Plot.

Walt Longmire (Robert Taylor) is the sheriff of fictional Absaroka County. Sheriff Longmire's longtime friend Henry Standing Bear (Lou Diamond Phillips), a Cheyenne man, provides insight to and sometimes aids in dealing with tribal police. (The Indian reservation has its own police force, which has authority within the reservation boundaries, except for capital crimes.) As the series progresses, the friends deal with issues of gambling at a casino on the reservation, issues of competing jurisdictional authority for protecting people and prosecuting crimes, and other issues of contemporary Native American life.  In the first season, Walt's adult daughter Cady (Cassidy Freeman) is concerned that her father has been stuck since the death of her mother. While preparing to run for re-election, Walt has delegated most police duties to deputies Branch Connally (Bailey Chase) and "The Ferg" (Adam Bartley). Branch has also entered the election, to unseat Longmire, and he is secretly dating Cady. Victoria "Vic" Moretti (Katee Sackhoff), a transplanted Philadelphia homicide detective, arrived in Wyoming six months prior and works as one of Walt's deputies.  In random flashback scenes, Walt and Henry travel separately to Denver, Colorado, where Walt attacks someone in a meth house. Denver Police Homicide Detective Fales (Charles S. Dutton) later comes to Wyoming to talk to Walt and Cady about Cady's mother's death. Cady is shocked to learn her mother was murdered, as Walt had told her she died of cancer. Fales tells Walt they found the murder suspect buried in a shallow grave. Walt denies killing the man; however, Detective Fales suspects that if Walt did not commit the murder, then Henry did.  In the second season, Cady goes to Denver to speak to Detective Fales, who gives her the details of her mother's murder and informs her the suspected murderer has also been killed. When Fales questions her, she says that her father confides in Henry Standing Bear, inadvertently giving Fales a new target of investigation. Henry tells Walt that he killed the murderer because Walt was unable to do so. Vic encounters Ed Gorski (Lee Tergesen), a retired cop from Philadelphia. They discuss the suicide of Gorski's former partner, whom Vic had implicated in a corruption scandal that prompted an internal affairs investigation. Gorski blames Vic for his partner's death and begins to stalk her. Frightened by Gorski's manner, Vic asks Henry for help, and Walt visits Gorski to warn him away. Gorski is subsequently beaten severely. Hector, a Cheyenne mercenary believed to have assaulted Gorski, is protected by Walt. Henry confesses to Walt that he hired Hector to kill Miller Beck, the murderer of Walt's wife, but Hector explains that he beat him and took his teeth as trophies. Fales and his team find the teeth at Henry's bar and arrest him. Walt wins the election. Cady is hospitalized after being hit by a car after hers is sabotaged. Branch investigates, leading to a confrontation with members of the local Cheyenne reservation.  In the third season, as Branch recovers from being shot, he comes to believe he was shot by David Ridges, a Cheyenne who was thought to have committed suicide and been cremated. Walt and the others do not believe him, and he begins his own investigation. In prison, Henry is abused by other Native Americans, led by former Cheyenne reservation police chief Malachi Strand (Graham Greene). Strand believes Henry contributed to his arrest through his friendship with Walt. When Malachi makes it difficult for Henry to obtain an attorney, Cady decides to represent him. Henry gets released on bail and sets out to prove his innocence.  Malachi is also released and begins working as security for Jacob Nighthorse, a prominent Cheyenne businessman and developer. Both Branch and Henry uncover clues that point to Nighthorse's being involved in their cases, with Ridges as a key figure. Walt believes Nighthorse might have had a part in his wife's murder. He begins to believe that Branch is obsessed by his ideas about Ridges and suspends him temporarily, putting him in the care of his father Barlow. Walt and Henry learn that Ridges killed Miller Beck. Walt learns of Ridges' hideout location and kills him in a confrontation, in self defense. Fales drops all charges against Henry, but the investigations continue. Branch questions his father, who admits to having paid Nighthorse to hire Ridges to kill Walt's wife in hopes of helping Branch become sheriff. The season ends with the sound of a gunshot.  In the fourth season, Walt, Vic, and Ferg set out to search for Branch, after finding a disturbing typewritten note on his home computer. Walt finds him dead in a river from what appears to be a self-inflicted shotgun wound. Walt refuses to rule Branch's death a suicide after he finds soil in the shotgun shell. This shows that the shell had been ejected from firing and put back into the gun. Walt thinks that Nighthorse is behind the murder, until a drunken Barlow Connally confesses to the sheriff about killing his own son. The murder had followed Branch's finding out that his father had ordered the murder of Walt's wife. After his confession, Barlow provokes Walt to shoot and kill him, increasing official suspicion of the sheriff's behavior. Meanwhile, Walt and his department join forces with Mathias (Zahn McClarnon), chief of the Cheyenne tribal police, to investigate the rape of a Cheyenne woman, Gabriella (Julia Jones), by several oil-field workers. The men escape prosecution because of conflicting authority and the reluctance of federal officials to prosecute. Walker (Callum Keith Rennie), the oil foreman, buys off Gabriella's family, who urge dropping the case. Henry takes up Hector's role of avenger and plans to exact justice on the rapists. One is found dead, and Gabriella shoots the other as Henry is threatening him. Shot in the dark by Walt, Henry takes Gabriella into the Crow Nation territory to protect her. Both Walt and Walker seek to find her, ending up in a stand-off. Later, Mathias catches up with Henry and takes him into custody. Walt relaxes at home with his new love interest, Dr. Donna Sue Monaghan (Ally Walker), but an unknown intruder invades and shoots them.  In the fifth season, Walt conducts an intense search for the person who kidnapped Donna after the home invasion and seriously wounded him. Walt and Donna continue their relationship. Nighthorse becomes increasingly suspicious of Malachi's activities, and suspects he is skimming at the casino or otherwise earning illegal money. Mathias figures out that Henry has taken over Hector's duties as vigilante and uses that to his advantage. A heroin operation by the Irish mob is discovered in Walt's jurisdiction. Walt defends a wrongful-death suit; if he loses, he will lose everything he owns, and probably his job. Vic learns she is pregnant and suffers an assault. Walt ends his relationship with Donna. A future possibility of a relationship with Vic is suggested as they acknowledge their feelings toward each other. As Henry gives a ride home to a presumably drunk woman, Malachi and his men kidnap him. He is taken to a remote area of the neighboring Crow reservation, staked to the ground, and left to die.  In the first episode of the sixth season, "The Eagle and the Osprey", Henry is still being held by kidnappers and might die if not found. Walt investigates a bank robbery with some unusual aspects. In the final season, several other aspects are explored, including the civil lawsuit against Longmire and his plans for the future.

Development and production.

"Longmire" received a pilot order on December 14, 2010. The pilot was written by John Coveny and Hunt Baldwin, and directed by Christopher Chulack. Coveny, Baldwin, and Chulack serve as executive producers alongside Greer Shephard, Michael M. Robin, and the production companies Warner Horizon Television and the Shephard/Robin Company. The series is an adaptation of the Longmire mystery novels written by best-selling author, Craig Johnson.  The story is set in northern Wyoming, but the series has been filmed in several locations in New Mexico, including Las Vegas, Santa Fe, Eagle Nest, Espanola, and Red River. Buffalo, in Johnson County, in northeast Wyoming, is the setting for some scenes set in the fictional town of Durant, county seat of Absaroka.  Casting announcements began in February 2011, with Robert Taylor cast first in the lead role of Sheriff Walt Longmire. Katee Sackhoff, Bailey Chase, Cassidy Freeman, and Lou Diamond Phillips followed, with Sackhoff cast in the role of Victoria "Vic" Moretti, Chase cast as Branch Connally, Freeman cast as Cady Longmire, and Phillips cast as Henry Standing Bear.  On August 26, 2011, A&E picked up the series for a 10-episode first season. A&E renewed it for a second season on June 29, 2012, following early success as the highest-rated summer scripted drama debut, and as A&E's highest-rated scripted drama. The network renewed it for a third season on November 25, 2013.  In 2013, massive wildfires scorched the Valles Caldera National Preserve, which disrupted the series production. Three fires started over a three-week period, two at the same time. The Prescott Fire Department's Granite Mountain Hotshots assisted in preventing the destruction of the area around where Walt's house is filmed. Nineteen of the Hotshots' 20 members were later killed battling the 2013 Yarnell Hill Fire in Arizona. The second season's finale honored them in the closing credits.  Production for the third season began in early 2014. Filming of the interiors took place in New Mexico at Garson Studios, on the campus of Santa Fe University of Art and Design. According to the New Mexico State Film Office, exteriors were filmed in and around Santa Fe and at Garson Studios.  On August 28, 2014, A&E announced that "Longmire" was cancelled after completing its third season, despite consistently strong viewership that made it "the most-watched original series in A&E history, packing almost 6 million viewers" per episode, "reportedly because it appealed to an older demographic that was unappealing to advertisers" and was produced by an external studio.  Three months later, Netflix confirmed that it had picked up the series (based, in contrast to A&E, on its strong appeal to a specific segment of the audience) and would film additional episodes. The 10-episode fourth season filmed on location in New Mexico, and was made available for viewing in North America and Oceania on September 10, 2015.  On October 30, 2015, Netflix announced that "Longmire" would return for a fifth season. Season-five location filming was scheduled for late March to late June, 2016. It took place primarily in Las Vegas, New Mexico, the town shown in the series. Other locations included towns in the surrounding area. The studio work was completed at Garson Studios at Santa Fe University of Art and Design. The 10-episode fifth season was made available for viewing on September 23, 2016.  According to Eric Witt, director of the Santa Fe Film Office, season-six filming was scheduled to begin in March 2017. By June, the interior scenes had been filmed at Garson Studios; location photography was underway in various New Mexico locations including Santa Fe, Las Vegas, Valles Caldera, Pecos, and other sites in the northern part of the state. The director was T.J. Scott and the producers included Hunt Baldwin, John Coveny, Greer Shephard, and Michael M. Robin. Filming concluded the last week of June.

Release.

Broadcast.

"Longmire" began airing in the United Kingdom on TCM, on March 17, 2013, at 9:00 pm, in Australia on GEM on May 15, 2013, at 9:30 pm. Season two began airing in Australia on July 31, 2013, and in Italy on Rete 4 on July 4, 2013, at 9:00 pm.  The sixth and final season began airing on TCM in the UK, on January 7, 2018.  The series is shown in Ireland on RTÉ One and in Germany on RTL Nitro, as of January 10, 2014, at 10:05 pm. It made its Canadian debut in English, in January 2014 on APTN, and in French on May 26, 2014, on Séries+. International broadcasters retain the rights to new Netflix-commissioned seasons of the show until their licenses expire.

Home media.

The first season of "Longmire" was released on May 28, 2013. It featured a documentary about filming in New Mexico, when the setting is in Wyoming, a gallery of photographic stills, and some unaired scenes. The second season was released on May 13, 2014. The three-disc set included an extended directors' cut version of the seventh episode, "Sound and Fury", as well as the season finale, "Bad Medicine". A bonus featurette, "Testing Courage: The Storm Defines the Man", was also included. The third season, including a bonus featurette, "The Ghost in the Storm", was released on March 3, 2015. The first three seasons were added to Netflix in the United States in June 2015. The fourth season was released on September 16, 2016, in a three-disc, 10-episode set. The Blu-ray releases of the series were handled by the Warner Archive Collection.

Reception.

Ratings.

"Longmire" debuted as A&E's number-one original-series premiere with 4.1 million total viewers.

Critical reception.

In its first season, Nancy DeWolf Smith of "The Wall Street Journal" called the series "the best of two worlds: a modern crime drama with dry wit and sometimes heart-wrenching emotion that's also got a glorious setting under the big sky of Wyoming." She added: "If it weren't for a few modern conveniences, like cellphones and trucks, it might as well be 1875, so rugged and unspoiled does the scenery look." "Newsday"s Verne Gay stated: ""Longmire" arrives as silently as a dust devil kicked up by a high wind on the Wyoming plains. With little in the way of fanfare and a lead actor unacquainted with household name status, it must instead rely on a quiet fortitude, much like its namesake." He added: "Unassuming "Longmire" doesn't shout 'Love Me!' but instead works its charms subtly, quietly. There's promise here." Alan Sepinwall of HitFix said of season one, "there's a sense of place to the show that makes it feel unlike every other cop show on television", and he would "like to see the mysteries grow more engaging as the series moves along, but "Longmire" at least starts with a good foundation in Walt, his sidekicks, and the wide, open spaces they travel."  The "San Francisco Chronicle"s David Wiegand was critical, writing that the series "has the look and feel of a show cooked up by a bunch of bored TV industry types while they were waiting for the valet to bring their car to them at the Beverly Hills Chuck E. Cheese." He added: "There's very little drama, and the pilot episode lumbers along like an overfed elk."  Three years later, after viewing the first three episodes of season four, a top critic on the Roger Ebert site wrote, "It sometimes sounds like faint praise to describe a series like you would a reliable car, but "Longmire" is just a sturdy show. It is well-constructed all around—confidently made, well-acted, and the writing is much smarter than many shows like it. It hums, each episode these three (sic) feeling more well-paced than the one before." At the same point in the series, Mike Hale of "The New York Times" also filed a favorable review, with particular praise for actor Robert Taylor, described as a "modern-day Gary Cooper or Joel McCrea".  In the aggregate, "Longmire" received favorable reviews on Metacritic and Rotten Tomatoes. For example, season four received an average rating of 8.5/10 based on seven reviews on Rotten Tomatoes. By season five, and especially season six, however, no reviews by critics and few comments in the Audience Ratings section have been made.

Accolades.

In 2013, the pilot episode of "Longmire", whose teleplay was written by Hunt Baldwin and John Coveny, was nominated for an Edgar Award by the Mystery Writers of America. The season-two episode, "Party's Over", was nominated by the Entertainment Industries Council for a PRISM Award for Best Drama Series Episode – Substance Use. Also in 2013, the series won the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum's Bronze Wrangler for Fictional Television Drama. The series won a Bronze Key Art Award for its season-two television advertisement, titled "The Oath".  In 2014, Steve La Porte was nominated for a Makeup Artists and Hairstylist Guild Award for Best Special Makeup Effects.  Over the years, the series has also received two Key Art Awards and two Red Nation Film Awards of Excellence, the latter for Supporting Actor A Martinez and Graham Greene.

Longmire is an American modern Western crime drama television series that premiered on June 3, 2012 on the A&E network, developed by John Coveny and Hunt Baldwin. The series is based on the "Walt Longmire Mysteries" series of novels by Craig Johnson. It centers on Walt Longmire, a sheriff in fictional Absaroka County, Wyoming. He is assisted by staff, friends, and his daughter in investigating major crimes within his jurisdiction.

《西镇警魂》(英语:Longmire)是一部美国西部犯罪电视连续剧,定于2012年6月3日在A&E电视台播出。本片由John Coveny和Hunt Baldwin根据畅销作者克雷格·约翰逊所写的《Walt Longmire Mysteries》系列小说改编而成。


Background.

After the Japanese victory at the Yalu River, the Japanese Second Army commanded by General Yasukata Oku landed on the Liaotung peninsula, only some 60 miles from Port Arthur. The Second Army was 38,500 strong and consisted of three divisions: the First Division (Tokyo), Third Division (Nagoya) and Fourth Division (Osaka). Landing was completed by 5 May 1904.  The Japanese intention was to break through this Russian defensive position, capture the port of Dalny, and lay siege to Port Arthur.  Russian Viceroy Yevgeni Alekseyev had been recalled to Moscow for consultations with Tsar Nicholas II. He had left Major-General Baron Anatoly Stoessel in command of Russian ground forces in the Kwantung Peninsula, and Admiral Wilgelm Vitgeft in control of the Russian fleet at Port Arthur. Since no direct orders had been left, the indecisive and incompetent Admiral Vitgeft allowed the Japanese landing to proceed unopposed.  General Stoessel had approximately 17,000 men and the 4th, 5th, 13th, 14th and 15th East Siberian Rifles, from which about 3,000 men of the 5th East Siberian Rifles under Colonel Nikolai Tretyakov were dug into fortified positions on Nanshan hill, where they planned to hold out despite knowing they would be greatly outnumbered. The reserve divisions were under command of Lieutenant-General Alexander Fok, a former police officer who had risen to his position through political patronage rather than experience or ability. The Russian forces had 114 pieces of field artillery, machine guns, and had dug a network of trenches and barbed wire. The Japanese were well aware of the fortifications, as a Colonel Doi of Japanese intelligence was one of the thousands of "Chinese laborers" recruited by the Russians to work on the project in 1903.

The battle.

On 24 May 1904, during a heavy thunderstorm, the Japanese Fourth Division under the command of Lieutenant General Ogawa Mataji attacked the walled town of Chinchou (modern-day Jinzhou District 金州), just north of Nanzan hill. Despite being defended by no more than 400 men with antiquated artillery, the Fourth Division failed on two attempts to breach its gates. Two battalions from the First Division attacked independently at 05:30 on 25 May 1904, finally breaching the defenses and taking the town.  With his flank thus secure, General Oku could then commence the main assault on the entrenched Russian forces on Nanshan Hill. The assault was postponed a day due to the weather. On 26 May 1904, Oku began with prolonged artillery barrage from Japanese gunboats offshore, followed by infantry assaults by all three of his divisions. The Russians, with mines, Maxim machine guns and barbed wire obstacles, inflicted heavy losses on the Japanese during repeated assaults. By 18:00, after nine attempts, the Japanese had failed to overrun the firmly entrenched Russian positions. Oku had committed all of his reserves, and both sides had used up most of their artillery ammunition.  Finding his calls for reinforcement unanswered, Colonel Tretyakov was amazed to find that the uncommitted reserve regiments were in full retreat and that his remaining ammunition reserves had been blown up under orders of General Fok. Fok, paranoid of a possible Japanese landing between his position and the safety of Port Arthur, was panicked by a flanking attack by the decimated Japanese Fourth Division along the west coast. In his rush to flee the battle, Fok had neglected to tell Tretyakov of the order to retreat, and Tretyakov thus found himself in the precarious position of being encircled, with no ammunition and no reserve force available for a counter-attack. Tretyakov had no choice but to order his troops to fall back to the second defensive line. By 19:20, the Japanese flag flew from the summit of Nanshan Hill. Tretyakov, who had fought well and who had lost only 400 men during the battle, lost 650 more men in his unsupported retreat back to the main defensive lines around Port Arthur.

Results.

The Russians lost a total of about 1,400 killed, wounded and missing during the battle. Although the Japanese did not win lightly, having at least 6,198 casualties, they could claim victory. Among the 739 dead was the eldest son of General Nogi Maresuke. The Japanese had fired 34,000 artillery shells during the battle – more than had been expended during the entire First Sino-Japanese War. The Japanese had also fired 2.19 million rifle and machine gun rounds in one day of fighting- more than the number (c. 2 million) fired by the Prussians during the entire Austro-Prussian War.  Due to lack of ammunition, the Japanese could not move from Nanshan until 30 May 1904. To their amazement, they found that the Russians had made no effort to hold the strategically valuable and easily defendable port of Dalny, but had retreated all the way back to Port Arthur. Although the town had been looted by the local civilians, the harbor equipment, warehouses and railway yards were all left intact.  After Japan occupied Dalny, a memorial tower was erected on top of Nanshan Hill with a poem by General Oku. The tower was demolished after the Pacific War, and only the foundation is left. A portion of a stone tablet with the poem is now displayed in the Lushun Prison, Dalian.

The was one of many vicious land battles of the Russo-Japanese War. It took place on 24–26 May 1904 across a two-mile-wide defense line across the narrowest part of the Liáodōng Peninsula, covering the approaches to Port Arthur and on the 116-meter high Nanshan Hill, the present-day Jinzhou District, north of the city center of Dalian, Liaoning, China.

南山会战是日俄战争中许多险恶战役之一。该战役于1904年5月24日至26日在覆盖了旅顺港和116米高的南山的,横贯辽东半岛最狭窄部分的一条两英里宽的防线上进行。


History.

The Sempione Park is located where the Visconti ducal park or "Barcho" was once located. Near the Sforzesco Castle, the park was enlarged and enclosed by the Sforza to become more than 3 million square meters in area. The park was a forest composed mainly of oaks and chestnut woods and inhabited by exotic animals introduced by members of the house of Sforza.  With the fall of the Sforza and the Spanish occupation of Milan the park was abandoned and in 1861 was partly destined for agriculture. The area where the Sempione Park currently stands was instead used as a parade ground for the soldiers who were stationed near the Sforza Castle. The castle was used as a barracks, with consequent deterioration of the structures.  During the Napoleonic era the architect Giovanni Antonio Antolini planned the construction of a large building complex around the castle, called "Foro Buonaparte" in honor of Napoleon; the project was never realized, and in its place the parade ground was transformed into a large lawn for civic use, adorned on the north-eastern side by the Arena, and on the north-western side by the Arch of Peace, point of beginning of the axis of the Simplon.  After the unification of Italy, the military use of the area ceased, and at the same time the city began to experience a demographic increase that required the construction of new neighborhoods. A real estate company proposed to redevelop the area of the castle (which was expected to be demolished) and the parade ground, similar to what was done in the area of the hospital, but the proposal caused strong protests from the citizenship of Milan. This led to the development of the committee established to draw up the first urban regulatory plan, developed up by the engineer Cesare Beruto (the Beruto Plan). This plan, which initially partially incorporated the building ambits on the area, was modified several times to allocate the entire parade ground to a public garden. For the castle a restoration was planned, with the intention to create a destination for cultural uses.  The park, called "Parco Sempione", was built between 1888 and 1894 according to the project of architect Emilio Alemagna, which provided avenues for carriage, a pond and a belvedere where the Biblioteca del Parco Sempione currently stands. The green was designed according to the romantic model of the English parks.

Toponymy.

It owes its name to Corso Sempione, a major thoroughfare of Milan, dating back to the Napoleonic Empire.

Sculptures.

The park hosts permanent sculptures by Arman, Francesco Barzaghi, Giorgio de Chirico and Antonio Paradiso. "Teatro Continuo" (1973), a prominent sculpture by Alberto Burri, was dismantled in 1989. It was restored and repositioned in its original location on the occasion of Expo 2015.

Communications.

The whole area of the park is covered by a free wireless network.

Parco Sempione ("Simplon Park") is a large city park in Milan, Italy. Established in 1888, it has an overall area of, and it is located in the historic centre of the city, inside the Zone 1 administrative division.

森皮奥内公园(Parco Sempione)是意大利米兰的一个大型的城市绿地,位于斯福尔扎古堡后面。这个名字可以追溯到1906年的森皮奥内隧道。同名的森皮奥内大街(Corso Sempione)从公园后面开始延伸。


圣安德肋教堂 (克拉科夫)

History.

The church is possibly the best preserved example of early Romanesque architecture in the city of Kraków and in Poland. The massive building was constructed from stone blocks towards the end of the 11th century, and also fulfilled important defensive functions. The two octagonal looking towers, with the doubled arcade windows are perfect examples and characteristic of Romanesque architecture. They extend high over the body of the church. The apse decorated with a modest arcade freeze and numerous details (including stairs and window frames) maintain the same character.  The structure was probably expanded, extended and strengthened up until the mid-12th century. The church successfully withstood the Tatar-Mongol raid of 1241, providing shelter for the majority of residents and inhabitants of the city. At that time, it was – quite rightly – called “the lower castle” to be distinguished from the nearby “upper” standing on top of the Wawel Hill. It was also sometimes referred to as the second church of Kraków after the Wawel Cathedral. In 1320, the church was entrusted to the Order of Poor Clares, whose convent was built south of the church. Also the brick, Gothic oratorio that today plays the role of the sacristy dates back to that period.  The baroque decoration of the interior, with rich stucco decoration by Italian painter and architect Baldassare "Baltazar" Fontana, comes from the refurbishment that took place after 1700, while the construction of the high altar, attributed to Francesco Placidi was initiated in the upcoming years. Attention is drawn to the pulpit in the shape of a boat, and the musical choir with 18th-century organ in the chancel, decorated in the rococo manner. The baroque steeples added in 1639 contrast with the severity of the Romanesque form of the church.

The Church of St. Andrew in the Old Town district of Kraków, Poland () located at Grodzka Street, is a historical Romanesque church built between 1079 and 1098 by a medieval Polish statesman Palatine Sieciech. It is a rare surviving example of the European fortress church used for defensive purposes.

圣安德肋教堂(波兰语:Kościół św. Andrzeja w Krakowie)是波兰克拉科夫城的一座罗曼式教堂,兴建于1079-1098年。这是罕见的现存欧洲堡垒式教堂之一,也是克拉科夫唯一一座经历了1241年蒙古人进攻而幸存的教堂。其立面较宽阔部分的底部设有小开口,在该教堂充当战乱避难处时用作防御窗。


History.

A new national highway program was initiated in Mexico between 1989 and 1994. Under this program, the federal highway "Cuernavaca - Acapulco", also called the "Route of the Sun", was proposed to be re-routed to reduce the distance, as well as travel time. A new planned route of length was drawn which reduced the distance by between Cuernavaca and Acapulco, and also reduced the travel time between México City and the port of Acapulco to about 3.5 hours.  This rerouting of the highway, however, required crossing of the Balsas River (also known as the Mezcala River) at a location ( from Cuernavaca where the river width from bank to bank varied from. The hill slopes on the banks were also found to be steep. Consequently, the Mezcala bridge was planned and designed to cross high over the river. This bridge is also known by the name "Mezcala-Solidaridad" bridge.  In 2010, as part of Mexico's celebrations for its bicentennial, a series of roads were deemed to be part of "Ruta 2010", that commemorated various paths taken during military campaigns. Highway 95 was a part of the path called "The Sentiments of the Nation Route", which included the connection between Mexico City and Acapulco. The route commemorated a military campaign led by José María Morelos.

Design features.

The innovative overall concept of this bridge featured four adjacent main spans sustained by three consecutive harps of cable stays attached to three tall towers, with the central tower being the central main pylon (pier) of in height. The overall design was by Mexican engineer Modesto Armijo, head of the Mexican company "COMEC SA", for the account of the federal Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes ("Secretariat of Communications and Transportation"). The detailed design was also achieved by Modesto Armijo and Alain Chauvin from "COMEC, S.A.". While COMEC did the structural engineering design, the engineering designs were checked by EEG Europe Etudes Gecti and the cables were supplied by Freyssinet International.  The calculation of the static and dynamic effects of turbulent wind on the bridge, when in service and under construction, was carried out using the "Scanner" computer program, taking into account the aerodynamic measurements made at the Carmel West Wind Laboratory (J. Raggett) on a model of the bridge deck, with the help of Pr Scanlan. Careful studies of the behavior of this bridge under seismic conditions were also carried out using the same computer program.  The valley over which the bridge passes is approximately deep. The bridge consists of six spans, with lengths of the spans in the following order:,,,,, and, for a total length of.

Construction material.

The bridge is categorized as a cable-stayed bridge, and has H-pylon supports with semi-fan arrangement. The piers of the bridge were constructed with reinforced cement concrete. Both the superstructure and the cable are made of steel. Cable supported concrete pylon was adopted due to high seismic conditions of the area.

Failure event.

The multispan stayed or cable bridge suffered damages to one of the stay cables with a minor damage to an adjoining cable during a fire that was created due to an accident on March 17, 2007 between two school buses and a truck at the middle span of the bridge. The truck was carrying coconuts, which was the reason for the fire. After closing the bridge for vehicular traffic temporarily, the cable was replaced; though traffic was partially restored when the cable replacement started. Analysis of the cause of the fire by the American Society of Civil Engineers and the China Communications and Transportation Association indicated that the High-density polyethylene (HDPE) sheathing, which has hydrocarbon composition, was not ideally fire resistant as it caught fire and created the additional fire load which resulted in snapping of one cable line. A moot question that was posed in the analysis was "would this bridge have survived the loss of two or three adjacent cables?" Analysis also showed that multiple cables could be included in a fire caused by a lightning strike.  Bridge designers have examined the lacunae in design of major long span bridges of various types in the world, keeping in view the failures that have occurred in many bridges including the limited failure of the cable of the Mezcala Bridge due to a single point loading event that occurred due to a fire. This study was done with the objective "to enhance the reliability and safety of these major structures in the built environment." The approach now under consideration for cable stayed bridge is "a more rational approach from assigning factors of safety to key elements such as suspenders and stay cables, to setting depth and stiffness requirements."

The Mezcala Bridge (also known as the Mezcala-Solidaridad Bridge), is a cable-stayed bridge located in the state of Guerrero on Highway 95D in Mexico. It spans the Balsas River (known locally as the Mezcala River) close to the western Pacific coast of the country. This bridge, with a total length of and six uneven spans completed in 1993, has been in service since 1994 as a toll bridge.

梅斯卡拉桥,又称为梅斯卡拉团结桥,是一座位于墨西哥格雷罗州(Guerrero)高速公路95D(Highway 95D)的斜拉桥,跨度从巴尔萨斯河到接近墨西哥西太平洋沿岸。总长度为,1993年完成了约六个不对称跨度,1994年起开始收费,成为收费桥。


Structure.

Doge uses two-word phrases in which the first word is almost always one of five modifiers ("so", "such", "many", "much", and "very"), and the departure from correct English is to use the modifier with a word that it cannot properly modify. For example, "Much respect. So noble." uses the doge modifiers but is not "proper" doge because the modifiers are used in a formally correct fashion; the doge version would be "Much noble, so respect." In addition to these phrases, a doge utterance often ends with a single word, most often "wow" but with "amaze" and "excite" also being used.  Since the inception of the meme, several variations and spin-offs have been created, including "liquified Doge", a variation wherein the dog's shape is morphed into other animals, and "ironic Doge", a version where the Doge character is put into ironic and uncharacteristic situations.

Origin and pronunciation.

, the female Shiba Inu featured in the original meme, is a pedigree puppy who was sent to an animal shelter when her puppy mill shut down. She was adopted in 2008 by Japanese kindergarten teacher Atsuko Satō, and named after the citrus fruit kabosu because Sato thought she had a round face like the fruit. Another Shiba Inu featured in the meme is Suki, a female belonging to photographer Jonathan Fleming from San Francisco. His wife had accidentally put a scarf in the wash, making it shrink. He took a photograph of Suki wearing the scarf outside on a cold night in February 2010.  Kabosu was first pictured in a 2010 blog post by Sato; afterwards, variations of the pictures using overlaid Comic Sans text were posted from a Tumblr blog, "Shiba Confessions". However, the use of the intentionally misspelled "doge" dates back to June 2005, when it was mentioned in an episode of "Homestar Runner"s puppet series. The image began to grow in popularity after it was posted on Reddit in October 2010 in a post titled "LMBO LOOK @ THIS FUKKEN DOGE."  The most common pronunciations of "doge" are and. In non-English speaking countries, "doge" is occasionally pronounced "dodge". Those unfamiliar or unacquainted with the meme also use the pronunciations "doggie",,, or simply "dog".

Spread.

Popularity.

In August 2013, images of the meme were spammed on Reddit's r/MURICA subreddit by 4chan's random imageboard, /b/. Online searches for the meme began to increase in July 2013.  The meme was ranked at No. 12 on MTV's list of "50 Things Pop Culture Had Us Giving Thanks For" in 2013. Io9 compared the internal dialog of the Shiba Inu dogs to lolspeak. On December 13, Doge was named the "top meme" of 2013 by Know Your Meme. A report on "The Daily Dot" in December 2016 found that Doge's popularity peaked in 2014 and then fell due to "overexposure and co-option by advertisers and mainstream 'normies'", but remained stable since then and returned to Tumblr's top 10 shared memes of the year in 2016.  Several media publications included Doge on a list of memes that helped define Internet culture in the 2010s, and wrote on the meme's influence of further online developments, such as DoggoLingo and WeRateDogs. Evan McMurry of ABC News and Stacey Ritzen of "The Daily Dot" both ranked Doge as the number-one meme of the 2010s.  In December 2019, Doge was voted as the best Internet meme of the 2010s on a poll held by "The Tab", gaining 737 votes, or 22 percent of total votes cast. "Vox"s Aja Romano included Doge on a list of 11 memes "that captured the decade," writing that it took "cat memes to new, absurdist heights, an early hallmark of neo-Dadaist millennial humor."  The Japanese perception is remarkably different; Kabosu and Satō are rather known as a pet and owner rather than a meme, and her blog is the fourth-most popular pet-related blog in the country as of December 2013. Reacting to the meme, she explained, "To be honest, some pictures are strange for me, but it's still funny! I'm very impressed with their skills and taste. Around me, nobody knows about the doge meme. Maybe I don't understand memes very well, because I'm living such an analog life." Satō has also expressed that she had learned that "the risk of the internet is that anyone in the world can see my life on my blog". Fleming stated that in his experience, the Shiba Inu breed has become more recognized due to the meme.

Use in popular culture.

In late December 2013, members of the U.S. Congress produced material in the meme's style. "The Huffington Post" commented that Doge was "killed" because of the Congress members' usage of the meme.  Google created a Doge Easter egg: when "doge meme" was entered into the YouTube search bar, all the site's text would be displayed in colorful Comic Sans, similar to the kind used by the meme.  In December 2013, the Dogecoin was introduced as a new cryptocurrency, making it the first cryptocurrency to be based on an Internet meme; the viral phenomenon, along with usage of the Comic Sans MS typeface, gave it "the Internet density of a large star" according to Medium writer Quinn Norton. By early 2014, Doge's popularity was sustained by internet communities on social media, accompanied by the rapid growth and acceptance of Dogecoin. In April 2014, Doge experienced a second major media resurgence due to revelations of the Dogecoin community's intent to sponsor Josh Wise in NASCAR and place a picture of the Shiba Inu on his vehicle. The car features in downloadable content for the video game "NASCAR '14". Media outlets have embraced the meme while reporting on the cryptocurrency and the car, with titles featuring phrases such as "so wow" and "very vroom".  In January 2014, Sydney-based web developers Katia Eirin and Bennett Wong created "Doge Weather", a weather website and mobile app incorporating the meme. "Doge Weather" reports the temperature and weather conditions based on the user's geographic location. In April 2014, "Doge Weather" became available as a mobile app for iOS 7 costing 99¢.  In mid-2014, the advertisement agency DDB Stockholm had Doge feature prominently in an advertising campaign for the public transport company SL in Stockholm, Sweden. The advertisement concerned the company's special summer tickets, and featured Doge holding a public transport ticket in his mouth, with phrases such as "many summer", "such cheap" and "very buy". In the video for "Weird Al" Yankovic's 2014 song "Word Crimes", a song about bad grammar, a Doge tweet is used to illustrate the types of bad grammar referenced in that part of the song.  "Doge" was one of several additions to Dictionary.com in November 2015. The website defines it as not just the image macro and its variants, but also the form of "language" that it utilizes.  In the 2015 video game "", a reference to the meme can be found in the North American version only. When examining one of the ancient bookshelves, the text reads "Still, coming here has at least afforded me the rare chance to explore these ancient ruins. So ancient. Such ruin." The reference was met with mixed views from fans of the series. In May 2016, Mozilla's Servo project incorporated the meme into the project logo.  For April Fools' Day in 2017, China Central Television published a hoax story of the death of Kabosu.

Doge (, ) is an Internet meme that became popular in 2013. The meme typically consists of a picture of a Shiba Inu dog accompanied by multicolored text in Comic Sans font in the foreground. The text, representing a kind of internal monologue, is deliberately written in a form of broken English.

Doge(或),是从2013年开始流行的网络迷因。通常是伴随一些Comic Sans MS多色文字的柴犬图像。图像上代表内心独白的文本,是一种故意而为之的蹩脚英语。另外,图片中柴犬的神态也是用于恶搞的原因,并于全球各地拥有大量粉丝,亦有人把它画成画像。


Name.

The name is a triple reference: in honor of the first manned spacecraft to land on the Moon in 1969; in honor of the launching country, the United States, whose symbol is an eagle; and in reference to the golf term "eagle", referring to sinking a ball two strokes under par. The third reference extended the golf metaphor begun with a description of landing in the crater as "a hole in one".

Discoveries in the crater.

Mission scientists were intrigued by the abundance of rock outcrops dispersed throughout the crater, as well as the crater's soil, which appeared to be a mixture of coarse gray grains and fine reddish grains. Upon closer, in-situ examination of the outcrops, whose layers are no thicker than a finger, it was confirmed that Meridiani Planum was once the location of an ancient, somewhat acidic and salty sea, though much more information on the history of this area would start being collected more than three months later, when "Opportunity" visited the much larger crater Endurance to the east. The hematite observed from orbit, whose presence decided the landing site in the first place, was found to be encased in millions of tiny hematite spherules, nicknamed "blueberries", by mission scientists, due to their shape, although they are actually much smaller than real blueberries. These concretions were found soon to be covering not just the outcrops in Eagle crater, but covered the plains beyond as well. The origin of the blueberries was quickly discovered. They appeared to be being eroded out of the outcrops by wind. Images from the rover's microscope discovered blueberries at several stages of this process, with most completely separated, but some still attached by a thin "stalk".

Rocks and outcrops in the crater.

A number of rocks and outcrops were investigated with "Opportunity"s Instrument Deployment Device (IDD). They were given informal names by mission scientists. These include:  The locations of these rocks and outcrops can be seen in the panorama below:

Eagle is a 22-metre long impact crater located on the Meridiani Planum extraterrestrial plain, situated within the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle (MC-19) portion of the planet Mars. The "Opportunity" rover came to rest inside Eagle crater when it landed in 2004. Scientists were delighted that the rover landed there, as the crater contains rocky outcroppings that helped prove that Meridiani was once an ocean floor.

鹰撞击坑(Eagle)是火星上的一个小撞击坑,也是机遇号火星探测漫游者于2004年1月登陆火星后开始探测的起点;位于火星子午线高原,座标 1.95°S, 354.47°E,直径22米,深度3米。科学家们对于机会号降落在该撞击坑相当高兴,因为该撞击坑的岩石露头经过机会号探测以后进一步证明子午线高原古代曾经是海床。


2014年美国网球公开赛

Tournament.

The 2014 US Open was the 134th edition of the tournament and it is held at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park of Queens in New York City, New York, United States.  The tournament was an event run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and was part of the 2014 ATP World Tour and the 2014 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category. The tournament consisted of both men's and women's singles and doubles draws as well as a mixed doubles event. There were singles and doubles events for both boys and girls (players under 18), which was part of the Grade A category of tournaments, and singles, doubles and quad events for men's and women's wheelchair tennis players as part of the NEC tour under the Grand Slam category.  The tournament was played on hard courts and is taking place over a series of 17 courts with DecoTurf surface, including the three main showcourts, Arthur Ashe Stadium, Louis Armstrong Stadium and Grandstand.

Broadcast.

The tournament was scheduled to be broadcast in more than 200 countries around the world. In the United States the tournament was broadcast live on CBS, ESPN, and Tennis Channel. CBS ended its 47-year tenure as the broadcast home of the Open. Beginning in 2015, ESPN will have the exclusive television rights to all USTA events, including the Open and the US Open Series.  In 2014, live coverage emanated from seven courts, including Arthur Ashe Stadium, Louis Armstrong Stadium and the Grandstand, as well as Court 5, Court 11, Court 13, and Court 17.

Point and prize money distribution.

Point distribution.

Below is a series of tables for each of the competitions showing the ranking points on offer for each event.

Prize money.

The US Open total prize money for 2014 was increased by 11.7 percent to a record $38,251,760, which potentially could reach over 40 million dollars, as the top three finishers in the Emirates Airline US Open Series may earn up to an additional $2.6 million in bonus money at the US Open.

Bonus prize money.

Top three players in the 2014 US Open Series received bonus prize money, depending on where they finish in the 2014 US Open, according to money schedule below.

Singles players.

2014 US Open – Men's Singles

Singles seeds.

Seedings are based on rankings as of August 18, 2014. Rankings and points before are as of August 25, 2014.

Women's Singles.

†The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2013. Accordingly, this was the 16th best result deducted instead.  Source: USTA – Men's Singles Wild Cards Source: USTA – Women's Singles Wild Cards  Source: USTA – Men's Doubles Wild Cards Source: USTA – Women's Doubles Wild Cards Source: USTA – Mixed Doubles Wild Cards

Protected ranking.

The following players were accepted directly into the main draw using a protected ranking:

Withdrawals.

The following players were accepted directly into the main tournament, but withdrew with injuries.

External links.

The 2014 US Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 134th edition of the US Open, the fourth and final Grand Slam event of the year. It took place at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center.

2014年美国网球公开赛(英语:2014 US Open,2014年8月25日～9月8日),是2014年网球赛季第四项大满贯赛事及第134届美网,此届创下多项里程碑。


Clinical use.

In the United States, federal guidelines recommend the use of PrEP for HIV-negative adults with the following characteristics:  Other government health agencies from around the world have devised their own national guidelines for how to use PrEP to prevent HIV infection in those at high risk, including Botswana, Canada, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Uganda, the United Kingdom, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.  Often, lab testing is required before starting PrEP, including a test for HIV. Once PrEP is initiated, patients are asked to see their provider at least every three to six months. During those visits, healthcare providers may want to repeat testing for HIV, test for other sexually transmitted infections, monitor kidney function, and/or test for pregnancy.  PrEP has been shown to be effective at reducing the risk of contracting HIV in individuals at increased risk. However, PrEP is not 100% effective at preventing HIV, even in people who take the medication as prescribed. There have been several reported cases of people who despite taking PrEP became infected with HIV. People taking PrEP are recommended to use other risk reducing strategies along with PrEP, like condoms. If someone on PrEP contracts HIV, they may experience the Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS.

Side effects.

Research has shown that PrEP is generally safe and well tolerated for most patients, although some side effects have been noted to occur. Some patients experience a "start-up syndrome" involving nausea, headache, and/or stomach issues, which generally resolve within a few weeks of starting the PrEP medication. Research has shown that the use of Truvada as PrEP has been associated with mild declines in kidney function. These declines were mild, stabilized after several weeks of being on the drug, and reversed once the drug was discontinued. However, these side effects were serious enough for several people on PrEP to file lawsuits against the makers of Truvada as well as the makers of other similar drugs.  Fat redistribution and accumulation has been observed in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy, particularly older antiretrovirals, including fat reductions in the face, limbs, and buttocks and increases in visceral fat of the abdomen and accumulations in the upper back. Research and study outcome analysis suggests that emtricitabine/tenofovir does not have a significant effect on fat redistribution or accumulation when used as pre-exposure prophylaxis in HIV negative individuals. As of early 2018 these studies have not assessed in detail subtle changes in fat distribution that may be possible with the drug when used as PrEP, and statistically significant - though transient - weight changes have been attributed to detectable drug concentrations in the body. Anecdotal evidence does not currently suggest significant reductions in facial or gluteal region adipose tissue and among PrEP users; the drug does not have a "reputation" as a cause of fat changes.  Other potential side effects of Truvada include acute exacerbations of hepatitis B in patients with HBV infection, bone loss, lactic acidosis, and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis.

Access and adoption.

Approval for use.

Truvada was previously only approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat HIV in those already infected. In 2012, the FDA approved the drug for use as PrEP, based on growing evidence that the drug was safe and effective at preventing HIV in populations at increased risk of infection.  In 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued guidelines for PrEP and made similar recommendations for its use among men and transgender women who have sex with men. The WHO noted that "international scientific consensus is emerging that antiretroviral drugs, including PrEP, significantly reduce the risk of sexual acquisition and transmission of HIV regardless of population or setting." In 2014, on the basis of further evidence, the WHO updated the recommendation for men who have sex with men to state that PrEP "is recommended as an additional HIV prevention choice within a comprehensive HIV prevention package." In November 2015 the WHO expanded this further, on the basis of further evidence, and stated that it had "broadened the recommendation to include all population groups at substantial risk of HIV infection" and emphasized that PrEP should be "an additional prevention choice in a comprehensive package of services." , numerous countries have approved the use of PrEP for HIV/AIDS prevention, including the United States, South Korea, France, Norway, Australia, Israel, Canada, Kenya, South Africa, Peru, Thailand, the European Union and Taiwan.  New Zealand was one of the first countries in the world to publicly fund PrEP for the prevention of HIV in March 2018. Funded access to PrEP will require that people undergo regular testing for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, and are monitored for risk of side effects. People taking funded PrEP will receive advice on ways to reduce the risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections.  In Australia, the country's Therapeutic Goods Administration approved the use of Truvada as PrEP in May 2016, allowing Australian providers to legally prescribe the medication.

Availability and pricing.

In the United States, PrEP is available only by prescription. Patients interested in learning more about PrEP can contact their healthcare providers. Emory University hosts a search engine to help U.S. patients with or without insurance find healthcare providers who can prescribe PrEP. Truvada is available from trained pharmacists in California, without a prescription, for a maximum of 60 days.  PrEP drugs can also be expensive, with tremendous variation in cost across different countries. In the U.S., a prescription for PrEP can cost $8,000-$14,000/year. In the UK, a prescription for PrEP can cost about £4,200/year Some health organizations, including the U.K.'s NHS, have challenged the funding of PrEP out of concern for the cost.  In Australia, the cost of PrEP is subsided it has been listed as part of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) since 1 April 2018. This means it now costs $39.50 per month, or $6.40 for those on low incomes, which is the standard co-payment for any drug listed on the PBS.  In Canada access and cost vary by province. As of October 2018 British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador cover the drug through provincial pharmacare plans or drug assistance programs. First Nations, Canadian Armed Forces, and refugees all have access to PrEP covered through federal drug programs. Together this means that more than 93% of Canadians have access to low or no-cost generic PrEP. Generic PrEP costs about $250/month in Canada without insurance while brand name Truvada costs about $1000. Truvada is covered by provincial drug benefit formularies in all provinces for treatment of HIV, however Manitoba, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nunavut, Yukon, and the Northwest Territories have not approved it for coverage if used for prevention.  Multiple programs exist to help make PrEP more accessible to those who might benefit from the drug. In 2015, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published guidelines to help American patients figure out how to pay for PrEP. Those with health insurance can find out from their health insurer whether PrEP and the associated costs (e.g. visits to the doctor, lab tests) would be covered. Those without health insurance or for whom health insurance has declined to pay for PrEP may be eligible for free PrEP from the drug's manufacturer, Gilead. A similar program exists to reduce or eliminate the cost of the copayment for PrEP among insured patients, also sponsored by Gilead.  In the UK, Access to PrEP on the NHS had initially only been available to those on the PrEP Impact Trial, which is limited to 26,000 participants in England but uncapped in Scotland and Wales. As of 14 June 2019, Doctor-4-U became the first online pharmacy to make Pre-exposure prophylaxis available to the UK public via private prescriptions for a fraction of the cost. Since then, more pharmacies have been able to offer the medication allowing others to turn to online pharmacies to access cheaper generic versions of PrEP. For instance, a dramatic decline in new HIV infections in London, UK in 2016 has been attributed by some to access to PrEP through online pharmacies, although others have expressed concerns about the safety and reliability of accessing PrEP through such online pharmacies. In 2020, the British government announced that funding was to be made available to make PrEP available for free on the NHS in England.  Despite these programs, there are significant disparities between PrEP access and uptake in high-risk populations. Patients that are currently accessing PrEP services are not the ones from population in which HIV impacts the most. According to a press release in March 2018 from researchers at the CDC, although two-thirds of individuals who could potentially benefit from PrEP are African-American or Latino, they account for the smallest percentage of PrEP prescriptions. The number of PrEP users in the Northeast region of the U.S. were found to be around twice that of those living in the West, South, or Midwest. Factors that contribute to lack of access are often intersectional, with challenges due to poverty, racism, homophobia, stigma and physician-patient barriers. African-American women and men, especially in the Southern U.S., are observed to have more limited uptake of PrEP at disproportionate rates, despite over half of new HIV diagnoses occurring there.  In December 2019, the U.S. announced the Ready, Set, PrEP program to provide free PrEP to the uninsured through major drugstore chains.

Politics and culture.

Since the FDA approval of PrEP for the prevention of HIV, moves toward greater adoption of PrEP have been met with controversy, especially around the overall public health effect of widespread adoption, the cost of PrEP and associated disparities in availability and access. Many public health organizations and governments have embraced PrEP as a part of their overall strategy for reducing HIV. For example, in 2014 New York state governor Andrew Cuomo initiated a three-part plan to reduce HIV across New York that specifically emphasized access to PrEP. Similarly, the city of San Francisco launched a "Getting to Zero" campaign. The campaign aims to dramatically reduce the number of new HIV infections in the city and relies on expanding access to PrEP as a key strategy for achieving that goal. Public health officials report that since 2013 the number of new HIV infections in San Francisco has decreased almost 50% and that such improvements are likely related to the city's campaign to reduce new infections. Additionally, numerous public health campaigns have been launched to educate the public about PrEP. For instance, in New York City in 2016 Gay Men's Health Crisis launched an ad campaign in bus shelters across the city reminding riders that adherence to PrEP is important to ensuring the regimen is maximally effective.  Despite those efforts, PrEP remains controversial among some who worry that widespread PrEP adoption could cause public health issues by enabling risky sexual behaviors. For instance, AIDS Healthcare Foundation founder and director Michael Weinstein has been vocal in his opposition to PrEP adoption, suggesting that PrEP causes people to make riskier decisions about sex than they would otherwise make. Some researchers, however, believe that there is insufficient data to determine whether or not PrEP implementation has an effect on the rate of other sexually transmitted infections. Other critics point out that despite implementation of PrEP, significant disparities exist. For example, some point out that African Americans bear a disproportionate burden of HIV infections but may be less likely than whites to access PrEP. Still other critics of PrEP object to the high cost of the regimen. For example, the U.K.'s NHS initially refused to offer PrEP to patients citing concerns about cost and suggested that local officials ought to bear the responsibility of paying for the drug. However, following significant advocacy efforts, the NHS has started to offer PrEP to patients in the UK in 2017.

Research.

Most PrEP studies use the drug tenofovir or a tenofovir/emtricitabine combination (Truvada) that is delivered orally. Initial studies of PrEP strategies in non-human primates showed a reduced risk of infection among animals that receive ARVs prior to exposure to a simian form of HIV. A 2007 study at UT-Southwestern (Dallas) and the University of Minnesota showed PrEP to be effective in "humanized" laboratory mice. In 2008, the iPrEx study demonstrated 42% reduction of HIV infection among men who have sex with men, and subsequent analysis of the data has suggested that 99% protection is achievable if the drugs are taken every day. Below is a table summarizing some of the major research studies that demonstrated PrEP with Truvada to be effective across different populations.  PrEP approaches with agents besides oral Truvada are being investigated. There has been some evidence that other regimens, like ones based on the antiretroviral agent Maraviroc, could potentially prevent HIV infection. Similarly, researchers are investigating whether drugs could be used in ways other than a daily oral pill to prevent HIV, including taking a long-acting PrEP injection, PrEP-releasing implants, or rectally administered PrEP. However, it is important to keep in mind that as of 2017 major public health organizations such as the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend only daily oral Truvada for use as PrEP.

Increased risk-taking.

While PrEP appears to be extremely successful in suppressing the spread of HIV infection, there is some evidence that the reduction in HIV risk has led to some people taking more sexual risks; specifically, reduced use of condoms in anal sex, raising risks of spreading sexually transmitted diseases other than HIV. In a meta-analysis of 18 studies, researchers found that rates of new diagnoses of STIs among MSM (men who have sex with men) given PrEP were 25.3 times greater for gonorrhea, 11.2 times greater for chlamydia and 44.6 times greater for syphilis, compared with the rates among MSM not given PrEP. Unlike HIV, these three STIs can be cured with antibiotics. However, the increased rates of such infections and their treatment can lead to antibiotic-resistant mutations of the pathogens; antibiotic-resistant gonorrhea is already a major concern.

Changes in Gay Sex Culture.

Currently PrEP is used predominantly by gay men, often as an alternative to condoms. For the first time since the outbreak of the AIDS crisis, PrEP makes HIV-protected sex without condoms possible and therefore changes the gay sex culture: With the spread of PrEP, condomless sex increases. But because the condom was for a long time the only effective HIV prevention tool, there is still rejection of condomless sex in parts of the gay community. Correspondingly, on online dating platforms such as Grindr, but also to some extent in the media, there is the stigmatization of promiscuous sexuality. PrEP can itself contribute to reducing stigma and (internalized) homophobia, however, because it can help to dissolve the association between gay sex and risk of disease that has been socially prevalent since the outbreak of the AIDS crisis.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is the use of drugs to prevent disease in people who have not yet been exposed to a disease-causing agent, usually a virus. The term typically refers to the specific use of antiviral drugs as a strategy for HIV/AIDS prevention.

暴露前预防(英语:Pre-exposure prophylaxis,缩写为英语:PrEP),又译作“接触前预防”,是指在接触病原体之前用药预防疾病的措施,特指在接触病原体之前服用抗病毒药物预防艾滋病毒/艾滋病的手段,能有效降低高危人群感染艾滋病毒的风险。


History.

Prior to the Airline Deregulation Act in 1978, most major US air carriers had maintained close relationships with independent regional carriers in order to feed passengers from smaller markets into the larger cities, and, in turn, onto the larger legacy carriers. In the post-regulation era, the hub-and-spoke system gained prominence, and in order to feed traffic from smaller markets into these newly established hubs, the major carriers outsourced regional operations to these smaller carriers. These relationships included the use of code sharing, shared branding, and listing regional partners in the computer reservations systems of the mainline carrier.  American Eagle commenced service on November 1, 1984, with a flight from Fayetteville, Arkansas, to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW). This flight was operated by Metroflight Airlines (a wholly owned subsidiary of Metro Airlines), using a Convair 580 turboprop aircraft. Metroflight also operated de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter commuter turboprop aircraft on American Eagle flights serving DFW. Other operators contracted by American Airlines to fly the American Eagle banner during this time included Air Midwest, Air Virginia (later AVAir), Chaparral Airlines, Command Airways, Simmons Airlines, and Wings West.  On September 15, 1986, Executive Airlines joined the American Eagle system. With hub operations at Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in San Juan, Puerto Rico, the addition of Executive Airways to the American Eagle family opened up an extensive inter-island network throughout the Caribbean.  Between 1987 and 1989 AMR Corp. (parent corporation of American Airlines) gradually acquired most of its regional carriers, starting with Simmons Airlines. By 1991, AMR had consolidated its wholly owned regional carriers into four separate entities: Executive Airlines, Flagship Airlines, Simmons Airlines, and Wings West. AMR would later purchase the assets of bankrupt Metro Airlines in 1993. At this point, AMR owned all of the airlines that were operating for American Eagle.  On May 15, 1998, Flagship Airlines and Wings West were merged into Simmons Airlines, with the new entity given the name American Eagle Airlines. Along with Executive Airlines, these would be the only two operators using the American Eagle brand name for the next fourteen years.  After American Airlines acquired Trans World Airlines (TWA) in 2001, it retained the contracts with the carriers that operated under the Trans World Express banner, which, at the time, included Chautauqua Airlines, Corporate Airlines, and Trans States Airlines. However, instead of being integrated into the American Eagle brand, these carriers operated under a separate regional brand known as American Connection. This brand name was used for thirteen years before being discontinued in 2014.

2010s developments.

As part of its restructuring and emergence from chapter 11 bankruptcy, AMR announced that it would start contracting American Eagle flying to carriers outside of its wholly owned subsidiaries. On November 15, 2012, SkyWest Airlines and ExpressJet Airlines, both subsidiaries of SkyWest, Inc. began operations for American Eagle. On August 1, 2013, Republic Airways a subsidiary of Republic Airways Holdings, commenced flying operations under the American Eagle branding as part of a 12-year capacity purchase agreement to operate Embraer E-175 aircraft for American Eagle.  On September 12, 2012 AMR announced the discontinuation of the AmericanConnection brand, and all operations were going to be integrated into the American Eagle brand. However, Chautauqua Airlines, a subsidiary of Republic Airways Holdings and the only operator of American Connection flights at the time of the announcement, opted not to renew its contract. All AmericanConnection flights ended on August 19, 2014.  American Eagle service operated by Executive Airlines ceased operations on March 31, 2013. At the same time, its base at San Juan was dehubbed.  Due to the fact that an increasing number of other carriers were being contracted to fly under the American Eagle brand, it was announced on January 15, 2014, that American Eagle Airlines would change its name to Envoy Air. The name change took effect on April 15, 2014.  Compass Airlines, a subsidiary of Trans States Holdings, began American Eagle operations on March 27, 2015, as part of a deal to operate 20 new Embraer E-175 aircraft on behalf of American. These aircraft are based at American's Los Angeles hub.  Air Wisconsin had announced it would exclusively fly as United Express which commenced in March 2018, ending their involvement in operating flights under the American Eagle brand.  In May 2018, American Airlines announced the termination of its partnerships with ExpressJet and Trans States Airlines as of 2019, meaning the end of those operators conducting American Eagle flights.  In March 2020, due to the reduction in flying in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Compass Airlines announced that it would be ceasing operations on April 5, 2020, ending its operations as American Eagle.

Operators and fleet.

Fleet.

As of April 2020, the combined American Eagle branded fleet consists of the following regional jet aircraft:

Former operators.

• In January 1988, Nashville Eagle became AMR Corp.’s first and only start-up airline, using equipment acquired from Air Midwest. • Business Express was acquired by AMR Eagle Holdings Corporation in March 1999, although it never flew under the American Eagle brand before being fully integrated into American Eagle Airlines, Inc. in December 2000.

Historical regional jet fleet.

The American Eagle brand, through its various regional and commuter airline partners, operated a variety of twinjet aircraft over the years including the following types:

Historical turboprop fleet.

The American Eagle brand, through its various regional and commuter airline partners, operated a variety of twin turboprop aircraft over the years including the following types:  Piedmont Airlines, a regional carrier wholly owned by American Airlines Group, and acquired through the merger with US Airways, was operating a fleet of de Havilland Canada Dash 8 turboprops for the US Airways Express regional brand. These aircraft had already been rebranded as American Eagle since the merger process is now fully complete.

American Eagle is an American brand name for the regional branch of American Airlines, under which six individual regional airlines operate short- and medium-haul feeder flights. Three of these airlines, Envoy Air (formerly American Eagle Airlines), Piedmont Airlines, and PSA Airlines, are wholly owned subsidiaries of the American Airlines Group. American Eagle's largest hub is Charlotte Douglas International's Concourse E, which operates over 340 flights per day, making it the largest express flight operation in the world.

美鹰航空(英语:American Eagle)是美国航空用于区域性航班的品牌名。有九家(2019年起将变为七家)不同的区域性航空公司以此名义经营短、中程支线航班。其中,特使航空(前称美鹰航空)、皮德蒙特航空、PSA航空三家公司为美国航空集团的全资子公司。


Corporate governance.

The CEO and executive management including twenty-two employees work between Auburn Hills, Michigan and Turin, Italy. The other operating activities of the new group remained unchanged, with manufacturing, design and engineering facilities remaining in Turin, Italy, Auburn Hills, Michigan, United States and other locations worldwide, including Canada, India, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Poland, and China.  Executive members of the FCA Board of Directors as of October 2018 are John Elkann (Chairman) and Mike Manley (Chief Executive Officer), with non-executive directors Ronald L. Thompson, Andrea Agnelli, Tiberto Brandolini d'Adda, Glenn Earle, Valerie A. Mars, Ruth J. Simmons, Patience Wheatcroft, Stephen Wolf and Ermenegildo Zegna, CEO of Ermenegildo Zegna.

Subsidiaries.

FCA carries out its mass-market automotive operations through two main subsidiaries: FCA Italy (previously Fiat Group Automobiles) and FCA US (previously Chrysler Group). Both name changes were announced in December 2014.  FCA Italy includes the Italian-based brands that include Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Lancia and the engine manufacturing subsidiary VM Motori.  FCA US includes the American-based brands that include Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, and Ram, plus the Mopar service and parts organization.  Other companies include luxury car (Maserati) as well as firms working on production automation (Comau) and metal foundry (Teksid, 84.8% share). Other joint ventures and subsidiaries are undertaken via the FCA Italy and FCA US companies.  In early 2019, FCA sold auto-parts maker Magneti Marelli for 6.2 billion euros to Calsonic Kansei, a Japan-based company owned by American buyout firm KKR.

History.

The integration between Fiat and Chrysler dates back to 2009 after Chrysler filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization on 30 April 2009. On 10 June 2009, Chrysler emerged from the bankruptcy proceedings with the United Auto Workers pension fund, Fiat, and the U.S. and Canadian governments as principal owners. Fiat's initial purchase was a 20% stake in the company. By January 2012, Fiat's equity stake in Chrysler grew to 58.5%. On 21 January 2014 Fiat completed the acquisition of the remaining 41.5% from the United Auto Workers, making Chrysler Group a wholly-owned subsidiary. On February 2, 2014, Fiat Chrysler began trading on the NYSE under the ticker symbol "FCAU". Overall, to acquire Chrysler cost Fiat 4.9 billion, with an additional 5.5 billion pension liability.  On 29 January 2014 Fiat announced a reorganization and intended merger into a new holding company. Fiat S.p.A. and Chrysler Group LLC merged into FCA on 12 October 2014 following approval of the board on 15 June 2014 and shareholders on 1 August 2014.  On 29 October 2014 the group announced the intention to separate Ferrari S.p.A. from FCA. The transaction was completed on 3 January 2016.  On July 14, 2015, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV chief executive Sergio Marchionne and Dennis Williams, President of the United Auto Workers (UAW) entered into negotiations on July 14, 2015. As negotiations between the UAW and "Detroit Three automakers" began, "Marchionne leaned in to embrace Williams in a hug seen "round the world," shocking some union members. When Marchionne made the announcement on January 8, 2017 that Chrysler planned to add 2,000 jobs and invest $1 billion to manufacture the Jeep Wagoneer and Grand Wagoneer at the Warren Truck Assembly and to make a new Jeep Wrangler pickup at its Toledo Assembly South plant in Toledo, Ohio by 2020, Marchionne credited the decision to the negotiations with Williams that began in 2015.  On January 13, 2017, the company came under investigation by the U.S. Justice Department due to allegedly failing to disclose software that violated emissions standards and allowed vehicles to exceed pollution limits. On May 23, 2017, the Justice Department filed a civil lawsuit alleging that FCA "used a 'defeat device' to circumvent emission controls" in more than 100,000 vehicles between 2014 and 2016.  In January 2016, Ferrari became a separate investment of Exor, siding with FCA and CNH, after FCA listed 10% of the company on the NYSE in October 2015, and then distributed their remaining 80% stake in Ferrari to FCA shareholders. Ferrari now trades on the NYSE under the ticker symbol "RACE".  FCA also operated in the print media and advertising fields through its Italiana Editrice subsidiary (publisher of the Italian La Stampa and Il Secolo XIX newspapers) and interest in RCS Media Group. In March 2017, FCA was a stakeholder in the creation of Italy's largest media group GEDI Gruppo Editoriale, created by the merger of Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso publishing L'espresso and La Repubblica with Italiana Editrice (ITEDI), of which FCA held 77% of the shares and which publishes the Torino daily La Stampa and Il Secolo XIX. Subsequently, FCA divested from publishing by distributing their shares to its own shareholders, again mainly Exor, so to concentrate on the automobile business. Exor sold their shares in GEDI right after getting them.  On July 21, 2018, FCA's chief executive Marchionne was suddenly replaced in all of his positions at FCA, Ferrari, SGS and CNH following emergency meetings of each respective company's board of directors the day before. Marchionne last appeared in public on June 26 in Italy, where he appeared to be quite lethargic and fatigued. FCA stated on July 5 that he had taken medical leave to undergo surgery to his right shoulder and on the day of his replacement stated that he would not be able to return to work due to post-surgical complications. It was later reported that his health had deteriorated "suddenly and sharply" and that Marchionne had lapsed into a coma. Sergio Marchionne died on July 25, 2018, aged 66. In July 2018, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV's European chief Alfredo Altavilla resigned after being passed over to replace Marchionne.  In January 2019, Fiat Chrysler agreed to pay $800 million to settle lawsuits related to diesel emissions.  In February 2019, Fiat Chrysler announced plans to invest $4.5 billion in manufacturing in Michigan. The plant is estimated to create nearly 6,500 jobs. Plans include $1.6 billion to build a Jeep factory in Detroit.  In May 2019, Fiat Chrysler proposed merging its business with Renault. The proposal was later withdrawn.  On 31 October 2019, FCA announced its intent to merge with the French automakers Groupe PSA. The merger would be on a 50-50 all stock basis. On 18 December 2019, FCA and PSA announced that they had agreed to the terms of binding $50 billion merger. The merger is expected to be implemented in the next 12 months. The new group will be incorporated in the Netherlands with Carlos Tavares as CEO.  In March 2020, the Detroit United Auto Workers union announced that after discussion with the leaders of General Motors, Ford, and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, the carmakers would partially shut down factories on a "rotating" basis to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. In April 2020, the company released several advertisements designed to discourage people from using their products during the pandemic.

Five-year plan (2014–2018).

On May 6, 2014, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles announced its 5-year business plan. The company expects that sales will increase to 7 million units, revenues to €132 billion, net income to €5 billion and industrial debt will peak at €11 billion in 2015, and then reduce to €0.5-1 billion by end of 2018. The Group updated its business plan targets in January 2016 at the time FY 2015 were announced.  Much of the global growth will be focused around Jeep, due to its high visibility globally as well as the growing SUV market in developing markets. Chrysler will be re-positioned as the company's mainstream North American brand to compete with Ford, Chevrolet, Toyota, and Volkswagen, while Dodge will focus on performance-based vehicles. Alfa Romeo will become the company's premium marque to compete with Mercedes-Benz, BMW, and Audi, while Maserati will be the company's ultra-luxury brand to compete with Bentley and Rolls-Royce. Fiat (which will remain the company's mainstream brand outside North America) and Ram Trucks will remain largely unchanged, while SRT was merged back into Dodge. Conspicuously absent in the announcement was Lancia, which was later confirmed to be withdrawing from all markets outside Italy.

Alfa Romeo.

In 2014, Alfa Romeo launched the 4C and 4C Spider in North America. In 2015, the Giulia was announced and in 2016 they added an SUV named Stelvio. The 4C was dropped from the lineup with 2019 as the last production year. FCA announced a mid-cycle refresh for both the Giulia and Stelvio for production year 2021.

Chrysler.

In 2014, Chrysler released a refreshed 300/300C. In 2016, the brand launched the Pacifica as the successor to the Town & Country.

Dodge.

The first announcement was that the SRT brand was to be put back into Dodge. In 2015, the refreshed Charger launched along with the refreshed Challenger (and equivalent SRT version). The Dodge Charger SRT Hellcat and Challenger SRT Hellcat were also launched. 2014 was also the last model year for the Dodge Avenger. In 2016, the new Dodge Dart (and Dodge Dart SRT) was to be launched, along with a new Dodge Journey. The two models have since been either slated for discontinuation (Dodge Dart, 2016), or the date for the redesigned version was pushed back (Dodge Journey, 2018). In speculation, in 2017, a new Dodge Journey SRT will arrive, along with a refreshed Dodge Durango. In 2018, a new sedan and hatchback will launch, a new Challenger (and SRT version) will be unveiled, along with a new Charger (and SRT version). In April 2017, Dodge announced the release of the brand-new 2018 Dodge Demon. The Demon comes equipped with a 6.2L V8 HEMI mated to a 2.7L supercharger, which allows the Demon to produce 840 horsepower and 770 lb-ft of torque at the crank, which makes the Dodge Demon the world's quickest production vehicle. The Demon's excessive torque causes the front axle to lift off of the ground during launch. The Demon is also equipped with many other industry-first features, including a Transbrake, launch control systems, 5 point harness occupant restraints, and an HVAC system that actually produces additional horsepower by further cooling intake air.

Fiat.

In 2015, Fiat launched the new Fiat 500X (produced in Melfi, Italy) and the Fiat Egea (produced in Turkey by JV partner Tofas and sold in Europe under the Fiat Tipo nameplate and Mexico as the Dodge Neon).

Lancia.

Lancia is a historic brand of Italian luxury and performance cars. With the discontinuation of the Lancia-badged Chrysler 300 and Voyager in the European market in 2015, the Ypsilon is the only model currently in production, and is sold exclusively in the Italian market.

Maserati.

In 2014, the Maserati GranTurismo and GranCabrio will see the end of the nameplate (until 2018). In 2016, the new Maserati Levante SUV was launched. In 2018, a new GranTurismo will be launched with a 560-horsepower V8 and rear-wheel drive. Between 2014–2018, the top of the line Maserati Quattroporte GTS will be receiving a 560-horsepower V8 with an all-wheel drive to replace the current 523 horsepower V8 with rear-wheel drive in the GTS model. The top of the line Ghiblis and Levantes will be receiving the same setup as the Quattroporte. In 2020, the Maserati Alfieri will be launched. The car was originally going to be released in 2016 but was postponed to allow the Levante to be launched for 2016. The year after in 2021, a convertible variant of the Alfieri will be launched. The top of the line Alfieri will be receiving a 520-horsepower V6 with all-wheel drive.

Jeep.

In 2014, the Jeep Renegade was launched. After a long absence, Jeep returned to Malaysia, where DRB-Hicom distributes the brand's vehicles. In 2015, the Jeep Grand Cherokee was refreshed, with celebrities Fan Bingbing, Tina Fey, Sandra Bullock, Julia Roberts and Cate Blanchett promoted as brand ambassadors. 2016 marked the 75th anniversary of Jeep, and the Jeep Compass and Jeep Patriot had their last model year while a refreshed Jeep Cherokee was introduced. In 2017, the Jeep Renegade was refreshed. In 2018, a new Jeep Wrangler is being launched, as well as a new Grand Cherokee. Later, a luxury Grand Wagoneer SUV model will be launched to compete with the likes of Mercedes-Benz G-Class and Range Rover.  Fiat Chrysler plans to add more factory capacity over the next few years to support building two new Jeep models, including a return of the Jeep Grand Wagoneer. Though it is not sure as to how many jobs Fiat Chrysler might add or how much time it may take for the new assembly lines to be up and running.

Ram.

In 2014, a ProMaster van was launched, along with the smaller ProMaster City, derived from Fiat Ducato and Fiat Doblò respectively. In 2017, a new Ram 1500 was launched, and a commercial light-duty truck was refreshed. In 2018, a new Ram HD was launched, along with a commercial heavy-duty truck, and Ram chassis cab received a major update.

Financial results.

In 2015 worldwide shipments were 4.6 million units, revenues totaled €113.2 billion, up 18% (+6% at constant exchange rates, or CER), adjusted EBIT was €5.3 billion, up 40% and Adjusted net profit was €2.0 billion, up 91%.

Logo.

The new FCA logo was created by the Italian branding company Robilant Associati, ending the use of the Fiat S.p.A. logo and Chrysler Pentastar logo for group branding.

Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V., often abbreviated as FCA, is an Italian-American multinational corporation and is the world's eighth largest auto maker. The group was established in October 2014 by merging Fiat and Chrysler into a new holding company. Fiat Chrysler Automobiles' corporate headquarters is domiciled in Amsterdam, and the financial headquarters are in London.The holding company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and Milan's Borsa Italiana. Exor N.V., an Italian investment group controlled by the Agnelli family, owns 29.19% of FCA and controls 44.31% through a loyalty voting mechanism.

菲亚特克莱斯勒汽车 (英语:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V., (FCA))是2014年1月29日菲亚特集团与克莱斯勒集团宣布重组后而成立的控股公司。2014年1月21日菲亚特在宣布收购克莱斯勒全部股份后不久之后便立即公布了这项重组计划。


Work.

Stephen Krashen received a PhD. in Linguistics from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1972. Krashen has among papers (peer-reviewed and not) and books, more than 486 publications, contributing to the fields of second-language acquisition, bilingual education, and reading. He is known for introducing various hypotheses related to second-language acquisition, including the acquisition-learning hypothesis, the input hypothesis, the monitor hypothesis, the affective filter, and the natural order hypothesis. Most recently, Krashen promotes the use of "free voluntary reading" during second-language acquisition, which he says "is the most powerful tool we have in language education, first and second."

Educational policy activism.

As education policy in Krashen’s home state of California became increasingly hostile to bilingualism, he responded with research critical of the new policies, public speaking engagements, and with letters written to newspaper editors. During the campaign to enact an anti-bilingual education law in California in 1998, known as Proposition 227, Krashen campaigned aggressively in public forums, media talk shows, and conducted numerous interviews with journalists writing on the subject. After other anti-bilingual education campaigns and attempts to enact regressive language education policies surfaced around the country, by 2006 it was estimated that Krashen had submitted well over 1,000 letters to editors.  In a front-page "New Times LA" article published just a week before the vote on Proposition 227, Jill Stewart penned an aggressive article titled "Krashen Burn" in which she characterized Krashen as wedded to the monied interests of a "multi-million-dollar bilingual education industry." Stewart critically spoke of Krashen's bilingual education model.  Krashen has been an advocate for a more activist role by researchers in combating what he considers the public's misconceptions about bilingual education. Addressing the question of how to explain public opposition to bilingual education, Krashen queried, "Is it due to a stubborn disinformation campaign on the part of newspapers and other news media to deliberately destroy bilingual education? Or is it due to the failure of the profession to present its side of the story to reporters? There is a great deal of anecdotal evidence in support of the latter." Continuing, Krashen wrote, "Without a serious, dedicated and organized campaign to explain and defend bilingual education at the national level, in a very short time we will have nothing left to defend."

Stephen D. Krashen (born ) is professor emeritus at the University of Southern California, who moved from the linguistics department to the faculty of the School of Education in 1994. He is a linguist, educational researcher, and political activist.

史蒂芬·克拉申(英语:Stephen Krashen,1941年-3月14日)是美国的语言学家与语言教学研究者,现为南加州大学荣誉教授。


2014年冬季奥林匹克运动会自由式滑雪比赛

Competition schedule.

The following is the competition schedule for all ten events.

Qualification.

A maximum of 282 quota spots were available to athletes to compete at the games. A maximum of 26 athletes could be entered by a National Olympic Committee, with a maximum of 14 men or 14 women. The five different events had different quota amounts allocated to them.

Participating nations.

276 athletes from 30 nations participated, with number of athletes in parentheses. Four nations, Belgium, Brazil, The British Virgin Islands and Chile made their Olympic debuts in the sport. Paraguay made its first appearance at the Winter Olympics, with its only athlete competing in freestyle skiing.

Controversy.

Both Canada and Slovenia both appealed separately to the Court of Arbitration for Sport that the three French athletes in the Big Final of the men's ski cross final, had their pants illegally changed by their coach. They argued it gave the three an aerodynamic advantage over the rest of the field. Both countries first appealed to the International Ski Federation, but were rejected since they appealed hours after the end of the competition (when the deadline was 15 minutes after the close of the race). The appeal to the court was ultimately unsuccessful as well, because the Court agreed with the ski federation that the appeal was filed past the deadline.

Notes.

Alexandre Bilodeau became the first freestyle skiing gold medalist to defend his Olympic title, winning the men's moguls, following up his 2010 Olympics gold in men's moguls. Justine Dufour-Lapointe became the youngest freestyle skiing Olympic champion ever in the women's mogul event.

Freestyle skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the Rosa Khutor Extreme Park near Krasnaya Polyana, Russia. The ten events took place between 6–21 February 2014.

2014年冬季奥林匹克运动会自由式滑雪比赛于2014年2月6日至21日在俄罗斯卡拉斯拉雅波利亚纳玫瑰庄园极限公园举行。


Plot.

As a young man in the 1940s, poet Allen Ginsberg (Daniel Radcliffe) wins a place at Columbia University in New York City. He arrives as a very inexperienced freshman, but soon runs into Lucien Carr (Dane DeHaan), who is very anti-establishment and rowdy.  After a while, Ginsberg discovers that Carr only manages to stay at Columbia thanks to a somewhat older man, a professor, David Kammerer (Michael C. Hall), who writes all of his term papers for him, and has a predatory relationship with Carr. It appears that Kammerer is still in love with Carr, and is revealed to be pressuring Carr for sexual favors, in exchange for assuring that he cannot be expelled.  Ginsberg soon meets, through Carr, William S. Burroughs (Ben Foster), already far into drug experimentation. The writer Jack Kerouac (Jack Huston), who was a sailor at that time and expelled from Columbia, also meets and spends time with them. Carr eventually tells Kammerer he is done with him, and recruits Ginsberg (who has a crush on him) to write his term papers instead. After a while, Kerouac and Carr attempt to run off and join the merchant marine together, hoping to go to Paris.  There is a confrontation between Carr and Kammerer, during which Kammerer is killed by stabbing (and perhaps also by drowning). Carr is arrested, and asks Ginsberg to write his deposition for him. Ginsberg is at first reluctant to help the unstable Carr, but after digging up more crucial evidence on Kammerer and his past relationship, he writes a piece entitled "The Night in Question". The piece describes a more emotional event, in which Carr kills Kammerer who outright tells him to after being threatened with the knife, devastated by this final rejection. Carr rejects the "fictional" story, and begs a determined Ginsberg not to reveal it to anybody, afraid that it will ruin him in the ensuing trial.  From Carr's mother, it is revealed that Kammerer was the first person to seduce Carr, when he was much younger and lived in Chicago. After the trial, Carr testified that the attack took place only because Kammerer was a sexual predator, and that Carr killed him in self-defense. Carr is not convicted of murder and receives only a short sentence for manslaughter.  Ginsberg then submits "The Night in Question" as his final term paper. On the basis of that shocking piece of prose, Ginsberg is faced with possible expulsion from Columbia. Either he must be expelled or he must embrace establishment values. He chooses the former, but is forced to leave his typescript behind. A week or two later he receives the typescript in the mail with an encouraging letter from his professor telling him to pursue his writing.

Production.

In 2008, while performing "Equus" on Broadway, Daniel Radcliffe auditioned and got the part of Ginsberg. Radcliffe went on to film the last two "Harry Potter" films, "Deathly Hallows – Part 1" and "Part 2", and with him unavailable for filming, Chris Evans, Jesse Eisenberg, and Ben Whishaw were cast without Radcliffe. Shortly after, financing for the film fell through. When director John Krokidas started production on the film again, he offered the role of Ginsberg back to Radcliffe.

Release.

Critical reaction.

, "Kill Your Darlings" holds a 77% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 149 reviews with an average rating of 6.59/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Bolstered by the tremendous chemistry between Daniel Radcliffe and Dane DeHaan, "Kill Your Darlings" casts a vivid spotlight on an early chapter in the story of the Beat Generation." On Metacritic, the film had an average score of 65 out of 100, based on 36 reviews, indicating "Generally Favorable" reviews. The film earned $1,030,064 in limited release.  "The Daily Telegraph" granted the film a score of three out of five stars, stating that, "Unlike Walter Salles's recent adaptation of "On the Road", which embraced the Beat philosophy with a wide and credulous grin, "Kill Your Darlings" is inquisitive about the movement's worth, and the genius of its characters is never assumed". Reviewing "Kill Your Darlings" after its showing at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival, critic Damon Wise of "The Guardian" lauded the film for being "the real deal, a genuine attempt to source the beginning of America's first true literary counterculture of the 20th century". "Kill Your Darlings", wrote Wise, "creates a true sense of energy and passion, for once eschewing the clacking of typewriter keys to show artists actually talking, devising, and ultimately daring each other to create and innovate. And though it begins as a murder-mystery, "Kill Your Darlings" may be best described as an intellectual moral maze, a story perfectly of its time and yet one that still resonates today." Wise awarded the film four out of five stars. Justin Chang of "Variety" wrote, "A mysterious Beat Generation footnote is fleshed out with skilled performances, darkly poetic visuals and a vivid rendering of 1940s academia in "Kill Your Darlings". Directed with an assured sense of style that pushes against the narrow confines of its admittedly fascinating story, John Krokidas' first feature feels adventurous yet somewhat hemmed-in as it imagines a vortex of jealousy, obsession and murder that engulfed Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs and Jack Kerouac in the early days of their literary revolution."

Historical inaccuracies or questionable assertions.

Ginsberg's "long-time confidant and secretary, head of the Allen Ginsberg Trust," Bob Rosenthal, argues that the film is "a superb evocation of young college students in the midst of World War II finding their unique means of expression in the world." However, he states, it also contains a number of inaccuracies: "The large fabrications in the film are not so worrisome as the small ones. In any case, when the truth is stepped on and the nuance of truth is denied, the message becomes moribund." Caleb Carr went on to describe Kammerer as a sexual predator 14 years older than Lucien Carr, who first met Lucien when the latter was pubescent and had repeatedly taken advantage of the younger man's naivete and desperation for a strong male influence after being abandoned by his natural father. Furthermore, Kerouac, who wanted only platonic friendship from Lucien, provoked the jealousy of Kammerer. In contrast, according to Jack Kerouac's biographer Dennis McNally's account, Lucien Carr had always insisted, which William Burroughs (a childhood friend of Kammerer in St. Louis) believed, that he never had sex with Kammerer.

Kill Your Darlings is a 2013 American biographical drama film written by Austin Bunn and directed by John Krokidas in his feature film directorial debut. The film had its world premiere at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival, garnering positive first reactions. It was shown at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival, and it had a limited theatrical North American release from October 16, 2013. "Kill Your Darlings" became available on Blu-ray and DVD, March 18, 2014 in the US, followed by its UK release on April 21, 2014.

《杀死汝爱》(英语:Kill Your Darlings)是一部2013年美国传记剧情电影。影片由奥斯汀·本恩(英语:Austin Bunn)编剧,约翰·克洛基达斯导演,这也是克洛基达斯执导的首部长片。