Description.

"Concavenator" was a medium-sized (roughly long) primitive carcharodontosaurian dinosaur possessing several unique features. Two extremely tall vertebrae in front of the hips formed a tall but narrow and pointed crest (possibly supporting a hump) on the dinosaur's back. The function of such crests is currently unknown. Paleontologist Roger Benson from Cambridge University speculated that one possibility is that "it is analogous to head-crests used in visual displays", but the Spanish scientists who discovered it noted it could also be a thermal regulator.

Integument.

"Concavenator" had structures resembling quill knobs on its ulna, a feature known only in birds and other feathered theropods, such as "Velociraptor". Quill knobs are created by ligaments which attach to the feather follicle, and since scales do not form from follicles, the authors ruled out the possibility that they could indicate the presence of long display scales on the arm. Instead, the knobs have been thought to probably anchor simple, hollow, quill-like structures. Such structures are known both in coelurosaurs such as "Dilong" and in some ornithischians like "Tianyulong" and "Psittacosaurus". If the ornithischian quills are homologous with bird feathers, their presence in an allosauroid like "Concavenator" would be expected. However, if ornithischian quills are not related to feathers, the presence of these structures in "Concavenator" would show that feathers had begun to appear in earlier, more primitive forms than coelurosaurs.  Feathers or related structures would then likely be present in the first members of the clade Neotetanurae, which lived in the Middle Jurassic. No impressions of any kind of integument were found near the arm, although extensive scale impressions were preserved on other portions of the body, including broad, rectangular scales on the underside of the tail, bird-like scutes on the feet, and plantar pads on the undersides of the feet.  Some amount of skepticism has been raised among experts on the validity of the interpretation that the ulnar bumps represent quill knobs. Darren Naish, of the blog "Tetrapod Zoology", speculated that the bumps would have been unusually far up and irregularly spaced for quill knobs. He additionally pointed out that many animals have similar structures along intermuscular lines that act as tendon attachment points among other things. This interpretation was supported by Christian Foth and others in 2014. The hypothesis that the bumps along the ulna represented muscular insertion points or ridges was subsequently examined, and the results presented, at the 2015 meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. Elena Cuesta Fidalgo, along with two of the researchers who initially described "Concavenator" (Ortega and Sanz), attempted to reconstruct its forearm musculature to determine if the ulnar bumps would be explained as an inter-muscular ridge. They identified the insertion point for the major arm muscles, and determined that the row of bumps could not have been located between any of them. They found that the only possibility was that the bumps could be an attachment scar for the "M. anconeus" muscle, which is unlikely, because this muscle normally attaches to a smooth surface without marks or bumps on the underlying bone, and argued that the most likely explanation for the bumps was their initial interpretation as feather quill knobs. The authors admitted that it was unusual for quill knobs to form along the posterolateral surface of the bone, but also noted that the same arrangement is found in some modern birds, like the Moorhen. Some paleontologists have expressed not being convinced by the conclusions of Cuesta Fidalgo, Ortega and Sanz. Mickey Mortimer pointed out the ulnar bumps appear to actually be on the anterolateral surface of the bone, rather than the posterolateral as Cuesta Fidalgo "et al". claimed, and that crocodilians are a better reference than birds for reconstructing the muscles of "Concavenator" and other non-maniraptoran theropods. Mortimer maintained the ulnar bumps are most likely part of an intermuscular line. Andrea Cau compared the forearm of "Concavenator" to the articulated forearms of "Allosaurus" and "Acrocanthosaurus" and showed that this "Concavenator" specimen's forearm is dislocated and the ulnar bumps appear to be on the anterior surface of the ulna and not the posterolateral surface. He argued that this means that due to not being on the same part of the ulna, the ulnar bumps are not homologous to the quill knobs of paravians as claimed in both the original 2010 description of "Concavenator" and the 2015 results by Cuesta Fidalgo "et al". Cau argued there are also other things that contradict the hypothesis that the ulnar bumps are quill knobs: the ulnar bumps of "Concavenator" are connected by a crest on the bone while paravian quill knobs are separate from each other, and the ulnar bumps of "Concavenator" are irregularly spaced while paravian quill knobs are uniformly spaced. Cau added that phylogenetics also make it unlikely an allosauroid like "Concavenator" would have quill knobs, as he believed that those features only evolved within paravians. He concluded that his interpretation was the ulnar bumps were part of the crest on the anterior side of the ulna perhaps for insertion of the musculature that connected the ulna and radius, pointing out that "Balaur" has a crest on the anterior side of its ulna which is homologous with that of "Concavenator" and has no relation with remiges.  However, in 2018 Cuesta Fidalgo published her doctorate thesis on the anatomy of "Concavenator" which argued that the ulna was preserved in lateral view, meaning that the ulnar bumps were positioned posterolaterally rather than anterolaterally as Cau and Mortimer claimed. Cuesta Fidalgo noted that the proximal part of the ulna is affected by fracturing and abrasion, and certain features would have shifted compared to their position in the bone when the animal was alive. For example, in the fossil, the lateral process of the ulna is positioned further posteriorly than the ulnar bumps. In "Allosaurus" and "Acrocanthosaurus", the lateral process is on the lateral (rather than posterior) part of the bone, which would seem to support the ulnar bumps being anterolateral in position if the lateral process was truly preserved in lateral orientation in "Concavenator". However, Cuesta Fidalgo described how the lateral process's was distorted posteriorly compared to the bumps, and was not valid evidence for the claim that the ulna had shifted into anterior view. The ulna's distortion (as well as genus-specific proportions) means that precise comparisons to "Allosaurus" and "Acrocanthosaurus" would be misleading. As Cuesta Fidalgo and her colleagues explained in 2015, the ulnar bumps could not be an intermuscular line if the bone is preserved in lateral view. In addition, Matt Martyniuk has noted that the hypothesis that wing feathers evolved as early as allosauroids is not as unlikely as Cau claimed. Cau used examples of wingless feathered dinosaurs such as "Dilong" and compsognathids to support the idea that wing feathers only involved within Paraves. However, Martyniuk noted that their absence in "Dilong" and compsognathids may have been an independent reversion correlated with the reduced forelimbs in those lineages, similar to the case with many modern flightless birds.

Classification.

The following cladogram after Novas "et al.", 2013, shows its place within Carcharodontosauridae.

Concavenator is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived approximately 130 million years ago during the early Cretaceous period (Barremian stage). The type species is "C. corcovatus"; "Concavenator corcovatus" means "Cuenca hunter with a hump". The fossil was discovered in the Las Hoyas fossil site of Spain by paleontologists José Luis Sanz, Francisco Ortega and Fernando Escaso from the Autonomous University of Madrid and the National University of Distance Education.

昆卡猎龙属(学名:"Concavenator")又译驼背龙,是兽脚亚目鲨齿龙科恐龙的一属,生存于约1亿3000万年前的白垩纪早期(巴列姆阶)。昆卡猎龙是种相当特殊的兽脚类恐龙,臀部前段的两节特别高,生前可能形成臀部的隆肉,可能具有视觉展示物或调节体温的功能。昆卡猎龙的前肢尺骨带有类似羽茎瘤的结构,这代表羽毛可能演化自更原始的兽脚类恐龙。但近年也有其他研究人员质疑这些结构是否属于羽茎瘤。


Background.

The 1998 Act replaced the Data Protection Act 1984 and the Access to Personal Files Act 1987, and implemented the EU Data Protection Directive 1995.  The Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 altered the consent requirement for most electronic marketing to "positive consent" such as an opt-in box. Exemptions remain for the marketing of "similar products and services" to existing customers and enquirers, which can still be given permission on an opt out basis.  The Jersey data protection law was modelled on the United Kingdoms law.

Contents.

Scope of protection.

Section 1 defines "personal data" as any data that can be used to identify a living individual. Anonymised or aggregated data is less regulated by the Act, providing the anonymisation or aggregation has not been done in a reversible way. Individuals can be identified by various means including their name and address, telephone number or email address. The Act applies only to data which is held, or intended to be held, on computers ('equipment operating automatically in response to instructions given for that purpose'), or held in a'relevant filing system'.  In some cases paper records may be classified as a'relevant filing system', such as an address book or a salesperson's diary used to support commercial activities.  The Freedom of Information Act 2000 modified the act for public bodies and authorities, and the "Durant" case modified the interpretation of the act by providing case law and precedent.  A person who has their data processed has the following rights:

Data protection principles.

Schedule 1 lists eight "data protection principles".  Personal data should only be processed fairly and lawfully. In order for data to be classed as 'fairly processed', at least one of these six conditions must be applicable to that data (Schedule 2).  Except under the below mentioned exceptions, the individual needs to consent to the collection of their personal information and its use in the purpose(s) in question. The European Data Protection Directive defines consent as “...any freely given specific and informed indication of his wishes by which the data subject signifies his agreement to personal data relating to him being processed", meaning the individual may "signify" agreement other than in writing. However, non-communication should not be interpreted as consent.  Additionally, consent should be appropriate to the age and capacity of the individual and other circumstances of the case. E.g., if an organisation "intends to continue to hold or use personal data after the relationship with the individual ends, then the consent should cover this." And even when consent is given, it shouldn't be assumed to last forever. Although in most cases consent lasts for as long as the personal data needs to be processed, individuals may be able to withdraw their consent, depending on the nature of the consent and the circumstances in which the personal information is being collected and used.  The Data Protection Act also specifies that sensitive personal data must be processed according to a stricter set of conditions, in particular any consent must be explicit.

Exceptions.

The Act is structured such that all processing of personal data is covered by the act, while providing a number of exceptions in Part IV. Notable exceptions are:

Police and court powers.

The Act grants or acknowledges various police and court powers.

Offences.

The Act details a number of civil and criminal offences for which data controllers may be liable if a data controller has failed to gain appropriate consent from a data subject. However, 'consent' is not specifically defined in the Act and so is a common law matter.

Complexity.

The UK Data Protection Act is a large Act that has a reputation for complexity. While the basic principles are honoured for protecting privacy, interpreting the act is not always simple. Many companies, organisations and individuals seem very unsure of the aims, content and principles of the Act. Some hide behind the Act and refuse to provide even very basic, publicly available material quoting the Act as a restriction. The Act also impacts on the way in which organisations conduct business in terms of who can be contacted for marketing purposes, not only by telephone and direct mail but also electronically, and has led to the development of permission based marketing strategies.

Definition of personal data.

The definition of personal data is data relating to a living individual who can be identified  Sensitive personal data concerns the subject's race, ethnicity, politics, religion, trade union status, health, sex life or criminal record.

Subject Access Requests.

The Information Commissioner's Office website states regarding Subject Access Requests (SARs): ""You have the right to find out if an organisation is using or storing your personal data. This is called the right of access. You exercise this right by asking for a copy of the data, which is commonly known as making a'subject access request"". Before the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) came into force on 25 May 2018 organisations could charge a specified fee for responding to a SAR, of up to £10 for most requests. Following the GDPR: ""A copy of your personal data should be provided free. An organisation may charge for additional copies. It can only charge a fee if it thinks the request is'manifestly unfounded or excessive'. If so, it may ask for a reasonable fee for administrative costs associated with the request"."

Information Commissioner.

Compliance with the Act is regulated and enforced by an independent authority, the Information Commissioner's Office, which maintains guidance relating to the Act.

EU’s Article 29 Working Party.

In January 2017, the Information Commissioner's Office invited public comments on the EU’s Article 29 Working Party's proposed changes to data protection law and the anticipated introduction of extensions to the interpretation of the Act, the Guide to the General Data Protection Regulation.

The Data Protection Act 1998 (c 29) was a United Kingdom Act of Parliament designed to protect personal data stored on computers or in an organised paper filing system. It enacted the EU Data Protection Directive 1995's provisions on the protection, processing and movement of data.

《1998年数据保护法案》(Data Protection Act 1998,简称DPA)是英国一项议会法案。该法案规定了如何处理可识别身份的在世人士的个人信息,是数据保护管制的主要法规。虽然该法案本身并没有提到隐私,它的颁布使英国关于个人信息的处理以及此类信息自由流通的相关规定符合1995年欧盟数据保护指令中对个人的保护所作出的相关指示。在执行上,这项法案让个人有途径控制与自己有关的信息。该法案的大部分并不是针对家居用途,例如保存一份个人的地址簿。根据规定,任何人要将个人信息用于其他目的时,都有义务遵循这一法案,但有一些例外。该法规定了八个数据保护原则,适用于各种情况,以确保信息的依法处理。


Description.

PAHO has scientific and technical expertise at its headquarters, in its 27 country offices, and its three Pan American centers, all working with the countries of the Americas in dealing with priority health issues. The health authorities of PAHO's Member States set PAHO's technical and administrative policies through its Governing Bodies. PAHO Member States include all 35 countries in the Americas; Puerto Rico is an Associate Member. France, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland are Participating States, and Portugal and Spain are Observer States.  The Organization's essential mission is to strengthen national and local health systems and improve the health of the peoples of the Americas, in collaboration with Ministries of Health, other government and international agencies, nongovernmental organizations, universities, social security agencies, community groups, and many others.  PAHO promotes universal health coverage and universal access to health and strengthening of health systems based on primary health care strategies. It assists countries in fighting infectious diseases such as malaria, cholera, dengue, HIV and tuberculosis as well as the region's growing epidemic of noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes. PAHO engages in technical cooperation with ministries of health and facilitates coordination with other sectors to promote health in all policies. PAHO also promotes the use of research evidence to inform health care decisions and policymaking through the implementation of knowledge translation strategies such as the Evidence Informed Policy Network - EVIPNet Evipnet. In its efforts to improve health, PAHO targets the most vulnerable groups including mothers and children, workers, the poor, the elderly, and refugees and displaced persons. It focuses on issues related to equity for those who lack access to health, and on a Pan American approach, encouraging countries to work together on common issues and build lasting capacities.  Specific initiatives spearheaded by PAHO include the Expanded Program on Immunization, which played a major role in the elimination of smallpox and polio from the Americas; the Tobacco-free Americas initiative; the Regional Coalition for Water and Sanitation to Eliminate Cholera in Hispaniola; the Salt Smart Consortium; the Pan American Network for Drug Regulatory Harmonization; and a blood safety initiative that seeks to improve blood safety and efficiency by helping countries reach 100% blood supplies from unpaid voluntary donors.  A major priority for the Americas is cutting infant mortality, and PAHO is mobilizing new political, institutional and financial resources to prevent an additional 25,000 infant deaths every year through application of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness strategy, a simple and practical approach in which primary health care workers are taught a complete process to evaluate the health status of children brought to a health post or clinic. They learn to recognize signs of disease and evaluate and treat them. They learn to give parents information on how to prevent disease in the home. If they see danger signs indicating the infant could die, they are taught to treat the child immediately or take him or her to a hospital.  Improvement of drinking water supplies, adequate sanitation, and increased access to health care for the poor are still top priorities for PAHO, with a focus on equity. The Organization is intensifying its efforts to have countries know the true state of health of their populations and where the inequalities lie. Program efforts focus on correcting inequality, taking into account decentralization and change of state functions, on showing that health has a role to play in the success of other sectors, and on how attention to health affects positively other aspects of human development. Advocacy in this area is also directed to reducing pernicious gender inequity, which reflects in some health problems of women.  The Pan American approach is a part of PAHO history and the spirit of Panamericanism continues to stimulate technical cooperation among countries in health. PAHO has helped countries work together toward common goals, and to initiate multi-country health ventures in Central America, the Caribbean, the Andean Region, and the Southern Cone. Experience has shown practical benefits such as the solidarity that helped Central America after hurricane Mitch, and there are numerous other examples. Health collaboration found expression at the highest political level when American heads of state in their Summit in Santiago accepted a health initiative called "Health Technology Linking the Americas."  The countries of Latin America and the Caribbean joined together over 20 years ago to buy vaccines through a revolving fund, bringing them tangible benefits and helping advance PAHO's efforts to eliminate or control vaccine-preventable diseases. These are among the Organization's most notable successes, starting with the eradication of smallpox from the Americas in 1973; a triumph followed five years later by global eradication of the dreaded disease.  A major effort committing the Americas to embark on polio eradication in 1985 succeeded in September 1994, when a distinguished International Commission declared the Americas officially polio-free. The last case of polio in the Americas was identified August 23, 1991 in a young boy named Luis Fermín Tenorio Cortez, in Junín, Peru. Since then, despite intensive surveillance, no cases of polio have been detected anywhere in the Americas, and the World Health Organization is now working toward the goal of eradicating polio globally. PAHO assists the countries in mobilizing the necessary resources to provide immunization and treatment services for all vaccine-preventable diseases. PAHO is close to accomplishing the goal of eliminating measles from this hemisphere and is pressing on with the introduction of new vaccines that are currently available, such as Haemophilus influenzae B. to reduce meningitis and respiratory infections. PAHO works to reduce the toll of death and illness from diarrheal diseases, including cholera, through case management and oral rehydration therapy to prevent deaths from dehydration, and to provide adequate diagnosis and treatment of acute respiratory infections, thus saving the lives of hundreds of thousands of children each year.  PAHO disseminates scientific and technical information through its publications program, its Internet site, and a network of academic libraries, documentation centers, and local health care libraries.  The Organization provides technical collaboration in a variety of specialized public health fields, and organizes emergency preparedness and disaster relief coordination. It supports efforts to strengthen national health systems, develop national health research systems, control malaria, Chagas' disease, urban rabies, leprosy, and other diseases that affect the people of the Americas. PAHO collaborates with governments, other agencies, and private groups to address major nutritional problems including protein-energy malnutrition, and is now working to eliminate iodine and vitamin A deficiencies.  It engages in and facilitates health promotion to help countries deal with health problems typical of development and urbanization, especially non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, accidents, smoking, addiction to drugs and alcohol, and injuries among others. Beyond health promotion, PAHO also addresses health systems and quality of care issues in support of national efforts to respond to the NCD pandemic.  The Organization also executes projects for other United Nations agencies, for international organizations such as the World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank, for official development cooperation agencies of various governments, and for philanthropic foundations.  PAHO strengthens the health sector capacity in the countries to advance their priority programs through intersectoral action, promoting an integral approach to health problems. It also works to improve women's health, promoting the greater integration of women in society, as well as awareness of their importance as both recipients and providers of health services.  PAHO trains health workers at all levels, through fellowships, courses and seminars, and the strengthening of national training institutions. It leads in the use of advanced communications technologies for information, health promotion, and education, working with journalists in many countries.  The Organization recognizes the role of the private sector in the delivery of services, and fosters dialogue and partnerships with the Ministries of Health. In addition to its core budget financed by quota contributions from its Member Governments, PAHO also seeks outside funding to help implement special programs and initiatives in response to vital health needs. Voluntary tax-deductible contributions for PAHO health and education projects in the Americas may be made to the PAHO Foundation.  Dr. Carissa F. Etienne of the Commonwealth of Dominica was elected as the new director of PAHO on January 31, 2013. PAHO's Deputy Director is Dr. Mary Lou Valdez, of the United States, and the Assistant Director is Jarbas Barbosa, from Brazil.

History.

The organization was founded in December 1902. It was originally called the Pan-American Sanitary Bureau. In 1949, PAHO and WHO signed an agreement making PAHO the American Regional Office (AMRO) of WHO. Today the usual phrasing is "Regional Office for the Americas".

Headquarters building.

In March 1960, President Eisenhower signed into law a bill passed by the U.S. Congress authorizing the U.S. government to purchase and donate a lot for the PAHO headquarters in Washington, D.C. At the meeting of its Executive Committee in April 1960, the PAHO decided to accept the USG's offer and set forth parameters for proceeding with the project of a new headquarters building. PAHO decided to use an international open competition as the means of selecting an architect for the project, following the recently successful model of other international organizations (most notably the United Nations New York headquarters inaugurated in 1952, and the UNESCO Paris headquarters in 1953 – both resulting in landmark designs of modernist architecture). PAHO framed the competition based on standards developed by the International Union of Architects, and determined that the competition should be open to architects from all countries of the Americas. The vision was that “the new building should be a monument to international health cooperation.”  Following a review of 58 entries, the PAHO in October 1961 declared Uruguayan architect Román Fresnedo Siri the winner of its competition. At the ceremony announcing him as winner, the organization's Director Abraham Horwitz said “this beautiful building will become a monument to the ideal of better health for the peoples of the Americas.” He described the winning design as one of “both grace and utility,” and said “it reflects the high ideals of the Pan-American spirit in an age when we must move ahead to build a better future for our peoples.”  The building was designed in a modernist style by Fresnedo Siri in part as a tribute to Le Corbusier, a key influence on Fresnedo Siri's work. Constructed in 1965, the exterior features 29 round bronze seals of the founding nations of the Pan American Health Organization set in black stone. Each medallion is in diameter and were designed by American sculptor Michael Lantz. They were originally meant to be carved in granite. The east side of the south facade (left to right) seals are for: France, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, the Netherlands, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The west side of the south facade seals are for: Argentina, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, and El Salvador. In 1993 the seals were surveyed by the Smithsonian Institution's Save Outdoor Sculpture! program and were described as needing conservation treatment.  The building is situated on a triangular lot of just over one acre nestled between Virginia Avenue, E Street and 23rd Street, Northwest, in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington. Constructed of reinforced concrete over a steel frame with an exterior of glass and marble, the building is one of Washington's most recognized examples of midcentury modern architecture. The building is divided into two distinct volumes: a gracefully curved ten-story building that hosts the organization's main offices, and an adjoining four-story cylindrical annex that serves as the congress hall for formal assemblies of the PAHO member state delegates, as well as other meetings and events. It is surrounded by George Washington University to the north and east, the Columbia Plaza office/residential complex to the west, and the State Department to the south across the E street expressway underpass.  The main building features soaring white vertical columnar ribs evenly separating dark vertical columns of glass. There are no horizontal lines to compete with the vertical symmetry; the building's vertical ribs disappear along “blind gables” into an invisible roofline. In the formalism and attention to symmetry, Fresnedo Siri said he was trying to stay true to the “classic spirit of the city of Washington.” The interplay of light and dark is accentuated by the use of white American marble, black Mexican granite, and dark gray glass. The building's slender, windowless west and east sides are clad in the white marble, while the black granite frames all the ground floor elements, including the entry portico, the hidden downward ramp to an underground garage, and the reflecting pool and garden elements.  Fresnedo Siri placed the main building on 20 rounded pilotis (columns) that lift it a full story above ground level. He employed this signature element of midcentury modernist design to maximize the open pedestrian plaza space on the relatively small and unusually shaped lot, while enhancing visual transparency and flow. He added reflecting pools with fountains at the base of each building – his vision was that the cylindrical congress hall in particular would appear to be “emerging from the water.” The thin vertical streams spurting up from the fountains would echo the symmetry of the columns and vertical ribbing of the main building. A row of 42 flag poles (representing each PAHO member state) reinforces still further the building's dancing array of vertical symmetries, while also gracefully delineating the northeastern edge of the property site. Unfortunately, the reflecting pools years later were eliminated, filled in and replaced by garden plots.  Fresnedo Siri purposefully placed the convex side of the curved main office building to the north, smoothly integrating it into the urban streetscape of similarly sized office, university and residential buildings. This allowed the concave side of the building to face the open side of the lot, gently cradling the congress hall annex while framing the contours of the small but appealing pedestrian plaza area that flows toward the site's open southern side.  The cylindrical annex's round central congress hall is about in diameter and seats up to 300 people. The single open space soars upward, filling the top three levels of the building. Fresnedo Siri designed a dramatic spider web-like steel structure to support the building, allowing the entire interior space to be free of any supporting columns. The resulting internal space, naturally lit by windows throughout the cylinder's full 360 degrees, achieves an impressive sense of openness and purity of design. The cylindrical building is encased on the outside by a lattice-like grill of diamond-shaped hexagons composed of white marble, quartz and Portland cement. The recessed ground floor space of the cylinder is encased in the same Mexican black granite used for all the site's ground level elements, creating a striking contrast with the white honeycomb grill of the upper levels it supports.  After studying the main diplomatic congress halls at the UN, State Department, the OAS and elsewhere, Fresnedo Siri devised a “floating seat” solution for the chairs in the PAHO's hall. The seats are all anchored to the floor in the rear to curved latitudinal support elements running behind each row (and serving as hidden conduits for the simultaneous translation cabling), achieving what he described as “a great functional and aesthetic purity.” All of the furnishings for the main halls and meeting rooms were designed under his specifications by Knoll Associates, a leading New York-based producer of modernist furniture including landmark designs of the era like the Saarinen womb chair and Mies Van de Rohe's Barcelona chair. Fresnedo Siri designed the magisterial backdrop to the presidium of the Congress hall, using vertical slats of six different woods including Honduran mahogany, Brazilian jacaranda, American walnut and oak, arranged in his words “to accentuate the dimension of the space and the importance of the function it served.” Fresnedo Siri also designed the central chandelier of the Congress hall, calling the piece “a sculpture in light.” Measuring 20 feet in diameter and weighing, it consisted of 3000 long rectangular pieces of Lucite, the translucent acrylic resin invented by Dupont in the 1930s for industrial and military uses then enjoying an early-60's boom as a “space age” material for vanguard furniture and art.

Public Health Heroes of the Americas.

PAHO recognizes individuals as "Public Health Heroes" to honour noteworthy contributions to public health in the Americas. On the occasion of its 100th anniversary in 2002, PAHO named 12 individuals to the list. The award is considered PAHO's highest honour.

The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) is an international public health agency working to improve health and living standards of the people of the Americas. It is part of the United Nations system, serving as the Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization and as the health organization of the Inter-American System. It is known in Latin America as the OPS or OPAS (; ).

泛美卫生局(英文缩写PAHO),也译作“泛美卫生组织”,是美洲国家组织与世界卫生组织下属的洲际性公共卫生政府间国际组织。在拉丁美洲被称作OPS或OPAS (; )。


Roman Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Bontoc-Lagawe

天主教邦都暨拉加韦宗座代牧区

Territory.

The apostolic vicariate comprises the two civil provinces of Ifugao and Mountain Province. Based on NSO record of 2007, there are about 190,000 Catholics in the jurisdiction. The seat of the vicariate is the town of Bontoc, where the Santa Rita of Cascia Cathedral and the vicarial chancery, known as the Teng-ab Pastoral Complex, are located. The territory is divided into 21 parishes.

History.

Records from Santa Rita Parish of Bontoc reveal that the first baptism held in Bontoc was administered by Augustinian Father Jose Iglesia on 28 November 1893. Spanish missionaries however abandoned the Bontoc Mission sometime in 1898. After a lull for almost a decade, a group of Belgian CICM missionaries led by Father Constance Jurgens and Jules Sepulchre arrived in Bontoc in time to celebrate a midnight mass on 24 December 1907  On 10 June 1948, Pope Pius XII established the Apostolic Vicariate of the Mountain Province, formerly known as the Apostolic Prefecture of the Montañosa. Eleven days after, on 21 June, Vatican appointed the Belgian missionary, Bishop William Brasseur, CICM as its first Vicar Apostolic.  The apostolic vicariate was erected on 6 July 1992 with the papal bull "Ad aptius in Insulis" of Pope John Paul II. Under the papal bull, Bontoc-Lagawe was one among the three vicariates created by dividing the old Vicariate of Montañosa into three : the Vicariates of Baguio (elevated into a diocese in 2004), Tabuk and Bontoc-Lagawe.  Assisting the Vicar Apostolic in the governance of pastoral welfare is the Vicariate Mission Council. All members of the presbyterium form this council which meets regularly every quarter. However, it is the prerogative of the Vicar Apostolic to convene the mission council as the need arises.

The Apostolic Vicariate of Bontoc-Lagawe (in Latin: "Vicariatus Apostolicus Bontocensis-Lagavensis") is a Latin Rite Catholic missionary pre-diocesan jurisdiction in the Philippines.

天主教邦都暨拉加韦宗座代牧区()是罗马天主教一个宗座代牧区,位于菲律宾吕宋岛北部山区,辖区包括高山省和伊富高省。


维塔利·马尔科维奇·普里马科夫

Early life.

Vitaly Primakov was born in 1897 in Semenivka, Chernigov Governorate in a family of a teacher with Ukrainian background. In 1914 he joined the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party and was exiled to Siberia for political reasons in 1915.

Revolution.

Primakov was released from exile during February Revolution in 1917. He became a member of Kiev's Bolshevik committee. In August 1917 he was conscripted into the Russian Army. While being a delegate of Second Congress of Soviets in Petrograd he was assigned commander of one of the squadrons participating in the assault on the Winter Palace. Then he led Red Army squadrons during fights with troops of General Krasnov near Gatchina.

Civil War.

In February 1918, using cossack troops that crossed over to the communists, he formed regiment of Red Cossacks. In August 1919, Primakov became commander of the brigade. In October 1919, he was appointed commander of Eighth Cavalry Division. In October 1920, Primakov became the commander of First Corps of Red Cossacks.  For a successful breach of White Army defense line near Fatezh in November 1919, he was awarded first Order of the Red Banner. Second Order of the Red Banner was awarded to Primakov for combat near Proskurov. Primakov received the third Order of the Red Banner for fighting Basmachi Revolt in Central Asia.

Service after Civil War.

In 1923 Primakov graduated Higher Academic Military Courses at RKKA. In 1924-25 he was the head of the Highest Cavalry school in Leningrad.  In 1925, he was sent to China to be military advisor of Chinese First National Army. In 1927, he was appointed military attaché in Afghanistan. In 1929 under disguise of Turkish officer Ragib-bey he led a military operation of Soviet troops to reinstate Amanullah Khan as ruler of Afghanistan. In 1930, he was sent to Japan as military attaché there.  In 1931-33, Primakov was commander of the Thirteenth Infantry Corps. In February 1933 he became deputy of commander of North-Caucasian military district. In December 1934, he was appointed inspector of higher education institutions of Red Army. In January 1935, he became deputy of commander of Leningrad military district.

Arrest and Trial.

Primakov was arrested on 14 August 1936. He was subjected to torture and pleaded guilty of being part of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization and testified against many Soviet military commanders.  He was found guilty and sentenced to death on 11 June 1937.  Primakov was rehabilitated posthumously in 1957.

Personal life.

Primakov was married three times.  Once he was married to Oksana Kotsyubynska, the daughter of Mykhailo Kotsyubynsky.  Last time in 1930 he married Lilya Brik, longtime love of Vladimir Mayakovsky.

Vitaliy Markovich Primakov (; ) (3 December 1897 – 12 June 1937) was a Soviet military leader, commander of the Red Cossacks corps, and part of the Red Army. He was a close friend of Kotsiubynsky family and a son-in-law of Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky.

维塔利·马尔科维奇·普里马科夫( 1897年-12月3日-1937年-6月12日)苏联军事领导人,外交官,红色哥萨克部队指挥官。生于俄罗斯帝国切尔尼戈夫省谢苗诺夫卡,1914年加入布尔什维克党。1917年二月革命时获释,8月加入俄军,曾负责指挥部队攻打冬宫。后领导红军在加特契纳与克拉斯诺夫作战。1918年2月建立红色哥萨克部队,参与镇压巴斯玛奇运动的战斗。1925年被派往中国,在张家口担任冯玉祥国民军的军事顾问。1927年担任驻阿富汗武官。1937年6月11日,因图哈切夫斯基案件被判处死刑并遭处决。1957年得到平反。


Early life.

Yuri was born in Deogyang-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea, on December 5, 1989. She has one older brother, Kwon Hyuk-joon. She auditioned at the SM Entertainment Casting System and joined the company in 2001 after finishing in second place in the 2001 SM Youth Best Dancer Contest. She then underwent training for 5 years and 11 months before her debut. She graduated from Neunggok High School in 2008. She and Sooyoung were appointed as Chung-Ang University new ambassadors on May 20, 2014. On February 15, 2016, she graduated with a degree in Theater and Film as well as receiving a Lifetime Achievement Award as Honorary Ambassador of the school at the graduation ceremony.

Career.

2007–2010: Girls' Generation debut and solo activities.

Yuri made her official debut as a member of the 9-member girl group, Girls' Generation in August 2007. Aside from her group's activities, she had a small role in a television segment, "The King's Boyfriend", which was part of the documentary "Super Junior Show" by S.M Entertainment's boy group Super Junior. She also made a cameo appearance as a ballerina in the film, "Attack on the Pin-Up Boys", which also stars the members of Super Junior.  In 2008, Yuri had a recurring role in the 2008 KBS2 sitcom, "Unstoppable Marriage", where she played as a high school student along with fellow member Sooyoung. In June, she sang a duet called "Kkok (Must!)" with Sooyoung for the soundtrack of SBS television series, "Working Mom". Yuri also became a cast member in the second season of "Kko Kko Tours Single♥Single", a dating show between celebrities.  In 2009, she was announced to be a host of MBC music program, "Show! Music Core" with fellow member Tiffany. In April, K.Will released the music video of "Dropping The Tears", featuring Yuri. She then performed a special stage with him for one of his performances of the song on "Show! Music Core", playing the piano in the background. At the end of the year, Yuri was cast alongside Sunny as one of the 7 girl group members, dubbed as 'G7' in the KBS2 reality variety show, "Invincible Youth", for which she earned a nomination as Best Female MC at the 2010 KBS Entertainment Awards.  As Girls' Generation started preparing for their Japanese debut, their schedules became busier. Because of this, Yuri and Sunny left "Invincible Youth" in June 2010. For the same reason, she and Tiffany also had to leave "Show! Music Core" in the following month to focus on the group's activities.  Yuri made her first contribution as a songwriter for Girls' Generation's third mini album, "Hoot", where she wrote the lyrics for the track, "Mistake". In September, she was featured in the track "Like A Soap", from TVXQ's sixth Korean studio album "Catch Me".

2011–2014: Acting career.

In October 2011, Tiffany and Yuri returned to "Show! Music Core" and hosted the show until January 2012 when Yuri left the show once again to focus on her drama debut.  In 2012, Yuri made her acting debut in SBS drama series "Fashion King" alongside actor Yoo Ah-in. Yuri received nominations at the 5th Korea Drama Awards and the 2012 SBS Drama Awards for her acting performance, and received the New Star Award at the latter on December 31.  In 2013, Girls' Generation released their fourth Korean studio album, "I Got a Boy", which has two of its tracks' lyrics co-written by Yuri. "Baby Maybe" was co-written by Yuri and her fellow members Sooyoung and Seohyun, while "XYZ" was penned with Seohyun. In June, she appeared alongside Hyoyeon in Mnet's global dance survival show, "Dancing 9". The two coached the show's contestants as "K-pop dance masters" along with other notable stars who also appeared as dance masters in their specific fields.  Yuri made her film debut in the same year, when she was cast as the female lead in South Korea's first swimming-themed film, "No Breathing". In the coming-of-age film, Yuri portrayed the role of Jung-eun, a girl who dreams of becoming a musician who is also the love interest of the two male leads played by Lee Jong-suk and Seo In-guk. Aside from learning how to play the guitar for her character, Yuri also sang two songs for the film's soundtrack, "Bling Star" and "Twinkle Twinkle" which she performed in the film.  In October 2014, she acted as a couple with Lee Ji-hoon in the music video of "Without You" by S, which is the group's comeback single after 11 years.

2015–2017: Variety shows and return to acting.

In January 2015, Yuri joined MBC's variety show, "Animals", becoming the only female member of the cast. Yuri was also a guest on the programs "Star With Two Job" and "Dating Alone". In May, Yuri was chosen to host Olive TV's travel program "MAPS" with Choi Kang-hee. She also joined the cast of "Our Neighborhood Arts and Physical Education" for its swimming special, showing off her swimming skills for the first time. On July 23, it was revealed that Yuri was cast as a host in an SBS reality show about rally drivers called "The Rallyist" alongside announcer Bae Sung-jae.  Yuri returned to acting in January 2016, playing the female lead in the OCN spy thriller, "Local Hero". She also joined the new cast of SBS' reality-documentary show "Law of the Jungle" for its new season which was filmed in New Caledonia. The first episode of the show aired on July 2, 2016. In July 2016, Yuri starred as the female lead alongside Kim Young-kwang in the web drama "Gogh, The Starry Night" In August 2016, Yuri released a single titled "Secret" with fellow member Seohyun as part of SM Station.  In January 2017, she starred in the SBS' drama "Innocent Defendant" and played a lawyer for which she was nominated for an Excellence Award in the Actress in a Monday-Tuesday Drama category at the 2017 SBS Drama Awards.

2018–present: Acting activities and solo debut with "The First Scene".

In 2018, Yuri was cast in the second season of the sitcom, "The Sound of Your Heart" as the female lead, which premiered its first season on Netflix on October 29. In January, she released a collaboration single titled "Always Find You" with DJ Raiden. She was also cast in MBC's upcoming drama "Dae Jang Geum Is Watching", which premiered in October.  In August 2018, Yuri was announced to be part of Girls' Generation's second sub-group, Oh!GG, which consisted of the five members who remained under SM Entertainment; the group released their first single, "Lil' Touch", in September.  Yuri released her six-track debut EP, "The First Scene", on October 4, 2018, with the lead single "Into You". The album debuted at number two on the Gaon Album Chart and charted at number 10 on "Billboard"s World Albums chart in its first week with only one day to garner points to enter it. Yuri performed "Into You" on South Korea's music shows and her promotions for the album allowed her to top the Brand Reputation rankings for individual girl group members published by the Korean Corporate Reputation Research Institute for the month of October.  Starting in November, Yuri appeared in the Channel A variety show, "Makgeolli on the Rooftop," during which she and other celebrities learned how to brew makgeolli, a traditional Korean rice wine. In January 2019, she was cast in her first stage play, "Grandpa Henry and Me" ("L'Étudiante et Monsieur Henri"), which is a Korean version of the 2012 French play by Ivan Calbérac.

Kwon Yu-ri (born December 5, 1989), better known by her mononym Yuri, is a South Korean singer, actress and songwriter. She debuted as a member of girl group Girls' Generation (and later its subgroup Girls' Generation-Oh!GG) in August 2007, which went on to become one of the best-selling artists in South Korea and one of South Korea's most popular girl groups worldwide. Apart from her group's activities, she has acted in several television dramas such as "Fashion King" (2012), "Local Hero" (2016), "Gogh, The Starry Night" (2016) and "Innocent Defendant" (2017). In 2013, she made her film debut in "No Breathing".

权俞利(,1989年-12月5日),艺名为俞利(,英语:Yuri),韩国女艺人,为SM娱乐旗下女子组合少女时代成员之一。


Biography.

Balluku was born on February 14, 1917 in Tirana, Albania. He studied at a technical high school in Tirana. While he was doing his military service, he joined the ranks of the Albanian resistance against the Axis during the partisan war in Albania.  On May 20, 1943, he was appointed commander of the Communist partisan battalion "Krujë Ishëm", and on September 18, 1943, he was named commissar of the third brigade. Later he was appointed commander of the second brigade.  On January 28, 1948, Balluku was named Chief of the Head Command of the Albanian Army. In 1948, in the first Congress of the Party of Labour of Albania (formerly the Communist Party of Albania), he was elected as a member of the Politburo, a post he held until his arrest, and in 1952 he was named Minister of Defense. One year later he gained the military rank of Lieutenant General. From 1948 to 1974 he was a member of the Albanian parliament.  In 1953 he graduated from the General Staff Academy (Russia) (former Marshal Voroshilov Military Academy of the USSR Army General Staff). Earlier, in December 1952 the Yugoslav State radio of Belgrade and the newspaper "Politika" had announced that he had been killed and his family interned, but it turned out that it was just speculation: he had been busy with his studies in Moscow.  In 1956 Balluku was presiding over the municipality of Tirana Conference of the Communist Party when the opponents of the Enver Hoxha - Mehmet Shehu regime nearly overthrew the government. Balluku informed Nexhmije Hoxha (Hoxha's wife) that Enver Hoxha should return from the holidays and keep the situation under control.  Shehu and Balluku's intervention helped cause the 1956 purge of the Albanian Communist Party. After Hoxha returned to Tirana, he first tried to be conciliatory towards his critics and then he retaliated by ordering the arrest of all of those who had spoken up. The troika Hoxha-Shehu-Balluku was so described by Nikita Khrushchev, then First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union:  In 1960, following the Albanian Sino-Soviet stand, Balluku, as a representative of the Albanian Party of Labour, took a strong pro-Chinese and anti-Soviet stand in his speech at the Congress of the North Vietnam Communist Party.

Coup d'état accusation, arrest, and execution.

In July 1974, after 22 uninterrupted years of service as the Minister of Defense of the Socialist People's Republic of Albania, Balluku himself was accused by Enver Hoxha of being the instigator of revisionist ideas and was put on trial, accused of a military coup d'état and high treason against his own country. Balluku was sentenced to death along with Petrit Dume, Hito Çako and Rrahman Perrllaku.  Political analysts and scholars seem to agree that Hoxha was aware of the military establishment's desire to decrease the Party's influence in the areas of the military and the economy. Their attempt to downgrade Hoxha's concept of the "people's war" was rewarded when Hoxha deposed the entire top level of the military establishment, including the Minister of Defense, Balluku. Hoxha seems to have feared a coup d'état. Balluku was then ranked as the fourth member of the ruling Communist Party (after Enver Hoxha, Mehmet Shehu and Hysni Kapo)  In the October 6, 1974 elections for the People's Assembly, Balluku was the only leading Albanian politician not reelected (in his home district of Shkodër). The removal of Balluku from the Albanian Politburo had already been disclosed in a report from Belgrade on September 11, 1974.  Twelve days later, John A. Volpe, the US Ambassador to Italy, reported through a telegram sent to Washington that it was possible that Balluku and other high defense functionaries had been removed from their posts. The first indication was a discrepancy between Hoxha's and Balluku's opinions on the defense system of Albania; the second was a request from Beijing to Hoxha that he remove Balluku, who was making too many requests on weapons imports from People's Republic of China. The third possibility was the coup d'état intent of Balluku, possibly endorsed by the other pro-Soviet Union defense high functionaries.  Balluku was executed by firing squad on November 5, 1975.  Balluku's remains were retrieved only 26 years later, on 18 July 2000, on request of his family members. He had been put in a secret common grave in Vranisht, Vlorë County, together with the other two former Albanian generals (Dume and Çako) who had also been accused by Hoxha in 1974.  In 1979, following the ideological split of the Party of Labour of Albania from the Communist Party of China, Enver Hoxha wrote in his memories that the "enemy groups" of Abdyl Këllezi (Minister of the Economy) and Beqir Balluku (Minister of Defense) had drafted their inimical plan based on suggestions from Zhou Enlai, who was Premier of the People's Republic of China.

Beqir Balluku (February 14, 1917 – November 5, 1975) was an Albanian politician, military leader, and Minister of Defense of Albania. Balluku assisted Enver Hoxha in carrying out the 1956 purge in the Party of Labour of Albania. However, in 1974, Balluku himself, along with a group of other government members, was accused by Hoxha of an attempted coup d'état against the Albanian Communist Government. He was executed that same year.

贝基尔·巴卢库( 1917年-2月14日-1975年-11月5日)阿尔巴尼亚政治家、军事领导人,阿尔巴尼亚前国防部长。1956年,巴卢库协助霍查在阿尔巴尼亚共产党内进行清洗,曾于1958年、1963年、1964年、1967年、1968年、1972年六次率团访问中国,多次与中国共产党高层领导人会面。1974年,巴卢库与许多其他阿尔巴尼亚政府成员被霍查指控试图发动政变,次年被处决。


Location.

The bridge is located in the Belgrade municipality of Palilula, which is the only municipality in the city that lies on both banks of the Danube. Geographically, it connects two large regions of Serbia, Šumadija and Banat (Pančevački Rit). The bridge approaches begin well back from the bridge itself in the neighborhoods of Bogoslovija (roundabout at Mije Kovačevića street) and Ada Huja (Višnjička street) and direct approach begins from the Boulevard of Despot Stefan. The bridge spans the neighborhood of Viline Vode, the Danube (at approximately kilometre 1,166 of the river) and reaches the Banat side in the neighbourhood of Krnjača, between the sub-neighborhoods of Blok Braća Marić and Blok Branko Momirov.

History.

Construction of the original bridge began in 1933. On 27 October 1935 it was inaugurated by the Prince regent of Yugoslavia, Pavle Karađorđević and named after the still minor King of Yugoslavia, Petar II ("Most Kralja Petra II"). After the German attack on Yugoslavia on 6 April 1941 in the course of the World War II, the Yugoslav army command decided to blow up all three existing bridges in Belgrade (two over the Sava and one over the Danube) in a vain attempt to slow down the German Army advancement. Military commander of Belgrade, general Vojislav Nikolajević, was ordered to demolish them, and the order for the King Peter II Bridge was executed by major Velimir Piletić. The Bridge of King Petar II was destroyed on the night between 10 and 11 April 1941.  The Germans repaired the bridge for their purposes during the period of occupation. It became operational again in October 1942. In the spring of 1944, the Allied Anglo-American bombing of Belgrade began. The bridge was hit and damaged in the bombings of April 16 and 3 September 1944. When the Germans began to withdraw from Belgrade in October 1944, they destroyed the bridge themselves.  Reconstruction of the bridge began in 1945, upstream from the remnants of the destroyed supporting piers. Plans were drawn up by the 50 Soviet engineers headed by Vladimir Aleksandrovich Golovko (1897–1956), lieutenant general of the Red Army's technical troops. Joseph Stalin's orders were that they should build a provisory crossing rather than an expensive railway bridge, but Josip Broz Tito convinced him that a proper bridge should be built. On 7 November 1946, the first train passed over the new bridge and regular road traffic started three weeks later, on 29 November. Originally, Tito named it the Bridge of the Red Army ("Most Crvene Armije"). In 2020 it was discovered that, despite the popular use by the citizens and official use of the city administration of the name Pančevo Bridge, the name was never officially changed from the Bridge of the Red Army, or the paper trail was lost in time.  On 23 March 1963, a Soviet ship "Leningrad" was towing five, allegedly empty oil tankers. Passing under the bridge in the downstream direction, towards Smederevo, one of the tankers in the convoy hit one of the pillars of the bridge and immediately exploded. Few minutes later, when "Leningrad" towed all the tankers under the bridge, two smaller explosions were heard. By the time "Leningrad" reached several hundred meters away from the bridge, three tankers completely sank while two were cut in half by the explosions and protruded from the water. The debris from the explosion were scattered all over the area, while the bridge itself was damaged.  In 1965, the bridge had a last major renovation. Not counting the Đerdap dams on the Romanian border, Pančevo Bridge was the only bridge over the Danube in Serbia that was not destroyed by NATO forces during the bombing of Serbia from 24 March to 12 June 1999.

Technical characteristics.

The original bridge was built by a group of large German steel producers supplying the steel and by "Siemens-Bauunion GmbH" from Berlin doing all other works such as the piers for the bridge. The work of these companies was part of the reparations Germany had to pay to Serbia for the damage inflicted during World War I.  In 1946, the bridge was originally intended to be just a railway bridge but later it was opened for road traffic, too. Today, it has two lanes in both directions for road traffic, and even though it was designed to have two rail tracks as well, at the moment there is only one rail track on the bridge.  Total length of the steel bridge is 1,526.4 meters, of which 1,134,7 meters is over the river bed. The height of the main supporting piers is 18 meters.

Importance.

Due to being the only bridge over the Danube in Belgrade for a long time, the bridge became very congested. At its peak Pančevo Bridge had between 150,000 to 200,000 vehicles crossing it daily. At the time when the bridge was rebuilt in 1946 (as of 1948 census), Pančevački Rit (section of Belgrade across the Danube) had a population of 7,998 inhabitants, Pančevo had 26,423 inhabitants and Belgrade itself had 388,246 inhabitants. As of 2011 census, Pančevo had 76,203 inhabitants (2.88 times higher) and Belgrade has 1,233,796 inhabitants (3.18 times higher). Also, number of motor vehicles between these two periods increased in much higher rate.  After crossing into Krnjača, the bridge continues as a road that splits in two directions:  There are railway stations, "Pančevački most" on the Belgrade side of the bridge, and "Krnjača", on the Krnjača side. Both stations are part of Beovoz commuter rail which connects the area between the town of Stara Pazova in Syrmia region of Vojvodina, Belgrade and Pančevo as this entire area forms a greater metropolitan area of Belgrade.

Planned reconstruction.

After 2000, a general consensus was reached that new bridges in Belgrade are a necessity. Belgrade almost doubled after 1974 when the last bridge (Gazela) was built. As for the Pančevački Rit area, which has experienced a tenfold population growth since Pančevo Bridge was built, things are getting even more serious as city government has plans (though distant ones) to move Belgrade Port to the left bank and to begin a project of "Third Belgrade" in this area with 300,000–400,000 inhabitants (the first one is "Old" Belgrade in Šumadija; the second is "New" Belgrade, Novi Beograd-Zemun in Syrmia).  At the moment, even this one bridge is considered to be in a fairly bad shape, as a result of lack of maintenance and overuse. Public debate grew (not just about this bridge) in both expert and lay circles, to the point of publicly expressing views in the mass media on a daily basis about future Belgrade bridges. City government plans to do a complete reconstruction of Pančevo Bridge and build three more bridges over the Danube, to alleviate the traffic pressure on it. One bridge is supposed to be built downstream, to connect the Belgrade suburb of Vinča to Omoljica in the Pančevo municipality. The second bridge is projected for just 1.5 kilometers downstream from Pančevo Bridge and it will connect Ada Huja and Krnjača. The third bridge is to be built upstream and will connect the neighborhoods of Zemun and Borča. Until this last bridge is finished, the city government has proposed a ferry line instead.  However, as of December 2012, only the works on the Zemun-Borča Bridge have begun, which was finished in 2014 and renamed the Pupin Bridge. Reconstruction of Pančevo Bridge has been scheduled and postponed several times since 2006. So far, it as only been announced how the reconstruction will be handled. It is supposed to last for 12 months. The rail traffic will be closed during that time. "Beovoz" would stop on the approaches to the bridge and buses would take passengers to the other side. But the bridge will never be fully closed to road traffic, because it would cut Belgrade's only connection across the Danube. Rail tracks will be temporary turned into traffic lanes, which would mean the bridge will have six lanes in this period and two will always be closed for reconstruction. Freight traffic will be allowed only at night.  Pančevo Bridge itself was partially renovated in 2008–2010. The main steel grid-like construction beneath the carriageways was repaired, while some parts were replaced or strengthened. The main girders were sandblasted and painted.  Since then, commuters (drivers, cyclists, pedestrians) posted numerous photos of neglect and abundant damages of the bridge. In 2014, the cyclists hanged a large placard, pointing to the bad shape of the paths and guard rails, general neglect of the bridge and abundant weeds growing on it. In November 2017 the state road company posted a warning and a protective tape on the bridge, alarming the commuters on caution because of the "chipping off of the bridge construction". The company later clarified that only parts of the concrete parapet were cracking, which is a "damage of aesthetic nature".  In December 2017, Minister for transportation Zorana Mihajlović announced the complete reconstruction of the bridge, without giving the starting date but setting the deadline for the finished works at the end of 2018. The carriageways will be repaired, the bridge will be protected from corrosion and the decorative lights will be posted. It is not known whether the project from 2008 can still be used due to the passed time and further deterioration of the bridge since then. Also, she announced that the illegal gravel facilities in the vicinity of the bridge will be dislocated. It is estimated that the entire project would cost 3.5 billion dinars (€30 million). Confronted later with her claims, minister Mihajlović denied ever saying that, even though she was filmed, saying that she was talking only about the bicycle paths, which didn't happen either.  However, the deputy mayor Goran Vesić said in July 2018 that the reconstruction of the bridge can't be done until the new bridge over the Danube, across the Ada Huja is finished. Vesić stated that the construction of this bridge should start in 2020, which was later moved to 2021, meaning it can't be finished before 2024. But the traffic incidents on the bridge continued, especially regarding bridge fences, which are not proper, motor traffic fences, which are metallic, firm and capable of bouncing back a car going at. Instead they are much weaker, pedestrian ones and are, additionally, rusty and covered in the overgrowth of weeds. In 2013, a truck broke the bridge fence, falling down in the yard of the construction company, but without fatalities. In the winter of 2017, parts of the bridge construction fell down, not hurting anyone. In October 2018 a car broke the fence and fell down, killing father and daughter inside the car. In August 2019 another car broke the fence, but without fatalities. Still, the authorities refuse to place even the proper fences, waiting for the full reconstruction and claiming that the current maintenance works are adequate.

Pančevo Bridge () or colloquially Pančevac () is a bridge over the Danube in Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It was named after the northern city of Pančevo (in Vojvodina) which is connected to Belgrade by the road continuing from the bridge. It was the only bridge over the Danube in Belgrade until December 2014, when the Pupin Bridge opened further upstream in the municipality of Zemun connecting it to the Banat side of Belgrade.

潘切沃大桥(Панчевачки мост)位于塞尔维亚首都贝尔格莱德,是一座横跨多瑙河的桥梁。桥梁的名称来自于塞尔维亚北部城市潘切沃。在2014年12月之前,潘切沃大桥是贝尔格莱德唯一的一座横跨多瑙河的桥梁。潘切沃大桥始建于1933年,在1935年竣工。1941年,为阻止德军过河,大桥被炸毁。德军占领期间桥梁得到修复,但在1944年又在盟军空袭中受损。1944年10月德军撤出时再次炸毁。大桥在1945年至1946年期间重建。在北约空袭塞尔维亚期间,潘切沃大桥是塞尔维亚多瑙河上的桥梁中唯一一座躲过空袭的。


Timeline.

On May 15, 2001, a CSX locomotive engineer was using Locomotive #8888 to move a string of freight cars from one track to another within Stanley Yard in Walbridge, Ohio, CSX's primary classification yard for Toledo. The string consisted of 47 freight cars, 22 of which were loaded. Two tank cars contained thousands of gallons of molten phenol, a toxic ingredient of paints, glues, and dyes that is harmful when it is inhaled, ingested, or comes into contact with the skin.  The engineer, a 35-year veteran (whose name has not been disclosed) with a clean disciplinary record, noticed a misaligned switch and concluded that his train, although moving slowly, would not be able to stop short of it. He decided to climb down from the train, correctly align the switch, and reboard the locomotive.  Before leaving the cab, the engineer applied the locomotive's independent air brake. During mainline operation, he would also have applied the automatic air brake, setting the brakes in each of the train's cars. But, as is normal for intra-yard movements, the air brakes of the train were disconnected from the locomotive, and thus were not functional. Furthermore, applying the locomotive's brakes disabled the train's dead man's switch, which would otherwise have applied the train brakes and cut the engine power.  The engineer also attempted to apply the locomotive's dynamic brake to slow the train to a crawl; dynamic brakes dissipate momentum (kinetic energy) by using the momentum of the train to drive the main generator, generating electricity, exactly like a regenerative braking system in a hybrid automobile, which slows the train. In effect this is very much like using engine braking in a car or exhaust/"jake" brakes in a tractor truck (even up to increasing the revs of the engine thereby making it harder for the engineer to discern whether the throttle was successfully placed into "full brake" or "full throttle", as it turned out); however in this case the braking effect is totally unrelated to the engine itself. However, the engineer "inadvertently failed to complete the selection process", meaning that the train's engine was set to accelerate, not to brake. He then set the throttle for the traction motors at notch 8. If the dynamic brakes had been engaged as intended, this throttle setting would have used the motors against the momentum of the train, causing it to slow down. Instead the train began to accelerate. Therefore, the only functioning brake was the air brake on the locomotive, and this was not enough to counteract its engine power.  The engineer climbed down from the cab, aligned the switch, and then attempted to reboard the accelerating locomotive. But he was unable to do so and was dragged about, receiving minor cuts and abrasions. There were no other injuries or deaths resulting from the incident. The train rolled out of the yard and began a journey south through northwest Ohio with no one at the controls. Attempts to derail the train using a portable derailer failed. Police also shot at an emergency fuel cutoff switch, which had no effect because the button must be pressed for several seconds before the engine is starved of fuel and shuts down. A northbound freight train, Q636-15, was directed onto a siding where the crew uncoupled its locomotive, #8392 (another EMD SD40-2), and waited for the runaway train to pass. #8392 had a crew of two: Jess Knowlton, an engineer with 31 years of service; and Terry L. Forson, a conductor with one year's experience. Together, they chased the runaway train. An EMD GP40-2, CSX locomotive #6008, was prepared further down the line to couple to the front of the runaway to slow it further, if necessary.  Knowlton and Forson successfully coupled onto the rear car, and slowed the train by applying the dynamic brakes on the chase locomotive. Once the runaway had slowed to, CSX trainmaster Jon Hosfeld ran alongside the train, climbed aboard, and shut down the engine. The train was stopped just southeast of Kenton, Ohio, before reaching the GP40-2. All the brake shoes on #8888 had been destroyed by the heat from being applied throughout the runaway trip.

Preservation attempts.

Several railway museums had tried to buy #8888, but CSX officials replied that they did not feel the locomotive was worthy of preservation, and that it would be rebuilt as part of the SD40-3 rebuild program in late 2014 and early 2015. The locomotive now operates as CSX SD40-3 #4389.

In film.

The incident inspired the 2010 movie "Unstoppable".

The CSX 8888 incident, also known as the Crazy Eights incident, was a runaway train event involving a CSX Transportation freight train in the U.S. state of Ohio on May 15, 2001. Locomotive #8888, an EMD SD40-2, was pulling a train of 47 cars including some loaded with hazardous chemicals, and ran uncontrolled for two hours at up to. It was finally halted by a railroad crew in a second locomotive, which caught the runaway and coupled to the rear car.

CSX8888次铁路事故( CSX 8888 incident, also known as the Crazy Eights incident),是指于美国东部时间2001年5月15日在俄亥俄州沃尔布里奇 (俄亥俄州)到肯顿区间的一起意外事故,一台由EMD SD40-2型车头连接47个车厢的CSX运输8888号列车因驾驶疏忽,无人驾驶且以每小时51英里(82公里)的速度失控。


2011年世界女子手球锦标赛

Venues.

The competition took place in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. It is the third women's World Championship organized outside of Europe, after South Korea in 1990 and China in 2009.  Initially, the matches had to take place in the state of Santa Catarina.  Four cities have been selected to host the matches:

Qualification.

Eight European teams qualified for the World Championships through play-offs. The draw was made on 19 December. The first legs were played on 4/5 June with the second legs on 11/12 June.

Group draw.

The draw was held on 2 July 2011 at 21:00 local time.

Seeding.

The seeding was announced on June 24.

Group stage.

A provisional scheduled was released on June 24. Brazil played the opening game on December 2. On July 7 the venues for each preliminary round were announced by the IHF. The detailed match schedule was released on August 31. As all Handball world championships, the tie-breakers in case of point tie betwin two or more teams were: 1.Points in matches between tied teams 2. Goal difference in matches between tied teams 3. Goaldifference in all group matches 4. Most scored goals in all group matches, 5. Draw.  "All times are local ()."

Group A.

Angola won the tie-break for second place due to a better record in matches between them, Montenegro and Iceland. In those direct encounters all three got 2 points but Angola's +2 goal difference beat Montenegro's +1 and Iceland's –3.

President's Cup.

Fifth and sixth place finishers from the group compete in the President's Cup to determine the places 17 through 24.

Ranking and awards.

No placement matches for places 9 to 16 were played, but as those places might be decisive for qualification to the Olympics, the regulations ranked those teams. The losing teams of the Round of 16 were ranked based on a their group stage record (points, goal-difference, goals scored) against teams placed 1st to 4th (those advancing to the Round of 16).

The 2011 World Women's Handball Championship, the 20th event hosted by the International Handball Federation, was held in Brazil from 2 to 18 December 2011.

2011年世界女子手球锦标赛于2011年12月3日至16日在巴西举行,共有来自24支队伍参加此次世锦赛,最终挪威队获得冠军。


Romanization System.

It had its own romanization system for Kazakh which was based on Turkish Latin, in anticipation to the transition from Cyrillic to Latin which was targeted to be complete by 2025, but it was never considered by President Nursultan Nazarbayev. The president commented that the new alphabet should contain "no hooks nor superfluous dots". The new Latin alphabet approved by Nazarbayev, which contain apostrophes corresponding certain Cyrillic alphabets, received mixed reactions from the public and linguists.  By 2019, the news agency's website began to use the revised 2018 Romanization system in their Latin Kazakh-language version, eventually ditching the Turkish Latin-based system; however, Kazakh Wikipedia and Google Translate still used the agency's old Romanization system in their Latin rendition and Kazakh translation feature, respectively.  Kazak Grammar, a social media-based group of Kazakh language enthusiasts, proposed an alternative Romanization system which combines the features of the official 2018 system with the Kazinform's system, most notably the retention of Turkish vowels with diacritics. But an unexpected change in the group's direction occurred in early 2020 when the group restarted to "Noqat" with their new romanization arrangements which reflects the 2019-2020 revision of the alphabet.

History.

Until 1925 the news agency bore the name "Orenburg-Turgay Department of ROST". It was then renamed "KazROST", until it was again renamed "KazTAG" in 1937. President Nursultan Nazarbayev issued an order for the agency to be renamed in 1997 as KazAAG. In 2002 it was named Kazinform by the Kazakh government. Since 2008 the news agency belongs to the holding company Arna-Media.

Kazinform () is a Kazakh international news agency and one of largest media in Kazakhstan. It is based in Astana. The news agency mainly focuses on national and Eurasian news.

哈萨克国际通讯社,简称哈通社,是哈萨克斯坦的国家通讯社和世界性通讯社。哈通社总部位于首都阿斯塔纳,并在阿拉木图设有分社。该通讯社主要聚焦本国以及欧亚大陆的新闻。创立于1920年,前身为俄罗斯电讯社驻奥伦堡分社。哈通社以哈萨克文、俄文、英文、中文、阿拉伯文5种语言报道新闻。在中亚国家中,哈通社是首个开设中文网站的媒体。


History.

1990s.

On November 20, 1990, the official contract of an annual capacity of 150,000 cars for the joint venture between FAW Group (First Automotive Works Group) and Volkswagen AG was signed by Geng Zhaojie (耿昭杰), President of FAW and Dr. Carl Hahn, CEO of Volkswagen AG in the Great Hall of the People, Beijing. All of the facilities in the first car plant, including the body shop, paint shop and assembly shop came together from the abandoned factory of VW's in Westmoreland, USA. The company started its business officially on September 1, 1992.  On December 5, 1991, the first Volkswagen Jetta Mk2 rolled off the line. Two years later, on February 7, 1993, the 10,000th car rolled off the line.  In 1995 FAW Group, Volkswagen AG and Audi AG decided to integrate Audi to the product line of the joint ventures, the equity holdings were also changed with 60% for FAW, 30% for VW and 10% Audi.  On May 20, 1996, the first Audi 200 rolled off the line.  On July 10, 1996, the engine shop started running.  By July 1996, the company was capable of producing 150,000 cars, 270,000 engines and 180,000 gearboxes in one year.  In 1997 FAW-Volkswagen Sales Company Ltd. was established as a joint venture between FAW-VW and FAW Group with the equity holdings of 50% for each, it was a smart idea of avoiding the Germans to take control of the sales department under the policy of the governing body then. By 2002 FAW-VW took the majority of the equities back from FAW Group.  In 1998 the Jetta King became the first car ever equipped with ABS system in the Chinese A-class market.  In 1999 the Jetta was registered in FIA Group N category, it entered a lot of Rally events in China with FRD Sport and Qingyang Racing from the late 1990s to early 2000s.

2000s.

In 2002 the Jetta became the first mass production passenger car in China to be available with a diesel engine.  On January 7, 2004, the 1,000,000 car (a Bora A4) rolled off the line.  On December 7, 2004, FAW-VW's second car plant began operating.  On August 4, 2009, the 3,000,000th car (a Golf A6) rolled off the line in car plant #2.

2010s.

By 2010 FAW-VW had sold over 1,000,000 Audis (including imported cars) in China. With the celebration, a sculpture named 'Ode to Audi' from Gerry Judah was set at the entrance of the company.  According to Chinese government policy, foreign auto manufactures should develop domestic brands with their local partners. Thus FAW-VW revealed its own brand 'Kaili (开利)' in May 2011.  On August 15, 2011, FAW-VW celebrated its twentieth anniversary with its one millionth car in 2011 (a Magotan B7L).  November 2016: Changchun FAW-VW agency workers organize and file a report on unfair labor conditions to the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU)  December 2016-January 2017: With the intervention of Changchun ACFTU, worker representatives engage in two collective bargaining sessions with FAW-VW and Hongxin Youye (one of the employment agencies). The two CB sessions don’t seem to have yielded any outcomes.  January–February 2017: Over one thousand FAW-VW agency workers present their case to the district’s labor arbitration committee, they get no official reply  February 2017: Agency workers present their cases to court, which rejects their claims. 500 plus agency workers hold a protest in front of the local Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security office.  April 2017: Agency workers organize a May Day protest, but they cancel their plans under police pressure  May 21, 2017: Agency workers gather at the gates of the company and chant slogans during the Changchun International Marathon (FAW-VW is the leading sponsor of the sporting event)  May 26, 2017: Worker representatives Fu Tianbo, Wang Shuai and Ai Zhenyu are detained for “gathering crowds to disrupt public order”. Not long after, Wang and Ai are released, Fu remains in detention.  June 7, 2017: Worker representative Fu Tianbo is officially put under arrest  July 2017: Police harassment of Fu Tianbo’s family increases, Fu’s mother publishes video demanding to see her son, otherwise she will go to Beijing to present her grievances to higher government officials.  July 19, 2017: The three arrested workers sent a letter to Volkswagen, its World Works Council and its European Works Council  August 2, 2017: Officers of IG Metal send a letter to VW China demanding an end to the judicial persecution of the three arrested workers.  On March 26, 2019, FAW-VW launched new Jetta sub-brand, with three new vehicles: Jetta VA3, VS5 and VS7. While VA3 is rebadge of VW Jetta in China, both SUV models, VS5 and VS7, are rebadge of SEAT models. The sales is scheduled to start in the third quarter of this year.

Current products (Audi).

Automobile production started in December 1991, and the current manufactured range includes:

Current products (Volkswagen).

The new Jetta marque is scheduled to be on sale in 2019 with three models:

Sales.

The following figures including VWs and Audis made by FAW-VW:

FAW-Volkswagen Automobile Co., Ltd. (FAW-VW) is a joint venture between FAW Group and Volkswagen Group which manufactures Audi and Volkswagen marque passenger cars for sale in China. Ownership of the company is: FAW – 51%, Volkswagen AG – 20%, Audi AG – 10%, and Volkswagen (China) Invest – 19%. FAW-VW was founded on 6 February 1991.

一汽-大众汽车有限公司(FAW-Volkswagen Automotive Co. Ltd),简称一汽-大众,是由中国第一汽车集团公司和德国大众汽车公司、奥迪汽车公司和大众汽车(中国)投资有限公司合资经营的汽车制造生产大型企业。目前,一汽大众是中国四大独立整车生产厂中规模最大的一家(另外三家为上汽大众、神龙汽车、长安福特)。


Personal life and education.

Calvo was born on August 29, 1961, in Tamuning, Guam, U.S. and is the son of Governor Paul McDonald Calvo, who served as the Governor of Guam from 1979 until 1983, and former Guamanian First Lady Rosa Herrero Baza. His paternal grandparents were Eduardo Torres Calvo and Veronica Mariano McDonald Calvo, who resided in Maite, Guam. His maternal grandparents were Antonio Camacho Baza, a former United States Marshal, and Delores Cruz Herrero, who resided in Sinajana, Guam.  Calvo initially attended Father Dueñas Memorial School in Guam before moving to California, where he graduated from Saint Francis High School in Mountain View, California, in 1979. Calvo received a bachelor's degree in business administration from Notre Dame de Namur University in Belmont, California.  He married Christine Lujan Sonido in 1987. The couple have six children.

Career.

Calvo worked in the private sector before entering politics in the late 1990s. He formerly worked as the general manager of the Pacific Construction Company and the Vice President and general manager of the Pepsi Bottling Company of Guam.  Calvo, a Republican, was first elected as a Senator in the Guam Legislature in 1998, taking office in 1999. He has since been elected to five terms in office (with a two-year break after his defeat in the lieutenant gubernatorial primary in 2002). Calvo has served as both the Vice Speaker and Acting Speaker of the Legislature during his tenure in office.  In 2002, Calvo ran for Lieutenant Governor of Guam as the running mate of Republican gubernatorial candidate, Tony Unpingco, the former Speaker of the Legislature. However, the Unpingco-Calvo ticket was defeated in the Republican primary election by gubernatorial candidate Felix Perez Camacho, who went on to be elected governor in the 2002 general election.

Governor of Guam.

2010 election.

On April 30, 2010, Calvo announced that he would leave the Legislature at the end of his term. In the same speech, Calvo simultaneously told supporters at Chamorro Village that he intended to seek the Republican nomination for Governor of Guam in 2010. He chose Senator Ray Tenorio as his running mate.  Calvo went on to defeat Lieutenant Governor Michael Cruz in the Republican primary election on September 4, 2010 and ran against former Democratic Governor Carl Gutierrez and his running mate, Senator Frank Aguon. The Calvo-Tenorio ticket won the 2010 gubernatorial election by a slim margin, and although the final count was enough to win the election, it was still within 2% of the Guiterrez Aguon ticket. Immediately after the election, a recount was ordered by the Guam Election Commission.

2014 election.

Governor Eddie Calvo and Lt. Governor Ray Tenorio announced their intention to seek re-election for a second four-year term. The team held the first official rally to kickoff their campaign on June 7, 2014 at their campaign headquarters in Anigua, following a motorcade of supporters from Yigo.  Calvo again faced Democratic Nominee Carl Gutierrez in the general election. Calvo defeated Gutierrez in the general election, winning 64 percent of the vote.

Tenure.

As governor, Calvo set a policy of hiring only government employees with at least a high school diploma. According to Josh Barro of "The New York Times", Calvo stopped "some of Guam's worst fiscal practices", such as financing itself by delaying tax refunds, and ran consecutive budget surpluses.  In February 2014, Calvo signed Bill 146, which made the Castle Doctrine the law in Guam. Additionally, in May 2014 Calvo signed Bill 296 into law, which changed language for concealed firearms licensing from "may" to "shall", meaning that concealed firearm licenses "shall" be issued to an applicant who meets the various specifications.  In March 2012, Calvo endorsed Mitt Romney for president. In January 2016 he endorsed Texas Senator Ted Cruz during the 2016 Republican primary, and after Cruz dropped out of the primaries he endorsed Donald Trump.  Calvo intended to include a referendum on Guam's status, similar to the referendums held in January and September 1982, during the island's November 2016 elections, but it was delayed.  In January 2017 Calvo submitted a proposed law to legalize recreational cannabis in Guam.

Edward Jerome Baza Calvo (born August 29, 1961) is an American Guamanian politician, serving as the eighth Governor of the United States territory of Guam from 2011 to 2019. A member of the Republican Party, Calvo was a five-term Senator within the Legislature of Guam. He became the Governor of Guam, having defeated Democrat Carl Gutierrez in the 2010 gubernatorial election. Calvo chose Senator Ray Tenorio as his running mate for Lieutenant Governor of Guam.

埃迪·卡尔沃(英语:Eddie Baza Calvo;1961年-8月29日),美国属地关岛政治人物,2011年1月至2019年1月担任关岛总督。


History.

The Diocese of Broken Bay was erected on 8 April 1986. Prior to this date, the area was considered within the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Sydney.  According to Roman Catholic Church records, in 1822 Governor Brisbane granted land near Pittwater to Father Therry for the purposes of establishing a church. However, attempts to established a church in 1859 were postponed due to the sparcity of Catholics. A church at Manly was established in 1873 and another erected at Careel Bay in 1875. Manly was the site of the first parish that was established in the area in 1876; followed by Gosford (1888) and Pymble (1889). Together these three parishes covered most of the present diocese until 1910. By 1885, work on St Patrick's College, Manly had commenced and was completed in 1888.  The Diocese covers and includes both bush and coastal communities. Symbolising the diocese is the lighthouse, based on the historic lighthouse at Barrenjoey.

Bishops of Broken Bay.

The following individuals have been elected as Bishop of Broken Bay:

Cathedral.

On 10 February 2008 Our Lady of the Rosary, Waitara, was inaugurated as the cathedral of the diocese, succeeding Corpus Christi, the parish church of St Ives.

Derivative agencies and offices.

The Diocese of Broken Bay operates a number of agencies and offices to manage various functions of the Diocese such as Catholic outreach and evangelism, family support, disability support, and education.

Catholic Schools Office of the Diocese.

the Diocese was responsible for overseeing the management of 43 Schools in the area (36 Catholic primary schools and 7 Catholic high schools) and was made up of approximately 15,000 students. The schools in the Diocese are:

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Broken Bay is a suffragan Latin Rite diocese of the Archdiocese of Sydney, covering the North Shore and Northern Beaches of greater metropolitan Sydney, and the Broken Bay and Central Coast regions of New South Wales, Australia.

天主教布罗肯湾教区(;英语:Roman Catholic Diocese of Broken Bay)是澳大利亚一个罗马天主教教区。属悉尼总教区。教区成立于1986年4月8日。


天主教梅特兰-纽卡斯尔教区

History.

Prior to the establishment of the diocese, the Hunter Region was under the administration of the Sydney Archdiocese. The Church defines a diocese as 'a portion of the people of God, which is entrusted to a bishop' or, as 'a community of Christ's faithful in communion of faith and sacraments with their bishop.' The three most notable priests assigned to the Hunter Region, Therry, Dowling & Lynch strived to build churches, schools and establish Catholic parishes. Six Catholic parishes established were East Maitland 1835 (the first Catholic church built north of Sydney was the first St Joseph's Church in 1835), Newcastle 1838, West Maitland 1841, Singleton 1845, Taree 1846, Raymond Terrace 1852.  During 1840 and 1845 Archbishop Bede Polding visited the whole Hunter Valley and laid foundation stones for churches at Wollombi and St John's at Campbell's Hill. The foundation stone was moved to West Maitland where St John the Baptist Church opened in 1846.  By Papal Brief dated 27 May 1847, the Titular See of East Maitland was created with Most Reverend Charles Henry Davis nominated as Bishop. Bishop Davis was also the Auxiliary Bishop to the Archbishop of Sydney and lived in Sydney, never visiting his Titular See in East Maitland, therefore the Titular See of East Maitland remained under the administration of the Archdiocese of Sydney until Most Reverend James Murray was nominated Bishop of Maitland in 1865, taking possession of St John the Baptist Church West Maitland as his Cathedral on 1 November 1866.  From 1866 the diocese extended to include Port Macquarie, Tamworth, Gunnedah, Walgett and Coonamble. In 1887 the Diocese of Maitland reduced in size by exclusion of Coonamble, Gunnedah and Tamworth districts.  In 1933, after servicing the diocese for 87 years, the old cathedral building became inadequate for the needs of the parish and the diocese. In July 1933, Bishop Edmund Gleeson CSsR, officially announced that the Catholic Hall in Maitland would be converted to a Pro-Cathedral suitable as a place of worship. On 26 November 1933 the Catholic Hall was opened as the Pro-Cathedral and St John's officially closed.  In 1966 boundaries were again altered to exclude Kendall parish to Lismore but include the parishes of Belmont, Swansea, Toronto, Booragul, Teralba, which is the present boundaries of the diocese.  In 1989 the Pro-Cathedral suffered damage as a result of an earthquake and was closed. Discussions were then held and it was decided to convert the Pro-Cathedral to its former use as a hall and to re-open St John's as a Chapel for the Central Maitland area. On 24 June 1994 Bishop Leo Clarke conducted the ceremony of the Dedication of a Church and thus St John's became a Chapel for the area. The 1989 earthquake was also a catalyst to consolidate the diocesan administration offices on one site. This was achieved in 1995 by purchasing the Sisters of Mercy Convent at Hamilton and the former Sacred Heart Parish Primary School, Hamilton.  By Papal Brief dated 14 June 1995, the Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle was created and on 16 July 1995, the Sacred Heart Church in Hamilton became the Sacred Heart Cathedral for the Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle.

Bishops.

Ordinaries.

The following individuals have been elected as Roman Catholic Bishop of Maitland:  The following individuals have been elected as Roman Catholic Bishop of Maitland-Newcastle:  I need to sort for other affiliated bishops

Cathedral.

Sacred Heart Cathedral, Hamilton is a beautiful and welcoming place of worship which acts as both the Hamilton Parish church and the Cathedral for the Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle.  The Sacred Heart Cathedral building was opened in 1930 as the parish church of Hamilton and was consecrated by Bishop Edmund Gleeson in 1941, before becoming Sacred Heart Cathedral on 16 July 1995.  Very much a church of the people, the Sacred Heart Church's foundations were dug with the physical aid of parishioners. The church was built virtually, brick by brick, on the dream of Monsignor Victor Francis Peters and through the generosity of parishioners who, in the midst of the Great Depression, bought bricks for an average of twopence each. A donation of ten pounds was the norm and in total, 700,000 bricks were used.  Monsignor Peters was influenced by the architecture of the Cathedral in Thurles in Ireland; the Cathedral Church of Philadelphia in USA and the brick work in front of the Pisa church in Italy. The foundation stone was laid on 23 September 1928. The first brick was laid on 1 February 1929 and the last brick just ten months later on 1 December 1929.  Sixty years later, the earthquake of 1989 caused considerable damage particularly to the belltower. The original concrete dome was replaced by one of copper and the original dome now stands as a memorial to those who lost their lives in the earthquake.

Parishes.

The following parishes are situated within the Diocese:

Controversies.

The diocese has been referred to as the "epicentre of Catholic clerical sexual abuse in Australia" due to a number of paedophile priests with extensive abuse records being jailed since 1997.

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle is a suffragan Latin Rite diocese of the Archdiocese of Sydney, established in 1847, initially as the Diocese of Maitland and changed to the current name in 1995. The diocese covers the Hunter and Mid North Coast regions of New South Wales in Australia.

天主教梅特兰-纽卡斯尔教区(、英语:Roman Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle)是澳大利亚一个罗马天主教教区。属悉尼总教区。成立于1847年6月25日,1995年6月14日易名至今。