那加兰民族社会主义委员会

History.

The word "Naga" denotes several ethnic tribes living on the Himalayan Range in Northeast India, which were brought under the control of British India during the 19th century. After India's independence, Naga leaders tried to assert independence. In 1975, the separatist Naga National Council (NNC) gave up violence and signed the Shillong Accord with the Government of India. Some of the NNC leaders disapproved of this peace treaty: these leaders included Isak Chishi Swu of Sumi (Sema) tribe, Thuingaleng Muivah of Tangkhul tribe and self leader S. S. Khaplang. These leaders formed the NSCN as a new separatist organization, which has been described as a Maoist breakaway group of the Naga National Council. NSCN started an underground Naga Federal government having both civil and military wings. Later, a disagreement surfaced within the outfit leaders over the issue of commencing dialogue with the Indian Government. On 30 April 1988, the NSCN split into two factions; the NSCN-K led by Khaplang, and the NSCN-IM, led by Isak Chishi Swu and Thuingaleng Muivah. The split was accompanied by a spate of violence and clashes between the factions. In 1997 ceasefire agreement were made between NSCN and government of india. Later NSCN(K) abrogated the ceasefire agreement.  On 6 April 2015 a new faction NSCN (Reformation) was formed. Y. Wangtin Konyak and P. Tikhak officially announced the formation of a new Naga political group going by the name 'National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Reformation)' or NSCN (R). The decision came after Wangtin Konyak, a senior minister (Kilonser) and personal secretary to Khaplang and Tikhak, the spokesperson of the outfit were expelled by Khaplang after misunderstanding arose over the recent abrogation of ceasefire with the Government of India.  The duo, wanted to continue with the ceasefire maintaining that "violence has never served a good purpose and the Naga political problem can only be resolved through peace and negotiation" while Khaplang had it abrogated because the "14 years of ceasefire between NSCN (K) and India has become a mockery and futile exercise." The primary agenda of the new NSCN-R would be to "develop a sense of brotherhood among the Naga family and to rebuild the trust and faith among the Naga society."  On 3 August 2015 NSCN(IM) leader Isak Swu and T Muivah signed a framework agreement with the Government of India in presence of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Home Minister Rajnath Singh, and NSA Ajit Doval.. NSCN(K) also joined with a militia organization named the United Liberation Front of Western South East Asia, along with other Northeast Indian militant groups, and shortly after broke off peace talks with the Indian government. It also was responsible for the 2015 Manipur ambush, in which 18 soldiers of the Indian army were killed and 15 were wounded.

Objective.

The objective of the NSCN was to establish a sovereign Naga State by unifying all the Naga-inhabited areas in the North East of India and Northern Burma which the organisation and the people of the area proposed as Nagalim. Unification of all Naga tribes under one administration and 'liberating' Nagalim from India is listed as one of the main objectives of the organisation. Its manifesto is based on the principle of socialism for economic development.  According to the NSCN manifesto, their slogan is "Nagaland for Christ". Journalist Bertil Lintner has described NSCN's ideology as "a mixture of evangelical Christianity and revolutionary socialism". However, In an interview to BBC in 2005, when asked about the slogan "Nagaland for Christ" and if the Naga State will be a theocratic state, Thuingaleng Muviah said that have been misunderstood, the slogan is not a law, it is an aspiration of the Naga people, being more than 95% Christians. "Naga State has to be secular, if it is not secular then we would be betraying ourselves."  NSCN-IM continued with the objectives of the NSCM, making Integration of all the contiguous Naga areas a prime objective.

Area of operation.

NSCN is active in North East India. The state of Nagaland and the hill districts in Manipur inhabited by the Nagas are the main areas where strong influence and presence of the organisation is felt. Its presence in neighbouring states of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh are also widely acknowledged. On the international level, the presence and influence of the NSCN in the Northern part of Myanmar that are inhabited by the Naga tribes dates back to the time when the Nagas started their freedom struggle.

Leadership and structure.

Late Isak Chishi Swu and Thuingaleng Muivah, the founding fathers of NSCN-IM, was Chairman and General Secretary of NSCN-IM respectively and S. S. Khaplang was the Chairman of the NSCN-K.  On the political front, the NSCN-IM has divided its area of influence into 11 regions based on sub-tribe considerations and administrative convenience. In many areas, it runs a parallel government. There are four major ‘Ministries’ – Defence, Home, Finance and Foreign Affairs. Moreover, there are five other Ministries including Education, Information and Publicity, Forests and Minerals, Law and Justice and Religious Affairs. The most prominent among the Ministries is the ‘Home ministry’, which is considered as a replacement of the Indian State government machinery. The heads of 11 administrative regions report to the ‘Home Minister’ (Kilo Kilonser). The devolution of administrative arms of the organisation goes down to the town and village levels in the NSCN-IM’s areas of influence.  The outfit has also established a government-in-exile called the Government of the People’s Republic of Nagaland/Nagalim (GPRN) which, interacts with formal and non-formal world bodies and media. The GPRN sends emissaries abroad to garner support and raise funds for the Naga cause.  In February 2019, Qhehezu Tuccu was unanimously elected as the Chairperson of the NSCN-IM. The post had been vacant since the death of Isak Chishi Swu. At the same meeting, Tongmeth Wangnao was elected as the vice-chairperson of the NSCN-IM.

Linkages.

Over the years, the NSCN-IM has tried to develop extensive linkages both within and outside India. It is alleged that China is providing finance as well as arms and ammunition to NSCN in their fight for independence against the Indian Government. The group was previously backed by India’s intelligence agencies to weaken the main Naga insurgency.  It is believed that NSCN patronised smaller extremists outfits in the North East of India by giving warfare and intelligence trainings and providing logistics for waging war against India.NSCN had also extreme links with its extremist partner ZRF and ZRO.  The outfit has also opened up contacts with international organizations like the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) at the Hague and the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations (UNWGIP).  China is also instrumental in providing training and arms, which was established after the arrest of the top NSCN IM leader Anthony Shimray. After his arrest by the Indian intelligence agencies he also revealed that he was tasked by Chinese intelligence agencies to collect and gather intelligence on Indian troop deployments in north eastern states of India. Further it is also alleged that NSCN is the major faction that helps many other minor militant outfits in north east and is widely accepted as the main reason of continued insurgency in north eastern states of Indian republic. In July 7 the Indian Army busted an NSCN camp in Manipur at Kekru Naga villagean stronghold of the group in the zone. In the last couple of months, at least four camps of the group were targeted by the security forces.

Activities.

On 4 June 2015, NSCN-K and KYKL ambushed an Indian Army convoy of 6 Dogra Regiment in Chandel district of Manipur and killed 18 Army jawans. On 10 June 2015, India claimed that it had conducted strikes against NSCN-K camps inside Myanmar, and inflicted significant casualties. Indian media reported that around 38 fighters belonging to NSCN-K were killed in the attack. Myanmar government, however, rejected Indian government claims. According to Myanmar government officials, the operation against NSCN-K insurgents took place entirely on Indian side of the border and Indian troops did not cross Myanmar's border. NSCN-K also rejected India's claims. According to NSCN-K, Indian troops did not attack any camp belonging to NSCN-K and the group did not suffer any loss. NSCN-K also challenged Indian Army to display the dead bodies of those killed during the operation. On May 21, 11 people including the National People's Party (NPP) Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA), Tirong Aboh and his son were killed in an ambush at 12th mile in Khonsa-Deomali road in Tirap District in Arunachal Pradesh. In response the Indian Army launched various operations which allowed the confiscation of weapons and the detention of five suspects in mid-July NSCN-IM militants opposed to the Register of Indigenous Inhabitants of Nagaland (RIIN), the group has alleged the state's move to implement RIIN is "contradictory" to the inherent rights of the Nagas.

The National Socialist Council of Nagaland (abbreviated NSCN) is a Maoist Naga nationalist separatist group operating mainly in Northeast India, with minor activities in northwest Myanmar (Burma) until 2012. The main goal of the organisation is to establish a sovereign Naga state, "Nagalim", which would consist of all the areas inhabited by the Naga people in Northeast India and Northwest Myanmar. NSCN slogan is Nagaland for Christ.The group is currently fighting for independence of Nagaland from India.

那加兰民族社会主义委员会(英语:National Socialist Council of Nagaland,缩写为NSCN)是印度东北部那加兰邦的一个信奉那加民族主义反政府的武装斗争团体。 曾被描述为分离自那加全国委员会的毛派团体。其政治目标是建立起主权独立国家“那加兰”。


Gameplay.

"Sonic the Hedgehog 2" is a 2D side-scrolling platform game. The game stars Sonic the Hedgehog and his sidekick, Miles "Tails" Prower, who is described as having idolized Sonic as a child and wanting to keep up with him. At the game's start, the player can select to either play as Sonic, Tails, or both. The difference between the two is purely cosmetic; the two both have identical abilities. In the dual mode, players control Sonic while Tails runs along beside him. A second player can join in at any time and control Tails separately. The game takes place over a series of levels, each divided into one, two, or three acts with a boss fight with Robotnik at the end of the last act. Certain levels have features that are unique to them; for example, Emerald Hill has corkscrew-like loops, and Chemical Plant has boost pads that instantly put Sonic at his top speed. The character can jump on enemies to defeat them; the game also introduces a new move, the "spin dash" or "Super Dash Attack", by which the player curls in a ball and spins while stationary, resulting in a speed boost. When the player is attacked by an enemy without rings, is crushed, falls off-screen, drowns, or exceeds the act's ten-minute limit, they lose a life and return to the start of the act or from the most recently passed checkpoint. Dying with zero lives gives the player a game over.  When the player collects at least 50 rings and passes a checkpoint, they can warp to a "special stage". In these stages, the player runs through a pseudo-3D half-pipe course, collecting rings and dodging bombs. A set amount of rings must be collected to pass through each of three checkpoints and in turn to obtain the emerald itself. If Sonic collides with a bomb, he loses ten rings and is immobilized momentarily. The stages rise in difficulty, and the player cannot enter any stage without passing the previous one. After finishing, the player is transported back to the star post they used to enter the special stage, with their ring-count reset to zero. When all Emeralds have been collected, Sonic can transform into Super Sonic by collecting 50 rings and jumping. Super Sonic is invincible to attacks, runs faster, and jumps further; however, he loses one ring per second and reverts to regular Sonic when his rings are depleted.  The game also has a competitive mode, where two players compete against each other to the finish line, as either Sonic or Tails, in a split-screen race through three of the regular levels and a special stage. After one player finishes one of the regular levels, the other player must finish the zone within 60 seconds, or the level ends instantly. In the regular levels, players are ranked in five areas (score, time, rings held at the end of the level, total rings collected, and the number of item boxes broken). The player with wins in the most number of categories wins the level. In the Special Stage, players compete to obtain the most rings. The mode ends when all stages have been completed, or if a player loses all their lives, in which their opponent will automatically win.

"Knuckles the Echidna in Sonic the Hedgehog 2".

"Sonic & Knuckles" was released in 1994, two years after "Sonic 2". The "Sonic & Knuckles" game cartridge features a special "lock-on" port into which the player can insert other Genesis cartridges. Attaching "Sonic 2" unlocks "Knuckles the Echidna in Sonic the Hedgehog 2", a variation of "Sonic 2" whereby the player plays as Knuckles the Echidna, a character introduced in "Sonic the Hedgehog 3" and not playable until "Sonic & Knuckles". Though the game is largely identical to "Sonic the Hedgehog 2", Knuckles is able to glide and climb walls, allowing him access to areas previously inaccessible to Sonic or Tails. However, he cannot jump as high, making some parts of the game, such as certain boss fights, more difficult. In addition, Knuckles restarts with the amount of rings he collected at checkpoints (if he loses a life), the options are unavailable, the special stages have slightly fewer rings required to collect than before (for example, ten rings fewer than in the special stages with Sonic and Tails), and the two-player mode is removed. In the 2013 remastered version, Knuckles is playable from the start without anything being removed and when all 7 Chaos Emeralds are collected, he turns into his own super form 'Super Knuckles'.

Plot.

The game's premise is similar to that of the original "Sonic the Hedgehog". Sonic's nemesis, Dr. Ivo Robotnik, is planning world domination through the power of the Chaos Emeralds and an army of robots powered by trapped animals. Specific to this game, he is additionally constructing an armored space station known as the Death Egg (an homage to the Death Star), also for the means of world domination.  The events of the game see Sonic and Tails chasing Robotnik through West Side Island, and eventually up to the Death Egg, pursuing him with Tails' biplane, the Tornado. The plane is damaged after being shot at, but Sonic still manages to infiltrate the Death Egg, alone. Once there, he battles a robotic imposter before taking on Robotnik, who is piloting a giant mech. Sonic manages to defeat the robot and it explodes, damaging the Death Egg and knocking it out of orbit. Sonic comes down falling and is saved by Tails in the Tornado. If the player has collected all of the Chaos Emeralds, Sonic, in his Super Sonic form, flies alongside it.

Development.

Following the release of the original "Sonic the Hedgehog", creator Yuji Naka quit Sega due to disagreements over corporate policy. Mark Cerny, who had recently founded Sega Technical Institute (STI) in California, met with Naka in Japan and offered him a higher salary and more creative freedom if he joined STI. Naka agreed, and Hirokazu Yasuhara, the lead level designer of "Sonic the Hedgehog", also decided to move to STI. Yasuhara had been assigned to help Cerny establish STI in 1990, but the outbreak of the Gulf War delayed his move to the United States by three months, during which he joined Sonic Team and became part of the original "Sonic" project.  Development of "Sonic 2" began in November 1991, two months later than Cerny had intended, as Sega of America initially felt it was too soon for a sequel. STI handled development; both American and Japanese staff contributed, although, according to team member Tim Skelly, "Everyone attached to "Sonic 2" ultimately worked for Yuji Naka. I think Naka would have been much happier if he was working with an all-Japanese team, but just because of the language barrier and some cultural differences."  Skelly designed the appearance of the pseudo-3D special stages, based on a tech demo created by Naka. The special stages were created out of pre-rendered 3D polygons, video of which was compressed and halved vertically and horizontally to fit in the game cartridge. "Sonic 2" also introduced Sonic's sidekick Tails, a flying two-tailed fox, inspired by Japanese folklore about the kitsune and created by level artist Yasushi Yamaguchi. Sega of America objected to the character's name, Miles Prower (a pun on "miles per hour"), so he was given the nickname Tails as a compromise. Masaharu Yoshii served as director. The staff increased the speed of "Sonic the Hedgehog 2" compared to the first game.

Music.

Like the previous game, the music was composed by Masato Nakamura, bassist and songwriter of the J-pop band Dreams Come True. Nakamura began composing early in development with only concept images for reference, taking a similar approach to his method for "Sonic 1". Nakamura treated "Sonic the Hedgehog 2" as a film and designed the music around the atmosphere that he felt from the images of the stages. Except for the graphics and some discussion with Sonic Team, Nakamura was given freedom, which he believes was the reason why he was able to create "such melodic tunes and unusual rhythm patterns". Nakamura created the music while he was recording with Dreams Come True in London, working on their fifth album "The Swinging Star". As a gift to Sonic Team, Masato produced an alternate version of the ending theme with Dreams Come True, included on "The Swinging Star".  In 2011, the stage music from Chemical Plant and Casino Night Zone were remixed by Sega for use in "Sonic Generations". That October, a three-disc compilation of the music from "Sonic the Hedgehog" and "Sonic the Hedgehog 2" was released in Japan. It compilation includes comments by Naka and an interview with Nakamura. The first disc contains original tracks from both games, and the second contains Nakamura's demo recordings produced during the games' development. The third disc contains "Sweet Sweet Sweet" by Dreams Come True, its English-language version "Sweet Dream", and 2006 remixes of both songs by singer Akon, used in "Sonic the Hedgehog" (2006).

Cut content.

"Sonic 2" was planned to feature time travel; this concept became the basis of a separate game, "Sonic CD". Early in 1992, a prototype "Sonic 2" cartridge was stolen at a New York City toy show; the theft was attributed to a lack of security. In 1999, the data from this prototype was rediscovered by a fan on a Chinese website, with playable sections of two cut levels: Wood Zone and Hidden Palace Zone. It also contains an unused level slot, "Genocide City".  Hidden Palace Zone was planned as a secret stage accessed by collecting Chaos Emeralds. According to Naka, the stage would explain where the Chaos Emeralds came from and grant Sonic his Super Sonic powers. It was removed for lack of time and cartridge space, and a different version was used in "Sonic & Knuckles". The 2013 remastered iOS port includes a redesigned Hidden Palace Zone as an optional stage. During development, Sega released mockup images of a cut desert-themed level, The third act of Metropolis Zone uses a layout originally designed for an unused stage.

Release.

Sega launched a $10 million advertising campaign for "Sonic the Hedgehog 2". Sega sought a global release date to make the game available in all stores on the same day, a fairly novel concept at the time. This required Sega to reconfigure its distribution system to ensure that games were available in all major stores. The release date, Tuesday, November 24, 1992 was marketed as "Sonic 2s day". While the Genesis release in North America and the Mega Drive release in Europe both released the game on this day, Sega made the game available a few days before in Japan on November 21, 1992.

8-bit version.

A separate version of "Sonic the Hedgehog 2" was developed by Aspect and released for the 8-bit Master System and Game Gear systems. It has different level designs and a different plot, in which Tails is kidnapped and Sonic must rescue him.

2013 remaster.

A remastered mobile port was released for iOS, Android and Windows Phone on December 12, 2013. It was developed from scratch by Christian "Taxman" Whitehead and Simon "Stealth" Thomley of Headcannon using the Retro Engine, previously used in the 2011 "Sonic CD" remaster. This version adds enhancements such as widescreen graphics, Knuckles as a playable character, time and boss attack modes, online multiplayer, additional multiplayer stages, Tails's flying and swimming abilities from "Sonic the Hedgehog 3", the previously unreleased Hidden Palace Zone, and a post-credits scene which depicts the Death Egg crash-landing on Angel Island. Shaun Musgrave of TouchArcade declared it the "definitive version" of the game. The iOS version was updated in 2016, adding compatibility for Apple TV.

Compilations.

The game has been rereleased on compilations including "Sonic Compilation" (1995) for Genesis; "Sonic Jam" (1997) for Sega Saturn; "Sonic Mega Collection" (2002) for Nintendo GameCube; "Sonic Mega Collection Plus" (2004) for PlayStation 2, Xbox, and PC; "Sega Genesis Collection" (2006) for PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable; "Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection" (2009) for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3; and "Sonic Classic Collection" (2010) for Nintendo DS.

Digital ports.

"Sonic the Hedgehog 2" was made available for download on Wii's Virtual Console on June 11, 2007, PlayStation 3 via the PlayStation Network on April 19, 2011, and Xbox 360 via Xbox Live Arcade, the latter having enhancements such as online leaderboards, achievements, and online play. Various mobile phone versions exist as well, including the iOS release. The game was released as part of the Nintendo 3DS "3D Classics" line in Japan on July 22, 2015, with a release in North America and Europe initially slated for September 2015, before being pushed back to October 8. This version of the game is enhanced using the stereoscopic 3D technology of the 3DS. In 2018, Sega announced a Nintendo Switch port would be released as part of the Sega Ages product line. It includes most of the features added to the 3DS version, and added the option to use Sonic's Drop Dash ability from "Sonic Mania" and a time attack mode, plus the lock-on game "Knuckles in Sonic 2".

Reception.

Following the success of the original, "Sonic the Hedgehog 2" was widely anticipated. It achieved critical acclaim, accumulating an aggregate score of 88% on GameRankings based on eight reviews.  The improvements to the gameplay were praised. "GamePro" commented that "Sonic 2's game play mechanics are the same as Sonic 1's with a few cool exceptions." They gave it a 4.5 out of 5 for sound and a perfect 5.0 in every other category (graphics, control, and fun factor). Lucas Thomas of IGN proclaimed that the game "offered more of everything. More characters, more levels. More music, moves and baddies to beat", and that the new spin dash move "enhanced the speed of the gameplay, as Sonic no longer had to have a long stretch of straightaway to get up to his signature blazing velocity any more." Ellie Gibson of "Eurogamer", reviewing the Xbox Live Arcade port, wrote that "SEGA has been sensible enough to leave things alone. All the original levels are present and correct. They are as expansive and exciting as ever. The sheer speed of the game still has the power to thrill as you send Sonic zooming, spinning and bouncing in all directions."  Frank Provo of "GameSpot" wrote "Play through it and you'll understand why it helped sell a ton of Genesis consoles back in the day. It's a fun platformer and does everything a sequel is supposed to do. It resolves many of the first game's shortcomings and incorporates a slew of minor upgrades that cumulatively amount to a fresh experience." Justin Towell of "GamesRadar+" called the sequel "an improvement in every respect", citing the "improved Special Stage with pseudo-3D shenanigans, a greater emphasis on speed, better graphics, [and] another incredible soundtrack" as examples. Tom East of "Official Nintendo Magazine" called the game "arguably the best game in the series and easily one of the best platform games ever".  The main objects of criticism were the two-player mode and the addition of Tails; reviewers disliked the image distortion brought about by the squeezed and flickering graphics, and Tails was considered to be "useless" and "irritating" due to his interference in boss battles. By contrast, "GamePro" described Tails as "about the cutest companion that any Sonic fan could ask for" and said the game's biggest problem is that it is too easy, to the point where even unskilled players would quickly breeze through it. However, the reviewer noted that finding each stage's secrets provides the game with challenge and longevity.  Critics praised the level design and graphics. "GamePro" assessed that the "graphics are actually better than the original's. The rich variety of scenery, slightly larger sprites, and extra-added attitude help the spunky hedgehog paint video game magic." Gibson called the variation in the game's environments "impressive", and Andy Eddy of "TeamXbox" described the graphics as "bright" and "colorful". Despite the reduction in the number of acts per level to two from the first game's three, the levels themselves were said to be larger and more memorable. Provo pointed out that "Sega concocted new backgrounds in the same colorful style as those from the first game, then jazzed them up with animated highlights such as dancing flowers and shimmering lakes." However, the later stages were considered to be difficult and complex. Towell also noted that "When Sonic is hurtling around the screen, [the game] could be criticized for 'playing itself'".  Opinions on the special stages were divided. Gibson described the visuals of these stages as "dreadfully blocky", and David Craddock of IGN felt that the inclusion of Tails in the stages was "detrimental at best, since he's always colliding with bombs, thus causing the player to lose valuable rings." However, those who spoke positively of the special stages approved of the visual effects. "GamePro" elaborated, "Theoretically, the Genesis isn't capable of scaling, but "Sonic"'s Bonus Rounds are gonna make you wonder!"  Rereleases also saw positive reviews. Thomas wrote that the Virtual Console version was "an easy thumbs-up". Gibson praised the Xbox Live Arcade version's low price and online mode: "Just GBP 4.25 will buy you hours of fun. Not millions of hours, because games were shorter in those days." Craddock proclaimed that ""Sonic the Hedgehog 2" holds up as not only one of the best games available on Sega's memorable 16-bit machine, but also a worthy addition to any XBLA library." The iOS version was met with middling reviews, with criticism for the quality of the port and lack of multiplayer.  "Electronic Gaming Monthly" named it the best Genesis game of 1992, and number 71 on their 1997 list of the best console video games of all time. While they said that "Sonic CD" (ranked at number 17) was unquestionably better, they defended the multiplayer mode, contending that "Although it looks a little squashed, the vs. races are a lot of fun." "Mega" placed the game at #36 in their "Top Sega Mega Drive Games of All Time" list. In 2000, "Game Informer" ranked "Sonic 2" number 61 on its "Top 100 Games of All Time" list, calling it "the most challenging and finely polished "Sonic the Hedgehog" title." In 2010, "Sonic the Hedgehog 2" took first place in the results of a survey conducted by "Official Nintendo Magazine" to determine the fan-favorite game in the series. In 2011, GameZone named "Sonic the Hedgehog 2" the second-best title in the series (behind "Sonic the Hedgehog 3"). In 2017, "GamesRadar+" named "Sonic the Hedgehog 2" the best "Sonic" title of all time and the second-best Genesis title of all time.

Sales.

400,000 copies of "Sonic 2" were sold in the first week of release and over 6 million in the Genesis lifespan, only 180,000 of which were in Japan. As of 2006, it had sold over 6 million cartridges for the Sega Genesis, making it the second best-selling Sega Genesis game (after the original "Sonic the Hedgehog"). The game was a best-seller in the UK charts for 2 months. The Xbox Live Arcade digital version later sold 509,805 units on the Xbox 360,. The Android mobile game version sold more than 100,000 paid downloads on the Google Play Store, while the free-to-play Android version "Sonic The Hedgehog 2 Classic" has received more than 10million downloads.

Legacy.

"Sonic 2"s success was a major factor in Sega catching up to Nintendo in the early-1990s console wars. It brought their market share up to 40% within six months of its release. Tails, whom "Sonic the Hedgehog 2" introduced, went on to become one of the most prominent characters in the series, appearing as Sonic's sidekick in most "Sonic" media, including in later games such as "Sonic Colors", "Sonic Generations", and "Sonic Lost World". "Sonic the Hedgehog 2"s popularity extended to various merchandise such as comic books such as "Sonic the Comic", a television series, and a sequel, "Sonic the Hedgehog 3", which received similar acclaim.  For Sonic's 20th anniversary, Sega released "Sonic Generations", which remade aspects of various past games from the franchise. The PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and PC versions contained a remade "Chemical Plant" level. It also contained a remake of the final boss fight, the Death Egg Robot, as the Classic Era boss of the game. Separately, the Nintendo 3DS version of the game contained a remake of the "Casino Night" level. A "Casino Night" themed pinball minigame was made available for download as a pre-order bonus for the console versions at GameStop. Remade versions of Chemical Plant and Oil Ocean also appear in the 2017 game "Sonic Mania".  In 2008, an unofficial, high-definition remake was announced titled "Sonic the Hedgehog 2 HD", which included development members who would later work on "Sonic Mania". In 2012, it was reported that a potential keylogger was included with an alpha build of the game, which led to the project being discontinued due to the controversy. In 2014, the project was restarted under a new development team. The final version is planned to feature additional stages and the option to play levels as Knuckles the Echidna. Actor Ben Schwartz, who voiced Sonic in the 2020 film adaptation, said that "Sonic 2" is his favorite video game from the franchise.

Development began in November 1991. It was developed by Japanese and American staff at Sega Technical Institute in California, and directed by Masaharu Yoshii and produced by Shinobu Toyoda. The game design was led by Hirokazu Yasuhara and music composed by Masato Nakamura. Art director Tim Skelly designed the appearance of the new 3D special stages based on a tech demo created by Yuji Naka. The staff increased the speed of "Sonic the Hedgehog 2" in comparison to its predecessor.

,是由Sonic Team与世嘉技术开发研究所开发,并由世嘉于其家用游戏机Mega Drive发行的平台动作游戏,于1992年11月21日于日本首发。身为系列第二作,《刺猬索尼克2》较原作《刺猬索尼克》有着许多改进,索尼克的伙伴塔尔斯并于本作中首次出现。在本作中,索尼克与他的伙伴必须同心协力,阻止反派蛋头博士窃取混沌宝石、统治世界的阴谋。


Overview.

Carrot soup can be prepared as a cream-style soup and as a broth-style soup. Vegetable stock or chicken stock can be used as ingredients in both styles of soup. Other vegetables may be used in the dish, including root vegetables, the latter of which may include garlic onion, shallot, potato, turnip and others. Carrot juice and orange juice can be used in its preparation, and some versions are prepared using puréed carrot. After cooking, the dish can be run through a sieve to strain it. The carrots used can be peeled or unpeeled, and the use of peeled carrots can lend to increased smoothness in puréed versions of the dish. Those prepared with puréed carrot may have a thick consistency while also being smooth in texture. The soup's color can vary based upon the coloration of the carrots used. Young carrots tend to make the soup sweeter and imbue it with a bright orange coloration, while older, larger carrots provide less sweetness and may imbue a yellow coloration. The use of old, cracked carrots that have a woody texture in their interior can produce a soup of inferior quality.  Several ingredient variations exist in carrot soup preparations. Some carrot soups are prepared using coconut milk, coconut water, coconut cream, coconut butter or coconut pieces. Some versions include ginger as an ingredient, and some include curry. Green carrot leaves (greens) from the top of carrots can be used as an ingredient in the dish. Chopped mint leaves are used in some versions. It can be served hot or chilled. Salt and pepper can be used to season the dish, and nutmeg is sometimes used as a seasoning. It is sometimes topped with yoghurt, a yoghurt sauce, crème fraîche, sour cream, and other ingredients.  In the United Kingdom, a distinct soup variety much more popular than plain carrot soup is carrot and coriander soup, made with coarsely chopped or grated carrot, garlic and coriander (cilantro) seeds.  The zest of orange can be used as a garnish, as an ingredient within the dish itself, and in both ways. Additional garnishes can include dill, carrot leaves, grated, minced or diced carrot, chives, other fresh, chopped herbs, croutons, and toast squares, among others. Carrot soup can be prepared as a vegan food, and can also be prepared as a bisque.  Carrot soup may contain a significant amount of nitrite.

In French cuisine.

Carrot soup ("Potage de Crécy", "Potage Crécy", et al.) is a dish in French cuisine, and has been described as a "classic" and "famous" dish in the country's cuisine. Potage is a variety of soups that have a thick consistency. Potage Crécy is named after Crécy-en-Ponthieu, a commune in Northern France that has been purported to produce carrots with the best flavor within the country.  In French cuisine, Crécy soup is typically prepared with rice, which can also be served as a side dish. Rice may be used as an ingredient to thicken the dish, and barley has also been used.

History.

Although the modern sweet orange carrot was not developed until the 16th century, in the Low Countries, it has been represented as a tradition, and it was once customary for English people to eat Crécy soup annually on 26 August in commemoration of the anniversary of the Battle of Crécy, which occurred in Crécy, France on that date in 1346.  Crécy soup was eaten annually by King Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom between 1901 and 1910, on the battle's anniversary day, in honour of his ancestor, Edward, the Black Prince, who led the battle. It has also been suggested that the soup was served to triumphant English soldiers after the battle concluded, using carrots from Crécy. Ernst Moro, an Austrian physician and pediatrician invented Professor Moro's Carrot Soup, which is shown to be effective against diarrhea caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Carrot soup (referred to in French as Potage de Crécy, Potage Crécy, Potage à la Crécy, Purée à la Crécy and Crème à la Crécy) is a soup prepared with carrot as a primary ingredient. It can be prepared as a cream- or broth-style soup. Additional vegetables, root vegetables and various other ingredients can be used in its preparation. It may be served hot or cold, and several recipes exist.

胡萝卜汤(英语:Carrot soup)是主要以胡萝卜为成分制成的汤,它可以制成鲜奶油汤或清汤。蔬菜或鸡肉高汤可用作两种胡萝卜汤的成分,其他种蔬菜亦可搭配使用,比如洋葱、火葱、马铃薯等。在每年8月26日,爱德华七世都会喝胡萝卜汤,以纪念1346年的克雷西会战。


Early life.

Michael Lamar White IV was born on June 18, 1999, in Canton, Ohio. His father, Michael Lamar White III, was in prison at the time of his birth, and his mother, Tonya White, was left to raise him as a single parent. White has a younger brother nicknamed "Hippie Redd" and had an older brother who made music under the name "Dirty Redd". Dirty Redd was killed in a car accident in 2014, White talked to "Rolling Stone" about the time following the fatal accident. White grew up in Canton, though he moved to Columbus, Ohio, several times. His interest in music began when his mother played Ashanti, Beyoncé, Tupac, and Nas while White was growing up. He later listened to artists such as T-Pain, KISS, Nirvana, Gucci Mane, Cute Is What We Aim For, Simple Plan, Marilyn Manson and Lil Wayne. White began rapping after being inspired by Taevion Williams, another rapper who went by the stage name Lil Tae. White began taking his music career seriously and began recording music, releasing "Sub-Zero" and "New Ferrari" in 2014 but soon deleting those songs.  Following his high school graduation, White moved to Atlanta, where he met rapper Lil Wop and was eventually offered a deal with a record label.

Career.

Lil Wop helped White get started with a professional recording studio. They began working with Kodie Shane and recorded three projects, "Awakening My Inner Beast", "Beast Mode" and "Rock the World Trippie". White eventually signed to the label Strainge Entertainment (now known as Elliot Grainge Entertainment) and relocated to Los Angeles.  In May 2017, White released his debut mixtape, "A Love Letter to You", with the lead single "Love Scars", which received more than 8 million views on YouTube within several months and more than 13 million on SoundCloud. White was included on XXXTentacion's album "17", on the song "Fuck Love", which peaked at number 28 on the Billboard Hot 100.  In October 2017, White released his second mixtape, "A Love Letter to You 2". The album debuted at #34 on the "Billboard" 200. Later that month, White released a collaboration EP with Lil Wop, "Angels & Demons".  On December 6, 2017, White released the single "Dark Knight Dummo", featuring Travis Scott. The song peaked at 72 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, making it White's first entry on the chart as a lead artist. On December 25, 2017, White released the song "TR666" on his SoundCloud account, which features Swae Lee and was produced by Scott Storch. The track was previewed on November 30. White released "18" alongside Baauer, Kris Wu, Joji and Rich Brian.  In an interview with "Billboard" in March 2018, White said his debut studio album would feature collaborations with Lil Wayne and Erykah Badu. In July 2018, White announced his debut album would be titled "Life's a Trip" and be 26 tracks long; he later trimmed it to 16 tracks. White released the singles "Me Likey" and "How You Feel" on June 22, 2018, and "Taking a Walk" on August 7, 2018. "Life's a Trip" was released August 10, 2018, and debuted at number four on the "Billboard" 200 Album Chart, with the single "Taking a Walk" debuting at number 49 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. He removed Playboi Carti off the album. On August 9, 2019, he released his second album, "!", which debuted at number three on the US "Billboard" 200 with 51,000 album-equivalent units,  White was featured on English YouTuber, media personality and rapper KSI's single "Wake Up Call", which was released in January 2020. The song reached number 11 on the UK Singles Chart.  On June 12, 2020, Trippie Redd announced his upcoming album titled "Dreamer" will be released on June 18, 2020.

Feuds.

6ix9ine.

On April 13, 2017, 6ix9ine featured on White's song "Poles1469" and in July 2017, he was also featured on White's song "Owee". Following a post from a Twitter account claiming 6ix9ine was a pedophile, White denounced 6ix9ine, saying, "I'm sorry brozay, 1400 don't promote pedophiles... If we give niggas clout, we give niggas clout. It was an accident." On November 11, 2017, White was attacked in a New York hotel and claimed that a member of 6ix9ine's team ambushed him. 6ix9ine later insinuated his involvement, saying "I don't know what's going on, but your chin is bruised up. You can't just be out here calling people gay, bro. Can't be supporting false accusations, you can't be ranting on Live talking about New York. Fuck [what] these niggas talking about, New York this, New York that, like, you just can't do that bro. You should put some ice on that chin, it's bruised up. I feel bad bro... I just want you to be my friend again," before singing a hook from "Poles1469". In February 2018, 6ix9ine was assaulted by several men outside of a Los Angeles airport shortly after arguing with White on Instagram. 6ix9ine and White continued to trade insults over social media in February 2018 and March 2018.  In May 2018, 6ix9ine started a feud with rapper Tadoe and Chief Keef over allegations that Tadoe had abused artist Cuban Doll for talking to 6ix9ine. White supported Tadoe in the feud and went on to release a diss track toward 6ix9ine, "I Kill People", featuring Tadoe and Chief Keef.  6ix9ine also accused White of having sexual relations with fellow rapper Danielle Bregoli, also known as Bhad Bhabie, who is a minor. White and Bregoli denied the accusation, but the latter admitted that the two had kissed in the past: "We kissed but it wasn't that serious and he was 17 at the time."  On September 17, 2019, 6ix9ine has stated in a testimony that White has been involved with the Five Nine Brims gang.

XXXTentacion.

In October 2017, a preview of Drake's song "God's Plan" was shown on social media. The song originally featured White singing the hook and giving an additional verse. Florida rapper Jahseh Onfroy, known by his stage name XXXTentacion, who had prior issues with Drake, began to associate with 6ix9ine, to White's chagrin. In March 2018, Onfroy "banned" White from Florida, promising to assault him if he attempted to enter the state. Onfroy apologized to White during a performance later that month, and the two reconciled after White accepted his apology. White and Onfroy went on to collaborate on multiple occasions.  Following XXXTentacion's death on June 18, 2018, White dyed his hair in memory of the artist and released "Ghost Busters", a collaboration with Quavo, XXXTentacion and Ski Mask the Slump God in memoriam.

Personal life.

White has stated he is of Irish, Native American and African American descent.  White said in March 2017 that he was worth $7 million and purchased his mother a $300,000 home.

Legal issues.

White was arrested in Cobb County, Georgia following an assault on rapper FDM Grady in late May 2018. According to Grady, White and rapper Lil Wop insulted Grady's girlfriend, leading Grady to draw a firearm briefly before engaging in a fist fight with White. At that point, Grady was attacked by four men including White and Wop. White was arrested on charges of affray (public fighting), criminal trespass and simple battery. A few weeks later in early June, White was again arrested in Georgia on an assault charge for allegedly pistol-whipping a woman.

Michael Lamar White IV (born June 18, 1999), known professionally as Trippie Redd, is an American rapper, singer, and songwriter. His debut mixtape "A Love Letter to You" (2017) and its lead single "Love Scars" propelled him to popularity. Trippie Redd's singles "Dark Knight Dummo", featuring Travis Scott, and "Topanga", both reached the "Billboard" Hot 100. His debut studio album "Life's a Trip" (2018) and second album "!" (2019) both reached the top five of the "Billboard" 200, while his fourth mixtape "A Love Letter to You 4" (2019) topped the chart.

迈克尔·拉马尔·怀特四世(英语:Michael Lamar White IV,1999年-6月18日),艺名特里皮·雷德(Trippie Redd),美国饶舌歌手、词曲作家。


Relationship to "K" (the equilibrium constant).

As the reaction proceeds with the passage of time, assuming the activation energy does not make the reaction prohibitively slow for a given timescale, the species' activities, and hence the reaction quotient, change in a way that reduces the free energy of the chemical system. The direction of the change is governed by the Gibbs free energy of reaction by the relation where "K" is a constant independent of initial composition, known as the equilibrium constant. The reaction proceeds in the forward direction (towards smaller values of "Q") when Δ"G" < 0 or in the reverse direction (towards larger values of "Q") when Δ"G" > 0. Eventually, as the reaction mixture reaches chemical equilibrium, the activities of the components (and thus the reaction quotient) approach constant values. The equilibrium constant is defined to be the asymptotic value approached by the reaction quotient:  In principle, reactions take an infinite amount of time to reach equilibrium; in practice, equilibrium is considered to be reached, in a practical sense, when concentrations of the equilibrating species no longer change perceptibly (with respect to the analytical instruments used).  If a reaction mixture is initialized with all components having an activity of unity, that is, in their standard states, then  This quantity, Δ"G°", is called the "standard Gibbs free energy of reaction".  All reactions, regardless of how favorable, are equilibrium processes, though practically speaking, if no starting material is detected after a certain point by a particular analytical technique in question, the reaction is said to go to completion. For example, the burning of octane, CH + / O → 8CO + 9HO has a Δ"G° ~ –"240 kcal/mol, corresponding to an equilibrium constant of 10, a number so large that it is of no practical significance, since there are only ~5 × 10 molecules in kilogram of octane. Nevertheless, the process is an equilibrium, in principle.

External links.

Reaction quotient tutorials

In chemical thermodynamics, the reaction quotient ("Q" or just "Q") is a quantity that provides a measurement of the relative quantities of products and reactants present in a reaction mixture for a reaction with well-defined overall stoichiometry, at a particular point in time. Mathematically, it is defined as the ratio of the activities (or molar concentrations) of the product species over those of the reactant species involved in the chemical reaction, taking stoichiometric coefficients of the reaction into account as exponents of the concentrations. This functional form obeys the law of mass action, and, in the special case that the reaction is at equilibrium, the reaction quotient is constant over time and is equal to the equilibrium constant.

在化学中,一个反应商(英语:Reaction quotient)Q是一个活性度或反应内化学物浓度的函数。在化学平衡这个特殊情况下,该反应的反应商等于平衡常数。


Description.

WFOEs may be limited-liability companies, as distinct from corporations, partnerships (limited or general), and proprietorships organized by foreign nationals and capitalized with foreign funds. WFOEs are mostly used by foreign companies to start a manufacturing operation in China. This can give greater control over the business venture in mainland China and avoid a multitude of problematic issues which can potentially result from dealing with a domestic joint venture partner. Such problems often include profit not being maximized, leakage of the foreign firm's intellectual property and the potential for joint venture partners to set up in competition against the foreign firm after siphoning off knowledge and expertise.  WFOEs are often used to produce the foreign firm's product in mainland China for later export to a foreign country, sometimes through the use of Special Economic Zones which allow the importation of components duty-free into China, to then be added to Chinese-made components and the finished product then re-exported. An additional advantage with this model is the ability to claim back VAT on the Chinese manufactured component parts upon export. In addition, WFOEs now have the right to distribute their products in mainland China via both wholesale and retail channels.  Another recent variant (the Foreign Invested Commercial Enterprise FICE) of the WFOE has also come into effect, and are used mainly for trading and buying and selling in China. The registered capital requirements for a FICE are lower than for a WFOE as the FICE does not need to fund plant and machinery acquisitions.

Advantages.

WFOEs are among the most popular corporate models for non-PRC investors due to their versatility and structural advantages of a representative office or joint venture.  Such advantages include:  A key feature of a WFOE is that it allows for any profits made in running the business to be repatriated without prior approval of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE). Dividends cannot be distributed and repatriated overseas if the losses of previous years have not been covered while dividends not distributed in previous years may be distributed together with those of the current year. Repatriation of the registered capital is possible upon dissolution of the WFOE. For most WFOE types, paid-in capital is no longer a part of business registration. When the company is registered, no capital verification report is required either.

Disadvantages.

The disadvantages of establishing a WFOE include the inability to engage in certain restricted business activities, limited access to government support and a potentially steep learning curve upon entering the mainland Chinese market. As a WFOE is a type of limited liability company, it requires the injection of foreign funds to make-up the registered capital; something unnecessary with a Representative Office. Normally 15% of the total investment needs to be injected within one month after obtaining the business license starting from 50,000 USD. It is important to note that regional differences in regulations and practical differences in the application of Chinese legislation can also apply. A WFOE comes with more legal rights than a Representative Office (RO). Consequently, its process of liquidation is more time consuming and expensive when compared to ROs. The liquidation is divided into four steps and might take up to 12 months (notification of the relevant authorities, setting up a liquidation committee, submission of a liquidation report to the authorities, deregistration of the company and closing of the bank account).

A wholly foreign-owned enterprise (WFOE, sometimes incorrectly WOFE) is a common investment vehicle for mainland China-based business wherein foreign parties (individuals or corporate entities) can incorporate a foreign-owned limited liability company. The unique feature of a WFOE is that involvement of a mainland Chinese investor is not required, unlike most other investment vehicles (most notably, a sino-foreign joint venture).

外商独资企业,也称外资企业,是中华人民共和国的一种企业形式,它属于三资企业的一种。


Plot.

In the later stages of World War II, ten-year-old Johannes "Jojo" Betzler joins the "Deutsches Jungvolk". Jojo is an innocent boy but heavily indoctrinated with the Nazi ideals (manifested in his imaginary friend, Adolf, a supportive and buffoonish version of Adolf Hitler). On the day of his first Hitler Youth training camp run by Captain Klenzendorf, he is given the derisive nickname "Jojo Rabbit" by the other children after refusing to kill a rabbit to prove his killer instinct. Pepped up by Adolf, he returns to prove his bravery, stealing a "Stielhandgranate" and throwing it without supervision. The grenade explodes at his feet, leaving him scarred and limping. Jojo's mother Rosie coerces Klenzendorf into ensuring that Jojo is included and given responsibilities. Jojo is given small tasks such as spreading propaganda leaflets throughout the town, and collecting scrap for the war effort.  Alone at home one day, Jojo discovers Elsa Korr, a teenage Jewish girl and his late sister's former classmate, hiding upstairs. Jojo is both terrified and aggressive towards Elsa, who easily outwits and overpowers the young boy's attempts at guile and aggression. The two are left in a stalemate as the revelation that Rosie is hiding Elsa would lead to Rosie's execution, and neither Jojo or Elsa are willing to tell Rosie that they know for fear of what would happen next. Jojo continues to speak to Elsa, doing his best to uncover her "Jew secrets" so he can write a book about Jews for Klenzendorf. Elsa is both saddened and amused by the doctrine that Jojo believes. When she tells Jojo about her fiancé Nathan, Jojo forges a letter from Nathan claiming to have found someone else. When he sees her hurt by this, he quickly puts together a retraction.  Jojo begins acting out with his mother, angry at her seeming lack of patriotism. Rosie opposes the war and the Nazi doctrine, openly mourns the public hangings of those who resist the Nazis, and she espouses her belief that positivity and optimism are the best ways to be free of oppression. Rosie also tells Elsa that Jojo is still innocent and laments the doctrine that he believes, which makes it impossible for her to reveal Elsa to him. Meanwhile, Jojo, who is warming up to Elsa, argues with an increasingly hostile Adolf about his patriotism. Jojo spots his mother leaving a "free Germany" message in town.  Jojo and Elsa are alone in the house when the Gestapo stop by for a surprise inspection with Klenzendorf in tow. The Gestapo are suspicious when Elsa poses as Jojo's late sister and produces Inge's papers. Klenzendorf inspects them and quizzes Elsa on her birthday, confirming its authenticity. After the Gestapo leave, a shaken Elsa reveals that she got the date wrong and that Klenzendorf had covered for her. Elsa is convinced that the Gestapo are aware of the deception. Later on, Jojo finds Rosie hanged in the public square. He returns home and tries to stab Elsa, but breaks down in tears.  With the Allies closing in, the civilian population (including the Hitler Youth) are armed to defend the city. Jojo runs into his friend Yorki, who tells him Hitler has committed suicide. Despondent, Jojo hides until the battle is won, with the Americans occupying the city. As he wanders the city, he is seized by Russian soldiers alongside a wounded Klenzendorf. After a brief conversation, Klenzendorf tells Jojo to look after his sister, then tears off Jojo’s Hitler Youth coat and denounces him as a Jew to ensure the soldiers do not execute him. The soldiers drag Jojo away as Klenzendorf is executed by firing squad.  Jojo runs home and, to stop Elsa from leaving, tells her Germany won the war. Recognising her despair, he recites a new letter from Nathan, claiming that he and Jojo have figured out a way to smuggle her to Paris. Elsa confesses that Nathan died of tuberculosis the previous year. Jojo tells her he loves her, and she tells him she loves him like a "younger brother". A disheveled Adolf angrily confronts Jojo for siding with Elsa, and Jojo kicks him out the window. Outside, Elsa sees American soldiers and realizes the Allies have won the war. She slaps Jojo in the face for lying, and then they dance in the street.

Cast.

Identical twins Gilby and Hardy Griffin Davis, younger brothers of Roman Griffin Davis, portray a series of "Hitlerjugend" clones in the care of Fräulein Rahm in cameo appearances.

Production.

In March 2018, it was revealed that Taika Waititi would direct, write, co-produce, and co-star in the film, as an imaginary Adolf Hitler. Speaking of the context of the role, Waititi stated "It's my version of... a lonely boy's best version of his hero, which is really his dad," referencing the fact that the film's protagonist, a 10-year-old boy, is desperate to join Hitler's ranks during World War II. Later that month, Scarlett Johansson joined the cast to portray the child's mother, who is secretly anti-Nazi, and in April 2018, Sam Rockwell joined the cast as "a Nazi captain who runs a Hitler Youth camp." In May 2018, Rebel Wilson was added to play "a brutish instructor in the Hitler Youth Camp the young man has just been recruited to attend." Filming was set to begin in Prague shortly thereafter, and exterior shots took place in Žatec and Úštěk. Later in May, newcomer Roman Griffin Davis was officially cast as the lead, the son of Johansson's character, and New Zealander Thomasin McKenzie was added as Elsa Korr, the Jewish girl whom Johansson's Rosie hides in her home. In June 2018, Alfie Allen was cast as Finkel, the second in command to Captain Klenzendorf, and Stephen Merchant was cast as Captain Deertz, a Gestapo agent.  Principal production started on May 28, 2018. Reshoots were completed in February 2019.

Release.

"Jojo Rabbit" had its world premiere at the 44th Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2019. It screened at Fantastic Fest in Austin on September 19, 2019, and opened the San Diego International Film Festival on October 15, 2019. It also screened at film festivals in Chicago, Philadelphia, Hawaii, New Orleans, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Middleburg, Virginia, and at the UK Jewish Film Festival. The film was theatrically released in New Zealand and the United States on October 18, 2019, opening in several cities before expanding in the following weeks and playing in 798 theaters in the U.S. nationwide beginning November 8, 2019.  20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the film as a digital download on February 4, 2020 and on DVD and Blu-ray disc formats in the United States on February 18. In international territories, the film was released on DVD and Blu-ray by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment.

Reception.

Box office.

, "Jojo Rabbit" has grossed $33.4 million in the United States and Canada and $57 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $90.3 million.  In its limited opening weekend, the film made $349,555 from five theaters, an average of $69,911 per venue (the fourth-best of 2019). The film expanded to 55 theaters in 10 cities the following week, making $1 million, and in its third weekend, it grossed $2.3 million from 256 theaters. It went wide the following weekend, making $4 million from 802 theaters. The film's theater count peaked the following weekend, making $2.8 million from 995 theaters, before making $1.6 million in its sixth weekend. The weekend of the Oscars, during the film's 17th week of release, it made $1.5 million from 1,096 theaters, for a running total of $30.3 million.

Critical response.

On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 79% based on 395 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10. The website's critics consensus reads: ""Jojo Rabbit"s blend of irreverent humor and serious ideas definitely won't be to everyone's taste—but either way, this anti-hate satire is audacious to a fault." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 58 out of 100, based on 57 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while those at PostTrak gave it an overall positive score of 96%, with 87% saying they would definitely recommend it.  Brian Truitt, writing for "USA Today", gave the film four out of four stars, calling it "brilliant Nazi-mocking satire", praising the performances and writing: "As much as it makes you laugh, Waititi's must-watch effort is a warm hug of a movie that just so happens to have a lot of important things to say." In a positive review, Steve Pond of "TheWrap" wrote that "there's real heart in "Jojo Rabbit", too. This is a dark satire that finds a way to make a case for understanding. As circumstances slowly chip away at Jojo's hate-driven worldview, the black comedy finds room for some genuinely touching moments."  Richard Roeper of the "Chicago Sun-Times" awarded the movie 3.5 out of four stars, lauding it as "uncomfortably funny, unapologetically insensitive, cheerfully outrageous" and concludes that writer-director Waititi "delivers a timely, anti-hate fractured fairy tale." In another positive review, Stephanie Zacharek of "Time Magazine" writes: "It's Waititi's ability to balance unassailable goofy moments with an acknowledgment of real-life horrors that makes the movie exceptional." Adam Graham of the "Detroit News" gave it the grade "A-", calling it an "enchanting, whimsical satire about the absurdity of war as seen through a child's eyes" as well as "a smart, accessible, inclusive film that opens doors at a time when many are slamming them shut."  "Variety"s Owen Gleiberman said that the film "creates the illusion of danger while playing it safe" and wrote that "it lacks the courage of its own conventionality. It's a feel-good movie, all right, but one that uses the fake danger of defanged black comedy to leave us feeling good about the fact that we're above a feel-good movie." Eric Kohn of IndieWire gave the film a grade of "C", writing that "Despite a few flashes of tragedy, "Jojo Rabbit" lingers in a charming muddle of good vibes without really confronting their implications. [Waititi] may be one of the few working directors capable of injecting quirky scenarios with real depth, but in this case, he reduces the underlying circumstances—you know, that Holocaust thing—to a superficial prop."  A. O. Scott of "the New York Times" wrote that "The particulars of the evil can seem curiously abstract, and the portrayal of goodness can feel a bit false, and forced" and that "Elsa's Jewishness has no real content. She exists mainly as a teaching moment for Johannes. Her plight is a chance for him to prove his bravery." Keith Uhlich of "Slant Magazine" gave the film zero stars, criticizing the film's premise, lack of historical accuracy and realism, and use of antisemitic canards and stereotypes, and wrote that Waititi's performance as Hitler is "aiming for "The Great Dictator" but barely hitting ""." "Little White Lies" Hannah Woodhead criticized the film for its inclusion of a sympathetic Nazi character, Captain Klenzendorf, writing that it "feels oddly impartial, keen to note that actually, there were some Nice Nazis Too. That's not really something we need to hear in 2019, with white nationalism back in vogue and on the march across much of western civilisation."

Jojo Rabbit is a 2019 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Taika Waititi, based on Christine Leunens's 2008 book "Caging Skies". Roman Griffin Davis portrays the title character, Johannes "Jojo" Betzler, a Hitler Youth member who finds out his mother (Scarlett Johansson) is hiding a Jewish girl (Thomasin McKenzie) in their attic. He must then question his beliefs, while dealing with the intervention of his imaginary friend, a fanciful version of Adolf Hitler (Waititi) with a comedic stand on the politics of the war. The film also stars Rebel Wilson, Stephen Merchant, Alfie Allen, and Sam Rockwell.

是一部于2019上映的美国黑色喜剧剧情片,由塔伊加·维迪提编剧和执导。电影改编自克莉丝汀·卢南斯 (Christine Leunens)的小说《Caging Skies》,由罗曼·格里芬·戴维斯 (Roman Griffin Davis)、汤玛逊·麦肯锡(Thomasin McKenzie)、导演塔伊加·维迪提本人(Taika Waititi)、瑞贝尔·威尔森 (Rebel Wilson)、史蒂芬·默钱特 (Stephen Merchant)、阿尔菲·阿伦 (Alfie Allen)、奥斯卡最佳男配角得主山姆·洛克威尔 (Sam Rockwell)和史嘉蕾·乔韩森 (Scarlett Johansson)主演。


Variability.

RV Tau was discovered to be variable in 1905 by Lydia Ceraski, and by 1907 it was clear that it had minima of alternating brightness. Over a period of 78.5 days it shows two maxima at around magnitude 9.5, a minimum around magnitude 10.0, and another minimum about 0.5 magnitudes fainter. This change in brightness is caused by pulsations: the temperature and radius vary, causing some variation in luminosity but mostly a shift of the emitted radiation from visual to infrared. The spectral type varies in line with the temperature, being classified as G2 at its brightest and M2 at its dimmest. In addition to the fundamental period given, RV Tauri also exhibits small variations in its mean brightness over a period of 1,216 days. The maxima and minima in each period vary by several tenths of a magnitude with no obvious regularity.

Visibility.

RV Tau is well placed for northern hemisphere observers during the winter months, and observations can be made from August to April. However it is faint, located in a nondescript patch of sky between The Pleiades and Beta Aurigae.

Properties.

The distance to RV Tau has been calculated by various methods, including modelling the atmosphere. RV Tauri stars have been shown to follow a period-luminosity relationship, and this can be used to confirm the luminosity and distance. They have low masses, but are extended cool stars of high luminosity undergoing strong mass loss. RV Tau has a luminosity of but a spectral luminosity class of bright supergiant (Ia), indicating the rarified nature of its atmosphere.  Surface abundances show enhancement of heavy elements, thought to have been dredged up during an earlier AGB phase. Carbon in particular is strongly in excess in RV Tau.  RV Tau is surrounded by a dusty circumstellar disc, a common feature of RV Tauri variables. It has been suggested that the formation of the disk is related to a binary companion, but none has been detected.

Evolution.

RV Tau is likely a post-asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star, an originally sun-like star which is in the end stages of its life just prior to the expulsion of a planetary nebula and contraction to a white dwarf. RV Tau gives an insight into the lives and deaths of stars like the Sun. Evolution models show it takes about 10 billion years for a 1 solar mass () star to reach the Asymptotic Giant Branch.

RV Tauri ("RV Tau") is a star in the constellation Taurus. It is a yellow supergiant and is the prototype of a class of pulsating variables known as RV Tauri variables.

金牛座RV是在金牛座内的一颗恒星,它是一颗渐近巨星分支(AGB)后期的恒星,并且是金牛座RV型变星的原型。虽然其光谱被归类为超巨星,但这仅仅是根据其表面重力分类的结果,该星的光度和质量均远低于真正的黄超巨星。它的光度以超过78.7天的周期在+9.8至+13.3等之间变化著,伴随着光度的变化还有光谱的改变,在最亮时的光谱是G2型,最暗时是M2。除了基本的周期外,金牛座RV还展示出超过1,224天的平均光度变化周期,在这个周期内的最大和最低光度都会降低。 这个恒星的质量现在估计为0.8-1.2个太阳质量,光度在太阳的2000-6500倍之间变化。该星的半径约为太阳的90倍。


Early life.

Ayton's biological father is Nigerian and his mother, Andrea, is of Jamaican and Bahamian heritage. Ayton was first scouted by an Annual Bahamian basketball magazine called the Bahamian Basketball Yearbook. At the age of 12, Ayton was scouted by the All Bahamian Brand who were visiting Bahamas Academy High School, a tiny private school then located on Wulff Road in Nassau. The scouts came when Ayton, a tuba and soccer player, was at band practice, rather than basketball practice, but were impressed by his 6'5" frame. Ayton moved to San Diego, California to play high school basketball.

High school career.

Ayton attended Balboa School in Escondido, California and started on the varsity basketball team for two years. As a sophomore in 2014–15, Ayton led Balboa to a 17–14 record, averaging 21 points, 16 rebounds and 3.8 blocks per game. He racked up double-doubles in 21 of 22 regular season games. That summer, he averaged 16.5 points, 13.5 rebounds and 2.2 blocks a game for Supreme Court AAU (California) on the Under Armour circuit. As a standout in his class, he elected to transfer from Balboa City School to explore an opportunity at a Prep Academy.  Ayton, now a junior in 2015–16, transferred to Hillcrest Prep Academy in Phoenix, Arizona to play out his last two years. During this high school year, he became teammates with another top-tier Class of 2017 player in 2018's #2 pick Marvin Bagley III. Throughout his junior year, Ayton averaged 29.2 points, 16.7 rebounds, 3.8 blocks per game.  As a senior in 2016–17, Ayton led Hillcrest to a 33–6 record and national rankings across multiple outlets while averaging 26 points, 15 rebounds and 3.5 blocks. While representing the World Select team, Ayton played at the 2016 Nike Hoop Summit, chipping in with eight points to go along with seven rebounds.

Recruiting.

Ayton was considered one of the top prospects in the 2017 recruiting class by Scout.com, Rivals.com and ESPN. Ayton was rated as a five-star recruit and the No.3 overall recruit and No.1 center in the 2017 high school class. In 2015, he was ranked by Scout as the top prospect in all of high school in their "Ultimate 100" list. He had narrowed his choices between three schools: Arizona, Kansas and Kentucky. On September 6, 2016, Ayton committed to play for the Arizona Wildcats, and he signed his letter of intent.

College career.

Ayton made his debut with the University of Arizona on November 10, 2017, recording 19 points, 12 rebounds, and 3 blocks in a 101–67 win over the Northern Arizona Lumberjacks. His 19 points was 7th most for a freshman in an Arizona debut. Throughout his college career, he was used as a power forward instead of center; Dušan Ristić was Arizona's starting center instead. On December 9, 2017, Ayton recorded what was, at the time, a season-high 29 points and 18 rebounds in an 88–82 win over the Alabama Crimson Tide. On December 30, 2017, against the in-state rival Arizona State Sun Devils, he recorded 19 rebounds, which would be a season-high at the time. On January 20, 2018, against Stanford, he blocked 6 shots, which tied him for most in Arizona freshman single game history. He had also recorded 17 20-point games and 23 double-doubles through 34 games. However, while Ayton had some great successes during his freshman season, there were also controversies mired during his last few months there.  On February 23, 2018, a reported FBI wiretap revealed Arizona's head coach, Sean Miller, allegedly talked with Christian Dawkins (a key figure involved in the 2017–18 NCAA Division I men's basketball corruption scandal) to discuss paying Ayton $100,000 to allow him to enter the university, with the monetary situation being dealt with directly to him. While Miller would not be coaching the next game a day later against Oregon (assistant coach Lorenzo Romar would replace Miller that night), Ayton would still be allowed to play that day as the starting center. In that game, Ayton would record 28 points, 18 rebounds, and 4 blocks in the overtime loss to Oregon. The wiretapped conversation reportedly occurred in 2016, when Ayton was still attending the Hillcrest Prep Academy. Later on October 11, 2018, a government official revealed a now-former Adidas consultant named T.J. Gassnola paid a currently unknown amount of money to Ayton's family via Christian Dawkins in order to attend some Adidas sponsored programs. On May 2, 2019, federal prosecutors played a wiretapped call from June 20, 2017 between Dawkins and former assistant coach Emanuel Richardson that Miller was paying Ayton $10,000 per month while enrolled at Arizona.  On March 3, 2018, after their last regular season home game against California, where he'd record 26 points and a career-high 20 rebounds in a 66–54 win over California, head coach Sean Miller honored Ayton, as well as underclassmen Rawle Alkins and Allonzo Trier, with confirmations that they'd all be entering the 2018 NBA Draft at the end of this season. On March 9, Ayton would record a career-high 32 points with 14 rebounds in a 78–67 overtime win against UCLA. He'd tie that career high for points the next day alongside grabbing 18 rebounds in the Pac-12 Championship game against USC, where the Wildcats won 75–61. Ayton would be named the Pac-12 Tournament's Most Outstanding Player during the event. At the end of the regular season, Ayton was named both the Pac-12's Player of the Year and Freshman of the Year, as well as become a member of the All-Pac-12 first team (in terms of both regular voting and voting through the Associated Press) and be named the winner of the Karl Malone Award. He was also voted a consensus first-team All-American. Furthermore, Ayton was one of three freshman to be a part of the All-American First Team, joining Marvin Bagley III and Trae Young for the most consensus freshmen First Team members in a season.  Following Arizona's upset loss to the University at Buffalo in the Round of 64 of the 2018 NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament, Ayton announced his intention to forgo his final three seasons of collegiate eligibility and declare for the 2018 NBA draft, where he was expected to be a top-tier lottery selection, if not the potential #1 draft pick. On April 26, 2018, Ayton announced he signed with agent Nima Namakian of BDA Sports.

Professional career.

Phoenix Suns (2018–present).

2018–19 season.

On June 21, 2018, the Phoenix Suns selected Ayton with the first overall pick in the 2018 NBA draft. He was the franchise's first No. 1 pick in their history. Never before had the player picked with the first overall selection gone to a team from the state where he played in high school and college before entering the NBA. Ayton joined the 2018 NBA Summer League Suns squad on July 1, 2018, signing his rookie-scale contract five days later. In his Summer League debut on July 6, Ayton recorded 10 points and 8 rebounds in a 92–85 win over the Dallas Mavericks. At the end of the event, Ayton averaged a double-double of 14.5 points and 10.5 rebounds in four games played and named a member of the All-Summer League Second Team. He also averaged 18.2 points, 9.8 rebounds, 2 blocks, 1.4 assists, and 0.8 steals per game in five games during the 2018 preseason with the Suns. Near the end of the preseason, he led all NBA players in points, rebounds, blocks, free-throws, and field goal attempts.  Ayton made his NBA debut in the season opener on October 17, 2018 and earned a double-double with 18 points and 10 rebounds, as well as a season-high 6 assists, a steal, and a block with 36 minutes played as a starter in a 121–100 win over the Dallas Mavericks. It made Ayton the first player to record these stats in their debut game since Lew Alcindor in 1969, as well as the third player since Oscar Robertson in 1960. Five days later, Ayton recorded a double-double of 20 points and 14 rebounds (alongside 5 assists) in a 123–103 loss to the Golden State Warriors. On October 27, he recorded 24 points on near-perfect shooting (12/13 shots made) alongside 5 assists in a loss to the Memphis Grizzlies. He became the second rookie in 40 seasons (first being Adam Keefe) to score at least 12 shots with a 90% or higher field goal percentage. Six days later, Ayton recorded a double-double of 17 points and a season-high 18 rebounds in a 107–98 loss to the Toronto Raptors. Ayton later recorded a new career high of 33 points, alongside 14 rebounds, in a 122–118 loss to the Denver Nuggets on December 29. Through the first half of the season, Ayton started in every game for the Suns when he was healthy, save for one. On January 29, 2019, Ayton was named a member of the World Team for the Rising Stars Challenge in the 2019 NBA All-Star Weekend. On March 27, Ayton broke Alvan Adams' rookie record for most double-doubles recorded by a rookie in franchise history. However, Ayton sprained his left ankle three days later against the Memphis Grizzlies, ending his rookie season early. He became the third rookie in a decade to average a double-double in their rookie season, joining Blake Griffin and Karl-Anthony Towns. At the conclusion of the season, Ayton was named as one of three finalists for the NBA Rookie of the Year Award in the 2019 NBA Awards show. On May 21, Ayton was selected to the 2019 All-Rookie First Team.

2019–20 season.

On October 24, 2019, after the 2019–20 season opener, Ayton was suspended for 25 games after testing positive for a diuretic, violating the league's anti-drug policy. He returned from his suspension on December 17 against the Los Angeles Clippers, putting up 18 points and 12 rebounds in a 120–99 loss. Ayton was later immediately sidelined for the next five games due to a sprained right ankle before returning again, this time coming off the bench, on December 30 in a 122–116 win over the Portland Trail Blazers. He returned as a starter proper, albeit as a power forward, on January 3, 2020 in a 120–112 win over the New York Knicks. After a few more games, Ayton became the team's starting center again on January 16. That night, he scored 26 points and grabbed a career-high 21 rebounds in a 121–98 win over the Knicks. He became the first Suns player since Steve Nash to put up a 20/20 kind of game for the team (first player since Amar'e Stoudemire in terms of points and rebounds specifically), as well as the youngest player to have 25+ points and 20+ rebounds in the Madison Square Garden. On January 28, Ayton scored a season-high 31 points in a 133–104 win over the Dallas Mavericks. Two days later, Ayton was announced to return to the Rising Stars Challenge for the World Team; he joined only Amar'e Stoudemire and Devin Booker as announced participants in the event for the Suns as both a rookie and sophomore, though he would not play due to a left ankle injury, eventually being replaced by Nicolò Melli. On February 8, Ayton scored 28 points and grabbed 19 rebounds in a loss to the Denver Nuggets. He became the quickest player in franchise history to reach 1,000 rebounds at 94 games, as well as the fourth-quickest player to reach 1,000 since 1992. Ayton later matched his performance of 28 points and 19 rebounds on February 22 in a 112–104 win over the Chicago Bulls.

Player profile.

Ayton is known for being a physically demanding center at 7'1" in shoes, with a weight of 250 pounds being reported during his rookie season with Phoenix. His wingspan has been projected to be at 7'5", while his vertical leap is slated to be at 43.5". He sees his game as something akin to Hakeem Olajuwon's (primarily with his footwork, which allows him to keep up with smaller players) with the competitive mentality of Kevin Garnett. ESPN analyst Jay Williams compared him to David Robinson and Anthony Davis.

National team career.

Ayton represented The Bahamas in the 2016 Centrobasket, the regional basketball championship of FIBA Americas for the Central American and Caribbean subzone where he averaged a tournament-leading 11.1 rebounds per game.

Endorsements.

In June 2018, it was announced he would be sponsored by Puma after the German company announced that they would be returning to the basketball market.

Personal life.

In the days after Hurricane Dorian struck the Bahamas, Ayton donated $100,000 to various relief efforts and held a relief drive on September 10, 2019 to collect further supplies and donations to give to those affected by the hurricane.

Deandre Edoneille Ayton (born July 23, 1998) is a Bahamian professional basketball player for the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Arizona Wildcats in the Pac-12 Conference in the 2017–18 season and was a consensus five-star prospect in the Class of 2017, as well as a McDonald's All-American. Ayton was selected with the first overall pick in the 2018 NBA draft by the Suns. He was selected to the NBA All-Rookie First Team for the 2018–19 NBA season.

德安德烈·艾顿(英语:Deandre Ayton,1998年-7月23日)为现役巴哈马职业篮球运动员。大学时期曾代表亚利桑那大学野猫队参加NCAA一级男子篮球锦标赛,期间获得Pac−12年度最佳新人并入选Pac−12最佳阵容第一队。2018年NBA选秀以第一轮第一顺位被菲尼克斯太阳选中。


Life and career.

AV career - S1 and Alice Japan (2005 – 2013).

Asami was born in Gunma prefecture on March 24, 1987, and made her AV debut in October 2005 at the age of 18. Since the start of her career she was under contract with two large Japanese AV studios, Alice Japan and S1 No. 1 Style. and like most studio-exclusive AV actresses she made one film with each studio every month. Most of her videos with S1 have been with director Hideto Aki while her Alice Japan videos have been primarily directed by Yuji Sakamoto. Both studios specialize in the "softer" type of pornography with straight sex scenes involving a solo actress, with little or no storyline, and an avoidance of the more extreme activities of Japanese porn.  Asami has quickly became one of the most popular AV actresses in Japan since her debut and has regularly placed at the very top in DVD sales and rentals. The DMM website listing of the top 100 AV actresses by sales ranked her as number 1 in both 2006 and 2007.  Asami has been involved with a number of unusual projects for Alice Japan, mostly with director KENGO. Among these are "Amateur Actor Audition – Yuma Asami", released in 2007, with a plot where she supposedly interviews 10 potential AV actors between the ages of 19 and 41 and tests their abilities. On the opposite side of the coin, in the 2008 video "AV Actress Audition – Yuma Asami", the storyline has her acting as the company rep interviewing and coaching 10 aspiring AV actresses. In another video from 2008 ("Number One Idol Yuma Asami Produce Real Virgins") she meets specially selected "virgin" fans who are gently initiated by the actress.  Asami was recognized by AV fans for her work by winning the Grand Prix award at the 2006 AV Actress Grand Prix. In 2007 her S1 video "Hyper Risky Mosaic – Special Bath House Tsubaki" made with 11 other S1 actresses won the First Place Award at the 2007 AV Open competition. In addition, at the annual 2008 Adult Broadcasting Awards, a competition among adult TV channels on satellite broadcaster SKY PerfecTV!, Asami won the award for "Most Appearances" in 2007. She "wowed the crowd" by bending over several times to expose the tops of her breasts. Her November 2008 video "Double Risky Mosaic, Rio & Yuma" was the S1 entry in the 2009 AV GrandPrix where it won the top GrandPrix Award as well as taking the prizes for DVD Sales and Package Design, the Retailers Award, and the Best Featured Actress Video Award.  During her tenure at S1, Asami was also a part of several large-scale and acclaimed projects, like "Maison Esuwan Annex," the sequel to her 2007 video, "Tsubaki", or "S1 TV - Showbusiness Broadcast Goes To The Extreme!," released in January 2010 and directed by Hideto Aki. With a length of nearly four hours, the film featured Asami and several other S1 actresses in an unusually detailed storyline and with a satirical outlook on Japanese television and idol culture mixed with numerous explicit sex scenes. During these years Asami also formed a partnership with fellow famous AV actress Akiho Yoshizawa. The pair had several collaborative projects during their career and remained close friends even after their retirements from the adult film industry.  In June 2010, Asami starred in one of the first two AV's made in 3D, the S1 produced "Attracting The Best Stereoscopic 3D Yuma Asami Sex BODY". The release of the two videos matched the introduction of 3D televisions by Sony and Panasonic and were expected to increase sales of the TVs. When the major Japanese adult video distributor DMM held a poll of its customers in 2012 to choose the 100 all-time best AV actresses to celebrate the 30th anniversary of adult videos in Japan, Asami took second place.  While she mainly worked with Alice Japan and S1 throughout her AV career, Asami made occasional appearances at other studios like Attackers, Premium or E-Body.  Asami's last regular adult film "Young Wife Under Aphrodisiacs Yuma Asami," by S1 was released in June 15, 2013 shortly after her announcement that she was fighting with cancer. Her last (non-sex) appearance before her retirement was in December 2014, on the extra disc of S1's "Memorial Box Set", which detailed her recovery from the illness, and her self-discovery during a vacation on the southern islands.

Non-AV appearances.

In addition to her hardcore video activities, Asami has also made several "gravure" videos, which are essentially glamour films which may include nudity but no sexual acts. She was the star of the softcore direct-to-video (V-Cinema) erotic action flick directed by Yoshikazu Katō. The video, released by GP Museum in October 2006, also featured AV and pink film actress Lemon Hanazawa.  Asami also worked in television, performing in the J-dorama "Shimokita GLORY DAYS" (下北GLORY DAYS) along with fellow S1 actresses Sora Aoi and Honoka and singer-actress Aya Sugimoto. The 12-week series aired on TV Tokyo beginning in April 2006. She played the character "Komori Miha" in the series which was based on the manga of the same name and revolved about a ronin student moving to Tokyo and sharing a house with several beautiful women. In 2007 she appeared in Episode 5 of the late night TV Asahi erotic drama. Asami also had a role in the 2009 sequel to the manga-based TV Tokyo series "Jōō Virgin" (嬢王 Virgin). The series about kyabakura hostesses also featured AV actresses Sora Aoi, Akiho Yoshizawa and Saori Hara.  In another genre, she was also in an erotic horror "pink film",, directed by Hideo Jojo and co-starring Japanese AV actress Yuria Hidaka. In the movie, which premiered in Osaka April 2008, Asami is the mysterious and deadly proprietess of an inn. The film was released as a DVD in October 2008.  In October 2010, Asami starred in "Shinshaku: Yojōhan fusuma no shitabari" (新釈 四畳半襖の下張り), a "new interpretation" (Shinshaku) of the 1973 "pink film" "The World of Geisha" based on the novel by Kafū Nagai. The film was directed by former AV actress Kyōko Aizome and also featured Kyoko Hayami who had appeared in the 2003 cult hit "The Glamorous Life of Sachiko Hanai". The film was released as a DVD in January 2011. She also starred in two more "pink films" for Shintōhō Eiga directed by Kyōko Aizome, the June 2011 in the role of Sada Abe, and the December 2012 based on a novel by Oniroku Dan.  Asami played the role of Oshichi in the mainstream erotic period drama. The film, directed by Hajime Hashimoto and released in June 2013, was based on the kabuki play "Sakura Hime Azuma Bunsho" with a modern twist.

Other activities.

In 2006, Asami was featured as a Cabaret Club hostess in the PlayStation 2 videogame Yakuza 2. She debuted as a singer with the J-pop CD, "Resolution", in January 2008. The CD was packaged with a bonus DVD which includes images, a making-of video and a music video.  Between 2008 and 2013, Asami was a member of the Ebisu Muscats and in 2018 she returned as a PTA member for the newly reformed, second generation Muscats, alongside with Rio and Sola Aoi.  She has also been active in advertising making promotional videos for the adult website Tospo.jp with the QR Code for their site covering her breasts. She also appears on a T-shirt marketed in a collaboration between Cex Work, a new company started up by photographer Yasumasa Yonehara, and the apparel label "THE MASK". The T-shirt, released in October 2007, featured a semi-nude photo of Asami taken by Yonehara.

Personal life.

Cancer, retirement from the industry, and post AV activities.

Asami announced on June 6, 2013, that she had had surgery in February 2013 to remove an ovarian tumor and was currently undergoing treatment and chemotherapy. The tumor was discovered when Asami had an MRI scan because of stomach problems. After removing her uterus and ovaries, the doctors described the cancer as borderline malignant and classified the tumor as Stage 3 (out of 4) as to development. An update from August 2013 reported that she had undergone six chemotherapy treatments and was "on the road to recovery."  In a February 2014 interview, Asami said she wanted to continue with her music career and was writing an autobiography. The autobiographical work (), (the Japanese in the title translates as "Always Believe In Yourself") describing her early life and her battle with cancer, was published by Kodansha () in May 2014. She was also working with a non-profit group "Cancer Net Japan" to promote awareness of ovarian cancer.  On May 20, 2015, Asami announced her retirement from the AV industry. Since her AV retirement, she fully dedicated her career as a musician and singer, making frequent concerts and other live appearances.

Asami's career took a sharp turn in 2013 when she was diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Despite making a full recovery, Asami choose not to return to the AV industry and retired in May 2015. Currently she is an independent singer-songwriter.

麻美由真(,1987年-3月24日),是日本女歌手、前AV女优。她的身高为158cm,体重43kg,血型AB型。喜欢收集香水,会英文和弹钢琴。