History.

The Grand Prix was first played in 2008. The initial Grand Prix saw Magnus Carlsen withdraw (along with Michael Adams) due to changed incentives toward the World Chess Championship.  The first two Grand Prix consisted of six tournaments, but the 2014–2015 edition had only four. Often there were problems finding sponsors and many announced host cities were changed eventually (to date, 8 of the 16 locations have been changed). The 2014–15 edition was announced late, with only 4 events instead of 6, reduced the prizes per event to about 1/3 of the previous amounts, and had no money for overall placings (as in the earlier editions). In 2014–15, four top 10 players (Carlsen, Anand, Topalov and Aronian) didn't participate, with the small prize funds and organizational uncertainty being the usual reasons given.  The winner of the Grand Prix (and sometimes lower finishers) gets entry to the Candidates Tournament. The winner of the women's cycle is directly qualified to a championship match. The women's edition has been dominated by Chinese GM Hou Yifan, though she withdrew from the 2015–16 series.  The format was changed for the FIDE Grand Prix 2017 with 24 players taking part in the cycle. Four events took place with 18 players in competing in each nine-round Swiss tournament. The events were originally announced to take place on Oct. 12 to 23, 2016; Feb. 10 to 21, 2017; May 11 to 22, 2017; and July 5 to 16, 2017. On May 26, 2016, Agon CEO Ilya Merenzon hoped to announce the venues within the next two weeks. After the FIDE meetings at the 42nd Chess Olympiad in Baku in early September 2016, Peter Doggers of Chess.com reported that the Grand Prix has been postponed until 2017. Shakhriyar Mamedyarov and Alexander Grischuk qualified to the 2018 Candidates Tournament.  In 2019, the format has been changed by FIDE once again, making Grand Prix a knock-out series with 21 players taking part in the Series and 16 player in each event. 20 players qualified by rating and 2 are wild cards invited by organizers.  In 2019, the Grand Prix Series will take place in Moscow, Riga, Hamburg and Jerusalem. The Series is organized by World Chess (formerly Agon) and will be broadcast on worldchess.com and via media partners.

Results.

Open competitions.

Women's competitions.

In the first three editions the two rating favorites Hou Yifan and Koneru Humpy always shared the top two places in the overall standings.  The players who qualify for the world women's championship match are marked with blue background.  The players who qualify for the Candidates Tournament are marked with green background.

FIDE Grand Prix is a biennial series of chess tournaments, organized by FIDE and its commercial partner Agon. Each series consist of four or six chess tournaments, which form part of the qualification cycle for the World Chess Championship or Women's World Chess Championship.

国际棋联大奖赛(英语:FIDE Grand Prix)是国际棋联每两年举办一次的国际象棋赛事,每届比赛有四到六站组成。大奖赛也是世界国际象棋锦标赛与女子世界国际象棋锦标赛资格赛的一部分。男子大奖赛的获胜者可以进入世界冠军挑战者资格赛,女子大奖赛冠军直接得以进入女子世界冠军对抗赛。


Life and career.

Carney was born in Dublin and was educated at De La Salle College Churchtown and at Synge Street CBS.  He was bassist for Irish rock band The Frames between 1991 and 1993 and also directed some of their music videos.  In addition to shooting music videos, Carney also wrote and directed two award-winning short films ("Shining Star" and "Hotel") before making his first feature. With fellow film-maker Tom Hall, Carney wrote and directed "November Afternoon", his first feature film, in 1996. Despite a limited release, it was acclaimed as the "Film of the Year" by the "Irish Times". The low-budget drama, shot in black and white, tells the story of two couples whose relationships begin to crumble over an eventful weekend. Carney himself provided a jazz score for the soundtrack.  After making a one-hour TV companion piece for the film entitled "Just in Time", Carney's next film was the edgy drama "Park", which premiered at the Dublin Film Festival. Written and co-directed by Carney and Tom Hall once again, the drama about a girl who is abused by a pedophile was released in 1999. It did not secure a wide release.  Two years later, in 2001, he co-wrote and directed "On the Edge". The film starred Cillian Murphy and Stephen Rea and was released through Universal Studios. He was awarded the Silver Hitchcock Award for "On the Edge" at the 2001 Dinard Festival of British Cinema. The film, which was co-written by Daniel James, was released in the USA with the title "Catch the Sun".  Carney returned to TV writing and directing during the same year. He co-wrote and co-directed (with his brother Kieran Carney and Tom Hall) the hugely successful RTÉ TV series "Bachelors Walk". The independently produced TV series proved the most successful in Irish television history. The series ran for three seasons. He also directs "The Modest Adventures of David O Doherty" for RTÉ, starring Irish comedian O'Doherty and performed on the single "Orange", released by O'Doherty during the making of one of the series' episodes.  In 2003, he co-directed and co-wrote "Zonad" with Kieran Carney and Tom Hall. A story about an escaped convict who fools a whole Irish village into thinking he's a visitor from outer space, the film starred Simon Delaney and Cillian Murphy, "Zonad" was extremely low-budget and was never released.  In 2006, Carney directed the feature movie "Once". A music drama, the movie stars The Frames frontman Glen Hansard and Czech musician Markéta Irglová. First released at the Galway Film Fleadh, "Once" had its official world release at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2007 and won the World Cinema Audience Award in the category Dramatic. A low-budget affair shot for only $160,000, "Once" was hugely successful, grossing $7 million worldwide in its first 3 months of release. Legendary film-maker Steven Spielberg is quoted as saying, ""Once" gave me enough inspiration to last the rest of the year." When told of this during an interview with Sky News, Carney replied, "In the end of the day, he's just a man with a beard." Carney was wearing a beard at the time. As writer and director of "Once", Carney won the Most Promising Newcomer award in the Evening Standard British Film Awards 2007.  On the heels of "Once"'s success, Carney was able to work on a full-fledged version of "Zonad", which was released in March 2010.  In 2016, he wrote and directed the musical film "Sing Street", which was released to critical acclaim.  Carney attracted criticism in 2016 when he referred to Keira Knightley in an interview with the UK's independent newspaper, stating “I’ll never make a film with supermodels again.” Knightley, who has amassed multiple accolades throughout her career, including Oscar, Golden Globe, BAFTA and SAG Award nominations, worked with Carney on the film "Begin Again", alongside Mark Ruffalo and Adam Levine. While Carney praised Ruffalo as a “fantastic” actor and Levine for not being “a bit scared of exposing himself on camera,” he said “Keira’s thing is to hide who you are and I don’t think you can be an actor and do that.” “I don’t want to rubbish Keira, but you know it’s hard being a film actor and it requires a certain level of honesty and self-analysis that I don’t think she’s ready for yet and I certainly don’t think she was ready for on that film,” Carney said. The director later issued an apology, which included the following 'I’m ashamed of myself that I could say such things and I’ve been trying to account for what they say about me. In trying to pick holes in my own work, I ended up blaming someone else. That’s not only bad directing, that’s shoddy behaviour, that I am not in any way proud of. It’s arrogant and disrespectful'.  Carney executive produced the 2019 romantic comedy anthology series "Modern Love", also writing and directing several episodes.

John Carney (born 1972) is an Irish film director, producer, screenwriter, and lyricist who specialises in low-budget musical drama films. He is best known for his 2007 movie "Once" and the film "Sing Street". He is also a co-creator of the Irish TV drama series "Bachelors Walk".

约翰·卡尼(英语:John Carney,1972年)是一名爱尔兰电影和电视导演、编剧,他主要拍摄一些低成本的电影。最知名的作品是2006年的音乐题材电影《曾经。爱是唯一》,他也是爱尔兰电视剧 "Bachelors Walk" 的创作者之一。


Life and career.

Wiseman was born to a Jewish family in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of Gertrude Leah (née Kotzen) and Jacob Leo Wiseman. He earned a Bachelor of Arts from Williams College in 1951, and a Bachelor of Laws from Yale Law School in 1954. He spent 1954 to 1956 serving in the U.S. Military. Wiseman spent a few years in Paris before returning to the United States, where he took a job teaching law at the Boston University Institute of Law and Medicine. He then started documentary filmmaking, and has won numerous film awards as well as Guggenheim and MacArthur fellowships.  In 2003, Wiseman received the Dan David Prize for his films. In 2006, he received the George Polk Career Award, given annually by Long Island University to honor contributions to journalistic integrity and investigative reporting.  The first feature-length film Wiseman produced was "The Cool World" (1963). This was followed by "Titicut Follies" in 1967, which he produced and directed. He has both produced and directed all of his films since. They are chiefly studies of social institutions, such as hospitals, high schools, or police departments. All his films have aired on PBS, one of his primary funders.  Wiseman's films are often described as in the observational mode, which has its roots in direct cinema, but Wiseman dislikes the term:  In spring 2012, Wiseman actively took part in the three-month exposition of the Whitney Biennial. In 2014, he was awarded the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement at the 71st Venice International Film Festival. In 2016, Wiseman received an Academy Honorary Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

Philosophy.

Wiseman's films are, in his view, elaborations of a personal experience and not ideologically objective portraits of his subjects.  In interviews, Wiseman has emphasized that his films are not and cannot be unbiased. In spite of the inescapable bias that is introduced in the process of "making a movie", he still feels he has certain ethical obligations as to how he portrays events:

Process and style.

Wiseman works four to six weeks in the institutions he portrays, with almost no preparation. He spends the bulk of the production period editing the material, trying to find a rhythm to make a movie.  Every Wiseman film has a dramatic structure, though not necessarily a narrative arc; his films rarely have what could be considered a distinct climax and conclusion. He likes to base his sequence structure with no particular thesis or point of view in mind. Any suspense is on a per-scene level, not constructed from plot points, and there are no characters with whom the viewer is expected to identify. Nevertheless, Wiseman feels that drama is a crucial element for his films to "work as movies" ("Poppy"). The "rhythm and structure" ("Wiseman") of Wiseman's films pull the viewer into the position and perspective of the subject (human or otherwise). The viewer feels the dramatic tension of the situations portrayed, as various environmental forces create complicated situations and conflicting values for the subject.  Wiseman openly admits to manipulating his source material to create dramatic structure, and indeed insists that it is necessary to "make a movie":  Wiseman has said that the structure of his films is important to the overall message:  A distinctive aspect of Wiseman's style is the complete lack of exposition (narration), interaction (interviews), and reflection (revealing any of the filmmaking process). Wiseman has said that he does not "feel any need to document [his] experience" and that he feels that such reflexive elements in films are vain.  While producing a film, Wiseman often acquires more than 100 hours of raw footage. His ability to create an engaging and interesting feature-length film without the use of voice-over, title cards, or motion graphics, while still being "fair", has been described as the reason Wiseman is seen as a true master of documentary film.

Theatrical work.

In addition to his better known film work, Wiseman has also directed and been involved in theater, in the US and France.

Frederick Wiseman (born January 1, 1930) is an American filmmaker, documentarian, and theater director. His work is "devoted primarily to exploring American institutions". He has been called "one of the most important and original filmmakers working today".

弗雷德里克·怀斯曼(英语:Frederick Wiseman,1930年-1月1日)是一位美国纪录片导演和戏剧导演。


Keynes's aims in the "General Theory".

The central argument of "The General Theory" is that the level of employment is determined not by the price of labour, as in classical economics, but by the level of aggregate demand. If the total demand for goods at full employment is less than the total output, then the economy has to contract until equality is achieved. Keynes thus denied that full employment was the natural result of competitive markets in equilibrium.  In this he challenged the conventional ('classical') economic wisdom of his day. In a letter to his friend George Bernard Shaw on New Year's Day, 1935, he wrote:  I believe myself to be writing a book on economic theory which will largely revolutionize — not I suppose, at once but in the course of the next ten years — the way the world thinks about its economic problems.

Summary of the "General Theory".

Keynes's main theory (including its dynamic elements) is presented in Chapters 2-15, 18, and 22, which are summarised here. A shorter account will be found in the article on Keynesian economics. The remaining chapters of Keynes's book contain amplifications of various sorts and are described later in this article.

Book I: Introduction.

The first Book of the "General Theory" is a repudiation of Say's Law. The classical view for which Keynes made Say a mouthpiece held that the value of wages was equal to the value of the goods produced, and that the wages were inevitably put back into the economy sustaining demand at the level of current production. Hence, starting from full employment, there cannot be a glut of industrial output leading to a loss of jobs. As Keynes put it on p. 18, "supply creates its own demand".

Stickiness of wages in money terms.

Say's Law depends on the operation of a market economy. If there is unemployment (and if there are no distortions preventing the employment market from adjusting to it) then there will be workers willing to offer their labour at less than the current wage levels, leading to downward pressure on wages and increased offers of jobs.  The classics held that full employment was the equilibrium condition of an undistorted labour market, but they and Keynes agreed in the existence of distortions impeding transition to equilibrium. The classical position had generally been to view the distortions as the culprit and to argue that their removal was the main tool for eliminating unemployment. Keynes on the other hand viewed the market distortions as part of the economic fabric and advocated different policy measures which (as a separate consideration) had social consequences which he personally found congenial and which he expected his readers to see in the same light.  The distortions which have prevented wage levels from adapting downwards have lain in employment contracts being expressed in monetary terms; in various forms of legislation such as the minimum wage and in

Outline of Keynes's theory.

Keynes's economic theory is based on the interaction between demands for saving, investment, and liquidity (i.e. money). Saving and investment are necessarily equal, but different factors influence decisions concerning them. The desire to save, in Keynes's analysis, is mostly a function of income: the wealthier people are, the more wealth they will seek to put aside. The profitability of investment, on the other hand, is determined by the relation between the return available to capital and the interest rate. The economy needs to find its way to

Book II: Definitions and ideas.

The choice of units.

Keynes sought to allow for the lack of downwards flexibility of wages by constructing an economic model in which the money supply and wage rates were externally determined (the latter in money terms), and in which the main variables were fixed by the equilibrium conditions of various markets in the presence of these facts.  Many of the quantities of interest, such as income and consumption, are monetary. Keynes often expresses such quantities in wage units (Chapter 4): to be precise, a value in wage units

The identity of saving and investment.

The relationship between saving and investment, and the factors influencing their demands, play an important role in Keynes's model. Saving and investment are considered to be necessarily equal for reasons set out in Chapter 6 which looks at economic aggregates from the viewpoint of manufacturers. The discussion is intricate, considering matters such as the depreciation of machinery, but is summarised on p. 63:  Provided it is agreed that income is equal to the value of current output, that current investment is equal to the value of that part of current output which is not consumed, and that saving is equal to the excess of income over consumption... the equality of saving and investment necessarily follows.  This statement incorporates Keynes's definition of saving, which is the normal one.

Book III: The propensity to consume.

Book III of the "General Theory" is given over to the propensity to consume, which is introduced in Chapter 8 as the desired level of expenditure on consumption (for an individual or aggregated over an economy). The demand for consumer goods depends chiefly on the income Y and may be written functionally as C(Y). Saving is that part of income which is not consumed, so the propensity to save S(Y) is equal to Y–C(Y). Keynes discusses the possible influence of the interest rate r on the relative attractiveness of saving and consumption,

The marginal propensity to consume and the multiplier.

The "marginal propensity to consume", C'(Y), is the gradient of the purple curve, and the marginal propensity to save S'(Y) is equal to 1–C'(Y). Keynes states as a 'fundamental psychological law' (p96) that the marginal propensity to consume will be positive and less than unity.  Chapter 10 introduces the famous'multiplier' through an example: if the marginal propensity to consume is 90%, then 'the multiplier k is 10; and the total employment caused by (e.g.) increased public works will be ten times the employment caused by the public works themselves' (pp116f). Formally Keynes writes the multiplier as k=1/S'(Y). It follows from his 'fundamental psychological law' that k will be greater than 1.  Keynes's account is not clear until his economic system has been fully set out (see below). In Chapter 10 he describes his multiplier as being related to the one introduced

Book IV: The inducement to invest.

The rate of investment.

Book IV discusses the inducement to invest, with the key ideas being presented in Chapter 11. The'marginal efficiency of capital' is defined as the annual revenue which will be yielded by an extra increment of capital as a proportion of its cost. The'schedule of the marginal efficiency of capital' is the function which, for any rate of interest r, gives us the level of investment which will take place if all opportunities are accepted whose return is at least r. By construction this depends on r alone and is a decreasing function of its argument; it

Interest and liquidity preference.

Keynes proposes two theories of liquidity preference (i.e. the demand for money): the first as a theory of interest in Chapter 13 and the second as a correction in Chapter 15. His arguments offer ample scope for criticism, but his final conclusion is that liquidity preference is a function mainly of income and the interest rate. The influence of income (which really represents a composite of income and wealth) is common ground with the classical tradition and is embodied in the Quantity Theory; the influence of interest had also been noted earlier, in particular by Frederick Lavington (see Hicks's Mr Keynes and the "Classics"). Thus Keynes's final conclusion may be acceptable to readers who question the arguments along the way. However he shows a persistent tendency to think in terms of the Chapter 13 theory while nominally accepting the Chapter 15 correction.  Chapter 13 presents the first theory in rather metaphysical terms. Keynes argues that: It should be obvious that the rate of interest cannot be a return to saving or waiting as such. For if a man hoards his savings in cash, he earns no interest, though he saves just as much as before. On the contrary, the mere definition of the rate of interest tells us in so many words that the rate of interest is the reward for parting with liquidity for a specified period. To which Jacob Viner retorted that: By analogous reasoning he could deny that wages are the reward for labor, or that profit is the reward for risk-taking, because labor is sometimes done without anticipation or realization of a return, and men who assume financial risks have been known to incur losses as a result instead of profits. Keynes goes on to claim that the demand for

The Keynesian economic system.

Keynes's economic model.

In Chapter 14 Keynes contrasts the classical theory of interest with his own, and in making the comparison he shows how his system can be applied to explain all the principal economic unknowns from the facts he takes as given. The two topics can be treated together because they are different ways of analysing the same equation.  Keynes's presentation is informal. To make it more precise we will identify a set of 4 variables – saving, investment, the rate of interest, and the national income – and a parallel set of 4 equations which jointly determine them. The graph illustrates the reasoning. The red S lines are shown as increasing functions of r in obedience to classical theory; for Keynes they should be horizontal.  The first equation asserts that the reigning

Keynesian economic intervention.

The state of the economy, according to Keynes, is determined by four parameters: the money supply, the demand functions for consumption (or equivalently for saving) and for liquidity, and the schedule of the marginal efficiency of capital determined by 'the existing quantity of equipment' and 'the state of long-term expectation' (p246).  Adjusting the money supply is the domain of monetary policy. The effect of a change in the quantity of money is considered at p. 298. The change is effected in the first place in money units. According to Keynes's account on p. 295, wages will not change if there is any unemployment, with the result that the money supply will change to the

The equations of Keynesian and classical economics.

Keynes's initial statement of his economic model (in Chapter 14) is based on his Chapter 13 theory of liquidity preference. His restatement in Chapter 18 doesn't take full account of his Chapter 15 revision, treating it as a source of'repercussions' rather than as an integral component. It was left to John Hicks to give a satisfactory presentation. Equilibrium between supply and demand of money depends on two variables – interest rate and income – and these are the same two variables as are related by the equation between the propensity to

Chapter 3: The principle of effective demand.

The theoretical system we have described is developed over chapters 4–18, and is anticipated by a chapter which interprets Keynesian unemployment in terms of 'aggregate demand'.  The "aggregate supply Z" is the total value of output when N workers are employed, written functionally as φ(N). The aggregate demand D is manufacturers' expected proceeds, written as f(N). In equilibrium Z=D. D can be decomposed as D+D where D is the propensity to consume, which may be written C(Y) or χ(N). D is explained as 'the volume of investment', and the equilibrium condition determining the level of employment is that D+D should equal Z as functions of N. D can be identified with I (r).  The meaning of this is that in equilibrium the total demand for goods must equal total income. Total demand for goods is the sum of demand for consumption goods and demand for investment goods. Hence Y = C(Y) + S(Y) = C(Y) + I (r); and this equation determines a unique value of Y given r.  Samuelson's Keynesian cross is a graphical representation of the Chapter 3 argument.

Dynamic aspects of Keynes's theory.

Chapter 5: Expectation as determining output and employment.

Chapter 5 makes some common-sense observations on the role of expectation in economics. Short-term expectations govern the level of production chosen by an entrepreneur while long-term expectations govern decisions to adjust the level of capitalisation. Keynes describes the process by which the level of employment adapts

Chapter 11: Expectation as influencing the schedule of the marginal efficiency of capital.

The main role of expectation in Keynes's theory lies in the schedule of the marginal efficiency of capital which, as we have seen, is defined in Chapter 11 in terms

Chapters 14, 18: The schedule of the marginal efficiency of capital as influencing employment.

Keynes differed from his classical predecessors in assigning a role to the schedule of the marginal efficiency

Chapter 12: Animal spirits.

Chapter 12 discusses the psychology of speculation and enterprise.  Most, probably, of our decisions to do something positive, the full consequences of which will be drawn out over days to come, can only be taken as a result of animal spirits – of a spontaneous urge to action rather than inaction, and not as the outcome of a weighted average of quantified benefits... Thus if the animal spirits are dimmed and spontaneous optimism falters, leaving us to depend on nothing but a mathematical expectation,

Chapter 21: Wage behaviour.

Keynes's theory of the trade cycle is a theory of the slow oscillation of money income which requires it to be possible for income to move upwards or downwards. If he had assumed that wages were constant, then upward motion of income would have been impossible at full employment, and he would have needed some mechanism to

Chapter 22: The trade cycle.

Keynes's theory of the trade cycle is based on 'a cyclical change in the marginal efficiency of capital' induced by 'the uncontrollable and disobedient psychology of the business world' (pp313, 317). The marginal efficiency of capital depends... on current expectations... But, as we have seen, the basis for such expectations is very precarious. Being based on shifting and unreliable evidence, they are subject to sudden and violent changes. Optimism leads to a rise in the marginal efficiency of capital and

Wage behaviour and the Phillips curve.

Keynes's assumption about wage behaviour has been the subject of much criticism. It is likely that wage rates adapt partially to depression conditions, with the consequence that effects on employment are weaker than his model implies, but not that they disappear.  Lerner pointed out in the 40s that it was optimistic to hope that the workforce would be content with fixed wages in the presence of rising prices, and proposed a modification to Keynes's model. After this a succession of more elaborate models were constructed, many associated with the Phillips curve.  Keynes's optimistic prediction that an increase in money supply would be taken up by an increase in employment led to Jacob Viner's pessimistic prediction that "in a

The writing of the "General Theory".

Keynes drew a lot of help from his students in his progress from the "Treatise on Money" (1930) to the "General Theory" (1936). The Cambridge Circus, a discussion group founded immediately after the publication of the earlier work, reported to Keynes through Richard Kahn, and drew his attention to a supposed fallacy in the "Treatise" where Keynes had written: Thus profits, as a source of capital increment for entrepreneurs, are a widow's cruse which remains undepleted however much of them may be devoted to riotous living. The "Circus" disbanded in May 1931, but three of its member - Kahn, Austin and Joan Robinson – continued to meet in the Robinsons' house in Trumpington St. (Cambridge), forwarding comments to Keynes. This led to a 'Manifesto' of 1932 whose ideas were taken up by Keynes in his lectures. Kahn and Joan Robinson were well versed in marginalist theory which Keynes did not fully understand at the time (or possibly ever), pushing him towards adopting elements of it in the "General Theory". During 1934 and 1935 Keynes submitted drafts to Kahn, Robinson and Roy Harrod for comment.  There has been uncertainty ever since over the extent of the collaboration, Schumpeter describing Kahn's "share in the historic achievement" as not having "fallen very far short of co-authorship" while Kahn denied the attribution.  Keynes's method of writing was unusual: Keynes drafted rapidly in pencil, reclining in an armchair. The pencil draft he sent straight to the printers. They supplied him with a considerable number of galley proofs, which he would then distribute to his advisers and critics for comment and amendment. As he published on his own account, Macmillan & Co., the 'publishers' (in reality they were distributors), could not object to the expense of Keynes' method of operating. They came out of Keynes' profit (Macmillan & Co. merely received a commission). Keynes' object was to simplify the process of circulating drafts; and eventually to secure good sales by fixing the retail price lower than would Macmillan & Co.  The advantages of self-publication can be seen from Étienne Mantoux's review: When he published "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money" last year at the sensational price of 5 shillings, J. M. Keynes perhaps meant to express a wish for the broadest and earliest possible dissemination of his new ideas.

Chronology.

Keynes's work on the "General Theory" began as soon as his "Treatise on Money" had been published in 1930. He was already dissatisfied with what he had written and wanted to extend the scope of his theory to output and employment. By September 1932 he was able to write to his mother: 'I have written nearly a third of my new book on monetary theory'.  In autumn 1932 he delivered lectures at Cambridge under the title 'the monetary theory of production' whose content was close to the "Treatise" except in giving prominence to a liquidity preference theory of interest. There was no consumption

Observations on its readability.

Keynes was an associate of Lytton Strachey and shared much of his outlook. Many economists found "General Theory" difficult to read, with Étienne Mantoux calling it obscure, Frank Knight

Inessential chapters.

Chapter 16: Sundry observations on the nature of capital.

§I: Say's Law.

Keynes reiterates his denial that an act of saving constitutes an act of investment. A formulation of classical macroeconomics in three equations was given above as follows: The role of Say's Law in Keynes's interpretation of them can be seen if we split the second equation into two components: the first of which asserts the equilibrium between investment and its corresponding demand, and the second of which identifies the demand for investment with the desired level of saving. In rejecting the second component Keynes denies that the total demand for goods in an economy is identical with its total income – i.e. that supply creates its own demand – and is therefore able to make their equality an equilibrium condition.  Chapter 16 contains a few statements in support of the view that saving does not necessarily add to the demand for capital goods. An act of individual

§II–IV: The declining yield of capital.

Keynes argues that the value of capital derives from its scarcity and sympathises with 'the pre-classical doctrine that everything is "produced" by "labour"' (p213). The preference for direct over roundabout processes will depend on the rate of interest.  He wonders what would happen to 'a society which finds itself so well equipped with capital that its marginal efficiency is zero' while money provides a safe outlet for savings. He does not consider this hypothesis far-fetched: on the contrary...... a properly run community... ought to be able to bring down the marginal

Chapter 17: The essential properties of interest and money.

Keynes begins by defining 'own rates of interest'. If the market price for purchasing the commitment to supply a bushel of wheat every year in perpetuity was the price of 50 bushels, then the 'wheat rate of interest' would be 2%. He then

Chapter 23: Notes on mercantilism.

In §I–IV Keynes gives a sympathetic notice to the 17th century mercantilists who, like himself, believed interest to be a monetary phenomenon and saw high interest rates as harmful. He accepts their conclusion that in principle export restrictions may prevent the flow of money abroad and lead to economic advantages at home.  For similar reasons Keynes sees justice in scholastic prohibitions of usury. He remarks in §V that Adam Smith had supported a maximum legal rate of interest. Smith's reasoning – certainly surprising from the proponent of the 'invisible hand' of markets – was based on a fear that a high rate of

Chapter 24: Concluding notes on social philosophy.

Saving does not, in Keynes's view, engender investment, but rather impedes it by reducing the likely return to capital: "One of the chief social justifications of great inequality of wealth is, therefore, removed" (p373).  It would not be difficult to increase the stock of capital up to a point where its marginal efficiency had fallen to a very low figure... [This] would mean the euthanasia of the rentier, and, consequently, the euthanasia of the cumulative oppressive power of the capitalist to exploit the scarcity-value of capital... it will still be possible for communal saving through the agency of the State to be maintained at a level which will allow the growth of capital up to the point where it ceases to be scarce... And

Reception.

Keynes did not set out a detailed policy program in "The General Theory", but he went on in practice to place great emphasis on the reduction of long-term interest rates and the reform of the international monetary system as structural measures needed to encourage both investment and consumption by the private sector. Paul Samuelson said that the General Theory "caught most economists under the age of 35 with the unexpected virulence of a disease first attacking and decimating an isolated tribe of South Sea islanders."

Praise.

Many of the innovations introduced by "The General Theory" continue to be central to modern macroeconomics. For instance, the idea that recessions reflect inadequate aggregate demand and that Say's Law (in Keynes's formulation, that "supply creates its own demand") does not hold in a monetary economy. President Richard Nixon famously said in 1971 (ironically, shortly before Keynesian economics fell out of fashion) that "We are all Keynesians now", a phrase often repeated by Nobel laureate Paul Krugman (but originating with anti-Keynesian economist Milton Friedman, said in a way different from Krugman's interpretation). Nevertheless, starting with Axel Leijonhufvud, this

Criticisms.

From the outset there has been controversy over what Keynes really meant. Many early reviews were highly critical. The success of what came to be known as "neoclassical synthesis" Keynesian economics owed a great deal to the Harvard economist Alvin Hansen and MIT economist Paul Samuelson as well as to the Oxford economist John Hicks. Hansen and Samuelson offered a lucid explanation of Keynes's theory of aggregate demand with their elegant 45° Keynesian cross diagram while Hicks created the IS-LM diagram. Both of these diagrams can still be found in textbooks. Post-Keynesians argue that the neoclassical Keynesian model is completely distorting and misinterpreting Keynes' original meaning.  Just as the reception of

Further reading.

Introductions.

The earliest attempt to write a student guide was Robinson (1937) and the most successful (by numbers sold) was Hansen (1953). These are both quite accessible but adhere to

The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money of 1936 is the last and most important book by the English economist John Maynard Keynes. It created a profound shift in economic thought, giving macroeconomics a central place in economic theory and contributing much of its terminology – the "Keynesian Revolution". It had equally powerful consequences in economic policy, being interpreted as providing theoretical support for government spending in general, and for budgetary deficits, monetary intervention and counter-cyclical policies in particular. It is pervaded with an air of mistrust for the rationality of free-market decision making.

《就业、利息和货币通论》(英语:"The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money")是英国的经济学者凯恩斯于1936年出版的重要著作,简称《通论》。


History.

Formation, early releases and "Stand Up and Scream" (2006–2009).

Ben Bruce, the band's current lead guitarist and backing vocalist, originally formed the band in Dubai, United Arab Emirates in 2006. The band's original line-up consisted of completely different members compared to that of the band's line-up from 2008 and released their debut EP, "Tomorrow. Hope. Goodbye." in 2006, then followed up with their debut album titled "The Irony of Your Perfection" in 2007. After realizing he wouldn't be able to achieve international success in Dubai, he moved back to England, Nottingham in 2008 and reassembled the band with new members from the local area, including lead singer Danny Worsnop, whom he had moved into his flat apartment in York.  Later that year the band became a six-piece after recruiting Ryan Binns on synthesizers, James Cassells on drums, Joe Lancaster on bass and Cameron Liddell on rhythm guitar. Later that year Binns decided to leave the band and in January 2009 and Lancaster also decided to leave and was replaced with Sam Bettley. Lancaster later joined the metalcore band With One Last Breath.  Bruce carried the name of his previous band over to his new one, due to not wanting the bother of coming up with a new one. However, he insists that despite having the same name, it is not the same band. When asked why he chose that particular name, he explained that ""'Most bands have a pretty shit band name, so I just came up with something. I came up with Alexandria as a human name, because people relate to humans."" although the reason for using the word 'asking' is not explained.  "Stand Up and Scream" was recorded during Spring 2009 and was produced by Joey Sturgis. The band signed to Sumerian Records and released their debut album on the label on 15 September. The album charted only in the US peaking at 4 in the Top Heatseekers, 24 in the Top Hard Rock Albums and 29 in the Top Independent Albums. The band toured across America as a support act for the remainder of the year, supporting Evergreen Terrace along with For the Fallen Dreams and Unholy in October, and Alesana along with From First to Last, The Word Alive and Memphis May Fire in November and December.

"Reckless & Relentless" (2010–2012).

They toured across the US as a headlining act in March with bands We Came as Romans, From First To Last, Our Last Night, and A Bullet For Pretty Boy. The band supported metalcore outfit Attack Attack! throughout March and April along with Breathe Carolina, I See Stars and Bury Tomorrow in the US. They later supported Dance Gavin Dance during their European tour in April to early May along with In Fear and Faith, during which they performed at The Bamboozle festival on 1 May. The band performed at the "Thrash & Burn" tour as a headline act along with Born of Osiris, Kittie and Stick To Your Guns from 16 July to 14 August in America. After touring the band announced that they would release a limited edition EP and DVD titled "Life Gone Wild" both digitally and excursively at Hot Topic on 21 December 2010 and would feature a new song titled "Breathless" which was initially a demo for their second album "Stand Up and Scream" and multiple covers while the DVD provides video footage of the band themselves. The band also announced that they would release a remix album titled "Stepped Up And Scratched" and was initially announced as the remix version of their debut and would be released in January 2011, however was later announced to be released in November instead and would contain remixes of songs from their to be released second album. Their third album, titled "Reckless & Relentless" was released 4 April 2011. This time, the album did chart in the UK, peaking at 7 on the UK Rock Chart, and also charted in Australia at 30 on the Australian Albums Chart. The band also released a cover of Akon's song Right Now (Na Na Na) for the Punk Goes... compilation series, specifically for the album Punk Goes Pop 3.  Asking Alexandria later performed at the "Soundwave 2011 Festival" in Australia during late February and early March. In April and May the band headlined in the UK with support acts Of Mice & Men and Chelsea Grin. Also in April comedian Charlie Sheen had offered the band a spot on his 'My Violent Torpedo Of Truth' tour across the US however the band had to turn it down due to their touring schedule at the time, but expressed their flattery and admitted to being fans of Sheen. The group was also the headliner for the "Vans Warped Tour" 2011 in July. The band co-headlined a toured with rap rock band Hollywood Undead throughout November across America, dubbed the World War III tour. After their tour both bands supported Avenged Sevenfold during their headline arena tour throughout the remainder of November to mid December.  In 2012 the band was listed by "Revolver" under the most anticipated albums of 2012, with Danny Worsnop giving the statement that the general sound of the album will be a "...musical baby of Mötley Crüe and Slipknot." In March the band participated in Dallas' 'South By So What?!' festival and later toured with support acts Trivium, Dir En Grey, I See Stars, Motionless In White and the Amity Affliction throughout North America from early March to early April, naming the tour 'Still Reckless'.  In early May the band debuted a trailer for their short film titled "Through Sin and Self-Destruction" featuring the band members, said to contain a "controversial, uncensored look into the real lives of a new era of rock stars for today’s generation." and was officially released on iTunes on 15 May. The film itself consists of the three music videos from their second album; "Reckless & Relentless", "To The Stage" and "Dear Insanity." On 5 August the band performed at the 2012 Mayhem Festival tour along with other bands such as Motörhead, Slayer and Slipknot. Later the same month the band offered a free download for their new song titled 'Run Free' and was said to be from their third album that had yet to be announced. A month later, when asked about the sound of the third album, Ben Bruce explained that the band had matured and in order to excel in their career they will be recording and releasing radio friendly singles, however this will not result in the sound of the overall album as he describes the rest of the album to be "balls-to-the-wall kind of stuff", adding that it would be released in 2013.  In November the band headlined in Monster Energy's 'Outbreak Tour' throughout November and December across North America with support acts As I Lay Dying, Memphis May Fire, Attila and I See Stars who replaced Suicide Silence who had issues regarding the death of their singer, Mitch Lucker. Also in November the band performed at Metalfest California along the likes of Killswitch Engage, As I Lay Dying and Black Veil Brides. On 30 November the band released an EP exclusively through "Revolver Magazine" for free via subscription, containing covers of 80's rock bands including; Whitesnake, Journey, Def Leppard and Mötley Crüe, along with their song Run Free released earlier that year.  Towards the end of their Outbreak tour, Danny Worsnop sustained a torn vocal cord, causing him to sit out the New York performance and allow the singers of Atilla and I See Stars, along with a multi-talented roadie to perform vocal duties. Despite the injury the singer later performed at the memorial concert for Suicide Silence's Mitch Lucker in order to raise money for his now fatherless daughter.

"From Death to Destiny" (2013–2014).

After Worsnop tore his vocal cord in December 2012, he visited a doctor weeks prior to the events of January 2013, giving an update that he will need to rest his vocals until he has recovered fully but also reassured fans that this will not hinder the release of their third album as the majority of the recording had been complete before his injury. In January they performed a short headline tour across the UK with support acts Motionless in White and Betraying the Martyrs. In late March, the band released the first song of their third album titled 'The Death Of Me', and announced that the album will be released later that year in Summer. The official release date was later revealed to be 6 August with the album title, From Death to Destiny.  The band toured across America in April and June with Whitechapel, Motionless In White, Chimaira and I Killed The Prom Queen, dubbing the tour 'Don't Pray For Us'. Also in April the band partook in the Rocklahoma festival. The band also performed at Rock on the Range festival in mid May. The band later performed at Rock AM Ring in Germany, Download in England, Graspop in Belgium and also With Full Force in Australia in June.  "From Death to Destiny" was successfully released on 6 August, and became the band's highest charting album to date and their label's highest first-week selling album, debuting at 5 on Billboards top 200 and selling over 41,000 units. In September the band participated in the annual Aftershock Festival and later toured with nu metal band Korn in America in September and October as a support act, along with Love and Death. The band embarked on their own ‘From Death to Destiny’ tour in October after touring with Korn, featuring support acts All That Remains, Sevendust and Emmure, across America.  In 2014 the band performed at Soundwave in Australia in February and later released a cover of Nine Inch Nails song Closer for the compilation Punk Goes 90s Vol. 2 issued by Fearless Records in April, making it their second time they have recorded for the series. In March 2014, the lead single from their debut album, "Final Episode (Let's Change the Channel)" was certified gold by the RIAA. Asking Alexandria was one of the main headlining bands in the annual Never Say Never Festival on 12 March, along with Bring Me the Horizon also headlining the festival. They later embarked on another headlining tour in North America, dubbed as the 'Break Down The Walls' tour, starting in March and ending in April, with support acts August Burns Red, We Came as Romans, Crown The Empire and Born of Osiris. The band also performed in South Africa in May.  In July, the band was announced as the nominees for "Alternative Press'" first Music Awards, nominated for Best Live Band and Best International Band and also performed at the ceremony itself, covering Duran Duran's Hungry Like the Wolf featuring guest vocals from Jonathan Davis. On 15 December 2014, the band released their first official live DVD titled "Live From Brixton And Beyond" which features the bands sold-out London show at the O2 Academy Brixton, as well as behind-the-scenes and backstage footage from the performance, it also includes the unseen Reckless Halloween performance at The Wiltern in Los Angeles, all of the band's music videos and the 'Through Sin and Self-Destruction' short film.

Departure of Worsnop and "The Black" (2015–2016).

On 22 January 2015, lead singer Danny Worsnop announced his departure from the band to focus on rock music with his new band We Are Harlot. He also stated that despite his departure, the band would continue touring. Lead guitarist Ben Bruce announced that there would be a new lead singer. Fans reacted to news in distress as they believe he was essential to the band's sound, while others were not surprised by his career move, some going as far to say he performs better with his new band We Are Harlot than he does with Asking Alexandria. When Bruce was queried regarding his status with Worsnop he stated that he felt abandoned long before his departure since Worsnop's lost the care for screaming and heavier music since their release of their second album, and continued to say that he wouldn't know if he could call him and Worsnop friends.  When Bruce was asked regarding the sound of the fourth album, he stated that while it will feature influences of Guns N' Roses and Van Halen it will also feature influences from modern bands such as Avenged Sevenfold and Slipknot, stating that since the third album was such an unexpected change in musical style he believes that fans will expect further experimentation on the next, therefore having less backlash from their fan base. He has also stated that they started writing material for the album while on tour in summer of 2014 and had written around 18 tracks, and estimates that it will be released between July and August 2015.  On 26 May 2015, Denis Stoff, formerly the guitarist and vocalist of Ukrainian metalcore bands Make Me Famous and Down & Dirty, was revealed as the new lead vocalist when the band released "I Won't Give In", their first single with him, on 27 May. Speculation regarding Stoff's involvement started shortly after Worsnop's departure due to similarities between Asking Alexandria and Make Me Famous (who were said to have been ripping off the band's sound); the fact that they were label mates would have made the transition easy for Stoff to make, and on his personal YouTube account he had covered multiple Asking Alexandria songs. Bruce was asked if he considered anyone else for the role and he stated that "It has to be Denis" going on to praise his much greater vocal range and since he was inspired by Worsnop in the earlier stages of Asking Alexandria he can perform their songs live much better than Worsnop could, however when Stoff himself was asked how he would distinguish himself from him, he stated he would not make any comparison since he is a completely different person.  The band initially planned to perform for the first time with Stoff on 31 May at Manchester Academy 3 and at London Underworld a day after, however due to Stoff being unable to secure a visa in time for the shows, they had to cancel. They have also been announced as one of the acts for the 2015 Rock Am Ring and Rock Im Park Festivals in Germany in early June.<ref name="rock am ring / rock im park festivals 2015"></ref> The band also announced that they will be performing at the 2015 Vans Warped Tour.  In October, on their headlining tour through Europe, the band announced that the original plan to release the album in October/November has changed and that the fans can expect the album in early 2016 with a new single & music video in November. In late December it was revealed that the albums title was going to be "The Black" and is expected to be released in March 2016, and will be supporting British metal band Bullet for My Valentine in North America from 2 February to 7 March, dubbed the British Invasion tour.

Worsnop's return and self-titled album (2016–2018).

In mid-October, it was speculated that the band had settled their differences with original lead vocalist Danny Worsnop and that some sort of collaborative effort would be made after several pictures were posted of Worsnop and Bruce in the studio together. However, it was revealed two days later that Worsnop had actually returned to the band as an official member after the departure of Denis Stoff. Ben Bruce explained that after a long period of time of not communicating with the band, Stoff stated, "Asking Alexandria does not exist unless I get what’s owed to me". Worsnop also opened up about his return to the band, stating that "this is something that [he] can embrace again". When the band performed again for the first time with Worsnop since Stoff's departure, their set list excluded all songs from their most recent album "The Black" and instead consisted of songs that they had not performed in years. This occurred just as the band headlined Sumerian's "Ten Years in the Black Tour" supported by Veil of Maya, Born of Osiris, I See Stars, Upon a Burning Body, After the Burial, and Bad Omens. As time went on more information regarding Stoff had been released, such as that Stoff had lip-synced the band's older songs during live performances, an accusation made by Worsnop's lawyers who notified him after sending Stoff a cease and desist. When asked about Stoff's time as his replacement, Worsnop replied stating that "Replace is a strong word. He was just keeping my seat warm. Honestly, I don’t know the kid so I have no opinion of him as a person..." Stoff claims that his departure was due to personal stress caused by the unrest in his home country of Ukraine.  The band released their first studio material with Worsnop back in the band on 21 September 2017, the single “Into the Fire” which would be the lead single from their upcoming album. The band released a second single from the album, entitled "Where Did It Go?", on 25 October 2017. On 15 December 2017, the band released their self-titled fifth studio album. The album marked a significant stylistic shift from the band's earlier metalcore work, incorporating influences from a wide pool of genres including stadium rock.

"Like a House on Fire" (2019–present).

On 11 July 2019, the band released their new song called "The Violence". On 6 December, the band unveiled the dubstep remix of their song, "The Violence" by the electronic artist "Sikdope". The band would go on to finish the year off by re-releasing their fifth album as a belated Christmas present to fans and as an anniversary to their much acclaimed album. The re-release features six bonus tracks including a rock rendition of a previous track, a demo, an acoustic track, a cover and a mash-up.  The band announced their headline tour after two years along with Falling in Reverse, Wage War and Hyro the Hero, the tour is called 'Like A House On Fire World Tour'. It is intended to be a world tour. On 11 February 2020, the band announced that a new single named "They Don't Want What We Want (And They Don't Care)" would premiere on Octane on 12 February.  On 4 March, the band announced their upcoming sixth studio album titled "Like a House on Fire" set for release on 15 May 2020. At the same day, the band released the third single of the album titled "Antisocialist" and its corresponding music video. On 15 April, the band released the fourth single "Down to Hell" alongside an accompanying lyric video. On 11 May, four days before the album release, the band released their fifth single "House on Fire".

Musical style.

The band's music has mostly been described as metalcore, but has also been labelled post-hardcore, screamo, hard rock, and heavy metal. Additionally, it was also sometimes described as electronicore on their early work. Their first two Sumerian albums, 2009's "Stand Up and Scream" and 2011's "Reckless & Relentless", are both generally considered to be metalcore albums, while their fourth album, 2013's "From Death to Destiny", is influenced by heavy metal and rock bands while maintaining Asking Alexandria's signature metalcore sound on certain tracks. Guitarist Ben Bruce has stated that they do not like writing music that sounds the same from album to album, which is why their musical style has changed over time.

Lyrical style.

Ben Bruce has expressed the feeling that the band's lyrical style before "Reckless & Relentless" was immature. According to Bruce, the band wanted to move on from yelling out lyrics like "fuck" and "you stupid fucking whore" to a more mature style with more meaning. He stated that "From Death to Destiny" is lyrically their most mature album, no longer focusing on subjects such as drugs and women, and much more meaningful than their older lyrics. Danny Worsnop has claimed that the band's lyrics are never written before entering the studio and are always improvised during the recording of an album.

Influences.

All of the band's members have expressed their passion for 1980s rock music, and demonstrated it with releases such as the "Life Gone Wild" EP featuring covers of two Skid Row songs or the "" EP featuring covers of songs by bands such as Journey, Mötley Crüe, Whitesnake and Def Leppard. Their third studio album "From Death to Destiny" is heavily influenced by such bands. Some of their favorite artists include Guns N' Roses, Metallica, Mötley Crüe, Sebastian Bach, Skid Row and Van Halen, but they also take influence from modern bands such as Slipknot and Avenged Sevenfold.

Band members.

Current members Former members Timeline

Discography.

Studio albums

Asking Alexandria are a British rock band from York, North Yorkshire, consisting of guitarists Ben Bruce and Cameron Liddell, drummer James Cassells, lead vocalist Danny Worsnop, and bassist Sam Bettley.

Asking Alexandria是一支英国金属核乐团,于2008年由吉他手Ben Bruce与一群好友组成的。目前的团员有Ben Bruce、Cameron Liddell、Sam Bettley、Danny Worsnop和James Cassells。


Early years.

Hutchinson was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. He attended Coral Springs High School in Coral Springs, Florida, and played high school football for the Coral Springs Colts. He graduated in 1996. In 2007, he was named to FHSAA's All-Century Team that listed the Top 33 football players in the state of Florida's 100-year history of high school football.

College career.

While attending the University of Michigan, Hutchinson played for coach Lloyd Carr's Michigan Wolverines football team from 1996 to 2000. During his redshirt year in 1996, he moved from defensive tackle to offensive guard, and earned a starting position on the 1997 Michigan team that won the Associated Press national championship. Hutchinson excelled as a four-year starter, and did not allow a sack during his final two seasons as a Wolverine. He was a two-year team captain, four-year All-Big Ten selection, Big Ten Offensive Lineman of the Year, and a two-time All-American—including unanimous first-team All-American honors as a senior in 2000. He also won the Jim Parker Award from the Touchdown Club of Columbus, and was an Outland Trophy finalist.

Professional career.

Seattle Seahawks.

Drafted in the first round of the 2001 NFL Draft by the Seattle Seahawks, Hutchinson spent his first five seasons with that team. In March 2006, Hutchinson, a free agent, was designated as Seattle's transition player.  While with the Seahawks, Hutchinson made it to 3 Pro Bowls and earned 3 All-Pro honors. He was also a key lineman who blocked for Shaun Alexander in his 2005 MVP season on the way to the Seahawks appearance in Super Bowl XL, where they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers 10-21. This would be his final game as a member of the Seattle Seahawks.

Minnesota Vikings.

Following the opening of free agency, Hutchinson signed a controversial offer sheet from the Vikings, $49 million over seven years, which was believed to be the richest contract ever offered a guard at the time. The offer sheet, though, contained a poison pill provision that would have guaranteed his entire salary if he was not the highest-paid lineman on the team.  At the time, NFL rules required that if a team signed a player with the transition tag to an offer sheet, the original team had to either match the offer sheet exactly or relinquish their rights to that player. While the tag was not triggered during his time with the Vikings—he was released by the Vikings in March 2012—the Seahawks had recently given tackle Walter Jones a contract richer than the one offered to Hutchinson. Thus, the team would have triggered the "poison pill" clause immediately and would have been forced, by NFL rules, to immediately guarantee Hutchinson's entire salary. Since doing so would have destroyed their salary cap, they could not match the offer. Moreover, since they only used their transition tag, rather than naming Hutchinson a franchise player, they received no compensation from Minnesota for their loss. Seattle retaliated, though, by signing Minnesota wide receiver Nate Burleson to an offer sheet containing a similar ploy. Because of this controversy, the NFL banned the use of "poison pills". Hutchinson played 59 straight games while with the Vikings, not missing a start.  On December 21, 2010, Hutchinson was put on injured reserve by the Vikings. Hutchinson also ended the 2011 NFL Season on injured reserve. During the first 11-years of his NFL career, Hutchinson had started in all 157 games that he had played in. However, the Minnesota Vikings announced that they had released Hutchinson on March 10, 2012. On March 14, 2012, Hutchinson met with the Seattle Seahawks to work out a possible deal with his former team.

Tennessee Titans.

On March 15, 2012, Hutchinson signed a three-year deal with the Tennessee Titans.

Retirement.

On March 11, 2013, Hutchinson announced his retirement. On February 1, 2020 he was elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

Personal.

Hutchinson married his high school sweetheart Landyn. The couple have a daughter, Lily, and a son, Luke. Hutchinson keeps a vacation home in Key Largo, Florida. He is an avid hunter and fisherman. Hutchinson finds himself at home on many of Minnesota's 10,000 lakes. His family became close with Vikings legend John Randle's family in Seattle and remain good friends.

Steven J. Hutchinson (born November 1, 1977) is a current front office consultant for the Seattle Seahawks and former American football guard who played twelve seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the University of Michigan, and was named a unanimous All-American. The Seattle Seahawks picked him in the first round of the 2001 NFL Draft, and he also played for the Minnesota Vikings and Tennessee Titans. He is a seven-time Pro Bowl selection. He was voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2020. In March of 2020, Hutchinson joined the Seattle Seahawks front office as a football consultant.

史蒂夫·哈钦森(英语:Steve Hutchinson,1977年-11月1日),美式足球进攻内锋,效力于国家橄榄球联盟的明尼苏达维京人队。他大学时在密歇根大学打球,2001年选季时被西雅图海鹰队于第一轮第17顺位选中。2006年转会至维京人队。


Design and development.

Unlike the previous MQ-1 Predator and MQ-9 Reaper (Predator B) drones, the Avenger is powered by a turbofan engine, and its design includes stealth features such as internal weapons storage, and an S-shaped exhaust for reduced infrared and radar signatures. Its first flight occurred on 4 April 2009.  The Avenger will support the same weapons as the MQ-9, and carry the Lynx synthetic aperture radar and a version of the F-35 Lightning II's electro-optical targeting system (EOTS), called the Advanced Low-observable Embedded Reconnaissance Targeting (ALERT) system. The Avenger will use the same ground support infrastructure as the MQ-1 and MQ-9, including the ground control station and existing communications networks.

Operational history.

Flight testing.

The first flight of the first prototype Avenger occurred on 4 April 2009 at the company's Grey Butte Field Airport Flight Operations Facility in Palmdale, California. The aircraft took off and landed without any discrepancies and was ready to fly again once refueled. Following flights were performed successfully on 13 and 14 April. The second prototype Avenger performed its first flight on 12 January 2012, meeting all performance objectives and refining the first prototype design to an operational capability. The Tail 2 prototype featured a four-foot longer fuselage to accommodate larger payloads and more fuel. This larger Avenger can carry a larger payload of up to of weapons internally and on its wing hard points.  On 15 February 2012, the Air Force cancelled its MQ-X program, which was supposed to find an aircraft to replace the MQ-9 Reaper. The Sea Avenger variant is part of the Navy's Unmanned Carrier-Launched Airborne Surveillance and Strike (UCLASS) program. If it is selected by the Navy, the Air Force may consider buying the ground-based version for service.  On 15 November 2012, the Avenger flew for three hours while being controlled by the General Atomics Advanced Cockpit Ground Control Station (GCS). The Advanced Cockpit GCS has a wrap-around visual display and multi-dimensional moving map to increase situational awareness and reduce pilot workload. The Advanced Cockpit GCS has flown an MQ-1 Predator and is planned to fly an MQ-9 Reaper as part of an Air Force initiative to enable interoperability with all USAF Remote Piloted Aircraft (RPA).  In July 2013, a third Avenger was scheduled to begin flight testing. Assembly of the fourth Avenger was expected to be finished by spring 2014.  On 27 October 2016, General Atomics flew an extended-range Avenger featuring wings extended by to. The extended wings add about of fuel totaling, extending endurance from 15 hours to 20 hours but reducing internal payload to. Since its first flight in 2009, the Avenger has completed more than 13,000 flight hours, reaching 11,000 hours in July 2016 and accumulating most of those hours within the past three years.

Potential deployments.

In December 2011, it was reported that the Air Force had ordered an Avenger and that it would be deployed to Afghanistan. "This aircraft will be used as a test asset and will provide a significantly increased weapons and sensors payload capacity on an aircraft that will be able to fly to targets much more rapidly than the MQ-9 [Reaper] UAS," the USAF said in an announcement. "Since it has an internal weapons bay and four hardpoints on each wing it will also allow greater flexibility and will accommodate a large selection of next generation sensor and weapons payloads." The aircraft ordered was the original Tail 1 prototype version. This announcement sparked rumors that the aircraft would be deployed to monitor neighboring Iran and Pakistan. These allegations were made because the Avenger is stealthy, while the battlespace over Afghanistan is free of radar guided missiles, as well as any other anti-aircraft weapons. The announcement also came two weeks after the Iran-US RQ-170 incident. The Air Force responded by clarifying that the purchase was initiated in July of that year, well before the incident. However, the Air Force later clarified that the Avenger was being purchased only as a test asset, and that it was not being sent to Afghanistan. Discrepancies in the solicitation are believed to have caused the misinterpretation. After testing, the Air Force decided that the Avenger version they evaluated offered only modest improvements over the MQ-9 in terms of speed, payload, and reduced signature, and didn't meet survivability and reliability requirements to survive in contested environments needed to warrant buying a new aircraft of the type.  With the drawdown of the War in Afghanistan, the U.S. may lose airbases inside the country that are necessary for striking targets in neighboring Pakistan. Plans are being made to relocate drone bases to other countries in Central Asia to avoid needing U.S. military personnel to protect their bases in Afghanistan. Due to the longer distances from potential targets, General Atomics has pitched the Avenger to the Central Intelligence Agency as a better drone for the mission. The jet-powered Avenger can fly from its operating base and stay airborne for 18 hours.  On 26 October 2016, the General Atomics vice president revealed that the Avenger was used to conduct a leaflet drop in Syria.

Export.

Canada.

General Atomics has offered the Predator C Avenger to Canada as a contender for its Joint Unmanned Surveillance and Target Acquisition System (JUSTAS) armed UAV project. In 2016, the JUSTAS project was prioritized by the Royal Canadian Air Force and Liberal government. The RCAF has requested that the drones be armed, therefore making the General Atomics Avenger the only suitable contender as Northrop Grumman's RQ-4 'Global Hawk' is unarmed.  Following a formal 'Invitation to Qualify' issued by the Government of Canada, only General Atomics and L3 Technologies MAS were selected as being qualified suppliers allowed to submit a bid. Canada will begin to refine the preliminary requirements with General Atomics and L3 Technologies until a formal request for proposals and contract is awarded.

India.

On 22 September 2015, the U.S. stated they backed India's membership in the Missile Technology Control Regime, which would enable them to buy armed drones. Two days later, the Indian Air Force sent a letter to General Atomics saying it wanted to purchase the Avenger.  As of 17 August 2017, General Atomics Aeronautical Systems (GA-ASI) is in the early stages of negotiating the potential sale of as many as 100 Predator C Avenger remotely piloted aircraft to an unidentified international customer. The renewed international interest is believed to be led by India, which has requested access to the capability as a potential follow-on to the planned acquisition of as many as 20 GA-ASI MQ-9 UAVs, 10 each for its Army and Navy and wants to acquire 100 Avenger drones for its Air Force at the cost of $8 Billion.

Variants.

Sea Avenger.

On 3 May 2010, GA-ASI introduced Sea Avenger, a carrier-based derivative of the Predator C Avenger UAS, intended to fulfill the U.S. Navy's need for an Unmanned Carrier-Launched Airborne Surveillance and Strike (UCLASS). The Sea Avenger included a retractable electro-optical/infrared sensor, internal weapons bay, and folding wings. The aircraft's structure was designed with the flexibility to accommodate carrier suitable landing gear, tailhook, drag devices, and other provisions for carrier operations.  In April 2014, General Atomics displayed images of the Sea Avenger at the Navy League Sea Air and Space exposition. As requirements for the UCLASS program were altered from a high-end strike aircraft to an ISR machine operating in permissive environments, the Sea Avenger was modified accordingly. It appeared to have four external hardpoints and a small weapons bay, a wing-mounted buddy-refueling store to perform as an aerial tanker, and a larger airframe with a larger engine. If Navy requirements favored a UAV optimized for permissive ISR over broadband stealth, the Sea Avenger would better meet them, as it was originally pitched as having a reduced signature to be "stealthier" than other aircraft. Sea Avenger stealth capabilities seemed to be limited to higher frequencies like C, X, and Ku bands, instead of broadband stealth effective against low-frequency radar bands like VHF and UHF.  In October 2017, General Atomics released images of its submission for the Navy's MQ-25 Stingray, an unmanned aerial tanker that formed out of the UCLASS effort. The aircraft is an Avenger-based wing-body-tail design with a standard D-704 buddy tank refueling system that has an electro-optical ball like the Predator and Reaper, landing gear that pulls into the fuselage, and a system for maneuvering around the flight deck using gestures from the flight crew. Though specifics are not known, the basic requirements will have the Stingray deliver about of fuel from the aircraft carrier to increase the F/A-18 Super Hornet's combat radius from. GA-ASI's design is larger than the Sea Avenger and is powered by the Pratt & Whitney PW815 high-bypass turbofan, the same engine used on the Gulfstream G600. Generating of thrust, it is four times more powerful than the Predator C's PW545B turbofan, and the most powerful engine used by any Stingray competitor. In addition to structural reinforcements and additional systems for carrier operations, the aircraft is fitted with the same landing gear and arresting hook as the Super Hornet and has space available for future growth to perform ISR and strike missions; it would be able to fuel four to six aircraft.  The MQ-25 contract was awarded to Boeing in August 2018.

Avenger ER.

On 27 October 2016, General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, Inc. (GA-ASI) conducted the maiden flight of the Avenger ER. GA-ASI extended the wingspan of the Avenger ER by to, and enlarged its fuel capacity by to compared to previous specifications. The aircraft carries up to in its internal payload bay, less than previously described. The modifications extend its endurance from the original 15 hours to 20 hours. The Avenger ER uses a modified fuselage design (completed in 2012) extended by four feet (to ) to accommodate larger payloads and more fuel. Earlier in 2016, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration granted GA-ASI an experimental certificate that allows it to fly the Avenger in the National Airspace System. From 24–25 January 2018, an Avenger ER set a new endurance record of 23.4 continuous hours, exceeding the 20 hour flight test goal and reflecting a 10-hour improvement over the baseline Predator C Avenger. The Avenger ER also has an increased maximum gross takeoff weight (MGTOW) of using a co-cured composite center wing and heavyweight landing gear as well as a dual redundant, light weight brake control capability using a lightweight hybrid linear anti-lock brake system.

The General Atomics Avenger (formerly Predator C) is a developmental unmanned combat air vehicle built by General Atomics Aeronautical Systems for the U.S. military.

复仇者(Avenger)是由美国通用原子公司(General Atomics)研制的具备隐身能力的喷气推进式远程无人驾驶战斗机 (UCAV)。它是在MQ-9 收割者无人战机的基础上,应美军未来空战需求而后续开发的新机型。其初始代号为 - 捕食者C型(Predator C),即:MQ-1捕食者(Predator)系列无人机的第三个发展型号。


Early life.

Lee was born in Arlington, Virginia, to Korean parents. His parents are mother Jing Ja Lee and father Soo Woong Lee, a Taekwondo grandmaster. He first began training at just three years old and spent a portion of his youth teaching at Lee's Tae Kwon Do training facility, his family's business in Napa, California.  Lee spent his youth moving across the United States and has attended 23 schools.  Lee attended UC Berkeley with a full athletic scholarship to study political science and ethnic studies.

Career.

Lee had supporting roles in high-profile films such as "Die Another Day", "Torque", "The King of Fighters" and "Elektra". He has also acted on FX Network's mini-series "Thief" and ABC Family's TV movie Mini-series "Fallen". He recently guest starred in "Hawaii Five-0" as recurring character "Sang Min", and in "True Blood" as "Mr. Gus". He also played Kenuichio Harada in James Mangold's "The Wolverine" (2013). In 2018, Lee appeared in several episodes of the Netflix science-fiction series "Altered Carbon" as the original body of protagonist Takeshi Kovacs (otherwise predominantly played by Joel Kinnaman in season one and Anthony Mackie in season two).  Lee provides the voice of the main protagonist in Square Enix's Hong Kong open-world crime game "Sleeping Dogs" as undercover cop Wei Shen.  In 2002, he was named by "People" as one of their "50 Most Beautiful People", which quickly led to high-profile roles. In November 2007, he was again recognized by "People", this time as one of the members of their list of the 15 "Sexiest Men Alive".  Lee is among the actors, producers and directors interviewed in the 2006 documentary "The Slanted Screen" directed by Jeff Adachi, about the representation of Asian and Asian American men in Hollywood. He was featured in the music video of Mariah Carey's "Boy (I Need You)" as well as Ice Cube's "Roll Call".

Personal life.

In October 2010, Lee married actress Jennifer Birmingham in Shreveport, Louisiana. Their son, Cash, was born in June 2013. Cash was diagnosed with the Moyamoya disease, a rare blood disorder, at the age of three.

Will Yun Lee (born March 22, 1971) is a Korean-American actor and martial artist. He is best known for his roles as Danny Woo in the supernatural drama "Witchblade" and Jae Kim in the sci-fi series "Bionic Woman". He has also appeared in the films "Die Another Day" (2002), "Elektra" (2005) and "The Wolverine" (2013). He had a recurring role as Sang Min in "Hawaii Five-0", plays the original body of series protagonist Takeshi Kovacs in "Altered Carbon", and voiced Wei Shen in the game "Sleeping Dogs" (2012)., he is appearing on the ABC medical drama "The Good Doctor" playing Dr. Alex Park.

李威尹(,英语:Will Yun Lee,1971年-3月22日)是一名韩裔美国男演员。


Plot.

Successful real estate stager Anna Brady is frustrated that her cardiologist boyfriend Jeremy Sloane still has not proposed to her after four years. She decides to travel from Boston to Dublin, to propose to him on February 29, leap day, while he is there at a conference. Anna wishes to invoke an Irish tradition, Bachelor's Day, that a man who is proposed to on leap day must accept the proposal.  During the flight, a storm diverts the plane to Wales. Anna hires a boat to take her to Cork. The severity of the storm, however, forces her to be put ashore at a small seaside village called Dingle. Anna requests Declan O'Callaghan, a surly Irish innkeeper, to taxi her to Dublin. At first he refuses, but after his tavern is threatened with foreclosure, he agrees to drive her for €500. Along the way, he mocks her belief in a leap year tradition of women proposing to men.  A herd of cows blocks the road. Anna steps in cow-dung while attempting to move the animals, and tries to clean her shoes while leaning on Declan's car, which causes it to roll downhill into a stream. Continuing on foot, Anna flags down a van with three travellers who offer her a lift. Ignoring Declan's warning, Anna hands them her luggage. They drive off without her. Anna and Declan make their way on foot to a roadside pub, where they discover the three thieves going through Anna's luggage. Declan fights them and retrieves Anna's bag.  While waiting for a train, they ask each other what they would grab if their homes were on fire and they had only 60 seconds to flee. They lose track of time and miss the train. They are forced to stay at a bed & breakfast at Tipperary, where they pretend to be married so that their conservative hosts will allow them to stay. During dinner, when other couples kiss to show their love for each other, Anna and Declan are "forced" to kiss as well. This stirs feelings that neither had expected. They sleep in the same bed, but do not admit their new feelings for each other.  While hitchhiking, Anna and Declan are caught in a hailstorm and take shelter in a nearby church, where a wedding is taking place. They are invited to the reception, where Anna gets drunk. Anna questions her own intentions with Jeremy and realizes that she has feelings for Declan. Just as the two are about to kiss, Anna vomits and passes out. The following day they arrive in Dublin. Declan reveals he was once engaged but his fiancée ran off to Dublin with his mother's claddagh ring and his best friend. Anna suggests that while in Dublin, he should ask for his mother's ring back. When they arrive at the hotel where Jeremy is staying, Jeremy surprises Anna by proposing to her right in the lobby. Seeing that Declan had already walked out of the hotel, she accepts Jeremy's proposal.  At their engagement party in Boston, Anna learns that Jeremy proposed because he thought it was the only way to appease the co-op board of the apartment building the couple wanted to move into. Dismayed, Anna pulls the fire alarm and waits, testing the 60-second concept she discussed with Declan earlier. Jeremy retrieves all of their electronic materials and neglects to check for Anna. Anna realizes there is nothing in the apartment that means anything to her, including Jeremy. Meanwhile, in Dublin, Declan retrieves his mother's claddagh ring from his ex-fiancée.  Anna returns to the tavern in Dingle, where Declan has pulled together the balance he owed his property owner with the help of the community. She tells him she has broken off her engagement and proposes that they get together, and not make plans. Declan leaves. Thinking she has been rejected, Anna rushes outside to the edge of a cliff overlooking the sea. Declan emerges, revealing that he went out to retrieve his mother's claddagh ring. Declan says he wants to make plans with her, and proposes on the cliffside. Anna happily accepts. They drive away in Declan's car, leaving their destination open to fate.

Production.

On October 17, 2008, it was announced that Amy Adams was to star in the film as Anna Brady. On November 23, Anand Tucker signed on to direct the film, with Harry Elfont and Deborah Kaplan collaborating on the screenplay. On February 12, 2009, it was announced that Matthew Goode would be playing the role of Declan O'Callaghan, the surly innkeeper. On March 18, it was announced that Adam Scott was to play Jeremy Sloane, Anna's long time boyfriend, and that Kaitlin Olson would play Libby, Anna's best friend. The film was shot in County Wicklow, Dublin, County Mayo and County Galway, with filming taking place in and around the Aran Islands, Connemara, Temple Bar, Georgian Dublin, Wicklow National Park and Olaf Street, Waterford. On October 19, it was announced that Randy Edelman had been chosen to compose the film's score. The decision to choose Edelman came as a surprise, as Tucker had used Barrington Pheloung for two of his previous films, "Hilary & Jackie" and "When Did You Last See Your Father?".

Soundtrack.

An audio CD soundtrack for "Leap Year" was released on the Varèse Sarabande record label on January 12, 2010. That album contains only the original score, composed and conducted by Randy Edelman. The musical selections that were used, and credited at the end of the film are not, available on CD. Those include:

Release.

The film opened at the American box office at number 6, with a modest US$9,202,815, behind blockbusters "Avatar", "Sherlock Holmes", "", as well as "Daybreakers" and "It's Complicated". The film's final gross of US$25,918,920 in the United States against a production budget of US$19,000,000. In addition to this, the film made US$6,688,396 in international markets, for a final worldwide gross of US$32,607,316.  "Leap Year" was released on DVD in the United States on May 4, 2010. It debuted at number 4 on the American DVD rentals chart, with a first week rental index of 56.63. It placed 5th on the DVD sales chart, selling an estimated 159,843 units, and has sold almost 800,000 units in total to April 2013.

Reception.

On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 23% and an average rating of 4.23/10 based on reviews from 138 critics. The site's general consensus is that: "Amy Adams is as appealing as ever, but her charms aren't enough to keep "Leap Year" from succumbing to an overabundance of clichés and an unfunny script'." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score out of 33 out of 100, based on 30 reviews. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B on scale of A to F.  Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" described "Leap Year" as a 'full-bore, PG-rated, sweet rom-com'. 'It sticks to the track, makes all the scheduled stops, and bears us triumphantly to the station'. Also, Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a B- stating that the film could have used more 'pizazz'.  A middling review came from The A.V. Club's Nathan Rabin, whose C– assessment concludes, "The film functions as the cinematic equivalent of a Shamrock Shake: sickeningly, artificially sweet, formulaic, and about as authentically Gaelic as an Irish Spring commercial".  A. O. Scott of "The New York Times" saw it as'so witless, charmless, and unimaginative, that it can be described as a movie only in a strictly technical sense'. Richard Roeper gave it a C-, stating that it had a 'Recycled plot, lame sight gags, Leprechaun-like stock Irish characters,' adding that 'The charms of Amy Adams rescue "Leap Year" from Truly Awful status'. Donald Clarke of "The Irish Times" gave the film one star out of five, and in a scathing review, described it as 'offensive, reactionary, patronising filth' and cited the film as evidence that 'Hollywood is incapable of seeing the Irish as anything but IRA men or twinkly rural imbeciles'. Paul Whitington of the Irish Independent describes the film as "grotesque and insulting paddywhackery" and says Goode is out of his depth as he "struggle[s] badly with his accent". The film's lead actor Matthew Goode admitted 'I just know that there are a lot of people who will say it is the worst film of 2010' and revealed that the main reason he signed on to the film was so that he could work close to home and be able to see his girlfriend and newborn daughter.

Leap Year is a 2010 romantic comedy road film directed by Anand Tucker and written by Harry Elfont and Deborah Kaplan. Loosely based on "I Know Where I'm Going" and "It Happened One Night", the film stars Amy Adams and Matthew Goode.

《败犬求婚日》(英语:"Leap Year")是一部2010年由美国与爱尔兰联合出品的浪漫喜剧电影,由环球影业发行,讲述一名女子为了争取自己的婚姻,独自前往爱尔兰准备于闰年的2月29日当天向男友求婚,因为依据传统,男人在当天不能拒绝女人的求婚。


Early life.

Guedioura, born in La Roche-sur-Yon, France, to a Spanish mother, a former Spain Women Basketball team player, "Enriqueta Soreira Pons" and former Algerian international striker Nacer Guedioura. He started playing amateur football with Racing Paris, in the Fifth Tier of French football. His impressive form for the club attracted attention from Ligue 2 club Sedan, who he then joined in 2004. Guedioura struggled to find any first team chances at Sedan and left the club in 2005 to join French Fourth Tier club Noisy-le-Sec. He made a total of 15 appearances for the club, scoring one goal. He then moved up to the Third Tier of French football with L'Entente SSG in 2006. He made a total of 21 appearances for the club, scoring 3 times. He then moved onto fellow French third tier side US Créteil-Lusitanos in 2007, where he scored 6 times in 24 appearances.

Club career.

Early career.

Guedioura moved from French Third Tier football into Belgian football in the summer of 2008, joining Belgian Pro League side Kortrijk on a two-year deal. He made a total on 10 appearances for Kortrijk. He spent just half a season with the club and moved to fellow Belgian Pro League side Charleroi in January 2009, and signed a year-and-a-half contract. He made a total of 25 appearances for the club as a captain, scoring one goal, before joining English Premier League side Wolverhampton Wanderers on loan until the end of the season.

Wolverhampton Wanderers.

Within 24 hours of his arrival, he made his Wolves debut as a substitute in a goalless draw against Liverpool, soon becoming a regular starter as the club ensured their survival in the Premier League for the first time. He made his first Wolves start in the 1–0 win over Tottenham, on 10 February 2010. He scored his first goal for the club in the final game of the season to earn a victory over Sunderland, after which it was confirmed that he had signed a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee, believed to be in the region of £2m.  Guedioura suffered a fractured tibia after a challenge by Aston Villa's Steve Sidwell on 26 September 2010. On 30 March, Guedioura returned for Wolves after 6 months out injured against Blackpool Reserves, playing the full 90 minutes and winning the game 2–1, with Guedioura scoring a 25-yard strike. On 9 April, Guedioura made his first team appearance after 6 months out injured for Wolves, playing 75 minutes against Premier League side Everton. On 8 May he scored his first goal of the 2010/2011 Premier League season during the 3–1 win in the local derby against West Bromwich Albion.

Nottingham Forest.

On 30 January 2012, Guedioura joined Championship side Nottingham Forest on loan until the end of the season. Guedioura made his debut for Nottingham Forest in their 0–2 loss against Burnley on 31 January 2012. Guedioura was praised by Forest manager Steve Cotterill for his 'heart and soul' while playing for Forest, and Sky Sports described him as a "firm favourite with the Forest faithful" due to his "all-action displays". He scored his first and only goal for Forest in the 2011/12 season with a 35-yard strike in the 7–3 away win against Leeds United. The goal won Nottingham Forest's Goal of the Season award.  On 23 July 2012, Guedioura joined Nottingham Forest permanently for an undisclosed fee, believed to be £1m. He signed a three-year contract. He asked his Twitter followers if he should wear the 22 shirt or number 7 for the club. He announced the following day that he would be wearing number 7, which was confirmed by the club soon after.  Guedioura scored the winner for Nottingham Forest on the first day of the season, in a 1–0 win over Bristol City. On 10 November Guedioura scored an equalizer against Leicester City F.C. to make the score 1–1, the game finished 2–2. Two weeks later on 24 November he scored against his former club Wolverhampton Wanderers with a trade mark long range effort.

Crystal Palace.

On 3 September 2013, Guedioura completed a late deadline day move to Premier League side Crystal Palace for an undisclosed fee, signing a three-year deal. He made his debut for the club on 14 September 2013, away to reigning league champions Manchester United, coming on as a 56th-minute substitute for José Campaña.

Watford.

On 26 November 2014, Guedioura moved on loan to Watford until 1 January 2015. Guedioura scored a brace for Watford in their game against Cardiff City on 28 December 2014.  Guedioura returned from his loan deal in January 2015 and was used immediately by new manager Alan Pardew playing as a half-time substitute in a 2–1 win over Tottenham. Pardew went on to cite Guerdioura as a "maverick" and the calibre of player that Crystal Palace needed to avoid relegation.  Guedioura rejoined Watford on an emergency loan deal on 27 February 2015.  After two successful loan spells at Watford in the 2014–15 season, an agreement was reached between Crystal Palace and Watford for a permanent transfer on 1 September 2015. Guedioura signed a three-year deal with "The Hornets".

Middlesbrough.

On 31 January 2017, it was announced that Guedioura had joined Premier League club Middlesbrough on a two-and-a-half-year contract for an undisclosed fee.

Return to Nottingham Forest.

On 31 January 2018, transfer deadline day, it was confirmed that Guedioura had returned to Nottingham Forest, on a contract running until the conclusion of the 2020–21 season, reuniting with former Middlesbrough manager Aitor Karanka. He returned to the City Ground on a free transfer, after having his contract with Middlesbrough terminated by mutual consent. He made his first appearance for the club since his previous departure, on 10 February, when they lost 2–0 to an out-of-form Hull City side, with the Algerian being substituted off in the 77th minute of the league fixture.

International career.

Guedioura received his first international recognition when he was included in Algeria's preliminary squad for the 2010 World Cup. He made his international debut on 28 May 2010 in a 0–3 defeat to the Republic of Ireland, before being confirmed in the final squad for the tournament in South Africa. He appeared as a substitute in all three of Algeria's group games – against Slovenia, England and the USA – during the competition where the team finished bottom of their group. On 3 September 2010, Guedioura scored the equalizer in a 1–1 home draw with Tanzania in the 2012 African nations qualifier winning Algeria their first point of the campaign.

Personal life.

Guedioura is the son of former Algerian international striker, Nacer Guedioura. His younger brother Nabil Guedioura is also a professional footballer who last played for the Crystal Palace U21 development team. Guedioura is Muslim.

Honours.

Club.

Watford

International.

Algeria

Adlène Guedioura (; born 12 November 1985) is an Algerian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Qatari club Al-Gharafa and the Algeria national team.

艾连尼·古迪奥拿(,1985年-11月12日)出生于法国的阿尔及利亚职业足球员,司职中场,现效力卡塔尔星级足球联赛球会艾加拉法,同时亦是阿尔及利亚国家队成员。


Career.

Rytter Juhl played as a left-handed doubles specialist.  Juhl enjoyed a successful mixed doubles career with Thomas Laybourn, winning the 2009 BWF World Championships and two European titles in 2006 and 2010. The pair also won the BWF World Superseries Finals in 2008, and won a total of two Superseries titles.  After Laybourn's retirement, Rytter Juhl played mixed doubles with Mads Pieler Kolding, and the pair came runner-up in the 2014 European Championships, losing out to their Danish teammates Christinna Pedersen and Joachim Fischer Nielsen in the final.  In the women's doubles, Juhl initially partnered with Lena Frier Kristiansen, and the pair reached 8th on the world rankings, won a bronze and a gold medal at the European Championships, and reached the World Superseries Finals in 2009.  From 2010 to 2018, Rytter Juhl was paired with Christinna Pedersen. While both athletes also focussed on competing with their respective partners in mixed doubles, in 2016 Juhl changed to competing exclusively in women's doubles. The pair won a silver medal at the 2015 World Championships, and a bronze medal at the 2013 Guangzhou World Championship and at the 2017 BWF World Championships. Rytter Juhl and Pedersen won a total of four European women's doubles titles, one World Superseries Final and five Superseries titles, and had a career highest world ranking of 2nd. Having won seven European titles in total, Rytter Juhl is the most successful Danish player in European Championship history. The pair also won a silver medal at the 2016 Rio Olympics and, in doing so, became the first Europeans to ever compete in an Olympic women's doubles final.  Rytter Juhl represented Skovshoved in the Danish Badminton League and lives in Copenhagen, where she trained with the national team. Off the badminton court, Rytter Juhl has a degree in Sport Management.  She announced her retirement in July 2018, due to her being pregnant, and officially announced her retirement from the BWF World Tour in March 2019 together with Pedersen. The duo journey in badminton will continue in the national tournament.

Personal life.

Rytter Juhl is openly lesbian. She gave birth to a daughter named Molly in January 2019.  Rytter Juhl and Christinna Pedersen's autobiography, "Det Unikke Makkerskab" (loosely translated: "The Unique Partnership"), written with support from journalist Rasmus M. Bech, was released in Denmark in October 2017. In the book, the couple tell not only of their lives as international badminton players, but of their life together off court; having been a couple since 2009.

Achievements.

Olympic Games.

"Women's doubles"

BWF World Championships.

"Women's doubles" "Mixed doubles"

European Championships.

"Women's doubles" "Mixed doubles"

BWF World Tour.

The BWF World Tour, announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018, is a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by Badminton World Federation (BWF). The BWF World Tour are divided into six levels, namely World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300 (part of the HSBC World Tour), and the BWF Tour Super 100.  "Women's doubles"

BWF Superseries.

The BWF Superseries, launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, is a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries has two levels: Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries features twelve tournaments around the world, which introduced since 2011, with successful players invited to the Superseries Finals held at the year end.  "Women's doubles" "Mixed doubles"

BWF Grand Prix.

The BWF Grand Prix has two levels, Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It is a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) since 2007. The World Badminton Grand Prix sanctioned by International Badminton Federation (IBF) since 1983.  "Women's doubles" "Mixed doubles"

BWF International Challenge/Series.

"Women's doubles" "Mixed doubles"

Record Against Top Opponents.

Women's doubles results with Christinna Pedersen against Super Series finalists, Worlds Semi-finalists, and Olympic quarterfinalists, as well as all Olympic opponents.

Kamilla Rytter Juhl (born 23 November 1983) is a retired Danish badminton player. She announced her retirement in July 2018, due to her pregnancy.

卡米拉·吕特·尤尔(,1983年-11月23日),丹麦著名羽毛球女子双打运动员。她与托马斯·雷伯恩的混双最高世界排名第一位(2010年第25周),两人曾于2009年世界羽毛球锦标赛赢得混双冠军。她与克里斯汀娜·彼德森的女双排名亦曾高居第二位(2017年3月2日),并于2016年夏季奥林匹克运动会羽毛球比赛女双夺得银牌,为欧洲女子双打选手于奥运羽球比赛的最佳成绩。