Report.

Background.

Mercedes were expected to be dominant in Barcelona, since it was at the circuit that their advantage per lap had been biggest in 2014 and they had shown strong form at the two pre-season tests at the circuit.  After problems with their engine in the first races, which saw Daniel Ricciardo down to his last power unit after just four outings, Renault introduced a new, modified engine for the Spanish Grand Prix, aiming to improve both reliability and drivability.  Ferrari brought new parts to Barcelona, but Kimi Räikkönen was unsatisfied with the handling of his car, switching back to the earlier setup for the third practice session. He later conceded that "maybe it would have been better with the new bits." McLaren arrived in Barcelona with a new dark grey livery in order to "improv[e] its visual impact [...] for the floodlights increasingly used in twilight and night races," a team representative said.

Tyres.

On 22 April, Pirelli announced that the teams would be using the hard and medium tyres for this race, the same choice as the year before.

Free practice.

Per the regulations for the 2015 season, three practice sessions were held, two 1.5-hour sessions on Friday and another one-hour session before qualifying on Saturday. Nico Rosberg was fastest on Friday morning, outpacing his teammate Lewis Hamilton by 0.07 seconds. Rosberg raised the interest of the race stewards when he failed to stay to the left of the bollard at the pit lane entrance returning to pit lane after one of his runs. Mercedes lived up to the expectations by lapping almost a second quicker than the next fastest cars, the two Ferrari drivers. Three test drivers took part in the session: Jolyon Palmer took the place of Romain Grosjean at the wheel of one of the Lotus cars as he had done in the two prior races; Raffaele Marciello returned for Sauber after he had already filled the role at the ; and making her debut for 2015 was Susie Wolff for Williams, finishing eight-tenths of a second behind regular driver Felipe Massa.  Lewis Hamilton was quickest in the second session on Friday afternoon. Track temperatures rose by more than to almost at the end of the session. The extreme heat was especially hard on the tyres, which led to many drivers complaining about a lack of grip on track. Sebastian Vettel split the two Mercedes cars and finished second fastest, four-tenths of a second slower than Hamilton, with Rosberg a further three tenths down. Daniel Ricciardo struggled with his engine yet again, which needed to be changed mid-session, leaving him with only ten minutes of running. McLaren were yet to score in 2015, but with Jenson Button finishing seventh and Fernando Alonso in eleventh place, they proved to be closer to the point ranks than in previous races. Romain Grosjean suffered from technical problems on his Lotus, which ended in the engine cover of his car shattering on the start-finish straight, bringing out a red flag.  The third practice session, on Saturday morning, showed that Mercedes' advantage on the softer, medium tyres was less significant than on the hard compound, meaning Vettel was able to lap within two-tenths of a second of Rosberg, who was fastest. Hamilton spun in turn three, compromising his session. He finished third fastest, two-tenths down on his teammate. Kimi Räikkönen, who was fifth fastest, was once more unsatisfied with the setup of his car, as he could be heard on the radio telling his team "Excellent. How can we be in wrong settings?"

Qualifying.

Qualifying consisted of three parts, 18, 15 and 12 minutes in length respectively, with five drivers eliminated from competing after each of the first two sessions. During the first session (Q1), Mercedes was able to proceed into the next part without having to use the softer and faster tyre compound. The same applied for Sebastian Vettel, while his Ferrari teammate Kimi Räikkönen was once again unhappy with his setup and recorded his time on the softer medium tyres. McLaren's upward trend continued, as both cars progressed into Q2, the first time the team achieved this in 2015. The Manor Marussia drivers took their familiar place at the back of the grid, Will Stevens in 19th almost three seconds off the time of the next-slowest car. Both Force India cars as well as the Sauber of Marcus Ericsson did not make it into Q2 either.  The second part of qualifying saw both Mercedes drivers and Valtteri Bottas make only one timed run, which proved sufficient to get into Q3 comfortably. The second Sauber of Felipe Nasr was eliminated as were both McLarens and both Lotus cars, meaning that the last five rows on the grid would each be taken by pairs of teammates.  For the last session of qualifying, the top ten drivers had twelve minutes to set their times. Nico Rosberg recorded provisional pole on his first outing, a quarter of a second in front of teammate Lewis Hamilton. Unlike their teammates, both Felipe Massa in the Williams and Kimi Räikkönen did not have an extra set of fresh tyres, meaning they were caught out by the fast-running Toro Rosso drivers, who took the third row on the grid. Neither Rosberg nor Hamilton were able to improve on their times in their second running. For the first time in 2015, it was not Hamilton who would start the race first on the grid, as Rosberg recorded the 16th pole position of his career.

Post-qualifying.

Toro Rosso were delighted with their result, even though Carlos Sainz Jr. admitted he did not expect to fare as well in the race. Rosberg was satisfied with his first pole position of the season, commenting "of course I needed it sooner rather than later," referring to the 27-point gap in the championship to Hamilton. As pole position is statistically of crucial importance to winning the race, even more so than in Monaco, being first on the grid was considered to be a big advantage for Rosberg.

Race.

At the start of the race, Lewis Hamilton did not get away well, having to yield second place to Sebastian Vettel while also coming under pressure from Valtteri Bottas. Nico Rosberg remained in front while the rest of the field got through the first corners without incidents. Kimi Räikkönen had a good first lap and moved up to fifth. The Toro Rosso drivers were unable to capitalise on their good qualifying performances and steadily headed down the order. As Rosberg was developing a lead, Hamilton told his team that overtaking Vettel on track was "impossible." Mercedes switched him to a three-stop strategy, starting on lap 14, but his first stop was marred by a problem with the wheel nut, not being able to get ahead of Rosberg who made a pit stop two laps later without problems. During the following laps, Hamilton tried to overtake Vettel on track, but to no avail. Unlike the top runners, Kimi Räikkönen did not take the medium tyres during his middle stint, but chose instead to run on the hard compound, meaning he would be a force to watch towards the end of the race.  Battles for position in midfield during the opening laps saw the two Lotus cars touch, damaging Pastor Maldonado's rear wing. When he came into the pit for his first stop, the entire right side plate of the wing was taken off, later forcing him to retire on lap 47. Fernando Alonso had previously become the first retirement of the race when his brake failed due to a torn-off visor lodging in his rear brake. When he came into the pit lane on lap 28, he overshot his pit box and hit a mechanic, and was unable to continue. Red Bull, who had a troublesome weekend, qualifying behind their sister team Toro Rosso, made up for lost ground and moved ahead to eventually finish seventh and tenth.  Up in front, Hamilton put his three-stop strategy to good use, consistently setting the fastest laps on track. On lap 46, Rosberg made a pit stop for the second and final time, emerging just a few seconds ahead of Hamilton, who quickly moved past him into the lead. Hamilton came in for his last stop on lap 51, easily retaining second place in front of Vettel's Ferrari. He subsequently tried to close the gap to Rosberg in front, but a 19-second lead proved impossible to overcome in the remaining 14 laps. Räikkönen had closed in on Valtteri Bottas and tried to overtake him during the last laps of the race, but was eventually unable to do so, leaving him in fifth position, lamenting his poor qualifying performance. As the race drew to a close, Rosberg crossed the line for his first victory of the season and the ninth of his career. Rosberg's victory made him the ninth different winner of the Spanish Grand Prix in as many years.

Post-race.

Race winner Nico Rosberg said he had a "perfect weekend" during the podium interview conducted by Spanish TV presenter Maria Serrat. At the official post-race press conference, Lewis Hamilton conceded that it had "been a long time since I've had such a poor start" and went on to explain how difficult it is to overtake on the circuit. Sebastian Vettel admitted that had Hamilton's first stop not gone wrong, it would have been unlikely to stay ahead of him at that point.  Kimi Räikkönen, who had decided to drive with the old setup of the car, later stated that he had made a "sacrifice" for the team, saying "I think we learned a lot from going for two separate cars following yesterday and today so I'm more confident we can see things more balanced." He went on to point out that the characteristics of the circuit suited Mercedes more than Ferrari, as they had more downforce and raw speed, stating he was not too concerned with the "bigger than normal" gap, after Vettel had finished 45 seconds behind Rosberg.  Following another difficult weekend and constant problems with their underpowered Renault power units, Red Bull repeated their threats voiced earlier in the season to exit the sport. Their motorsport advisor Helmut Marko was quoted saying: "If we don't have a competitive engine in the near future, then either Audi is coming or we are out." Audi had just two weeks earlier stated that it had "no plans to enter Formula 1." Team principal Christian Horner had earlier declared the season a "write-off" based on their engine reliability issues.

The 2015 Spanish Grand Prix, formally titled the Formula 1 Gran Premio de España Pirelli 2015, was a Formula One motor race held on 10 May 2015 at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya in Montmeló, Spain. The race was the fifth round of the season and marked the forty-fifth running of the Spanish Grand Prix as a round of the Formula One World Championship and the twenty-fifth running at Catalunya. Mercedes driver Nico Rosberg took his first win of the season, his first in Spain and the ninth of his career. His team-mate Lewis Hamilton finished second after a bad start, followed by Sebastian Vettel in third.

2015年西班牙大奖赛(英语:2015 Spanish Grand Prix),官方名称为2015年一级方程序赛车倍耐力西班牙大奖赛(),是2015年5月10日举办于西班牙的一场一级方程序赛车赛事。比赛在巴塞罗那-加泰罗尼亚赛道进行,总计66圈。这是2015年世界一级方程序锦标赛的第5场分站赛事。同时也是并入世界锦标赛后的第45届西班牙大奖赛,以及第25度举办于加泰罗尼亚。


Report.

Background.

For the third year in a row, Pirelli opted to bring its two hardest dry weather compounds for this event, the orange-banded hard compound as the "prime" selection, while the white-banded medium tyre used as the "option" selection. The two wet-weather tyres, the green-banded intermediate and blue-banded full wet tyres, were also available to use as they are at all events. Pirelli cited the nature of the track and the high lateral energy loads experienced in the corners, in particular 130R – typically taken at full throttle and top speed in dry weather racing – as reasons for the hardest tyres being used. The suppliers expected a performance difference of 0.6–0.8 seconds per lap between the compounds.  The Japanese Grand Prix was one of only two events in the 2015 season to have only one drag reduction system (DRS) zone, the other being Monaco. The DRS zone at Suzuka was in its traditional spot, on the start/finish straight between turn 18 and turn 1, with the detection point just before the Casio Triangle complex. Force India driver Nico Hülkenberg served a three-place grid penalty following qualifying after being deemed at-fault for a collision with Williams driver Felipe Massa at the previous event in Singapore. Red Bull equipped both of their cars with new turning vanes for the Grand Prix in order to improve the airflow underneath the car and therefore create more downforce. The new device had previously only been used by Daniil Kvyat during the previous race in Singapore. After a poor performance in Singapore, Mercedes introduced a revised rear wing endplate, while McLaren brought a new front wing to Suzuka.  This was the first running of the Japanese Grand Prix after Jules Bianchi's crash at the previous edition, which proved fatal when Bianchi succumbed to his injuries nine months following the accident. The Manor Marussia team announced that they would mark the occasion in a "very private way". In the wake of the accident, the organisers of the Japanese Grand Prix installed a large crane in place of the tractor that Bianchi hit. The Lotus team's equipment arrived late in Suzuka, while team members were also kept from entering their hospitality unit after cash-flow problems caused the unit not to be paid for in time.  Going into the weekend, Lewis Hamilton was leading the World Drivers' Championship on 252 points, 41 ahead of his Mercedes teammate Nico Rosberg. Sebastian Vettel of Ferrari was 8 more points behind on 203, followed by Kimi Räikkönen and Valtteri Bottas on 107 and 101 points respectively. In the World Constructors' Championship, Mercedes was leading Ferrari by 153 points, with Williams an additional 112 points behind in third.

Free practice.

Per the regulations for the 2015 season, three practice sessions were held; there were two 90-minute sessions on Friday and another one-hour session before qualifying on Saturday. In first practice, Carlos Sainz Jr. set the fastest time with a 1:49.434 in rainy conditions, about half a second ahead of second placed Daniil Kvyat. Eight drivers chose not to set a time, with complaints about aquaplaning in the later stage of the session. The first fifty minutes of the session saw most drivers only drive installation laps. While the first timed laps were set on full wet tyres, the two Williams cars were the first to go out on intermediate tyres. Nico Rosberg ran with the power unit that he had used briefly at the before it was changed due to a coolant leak. He switched back to the one he used in the previous race in Singapore for the rest of the weekend. Jolyon Palmer again took over for Romain Grosjean at Lotus, but he did not set a timed lap.  While the rain had stopped at the beginning of the second session, the track was still damp and all drivers initially ran on intermediate tyres. Daniil Kvyat eventually set the fastest time at 1:48.277, just 0.023 seconds ahead of Nico Rosberg, with Lewis Hamilton in third, half a second down on Kvyat. Sebastian Vettel set the fifth fastest time while driving the most timed laps of the session at nineteen. Sainz, fastest in first practice, heard "strange noises" from his power unit, but eventually finished seventh fastest. Felipe Massa was the only Williams driver to run, as Valtteri Bottas saved wet-weather-tyres. After more than half an hour, more rain fell and a number of drivers went out to get more running on the full-wet tyres. This included Fernando Alonso, who had been forced to wait forty minutes to start his running due to an unspecified issue with the power unit.  The third session on Saturday was held in dry conditions. The two Mercedes drivers Nico Rosberg and Lewis Hamilton set the fastest times, with Rosberg being about three-tenths of a second quicker than Hamilton. Red Bull driver Daniel Ricciardo was third, half a second down on Rosberg's 1:33.995 lap time. Kvyat in the other Red Bull did not have a good session, ending up eleventh fastest after running wide at both Spoon and the Degner corners. Behind Ricciardo, the Williams cars led the two Ferrari drivers in a session where drivers did a lot of laps to make up for the limited running on Friday.

Qualifying.

Qualifying consisted of three parts, 18, 15 and 12 minutes in length respectively, with five drivers eliminated from competing after each of the first two sessions. The first part of qualifying (Q1) was disrupted towards the end, when Max Verstappen's Toro Rosso came to a halt at the hairpin, preventing a number of drivers from improving on their lap times. Marcus Ericsson, whose first timed lap had been hampered by a spin, was one of the affected drivers and was eliminated in 17th place. Jenson Button also did not make it into Q2. While his second run was also affected by Verstappen, he lost time in his first due to a failure of communication concerning his engine mode. Also eliminated were the second Sauber of Felipe Nasr and both Manor Marussia cars.  Just as in Q1, the two Mercedes cars set the fastest times in Q2 as well. Verstappen was unable to continue and therefore only four of the running cars were to be eliminated. Those were Hülkenberg, the second Toro Rosso of Sainz, Pastor Maldonado and Fernando Alonso, who said his lap was likely the best he had ever driven at the circuit.  The top ten drivers contested Q3 for pole position and it was the two Mercedes drivers who set the fastest times once more, with Rosberg beating teammate Hamilton by only 0.076 seconds. Valtteri Bottas put his Williams in third while Massa lost fourth on the grid to the Ferrari of Sebastian Vettel due to a mistake towards the end of the lap. Behind Massa, Kimi Räikkönen took sixth place with what he described as an "average" lap. The positions remained unchanged as the drivers were prevented from setting better lap times, when Daniil Kvyat crashed into the barriers at turn ten, bringing out the red flag. He had touched the grass and over-corrected, and his car rolled over on impact, but Kvyat was unharmed. With only 36 seconds of the session remaining after the red flags were lifted, it was impossible to set new fast laps. Lewis Hamilton was disappointed, since he had been one and a half tenths up on his teammate on his second fast lap when the red flags came out.

Race.

At the start of the race, Lewis Hamilton was able to pass teammate Nico Rosberg, who had less power available due to a temperature problem. Rosberg lost two more positions to Vettel and Bottas going into turn two, as he "had to avoid collision" with Hamilton. Further back, Daniel Ricciardo and Felipe Massa touched, resulting in flat tyres for both drivers, with Sergio Pérez also having to go into the pit lane with a puncture. Hamilton led Vettel by 1.6 seconds after the first lap, increasing his advantage over the next couple of laps. Alonso, who had moved up the order at the start, lost ninth position to Sainz on lap four. Meanwhile, Rosberg tried to pass Bottas for third, but was told to hold off as his engine was overheating. By lap eight, Daniil Kvyat had moved up into 15th position, having started from the pit lane. Fernando Alonso was the first to come into the pit lane for a scheduled stop on lap nine. By lap eleven, Rosberg was told to resume his attempts to overtake Bottas, who in turn went into the garage for his first stop, rejoining in sixth place.  Sebastian Vettel was the next one of the front runners to pit, coming in on lap 13, while teammate Kimi Räikkönen followed a lap later. Rosberg made a pit stop on lap 15 and emerged behind Bottas, overtaking him two laps later. Meanwhile, Hamilton went into the pit lane for a tyre change on lap 16. By lap 18, Hamilton was leading Vettel by 8.1 seconds, with Rosberg a further 3.8 seconds behind. Max Verstappen entered the point scoring ranks with a pass on Fernando Alonso into turn one on lap 26. Two laps later, his Toro Rosso teammate Sainz damaged his front wing when hitting a bollard on his way into the pit lane, leading to a front wing change.  At the second round of pit stops, Räikkönen managed to get ahead of Bottas, who made pit stops simultaneously with Nico Rosberg on lap 29. Another two laps later, Vettel made a pit stop and emerged behind Rosberg, who claimed second, about ten seconds down on Hamilton, who made a pit stop on lap 32. Bottas was briefly challenged by the Lotus of Romain Grosjean, but Grosjean went off track on lap 33, while Will Stevens received a five-second penalty for speeding in the pit lane. On lap 43, Marcus Ericsson overtook Pérez for 12th and two laps later, Verstappen moved ahead of teammate Sainz for ninth. Pérez lost another position to Kvyat on lap 45. Another lap later, Stevens went into a spin while fighting for position with Alexander Rossi, who finished ahead of his more experienced teammate for the second race in a row. By lap 49, Kvyat moved ahead of Ericsson as well to claim 13th position. Two laps from the end, Felipe Nasr became the first retirement of the race, albeit he would be classified in last, four laps behind the winner. Lewis Hamilton took victory comfortably, finishing 18.9 seconds ahead of Rosberg.

Post-race.

At the podium interviews, conducted by Kai Ebel, a German TV reporter, Lewis Hamilton stressed that it was important to him to "strike back" after his retirement in Singapore. Later on in the press conference, he commented on equalling Ayrton Senna's number of victories: "Also knowing that this would be the race that I would equal Ayrton, who won here and who had quite an interesting [sic] here. So, yeah, quite an emotional day. But to be honest I'm not a teary guy, so I'm just full of joy and happiness and light and I'm really grateful for [...] all the people who have helped me get to where I am today and this team, because without them I would not be here." Nico Rosberg acknowledged that "it's going the wrong way" in terms of his championship hopes as he would have needed a victory and declared: "Just need to try to win next time out." Sebastian Vettel lamented his chances at second place, as he said that he could have stayed in front of Rosberg had he made a pit stop a lap earlier during the second round of stops, However, he stated that "with hindsight, it's always easy so, nevertheless, it's a great day". Hamilton followed up on his delight at matching Senna later on, saying: "For me to win here at a race where I loved watching Ayrton drive and to match his wins, it doesn't feel real at the moment." Senna had won his three world championship titles at Suzuka.  While successful on track, the Mercedes team got into a discussion with Formula One chief executive Bernie Ecclestone over the TV coverage time their drivers received during the Grand Prix. Over the ninety-minute race, Mercedes cars were visible for only six minutes, leading to their non-executive chairman Niki Lauda saying: "I was watching TV all day long, and funny enough I saw Saubers and a lot of Honda cars, but I don't know why [...]. Somebody must do the filming here. I have to ask what's wrong with him. I want to see Bernie next week and ask him what is the reason." Speaking about hitting the pit bollard at his stop, Carlos Sainz Jr. said it had been a "rookie error" due to his urgency to overtake Pastor Maldonado during the pit stops. Daniil Kvyat, who finished 13th after starting in the pit lane complained about the race, saying: "It was pretty boring for me out there this afternoon because a combination of circumstances meant I had to just sit back and was unable to attack. [...] In the end, I did manage to overtake some people, but it wasn't great. It's frustrating and annoying, but there was nothing I could do." Friction emerged at McLaren over the race weekend. Fernando Alonso publicly criticised the power unit provided by local company Honda. When being overtaken by Max Verstappen on lap 27, Alonso yelled "GP2 engine, GP2!" on the team radio, comparing his power unit with those of Formula One's feeder series. Alonso elaborated after the race, saying: "I feel embarrassed when I'm racing sometimes because it's frustrating when you see the other cars making mistakes, going off the racing line, getting sideways. You look in the mirror on the straight to look for them and they are already side by side with you. The deficit we have on power is like another category." Team CEO Ron Dennis in turn criticised Alonso for his outspoken words, saying: "It doesn't show the professionalism I would like all our drivers to show." Jenson Button had expounded the problems of the power unit on team radio as well, lamenting the fact that other cars had been able to pass him into 130R corner. The row in the team, which "The Daily Telegraph" described as being a "complete meltdown", came amidst speculation about the future of both drivers. Ron Dennis admitted publicly to not having dealt with the question of Jenson Button's role in earlier, following much debate over the driver's future. However, speculation ended when Button was confirmed as a McLaren driver for 2016 just five days later. After the race, Alonso had also left his future with the team open, but made it clear a day later that he intended to end his career with the team, writing: "No one should have any doubt that I have three years with McLaren and my career in F1 will end with this team, hopefully winning everything." About his comments on the team radio he said: "We keep working hard. We all want to win and sometimes transmit the team radios, but it should be private chats."  As a result of the race, Hamilton extended his lead over teammate Nico Rosberg in the Drivers' Championship to 48 points, with Sebastian Vettel a further eleven points behind in third. Mercedes cemented their lead in the Constructors' standings, now leading Ferrari by 506 to 337 points, with Williams in third, an additional 129 points behind.

The 2015 Japanese Grand Prix (formally known as the 2015 Formula 1 Japanese Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race that was held on 27 September 2015 at the Suzuka Circuit in Suzuka, Japan. The race was the fourteenth round of the World Championship, and marked the forty-first running of the Japanese Grand Prix.

2015年日本大奖赛(英语:2015 Japanese Grand Prix),官方名称为2015年一级方程序赛车日本大奖赛(英语:2015 Formula 1 Japanese Grand Prix),是2015年9月27日举办于日本三重县铃鹿市的一场一级方程序赛车赛事。比赛在铃鹿赛道进行,总计53圈。这是2015年世界一级方程序锦标赛的第14场分站赛事。同时也是第42届日本大奖赛。


Vulnerability.

The flaw was found by researchers from IMDEA Software Institute, INRIA and Microsoft Research. The FREAK attack in OpenSSL has the identifier.  Vulnerable software and devices included Apple's Safari web browser, the default browser in Google's Android operating system, Microsoft's Internet Explorer, and OpenSSL. Microsoft has also stated that its SChannel implementation of transport-layer encryption is vulnerable to a version of the FREAK attack in all versions of Microsoft Windows. The CVE ID for Microsoft's vulnerability in SChannel is. The CVE ID for Apple's vulnerability in Secure Transport is.  Sites affected by the vulnerability included the US federal government websites fbi.gov, whitehouse.gov and nsa.gov, with around 36% of HTTPS-using websites tested by one security group shown as being vulnerable to the exploit. Based on geolocation analysis using IP2Location LITE, 35% of vulnerable servers are located in the US.  Press reports of the exploit have described its effects as "potentially catastrophic" and an "unintended consequence" of US government efforts to control the spread of cryptographic technology. , vendors were in the process of releasing new software that would fix the flaw. On March 9, 2015, Apple released security updates for both iOS 8 and OS X operating systems which fixed this flaw. On March 10, 2015, Microsoft released a patch which fixed this vulnerability for all supported versions of Windows (Server 2003, Vista and later). Google Chrome 41 and Opera 28 has also mitigated against this flaw. Mozilla Firefox is not vulnerable against this flaw.  The research paper explaining this flaw has been published at the 36th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy and has been awarded the Distinguished Paper award.

FREAK ("Factoring RSA Export Keys") is a security exploit of a cryptographic weakness in the SSL/TLS protocols introduced decades earlier for compliance with U.S. cryptography export regulations. These involved limiting exportable software to use only public key pairs with RSA moduli of 512 bits or less (so-called "RSA_EXPORT" keys), with the intention of allowing them to be broken easily by the National Security Agency (NSA), but not by other organizations with lesser computing resources. However, by the early 2010s, increases in computing power meant that they could be broken by anyone with access to relatively modest computing resources using the well-known Number Field Sieve algorithm, using as little as $100 of cloud computing services. Combined with the ability of a man-in-the-middle attack to manipulate the initial cipher suite negotiation between the endpoints in the connection and the fact that the Finished hash only depended on the master secret, this meant that a man-in-the-middle attack with only a modest amount of computation could break the security of any website that allowed the use of 512-bit export-grade keys. While the exploit was only discovered in 2015, its underlying vulnerabilities had been present for many years, dating back to the 1990s.

FREAK缺陷(全称:Factoring RSA Export Keys,)是SSL/TLS协议中的密码学安全缺陷。20世纪90年代,此缺陷随着美国加密出口法规的出台而引入。


Geography.

Naranja is located at (25.5174, -80.4217).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of, of which, of it is land and of it (8.98%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 4,034 people, 1,196 households, and 875 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,654.6 people per square mile (1,024.7/km2). There were 1,630 housing units at an average density of 1,072.7/sq mi (414.0/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 32.99% White (of which 12.7% were Non-Hispanic Whites,) 57.54% African American, 0.42% Native American, 1.39% Asian, 0.15% Pacific Islander, 3.89% from other races, and 3.62% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 26.97% of the population.  There were 1,196 households out of which 48.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.4% were married couples living together, 36.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.8% were non-families. 20.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.23 and the average family size was 3.73.  In the CDP, the population was spread out with 39.5% under the age of 18, 11.3% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 14.0% from 45 to 64, and 7.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.7 males.  The median income for a household in the CDP was $18,825, and the median income for a family was $19,443. Males had a median income of $22,614 versus $19,167 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $7,346. About 42.3% of families and 50.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 62.7% of those under age 18 and 19.8% of those age 65 or over.  As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 66.25% of residents, while Spanish made up 28.14%, French Creole was at 4.64%, and Tagalog was the mother tongue of 0.95% of the population.  As of 2000, Naranja had the highest percentage of Trinidadian and Tobagonian residents in the US, with 2.70% of the populace (tied with Lakeview, NY.) It had the sixty-first highest percentage of Cuban residents in the US, at 5.90% of the population, and the forty-second highest percentage of Haitian residents in the US, at 4.30% of its population. It also had the thirty-fifth most Jamaicans in the US, at 3.80% (tied with the borough of Brooklyn, NY and Stone Mountain, GA,) while it had the thirty-third highest percentage of Nicaraguans, at 1.26% of all residents (tied with San Bruno, California.)

Education.

Miami-Dade County Public Schools operates area public schools.  Dr. William A. Chapman Elementary School, which opened in 1976, serves the Naranja community, and is located in the CDP.  Miami MacArthur South Senior High School is also in the CDP.  Young Men’s Academy for Academic and Civic Development (YMAACD) at Miami Douglas MacArthur Senior High School South (MacArthur South), an alternative school, was scheduled to move to the Naranja area for the 2009-2010 school year.

Naranja is a census-designated place (CDP) in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. Many orange groves were once located in this area, so the community name came from the Spanish word for orange, "naranja", but the actual pronunciation is (Na-Ran-Jah) among the local residents, which is the Portuguese pronunciation. Naranja was also a stop for the Florida East Coast Railroad that once ran through this area. The population was 8,303 at the 2010 census.

纳兰贾(英语:Naranja)是位于美国佛罗里达州迈阿密-戴德县的一个人口普查指定地区。


Geography.

Ojus is located at (25.956720, -80.157917).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of, of which, of it is land and of it (14.94%) is water. Elevation is 10 feet.  It is in the Eastern Standard Time Zone.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 16,642 people, 7,089 households, and 4,345 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 5,973.2 people per square mile (2,303.1/km2). There were 8,035 housing units at an average density of 2,883.9/sq mi (1,111.9/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 85.09% White (of which 59.5% were Non-Hispanic White,) 7.05% African American, 0.13% Native American, 1.74% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 3.08% from other races, and 2.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 30.60% of the population.  There were 7,089 households out of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.2% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.7% were non-families. Of all households, 33.1% were made up of individuals and 16.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.98.  In the CDP, the population was spread out with 21.5% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 19.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.0 males.  The median income for a household in the CDP was $33,294, and the median income for a family was $41,693. Males had a median income of $34,773 versus $28,781 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $25,392. About 11.1% of families and 13.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.2% of those under age 18 and 15.8% of those age 65 or over.  As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 47.42% of residents, while Spanish made up 32.70%, Russian was at 3.35%, Yiddish was at 2.96%, Hebrew at 2.92%, and the mother tongue of French Creole was 2.41% of the population's speakers. Both Portuguese and French tied with 2.11% of the populace. Arabic made up 0.74% of speakers, while both Chinese and German were spoken by 0.55% of all residents. Also, both Greek and Hungarian were a mother tongue of 0.52% of the population.  As of 2000, Ojus had the fifty-sixth-highest percentage of Cuban residents in the US, with 6.77% of the populace. It had the thirty-fifth-highest percentage of Colombian residents in the US, at 3.71% of the population, and the fifty-first-highest percentage of Haitian residents in the US, at 3.0% of its population (tied with Avon Park, FL and Haines City, FL.) It also had the nineteenth-most Peruvians in the US, at 2.29%, while it had the twentieth-highest percentage of Brazilians, at 1.60% of all residents (tied with four other US areas.) Ojus's Israeli community had the seventeenth-highest percentage of residents, which was at 1.70% (tied with Sunny Isles Beach.) It is also home to the 113th-highest percentage of Dominican residents in the US, at 1.42% of the population, while its Romanian community was the twenty-first-highest percentage in the US, and accounted for 1.0% of all residents (tied with Davison, Michigan, Thompson, Ohio and Viola, NY.)

Education.

Miami-Dade County Public Schools operates public schools. Ojus Elementary School is in Ojus. Students are zoned to Krop High School.  The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Miami operates Catholic schools. St. Lawrence K-8 School is in Ojus.

History.

People have been living in the Ojus area for thousands of years. Paleo-Indians have been documented in south Florida dating back to over 13,000 years ago. Archaeologists have uncovered ancient sites at Arch Creek and along the Oleta River. According to archaeologist Robert Carr, although the largest Tequesta settlement was located at the mouth of the Miami River, by 750 BCE approximately 100 Native Americans routinely inhabited the local area which was just a one-hour canoe trip north of the main settlement. The Oleta River, which cuts through Ojus, was one of the Tequesta's primary "roadways" for millennia. Subsequent people, to include Seminoles, European explorers, and early settlers, would also use the Oleta River to traverse from Miami to the New River in Ft. Lauderdale.  During the late nineteenth century, settlers established farms along Oleta River. These settlers grew peas, beans, sugar cane, and tomatoes. Seminoles set up a trading post near present-day Greynolds Park to conduct business with the Ojus settlers. In 1897, Albert Fitch named the area Ojus after the Seminole word for "plenty" or "lots of." After the turn of the century, rock was discovered in the area that was ideal for road building. Many of the neighborhood lakes were created during the early part of the twentieth century to support construction of the area's infrastructure.  Two landmarks were created in the early part of the twentieth century, but only one still survives today. In 1925, Carl Fischer constructed the Fulford-Miami Speedway in the present-day Sky Lake neighborhood. The wooden race track was then billed as the world's fastest. It was unfortunately destroyed by the devastating 1926 hurricane. One of the region's most notable features, Greynolds Park, was established in 1936 as part of President Franklin Roosevelt's Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) 'New Deal' programs. The park was named after Mr. A.O. Greynolds, owner of the Ojus Rock Company, who donated 110 acres of his property in exchange for naming the park after him. Over the years, the park has expanded to include a golf course, a boathouse, and has even hosted popular musical acts during the 1960s such as the Grateful Dead. Greynolds Park was declared a historic site in 1983.

Ojus is a census-designated place and formerly incorporated town in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. The population was 16,642 at the 2000 census. Ojus is bordered by Aventura to the east, I-95 to the west, North Miami Beach to the south and Broward County to the north.

奥贾斯(英语:Ojus)是位于美国佛罗里达州迈阿密-戴德县的一个人口普查指定地区。


夏尔·勒克莱尔 (赛车手)

Early career.

2005–2013: Karting.

Leclerc began his karting career in 2005, winning the French PACA Championship in 2005, 2006 and 2008. In 2009 he became French Cadet champion before moving up to the KF3 class in 2010, where he won the Junior Monaco Kart Cup. He continued in the KF3 class for 2011, winning the CIK-FIA KF3 World Cup, the CIK-FIA Karting Academy Trophy and the ERDF Junior Kart Masters. During the year, Leclerc also became a member of Nicolas Todt's All Road Management company.  Leclerc graduated to the KF2 category in 2012 with the factory-backed ART Grand Prix team, winning the WSK Euro Series title, as well as finishing runner-up in the CIK-FIA European KF2 Championship and the CIK-FIA Under 18 World Karting Championship. In his final year of karting in 2013, Leclerc won the South Garda Winter Cup and claimed sixth position in the CIK-FIA European KZ Championship and finished second in the CIK-FIA World KZ Championship, behind current Red Bull Formula One driver Max Verstappen.

2014–2016: Formula Renault, Formula Three and GP3.

In 2014, Leclerc graduated to single-seaters, racing in the Formula Renault 2.0 Alps championship for British team Fortec Motorsports. During the season, he took seven podium positions, including a double victory at Monza, to finish runner-up in the championship behind Koiranen GP's Nyck de Vries. Leclerc also won the Junior Championship title at the final race of the season in Jerez, finishing ahead of Russian teenager Matevos Isaakyan.  Leclerc also took part in a partial Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 season with Fortec as a guest driver. In the six races he contested he finished on the podium three times, taking a second place at the Nürburgring followed by a pair of second-place finishes at the Hungaroring.  Leclerc graduated to Formula Three in 2015, racing in the FIA Formula 3 European Championship with Dutch team Van Amersfoort Racing. At the opening round of the season in Silverstone, Leclerc inherited pole position for the second and third races of the weekend after original pole-sitter Felix Rosenqvist was excluded for a technical infringement. He went on to take his first race victory in the third race of the weekend, ahead of Antonio Giovinazzi and Jake Dennis. He took his second victory at the following round in Hockenheim, winning the third race as well as taking two additional podiums and three rookie victories over the course of the event. Leclerc scored his third win in the first race at Spa-Francorchamps which saw him take the lead in the championship. However, Leclerc finished fourth in the standings, mostly due to damage sustained to his car's chassis following a collision with Lance Stroll at Zandvoort.  In November 2015, Leclerc finished second at the Macau Grand Prix.  In December 2015, Leclerc partook in post-season testing with ART Grand Prix and Arden International. In February 2016, de Vries confirmed that Leclerc would race in the 2016 season. ART signed Leclerc the following week. With the team, he claimed three victories and took the title in Abu Dhabi, despite crashing out in the feature race.

2017: FIA Formula 2 Championship.

The week following his victory in the GP3 title race, Charles Leclerc was confirmed to be graduating to the Formula 2 series for the 2017 season with Prema Racing, alongside fellow GP3 racer and Ferrari junior Antonio Fuoco.  He made his debut at Bahrain, where he took pole position for the feature race, but only finished third. In the sprint race, his Prema team chose to take a mid-race pit stop, which is very uncommon in the shorter sprint races. He pushed harder on his medium Pirelli tyres, creating a nine-second lead before pitting. This would drop him down to 14th place, but Leclerc overtook 13 cars and took victory by overtaking Luca Ghiotto on the final lap. After taking pole position for the second time in a row, he then fought off Ghiotto to win again in the Catalunya feature race, despite a radio issue.  Leclerc did not score any points at his home round at Monaco. He was on pole, but retired from the lead of the race with a suspension problem. The retirement also meant he would start the sprint race from the back of the grid, and in this race he collided with Norman Nato whilst trying to make his way up the grid, which ultimately resulted in both drivers retiring from the race. He retained the championship lead despite the bad weekend, which he described as 'hugely disappointing'.  Leclerc took a fourth consecutive pole at a race Azerbaijan, which he dedicated to his late father, Herve. He converted this into another win, although the race was red flagged five laps before the scheduled end. In the sprint race, he started from eighth, and dropped to tenth early on, but fought back to sixth. The retirement of the race leader, his title rival Oliver Rowland, and De Vries, who was also ahead of Leclerc, meant Leclerc improved to fourth. He then passed Nicholas Latifi and Jordan King, and began to close on the new leader, Nato. He passed Nato, but had been given a 10-second penalty for failing to slow for yellow flags, and therefore finished second.  In Austria he took his fifth pole position, and then won the feature race from pole despite coming under pressure from teammate Fuoco, and towards the end, the DAMS of Latifi. He would retire from the sprint race after colliding with Fuoco and spinning out. By taking pole for the sixth time for the next race, at Silverstone, he matched the record for most pole positions in a row, which was set by Stoffel Vandoorne in 2014 and 2015, when the series were called GP2 Series. He won the feature race, even after his car set alight during the race, and even after one of his wing mirrors detached in the closing stages.  He would not start from pole in Hungary, despite taking his seventh successive pole position, as he was disqualified for a technical infringement. Despite starting from the back, he was in 12th position by turn 1. Using an alternative tyre strategy that saw him start on the medium tyres, Leclerc was stuck behind Alexander Albon, who was on the same strategy, although he eventually got past and would finish fourth. He would also finish fourth in the sprint race the next day, giving him a 50-point championship lead over Rowland.  For the Belgian rounds, Leclerc again took pole and won the race by a convincing margin of over 20 seconds, however his win was disqualified as one of his skidblocks was excessively worn. Having to start in 19th place, Leclerc managed to go back up to 5th place and finish 3.8 seconds behind the race winner, Sérgio Sette Câmara. For the Italian feature race, Leclerc was battling for the lead; on the final lap, however, he was involved in an accident with De Vries. After starting towards the back of the grid for the second consecutive sprint race, Leclerc managed to fight his way back to 9th position, albeit out of the points.  With a 57-point margin over Rowland heading into the penultimate rounds at Jerez, Leclerc gained his 8th pole position of the season, with both of his timed laps being good enough for pole position. In the feature race, Leclerc dominated most of the early stint on soft tyres and was able to overtake most of the runners on the alternate strategy. With 7 laps to go however, Nobuharu Matsushita collided with Santino Ferrucci, which brought out the safety car. At the point that the race resumed, Leclerc was misinformed over team radio that it was the "last lap" even though there were four laps to go, so after pushing hard to build a gap Leclerc's tyres were "overheated badly" with several laps still to run, yet despite his tyres being "completely gone" by the end Leclerc managed to hold off a charging Rowland by 0.23 seconds, and claim the FIA Formula 2 championship in his rookie season in the main F1 feeder series.  In claiming the championship, Leclerc became the youngest ever champion of the main support series for Formula 1 at 19 years 356 days old, and the first driver since Nico Hülkenberg in 2009 to win the championship in their rookie season (a feat which only Nico Rosberg and Lewis Hamilton have previously accomplished) and is the only driver to claim a championship with the Dallara GP2/11 chassis in their rookie season.  For the sprint race, Leclerc started in 8th place, however due to his car's aggressive setup, he and his teammate, Antonio Fuoco, had to pit in the sprint race. Due to the aggressive pace of Leclerc however, he rose up through the field, yet because of the excessive wear on his tyres, he conceded 3 positions on the final lap and finished in 7th position.  For the final rounds at Abu Dhabi, Leclerc qualified in 6th place for the Feature race, his lowest starting position all season barring penalties. Despite this however, he managed to finish the highest of the alternate strategy runners in Abu Dhabi (Soft then Super Soft) in 4th place (he had made it up till 3rd until the final corner of the final lap where he was pipped by Antonio Fuoco). This position however was subsequently changed to second after the race winner, Oliver Rowland, and Fuoco were disqualified for excessive floor wear and under-inflated front tyres respectively.  For Leclerc's final race, he started in 7th position. He was initially able to make up 2 places but was running slower than the race leaders Alexander Albon and Nicholas Latifi. As the race progressed however, Leclerc started gaining time compared to his rivals and managed to take Latifi with a few laps to go. For the final three laps, DRS was disabled and yellow flags in the final sector meant that Leclerc was stuck behind Albon, however on the final lap, both drivers tangled, triggered by Leclerc nudging Albon, and both had a drag race which they constantly were pushing each other until Leclerc finally took the lead and won by 1.293 seconds, his final victory in his last ever F2 race.

Formula One career.

Test driver.

In 2016, Leclerc joined the Ferrari Driver Academy and he acted as development driver for Haas F1 Team and Scuderia Ferrari. As part of his role as development driver, Leclerc participated in the first practice session of the British and German Grands Prix driving for Haas. It was believed that if Leclerc won the GP3 Series championship, he would follow Daniil Kvyat and Valtteri Bottas direct from GP3 into F1 with Haas. However this was debunked by Haas team principal Guenther Steiner who said that Leclerc would progress to the 2017 FIA Formula 2 Championship.  In 2017, he took part in the mid-season Hungaroring test following the Hungarian Grand Prix, driving the Ferrari SF70H. He was fastest on the first day of the test, running 98 laps in the process and he did not take part in the second day's test.. Kimi Räikkönen also praised Leclerc saying "It's not easy to do well in a different car from what you normally drive. But Leclerc has shown great progress, and for sure he will do great things in the future".

Sauber (2018).

For the 2018 Formula One World Championship, Leclerc signed for the Sauber F1 Team as a race driver, replacing Pascal Wehrlein and alongside Marcus Ericsson. This marked the first appearance of a Monégasque Formula One driver since Olivier Beretta in. At the, a sixth-place finish saw him become the second Monégasque driver to score points in Formula One after Louis Chiron, who finished third at the 1950 Monaco Grand Prix. At his first home race in Formula One, Leclerc suffered a brake failure in the closing laps, colliding into the back of Brendon Hartley and forcing both cars into retirement. Three consecutive points finishes followed before a run of five races without points. This run included three retirements; a loose wheel in Britain, suspension damage after colliding with Sergio Pérez in Hungary, and a multi-car accident in Belgium caused by Nico Hülkenberg which resulted in Fernando Alonso being launched over the top of Leclerc's car.  More points finishes came with 9th in Singapore and 7th in Russia, before retirements from mechanical failure in Japan and damage from a collision with Romain Grosjean in the United States. He ended the season with three consecutive 7th-place finishes in the final three races. Leclerc out-qualified teammate Ericsson seventeen times from twenty-one races and finished 13th in the championship with 39 points.

Ferrari (2019–present).

Scuderia Ferrari signed Leclerc for the season, replacing World Champion Kimi Räikkönen, who took his place at Sauber (now Alfa Romeo). While initially only announced for 2019, a few days later, then-Ferrari team principal Maurizio Arrivabene indicated that Leclerc's contract was going to be four seasons long, running "at least until 2022." Leclerc made his first test day as an official Ferrari race driver in November 2018 during the end of season test.  In his first Grand Prix driving for Ferrari, he started and finished in fifth position at the Australian Grand Prix. In his second qualifying for Ferrari, at the Bahrain Grand Prix, he qualified on pole position for the first time in his Formula One career, having the fastest times in two of the three practice sessions and in all three qualifying sessions, setting a new track record, and becoming the youngest Ferrari pole-sitter. Leclerc led for the majority of the race, but lost the lead and was overtaken by Lewis Hamilton and Valtteri Bottas due to his engine dropping a cylinder with a failed fuel injector. A late-race safety car prevented the charging Max Verstappen from taking 3rd place, leading to first podium of Leclerc's Formula One career.  In China, Leclerc qualified 4th behind Vettel. After overtaking his teammate during the start, he was asked to yield and let Vettel pass, eventually finishing the race in 5th. In Azerbaijan, he was the favourite for pole position until a crash in the second qualifying session ended his contention. He started 8th after penalties for the two Alfa Romeos and finished the race 5th with an extra point for the fastest lap of the race. At the following race in Monaco, he was eliminated in Q1 and started 15th due to Ferrari's erroneous strategy that kept him in the garage to save tyres, underestimating track evolution at the end of the qualifying session. He suffered a puncture and severe floor damage after a failed attempt to pass Nico Hülkenberg, leading to his second retirement at his home race. Leclerc qualified and finished 3rd in Canada, his second podium finish, behind the controversial 1–2 finish of Hamilton and teammate Sebastian Vettel. He would finish third again in France. At the Austrian Grand Prix, he qualified on pole position, the second pole of his Formula One career. He subsequently finished second after colliding with Red Bull's Max Verstappen, having led for the major part of the race. The incident was investigated by the stewards after the race, who deemed it a racing incident and decided against taking action.  At the British Grand Prix, Leclerc qualified in 3rd ahead of Max Verstappen. He eventually finished the race in 3rd place and was also voted 'Driver of the day' for defending his position against numerous attacks by Verstappen during the early stages of the race. This was his fourth consecutive podium finish of the season. Despite having finished in the top two in all the three practice sessions, Leclerc qualified in 10th place at the German Grand Prix after an issue with the fuel system prevented him from setting a lap time in the final qualifying session. In what turned out to be a sensational rain-hit race, he made his way up to 4th in the early laps. A questionable tactic by his team's strategists of installing soft tyres despite the track being too wet culminated in him losing control and crashing into the barriers on lap 29, leading to his second retirement of the season. At the Hungarian Grand Prix, Leclerc suffered a rear-end crash in qualifying but still completed the session. He ultimately finished the race in 4th place.  At the first race after the summer break, the Belgian Grand Prix, Leclerc took his third pole position of the season alongside teammate Sebastian Vettel in 2nd—the second Ferrari front row lockout of the season. During the race, Leclerc fended off the charging Mercedes of Lewis Hamilton to record his maiden Grand Prix win, making him the youngest ever Ferrari race winner. After the race he dedicated his maiden victory to his former competitor Anthoine Hubert, who was killed in an accident during the previous day's Formula 2 feature race at the same circuit. At the Italian Grand Prix, Leclerc won the race from pole position after defending his position from both Mercedes drivers and became the first Ferrari driver to win at Monza since Fernando Alonso won there for the team in 2010. He scored his third consecutive pole in Singapore. Initially leading the race, he finished in 2nd place after he was undercut by teammate Vettel. In Russia, he took his fourth consecutive pole position and his sixth of the season. Vettel passed Leclerc into the first corner and led for the first half of the race, before the team orchestrated an undercut in Leclerc's favour to let him retake the lead. Vettel retired from the race shortly after with a hybrid system failure, bringing out the virtual safety car. This greatly benefited the Mercedes drivers, who made their pit stops and eventually finished the race ahead of Leclerc in 3rd.  Leclerc qualified in 2nd in Japan, but took damage in a first lap collision with Max Verstappen. He would go on to finish the race in 6th place, his worst finish of the season. Leclerc took his seventh pole position of the year in Mexico after Verstappen—who had qualified in 1st place—was handed a grid penalty for a yellow flag infringement. He went on to finish the race in 4th place. After another 4th place finish in the United States, a controversial collision with teammate Vettel caused Leclerc's third retirement of the season in Brazil, ending both drivers' races. Leclerc ended the season with a 3rd place finish in Abu Dhabi.  Leclerc ended the 2019 season in 4th place in the championship with 264 points, ahead of teammate Vettel. During his first season at Ferrari, he recorded ten podium finishes, two wins, four fastest laps and the most pole positions of any driver that season, with seven. Leclerc therefore became the first non-Mercedes driver to win the Pole Position Award. He also became the first Monégasque to win a Formula One World Championship Grand Prix (although Louis Chiron had won a number of Grands Prix prior to the inaugural championship in ).  Leclerc is due to drive for Ferrari until the end of 2024. Leclerc is also set to have a new team mate at Ferrari for 2021 with Carlos Sainz Jr due to join the team as replacement for Sebastian Vettel.

Personal life and filmography.

During his childhood, Monegasque Leclerc was a friend of the late Jules Bianchi from nearby Nice, who won his first racing championship when Leclerc was 10 years old. Leclerc began karting at the track managed by Bianchi's father in Brignoles. Like Bianchi, Leclerc joined the ARM management company headed by Nicolas Todt. In an interview in 2018, Leclerc revealed that Bianchi was also his godfather.  Leclerc has an older brother, Lorenzo, and a younger brother, Arthur. His father, Hervé, also raced cars, driving in Formula 3 in the 1980s and 1990s, and was well respected in karting. He died after a long illness, aged 54, just four days before his son won the feature race at the 2017 Formula 2 Baku weekend.  He was in a relationship with the Italian, Monaco-based university student Giada Gianni from January 2015 until September 2019., he is in a relationship with architecture student Charlotte Siné.  Besides his native French, Leclerc also speaks Italian and English.  Leclerc made his film debut in a modern'remake' of the 1976 French short film "C'etait un rendez-vous". This version, entitled "Le Grand Rendez-vous", is set on the Circuit de Monaco instead of the streets of Paris where the 1976 original was set. The car featured in the film was a Ferrari SF90 Stradale. The film was released on 13 June 2020.

Esports.

Leclerc also began streaming on Twitch during the Covid 19 pandemic after the pandemic delayed the start of the 2020 Formula One season. Leclerc has taken part in virtual Formula One races arranged by Formula One and Veloce Esports..  On 13–14 June 2020, Leclerc teamed up alongside fellow Formula One driver Antonio Giovinazzi as well as esports racers David Tonizza and Enzo Bonito in a Virtual 24 Hours of Le Mans race on "rFactor 2" driving a GTE Spec Ferrari 488. Leclerc and Giovinazzi are also due to be competing against other Formula One drivers in the event such as: Pierre Gasly, Lando Norris, Max Verstappen, Juan Pablo Montoya, Rubens Barrichello, Jan Magnussen, Jean-Éric Vergne, Sebastian Buemi, Stoffel Vandoorne and Fernando Alonso. The race was organised after the coronavirus pandemic forced the real life 2020 24 Hours of Le Mans to be postponed until September.The race for Giovinazzi and Leclerc was blighted by technical problems one of which led Leclerc to spinning off at a time when he had been running in a solid 2nd place in the GTE class.The pair eventually finished 18th in the GTE class in a race won overall by Rebellion Williams Racing.

Racing record.

Career summary.

<nowiki>†</nowiki> As Leclerc was a guest driver, he was ineligible for championship points.<br>

Complete FIA Formula 2 Championship results.

Complete Formula One results.

Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.<br

Charles Leclerc (; born 16 October 1997) is a Monégasque racing driver, currently driving in Formula One for Scuderia Ferrari. Leclerc won the GP3 Series championship in 2016 and the FIA Formula 2 Championship in 2017.

夏尔·勒克莱尔(法语:Charles Leclerc,1997年-10月16日)是一位摩纳哥一级方程序车手,目前效力于法拉利车队;他也曾是法拉利车手学院的成员之一。他在2016年和2017年分别赢得了GP3系列赛和F2的车手冠军。他从2018年起代表索伯车队参加世界一级方程序锦标赛。并在次年加入法拉利车队。


波达克 (2015年英国电视剧)

Plot overview.

In 1783 Captain Ross Vennor Poldark returns from the American War of Independence to his home of Nampara in Cornwall after three years in the army. Upon his return home, he discovers his father Joshua has died, his estate is in ruins and in considerable debt, and his childhood sweetheart Elizabeth is engaged to his cousin Francis.  He meets a young woman called Demelza Carne at Truro market and hires her as a scullery maid but they fall in love and marry in 1787. Throughout the five seasons, the story continues to follow the lives of Ross and Demelza, Elizabeth and Francis and George Warleggan while they deal with their marriages, lost loves, death, the birth of their children and war.

Production.

The series was one of the final commissions by former BBC One controller Danny Cohen. Filming began in Cornwall and Bristol in April 2014. The production company is Mammoth Screen. The production base for each series was The Bottle Yard Studios in Bristol, England, where purpose-built sets for Poldark's home 'Nampara' and The Red Lion pub have been located since series 1. For series 4, 18 sets were built across 3 studios at The Bottle Yard Studios, including five composite houses (Poldark in Cornwall and London, the Warleggans in Cornwall and London and the Whitworth Vicarage) and a period-correct scale replica of the House of Commons. Production offices, construction, prop workshops and extensive costume department were also based at the Studios.  Filming locations include the north Cornwall coast at St Agnes Head, which represents the 'Nampara Valley', and the Botallack Mine near St Just in Penwith, which is featured as 'Wheal Leisure', the mine that Ross Poldark attempts to resurrect. The beach of Church Cove, Gunwalloe on the Lizard Peninsula was used as a location for a shipwreck scene. Town scenes were filmed at Corsham in Wiltshire. and in Frome, Somerset. The underground scenes were filmed at Poldark Mine in Cornwall. Some interior scenes were shot at Prior Park College in Bath, Somerset. Charlestown near St Austell stood in for the city of Truro. Other film locations include Porthgwarra on the St Aubyn Estates, Porthcothan beach near Newquay, Bodmin Moor, St Breward, the coast between Botallack and Levant, cliffs in the Padstow area, Porthcothan near Newquay, Holywell Bay, Porthcurno, Kynance Cove, Predannack Wollas on The Lizard and Park Head near Porthcothan, all in Cornwall. Filming of Series 4 was reported in Wells, Somerset. Series 5, to be aired in 2019, is expected to use the same locations but has added several new cast members. Their names have been announced but their roles have not; the screenwriter for Series 4 will write Series 5.

Broadcasts and reception.

Broadcasts.

In the United States, the series began to be broadcast in June 2015 on PBS, shown as part of the series "Masterpiece". "Poldark" commenced screening on ABC TV in Australia on 12 April 2015, and in New Zealand on 22 April 2015 on Prime. The series has also been airing since 2015 on the UK-based Persian language satellite television network Manoto 1 which beams into different areas in Europe and the Middle East for Persian speakers. It was shown on SVT in Sweden, the first series in autumn 2015, and the second series in spring 2017. On YLE in Finland, the first and second series aired from October 2016 to February 2017. The series was shown on NRK in Norway, starting in September 2015. In early 2018 "Poldark" Series 1 was also broadcast on Dutch public television NPO KRO-NCRV. In the autumn and early summer of 2019, Series 2 aired on Saturday evenings.

Critical reception.

Mike Hale of "The New York Times" wrote, "Sweeping, stirring, rousing...good stuff."

Poldark is a British historical drama television series based on the novels of the same title by Winston Graham and starring Aidan Turner in the lead role. The series was written and adapted by Debbie Horsfield for the BBC, and directed by several directors throughout its run. Set between 1781 and 1801, the plot follows the titular character on his return to Cornwall after the American War of Independence in 1783.

波达克是英国BBC公司在2015年开始播出电视剧,该剧根据英国小说家温斯顿·格瑞艾姆所写的系列小说改编而成,这是BBC在1975年后第二次拍摄这部小说集。


Club career.

Corinthians.

Born in São Paulo, Malcom began his career in the youth of hometown club Corinthians. In early 2014, he starred in the side that came runners-up to Santos in the Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior.  He was called by coach Mano Menezes into the first team and made his professional debut on 19 March 2014 in a Copa do Brasil first round game away to Bahia de Feira, playing the last ten minutes of the 2–0 win in place of Jádson. Four days later he made his sole appearance of the Campeonato Paulista season, coming on around the same mark for Luciano in a 3–0 home win over Atlético Sorocaba.  Malcom made his Campeonato Brasileiro Série A debut on 27 April 2014, as a substitute for Romarinho in a 2–0 home win over Flamengo. He scored his first professional goal on 18 September, opening a 1–1 draw with Chapecoense at Arena Corinthians.  He was a regular first team player during the 2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A championship campaign. He played a total of 70 games and scored 10 goals during his tenure at the club.

Bordeaux.

French team Bordeaux signed Malcom on 31 January 2016, replacing Sunderland-bound Wahbi Khazri. The club paid €5 million for half of his economic rights.  He made his Ligue 1 debut a week later, starting in a 4–1 home loss to Saint-Étienne and being substituted for Thomas Touré after 69 minutes. On 10 February, he scored his first goal in the last 16 of the Coupe de France, putting the "Girondins" 3–2 up in extra time in a 3–4 loss to Nantes, also at the Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux. It was not until 30 April that he made an assist, for Cheick Diabaté in a 4–2 win at Troyes, and the following week he scored his lone league goal of the season to open a 3–0 home victory against Lorient.  On 27 September 2017, Malcom signed a new contract, tying him to the club until June 2021. His final season was his most prolific, with 12 goals, all in the league. This commenced with two on 19 August in a 3–3 draw at Lyon, including a long-distance equaliser in added time.  With several influential displays he quickly became a fan favourite at the club, spending three seasons and scoring 23 goals in 96 appearances across all competitions. His long-range goal against Dijon on 1 December 2017 was voted Goal of the Season at the Trophées UNFP du football.

Barcelona.

On 24 July 2018, Spanish club Barcelona announced the signing of Malcom on a five-year contract for a reported transfer fee of €41 million plus an additional €1 million in bonuses. Corinthians received 2.5% of the fee.  He was previously close to joining Roma, with fans waiting for him to arrive at the airport and sporting director Monchi stating that the Italians would consider taking legal action against Barcelona.  Due to limits on players without European Union passports, Malcom was left out from the Barcelona squad that won the 2018 Supercopa de España. On 25 August, he made his official debut for the club in a 1–0 victory over Real Valladolid at the José Zorrilla, replacing compatriot Philippe Coutinho with six minutes left. On 6 November, Malcom scored his first competitive goal for Barcelona in a 1–1 away draw against Inter Milan in the UEFA Champions League. On 6 February 2019, Malcom was given a surprising start against Real Madrid in the Copa del Rey semi-finals first leg, scoring the equalizer in a 1–1 draw. On 2 April 2019, Malcom scored his first La Liga goal in a 4–4 draw away against Villarreal CF.

Zenit.

On 2 August 2019, Malcom joined Zenit Saint Petersburg on a five-year deal for a €40 million fee with an additional €5 million in variables. He made his debut the next day in a 1–1 home draw with FC Krasnodar, as a 71st-minute substitute for Alexey Sutormin. Due to injuries, he only played 64 minutes up to 4 October. He came back to the field on 29 February 2020 when he played 90 minutes in a goalless home draw with Lokomotiv Moscow.

International career.

Malcom was called up to Brazil's under-20 national team to compete at the South American Youth Football Championship in Uruguay, where he scored one goal in six matches as the "Seleção" finished in fourth place.  Later that year, he was called as a replacement for Kenedy for the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup in New Zealand. Malcom appeared in five matches, including the final, where Brazil lost to Serbia.  In September 2018, Malcom was called up by coach Tite for the senior team, ahead of friendlies against Saudi Arabia and Argentina.

Personal life.

Malcom's father named him after the African American activist Malcolm X.  In July 2015, state authorities in São Paulo discovered a fraud scheme when it was revealed that Malcom had obtained his driving licence – which usually takes three months of practice – only twenty days after his 18th birthday.  Malcom received criticism for his social media actions at Bordeaux: in September 2017 he posed for a photo with opponent Neymar after a heavy loss to Paris Saint-Germain, and three months later he and his compatriot teammates recorded a light-hearted video outside the stadium after a defeat.

Honours.

Corinthians Barcelona  Brazil U20 Brasil  Individual

Malcom Filipe Silva de Oliveira (born 26 February 1997), or simply Malcom (), is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Russian club Zenit Saint Petersburg.

马尔甘·达·奥利华拉(,1997年-2月26日),是一名巴西职业足球员,现时效力俄超球队辛尼特。司职前锋。


Biography.

Baxter was born in Dunedin to Archibald Baxter and Millicent Brown and grew up near Brighton, 20 km south of Dunedin city. He was named after James Keir Hardie, a founder of the British Labour Party. His father had been a conscientious objector during the First World War. His mother had studied Latin, French and German at the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Sydney, the University of Sydney and Newnham College, University of Cambridge.  On his first day of school, Baxter burned his hand on a stove and later used this incident to represent the failure of institutional education. As a child he contrasted the social order represented by his maternal grandfather with the clan mentality of his Scottish father and frequently drew analogies between the Highland clans and the Māori tribes. Baxter stated that he began writing poetry at the age of seven, and he accumulated a large body of technically accomplished work both before and during his teenage years.  In 1944, at age eighteen he joined the University of Otagoand that year he published his first collection of poetry, "Beyond the Palisade", to much critical acclaim. His work during this time was, as with his contemporary compatriots, most notably the experimental novelist Janet Frame, largely influenced by the modernist works of Dylan Thomas. He was a member of the so-called "Wellington Group" of writers that also included Louis Johnson, W.H. Oliver and Alistair Campbell. Baxter typically wrote short lyrical poems or cycles of the same rather than longer poems; he failed to complete his course work at the University of Otago, due to increasing alcoholism and was forced to take a range of odd jobs from 1945-7, most notably a cleaner at Chelsea Sugar Refinery, which inspired the poem "Ballad of the Stonegut Sugar Works".  In 1948 he married Jacqueline Sturm, and his interest in Christianity culminated in his joining the Anglican church during that same year. In February 1951 Baxter enrolled at Wellington Teachers’ College. In 1952 a selection of poems in a collaborative volume, "Poems unpleasant", was published. Having completed his course at the teachers’ college in December, Baxter spent 1953 in full-time study at Victoria University College and published his third major collection, "The fallen house". In 1954 he was appointed assistant master at Epuni School, Lower Hutt and during that time joined Alcoholics Anonymous, being deeply inspired by its principles. He received a BA in 1956.  By 1955 he had garnered a substantial legacy and could afford a comfortable house in Ngaio, Wellington. He left Epuni School early in 1956 to write and edit primary school bulletins for the Department of Education’s School Publications Branch. This period is likely to have influenced his writing providing material for numerous attacks on bureaucracy. In 1957 Baxter took a course in Roman Catholicism, and his collection of poems "In Fires of No Return", published in 1958, was influenced by his new faith. This was his first work to be published internationally, though English critics were largely nonplussed. His wife, a committed Anglican, was dismayed by his Catholicism, and they divorced in 1957. Through the late 50s and 60s Baxter visited the Southern Star Abbey a Cistercian monastery at Kopua near Central Hawke's Bay. He was received into the Catholic church in 1958.  In the same year, Baxter received a UNESCO stipend and began an extended journey through Asia, and especially India, where Rabindranath Tagore's university Shantiniketan was one of the inspirations for Baxter's later community at Jerusalem. Here he was reconciled with his wife and contracted dysentery. His writing after returning from India was more overtly critical of New Zealand society. In the 1960s he became a powerful and prolific writer of both poems and drama, and it was through his radio play "Jack Winter's dream" that he became internationally known.  The first half of the 1960s saw Baxter struggling to make ends meet on his postman's wage, having refused to take work as a schoolmaster. However, it was at this time that the collection of poems "Pig Island Letters" was published in which his writing found a new level of clarity. In 1966, Baxter took up the Robert Burns Fellowship at the University of Otago.  In 1968 Baxter claimed that he had been instructed in a dream to 'Go to Jerusalem'. Jerusalem, New Zealand was a small Māori settlement (known by its Māori transliteration, Hiruharama) on the Whanganui River. He left his university position and a job composing catechetical material for the Catholic Education Board, with nothing but a bible. This was the culmination of a short period in which he struggled with family life and his vocation as a poet.  Baxter spent some time in Grafton, Auckland where he set up a centre for drug addicts, acting on the same principles as Alcoholics Anonymous. In 1969 he adopted the Māori version of his name, Hemi, and moved to Jerusalem. He lived a sparse existence and made frequent trips to the nearby cities where he worked with the poor and spoke out against what he perceived as a social order that sanctions poverty. His poems of this time have a conversational style but speak strongly of his social and political convictions.  The harsh deprivations Baxter adopted at this time took their toll on his health. By 1972 he was too ill to continue living at Jerusalem and moved to a commune near Auckland. On 22 October 1972 he suffered a coronary thrombosis in the street and died in a nearby house, aged 46. He was buried at Jerusalem on Māori land in front of "the Top House" where he had lived, in a ceremony combining Māori and Catholic traditions.

Release of personal letters.

In a release of personal letters by Victoria University Press in January 2019, one particular letter revealed details that Baxter confides to a friend that he raped his wife, Jacquie Sturm, after she expressed low interest in sex. The discovery has seen New Zealanders reacting with dismay to the revelations, describing them as “awful”, “terrible” and “shocking”. In "The Spinoff" John Newton wrote that it is no longer possible to talk about Baxter without addressing how Baxter thinks and writes about women.

Work.

In his critical study "Lives of the Poets", Michael Schmidt defines Baxter's 'Jacobean consonantal rhetoric'. Schmidt has claimed that Baxter was 'one of the most precocious poets of the century' whose neglect outside of New Zealand is baffling. His writing was affected by his alcoholism. His work drew upon Dylan Thomas and Yeats; then on MacNeice and Lowell. Michael Schmidt identifies 'an amalgam of Hopkins, Thomas and native atavisms' in Baxter's "Prelude N.Z.".

James Keir Baxter (29 June 1926 – 22 October 1972) was a New Zealand poet and playwright. He was also known as an activist for the preservation of Māori culture.

詹姆斯·凯尔·巴克斯特(英语:James Keir. Baxter,1926年-6月29日-1972年-10月22日),新西兰诗人。出生于新西兰南岛达尼丁。一战时期,巴克斯特的父亲因良心拒服兵役。巴克斯特从1944年就读于奥塔哥大学时开始发表文学作品,他也是一名保护原住民毛利人传统文化的活动人士。1972年,巴克斯特病逝于新西兰奥克兰,年46岁。


Early life.

John Bradley Ashford was born in Omaha, Nebraska, on November 10, 1949, to Don Ashford and Ellen Swanson. Don Ashford had served as a bomber during World War II and received a Distinguished Flying Cross. Ellen Swanson and her family had immigrated from Sweden and her father Otto Swanson had been a businessman in Omaha, Nebraska, who had helped with the formation of the National Conference of Christians and Jews due to local boycotts of Jewish businesses.  Ashford attended Westside High School in Omaha and graduated in 1967. From 1968 to 1971, he attended and graduated from Colgate University with a BA. During his attendance at Colgate University he served as an intern for Senator Roman Hruska and attended an anti-Vietnam War rally. He later criticized "Forrest Gump" for its depiction of Abbie Hoffman, but stated that he still enjoyed the movie as "it was a travelogue of my early life". From 1971 to 1974, he attended and graduated from Creighton University with a JD. From 1974 to 1975, he served as a staff attorney for the Federal Highway Administration.

Career.

Nebraska Legislature.

1987–1995.

In 1986, Ashford considered running for the Democratic nomination in Nebraska's 2nd congressional district against incumbent Republican Hal Daub. However, on January 15, he announced that he would run in the 6th district in the state legislature as more important decisions occurred at the state level and it would cost less than a congressional campaign. On February 3, he formally announced his campaign. In the general election he received the support of the Democratic Party and defeated Republican-backed nominee Robert G. Cunningham.  On January 7, 1987, Ashford was sworn into the state legislature and was appointed to serve on the Judiciary and Transportation committees for the 1987–1989 session. He was appointed to serve on the Appropriations and Executive Board committees during the 1989–1991 session. He was appointed to serve on the Appropriations committee and serve as the chairman of the Intergovernmental Cooperation committee during the 1993–1995 session.  On July 31, 1987, Douglas County Commissioner Steve McCollister said that he and Ashford discussed Ashford switching to the Republican Party and running to succeed Hal Daub as the representative from Nebraska's 2nd congressional district. On August 3, Ashford admitted that he had discussed switching parties, but said that the discussion was theoretical and that he wouldn't run to succeed Daub if Cece Zorinsky ran for the Democratic nomination as polling showed her with 43% against Ashford's 2%.  On January 28, 1988, Ashford announced that he had changed his party affiliation to Republican with Governor Kay A. Orr at his side. He stated that he would support the Republican nominee in the Senate election, but the next day he was appointed onto the finance committee of Bob Kerrey's Democratic senatorial campaign. During the 1988 Republican presidential primaries Ashford, eighteen other Republican state legislators, and Lieutenant Governor William E. Nichol endorsed Senator Bob Dole.  On February 22, 1990, he announced that he would seek reelection and no other candidates filed to run against him.

Interlude.

In 1995, Ashford and his wife supported Chuck Hagel in the Senate election and sponsored his fundraisers as he supported a ban on the sale of assault weapon and opposed abortion except in the cases of rape, incest, or threat to the mother's life. However, they withdrew their support after Hagel changed his positions to repealing assault weapon bans and being against abortion in all cases except for a threat to the mother's life. During the 1996 Republican presidential primaries he supported Steve Forbes and ran as one of his delegates from the 2nd Congressional district. In 1997, he became a lobbyist to the Nebraska Unicameral and earned $500.

2007–2015.

In 2005, he stated that he was considering to run for another term in the state legislature. He later announced that he would run in the 20th state district. In the general election he defeated Carol Casey.  He was appointed to serve on the Education committee and as chairman of the Judicial committee during the 100th legislative session from 2007 to 2009. He was reappointed to serve on the Education committee and as chairman of the Judiciary committee during the 101st legislative session from 2009 to 2011.  In 2014, it was speculated that he would either run for the Democratic nomination in the Senate election or for attorney general, but he did not run. During the 2014 Nebraska gubernatorial election he endorsed Democratic nominee Chuck Hassebrook.

House of Representatives.

1994.

On August 14, 1993, Ashford announced that he would not seek reelection to the state legislature and that he was interested in running for the Republican nomination in Nebraska's 2nd congressional district. On October 2, he formally announced his intention to seek the Republican nomination in the district and stated that his priories would be to ban military-style assault weapons and focus on jobs and welfare reform. In the Republican primary he lost to Jon Lynn Christensen, who received over fifty percent of the popular vote, and narrowly came ahead of Ronald L. Staskiewicz. During the primary campaign he raised $145,715.00 and spent $146,002.00.  After losing the congressional primary Ashford stated on May 11, 1994, that he was interested in running in the Omaha special mayoral election. On June 1, he announced that he would not run in the election. He later joined Brenda Council's mayoral campaign.

2014.

On February 12, 2014, Ashford announced that he would run for the Democratic nomination in Nebraska's 2nd congressional district. He selected Kieran McCarney, the former communications director the AFL–CIO Nebraska affiliate, to serve as his campaign manager. He won the Democratic primary against Mark Aupperle.  On October 17, 2014, the National Republican Congressional Committee released an advertisement tying Ashford to Nikko Jenkins as Ashford had supported legislation in the state legislature giving early prison release for good conduct. Ashley Lewis, a Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee spokeswoman, stated that the ad had "no place in America", Ashford stated that it was a desperate attack from Lee Terry's failing campaign, and former Republican National Committee Chairman Michael Steele called the ad racist. After the release of the NRCC ad he raised over $20,500.  In the general election Ashford narrowly defeated Terry, who with Steve Southerland, were the only incumbent Republicans to lose reelection to a Democratic opponent during the 2014 House of Representatives elections. During the campaign he raised $1,246,958.11 and spent $1,231,468.32 while Terry's better funded campaign raised $3,106,288.30 and spent $3,084,768.22.

2016.

On December 16, 2015, Ashford endorsed former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton for the Democratic presidential nomination. He faced no opposition in the Democratic primary. Although The Cook Political Report had predicted that Nebraska's 2nd congressional district would lean Democratic and Ashford had received more funding than his opponent Ashford narrowly lost to Republican nominee Don Bacon. Ashford was the first incumbent representative in the 2nd congressional district to lose reelection after one term in office since Eugene D. O'Sullivan in the 1950 election. During his victory speech Bacon praised Ashford as "an honorable man" and stated that he cried during Ashford's concession speech.  In 2018, Ashford accused Russian agents of hacking his emails during the 2016 election, after twelve indictments were announced by Robert Mueller. He stated that all of his email correspondence with the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee was obtained by Russian hackers, but he did not believe that any information was given to Bacon or his campaign.

2018.

Ashford considered running against Bacon again after he voted for the American Health Care Act of 2017 which would had partially repealed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. In June 2017, Ashford announced that he would seek the Democratic nomination to run against Bacon for another term. On September 20, Ashford formally announced his campaign at the Old Mattress Factory in Omaha, Nebraska, and filed to run in the election on January 30, 2018. During the campaign he received organizational and fundraising support from the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee as a member of the Red to Blue program. Ashford was also endorsed by Giffords, a gun control advocacy organization that was founded by former Representative Gabby Giffords and her husband Mark Kelly.  However, in the Democratic primary he was narrowly defeated by Kara Eastman, who criticized him for having been a member of the Republican Party in the past, despite having outraised her with $571,000 to her $356,000. In the general election Eastman was narrowly defeated by Bacon.

Later life.

In February 2017, he was selected to serve as the head of Midtown 2050, an Omaha development group, but resigned in April as he felt that he wasn't fit for the position.  On August 1, 2018, Douglas County District Judge Mark Ashford, his brother, died from a stroke. In May 2019, Ashford was hospitalized after a fluid backup happened in his lungs due to blood clots.  On February 1, 2019, Ann Ferlic, his wife, announced that she would for the Democratic nomination in Nebraska's 2nd congressional district. During the primary campaign Ann was endorsed by former Senators Ben Nelson and Bob Kerrey and former Lieutenant Governor Kim M. Robak. Ann also claimed that she was the only electable candidate citing Eastman's defeat to Bacon in 2018. In the Democratic primary Eastman easily defeated Ann with over sixty percent of the popular vote. After Ann's defeat in the Democratic primary the Ashfords declined to endorse Eastman.

Political positions.

In 1988, Ashford, Jerry Chizek, and Bernice Labedz sponsored legislation that would require all video-cassettes marketed to minors to be given a rating label. The bill was created in response to complaints that Faces of Death and other graphic movies lacked warning labels.  In 1990, Ashford introduced an amendment that would allow the state legislature to confirm members of the appellate court, but it failed with twenty-one to eight voting against it.  On April 3, 1991, he voted in favor of legislation altering Nebraska's method of electoral college allotment from winner-take-all to being distributed to the statewide winner and the winner of each congressional district. The legislation was later signed into law by Governor Ben Nelson.

Health.

In 1992, a legal challenge was brought against Pennsylvania's abortion laws. Thirteen governors, twelve lieutenant governors, seventeen attorney generals, nine hundred ninety-five state legislators signed a friend of the court brief to support a woman's right to get an abortion. Ashford and seven other Nebraskan senators signed the brief.  In 2010, he proposed an amendment to an abortion bill to allow illegal immigrants to receive state-funded prenatal care. He cited reports showing the illegal immigrants were getting abortions as they lacked Medicaid coverage.  On September 18, 2014, Ashford debated incumbent Representative Lee Terry and during the debate he stated that he would have voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act as it lacked bipartisan support. Ashford later criticized Don Bacon after he voted for a partial repeal of the Affordable Care Act.

Capital punishment.

In 1987, the Judiciary committee voted five to two, with one member absent, in favor of advancing legislation introduced by Ernie Chambers that would abolish the death penalty. Ashford voted in favor of advancing the legislation, but stated that he would not support it when it went to the floor vote. However, on April 27, the state legislature voted twenty-three to nineteen, with seven not voting, against the legislation with Ashford voting in favor.  In 1992, he sponsored legislation created by Ernie Chambers to repeal the death penalty in Nebraska, but later withdrew his sponsorship.

Civil rights.

Ashford supports same-sex marriage. Before "Obergefell v. Hodges" he attempted to reach a middle ground on Nebraska's same-sex marriage ban by allowing civil unions. He praised the Supreme Court of the United States for its ruling in "Obergefell v. Hodges" that same-sex couples had the right to marry.

Congressional salaries.

In 2014, Ashford and Dave Loebsack introduced the Congressional Halt in Pay Increases and Cut Congressional Pay Act would decrease congressional salaries by ten percent and prohibit automatic salary increases. He, Gwen Graham, Scott Peters, and Ami Bera sponsored legislation that would withhold congressional salaries if the Department of Homeland Security shut down due to a lack of funding.

Crime.

In 1987, Ashford and Carol McBride Pirsch co-sponsored legislation that would force shoplifters to pay up to $150 to their victims. On April 15, Ernie Chambers attempted to kill the bill, but the legislature voted twenty-two to twelve against killing the bill. On April 29, the legislature voted unanimously with twenty-six in favor of the bill as Chambers was absent. On May 20, the legislature voted thirty-one to thirteen in favor of the legislation during the second round vote. Chambers made another motion to kill the bill, but the legislature voted twenty-eight to sixteen against his motion.

Development.

Ashford introduced legislation, with Senator Deb Fischer's sponsorship, to allow a public-private partnership to build a veterans medical facility in Omaha, Nebraska, with $56 million provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and $80 million provided by private donors. The legislation was signed into law by President Barack Obama on December 17, 2016.  In 1989, he sponsored legislation to transition ownership of Joslyn Castle from the Omaja Public School District to the Nebraska State Historical Society. On February 5, 1990, the state legislature unanimously approved the legislation during the first round vote with twenty-six in favor.  In 2015, he voted to approve the Keystone Pipeline.

Gun control.

On March 20, 1989, Ashford proposed an amendment to a drug penalty bill that would ban semi-automatic weapons, but Speaker Bill Barrett ruled that his proposed amendment was not germane. Ashford proposed another amendment that would ban the sale and manufacture of semi-automatic weapons a Class II feloney with a punishment of one to fifty years in prison. However, Barrett ruled that the amendment was not germane and an attempt by Ashford to overrule his decision was defeated by a vote of twenty-six to fourteen.  In 1992, he introduced legislation that would prohibit the possession of a gun at a school or youth center with a first offense being a Class IV felony with a fine up to $10,000 and up to five years in prison and more violations being a Class II felony with up to twenty years in prison.  He introduced legislation that would make it a misdemeanor offense to store a gun within the reach of a child under the age of sixteen. However, the Judiciary Committee voted seven to one against the bill and when the bill was brought to the assembly on February 19, 1993, to bypass the Judiciary Committee it failed to receive the thirty votes needed.  In 2007, Chambers proposed another bill repealing the death penalty and on March 20, the state legislature voted twenty-five to twenty-four against, with Ashford voting in favor. The execution process for Carey Dean Moore was restarted one week before the vote and his execution in 2018 was the first in the state since 1997.  On February 22, 2018, Ashford stated that he would vote in favor of a federal ban on assault weapons.

Nebraska Brady Bill.

In 1989, Ashford introduced a bill that would require people attempting to purchase handguns to fill out forms asking for their criminal record and mental health problems and institute a seven-day waiting period. On February 9, he announced that he would ask the state legislature to place a constitutional amendment onto the 1990 general election ballot that would repeal the 1989 right to bear arms ballot initiative as the 1989 ballot initiative would render his gun control legislation unconstitutional. The Judiciary committee voted five to two in favor of advancing the bill and the constitutional amendment although Ernie Chambers filed a motion to kill the bill which failed with five to two against.  From January 15 to 17, 1990, National Research Corporation conducted a poll of 450 Nebraskans on their opinion of Ashford's handgun control legislation. On January 23, The Lincoln Star published the poll which showed with a 4.6% margin of error that 87% approved, 11% disapproved, and 2% had no opinion. On party lines 88% of Republicans, 87% of Democrats, and 73% of independents approved and the congressional districts ranged from 78% approval in the 3rd congressional district, 90% in the 1st congressional district, and 91% in the 2nd congressional district.  In January 1990, Ashford campaigned in Wisconsin against a right to bear arms amendment and criticized Nebraska's 1989 ballot initiative at a Madison, Wisconsin news conference. Attorney General Robert M. Spire, Representative Peter Hoagland, and Handgun Control, Inc. vice-chair Sarah Brady, who referred to the legislation as the "Nebraska Brady Bill", supported the legislation. On March 8, a compromise amendment reducing the waiting period to two days and it was approved with twenty-five to ten in favor. However, during first round voting later that day the state legislature voted twenty-one to twenty-one, with seven members not voting, failing to reach the twenty-five votes needed.  In 1991, Ashford reintroduced legislation that would impose a two-day waiting period for handgun purchases. On February 5, the Judiciary committee voted five to one in favor of advancing the bill. He considered proposing an amendment to his bill to limit its effects to only Douglas, Lancaster, and Sarpy counties. On March 28, Jerry Chizek proposed an amendment, that was approved with twenty-six to sixteen in favor, which would require an annual permit from local law enforcement.  On April 8, Ashford asked the state legislature to defer debate on his bill until May 8 and his request was accept with thirty voting unanimously in favor. On May 16, the state legislature voted thirty-one to five in favor of a compromised bill during first round voting. The new bill had a two-day waiting period, the certificates to purchase handguns would be valid for three years rather than one, and the certificates could only be denied based on a person's criminal and mental history and their immigration status. On June 5, the state legislature voted thirty-four to eleven in favor of the bill during the second round vote.

Immigration.

In 2008, legislation was proposed on the behalf of Governor Dave Heineman and Attorney General Jon Bruning that would have required local and state agencies to verify the immigration status of people seeking benefits. The Judiciary committee vote five to one in favor of killing the bill and Ashford later referred to the legislation as "partisan communications". Ashford later criticized Republicans for spreading pamphlets and robocalls that attacked Steve Lathrop for abstaining from the Judiciary committee vote.  In 2009, he introduced legislation to prohibit businesses from knowingly hiring illegal immigrants and would require employers to confirm employees using E-Verify after December 31, 2010.

John Bradley Ashford (born November 10, 1949) is an American politician who served in the Nebraska Legislature and the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska's 2nd congressional district.

布拉德·阿什福德(Brad Ashford;1949年-11月10日)是美国的一位政治人物。自2015年开始,他是内布拉斯加州第2选举区选出的美国众议院议员。他的党籍是民主党。阿什福德在2014年战胜李·泰瑞当选众议院议员,他也是这次选举中仅有的两个民主党人士战胜现任共和党议员的例子。阿什福德曾经多次变换自己的党籍。