Plot.

While in Camp Half-Blood, Percy Jackson recounts the story of Thalia and her sacrifice. A young Annabeth, Luke, Grover and Thalia are running to Camp Half-Blood while being pursued by monsters. Thalia sacrifices herself to get the others into the camp, and her father Zeus turns her into a tree which forms a barrier around it. After has faded in popularity, Percy is called a one-quest wonder by camp bully, Clarisse La Rue, but Annabeth and Grover support him.  One day, a cyclops named Tyson enters the camp, revealed as a son of Poseidon, and therefore, Percy's brother. After the campers get attacked by a Colchis bull, they realize that Thalia's tree has been poisoned by Luke and they are vulnerable to attacks. Percy visits the Oracle, who tells him of a prophecy of a half-blood of the eldest gods either saving or destroying Olympus. Chiron tells Percy that he is the only living, human half-blood of the eldest gods, so the half-blood in the Prophecy may refer to him. Annabeth and Grover learn about the Golden Fleece, which has the power to heal anything, and propose a quest in which they retrieve the Fleece and use it to heal Thalia's tree. Mr. D chooses Clarisse to lead the quest, much to Annabeth's and Percy's dismay.  Percy convinces Grover and Annabeth to accompany him on the quest, and Tyson joins them. Annabeth hails the Chariot of Damnation (a New York City cab), and Percy threatens the three drivers (the Graeae) to tell him of his prophecy. The sisters give him coordinates for the Sea of Monsters (the Bermuda Triangle) before ejecting the group from the cab in Washington D.C. for lacking drachmas. While walking down the street, Grover is kidnapped by Chris Rodriguez and taken to Luke. Percy, Annabeth, and Tyson first locate Luke with the help of Hermes, then ride a Hippokampos to his yacht, the "Andromeda". Luke reveals his plan to revive Kronos using the Fleece so Olympus will be destroyed. The group are then locked in the brig, though they later escape when Percy uses his ability to manipulate water.  The group is consumed by Charybdis, and they discover Clarisse in the monster's stomach. Percy and Clarisse work together to escape Charybdis by shooting a hole through its gut, and soon they arrive at Circeland, Polyphemus's lair. Percy finds Grover, and the five escape Polyphemus, retrieving the fleece and trapping him in his cave. Afterwards, Luke arrives and demands the fleece from Percy, who refuses. Luke shoots a crossbow bolt at Percy, but Tyson takes the bolt in the chest and falls into the water below.  Luke places the fleece on the sarcophagus to revive Kronos and Annabeth encourages Percy to take leadership. The team escapes captivity, and Percy grapples with Luke over the Fleece, like the prophecy said they would, but Luke easily gains the upper hand. Luke is suddenly thrown away by Tyson, revealed to have survived his wound due to the water healing it, as he is Poseidon's son. Kronos rises from the sarcophagus and consumes Luke and Grover before battling Percy. Percy realizes that Riptide is the "cursed blade" of the prophecy and slices Kronos into pieces imprisoning Kronos in the sarcophagus once again, causing him to regurgitate Grover and Luke, the latter landing in Polyphemus's Lair; Polyphemus subsequently prepares to eat Luke. Their victory is short lived as Annabeth is stabbed by the Manticore, who is killed in turn by Clarisse and Grover. Annabeth dies in Percy's arms but is resurrected by the Fleece. Percy then gives the fleece to Clarisse, and they return to Camp Half-Blood. Clarisse places the fleece on Thalia's tree. The group returns the next day to find Thalia alive, as the fleece returned her to human form.  Percy realizes that Thalia, as the daughter of Zeus, is another possible child of the prophecy about either preserving or destroying Olympus. The film ends showing the sarcophagus with Kronos's remains in it glowing, implying that Kronos still has some degree of his power and is still planning to return.

Production.

Reports of a second "Percy Jackson" film first surfaced in March 2011. On October 12, 2011, a sequel was officially confirmed by 20th Century Fox. Filming for "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters" began on April 16, 2012. The film was originally going to be released on March 15, 2013, but in May 2012, the release date was postponed to August 16, 2013. In April 2013, a final release date was set for August 7, 2013. Filming took place in Robert Burnaby Park in Burnaby, B.C.; however from June 20 to July 22, they filmed in New Orleans for Princess Andromeda scenes, including the former site of Six Flags New Orleans. More filming took place in January 2013. On January 22, 2013, Logan Lerman released a statement on Twitter that read "Last day of shooting on Percy Jackson 2" accompanied by a photo of the shooting.

Development.

In February 2011, it was revealed in the online subscription magazine "Production Weekly" that the film was in production. In another source, the lead cast members from the first movie were expected to return for their roles. Chris Columbus would not be returning as director, though he would be producing the movie together with Karen Rosenfelt (producer of the "Twilight" movie "Breaking Dawn"). Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski were hired as the scriptwriters. Marc Guggenheim was hired to re-write the screenplay and Alexander and Karaszewski were uncredited. On June 16, 2011, it was announced that Thor Freudenthal would be directing the movie. Shooting began in summer 2012. On October 12, 2011, it was announced that the film would be released on March 26, 2013. On April 6, it was announced that the movie was pushed up to August 7, 2013. On May 31, 2012, it was announced that the movie had been pushed back to August 16, 2013.

Filming.

On January 13, 2012, a brand new production list was released and stated that filming would take place between April 26, 2012 and July 11, 2012. It was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, and New Orleans, Louisiana, with the abandoned Six Flags New Orleans serving as the filming location for the island of Polyphemus. Filming originally wrapped up in July and then started again in January for reshoots. It was finally wrapped up on January 22, 2013.

Marketing.

Five official stills were released on March 21, 2013. On April 2, the trailer for the film was uploaded on YouTube. A teaser poster was released on April 16. A second trailer was released on May 29, 2013. A third international trailer was released on the June 25, 2013, on YouTube. Since July 19, three TV spots have been released known as "Story", "Cast" and "Family". A clip from the film was released on the internet on July 23, where it was later uploaded onto YouTube. Later many more new clips were released.  Smart & Final stores in California, Arizona, and Nevada offered Hollywood Movie Money Certificate good for one free movie ticket with the purchase of two First Street Bakery items as part of the movie promotion.

Reception.

Critical response.

The film received mixed reviews. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 42% approval rating with an average rating of 5.15/10 based on 117 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "It's pretty and packed with action; unfortunately, "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters" is also waterlogged with characters and plots that can't help but feel derivative." On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics, the film has a score of 39 based on 33 collected reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".  Jim Vejvoda of IGN rated the movie a 6 out of 10: "There are worse sequels than the CG-heavy "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters", but it's just such overly familiar territory." Gary Goldstein of the "Los Angeles Times" gave the film a positive review, saying that "tweens and young teens should be sufficiently distracted by the movie's brisk pace and heroic mayhem — if they're not too unnerved by its at times nightmarish imagery". James Rocchi of ScreenCrush wrote that the film "is hardly the stuff of legend, but by keeping the plot straightforward and the storytelling clean, it's an odyssey the intended young audience will be glad to take." Marsha McCreadie on RogerEbert.com rated the film two and a half stars out of four, calling it "a gentler-spirited, less flashy enterprise, though it still presents a natural world that can morph at the whim of a god."  Andy Webster of "The New York Times" commented: ""Sea of Monsters" is diverting enough — the director, Thor Freudenthal... is savvy with effects and keeps his young cast on point — but it doesn’t begin to approach the biting adolescent tension of the "Harry Potter" movies." However, Michael Rechtshaffen of "The Hollywood Reporter" criticized the film as "lack[ing] the energetic zip of its predecessor," while Bruce Ingram of "Chicago Sun-Times" opined that "faithful fans of the novels will be unhappy with the liberties taken with the adaptation like they were with the first film." Connie Ogle of "The Miami Herald" wrote, "[Are] these characters merely prisoners — much like the audience — of a script so uninspired that it demands their stupidity?" Josh Bell of "Las Vegas Weekly" lambasted the series as a whole as "a thoroughly second-rate franchise... with movies like "Sea of Monsters", it can probably continue in acceptable mediocrity for years to come".

Box office.

"Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters" grossed an $68,559,554 in North America and $133,688,197 internationally for a worldwide total of $202,247,751.  The film grossed $5.4 million on its opening day, taking the number No. 2 spot at the domestic box office. During its extended five-day opening weekend the film debuted at the No. 4 spot and grossed $23,258,113.

Soundtrack.

The film's score was composed by Andrew Lockington. Like in many cases of film franchises switching directors between installments, the first film's composer Christophe Beck was replaced and the first score's themes do not directly carry over. "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light Em Up)" by Fall Out Boy and "Cameo Lover" by Kimbra were featured in the movie but are unavailable on the soundtrack.

Home media.

The film was released on 3D Blu-ray, Blu-ray, and DVD on December 17, 2013. The film was additionally released for Digital HD download on December 3.

Future.

Cancelled sequel.

On March 25, 2014, Lerman said that a sequel to "Sea of Monsters" would not be made. However, six days later the report stated "Logan Lerman has said "Percy Jackson 3" could still go ahead" and that the previous report "was taken out of context". At the 2015 Santa Barbara International Film Festival, Lerman said that while he finds the "Percy Jackson" films fun to make, he has not heard anything about the production of a third film and expressed concern that he and his co-stars were growing too old for their parts.

Disney+ show.

On May 14, 2020, a Disney+ show separate from the film franchise was announced on Rick Riordan's Twitter account, where he stated that he and his wife would be involved in the production of the show.

Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters (also known as Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Sea of Monsters) is a 2013 American fantasy adventure film directed by Thor Freudenthal. It is the second installment in the "Percy Jackson" film series and is based on the 2006 novel "The Sea of Monsters" by Rick Riordan. It is a sequel to the 2010 film "".

《波西杰克森:妖魔之海》(英语:Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters,又名Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Sea of Monsters)是2013年上映的动作冒险奇幻美国电影,改编自美国作家雷克莱尔顿的世界畅销奇幻文学系列波西杰克森第二集妖魔之海,由罗根·勒曼、亚历珊卓·达迪莉奥及布莱德·杰克森主演。


Preparation.

The high level of interest in TTFs has spawned the development of many syntheses of TTF and its analogues. Most preparations entail the coupling of cyclic CS building blocks such as 1,3-dithiole-2-thiones or the related 1,3-dithiole-2-ones. For TTF itself, the synthesis begins with the trithiocarbonate HCSCS, which is S-methylated and then reduced to give HCSCH(SCH), which is treated as follows:

Redox properties.

Bulk TTF itself has unremarkable electrical properties. Distinctive properties are, however, associated with salts of its oxidized derivatives, such as salts derived from TTF.  The high electrical conductivity of TTF salts can be attributed to the following features of TTF: (i) its planarity, which allows π-π stacking of its oxidized derivatives, (ii) its high symmetry, which promotes charge delocalization, thereby minimizing coulombic repulsions, and (iii) its ability to undergo oxidation at mild potentials to give a stable radical cation. Electrochemical measurements show that TTF can be oxidized twice reversibly:  Each dithiolylidene ring in TTF has 7π electrons: 2 for each sulfur atom, 1 for each sp carbon atom. Thus, oxidation converts each ring to an aromatic 6π-electron configuration, consequently leaving the central double bond essentially a single bond, as all π-electrons occupy ring orbitals.

History.

The salt was reported to be a semiconductor in 1972. Subsequently, the charge-transfer salt [TTF]TCNQ was shown to be a narrow band gap semiconductor. X-ray diffraction studies of [TTF][TCNQ] revealed stacks of partially oxidized TTF molecules adjacent to anionic stacks of TCNQ molecules. This “segregated stack” motif was unexpected and is responsible for the distinctive electrical properties, i.e. high and anisotropic electrical conductivity. Since these early discoveries, numerous analogues of TTF have been prepared. Well studied analogues include tetramethyltetrathiafulvalene (MeTTF), tetramethylselenafulvalenes (TMTSFs), and bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF, CAS [66946-48-3]). Several tetramethyltetrathiafulvalene salts (called Fabre salts) are of some relevance as organic superconductors.

Tetrathiafulvalene is an organosulfur compound with the formula (HCSC). Studies on this heterocyclic compound contributed to the development of molecular electronics. TTF is related to the hydrocarbon fulvalene, (CH), by replacement of four CH groups with sulfur atoms. Over 10,000 scientific publications discuss TTF and its derivatives.

四硫富瓦烯(英语:Tetrathiafulvalene,缩写:TTF),是富瓦烯的2,2'-位被硫原子替换后形成的有机硫化合物,化学分子式(HCSC)。它最早由Wudl在1970年合成,1972年发现其氯化物盐具高导电性,次年制得其TCNQ盐,并发现该盐的导电性在室温以下突然增加,在60K可达10^4 ohm^(-1) cm^(-1),足以被称为“有机金属”。1979年又进一步发现以四硫富瓦烯为基础的Bechgaard盐[TMTSF]2X(X为PF6-,AsF6-)为首个制得的分子超导体,使得人们对这一领域产生极大兴趣。超过10,000个科学出版物讨论TTF及其衍生物。


Junior career.

Kontinen won the 2008 French Open boys' doubles title with Christopher Rungkat. He reached the final of the 2008 Wimbledon boys' singles which he lost to Grigor Dimitrov having beaten Bernard Tomic in the semi final. He also reached the final of the 2008 US Open boys' doubles with Rungkat. Subsequently, Kontinen's singles development was hampered by knee injuries, and in 2013 he decided to concentrate on doubles.

Senior career.

In 2014 Kontinen won his first ATP title at the Bet-at-home Cup Kitzbühel with Jarkko Nieminen, he also played two more finals partnering Marin Draganja.  2015 was a breakthrough year for him as he won five titles including title at the Barcelona Open BancSabadell, his first ATP World Tour 500 series title. Together with Zheng Jie he reached semifinals of mixed doubles at the 2015 French Open.  His good results continued in 2016 as he won the title at the Brisbane International in January with John Peers. On April–May they won the BMW Open together. At the 2016 Wimbledon Championships he reached quarterfinals of the men's doubles tournament together with Peers and the final of the mixed doubles with Heather Watson, which they won in straight sets. On July Kontinen and Peers won the German Open Tennis Championships. On August Kontinen won the Winstom-Salem Open playing with Guillermo García-López. It was Kontinen's 10th doubles title in his career. He took the victory of St. Petersburg Open with Dominic Inglot. Kontinen and Peers had a successful end for the year as they won their first Masters title at Paris Masters and the season ending ATP World Tour Finals title. Kontinen reached the top 10 in rankings as a first Finnish tennis player ever.  Kontinen and Peers won the 2017 Australian Open men's doubles championship in January 2017, and on 3 April 2017 Kontinen became world no. 1 doubles player—the first Finnish player, male or female, to do so. At Wimbledon in 2017, Kontinen and Peers lost in the semi-final to Łukasz Kubot and Marcelo Melo, the eventual champions; Kontinen also lost his no. 1 ranking to Melo. In the mixed doubles, Kontinen and Watson reached the final for the second successive year, but lost to Jamie Murray and Martina Hingis.

Doubles performance timeline.

"Current till 2020 Australian Open."

Henri Kontinen (; born 19 June 1990) is a Finnish tennis player.

亨利·孔蒂宁(,1990年-6月19日),芬兰男子职业网球运动员。


History.

Background.

The site of the Rokumeikan was in Hibiya, near the Imperial Palace on land which had formerly been used as an arsenal for the Satsuma domain. After the Meiji restoration, in 1872 the land became the headquarters of the secretariat charged with preparations for the Vienna Exhibition of 1873. Between July 1875 and October 1881 the land was occupied by the colossal “Yamashita Monnai Museum”, a combined zoological and botanical garden, which was then moved to Ueno to make way for the new building and its grounds.  Foreign visitors had previously been housed in the Enryōkan, a building originally erected by the Tokugawa shogunate as part of a training school for naval cadets. Despite attempts at modernization, the building was old and deemed no longer considered satisfactory for housing foreign dignitaries.

Construction.

Conder received a commission to design a new structure in 1880, and building work started in 1881. Conder borrowed from the French Renaissance style, and used a Mansard roof in his design, which also incorporated an arched portico with columns. However, Conder's wish to put Japanese elements in the design was overruled, although he claimed to have included "pseudo-Saracenic" features. Only the garden, which used pine trees, stone lanterns and ponds, was in the Japanese style.  Difficulties were encountered in construction which caused the original budget of 100,000 yen to expand to 180,000 yen before construction was completed. In contrast, the Foreign Ministry building cost only 40,000 yen to construct. The building was officially opened on 28 November 1883 with a gala to which 1200 guests were invited, including nobles, bureaucrats and foreign diplomats, presided over by Inoue and his wife Takeko.

The Rokumeikan era.

Inoue's intent with the Rokumeikan was to impress Western visitors, by creating a faultless Western atmosphere in which diplomats and foreign dignitaries would feel themselves not among "natives" but among cultural equals. He hoped that they would be more inclined to regard Japan as an equal in terms of “civilization” in European minds, which would facilitate renegotiation of the Unequal Treaties, abolition of extraterritoriality and would hasten Japan's entry as an equal in the ranks of the imperial powers.  The Rokumeikan served elaborate banquets, with menus written in French. In the ballroom, Japanese gentlemen in evening dress imported from tailors in London danced the waltz, polka, quadrille, and mazurka with Japanese ladies dressed in the latest Parisian fashions to the latest European songs played by an Army or Navy band. Foreign residents of Tokyo were hired as dancing tutors.  The results were mixed. Although the highly conspicuous Western building was praised by some visitors, its concept was deplored by many others as tasteless imitation. Pierre Loti, who arrived in Japan in 1886, compared the building (in "Japoneries d'Automne," 1889), to a mediocre casino in a French spa town, and the European-style ball to a “monkey show”. Likewise, the noted French artist Georges Ferdinand Bigot published a cartoon depicting a stylishly dressed Japanese man and woman admiring themselves in a mirror, but the reflection was that of a pair of monkeys.  Japanese conservatives were outraged by what they perceived to be the degeneration of traditional morals, especially by the close proximity between men and women during dances, linked rising taxes with the supposed dissipation and self-indulgence of the government. Reports and gossip of scandalous behavior by high-ranking officials (although the most notorious took place at private residences, not at the Rokumeikan), added to the controversy.  The failure of "Rokumeikan diplomacy" to achieve its desired goal of treaties revised in Japan's favor led eventually to the discrediting of Inoue, who resigned in 1887.

Later years.

In 1890, the Imperial Hotel opened nearby the Rokumeikan (again with the involvement of Inoue), and was on a grander scale. The opening of the hotel eliminated the need for the Rokumeikan as a residence for foreign visitors. The banquets and balls continued, and the nativist reaction did not slow the construction of Western-style buildings in Tokyo, but with the increasing westernization of Japan, a growing sense of cultural nationalism, and the eventual elimination of the Unequal Treaties in 1899, the Rokumeikan steadily diminished in importance.  The Rokumeikan building was sold in 1890, to an association for "kazoku" peerage of Japan. The building was severely damaged in the 1894 Tokyo earthquake, the high cost of repairs contributing to a decline in use of the building. 1897, Conder was called in to repair the building and make additional alterations. It was used by the Peers' Club ("Kazoku Kaikan") for the next few decades.  The building was demolished in 1941, The timing was somewhat fitting, since by this time Japan was at war with most of the Western great powers (including the United Kingdom, United States of America, and France) whose diplomats Rokumeikan was built to host.  The destruction of the building disturbed the architect Taniguchi Yoshirō and eventually led him to create the "Meiji Mura" for the preservation of Meiji period buildings.

Name.

The name “Rokumeikan” comes from a Chinese classic, the "Shi Jing" ("Book of Songs"), and refers to the benefits of hospitality. The 161st ode is entitled "Lù Míng", 鹿鳴, which is read in Japanese as "rokumei". It was chosen by Nakai Hiromu, the first husband of Inoue's wife Takeko.  The name is often translated as "Deer Cry Pavilion", and in older books the translation "Hall of the Baying Stag" is given.  Once purchased by The Peer's Club (group), building was renamed "The Peer's Club, but also went by the names "Noble's Club" and "Peerage Club".

Allusions in literature.

The Rokumeikan is frequently mentioned in Japanese literature, for example

Location.

The site of the Rokumeikan is in Chiyoda-ku, Uchisaiwaichō 1-chome. There is a plaque in front of the NBF Hibiya Building (formerly the Yamato Life Insurance Company).

The was a large two-story building in Tokyo, completed in 1883, which became a controversial symbol of Westernisation in the Meiji period. Commissioned for the housing of foreign guests by the Foreign Minister Inoue Kaoru, it was designed by British architect Josiah Conder, a prominent Western adviser working in Japan.

鹿鸣馆(),是明治时代日本华族接待外国国宾的宴会场所,位于现今东京都千代田区内幸町。


Early life.

Gorenc was born in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, present day Slovenia. Frank and his older brother, Stanley immigrated with their parents to the United States from the former Yugoslavia in 1962 when they were 8 and 4. After arriving in America, their father worked as a tailor, and their mother served as a factory machine operator. Gorenc said that he was required to go to summer school each year simply because the opportunity for education existed and was available. "We didn't know the language," Frank said. "We didn't know the culture, and we came to learn (that) the United States is truly a land of opportunity." Frank went to visit his older brother, then a freshman cadet, during Parents' Weekend at the U.S. Air Force Academy, and there he developed his first interest in the Air Force. "As a freshman in high school walking on the academy campus, you couldn't help but be inspired," the younger brother said. Coming from a lower-middle-class background, the opportunities seemed boundless.

Military career.

Gorenc earned his commission in 1979 as a distinguished graduate from the United States Air Force Academy. He has commanded a fighter squadron, an operations group, two wings and the Air Force District of Washington. Gorenc has served in numerous positions at Air Combat Command, in the Pentagon on the Air Staff and The Joint Staff, and at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe as the special assistant to the Commander USEUCOM/SACEUR. Prior to assuming his current position, he was the Director of Air and Space Operations, Air Combat Command, Langley Air Force Base, VA.  As a Brigadier General, Gorenc was the Director of Operational Plans and Joint Matters, Deputy Chief of Staff for Air, Space and Information Operations, Plans and Requirements at the Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, DC. He was responsible for developing and integrating operational strategies, organization concepts, policies and plans supporting aerospace power employment. The General's six divisions orchestrated Air Force participation in joint and regional war and mobilization planning communities, as well as operator and warfighter talks with allies and sister services. He oversaw the Air Force's concept of operations development as well as its interface with Joint Staff and National Security Council issues. Prior to assuming this position, he was Commander, 332nd Air Expeditionary Wing, Balad Air Base, Iraq.  Gorenc served as the Commander, Third Air Force, Ramstein Air Base, Germany. As the U.S. Air Forces in Europe component numbered air force for U.S. European Command, 3rd Air Force supports the USAFE and EUCOM commanders both at the operational and tactical level directing all USAFE forces engaged in contingency and wartime operations in the EUCOM area of responsibility. Third Air Force includes the headquarters Air Force forces staff, a multidisciplinary, professional cadre responsible for planning, deploying, employing, sustaining and redeploying Air Force forces as the supported and supporting air component of USAFE to EUCOM. Other 3rd Air Force units include the 603rd Air and Space Operations Center, 10 USAFE wings and two stand-alone groups. Gorenc relinquished command of 3rd Air Force to Lt. Gen. Craig A. Franklin, 30 March 2012.  Since April 2012, Gorenc has served as the Assistant Vice Chief of Staff and Director, Air Staff, Headquarters United States Air Force at the Pentagon.

Frank Gorenc (born 14 October 1957) is a United States Air Force four-star general who served as the Commander, U.S. Air Forces Europe; Commander, U.S. Air Forces Africa; Commander, Allied Air Command; and Director, Joint Air Power Competence Center. He previously served as the Assistant Vice Chief of Staff and Director, Air Staff, Headquarters, United States Air Force at the Pentagon. The general is a command pilot with more than 4,100 flight hours in the T-38A, F-15C, MQ-1B, UH-1N and C-21A. He assumed his final assignment on 2 August 2013.

弗兰克·戈伦茨空军上将(英语:Frank Gorenc,1957年10月14日),现为驻欧空军司令,兼任美国驻非洲空军司令、盟军中欧空军司令、联合空中机能中心主任。之前担任空军助理参谋长兼空军参谋部主任,2013年8月2日就任现职。戈伦茨上将的飞行时数达4100余小时,曾驾驶T-38教练机、F-15鹰式战斗机、MQ-1捕食者无人攻击机、UH-1N直升机和C-21A运输机等。


Nhã Nhạc.

Vietnamese court music was performed at annual ceremonies, including anniversaries and religious holidays, as well as special events such as coronations, funerals or official receptions, by highly trained and skilled court musicians. Along with the musicians, a number of intricate court dances also exist ("see Traditional Vietnamese dance"). Both musicians and dancers wore elaborately designed costumes during their performances.  While the largest foreign influence on nhã nhạc came from the Ming dynasty court of China, later on there were also adapted a few elements from the music of Champa, which the Vietnamese court found intriguing.

Instruments.

Instruments commonly used for "nhã nhạc" include "kèn bầu" (conical oboe), "đàn tỳ bà" (pear-shaped lute with four strings), "đàn nguyệt" (moon-shaped two-string lute), "đàn tam" (fretless lute with snakeskin-covered body and three strings), "đàn nhị" (two-stringed vertical fiddle), "sáo" (also called "sáo trúc"; a bamboo transverse flute), "trống" (drum played with sticks), and other percussion instruments.

Development during the Nguyễn dynasty.

It is believed that "nhã nhạc" did not truly reach the pinnacle of its development until the Nguyễn Dynasty, when it was standardized. The Nguyễn emperors declared it as the official court music, and it became an essential part of the extensive rituals of the royal palace.

UNESCO.

"Nhã nhạc" is still performed in the old capital of Huế. 'Nhã nhạc of Huế court' () was recognised in 2003 by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. Extensive efforts have gone underway to preserve this truly unique and highly developed art.

Nhã nhạc (,, "elegant music") is a traditional music of Vietnam. Vietnamese court music is very diverse, but the term "nhã nhạc" refers specifically to the Vietnamese court music performed from the Trần dynasty of the 13th century to the Nguyễn dynasty at the end of the 20th century.

越南雅乐是越南宫廷音乐的一类,「雅乐」()即「雅正之乐」,自越南陈朝开始出现,直至最后一个封建王朝阮朝灭亡。越南雅乐深受中国明代雅乐影响,后又吸收占族音乐的一些元素,成为其独特之处。


History.

The oldest NSL provisions were created in 1978 as a little-used investigative tool in terrorism and espionage investigations to obtain financial records. Under the Right to Financial Privacy Act (RFPA), part of the Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978, the FBI could obtain the records only if the FBI could first demonstrate the person was a foreign power or an agent of a foreign power. Compliance by the recipient of the NSL was voluntary, and states' consumer privacy laws often allowed financial institutions to reject the requests. In 1986, Congress amended RFPA to allow the government to request disclosure of the requested information. In 1986, Congress passed the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA), part of the Stored Communications Act), which created provisions similar to the RFPA that allowed the FBI to issue NSLs. Still, neither RFPA or ECPA act included penalties for not complying with the NSL. A 1993 amendment removed the restriction regarding "foreign powers" and allowed the use of NSLs to request information concerning persons who are not the direct subject of the investigation.  In 2001, section 505 of the USA PATRIOT Act expanded the use of the NSLs. In March 2006, the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act allowed for judicial review of an NSL. A federal judge could repeal or modify an NSL if the court found the request for information was "unreasonable, oppressive, or otherwise unlawful." The nondisclosure provision the government could include in an NSL was also weakened. The court could repeal the nondisclosure provision if it found it had been made in bad faith. Other amendments allowed the recipient of an NSL to inform their attorney about the request and the government had to rely on the courts to enforce compliance with an NSL.

Patriot Act.

Section 505 of the USA PATRIOT Act (2001) allowed the use of the NSLs when seeking information "relevant" in authorized national security investigations to protect against international terrorism or clandestine intelligence activities. The act also provided the Department of Defense when conducting a law enforcement investigation, counterintelligence inquiry, or security determination. The Central Intelligence Agency has also allegedly issued NSLs. The Patriot Act reauthorization statutes passed during the 109th Congress added potential penalties for failure to comply with an NSL or disclosing an NSL if the NSL included a nondisclosure provision.

Contentious aspects.

Two contentious aspects of NSLs are the nondisclosure provision and judicial oversight when the FBI issues an NSL. When the Director of the FBI (or his designee) authorizes the inclusion of a nondisclosure provision in an NSL, the recipient may face criminal prosecution if it reveals the contents of the NSL or that it was received. The purpose of a nondisclosure provision is to prevent the recipient of an NSL from compromising both the current FBI investigation involving a specific person as well as future investigations ("see" 18 U.S.C. 2709), either of which could fetter the Government's efforts to address threats to national security. An NSL recipient (later revealed to be Nicholas Merrill) writing in "The Washington Post" said,  [L]iving under the gag order has been stressful and surreal. Under the threat of criminal prosecution, I must hide all aspects of my involvement in the case... from my colleagues, my family and my friends. When I meet with my attorneys I cannot tell my girlfriend where I am going or where I have been.  Like other administrative subpoenas, NSLs do not require judicial approval. For NSLs, that is because the U.S. Supreme Court has held the types of information the FBI obtains with NSLs provide no constitutionally protected reasonable expectation of privacy. Because a person has already provided the information to a third party, e.g., their telephone company, they no longer have a reasonable expectation of privacy to the information, and therefore there is no Fourth Amendment requirement to obtain a judge's approval to obtain the information. Nonetheless, the recipient of the NSL may still challenge the nondisclosure provision in federal court.  The media reported in 2007 that a government audit found the FBI had violated the rules more than 1,000 times in an audit of 10% of its national investigations between 2002 and 2007. Twenty such incidents involved requests by agents for information not permitted under the law. A subsequent report in 2014 by the Justice Department Office of Inspector General concluded the FBI had corrected its practices and that NSLs complied with federal statutes.  According to 2,500 pages of documents the FBI provided to the Electronic Frontier Foundation in response to a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit, the FBI had used NSLs to obtain information about individuals who were the subject of an FBI terrorism or counterintelligence investigation and information from telecommunications companies about individuals with whom the subject of the investigation had communicated. According to a September 9, 2007, "New York Times" report,  In many cases, the target of a[n FBI] national security letter whose records are being sought is not necessarily the actual subject of a terrorism investigation. Under the USA PATRIOT Act, the FBI must assert only that the records gathered through the letter are considered relevant to a terrorism [or counterintelligence] investigation.  In April 2008, the American Civil Liberties Union alleged that the military was using the FBI to skirt legal restrictions on domestic surveillance to obtain private records of Americans' Internet service providers, financial institutions, and telephone companies. The ACLU based its allegation on a review of more than 1,000 documents provided by the Defense Department. The Department of Justice Office of Inspector General later determined the Department of Defense (not the FBI) had lawfully obtained the information under the National Security Act of 1947, not through NSLs.

"Doe v. Ashcroft".

The lack of judicial oversight and the Supreme Court ruling in "Smith v. Maryland" was the core of "Doe v. Ashcroft", a test case brought by the ACLU concerning the use of NSLs. The lawsuit was file on behalf of "John Doe" plaintiff Nicholas Merrill, founder of Calyx Internet Access, who had received an NSL. The action challenged the constitutionality of NSLs, specifically the nondisclosure provision. At the district court, Judge of the Southern District of New York held in September 2004 that NSLs violated the Fourth Amendment ("it has the effect of authorizing coercive searches effectively immune from any judicial process") and First Amendment. However, Judge Marrero stayed his ruling while the case proceeded to the court of appeals.  Because of the New York district court ruling, while the case was still on appeal, Congress amended the USA PATRIOT Act to provide for more judicial review of NSLs and clarified the NSL nondisclosure provision. Based on the U.S. Supreme Court rulings, there is still no requirement to seek judicial approval for the FBI issuing an NSL.  The government appealed Judge Marrero's decision to the Second Circuit Court of Appeals, which heard arguments in May 2006. In March 2008, the Second Circuit ruled that nondisclosure provisions were permissible only when the FBI certified that disclosure may result in certain statutorily enumerated harms (see, e.g., 18 U.S.C. 2709), and held the nondisclosure provision to a strict scrutiny standard. The Second Circuit then returned the case to the district court based on amendments to the USA PATRIOT Act that Congress had enacted while the case had been on appeal.  Another effect of "Doe v. Ashcroft" was increased congressional oversight. The amendments to the USA PATRIOT Act mentioned above included requirements for semiannual reporting to Congress. Although the reports are classified, a nonclassified accounting of how many NSLs are issued is also required. On April 28, 2006, the Department of Justice reported to the House and Senate that in calendar year 2005, "The Government made requests for certain information concerning 3,501 United States persons pursuant to NSLs. During this period, the total number of NSL requests... for information concerning U.S. persons totaled 9,254."  In 2010, the FBI agreed to lift partially the nondisclosure provision to allow Merrill to reveal his identity. Merrill has since created a corporation for the purposes of educating and researching privacy issues.  On August 28, 2015, Judge Marrero rescinded the nondisclosure provision associated with the NSL Merrill had received, thereby allowing him to speak about the contents of the NSL. On November 30, 2015, the unredacted court ruling was published in full.

A national security letter (NSL) is an administrative subpoena issued by the United States government to gather information for national security purposes. NSLs do not require prior approval from a judge. The Stored Communications Act, Fair Credit Reporting Act, and Right to Financial Privacy Act authorize the United States government to seek such information that is "relevant" to authorized national security investigations. By law, NSLs can request only non-content information, for example, transactional records and phone numbers dialed, but never the content of telephone calls or e-mails.

国家安全信函(英语:national security letter,缩写为 NSL)是美国联邦政府为国家安全目的而收集信息所签发的行政传票。NSL不需要法官的事先批准。存储通信法、公平信用报告法和财务隐私权法授权美国联邦政府调阅与经授权的国家安全调查“相关”的信息。根据法律,NSL只能请求非内容信息,例如交易记录和拨打的电话号码,而不能要求通讯或电子邮件的内容。


Description.

The olinguito is distinct from the other species within the genus, popularly known as "olingos", and also from the kinkajou (kinkajous resemble olingos, but are not closely related). Its average weight is, making it the smallest procyonid. The animal is an omnivorous frugivore that eats mainly fruits (such as figs), but also insects and nectar; this diet results in feces the size of small blueberries. The olinguito is thought to be solitary, nocturnal and moderately reclusive. Olinguitos appear to be strictly arboreal. They have a single pair of mammae, and probably produce a single offspring at a time.

Distribution and habitat.

Specimens of the species have been identified from the Andean cloud forest stretching from western Colombia to Ecuador, at elevations of 5,000 to 9,000 feet, which is the highest known range of any member of the genus "Bassaricyon". Its discovery was confirmed in the wild and announced on 15 August 2013. The species is not considered to be immediately at risk, but it is estimated that over 40 percent of the animal's potential range has been deforested.

Discovery.

Its discovery was announced on 15 August 2013 by Kristofer Helgen, the curator of mammals at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, olingo expert Roland Kays of the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences and collaborators. Helgen discovered specimens of the species in storage at The Field Museum in Chicago and used DNA testing to confirm a new species.  The researchers who identified the species were unable to discover any local names specific to it.  The discovery was the first identification of a new mammal species of the order Carnivora in the Americas in 35 years. Olinguitos were regularly seen and even publicly exhibited decades before they were recognized as members of a new species. The animal had previously been confused with its taxonomic cousins, the olingos. One such example was Ringerl, an olinguito who lived in the National Zoo in Washington, D.C., for a year and also toured many other zoos. Researchers unsuccessfully tried to breed her with olingos, not realizing she was a different species. Ringerl died in 1976.

Taxonomic evaluation.

The olinguito is smaller than the other species in the genus "Bassaricyon". Its body (head to rump) is approximately long, and its tail long. It is also much furrier and has a shorter tail and smaller ears than others that share its genus. The olinguito is found in the northern Andes at altitudes between above sea level, which is much higher than the habitats for other olingos.  Based on morphological distinctions, four olinguito subspecies have been described: the nominate "Bassaricyon neblina neblina", and "B. n. osborni", "B. n. hershkovitzi", and "B. n. ruber". Each of these subspecies, though, were found to have a dental formula characteristic of other members of the family Procyonidae. Comparison of DNA from two olinguito subspecies to other olingo and related species was carried out on the basis of genetic dissimilarity derived from Kimura modeling of differences in base-pair composition of mitochondrial cytochrome b. The genetic divergence between olinguitos and other olingos makes olinguitos a basal sister lineage to the rest of the genus, and is equivalent to differences between species which have been assigned to separate subgenera or genera. This split apparently occurred about 3.5 million years ago, suggesting that the earliest diversification of the genus took place in northwestern South America shortly after the ancestors of olingos first invaded the continent from Central America as part of the Great American Interchange.

Conservation.

The olinguito may be at risk in the future due to deforestation and urbanization (“The researchers reporting its discovery estimated that 42% of suitable historic olinguito habitat had already been converted to agriculture or urban areas and an additional 21% remained in natural but largely unforested conditions...”). Since the natural habitat of the olinguito is at higher elevations, this means that its "cloud forest habitat" definitely needs to be protected in order to optimize this species' probability of survival. As of now, no strict efforts are known to be in place in order to reduce habitat destruction.

The olinguito ("Bassaricyon neblina") is a mammal of the raccoon family Procyonidae that lives in montane forests in the Andes of western Colombia and Ecuador. The species was described as new in 2013. The specific name "neblina" is Spanish for fog or mist, referring to the cloud forest habitat of the olinguito.

小型犬浣熊 ("Bassaricyon neblina")是浣熊科犬浣熊属的一种哺乳动物,在2013年8月15日由美国科学家向全世界介绍这新发现的物种,过去被误认为是体型较大的犬浣熊,它们生活在南美洲。


Biography.

Early years.

Vynnychenko was born in a village, Vesely Kut (today – Hryhorivka, Novoukrainka Raion), in the Kherson Governorate of the Russian Empire, in a family of peasants. His father Kyrylo Vasyliovych Vynnychenko earlier in his life was a peasant-serf who moved from a village to the city of Yelisavetgrad, where he married a widow, Yevdokia Pavlenko (nee: Linnyk). From her previous marriage Yevdokia had three children: Andriy, Maria, and Vasyl, while from the marriage with Kyrylo only one son, Volodymyr. Upon graduating from a local public school the Vynnychenko family managed to enroll Volodymyr at the (today the building of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine). In later grades of the gymnasium he took part in a revolutionary organization and wrote a revolutionary poem for which he was incarcerated for a week and excluded from school. That did not stop him from continuing his studies as he was getting prepared for his test to obtain the high school diploma (Matura). He successfully took the test in the Zlatopil gymnasium from which obtained his "attestation of maturity".  In 1900 Vynnychenko joined the Revolutionary Ukrainian Party (RUP) and enrolled in the law department at Kiev University, but in 1902 or 1903 he was expelled for participation in revolutionary activities. As a member of the RUP he provided political agitation and propaganda among the Kievan workers and peasants from Poltava and was jailed for several months in Lukyanivska Prison. He managed to escape from his incarceration. In 1902 Vynnychenko published in "Kievskaya starina" his first novel "Beauty and strength", after which he became known as a writer. Afterward, due to a new arrest he was forcibly drafted into a punitive battalion in the Russian Imperial army where he began to agitate soldiers with revolutionary propaganda. Tipped off that his arrest was imminent, Vynnychenko illegally fled to eastern Galicia, Austria-Hungary. When trying to return to Russian Ukraine with revolutionary literature, Vynnychenko was arrested and jailed in Kiev for two years with a threat to spend the rest of his life in katorga. After his release in 1905, he passed his exams for a law degree in Kiev University.  In 1906 Vynnychenko was arrested for a third time, again for his political activities, and jailed for a year; before his scheduled trial, however, the wealthy patron of Ukrainian literature and culture, Yevhen Chykalenko, paid his bail, and Vynnychenko fled Ukraine again, effectively becoming an émigré writer abroad from 1907 to 1914, living in Lemberg (Lviv), Vienna, Geneva, Paris, Florence, Berlin. In 1911 Vynnychenko married Rosalia Lifshitz, a French Jewish doctor. From 1914 to 1917 Vynnychenko lived illegally near Moscow throughout much of World War I and returned to Kiev in 1917 to assume a leading role in Ukrainian politics.

Head of the First Ukrainian government.

After the Russian revolution in February 1917, Vynnychenko served as the head of the General Secretariat, a representative executive body of the Russian Provisional Government in Ukraine. He was authorized by the Central Rada of Ukraine (a "de facto" parliament) to conduct negotiations with the Russian Provisional Government, 1917.  Vynnychenko resigned his post in the General Secretariat on August 13 in protest against the Russian government's rejection of the Universal of Central Rada. For a brief period he was replaced by Dmytro Doroshenko who composed a new government the next day, yet unexpectedly he requested his resignation as well on August 18. Vynnychenko was offered to return, form a cabinet and redesign the Second Universal to petition a federal union with the Russian Republic. His second government was confirmed by Alexander Kerensky on September 1.  It is often claimed that the political mistakes of Vynnychenko and Mykhailo Hrushevsky cost the newly established Ukrainian People's Republic its independence. Both men were strongly opposed to the creation of the army of the Republic and repeatedly denied the requests by Symon Petliura to use his volunteer forces as the core of a would-be army (see Polubotok Regiment Affair).  After the October Revolution and the Kiev Bolshevik uprising many of his secretaries resigned after the Central Rada disapproved the Bolsheviks' actions in Petrograd with the ongoing confrontations in Moscow as well as the other cities in the country. On January 22, 1918, the Ukrainian People's Republic proclaimed its independence due to the Bolshevik intervention headed by Antonov-Ovseyenko. The country was squeezed between the abandoned German-Russian front-lines to its western border and the advancing Bolshevik forces of Muravyov along the eastern border. Within days, Mikhail Muravyov managed to invade Kiev, forcing the government to evacuate to Zhytomyr whose retreat was secured by the efforts of the Yevhen Konovalets Sich Riflemen. During the evacuation, the Ukrainian government managed to secure military assistance in the face of the Central Powers. The government of the Ukrainian People's Republic signed the highly criticized treaty with the Germans to repel the Bolshevik forces in exchange for a right to expropriate food supplies. That treaty also required the Russian SFSR to recognize the Ukrainian People's Republic. Around that time Vynnychenko's government established an economic agreement with the government of the Belarus People's Republic through the Belarus Chamber of Commerce in Kiev. Alas, Vynnychenko's was replaced as well by the Socialist-Revolutionary government of Vsevolod Holubovych.  After the coup d'etat of Hetman Skoropadsky (in collaboration with the German occupation forces) in April 1918, Vynnychenko left Kiev. Later, after forming the Directorate of Ukraine he took an active part in organizing a revolt against the Hetman. The revolt was successful and Vynnychenko returned to the capital on December 19, 1918. The Directorate, a temporary executive council of five, proclaimed the restoration of the Ukrainian People's Republic. The Directorate was put in charge by the Labor Congress until the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly would convene to elect a permanent body of government.

Resignation.

Vynnychenko, unable to restore order and overcome the disagreement with Petliura, stepped down on February 10, 1919 and emigrated abroad. In a brief period while in Vienna, in 1920, he wrote his three-volume work "Rebirth of the Nation". At the same time, at the end of 1919, Vynnychenko resigned from the Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party and formed the Foreign Group of Ukrainian Communists.

Soviet Ukraine.

He formed the Foreign Group of the Ukrainian Communist Party, which was mainly made up of other former members of the Ukrainian Social-Democratic Party, to promulgate this position. In June 1920 Vynnychenko himself travelled to Moscow in an attempt to come to an agreement with the Bolsheviks. After four months of unsuccessful negotiations, Vynnychenko had become disillusioned with the Bolsheviks: he accused them of Great Russian Chauvinism and insincerity as socialists. In September 1920 he returned to émigré life, where he revealed his impressions of Bolshevik rule. This actions produced a split in the Foreign Group of the Ukrainian Communist Party: some remained pro-Bolshevik and indeed returned to Soviet Ukraine; others supported Vynnychenko, and with him conducted a campaign against the Soviet regime in their organ "Nova Doba" ("New Era").

Life abroad.

Vynnychenko spent the following thirty years in Europe, residing in Germany in the 1920s, then moving to France. As an émigré, Vynnychenko resumed his career as a writer; in 1919 his writing was republished in an eleven-volume edition in the 1920s. In 1934 Vynnychenko moved from Paris to Mougins, near Cannes, on the Mediterranean coast, where he lived on a homestead type residence as a self-supporting farmer and continued to write, notably a philosophical exposition of his ideas about happiness, Concordism. Vynnychenko called his place "Zakoutok". He died in Mougins, near Cannes, France in 1951. Rosalia Lifshitz after her death passed the estate to Ivanna Vynnykiv-Nyzhnyk (1912–1993), who emigrated to France after World War II and lived with Vynnychenko since 1948.

Vynnychenko's latter legacy.

Vynnychenko is still somewhat famous in Ukraine. In today's Ukraine Vynnychenko has not been as much lionized as Mykhailo Hrushevsky, for Vynnychenko was seen as being too much left wing to make a good symbolic figure.  Vynnychenko's archives are housed in Columbia University, New York City and supervised by a commission of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Volodymyr Kyrylovych Vynnychenko (, – March 6, 1951) was a Ukrainian statesman, political activist, writer, playwright, artist, who served as 1st Prime Minister of Ukraine.

弗拉基米尔·文尼申科( 1880年-7月28日-1951年-3月6日)乌克兰政治家、活动家、作家、剧作家、艺术家,乌克兰人民共和国首任总理,乌克兰社会民主工党领导人。文尼申科是革命前乌克兰现代主义文学的重要人物,曾长期旅居西方国家,创作过短片故事、小说、戏剧,其作品在苏联时期遭到查禁。


Economic impact.

In just two years, Kumamon has generated US$1.2 billion in economic benefits for his region, including tourism and product sales, as well as US$90 million worth of publicity, according to a recent Bank of Japan study. Sales of Kumamon items have reached ¥29.3 billion in 2012, up from ¥2.5 billion in 2011.  The Bank of Japan also estimated that Kumamon generated in revenue during a two-year period starting from 2011.

Success.

A large part of Kumamon's success can be attributed to its cuteness. The unusual marketing strategy of free licensing is also behind Kumamon's commercial success, since the Kumamoto prefecture grants usage rights for free to anyone as long as their products promote goods and services from the prefecture. Furthermore, in 2018, the Kumamoto prefecture decided to allow foreign businesses to use Kumamon, aiming to expand Kumamon to the world.

Cultural impact.

This mascot has a minor cameo in the 2014 video game "Yo-Kai Watch 2", and made an appearance in "", following the main characters (Whisper, Nate, and Jibanyan) around. It also gained internet popularity when images of Kumamon, usually around large fires, were captioned with "Why? For the glory of Satan, of course!". The Kumamoto Prefecture has taken this well, but has more carefully restricted official photography of the mascot.  In a video of BTS, Kumamon opens the door and Suga likes him, it became popular when fans make comments in Kumamon games "It's Kumamon! Call Yoongi!".  Since 3 September 2018 Kumamon has embraced a new identity as a YouTuber. Videos in Japanese have been uploaded onto its YouTube account every Monday.

Kumamon is a mascot created by the government of Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. It was created in 2010 for a campaign created to draw tourists to the region after the Kyushu Shinkansen line opened. Kumamon subsequently became nationally popular, and in late 2011, was voted top in a nationwide survey of mascots, collectively known as yuru-chara, garnering over 280,000 votes. Following his success in the contest, Kumamoto earned (,, ) in merchandising revenue for the first half of 2012, after having only earned (,, ) throughout all of 2011. Kumamon enjoys tremendous popularity throughout the world.

熊本熊(,英语:Kumamon,旧官方译名:酷MA萌,过去也曾被译为萌熊、熊纹)为日本全国知名的。由日本九州熊本县政府邀请当地出身的编剧小山薰堂及设计师共同规划设计,于2010年推出;最初志在于九州新干线全线通车后推动本土经济,推出不到三年,其认知度已经是全日本第一,甚至超越凯蒂猫。


History.

The basic idea has been expressed through narrative a number of times. In one "Aesop's fable" that is recorded even before Aesop's time, The Fox and the Cat, the fox boasts of "hundreds of ways of escaping" while the cat has "only one". When they hear the hounds approaching, the cat scampers up a tree while "the fox in his confusion was caught up by the hounds". The fable ends with the moral, "Better one safe way than a hundred on which you cannot reckon". Related concepts are expressed by the Centipede's dilemma, how unconscious activity is disrupted by conscious thought of it, and by the tale of Buridan's ass, a paradox of rational decision with equal options.  In Shakespeare's "Hamlet", the main character, Prince Hamlet, is often said to have a mortal flaw of thinking too much, such that his youth and vital energy are "sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought". Neema Parvini explores some of Hamlet's key decisions in the chapter "'And Reason Panders Will': Another Look at Hamlet's Analysis Paralysis".  Voltaire popularized an old Italian proverb in French in the 1770s of which an English variant is "Perfect is the enemy of good". The meaning of "The perfect is the enemy of the good" is that one might never complete a task if one has decided not to stop until it is perfect: completing the project well is made impossible by striving to complete it perfectly.  "Analysis, paralysis" appeared together in an 1803 pronouncing dictionary and later editions stating how those words are pronounced similarly. The usage of rhyming words can make aphorisms sound more truthful and be more memorable by their usage of the rhyme-as-reason effect and ode mnemonics.  In 1928 at the General Convention of the Episcopal Church, Reverend C. Leslie Glenn, National Secretary for College Work, spoke that the religious collegiate world was at risk of "paralysis by analysis" from being too speculative instead of definitive, needing real work instead of investigations.  During World War II, Winston Churchill, after hearing that the landing craft designers were spending the majority of their time arguing over design changes, sent this message: "The maxim 'Nothing avails but perfection' may be spelt shorter: 'Paralysis.'"  In 1956, Charles R. Schwartz wrote the article "The Return-on-Investment Concept as a Tool for Decision Making" in Changing Patterns And Concepts In Management stating, "We will do less guessing; avoid the danger of becoming extinct by instinct; and, by the adoption of one uniform evaluation guide, escape succumbing to paralysis by analysis."  In 1965, H. Igor Ansoff wrote the book "Corporate Strategy: An Analytic Approach to Business Policy for Growth and Expansion". He used the phrase "paralysis by analysis" in reference to those who used the approach to excess. Ansoff had referenced Schwartz's paper in couple of his papers.  In a paper published in 1970, based on a speech in 1969 and other works, Silver and Hecker wrote: The Duke group has used the term "analysis-paralysis" to point out that, if we wait until we have completely answered all the questions and solved all of the problems before training the personnel we need, we will never reach a solution. The insistent demands for further study and extensive evaluation suggested by some may only be a defense by those who do not wish to change or those who fear change.  The Oxford English Dictionary says that the earliest uses of "analysis paralysis" found in "The Times" were in the 1970s.

Software development.

In software development, analysis paralysis typically manifests itself through the Waterfall model with exceedingly long phases of project planning, requirements gathering, program design and data modeling, which can create little or no extra value by those steps and risk many revisions. When extended over too long a timeframe, such processes tend to emphasize the organizational (i.e., bureaucratic) aspect of the software project, while detracting from its functional (value-creating) portion.  Analysis paralysis often occurs, due to the lack of experience on the part of business systems analysts, project managers or software developers, as well as a rigid and formal organizational culture.Analysis paralysis can also arise from extensive experience or expertise, which serves to increase the number of options and considerations that appear at every decision point.  Analysis paralysis is an example of an anti-pattern. Agile software development methodologies explicitly seek to prevent analysis paralysis, by promoting an iterative work cycle that emphasizes working products over product specifications, but requires buy-in from the full project team. In some instances, Agile software development ends up creating additional confusion in the project in the case where iterative plans are made with no intention on having the team following through.

Sports.

Analysis paralysis is a critical problem in athletics. It can be explained in simple terms as "failure to react in response to overthought". A victim of sporting analysis paralysis will frequently think in complicated terms of "what to do next" while contemplating the variety of possibilities, and in doing so exhausts the available time in which to act.

Casual analysis paralysis.

There are additional situations in which analysis paralysis can be identified, but in which the phenomenon is often accidental or coincidental.

Personal analysis.

Casual analysis paralysis can occur during the process of trying to make personal decisions, if the decisionmaker overanalyzes the circumstance with which they are faced. When this happens, the sheer volume of analysis overwhelms the decisionmaker, weighing them down so much that they feel overwhelmed with the task, unable to make a rational conclusion.

Conversational analysis.

Although analysis paralysis can actually occur at any time, regarding any issue in typical conversation, it is particularly likely to occur during elevated, intellectual discussions. During such intellectual discussion, analysis paralysis involves the overanalysis of a specific issue to the point where that issue can no longer be recognized, and the subject of the conversation is lost. Usually, this happens because complex issues (which are often the basis of elevated, intellectual conversation) are intricately connected with various other issues, and the pursuit of these various issues makes logical sense to the participants. Below is an example of how analysis paralysis might affect a conversation about human rights:  All of these issues are closely related and each issue brings up yet another related one. The assumption is that, eventually, the analysis will move on so far astray that the initial issue of human rights becomes a sub-issue or is no longer even recognizable to the current topic under discussion.

Games.

Games provide a microcosm for decision-making where there can be adversaries, hidden or missing information, random events, complex options, and consequences. In this context, analysis paralysis denotes a state where a player is so overwhelmed by aspects of the decision tree that he or she faces that the player's turn takes an inordinate amount of time. This can be compounded in a losing position where the player is exhaustively searching for a win or purposely stalling to prevent officially losing the game. The connotation is often pejorative, implying that the slowing of the game diminished the enjoyment by other players. Some games explicitly add time deadlines (e.g. with a chess clock or egg timer). In chess this slowing of play is referred to as Kotov Syndrome and, in timed chess matches, can result in time trouble. Good game design can reduce the likelihood of analysis paralysis in gameplay. Game design itself can also be susceptible to analysis paralysis.

Preventing and overcoming.

There are many ways to help prevent or overcome the logjam of analysis paralysis. There may be many factors contributing to the cause. Lon Roberts breaks down the common definition of "analysis paralysis" into three possibly overlapping conditions of paralysis: analysis process, decision precision, and risk uncertainty. He uses this to give specific actions for each condition. Becky Kane and others give these following suggestions:

Set limits.

Set initial constraints (deadline, time, people, money, resources...) to what you are willing to commit for this plan. Setting deadlines: "Set a 'drop dead' date." "Set a deadline and hold yourself accountable." Limit the amount of info: "Curb your curiosity." "Intentionally limit the amount of information you consume."

Clarify objectives and priorities.

Having a clear goal can simplify your decisions and actions for any project. "Know your main objective."

Remember nothing is perfect.

"Recognize that the moons will never align."

Take small iterative steps.

Agile development and design thinking are two recent movements emphasizing small iterations to discover the problem space. "Approach problems with an iterative mindset." Decide something: "Stair step your decisions." Resorting to Flipism, at least to reveal your preference, can resolve seeming equal choices. Do something: "Start before you feel ready."

Change number of options.

Increasing the number of options in the beginning increases the likelihood of including a good solution (Design thinking: divergent thinking, ideation). Decreasing the number of options later simplifies the decision process (Paradox of choice, convergent thinking). You can Narrow your options in this three step process

Add or remove emotion.

Decision making works best with a mix of rational, intuitive and emotional thinking.

Talk about it.

Talking with someone can get another viewpoint. This can also help reduce groupthink. "Get a sanity check." "Get out of your own head and talk it out with someone else." It doesn't even have to be a person (see Rubber duck debugging).But make sure that you talk with a right expert only as they would guide you to the right path.

Make your best decision.

Decision fatigue can affect or even prevent good decision making. "Structure your day for the decisions that matter most." When you do make your decision, support it. "Make your decision the right one."

Analysis paralysis (or paralysis by analysis) describes an individual or group process when overanalyzing or overthinking a situation can cause forward motion or decision-making to become "paralyzed", meaning that no solution or course of action is decided upon. A situation may be deemed as too complicated and a decision is never made, due to the fear that a potentially larger problem may arise. A person may desire a perfect solution, but may fear making a decision that could result in error, while on the way to a better solution. Equally, a person may hold that a superior solution is a short step away, and stall in its endless pursuit, with no concept of diminishing returns. On the opposite end of the time spectrum is the phrase extinct by instinct, which is making a fatal decision based on hasty judgment or a gut reaction.

分析瘫痪 指的是个人或团体因为过度分析或是或过度思考而导致行动或决策被瘫痪,无法做出行动或决定。 情境可能被视为过于复杂且而可能导致更大的问题,所以无法做出决策。同样的,一个人可能认为更优越的解决方案只有一步之遥,而陷入无止境的追求,忽略了报酬递减的概念。


Career.

Gilmore was working as a paleontologist for the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in 1901 when he found the skeleton of a young sauropod, which was classified the following year as an "Apatosaurus".  In 1903 Gilmore was hired by the United States National Museum (now the National Museum of Natural History), part of the Smithsonian Institution. His first assignment there was to work on the vast O. C. Marsh collection amassed during the Bone Wars; the fossils had been transferred from Yale University's new Peabody Museum of Natural History after the collection outgrew the smaller museum's storage capacity.  Gilmore and assistant preparator Norman H. Boss, who later became Chief Preparator at the museum, mounted a complete "Edmontosaurus" in 1903. Together they built the world’s first mounted "Triceratops" skeleton, which went on display in 1905. In May 1907, Gilmore headed an expedition to Alaska to search for fossils of Pleistocene vertebrates. Gilmore was named Custodian of Fossil Reptiles in 1908, and settled in the Park View neighborhood at 451 Park Road, NW.  In 1923 Gilmore and Boss collected a "Diplodocus longus" in Dinosaur National Monument, Utah. Under Gilmore's direction, the specimen was mounted and displayed at the National Museum of Natural History in 1931, where the specimen proved the museum's most popular exhibit for the next 20 years. The museum promoted Gilmore to Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology in 1924.  Gilmore led sixteen expeditions to collect vertebrate fossils during his tenure as Curator. While much of his work was concentrated in Utah and Wyoming, he led an excavation of Montana's Two Medicine Formation in 1913, returning for further work in 1928 and again in 1935.  As Curator, Gilmore was often asked to identify fossils brought to the museum by the public. In 1938, he examined fossilized teeth discovered by a limestone quarrying operation and identified them as rare Pleistocene fossils of tapir, bear, and an extinct North American lion.  A prolific writer, Gilmore published 170 scientific papers during his career, including monographic studies on the osteology of "Apatosaurus" and "Camptosaurus" and the osteology of carnivorous and armored dinosaurs. As well as describing new dinosaurs, Gilmore wrote several monographs, including a 1914 monograph on "Stegosaurus", a 1920 monograph on carnivorous dinosaurs, a 1936 review of "Apatosaurus", as well as a more focused 1925 study of the Carnegie juvenile "Camarasaurus".  Gilmore retired from the Smithsonian in 1945, and died on September 27, 1945. He was buried on September 29, 1945 at Arlington National Cemetery.  The scientific names of "Gilmoremys" (an extinct soft-shelled turtle named in 2011), "Shuangmiaosaurus gilmorei" (an herbivorous dinosaur named in 2003), "Richardoestesia gilmorei" (a bipedal dinosaur named in 1990), and "Gilmoreosaurus" (a disputed dinosaur genus named in 1979) honor Gilmore's contributions to vertebrate paleontology.

Charles Whitney Gilmore (March 11, 1874 – September 27, 1945) was an American paleontologist who gained renown in the early 20th century for his work on vertebrate fossils during his career at the United States National Museum (now the National Museum of Natural History). Gilmore named many dinosaurs in North America and Mongolia, including the Cretaceous sauropod "Alamosaurus", "Alectrosaurus", "Archaeornithomimus", "Bactrosaurus", "Brachyceratops", "Chirostenotes", "Mongolosaurus", "Parrosaurus", "Pinacosaurus", "Styracosaurus ovatus" (now "Rubeosaurus") and "Thescelosaurus".

查尔斯·惠特尼·吉尔摩(英语:英语:Charles Whitney Gilmore;1874年3月11日-1954年-9月27日)是一位在20世纪,美国国家博物馆(今美国国立自然历史博物馆)因研究脊椎动物化石而获得名声的古生物学家。吉尔摩命名了许多北美洲和蒙古恐龙,包括了属于白垩纪蜥脚类的阿拉摩龙、独龙、古似鸟龙、巴克龙、短角龙、纤手龙、蒙古龙、密苏里阔步龙、绘龙、戟龙和奇异龙。


Club career.

Anderlecht.

Born in Sint-Pieters-Leeuw, located just outside the Brussels-Capital Region, Tielemans is a youth product of Anderlecht and signed his first professional contract with the club at the age of 16.  On 21 July 2013, he was included in the senior squad for the first time, remaining an unused substitute in the 1–0 win over Genk in the 2013 Belgian Super Cup. A week later, he made his first-team debut in the opening round of the Belgian Pro League season against Lokeren, replacing injured Sacha Kljestan after 25 minutes of a 2–3 home loss. This made him the fourth-youngest player in the league's history.  On 2 October 2013, he became the youngest Belgian player to play in the UEFA Champions League, starting in a match against Olympiacos at the age of 16 years and 148 days. He played 29 games – of which 21 starts – as Anderlecht won the 2013–14 Belgian Pro League, scoring to open a 3–0 win over Club Brugge at the Constant Vanden Stock Stadium on 6 April 2014, a game in which he also assisted Cyriac. Tielemans won the Belgian Young Player of the Year award in each of his first two seasons.  Tielemans scored 13 times in 37 Belgian First Division A matches as Anderlecht won the 2016–17 Belgian First Division A. He won the 2017 Ebony Shoe Award for best player of African origin, and was named 2016–17 Belgian Professional Footballer of the Year. He scored 5 goals in 15 2016–17 UEFA Europa League matches, with his club reaching the quarter-finals, and was selected in its Squad of the Season.

Monaco.

On 24 May 2017, Tielemans joined 2016–17 Ligue 1 champions Monaco on a five-year deal for a fee of around €25 million. He made his competitive debut on 29 July in the Trophée des Champions at the Grand Stade de Tanger, playing the full 90 minutes in the 2–1 loss to Paris Saint-Germain and assisting Djibril Sidibé's opening goal. On 4 August, Tielemans made his Ligue 1 debut in the 3–2 home win over Toulouse, coming on as a substitute for Radamel Falcao in the 87th minute. He made his UEFA club competition debut for Monaco on 13 September in the UEFA Champions League group match away to RB Leipzig, playing the full 90 minutes and registering his first competitive goal for Monaco by equalizing in a 1–1 draw. On 16 September, Tielemans made his first Ligue 1 start and played the entire match in the 3–0 home win over Strasbourg, after having played a total of 56 minutes as a substitute in his first four Ligue 1 matches.  "France Football" named Tielemans in their lists of the biggest flops of the first half of the season and the season overall.

Leicester City.

On 31 January 2019, Tielemans joined Premier League club Leicester City on loan until the end of the season, with Adrien Silva going the other way in a swap deal. On 9 March, Tielemans scored his first goal for the club in a 3–1 win over Fulham.  On 8 July 2019, Tielemans completed a permanent move to Leicester City, on a four-year deal for an estimated fee of £40 million. He scored in a 3–1 home win over Bournemouth on 31 August, but courted controversy with a high challenge on Callum Wilson that escaped punishment even after consultation with the video assistant referee; referees' chief Mike Riley ruled that this was an incorrect decision and Tielemans should have been sent off.

International career.

In June 2015, Tielemans was called up to the senior Belgium squad for a UEFA Euro 2016 qualifier against Wales. He finally made his senior international debut on 9 November 2016, in a 1–1 friendly away draw to rival Netherlands, replacing Steven Defour in the 82nd minute.  Tielemans was included in manager Roberto Martínez's 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. He played four matches in the tournament, including the 2–0 win over England in the third-place match.  Tielemans earned his first senior goal for Belgium on 21 March 2019, in a UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying match against Russia.

Personal life.

Tielemans' father is of Flemish descent and his mother is of Congolese descent. He continued education until the age of 18, combining studies with his professional career.

Honours.

Anderlecht  Belgium  Individual

Youri Marion A. Tielemans (born 7 May 1997) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Premier League club Leicester City and for the Belgium national team.

约埃里·蒂耶莱曼斯(英语:Youri Tielemans,1997年-5月7日),是一名比利时足球运动员,现效力于英超球队李斯特城,他也代表比利时国家足球队。司职中场。


Naming.

The name is a kanji acronym consisting of characters found in the former names of the provinces linked by the expressway. consists of the eastern part of present-day Fukushima Prefecture, and consists of present-day Niigata Prefecture.  Officially the expressway is referred to as the Tōhoku-Ōdan Expressway Iwaki Niigata Route.

Overview.

The route of the expressway connects the coastlines of the Pacific Ocean and the Japan Sea by traversing the mountainous interior of the Tōhoku region.  The expressway commences at a junction with the Jōban Expressway in Iwaki, Fukushima and follows a northwesterly course to the city of Kōriyama, where it intersects with the Tōhoku Expressway. The expressway continues its course through the historic Aizu region, with Mount Bandai viewable to the north and Lake Inawashiro viewable to the south. The route then enters Niigata Prefecture and eventually terminates at a junction in Niigata City with the Hokuriku Expressway and Nihonkai-Tōhoku Expressway.  The route parallels the East Ban'etsu Line and West Ban'etsu Line of East Japan Railway Company and National Route 49 for much of its length.  The first section of the expressway was opened to traffic in 1990 and the entire route was completed in 1997. The route was originally 2 lanes only, one in each direction. However expansion to two lanes in each direction has proceeded gradually over the years. Expansion of the eastern half (between Iwaki Junction and Kōriyama Junction) was completed in 2009.  Using the Ban-etsu and Hokuriku Expressway to travel between the Tōhoku and Kinki regions is shorter and cheaper than using expressways that traverse a route via the greater Tokyo urban area.  All service areas along the route feature restaurants and shops (there are also shops at Gobyakugawa Parking Area). There are 24-hour gas stations at Abukumakōgen Service Area and Bandaisan Service Area. There is a 24-hour FamilyMart convenience store at Aganogawa Service Area (Niigata-bound only). Saiso Parking Area and Miharu Parking Area feature vending machines and toilets, while all other parking areas have only toilets.

External links.

Iwaki JCT

The is a national expressway in the Tōhoku region of Japan. It is owned and operated by East Nippon Expressway Company.

磐越自动车道()是起于福岛县磐城市磐城系统交流道,经郡山市至新潟县新潟市江南区的高速公路(高速自动车国道)。通称为磐越道(,BAN-ETSU EXP)、磐越()。


Plot.

In the 2000s, Wadjda, a spirited 10-year-old Saudi girl living in the capital Riyadh, dreams of owning a green bicycle that she passes at a store every day on her way to school. She wants to race against her friend Abdullah, a boy from her neighborhood, but riding bikes is frowned upon for girls and Wadjda's mother refuses to buy one for her. The bike is expensive, costing SR800 (~$213).  Wadjda begins to earn the money herself by selling mixtapes, hand-braiding bracelets for classmates and acting as a go-between for an older student. These activities get her into trouble with the strict headmistress. Her mother, meanwhile, is dealing with a job that has a terrible commute with a driver who often gets angry with her for making him wait. He tells Wadjda's mother that he will no longer drive her to work, but Wadjda and Abdullah find where the man lives and visit his house to tell him to take her mother's business. After Abdullah threatens to have his "uncle with the moustache" kick the man out of the country, the driver agrees.  Meanwhile, Wadjda's grandmother on her father's side is looking for a second wife for her son because Wadjda's mother cannot have any more children and he wants a son. Wadjda's mother is angry and scared by this, so she tries on a beautiful red dress for her brother-in-law's wedding to gain support and to "scare off" any potential women who may consider marrying her husband.  At school, Wadjda decides to participate in a Quran recital competition featuring a SR1,000 cash prize (equivalent of about US$270). Meanwhile, two girls at the Madrasa are accused of having a lesbian relationship by the headmistress and shunned by other students, though they were only reading magazines. Wadjda's efforts at memorization impress her teacher, and she wins the competition. The staff and students are shocked when Wadjda announces her intention to buy a bicycle with the prize money. She is told by the headmistress that the money will instead be donated to Palestine on her behalf.  She returns home to find her father and begins crying when he says he is proud that she won the competition. However, he does not talk to her long. He tells Wadjda to tell her mother that he loves her and leaves the home while taking a phone call. Later, Wadjda finds out that her father has taken a second wife, and she watches the wedding ceremony from her roof with her mother. Wadjda suggests that her mother could buy the red dress and win her father back again, but her mother reveals her that she has instead spent the money on the green bike her daughter wanted. The two hug as fireworks from the wedding light up the night sky behind them.  The next day, Wadjda rides down the street on her new bike. The owner of the bike shop sees her passing and smiles. She races against Abdullah and wins.

Production.

According to the director Haifaa al-Mansour, it took five years to make "Wadjda". She spent most of the time trying to find financial backing and getting filming permission, since she insisted on filming in Saudi Arabia for reasons of authenticity. She received backing from Rotana, the film production company of Prince Alwaleed bin Talal. However, she very much wanted to find a foreign co-producer because "in Saudi there are no movie theatres, there is no film industry to speak of and, therefore, little money for investment". After her selection for a Sundance Institute writer's lab in Jordan, al-Mansour got in touch with the German production company Razor Film, which had previously produced films with Middle-Eastern topics ("Paradise Now" and "Waltz with Bashir"). The production involved co-operation with two German public TV broadcasters, Norddeutscher Rundfunk and Bayerischer Rundfunk. Additional funding came from (FFA, Berlin); Medienboard Berlin-Brandenburg GmbH (MBB, Potsdam); Mitteldeutsche Medienförderung GmbH (MDM, Leipzig); and Filmfonds Babelsberg (ILB, Potsdam-Babelsberg).  Al-Mansour's screenplay was influenced by neorealist cinema like Vittorio De Sica's "Bicycle Thieves", Jafar Panahi's "Offside" or "Rosetta". The final scene recalls the final scene of François Truffaut's "The 400 Blows". Al-Mansour says that the original version of her screenplay was much bleaker than the finished product: "I decided I didn't want the film to carry a slogan and scream, but just to create a story where people can laugh and cry a little." Al-Mansour based the character of Wadjda on one of her nieces and also on her own experiences when growing up. The main themes of the story are freedom, as represented by the bicycle, and the fear of emotional abandonment, as Wadjda's father wants to take a second wife who will provide him with a son.  "Wadjda" was filmed on the streets of Riyadh, which often made it necessary for the director to work from the back of a van, as she could not publicly mix with the men in the crew. Often, she could only communicate via walkie-talkie and had to watch the actors on a monitor. This made it difficult to direct: "It made me realise the need to rehearse and to develop an understanding for each scene before we shot it."  Waad Mohammed, who plays Wadjda, was a first-time actress.

Reception.

"Wadjda" received critical acclaim. The film-critics aggregate Rotten Tomatoes reported 99% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 102 reviews, with an average score of 8/10. The critical consensus is: "Transgressive in the best possible way, "Wadjda" presents a startlingly assured new voice from a corner of the globe where cinema has been all but silenced." Metacritic, which assigns a standardized score out of 100, rated the film 81 based on 26 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".  Film critics cite the ways Wadjda is able to grapple with important societal issues, while also accurately understanding the limits of large scale change. NY Times Film critic A.O. Scott states, "With impressive agility, "Wadjda" finds room to maneuver between harsh realism and a more hopeful kind of storytelling"; it accurately shows the immense challenges women face in Saudi Arabia, while also showing that there is room for change and growth. New Yorker film critic Anthony Lane feels similarly, as he argues that there are many ways Wadjda could have done more of a disservice to women in Saudi Arabia, rather than helping expose their inequality. He says that Wadjda strikes the right balance, in that it is enjoyable to watch, while also effective in calling for social change.

Release.

The film premiered at the Venice Film Festival in August 2012. It was released in Germany by Koch Media in 2013. Other distributors are: Pretty Pictures (France, theatrical), Sony Pictures Classics (USA, theatrical), Wild Bunch Benelux (Netherlands, theatrical), The Match Factory (Non-USA, all media) and Soda Pictures (UK, all media). It has been shown at several film festivals:  Other screenings include as the opening film of the 6th Gulf Film Festival in Dubai (11–17 April) and at the Tribeca Film Festival in New York (21/25 April). The film was scheduled to be released on DVD in February 2014.

Wadjda (, ) is a 2012 Saudi Arabian drama film, written and directed by Haifaa al-Mansour (in her feature directorial debut). It was the first feature film shot entirely in Saudi Arabia and the first feature-length film made by a female Saudi director. It won numerous awards at film festivals around the world. The film was selected as the Saudi Arabian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 86th Academy Awards (the first time the country made a submission for the Oscars), but it was not nominated. It successfully earned a nomination for Best Foreign Film at the 2014 BAFTA Awards.

《脚踏车大作战》(阿拉伯语: وجدة) 是一部2012年沙特阿拉伯-德国的电影,由海法·曼苏尔编剧和执导。本片是第一部完全在沙特阿拉伯拍摄的故事长片,也是第一部由女性阿拉伯导演所导的故事长片。本片在全世界的电影节中屡获殊荣。本片入选第86届奥斯卡最佳外语片奖沙特阿拉伯组(这是沙特阿拉伯电影第一次参与奥斯卡金像奖),但没有被提名。不过在2014年英国电影学院奖中,本片被提名最佳外语片奖。


Eligibility.

Shows that opened on Broadway during the 2011–12 season before April 27, 2012 are eligible.

Ceremony.

Neil Patrick Harris was the host of the ceremony. This marked the third time that Harris hosted the Tony Awards show.  The telecast had 6.01 million viewers (preliminary numbers), in contrast to the 2011 Tony Awards telecast, which had 6.950 million viewers.

Performances.

There were performances from musicals including "Evita" featuring Ricky Martin and Elena Roger, "Follies", with Danny Burstein singing "Buddy's Blues" and introduced by Bernadette Peters, "Ghost the Musical", "Godspell", "Hairspray" (from a production on a Royal Caribbean ship), "Jesus Christ Superstar", "Leap of Faith" with Raúl Esparza and company, "Newsies" featuring Jeremy Jordan and company, "Nice Work If You Can Get It" with Kelli O'Hara, Matthew Broderick and company, "Once" featuring Steve Kazee and company, and "The Gershwins' Porgy and Bess featuring "Audra McDonald and Norm Lewis. There also were performances from Tony-nominated plays, including "End of the Rainbow" with Tracie Bennett, "One Man, Two Guvnors" with James Corden, and "Peter and the Starcatcher", with Christian Borle, Celia Keenan-Bolger and Adam Chanler-Berat.  "The Book of Mormon" cast members, along with Harris, started the show by singing a version of "Hello". The original musical number that opened the show had Harris singing and dancing to "What If Life Were More Like Theatre?" with Patti LuPone, Amanda Seyfried, Jesse Tyler Ferguson, and company. The closing musical number was "If I Had Time," sung by Harris. Both the opening and closing musical numbers were written by David Javerbaum and Adam Schlesinger.

Presenters.

As announced on June 1, Angela Lansbury, Candice Bergen, Jessica Chastain, Jim Parsons, Christopher Plummer, Tyler Perry, Nick Jonas, Amanda Seyfried, Paul Rudd, Ellen Barkin, Bernadette Peters, James Marsden, Mandy Patinkin, and Sheryl Crow, among others, were presenters. On June 7, Matthew Morrison, Josh Groban, and Cote de Pablo were added to the presenter line-up. Other presenters included Patti LuPone, Trey Parker and Matt Stone.

Creative Arts awards.

Several awards, named the "Creative Arts" awards, were presented prior to the main televised ceremony as well as during breaks. These included awards for: Best Lighting Design of a Play, Best Lighting Design of a Musical, Best Sound Design of a Play, Best Sound Design of a Musical, Best Costume Design of a Play, Best Costume Design of a Musical, Best Orchestrations, Best Scenic Design of a Play, Best Scenic Design of a Musical and Best Choreography. These awards were announced by Norbert Leo Butz and Beth Leavel.

Nominees and winners.

The nominees were announced on May 1, 2012. The winners were announced on June 10, 2012.

Non-competitive awards.

The Tony Award for Excellence in the Theatre has been awarded to Freddie Gershon, Artie Siccardi and the TDF Open Doors Program. Those awards were presented at the Tony Eve Cocktail party, held on June 9, 2012 at the InterContinental Hotel (Times Square). The Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre has been awarded to Emanuel Azenberg. Bernadette Peters was presented with the Isabelle Stevenson Award and Special Tony Awards were given to Hugh Jackman and the Actors’ Equity Association. The Regional Theatre Tony Award has been awarded to the Shakespeare Theatre Company.

The 66th Annual Tony Awards was held on June 10, 2012, to recognize achievement in Broadway productions during the 2011–2012 season. The ceremony was held at the Beacon Theatre, and was broadcast live on CBS television, with Neil Patrick Harris as the host.

第66届托尼奖颁奖典礼于2012年6月10日举办,旨在表彰肯定2011年-2012年演出季中百老汇舞台剧的艺术成就。举办地于纽约灯光剧院,由哥伦比亚广播公司(CBS)现场直播,尼尔·帕特里克·哈里斯奖第三次担纲主持人,这是他自2011年之后第三次主持托尼奖。2012年4月30日公布各大奖项的提名名单。


Causes of a film's failure.

External circumstances.

Occasionally, films may underperform because of issues unrelated to the film itself. These issues commonly relate to the timing of the film's release. This was one of the reasons for the commercial failure of "Intolerance", D. W. Griffith's follow-up to "The Birth of a Nation". Owing to production delays, the film was not released until late 1916, a time when the widespread anti-war sentiment it reflected had started to shift in favor of American entry into World War I.  Another example of external events sinking a film is the 2015 docudrama about FIFA entitled "United Passions." It was released in theaters in the United States at the same time FIFA's leaders were under investigation for fraud and corruption, and the film grossed only $918 at the US box office in its opening weekend.  Other issues such as many films that open during times of national crisis and just after disasters such as the 2001 September 11 attacks, Hurricane Harvey and 2020 coronavirus pandemic underperform at the box office.

High production costs.

A large budget can cause a film to fail financially, even when it performs reasonably well at the box office. 1980's "Heaven's Gate", for example, exceeded its planned production schedule by three months, causing its budget to inflate from $12 million to $44 million. The film only earned $3.5 million at the box office.  For the 2005 film "Sahara", its budget ballooned to $281.2 million for production, distribution, and other expenses. The film earned $119 million in theaters and $202.9 million overall with television and other subsidies included, resulting in a net loss of $78.3 million. In 2012, Disney reported losses of $200 million on "John Carter." The film had made a considerable $234 million worldwide, but this was far short of its $250 million budget plus worldwide advertising.

Recovery of flops.

Films which are initially viewed as "flops" may recover income elsewhere. Several films have underperformed in their countries of origin, but have been sufficiently successful internationally to recoup losses or even become financial successes. Films may also recover money through international distribution, sales to television syndication, and distribution outside of cinemas (download, DVD, pay-per-view). Other films have succeeded long after cinema release by becoming cult films or being re-evaluated over time. High-profile films fitting this description include "Blade Runner" and "The Shawshank Redemption," which both lost money at the box office but have since become popular.

Studios pushed into financial trouble.

In extreme cases, a single film's lackluster performance may push a studio into financial losses, bankruptcy or closure. Examples of this include: United Artists ("Heaven's Gate") and Carolco Pictures ("Cutthroat Island"). The underperformance of "The Golden Compass" was seen as a significant factor in influencing Warner Bros.'s decision to take direct control of New Line Cinema.  In 2001, Square Pictures (the film division of Japanese video game company Square, now Square Enix) released its first film, "", an animated motion picture inspired by the "Final Fantasy" series of video games. It received mixed reviews from critics and failed to recover its $145 million cost. Following the film's struggles, Square Pictures ceased producing feature films. In 2011, "Mars Needs Moms" was the last film released by ImageMovers Digital before Disney's stake got absorbed by ImageMovers to a loss of nearly $140 million – the largest box-office bomb of all time in nominal dollar terms. Despite this loss, the decision to close the production company had been made a year prior to the film's release.

Independent films.

The 2006 independent movie "Zyzzyx Road" made just $30 at the US box office. The film, with a budget of $1.2 million and starring Tom Sizemore and Katherine Heigl, owes its tiny revenue to its limited box-office release – just six days in a single theater in Dallas for the purpose of meeting Screen Actors Guild requirements – rather than its ability to attract viewers. According to co-star Leo Grillo, it sold six tickets, two of which were to cast members.  Previously, the 2000 British film "Offending Angels" had become notorious for taking in less than £100 (~$150) at the box office. It had a £70,000 (~$105,000) budget but was panned by critics including the BBC, who called it a "truly awful pile of garbage", and "Total Film", who called it "irredeemable".  In 2011, the film "The Worst Movie Ever!" opened to just $11 at the US box office. It played in only one theater.

In the motion picture industry, a box-office bomb or box-office flop is a film that is considered highly unsuccessful or unprofitable during its theatrical run. Although any film for which the production and marketing costs exceed the combined revenue after release can be considered to have "bombed", the term is more frequently used on major studio releases that are highly anticipated and expensive to produce.

在电影产业中,票房炸-{}-弹或票房毒-{}-药是在戏院上映时亏损巨大的电影(相对于之前成本、制作与营销力度的炒作而言)。


Use by supporters and opponents.

The stereotypical gesture was originally used in order to ridicule Angela Merkel and her government. Most notably, it is found with comedians impersonating her, combined with the colorful jackets she is usually seen wearing. In Jan Philipp Gloger's staging of "The Flying Dutchman", which premiered during the 2013 Bayreuth Festival, the "Merkel-Raute" is used as a criticism of capitalism: During the performance, the gesture is shown as the distinctive mark of a nameless, synchronized elite of bankers and managers.  When used by her own party (the conservative Christian Democratic Union), the gesture is intended as a political symbol for Merkel's (presumed) unagitated leadership. On 2 September 2013, near the climax of the campaign for the 2013 federal election, the CDU unveiled a giant banner greeting travellers at Berlin Hauptbahnhof, which was displayed on two sides of a hotel building under construction, taking up a total space of nearly. The photographic mosaic was made up of 2,150 images of the hands of CDU supporters and shows nothing but Merkel's hands forming the "Raute", next to the slogan "(Put) Germany's future in good hands" (). According to Hermann Gröhe, the manager of the CDU election campaign, the billboard would perfectly “embody our election message.”  Politicians of the opposition criticised the giant campaigning billboard as an instance of a "monstrous cult of personality", calling it "Cuban-style". Berlin-based newspaper "Der Tagesspiegel" used the childless Merkel's nickname "Mutti" (“mommy”) in conjunction with Kurt Tucholsky's poem "Mutters Hände" (“Mother's Hands”, which describes the hands of an old, dying woman) to imply that it was unfavorable for politicians to be characterized by just one hand gesture.  In addition to the billboard, the "Merkel-Raute" was also employed in the CDU's other campaigning efforts. The Young Union ("Junge Union" or JU in German), the youth wing of the CDU, organised flashmobs in which members gathered in a circle while imitating the gesture in several public places in Germany. It also produced posters featuring a stylised version of the "Merkel-Raute" above the words "'" ("Keep calm and vote for the Chancellor" or "Stay cool and choose the Chancellor") a play on the British wartime slogan Keep Calm and Carry On; these posters were also made into various articles of clothing, such as T-shirts and hoodies. This stylised version had also been used by teAM Deutschland, the CDU's campaign team, to represent Merkel on its website as early as March 2013. Also, the Association of Christian Democratic Students ("Ring Christlich-Demokratischer Studenten" or RCDS in German), a student organisation associated with the CDU, created the website "'" ("Students for Merkel") featuring photographs of university students imitating the "Merkel-Raute" with the slogan """" ("I'm voting for Angie! And you?"), to which readers were encouraged to upload their own photographs.  The CDU has brought back the Merkel-Raute for its 2017 election campaign as well. The Raute features prominently in its website for supporters, ""Ich unterstütze Merkel"" ("I support Merkel"). The website uses the slogan "I love Raute", along with a logo consisting of "I ❤" followed by a stylised Raute similar to that used by teAM Deutschland in 2013. It encourages supporters to upload photographs of themselves decorated with the aforementioned logo. The CDU has also made items such as pens, cups, stickers, and bags with this logo available for sale on its main website.  Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić and POTUS Donald Trump occasionally perform the gesture as well.

Internet meme.

Since its installation, the giant CDU campaigning poster has enjoyed prominence on the Internet, especially with the users of social networking services. The releasing of digitally altered images has turned into an Internet meme, most notably featuring Merkel's hands superimposed on images of Mr. Burns (whose trademark is a similar gesture), Grumpy Cat, Spock and others.  The emoticon <> referencing the Merkel-Raute has also been adopted by the CDU as a symbol of Merkel in its Internet communications, even after the end of the 2013 election campaign. For example, it organised a competition on its Facebook page in which people were encouraged to comment with “<>” in order to win a bag printed with the aforementioned campaign poster. It also used the emoticon at the end of its 2013 year-end video montage, as well as in its Twitter congratulations to Merkel on her sixtieth birthday on 17 July 2014. On 29 October 2014, in response to an alternative Merkel emoticon circulating the Internet that had been expanded to two lines in order to include Merkel's face, the CDU confirmed on Twitter that it was the creator of the original "<>" emoticon.

The Merkel-Raute (German for "Merkel rhombus") is what has been termed Merkel diamond or Triangle of Power by English-speaking media: a hand gesture made by resting one's hands in front of the stomach so that the fingertips meet, with the thumbs and index fingers forming a rough quadrangular shape. This signature gesture of Angela Merkel, the current German Chancellor, has been described as "probably one of the most recognisable hand gestures in the world".

梅克尔菱形(),有时也被称为权力三角形(英语:Triangle of Power)指的是双手指尖相触并呈放松状态置于腹部前方的手势,此时拇指与食指构成一个近四边形的形状,因而得名。它是德国总理安格拉·梅克尔的招牌性手势,被称为「世界上最容易辨认的手势之一」。