port.

Laem Chabang is about 25 kilometres north of Pattaya, and south of the city of Chonburi. It is Thailand's largest port. The port occupies and is capable of handling the largest (Post-Panamax) vessels.  Development of the port complex started in 1988 to encourage development outside Bangkok and take advantage of proximity to the Gulf of Thailand. The container port was completed in 1991. In 2014 it handled 6.58 million TEUs, making it the 22nd busiest container port in the world. In FY2017 (1 October 2016 – 30 September 2017) it handled 7.7 million TEUs. Much of the international shipping reaching Thailand passes through Laem Chabang. It is a port of call for Princess Cruises and Celebrity Cruises. It accommodated 59 passenger liners in FY2017.  Laem Chabang includes:  The Port Authority of Thailand is responsible for the port overall. It engages private sector contractors to manage various port operations.

Sports.

Laem Chabang has world class golf courses, such as the Laem Chabang International Country Club designed by Jack Nicklaus. Laem Chabang municipal Stadium is currently used mostly for football matches and holds 2,000 people. In 2017 it was announced that the track would be surfaced to enable the hosting of major athletics events.

Economy.

As a port town, the economy is based on shipping services, as well as retail and tourism. The town is being marketed along with Bang Lamung township as an alternative to Pattaya. Sukhumvit Road passes through the town. Some 200 companies occupy about in the industrial park. It also has an ExxonMobil refinery.

Laem Chabang (, ) is a port city ("thesaban nakhon") in Chonburi Province, Thailand. It includes "tambon" Bang Lamung of Bang Lamung District, the "tambons" Bueng, Surasak, Thung Sukhla, and parts of Nong Kham of Si Racha District. As of 2006 it had a population of 61,801. The town has grown up around the port, but also serves as a major stop on the coastal highway linking Pattaya and Bangkok via Sukhumvit Road (Hwy 3). The town is also known for hosting a Japanese retirement community with specialty stores geared towards them.

林查班 (, )为位于泰国春武里府的城市("thesaban nakhon"),其范围包括部分挽腊茫郡及部分是拉差郡辖区,2006年人口数为61,801人。


Early life.

Hall was born as Monte Halparin in Winnipeg, Manitoba, on August 25, 1921, to Orthodox Jewish parents, Maurice Harvey Halparin, who owned a slaughterhouse, and Rose (née Rusen). He was raised in Winnipeg's north end, where he attended Lord Selkirk School (Elmwood, Winnipeg), and, later St. John's High School. Hall graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Manitoba, where he majored in chemistry and zoology. He had hoped to go on to medical school, but was not admitted due to secret quotas restricting the number of Jewish students admitted.

Career.

Hall's first radio job was working for CKRC radio in Winnipeg while still a student. He briefly worked for the Canadian Wheat Board after graduating before deciding to pursue a full-time career in broadcasting. He moved to Toronto in 1946 and found a job with radio station CHUM, where management shortened his name to Hall and misspelled his first name as "Monty" on billboards, giving him the stage name "Monty Hall". For the next decade he hosted and produced a number of programs for radio stations in Toronto, as well as "Who Am I?" on CFRB, which was distributed nationally in Canada through private syndication until 1959. He also had several short-lived programmes on CBC Television after it was launched in 1952, but when they were cancelled and another program he had conceived of was taken away from him, Hall decided he had no future in Canadian television.  Hall moved to New York City in 1955, attempting to break into American broadcasting, but commuted to Toronto several times a month to record episode blocks of "Who Am I?" In New York, Hall hosted game shows such as "Bingo at Home" on WABD-TV and guest-hosted more established game shows such as "Strike It Rich" on CBS and "Twenty-One" on NBC. He was the host/performer of two local New York City TV film shows for children, "Cowboy Theater" for WRCA (Channel 4) in 1956 and "Fun In the Morning" for WNEW (Ch. 5) in the early 1960s. From 1956 to 1960, along with NBC Radio newsman Morgan Beatty, Hall co-hosted the Saturday night segment of the NBC Radio Network weekend program "Monitor" from 8 p.m. until midnight (EST). At least two recordings of Hall on "Monitor" are known to exist.  Hall was a radio analyst for the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League during the 1959–1960 season.  He succeeded Jack Narz as host of a game show called "Video Village", which ran from 1960 to 1962 on CBS. From 1961 to 1962, Hall hosted its spinoff, "Video Village Junior", which featured children. After moving to Southern California, Hall became the host of the game show "Let's Make a Deal", which he developed and produced with partner Stefan Hatos. "Let's Make a Deal" aired on NBC daytime from December 30, 1963, to December 27, 1968, and on ABC daytime from December 30, 1968 until July 9, 1976, along with two prime time runs. It aired in syndication from 1971 to 1977, from 1980 to 1981, from 1984 to 1986, and again on NBC briefly from 1990 to 1991, with Hall replacing Bob Hilton, who had been dismissed. He was producer or executive producer of the show through most of its runs. During the show's initial run, Hall appeared alongside model Carol Merrill and announcer Jay Stewart.  Besides "Let's Make a Deal," the game show "Split Second," which originally ran on ABC from 1972 to 1975 with Tom Kennedy as host, and again in syndication in 1986 with Hall hosting that version, was the only other successful program from Hatos-Hall Productions. Other game shows from Hatos' and Hall's production company included "Chain Letter" in 1966; a revival of the venerable 1950s-era panel quiz, "Masquerade Party" in 1974; "Three for the Money" in 1975; "It's Anybody's Guess" in 1977, which reunited "Let's Make a Deal" announcer Jay Stewart with Hall, who also hosted the show, and the Canadian-based "The Joke's on Us" in 1983. Hall filled in as guest host on several daytime game shows while "Let's Make a Deal" was on NBC, most notably "What's This Song?" and "PDQ".  In 1979, Hall hosted the only game show since "Video Village" which he did not produce, Goodson-Todman's "All-New Beat the Clock". Also, in 1979, Hall made an appearance on the game show "Password Plus" as a game show contestant. He appeared as himself on "The Promise Ring" episode of "That '70s Show" in 2001. He played the host of a beauty pageant who schemed to become "the world's most powerful game show host" in the Disney animated series "". He appeared on "GSN Live" on March 14, 2008, and hosted a game of "Let's Make a Deal" for "Good Morning America" on August 18, 2008, as part of Game Show Reunion week.  In summer 2009, CBS announced that it was reviving "Let's Make a Deal" on its daytime schedule. The show premiered on October 5, 2009, with Wayne Brady as host. Hall was credited as "Creative Consultant" until his death in 2017, and remains credited as co-creator of the format (with Stefan Hatos) with Hatos/Hall Productions being credited as co-production company (with Fremantle).

Philanthropy.

Hall spent much of his post-"Deal" days involved in philanthropic work. His family says he was always going to telethons and helped raise close to $1 billion for charity in his lifetime. Hall was repeatedly honored for his charitable efforts. Wards at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto and Hahnemann University Hospital in Philadelphia are named in his honor.

Honors.

Hall received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on August 24, 1973, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California, Walk of Stars in 2000, and in 2002, he was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame.  Hall is one of three game show hosts—along with Alex Trebek and Howie Mandel—on both Hollywood's and Canada's Walks of Fame. In May 1988, Her Excellency, Jeanne Sauve, the Governor-General of Canada appointed him an Officer of the prestigious The Order of Canada for his humanitarian work in Canada and other nations of the world. In 2003, His Honour the Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba appointed him a Member of the Order of Manitoba.  He was the recipient of the 2005 Ralph Edwards Service Award from Game Show Congress, in recognition of all the work the emcee-producer has done for charity through the years. On October 13, 2007, Hall was one of the first inductees into the American TV Game Show Hall of Fame in Las Vegas, Nevada. Hall received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2013 Daytime Emmy Awards.

Personal life.

On September 28, 1947, Hall married Marilyn Doreen Plottel (May 17, 1927 – June 5, 2017); the two had been introduced by a mutual cousin, Norman Shnier, the previous year. They later became United States citizens. They had three children: Tony Award–winning actress Joanna Gleason; Sharon Hall Kessler, president of Endemol Shine Studios; and Richard Hall, an Emmy Award–winning television producer. Monty and Marilyn lived in Beverly Hills, California, from 1962 until their deaths; Marilyn predeceased her husband by four months.

Death.

Hall died from heart failure on September 30, 2017, at his home in Beverly Hills at the age of 96. He was interred at Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery on October 3.

Monty Hall problem.

Hall's name is used in a probability puzzle known as the "Monty Hall problem". The name was conceived by statistician Steve Selvin who used the title in describing a probability problem to "Scientific American" in 1975 based on one of the games on "Let's Make a Deal", and more popularized when it was presented in a weekly national newspaper column by Marilyn vos Savant in 1990.  A host ("Monty") provides a player with three doors, one containing a valuable prize and the other two containing a "gag", valueless prize. The contestant is offered a choice of one of the doors without knowledge of the content behind them. "Monty", who knows which door has the prize, opens a door that the player did not select that has a gag prize, and then offers the player the option to switch from their choice to the other remaining unopened door. The probability problem arises from asking if the player should switch to the unrevealed door.  Mathematically, the problem shows that a player switching to the other door has a 2/3 chance of winning under standard conditions, but this is a counterintuitive effect of switching one's choice of doors, and the problem gained wide attention due to conflicting views following vos Savant's publication, with many asserting that the probability of winning had dropped to 1/2 if one switched. A number of other solutions become possible if the problem setup is outside of the "standard conditions" defined by vos Savant - that the host equally selects one of the two gag prize doors if the player had first picked the winning prize, and the offer to switch is always presented.  Hall gave an explanation of the solution to that problem in an interview with "The New York Times" reporter John Tierney in 1991. In the article, Hall pointed out that because he had control over the way the game progressed, playing on the psychology of the contestant, the theoretical solution did not apply to the show's actual gameplay. He said he was not surprised at the experts' insistence that the probability was 1 out of 2. "That's the same assumption contestants would make on the show after I showed them there was nothing behind one door," he said. "They'd think the odds on their door had now gone up to 1 in 2, so they hated to give up the door no matter how much money I offered. By opening that door we were applying pressure. We called it the Henry James treatment. It was 'The Turn of the Screw.'" Hall clarified that as a game show host he was not required to follow the rules of the puzzle as Marilyn vos Savant often explains in her weekly column in "Parade", and did not always have to allow a person the opportunity to switch. For example, he might open their door immediately if it was a losing door, might offer them money to not switch from a losing door to a winning door, or might only allow them the opportunity to switch if they had a winning door. "If the host is required to open a door all the time and offer you a switch, then you should take the switch," he said. "But if he has the choice whether to allow a switch or not, beware. Caveat emptor. It all depends on his mood."  The Monty Hall problem was mentioned in an episode of the first season of the television drama "NUMB3RS", in the 2008 movie "21", and in the novel "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time". A detailed explanation and rationale for the solution to this problem is presented in the book "The World's 200 Hardest Brainteasers" by Gary Gruber. In 2011, it was showcased on an episode of the show "MythBusters".

Monty Hall (born Monte Halparin; August 25, 1921 – September 30, 2017) was a Canadian-American game show host, producer, and philanthropist.

蒙蒂·霍尔(1921年-8月25日-2017年-9月30日,生于温尼伯),加拿大演员,歌手和运动员,美国电视有奖竞赛节目的主持人。他从1963年到1986年长期主持《Let's Make a Deal》节目。1973年8月24日,霍尔在好莱坞星光大道上获得了了一颗属于自己的星星。1988年5月,加拿大政府授予他加拿大勋章,表彰其在加拿大和世界其他国家的人道主义工作。


History.

The belief in cell immortality.

Prior to Leonard Hayflick's discovery, it was believed that vertebrate cells had an unlimited potential to replicate. Alexis Carrel, a Nobel prize-winning surgeon, had stated "that all cells explanted in tissue culture are immortal, and that the lack of continuous cell replication was due to ignorance on how best to cultivate the cells". He claimed to have cultivated fibroblasts from the hearts of chickens (which typically live 5 to 10 years) and to have kept the culture growing for 34 years.  However, other scientists have been unable to replicate Carrel's results, and they are suspected to be due to an error in experimental procedure. To provide required nutrients, embryonic stem cells of chickens may have been re-added to the culture daily. This would have easily allowed the cultivation of new, fresh cells in the culture, so there was not an infinite reproduction of the original cells. It has been speculated that Carrel knew about this error, but he never admitted it.  Also, it has been theorized that the cells Carrel used were young enough to contain pluripotent stem cells, which, if supplied with a supporting telomerase-activation nutrient, would have been capable of staving off replicative senescence, or even possibly reversing it. Cultures not containing telomerase-active pluripotent stem cells would have been populated with telomerase-inactive cells, which would have been subject to the 50 ± 10 mitosis event limit until cellular senescence occurs as described in Hayflick's findings.

Experiment and discovery.

Hayflick first became suspicious of Carrel's claims while working in a lab at the Wistar Institute. Hayflick noticed that one of his cultures of embryonic human fibroblasts had developed an unusual appearance and that cell division had slowed. Initially, he brushed this aside as an anomaly caused by contamination or technical error. However, he later observed other cell cultures exhibiting similar manifestations. Hayflick checked his research notebook and was surprised to find that the atypical cell cultures had all been cultured to approximately their 40th doubling while younger cultures never exhibited the same problems. Furthermore, conditions were similar between the younger and older cultures he observed — same culture medium, culture containers, and technician. This led him to doubt that the manifestations were due to contamination or technical error.  Hayflick next set out to prove that the cessation of normal cell replicative capacity that he observed was not the result of viral contamination, poor culture conditions or some unknown artifact. Hayflick teamed with Paul Moorhead for the definitive experiment to eliminate these as causative factors. As a skilled cytogeneticist, Moorhead was able to distinguish between male and female cells in culture. The experiment proceeded as follows: Hayflick mixed equal numbers of normal human male fibroblasts that had divided many times (cells at the 40th population doubling) with female fibroblasts that had divided fewer times (cells at the 15th population doubling). Unmixed cell populations were kept as controls. After 20 doublings of the mixed culture, only female cells remained. Cell division ceased in the unmixed control cultures at the anticipated times; When the male control culture stopped dividing, only female cells remained in the mixed culture. This suggested that technical errors or contaminating viruses were unlikely explanations as to why cell division ceased in the older cells, and proved that unless the virus or artifact could distinguish between male and female cells (which it could not) then the cessation of normal cell replication was governed by an internal counting mechanism.  These results disproved Carrel's immortality claims and established the Hayflick limit as a credible biological theory. Unlike Carrel's experiment, Hayflick's have been successfully repeated by other scientists.

Cell phases.

Hayflick describes three phases in the life of normal cultured cells. At the start of his experiment he named the primary culture "phase one". Phase two is defined as the period when cells are proliferating; Hayflick called this the time of "luxuriant growth". After months of doubling the cells eventually reach phase three, a phenomenon he named "senescence", where cell replication rate slows before halting altogether.

Telomere length.

The Hayflick limit has been found to correlate with the length of the telomeric region at the end of chromosomes. During the process of DNA replication of a chromosome, small segments of DNA within each telomere are unable to be copied and are lost. This occurs due to the uneven nature of DNA replication, where leading and lagging strands are not replicated symmetrically. The telomeric region of DNA does not code for any protein; it is simply a repeated code on the end region of linear eukaryotic chromosomes. After many divisions, the telomeres reach a critical length and the cell becomes senescent. It is at this point that a cell has reached its Hayflick limit.  Hayflick was the first to report that only cancer cells are immortal. This could not have been demonstrated until he had demonstrated that only normal cells are mortal. Cellular senescence does not occur in most cancer cells due to expression of an enzyme called telomerase. This enzyme extends telomeres, preventing the telomeres of cancer cells from shortening and giving them infinite replicative potential. A proposed treatment for cancer is the usage of telomerase inhibitors that would prevent the restoration of the telomere, allowing the cell to die like other body cells.

Organismal aging.

Hayflick suggested that his results in which normal cells have a limited replicative capacity may have significance for understanding human aging at the cellular level.  It has been reported that the limited replicative capability of human fibroblasts observed in cell culture is far greater than the number of replication events experienced by non-stem cells in vivo during a normal postnatal lifespan. In addition, it has been suggested that no inverse correlation exists between the replicative capacity of normal human cell strains and the age of the human donor from which the cells were derived, as previously argued. It is now clear that at least some of these variable results are attributable to the mosaicism of cell replication numbers at different body sites where cells were taken.  Comparisons of different species indicate that cellular replicative capacity may correlate primarily with species body mass, but more likely to species lifespan. Thus the limited capacity of cells to replicate in culture may be directly relevant to organismal aging.

The Hayflick limit, or Hayflick phenomenon, is the number of times a normal human cell population will divide before cell division stops.

海佛烈克极限、海夫力克极限(英语:Hayflick limit),又称海佛烈克现象(英语:Hayflick phenomenon),指的是一个正常的人类细胞群体,在细胞分裂停止前所能分裂的次数限制。经验证据显示,每个细胞的DNA所相连接的端粒,在每次新的细胞分裂后会略微缩减,直至缩减至一个极限长度为止。


Early life, education, and career.

Mehdi Karroubi is born on 26 September 1937 into a Shia clerical family in Aligudarz, a city in the western part of Lorestan province. He has a brother, Hassan.  Karroubi studied theology and Islamic studies at seminaries in Qom and Tehran. He studied under notable figures such as Hossein-Ali Montazeri and Ruhollah Khomeini. Karroubi was promoted to Mujtahid on the recommendation of the Grand Ayatollah Yousef Sanei and others. He also studied theology and law at Tehran University. In 1962, he became a lawyer in economy, dealing with the investments of prominent businessmen in Iran.  Karroubi was imprisoned several times by the government of the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, during the 1970s, including a stint at the Qasr Prison in Tehran. His wife, Fatemeh, later recalled that she took their second son, Taghi, to meet his father at Qasr Prison for the first time when he was six months old.  In 1978, Karroubi retired from law in order to commit to politics. In 1979, he joined the Iranian Revolution. Karroubi was the head of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee and the Martyr's Foundation shortly after Iranian revolution.  In 1988, Karroubi re-entered business after 10 years of emphasis on politics. With eighteen years of experience as a solicitor beforehand, Karroubi began trading and investing himself.

Political positions.

Domestic policies.

During his first term as speaker of Parliament, Karroubi was among the "maktabi" or "radical" faction of the majlis who contested the policies of President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani. While Rafsanjani favored foreign investment and market reforms, Karroubi and others "sought to promote mass political participation and maintain state control of the economy". In fall of 1989 several radical clerics founded the Association of Combatant Clerics of Tehran, which Karroubi headed. Karroubi eventually left this association in 2005 and founded his own party, "Etemad-e-Melli".  His wife, Fatemeh, served as his social affairs advisors when he served as the chairman of the Majlis of Iran from 2000 until 2004.  Among politicians in the Islamic Republic, he has been one of the leading supporters of civil rights for citizens. Karroubi was long an advocate of women's rights and the presence of women in all social activities. He has been supportive of women taking leadership roles within their political groups.  Mehdi Karroubi, an ethnic Lur, supports an approach where all people regardless of their gender, religion, or ethnicity can feel that they are part of Iranian government. He was outspoken in supporting the rights of religious and ethnic minorities. He visited churches, synagogues and Zoroastrian temples during his time as speaker of Parliament.  Karroubi is a critic of the Guardian Council and on numerous occasions wrote letters to the council expressing his concerns. He criticized the nature of the Guardian Council's supervision over the elections, saying in 2009 "I have opposed the notion of 'approbation supervision' power since it was introduced 20 years ago... But, today the problem goes beyond 'approbation supervision'. What goes on today is not'supervision' at all. Guardian Council inspectors hold absolute authority and control over the elections".

Foreign policies.

Karroubi and the National Trust Party support the idea of dialogue with the United States aiming at resolving long standing conflicts. Early after the election of Barack Obama as US president, Karroubi stated that the changes from the United States have been positive. "An important step has been taken.... I will take steps forward in this relation in accordance with national interests and national pride", he said.  Karroubi has been a critic of President Ahmadinejad's foreign policy and his infamous remarks about the Holocaust. Karroubi said: "The Holocaust is an event which did take place." He believes that the president's remarks cost Iran a great deal.

Presidential campaigns.

2005 presidential campaign.

Karroubi was among the reformist candidates in the presidential election of 2005, where he finished third in the vote count, closely following the front runners, ex-president Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and Tehran mayor Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. As neither gathered a majority of the vote, a run-off election was held on 24 June 2005, and won by Ahmadinejad.  After the announcement of the election results, Karroubi alleged that a network of mosques, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, and Basij militia forces had been illegally used to generate and mobilize support for Ahmadinejad. He then explicitly alleged that Mojtaba Khamenei, a son of the Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei, was among the conspirators. Ayatollah Khamenei wrote to Karroubi, characterizing these allegations as "below his dignity" and warning that they would "result in a crisis" in Iran, which he would not allow. Karroubi responded in an open letter, resigning from all his political posts, including that as adviser to the Supreme Leader and as a member of Expediency Discernment Council, both of which he had been appointed to by Khamenei. The day after, on 20 June, distribution of the reformist morning newspapers "Eqbal", "Hayat-e No", "Aftab-e Yazd", and "Etemad" were stopped by the prosecutor-general of Tehran, Saeed Mortazavi, for publishing Karroubi's letter, with "Eqbal" being completely banned from publication. It was claimed that Karroubi was subject to house arrest because of his letter.  Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, who ranked first in the first round, also pointed to organized and unjust interventions, alleged manipulation of the vote, and supported Karroubi's complaint.

2009 presidential election.

Immediately after the 2005 presidential election Karroubi founded Etemad-e Melli Party, and along with it "Etemad-e Melli" newspaper. In the 2009 election, he ran as the head of his party. However, many non-party figures also endorsed him.  Karroubi was described as "the best-organized" among the main candidates. He has his own party, his own newspaper and has always followed a clear political stance.  He claimed to be the first candidate to announce his candidacy for the presidency. During the last months before the election, he refused a call for him to withdraw in the support of Mohammad Khatami or later Mir-Hossein Mousavi. After Khatami withdrew from the race in March, Karroubi said "I have neither signed contracts with anyone nor have been promised anything. Khatami withdrew his candidacy by virtue of his personal decision. In my meeting with Mousavi I persuaded him to join the fray." Later, both Mousavi and Karroubi stated that a union among reformists would only help Ahamadinejad's reelection, claiming that reformists needed a massive turn out in order to win and that more candidates would advance their interests.  Karroubi publicized his policies by publishing four electoral declarations. According to a paper handed to his supporters during the campaign his main policies are:  In a 2009 interview with the AFP, Karroubi also promised to expand women's rights if elected president of Iran. Among the reforms which he planned to introduce were elimination of Iran's morality police street patrols, which force an Islamic dress code on Iranian women. He questioned mandatory Islamic dress code and proposed that Hijab needs to be optional.  His foremost economic program is for broad public ownership of the national oil and gas companies. According to this plan, adopted from the pro-market economist Massoud Nilli, company stock and profits would be shared among Iranians above 18 years of age, without the right to sell. He has predicted that this will add 70000 Tomans a month to every Iranian's income.  His campaign slogan was "Change for Iran", a word visible on his banners and other advertisements.  Former Tehran mayor Gholamhossein Karbaschi was among the first to endorse him, and was Karroubi's campaign manager. Karroubi has promised to appoint him vice president if elected.  Karroubi also gained endorsements from journalist Abbas Abdi, now his political advisor, and Jamileh Kadivar, former member of the parliament and his advisor on women's issues. Other notable supporters include: Ata'ollah Mohajerani, historian, politician, journalist, and author and former culture minister during Khatami's presidency; Mohammad-Ali Abtahi, President Khatami's chief of staff, then his Vice President for Legal and Parliamentary Affairs, and finally his advisor; Mohammad-Ali Najafi, Iranian politician and university professor and former minister of education; Emadeddin Baghi, the founder and head of the Committee for the Defense of Prisoners' Rights and the Society of Right to Life Guardians, and winner of the Martin Ennals Award for Human Rights Defenders; Abdolkarim Soroush, philosopher and professor.  Mehdi Karroubi widely campaigned with his wife, Fatemeh Karroubi, during the campaign, which had previously been an unusual for a politician and his wife in Iran. Fatemeh Karroubi additionally served as the head of her husband's campaign in Tehran province and made separate speeches in support of her husband's candidacy. Karroubi's son, Taghi Karroubi, worked as one of his campaign managers.

Post-election activity.

On 9 August 2009, in a letter to the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran, Karroubi demanded investigation of Iranian prisons for possible tortures and in particular sexual harassment of men and women. On 19 August, he wrote to parliament speaker Ali Larijani, asking to meet with him, President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, judiciary chief Ayatollah Sadeq Larijani, former president Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and the state prosecutor to "personally present my documents and evidence over the cases of sexual abuse in some prisons specially Kahrizak detention center."  Ali Larijani and Sadeq Larijani both officially rejected his claims and Ali Khamenei's representatives and vice chairman of National Security Commission of the parliament demanded Karroubi's arrest.

Attacks.

On 8 January 2010, Karroubi's son, Hussein Karroubi reported on Karroubi's website, Saham News, that shots had been fired at his armored car by pro-government demonstrators in Qazvin. Demonstrators also threw "bricks and rocks" at the flat where he was staying. The "New York Times" newspaper reported that he "has been pushed and shoved" and had a shoe thrown "at him—a grave insult in Iran"—since the election. "But this was the first time someone shot at him."  On 2 September 2010, 20 members of the Basij militia broke into Karroubi's apartment building. They shot at the building, set small fires in the courtyard, the lobby, vandalized parts of the building, cut water pipes to the apartment and tried to cut power on the street. This was the fourth consecutive night that Karroubi's apartment has come under attack. Karroubi's son, Mohammad Taghi Karroubi, said he heard several of the men say they were there to kill his father. Several of Karroubi's security team were injured when pleading with the gathering to stay outside the building to no avail. The head of a security team protecting Karroubi was in a coma after being beaten, as he tried to talk with a group of attackers.

House arrest.

In the wake of the Tunisian and Egyptian revolutions, Green movement leaders in Iran called for demonstrations on 14 February 2011. The government responded by placing leaders of the movement under house arrest and on 14 February Iranian state TV broadcast images of "some 50 conservative MPs marching through parliament's main hall" chanting "Death to Mousavi, death to Karroubi". A statement issued by conservative Iranian parliamentarians carried by the official Islamic Republic News Agency said: "Mehdi Karroubi and Mir Hossein Mousavi are corrupts on earth and should be tried." "Corrupt on earth" (Mofsed-e-filarz) is a capital crime sometimes levied against political dissidents in the Islamic Republic of Iran. According to reports, Karroubi, fellow Iranian opposition leader Mir Hossein Mousavi, and their wives Fatemeh Karroubi and Zahra Rahnavard, were taken from their homes by security forces to Heshmatiyeh Prison in Tehran in February 2011.

Hunger strike.

On 16 August 2017, Karroubi started a hunger strike in protest to his house arrest situation, calling for an open trial and demanding security agents to leave his house. The 79-year-old politician who underwent a heart surgery days earlier was taken to hospital after less than 24 hours and resumed eating after the government agreed to remove intelligence agents from his home. His demand for trial seems not close to be granted.

Personal life.

Karroubi has been married to Fatemeh Karroubi, the daughter of an Aligoudarz mercantile family, since she was 14.

Mehdi Karroubi (, born 26 September 1937) is an Iranian Shia cleric and reformist politician leading the National Trust Party. Following 2009–2010 Iranian election protests, Karroubi was put under house arrest in February 2011 – reportedly ordered by the Supreme Leader of Iran – without officially being charged, although he is accused of being a "seditionist" and "traitor". As of 2018, he is still confined to his house.

迈赫迪·卡鲁比((,1937年-9月26日)生于洛雷斯坦省,是一个有影响力的伊朗改革派政治家,民主活动家,全国信托党主席。他是从1989年至1992年和2000年至2004年的伊斯兰议会议长,并是2005年和2009年总统大选的总统候选人。卡鲁比是伊朗反对派运动领导人。


Early life.

Bing was born November 24, 1943, in Washington, D.C., to mother Juanita, a housekeeper, and father Hasker, a bricklayer and deacon for the Baptist Church. He was the second child of four living in a two-bedroom, one-story house in the northeast part of town. In his childhood, Bing received the nickname "Duke" from his father, because, according to Bing, he always "wanted to be top dog." He suffered a traumatic eye injury at age five, when, while playing with an improvised hobby horse he constructed with two sticks nailed together; Bing tripped and accidentally poked his left eye with a rusty nail. The family could not afford emergency surgery, leaving the eye to heal on its own and diminishing his vision thereafter. Bing's father also suffered a severe head injury during the boy's childhood. While working a construction site, a brick fell four stories onto his head, causing a brain clot. The episode led young Bing to promise himself that he would never work in such a profession.  In athletics, Bing played basketball, but older children often told him he was too small for the game. However, he played well, triumphing over such older and bigger children as future Motown musician Marvin Gaye, who, after not performing well on the court, chose to sing on the sidelines. Bing and Gaye forged a friendship, which continued later in life. Despite his basketball play, Bing, a fan of the Brooklyn Dodgers and Jackie Robinson, focused primarily on baseball, the neighborhood's preferred game.  Despite his fuzzy vision, he excelled in baseball at Spingarn High School, where he enrolled in 1958. Nevertheless, the school's head basketball coach William Roundtree encouraged him to revisit basketball. Roundtree became a fatherly figure to Bing, who decided to join the team. He developed into a double-digits per game scorer, noted for his jump shot and knack for driving to the basket. He continued also to compete in baseball into his senior year, but was forced to choose between it and basketball when a scheduling conflict between two tournaments arose. Though he felt he was better at baseball, Bing opted for basketball, believing it gave him a greater chance at a full-ride college scholarship, well aware of the path taken by Los Angeles Lakers forward Elgin Baylor, a Spingarn alum. At the tournament, Bing led his team to victory and earned MVP honors. All in all, in high school, Bing was a three-year letter winner, all–Inter High, all-Metro, and all-East member. In 1962, he was featured in "Parade" magazine and made the All-American Team.

College.

Bing attended Syracuse University, where he was once roommates with Jim Boeheim. He led the Orangemen in scoring as a sophomore (22.2) in 1964, as a junior (23.2) in 1965, and as a senior (28.4) in 1966. During his senior year, Bing was fifth in the nation in scoring and was Syracuse's first consensus All-American in 39 years. He was also named to "The Sporting News" All-America First Team and was named Syracuse Athlete of the Year.  In his three-year varsity career at Syracuse, Bing averaged 24.8 points and 10.3 rebounds, with 1883 total points and 786 total rebounds in 76 games.

NBA career.

Bing's playing style was somewhat unusual for the time. As a lean, athletic and explosive point guard, he functioned as the playmaker distributing the ball, but also did more shooting and scoring than most others who had this position. At one time a joke about him and his backcourt partner, Jimmy Walker, was that it was a shame they could only play the game with one ball at a time.

Detroit Pistons (1966-1975).

In 1966, after being selected 2nd overall in the 1966 NBA draft by the Detroit Pistons, Bing scored 1,601 points (20.0 points per game), and won the NBA Rookie of the Year Award while also being named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. The next year, he led the NBA in scoring with 2,142 points (27.1 points per game) in 1968.  On November 23, 1969, Bing recorded a triple-double of 39 points, 16 rebounds and 10 assists in a 127-128 loss to the Baltimore Bullets.  Bing sat out 21⁄2 months of the 1971–72 season due to a detached retina incurred from a preseason game against the Los Angeles Lakers, playing in only 45 games that season. While with the Pistons, he played in six NBA All-Star Games (1968, 1969, 1971, 1973–1975), and was named to the All-NBA First Team in 1968 and 1971.

Washington Bullets (1975-1977).

After leaving the Detroit Pistons, Bing went on to spend his next two seasons with the Washington Bullets, for whom he was named an NBA All-Star once more in 1976, this time winning the game's MVP Award.

Boston Celtics (1977-1978).

He played his final season with the Boston Celtics, averaging 13.6 points. He then retired at the conclusion of the 1977–1978 season.  Overall, in his NBA career, Bing averaged 20.3 points, 6.0 assists and 3.8 rebounds in 901 games over 12 NBA seasons, scoring 18,327 points with 5,397 assists.

Honors.

Bing was awarded the J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award in 1977.  Bing was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1990.  In 2006, Bing was inducted into the College Basketball Hall of Fame.  In 1996, he was named one of the NBA's 50 Greatest Players.

Business career.

At age 22 with an NBA contract worth $15,000, Bing was rebuffed by the National Bank of Detroit on getting a mortgage to finance a home. This led Bing to work at the bank during the offseason, holding jobs in the teller, customer relations, and mortgage departments.  Immediately after retiring, he worked at a warehouse of the steel processing company Paragon Steel and was paid $35,000. He left after two years, after stints in the company's shipping and sales operations.

Bing Steel.

In 1980, Bing opened Bing Steel with four employees in a rented warehouse from $250,000 in loans and $80,000 of his own money. Losing all his money in six months, the company shied away from manufacturing to focus on being a middleman. With General Motors as their first major client, the company turned a profit in its second year on revenues of $4.2 million. By 1984, Bing was awarded by President Ronald Reagan the National Minority Small Business Person of the Year. By 1985, Bing Steel had expanded to two plants with 63 employees posting revenues of $40 million. Company assets were sold off in 2009.

The Bing Group.

Bing Steel would transform itself to the Bing Group, a conglomerate with headquarters located in Detroit's North End. The company, among other things, supplies metal stampings to the automobile industry.  At the 1990 NBA All-Star Game, Bing received the Schick Achievement Award for his work after his NBA career.

Politics and activism.

On January 19, 2009, Bing was to be named as a recipient of the National Civil Rights Museum Sports Legacy Award. The award honors athletes who have made significant contributions to civil and human rights and who helped establish a foundation for future leaders in athletic careers in the spirit of Martin Luther King, Jr. The honor was to be presented during the half-time show of the game between the Memphis Grizzlies and the Detroit Pistons in Memphis, Tennessee. Bing volunteered in the Big Brothers Big Sisters program.

Mayoral election.

On October 16, 2008, Bing announced that he would be a candidate for the Mayor of Detroit in the 2009 Detroit mayoral special election. He finished first in a 15 candidate non-partisan primary on February 24, 2009. On May 5, 2009, the top two vote-getters faced off and he defeated interim Mayor Kenneth Cockrel, Jr. and was elected to complete former mayor Kwame Kilpatrick's term, which ended December 31, 2009. Kilpatrick had resigned as part of a plea bargain agreement after being charged with the crime of perjury.

Mayoralty and re-election.

Bing was re-elected to a full term on November 3, 2009. He announced on May 14, 2013, he would not run for re-election. During his term as mayor of Detroit, the city became the largest city in U.S. history to declare bankruptcy.

David Bing (born November 24, 1943) is an American retired Hall of Fame basketball player, former mayor of Detroit, Michigan, and businessman.

戴维·宾(英语:David Bing,1943年-11月24日),美国NBA前职业篮球运动员,场上位置为控球后卫。在1966-1975年期间效力于底特律活塞,随后在华盛顿子弹队待了两个赛季,在波士顿凯尔特人队打了个人最后一个赛季后便退役。


Personal life.

Braben attended Buckhurst Hill County High School in Chigwell in Essex. He studied Natural Sciences at Jesus College, Cambridge, specialising in Electrical Science in his final year. In May 1993 he married Katharin Dickinson in Cambridge. His current wife is Wendy Irvin-Braben and he has two sons.

Work.

In 2008, Braben was an investor and non-executive director of Phonetic Arts, a speech generation company led by Paul Taylor. Phonetic Arts was acquired by Google in 2010, for an undisclosed sum.  In May 2011, Braben announced a new prototype computer intended to stimulate the teaching of basic computer science in schools. Called Raspberry Pi, the computer is mounted in a package the size of a credit card, and has a USB port on one end with a HDMI monitor socket on the other, and provides an ARM processor running Linux for an estimated price of about £15 for a configured system, cheap enough to give to a child to do whatever he or she wants with it. The Raspberry Pi Foundation, a charity whose aim is to "promote the study of computer science and related topics, especially at school level, and to put the fun back into learning computing".

Game development.

Braben has been called "one of the most influential computer game programmers of all time", based on his early game development with the "Elite" series in the 1980s and 1990s. "Next Generation" listed him in their "75 Most Important People in the Games Industry of 1995", chiefly due to the original "Elite".  "Elite" was developed in conjunction with programmer Ian Bell while both were undergraduate students at Cambridge University. "Elite" was first released in September 1984 and is known as the first game to have 3D hidden line removal. In 1987, Braben published "Zarch" for the Acorn Archimedes, ported in 1989 as "Virus" for the Atari ST, Commodore Amiga and PC.  After "Zarch", Braben went on to develop the sequel to "Elite", "", published in 1993 and founded Frontier Developments, a games development company whose first project was a version of "Frontier" for the Amiga CD32. Braben is still the CEO and majority shareholder of the company, whose projects since 2000 have included "Dog's Life", "Kinectimals", "RollerCoaster Tycoon 3", "LostWinds", "Planet Coaster", "", "Jurassic World Evolution", "Kinect Disneyland Adventures", "Zoo Tycoon", "Coaster Crazy" and games based on the "Wallace & Gromit" franchise.  In 2006, Braben was working on an ambitious next-generation game called "The Outsider", being developed by Frontier Developments. As said in an interview, he was planning to start working on "" – as a space MMORPG game – as soon as "The Outsider" went gold. Braben said explicitly that this title was of a special value to him. "The Outsider" was abandoned due to removal of publisher support and was never published.  In 2012, Braben explained in an interview with developer website Gamasutra his opinion that the sale of secondhand games negatively affects development of new titles, also holding the price of games in general much higher than they would otherwise be. However, later in 2014 he acknowledged: "Piracy goes hand in hand with sales. If a game is pirated a lot it will be bought a lot. People want a connected experience, so with pirated games we still have a route in to get them to upgrade to real version. And even if someone's version is pirated, they might evangelise and their mates will buy the real thing."  On 6 November 2012, Braben's Frontier Developments announced a new "Elite" sequel called "" on the Kickstarter crowdfunding site. "Elite: Dangerous" achieved its funding goal, and listed as one of the most funded Kickstarter campaigns. The game was released on 16 December 2014, and by April 2015 had sold over 500,000 copies. As of August 2017, the game has sold over 2.75 million copies.

Awards.

On 5 September 2005, Braben received the Development Legend Award at the Develop Industry Excellence Awards in Cambridge.  In 2012, Braben was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.  In 2013, Braben was co-award winner of Tech Personality of the Year at the UK Tech Awards 2013. In the same year he was awarded an honorary degree by Abertay University.  Braben was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services to the UK computer and video games industry.  In January 2015, he received the 2015 Pioneer, Game Developers Choice Award (GDCA), for his work on the Raspberry Pi and for working more than 30 years as a game developer.  On 12 March 2015, Braben was awarded the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award in video gaming at the 11th British Academy Games Awards.  Braben is the recipient of three honorary doctorates from Abertay University (2013), The Open University (2014) and the University of York (15 July 2015).

David John Braben (born 2 January 1964) is a British game developer, game designer, founder and CEO of Frontier Developments plc, co-creator of the "Elite" series, space trading computer games, first published in 1984. He is also a co-founder of and works as a trustee for the Raspberry Pi Foundation which in 2012 launched a low-cost computer for education.

戴维·约翰·布拉本(英语:David John Braben,1964年-1月2日),是英国游戏开发者、电子游戏设计师,Frontier Developments创始人兼首席执行官,太空经营与战斗游戏精英(游戏)的联合制作人。他还是树莓派基金会的共同创始人和受托人,该基金会于2012年推出了教育用的低成本计算机。