Overview.

The main difference between QWERTZ and QWERTY is that the positions of the and keys are switched (hence the nickname "kezboard"). This change was made for three major reasons:  Similar to many other non-English keyboards:  Some of special key inscriptions are often changed from an abbreviation to a graphical symbol (for example becomes a hollow arrow pointing down, becomes a left-pointing arrow). In German and Austrian keyboards, most of the other abbreviated labels are in German: (control) is translated to its German equivalent "Strg" for ', and is abbreviated "Entf" ('). and on the numeric keypad are not translated, however. (See: Key labels)

Variants.

The QWERTZ layout is fairly widely used in Germany and in the majority of Central European and Balkan countries that use the Latin script. Many German-speaking regions use this layout, but the German-speaking East Cantons of Belgium uses the AZERTY instead.

Albanian.

QWERTZ is the default keyboard layout for the Albanian language in Microsoft Windows.

Austria and Germany.

The PC keyboard layout commonly used in Germany and Austria is based on one defined in a former edition (October 1988) of the German standard DIN 2137-2. The current edition DIN 2137:2012-06 standardizes it as the first (basic) one of three layouts, calling it “T1” ("", or “keyboard layout 1”).  It employs dead keys to type accented characters like “é”, and the AltGr key to access characters in the third level (e.g. “[”, “]”, “@”, the euro sign “€”, or the micro- “μ”). The “T2” layout as specified in the 2012 edition of the German standard also uses the group selection to access special characters like the long s, or foreign characters like “Æ” or “Ə”.

Sorbian.

Sorbian QWERTZ is practically identical to the German layout, but the additional Sorbian characters can be entered with dead keys; it has three different layouts: Standard, Legacy, and Extended. All are supported by Microsoft Windows (Windows 7 and later only).

Czech.

The QWERTZ keyboard layout is commonly used in the Czech Republic, but the QWERTY variant is an unofficial option. The characters from the American keyboard (@#$&\|[]{}<>^`~*) and some other characters and diacritic signs (÷×¤€ßĐđŁł° ̆ ̋· ̨ ̧) that are missing on the Czech mechanical typewriter keyboard can be accessed with the AltGr key. The layout on the picture is supported by Microsoft Windows.

Hungary.

On some keyboards, the "ű" key is located to the left of the Enter key, while on others it is placed to the left of the backspace key (see the two pictures on the right).  An unusual feature of this Hungarian keyboard layout is the position of the 0 (zero): it’s located to the left of the 1, so that most of the accented characters can be together on the right side of the keyboard.  The official layout is of type QWERTZ, which is therefore the most widely used keyboard layout in the country. QWERTY used to be widespread due to there not being a dedicated Hungarian layout commonly available for older computers, but since this is no longer an issue, virtually everyone uses QWERTZ in everyday computing.  On "ISO" keyboards (as in the two pictures), the í is positioned on the key to the right of the left Shift key. To adapt to 101/102-key keyboards which don’t have that key, the MS Windows QWERTY layout has put the í on the usual key for the 0 (zero) while the 0 has been moved to that key’s AltGr/Option level; On the Mac both layouts (QWERTY and QWERTZ) have this adaptation.

Poland.

A variant of the QWERTZ keyboard has been used in Poland, but QWERTY keyboards have been dominant since the early 1990s.

Romanian.

The standard keyboard layout as established by the standard SR 13392:2004 is QWERTY. However, a Romanian QWERTZ keyboard (corresponding to older standards) was set up on Windows 9x/2000/ME/XP. Since it was devised before the disunification of "Ș" (S-comma) and "Ț" (T-comma) with "Ş" (S-cedilla; used in Turkic languages) and "Ţ" (T cedilla), the characters with cedilla were used in the layout. In 2012, a revision with commas was made.

Slovak:.

Typewriters in Slovakia have used the QWERTZ layout quite similar to the layout used on the Czech typewriters. Slovak QWERTZ layout differs from the Czech one in using the letter instead of the Czech on the same position, also the letter is on the position of Czech and the letter is on the position of Czech. There are 2 more keys that differ in these 2 languages: Slovak key replaces the Czech key and Slovak key replaces the Czech key. There are 17 characters from American keyboard (@#$&\|[]{}<>^`~*') that are missing on the Slovak keyboard because of the presence of the Slovak letters (ľščňťžôúáíýéä° ́ˇ§). Users can access them with the key, however, position of these characters varies between different operating systems. Besides the QWERTZ keyboard layout inherited from the typewriter era, QWERTY layout is also used by computer users in Slovakia. The only difference is that the and keys are swapped.

South Slavic Latin.

The Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Latin and Slovene keyboard layout has five additional special characters Č, Ć, Ž, Š and Đ. This keyboard layout was standardized in the 1980s in Yugoslavia. Characters Ć and Đ are only part of Gaj's Latin alphabet but not part of the Slovene alphabet, nevertheless they remain in Slovenian keyboards (for economic reasons, for historical reasons and for writing words in the closely related South Slavic languages). The Ž is on the right side of the Ć key on keyboards which have a longer backspace key, and the usual inverted L shaped Enter key. The layout makes heavy use of the AltGr (right Alt) key for non-alphabetic characters and dead key combinations for adding diacritics to Latin characters. It is possible to type German and Italian using only the Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian keyboard layout.  There is a proposed variant of new Slovene keyboard layout, which would remove Ć and Đ from top layout and add @ instead. The command keys would also become translated into Slovene and some minor second level layout changes would be made.  For Serbian, there is also a Cyrillic keyboard variant, in which Q and W are replaced with Љ (Lj) and Њ (Nj) respectively.  However, the Apple keyboards for Croatian are QWERTY.

Switzerland (German, French, Italian, Romansh), Liechtenstein, Luxembourg.

The layout of the Swiss keyboard is established by the national standard SN 074021:1999. It is designed to allow easy access to frequently used accents of the French, German and Italian languages and major currency signs. It was designed from the beginning for usage with multiple languages, also beyond Swiss languages, in mind.. The difference between the Swiss German () and the Swiss French () layout is that the German variety has the German umlauts (ä, ö, ü) accessible without dead keys, while the French version has the French accented characters (é, à, è) accessible in the unshifted state. The actual keyboards have the keys engraved for both variations; the difference is only in the driver setting. In the latest versions of Windows there are also separately listed driver settings for Swiss Italian and Swiss Romansh, but they correspond to the Swiss French and Swiss German layout, respectively. In Mac OS X 10.6 only Swiss French and Swiss German is available and on iPadOS the Swiss German layout is not supported for and language other than German.  On Windows, Swiss German does not include the esszett (ß) ligature, which is only used in Germany and Austria, meaning that that letter is unimportant in Switzerland, and is therefore not found on the keyboard. Linux typically assigns ß to AltGr-s.  While the German keyboard uses German labels for its keys (e.g. "Strg" instead of "Ctrl"), Swiss keyboards use the English abbreviations as a "neutral" solution, as they are used for all the national languages of Switzerland.  Luxembourg does not have a keyboard layout of its own. Public education and administration use the Swiss-French keyboard which also represents the Microsoft Windows standard keyboard layout for Luxembourg, while some of the private sector prefer the Belgian layout. Other places use either or the US layout. Liechtenstein, which mostly speaks Swiss German and the Liechtenstein German dialect, also use the Swiss German layout without an ß character.

The QWERTZ or QWERTZU keyboard is a typewriter and keyboard layout widely used in Central Europe. The name comes from the first six letters at the top left of the keyboard: ( ).

QWERTZ(或QWERTZU)键盘是广泛在电脑和打字机上使用的键盘配置,主要在东欧使用。它的名称来自键盘上字母区第一行的首六个字母:"Q"、"W"、"E"、"R"、"T"和"Z"。


Background.

Cecilia Attias was born Cécilia María Sara Isabel Ciganer-Albéniz. Her father, André (Aron) Ciganer, was a Moldovan immigrant born in Bălți, Bessarabia in 1898 of Russian-Jewish lineage. He left home at the age of 13, just before the First World War. Ciganer moved to Paris, where he became a furrier. In 1937, he converted to Catholicism and married Spanish-Belgian Diane Albéniz de Swert, a daughter of Alfonso Albéniz Jordana, a Spanish diplomat who played with Real Madrid in the early 1900s. and a Belgian mother. Her maternal great-grandfather was the Spanish composer Isaac Albéniz.  Cécilia Sarkozy Attias has three older brothers:  Born with a heart defect, she suffered from cardiac problems which hampered her growth. She underwent open cardiac surgery when she was 13, and she made up quickly for her growth delay. She stands 1.78 m (5' 10") tall.  She studied piano (first prize in piano at Conservatoire), and obtained a baccalauréat B, after studying for 13 years in a French religious institution, Sœurs de Lübeck. She enrolled at Panthéon-Assas University for law studies but abandoned them and went on to become a parliamentary assistant to René Touzet. She also was a fitting model for Schiaparelli, the French fashion house, and worked for a public-relations company.

Political life.

When her husband was a minister, Cécilia Sarkozy had an office next to his, serving as his close adviser. In 2002, she was appointed to the Office of the Ministry of the Interior. In 2005 she was appointed Chief-of-Staff for the UMP Party.  Cécilia Sarkozy visited Libya twice in July 2007 to visit Muammar al-Gaddafi and helped in securing the release of five Bulgarian nurses and one Palestinian doctor who had all spent years on Libya's death row after allegedly being tortured into confessing to infecting Libyan babies with the HIV virus. The French left asked for Cécilia Sarkozy to be heard by the Parliamentary Commission expected to be created in October 2007 concerning the terms of the release of the six, as she had played an "important role" in their liberation according to Pierre Moscovici (PS). The release process is described in the book Notes from Hell from the perspective of one of the medics, Valya Cherveniashka.

Personal life.

Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz moved in with the popular French TV host Jacques Martin in 1983. They married on 10 August 1984. The wedding took place in Neuilly-sur-Seine at the town hall, and Nicolas Sarkozy, then the mayor of Neuilly, conducted the wedding. The Martins had two daughters, Judith Martin (b. 22 August 1984) and Jeanne-Marie Martin (b. 8 June 1987). She has a grandson, Augustin and a granddaughter Diane Elizabeth, born of her daughter Jeanne-Marie.  In 1987, Sarkozy, who was married to his first wife at the time, met Cécilia Martin again and has said he felt "struck by lightning". Other sources, however, state that Sarkozy fell in love with the bride on their wedding day. Cécilia Martin left her husband to live with Sarkozy in 1988 and obtained a divorce three months later. Once Sarkozy had himself obtained a divorce in 1996, they married in Neuilly on 23 October 1996. The witnesses were Martin Bouygues and billionaire businessman Bernard Arnault. Six months later, on 23 April 1997, Cécilia Sarkozy gave birth to the couple's only child, Louis. Nicolas Sarkozy had two sons from his first marriage.  Nicolas Sarkozy once declared that Cécilia Sarkozy was his "strength and [his] Achilles' heel". Nicolas Sarkozy wrote in his 2005 book, "Testimony", "Today, Cécilia and I are reunited for good, for real, doubtless for ever... [W]e are not able and do not know how to separate from each other." He has said his wife is his "true soulmate" and "the person without whom nothing I do would be possible". In July 2007, he said, "At the end of day, my only real worry is Cécilia."  Rumors had circulated since Sarkozy's election as president in May 2007 that the couple had separated, and further rumors surfaced in the French media in October 2007 that they were soon expected to announce their plans to divorce. On 18 October 2007 the Élysée Palace released a statement declaring that the Sarkozys “announce their separation by mutual consent.” Shortly afterwards, the palace corrected the separation announcement by stating that the Sarkozys had actually officially divorced.  On 19 October 2007, an interview with Cécilia Sarkozy was published on the front page of "L'Est Républicain", a regional French newspaper. In it, she admitted that she had run away with her lover, Richard Attias, in 2005 ("I met someone, I fell in love, I left") and that though she eventually returned to Sarkozy, they were unable to repair their marriage. "What happened to me has happened to millions of people: one day you no longer have your place in the couple. The couple is no longer the essential thing of your life. It no longer functions; it no longer works."  She married Attias, Executive Chairman of The Experience, an events management company, on 23 March 2008, at Rockefeller Center in New York.

Cécilia Attias Foundation for Women.

In October 2008, Cécilia Attias announced the launch of the Cécilia Attias Foundation for Women, which "helps to actualize concrete improvement in the lives of women around the world by providing a strategic, financial, networking, and media platform for established nongovernmental organizations, social enterprises, and associations that champion the cause of women's equality and well-being."

Cécilia María Sara Isabel Attias (née Ciganer-Albéniz, formerly Martin and Sarkozy; born 12 November 1957) was the second spouse of French President Nicolas Sarkozy until October 2007.

瑟西莉雅·玛丽亚·萨拉·伊莎贝尔·亚提亚斯(,1957年-11月12日),法国前任法国总统尼古拉·萨科齐的第二任妻子及前法国第一夫人。两人相爱后分别在1988年及1996年离开了自己的配偶并在1999年结为夫妻。他们育有一子:路易。


Location.

Yodok camp was about northeast of Pyongyang. It was located in Yodok County, South Hamgyong Province, stretching into the valley of the Ipsok River, surrounded by mountains: Paek-san to the north, Modo-san to the northwest, Tok-san to the west, and Byeongpung-san to the south. The entrance to the valley is the Chaebong Pass to the east. The streams from the valleys of these mountains form the Ipsok River, which flows downstream into the Yonghung River and eventually into the sea near Wonsan city.

Description.

Yodok camp had two parts: In the 1990s, the total control zone had an estimated 30,000 prisoners while the smaller revolutionary zone had about 16,500 prisoners; later satellite images, however, indicate a significant increase in the camp's scale. Most prisoners were deported to Yodok without trial, or following unfair trials, on the basis of confessions obtained through torture. People were often imprisoned together with family members and close relatives, including small children and the elderly, based on guilt by association ("Sippenhaft").  The camp was around in area. It was surrounded by a barbed-wire fence tall and walls with electric wire and watchtowers at regular intervals. The camp was patrolled by 1,000 guards with automatic rifles and guard dogs.

Conditions in the camp.

Living conditions.

The prisoners lived in dusty huts with walls made of dried mud, a roof (rotten and leaking) made of straw laid on wooden planks, and a floor covered with straw and dry plant mats. In a room of around, 30–40 prisoners slept on a bed made of a wooden board covered with a blanket. Most huts were not heated, even in winter, where temperatures are below, and most prisoners got frostbite and had swollen limbs during the winter. Camp inmates also suffered from pneumonia, tuberculosis, pellagra, and other diseases, with no available medical treatment.  New prisoners received clothes that predecessors had worn until their deaths. Most clothes were dirty, worn-out, and full of holes. Prisoners had no proper shoes, socks, or gloves, and usually no spare clothes. The dead were buried naked because their possessions were taken by other prisoners. All prisoners were covered with a thick layer of dirt, as they were overworked and have almost no opportunity to wash themselves or their clothes. As a result, the prisoners’ huts were foul-smelling and infested with lice, fleas, and other insects. Prisoners had to queue in front of dirty community toilets, one for every 200 prisoners, using dry leaves for cleaning.  The camp guards made prisoners report on each other and designate specific ones as foremen to control a group. If one person did not work hard enough, the whole group was punished. This created animosity among the detainees, destroyed any solidarity, and forced them to create a system of self-surveillance.

Slave labour.

Men, women, and children performed hard labour seven days a week and were treated as slaves. Labour operations included a gypsum quarry and a gold mine, textile plants, distilleries, a coppersmith workshop, agriculture, and logging. Serious work accidents often occurred.  Work shifts in summer started at 4 a.m. and ended at 8 p.m. Work shifts in other seasons started at 5:30 a.m., but were often extended past 8 p.m. when work quotas are not met, even when dark. After dinner, prisoners were required to attend ideological education and struggle sessions from 9 to 11 p.m., where inmates who do not meet the targets were severely criticized and beaten. If prisoners could not memorize the instructions given by Kim Il-sung, they were not allowed to sleep, or their food rations were reduced.  Most of the primary school children attended school in the morning. The main subject was the history of revolution of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il. In the afternoon they carried out hard labour with very high work quotas in terms of amount and intensity. Children were beaten with a stick for failure to meet the day's quota. Primary school children had to carry heavy logs 12 times a day over or dung buckets of 30 times a day. Other children's work involved collecting of plants in the mountains or cultivating of field. Sometimes children died in work accidents. Elder children had to work all day and from age of 16, were assigned the same work quotas as adults.

Malnutrition.

Prisoners were constantly kept on the verge of starvation. The daily rations for prisoners were between of corn boiled into gruel, served three times a day. Depending on the agricultural produce of the year, rations could be less. If prisoners did not finish their daily work quota or violate minor rules, the daily rations were reduced or temporarily discontinued, no matter if they were sick, crippled, or disabled. Prisoners ate whatever wild animals they could catch, including rats, snakes, frogs, salamanders, worms, and insects, though they were severely punished if seen doing so by the guards. To avoid being detected, they mostly ate the meat raw, often without removing the skin. Wild animals were the only source of fat, as the food rations completely lack meat and plant oil. Some prisoners snuck into the pigsties and stole pig slops or picked undigested corn kernels out of animal feces to survive.  Lee Young-kuk estimates that at the end of the 1990s, around 20% of prisoners in Daesuk-ri died from malnutrition each year, with new prisoners arriving each month. All former prisoners say they frequently saw people dying.

Human rights violations.

Torture.

The following torture methods are described in testimonies of former prisoners: Prisoners were completely at the guards’ mercy; guards could abuse them without restraint. Former prisoners witnessed a man being tied by the neck to a vehicle and dragged for long distances and a primary school child being beaten and kicked hard on his head. In both cases, the prisoners died soon after.

Executions.

Prisoners released from Yodok were forced to abide by a written oath with a hand stamp. The pledge read: "I will face execution if I reveal the secrets of Yodok."  A common method of killing singled-out prisoners was to assign them an impossible workload. When the work was not finished, the prisoner's food rations were reduced as punishment. Eventually, the combination of heavy work and less food led to death by starvation.  Prisoners who violated camp rules (e.g. steal food or attempt to escape) were usually executed in public (barring those already shot). Summary executions took place in front of assembled prisoners several times each year; and every former prisoner testifies to having witnessed them. Before the execution, the prisoners were tortured and denied food. Those forced to watch the execution often could not endure the scene without protest and were killed as well.

Abuse and forced abortions.

Women in the camp were completely unprotected against sexual assaults by the guards. Prisoners were often ordered to strip naked to be beaten and harassed, and a former prisoner said that it was routine for guards to sexually abuse female prisoners. The women sometimes died after being raped. Pregnant women were usually given forced abortions.

Demand for closure.

Amnesty International summarized the human rights situation in Yodok camp: "Men, women and children in the camp face forced hard labour, inadequate food, beatings, totally inadequate medical care and unhygienic living conditions. Many fall ill while in prison, and a large number die in custody or soon after release." The organization demands the immediate closure of Yodok and all other political prison camps in North Korea. The demand was supported by the International Coalition to Stop Crimes against Humanity in North Korea, a coalition of over 40 human rights organizations.  As of 2014, the camp has been emptied and overhauled, to create a model prison, as part of a campaign to whitewash North Korea's human rights record.  In 2018, North Korean Economy Watch, an affiliate of 38 North, posited that the prisoners had been moved to a mine farther south, at the Kowon mine.

Yodok concentration camp (; ) was a "kwalliso" in North Korea. The official name was Kwan-li-so (penal labour colony) No. 15. The camp was used to segregate those seen as enemies of the state, punish them for political misdemeanors and put them to hard labour. It was closed down in 2014.

耀德政治犯收容所()是朝鲜境内的政治集中营之一,位于咸镜南道耀德郡。该集中营正式名称为「15号管理所」(劳教中心),归国家安全保卫部管理,关押的是“人民公敌”。耀德对囚犯的处罚相对其他朝鲜集中营较轻,主要惩罚囚犯进行强制劳动改造。


Data availability.

Microdata from the 2000 census is freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. Personally identifiable information will be available in 2072.

Population profile.

The U.S. resident population includes the total number of people in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The Bureau also enumerated the residents of the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico; its population was 3,808,610, an 8.1% increase over the number from a decade earlier.  In an introduction to a more detailed population profile (see references below), the Census Bureau highlighted the following facts about U.S. population dynamics:

Changes in population.

Regionally, the South and West experienced the bulk of the nation's population increase: 14,790,890 and 10,411,850, respectively. This meant that the mean center of U.S. population moved to Phelps County, Missouri. The Northeast grew by 2,785,149; the Midwest by 4,724,144.

Reapportionment.

The results of the census are used to determine how many congressional districts each state is apportioned. Congress defines the formula, in accordance with Title 2 of the U.S. Code, to reapportion among the states the 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives. The apportionment population consists of the resident population of the fifty states, plus the overseas military and federal civilian employees and their dependents living with them who could be allocated to a state. Each member of the House represents a population of about 647,000. The populations of the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico are excluded from the apportionment population because they do not have voting seats in the U. S. House of Representatives.  Since the first census in 1790, the decennial count has been the basis for the United States representative form of government. Article I, Section II specifies that "The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative." In 1790, each member of the House represented about 34,000 residents. Since then, the House more than quadrupled in size, and in 1911 the number of representatives was fixed at 435. Today, each member represents about 20 times as many constituents.

Adjustment controversy.

In the years leading up to the 2000 census, there was substantial controversy over whether the Bureau should adjust census figures based on a follow-up survey, called the post-enumeration survey, of a sample of blocks. (In 1999, the Supreme Court ruled 5–4 that the Constitution prohibits the use of such figures for apportionment purposes, but it may be permissible for other purposes where feasible.) The controversy was partly technical, but also partly political, since based on data from the 1990 census both parties believed that adjustment would likely have the effect, after redistricting, of slightly increasing Democratic representation in legislative bodies, but would also give Utah an additional, probably Republican, representative to Congress.  Following the census, discrepancies between the adjusted census figures and demographic estimates of population change could not be resolved in time to meet legal deadlines for the provision of redistricting data, and the Census Bureau therefore recommended that the unadjusted results be used for this purpose. This recommendation was followed by the Secretary of Commerce (the official in charge of making the determination).

Utah controversy.

After the census was tabulated, Utah challenged the results in two different ways. Utah was extremely close to gaining a fourth congressional seat, falling 857 people short, which in turn was allocated to North Carolina. The margin was later shortened to 80 people, after the federal government discovered that it overcounted the population of North Carolina by 2,673 residents. The Census Bureau counted members of the military and other federal civilian employees serving abroad as residents of their home state but did not count other people living outside the United States. Utah claimed that people traveling abroad as religious missionaries should be counted as residents and that the failure to do so imposed a burden on Mormon religious practice. Almost half of all Mormon missionaries, more than 11,000 people, were from Utah; only 102 came from North Carolina. If this policy were changed, then Utah would have received an additional seat instead of North Carolina. On November 26, 2002, the Supreme Court affirmed the lower court ruling that rejected Utah's efforts to have Mormon missionaries counted.  The state of Utah then filed another lawsuit alleging that the statistical methods used in computing the state populations were improper and cost Utah the seat. The Bureau uses a method called imputation to assign a number of residents to addresses where residents cannot be reached after multiple efforts. While nationwide the imputation method added 0.4% to the population, the rate in Utah was 0.2%. The state challenged that the use of imputation violates the Census Act of 1957 and that it also fails the Constitution's requirement in Article I, Section 2 that an "actual enumeration" be used for apportionment. This case, "Utah v. Evans", made it to the Supreme Court, but Utah was again defeated.

Gay and lesbian controversy.

The census forms did not include any questions regarding sexual orientation, making it impossible to compile data comparing heterosexual and homosexual populations. However, two questions "were" asked that allowed same-sex partnerships to be counted. The questionnaires asked the sex of each person in a household and they asked what the relationship was between each of the members of the household. Respondents could check "Husband/wife" or "unmarried partner" or a number of other relationships. Responses were tabulated and the Census Bureau reported that there were more than 658,000 same-sex couples heading households in the United States. However, only about 25% of gay men and 40% of lesbians are in shared-household partnerships at any one time, according to non-Census surveys. For every same-sex couple tallied in the census, there could be three to six more homosexual un-partnered individuals who would not be counted as gay. The census reported that same-sex male couples numbered 336,001 and female same-sex couples numbered 329,522. Extrapolating from those figures and the surveyed partnering habits of homosexuals, as many as 4.3 million homosexual adults could have been living in the U.S. in 2000. The exact number cannot be known because the Census did not count them specifically. Bisexual and transgender populations were not counted, either, because there were no questions regarding this information. Also unavailable is the number of additional same-sex couples living under the same roof as the first, though this applies to additional heterosexual couples as well. The lack of accurate numbers makes it difficult for lawmakers who are considering legislation on hate crimes or social services for gay families with children. It also makes for less accuracy when predicting the fertility of a population.  Another issue that concerned gay rights advocates involved the automatic changing of data during the tabulation process. This automatic software data compiling method, called "allocation", was designed to counteract mistakes and discrepancies in returned questionnaires. Forms that were filled out by two same-sex persons who checked the "Husband/wife" relationship box were treated as a discrepancy. The Census Bureau explained that same-sex "Husband/wife" data samples were changed to "unmarried partner" by computer processing methods in 99% of the cases. In the remaining 1%, computer systems used one of two possibilities: a) one of the two listed sexes was changed, making the partnership appear heterosexual, or b) if the two partners were more than 15 years apart in age, they might have been reassigned into a familial parent/child relationship. The process of automatic reassignment of same-sex marriage data was initiated so that the Census Bureau would not contravene the Defense of Marriage Act passed in 1996. The Act states: With allocation moving married same-sex couples to the unmarried partner category, social scientists lost information that could have been extracted relating to the social stability of a same-gender couple who identify themselves as married.

References.

Sources

The United States Census of 2000, conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States on April 1, 2000, to be 281,421,906, an increase of 13.2 percent over the 248,709,873 people enumerated during the 1990 Census. This was the twenty-second federal census and was at the time the largest civilly administered peacetime effort in the United States.

第22次美国人口普查是由美国人口调查局进行的。通过普查,美国截至2000年4月1日共有居民281,421,906人,比1990年人口普查时的248,709,873人增加13.2%。美国的居民人口包括50个州和华盛顿特区的全部人口。普查局还详细统计出波多黎各有3,808,610位居民。比10年前增加8.1%。


Club career.

Portillo was born in Aranjuez, Community of Madrid. In 1994, aged 12, he entered Real Madrid's youth system. During seven seasons he was a prolific scorer, netting 150 goals and breaking a record previously held by Raúl. In 2002 he signed his first professional contract, running until 2007 with a release clause of €35 million.  On 6 October 2002, Portillo made his first La Liga appearance and second overall for the main squad, starting in a 5–2 home win over Deportivo Alavés and ending that season with five goals in only ten games. He also scored a vital last-minute equaliser against Borussia Dortmund in the UEFA Champions League second group phase, a goal which ultimately proved to be crucial in the "Merengues"' making it into the knockout stages.  In July 2004, Portillo was loaned to Serie A side ACF Fiorentina, but was recalled by new manager Vanderlei Luxemburgo, who arrived midway through the 2004–05 campaign. However, the same coach deemed him surplus to requirements and another loan ensued, to Club Brugge KV of the Belgian Pro League. At the end of this loan period, Portillo returned to Real under newly hired coach Fabio Capello. With new signing Ruud van Nistelrooy adding to already present Raúl, Antonio Cassano and Ronaldo, he was released and signed a two-year contract with recently promoted Gimnàstic de Tarragona.  After a successful individual season (12 goals across all competitions, although the Catalans were relegated from the top flight), in July 2007 Portillo replaced at Osasuna Roberto Soldado, who returned from loan to Real Madrid. He was used irregularly during his first two years, and only netted three times in the league.  In late December 2009, Portillo – who was only fourth or fifth-choice striker for Osasuna coach José Antonio Camacho– finally moved clubs, signing until the end of the season plus two more with second division's Hércules CF. After some time to adjust he finished in the starting XI, netting vital goals in the final stretch, including one in the last round for a 2–0 win at Real Unión as the Alicante club returned to the first division after 13 years.  In 2010–11, Portillo returned to reserve status after Hércules signed David Trezeguet and Nelson Valdez in the off-season. He only started through injury or suspension to the pair, and scored just twice in official matches, one coming in a 3–1 away defeat of Real Sociedad on 3 April 2011, with Hércules being immediately relegated.  On 2 August 2011, Portillo signed for three years with UD Las Palmas in the second level. For the 2012–13 season, however, he moved teams again, returning to Hércules on a three-year deal.  In late December 2015, Portillo announced his retirement at the age of 33. Subsequently, he worked as his last team's director of football.

International career.

During one year – shortly after his arrival at the Real Madrid senior setup – Portillo played ten times for Spain under-21s, and scored five goals.

Honours.

Club.

Real Madrid  Club Brugge

Javier García Portillo (born 30 March 1982) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a forward.

哈维尔·加西亚·朴迪路(Javier García Portillo,1982年-3月30日),生于西班牙阿兰胡埃斯,是一名西班牙足球运动员,司职前锋。作为皇家马德里的青训产品兼本土射手,朴迪路在刚出道时曾经被誉为「新鲁尔」,但近年事业每况愈下成为球坛浪人。


Life and career.

Born in Garnett, Kansas, to attorney Hardin Wallace Masters and Emma J. Dexter, his father had briefly moved to set up a law practice, then soon moved back to his paternal grandparents' farm near Petersburg in Menard County, Illinois. In 1880 they moved to Lewistown, Illinois, where he attended high school and had his first publication in the "Chicago Daily News". The culture around Lewistown, in addition to the town's cemetery at Oak Hill and the nearby Spoon River, were the inspirations for many of his works, most notably "Spoon River Anthology", his most famous and acclaimed work.  He attended Knox Academy in 1889–90, a now defunct preparatory program run by Knox College, but was forced to leave due to his family's inability to finance his education. After working in his father's law office, he was admitted to the Illinois bar and moved to Chicago, where he established a law partnership in 1893 with the law firm of Kickham Scanlan. He married twice. In 1898 he married Helen M. Jenkins, the daughter of Robert Edwin Jenkins, a lawyer in Chicago, and had three children. During his law partnership with Clarence Darrow from 1903 to 1908, Masters defended the poor. In 1911 he started his own law firm, despite three years of unrest (1908–11) caused by extramarital affairs and an argument with Darrow.  Two of his children followed him with literary careers. His daughter Marcia pursued poetry, while his son Hilary Masters became a novelist. Hilary and his half-brother Hardin wrote a memoir of their father.  Masters died at a nursing home on March 5, 1950, in Melrose Park, Pennsylvania, age 81. He is buried in Oakland cemetery in Petersburg, Illinois. His epitaph includes his poem, "To-morrow is My Birthday" from "Toward the Gulf" (1918):  <poem> Good friends, let's to the fields... After a little walk and by your pardon, I think I'll sleep, there is no sweeter thing. Nor fate more blessed than to sleep.  I am a dream out of a blessed sleep- Let's walk, and hear the lark. </poem>

Family history.

Edgar's father was Hardin Wallace Masters, whose father was Squire Davis Masters, whose father was Thomas Masters, whose father was Hillery Masters, the son of Robert Masters (born c. 1715, Prince George's County, Maryland, the son of William W. Masters and wife Mary Veatch Masters). Edgar Lee Masters wrote in his autobiography, "Across Spoon River" (1936), that his ancestor Hillery Masters was the son of "Knotteley" Masters, but family genealogies show that Hillery and Notley Masters were, in fact, brothers.

Poetry.

Masters first published his early poems and essays under the pseudonym Dexter Wallace (after his mother's maiden name and his father's middle name) until the year 1903, when he joined the law firm of Clarence Darrow. Masters began developing as a notable American poet in 1914, when he began a series of poems (this time under the pseudonym Webster Ford) about his childhood experiences in Western Illinois, which appeared in "Reedy's Mirror", a St. Louis publication.  In 1915 the series was bound into a volume and re-titled "Spoon River Anthology". Years later, he wrote a memorable and invaluable account of the book's background and genesis, his working methods and influences, as well as its reception by the critics, favorable and hostile, in an autobiographical article notable for its human warmth and general interest.  Although he never matched the success of his "Spoon River Anthology", he did publish several other volumes of poems including "Book of Verses" in 1898, "Songs and Sonnets" in 1910, "The Great Valley" in 1916, "Song and Satires" in 1916, "The Open Sea" in 1921, "The New Spoon River" in 1924, "Lee" in 1926, "Jack Kelso" in 1928, "Lichee Nuts" in 1930, "Gettysburg, Manila, Acoma" in 1930, "Godbey," sequel to "Jack Kelso" in 1931, "The Serpent in the Wilderness" in 1933, "Richmond" in 1934, "Invisible Landscapes" in 1935, "The Golden Fleece of California" in 1936, "Poems of People" in 1936, "The New World" in 1937, "More People" in 1939, "Illinois Poems" in 1941, and "Along the Illinois" in 1942.

Awards and honors.

Masters was awarded the Mark Twain Silver Medal in 1936, the Poetry Society of America medal in 1941, the Academy of American Poets Fellowship in 1942, and the Shelly Memorial Award in 1944. In 2014, he was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame.

Edgar Lee Masters (August 23, 1868 – March 5, 1950) was an American attorney, poet, biographer, and dramatist. He is the author of "Spoon River Anthology", "The New Star Chamber and Other Essays", "Songs and Satires", "The Great Valley", "The Serpent in the Wilderness", "An Obscure Tale", "The Spleen", "Mark Twain: A Portrait", "Lincoln: The Man", and "Illinois Poems". In all, Masters published twelve plays, twenty-one books of poetry, six novels and six biographies, including those of Abraham Lincoln, Mark Twain, Vachel Lindsay, and Walt Whitman.

埃德加·李·马斯特斯(Edgar Lee Masters,1868年8月23日,堪萨斯州加内特 - 1950年3月5日,宾夕法尼亚州梅尔罗斯帕克)是美国诗人、传记作家、剧作家。著有《匙河集》、《新星商会和其他散文》、《歌曲和讽刺》、《大峡谷》、《旷野之蛇,不起眼的故事》、《脾》、《马克·吐温画像》、《林肯传》、《伊利诺伊诗篇》等书。马斯特斯出版了12个剧本、21本诗集、6部小说和6本传记,包括韦切尔·林赛、马克·吐温、亚伯拉罕·林肯和惠特曼的传记。


Background and development.

In November 2001, Spears released her third album, "Britney", which portrayed more adult and provocative themes and featured the lead single "I'm a Slave 4 U". The album has sold over four million copies in the United States; nevertheless, it was viewed as "poor-selling" in comparison to her previous efforts. The following year, her relationship of three years with pop singer Justin Timberlake ended after months of speculation. After the Dream Within a Dream Tour in support of "Britney" finalized in July 2002, Spears announced she would take a break from her career for six months. In November 2002, she revealed that she had started working on her next studio album. She explained, "Well, actually, I just said that I wanted two or three weeks off. [...] And the whole world was like, 'Ohmigod, ["sic"] she's gone..."  While in Europe, Spears met with William Orbit and Daft Punk about possible collaborations, and originally confirmed Darkchild and The Neptunes as producers. When asked by "The Hollywood Reporter" about the direction of the record, Spears responded it was an organic evolution, adding, "It should just happen naturally from the way you feel. [...] Whatever happens, happens". Additionally, Spears scheduled meet-and-greets with Timbaland and Missy Elliott in an effort to help evolve her sound. Elliott would also enlist in further production work with Nisan Stewart for Spears' project, however none of the initial material saw the light of day. Spears also held a writing session with James Murphy of LCD Soundsystem. Murphy stated, "We were both lying on the floor, head-to head, working on lyrics in a notepad.

Recording and production.

For "In the Zone", Spears worked with hit producers such as Bloodshy & Avant, R. Kelly, Diddy, Christopher Stewart, Moby, Guy Sigsworth and The Matrix. She first started writing songs for "In the Zone" during the Dream Within a Dream Tour. Spears commented about writing while touring, "The only thing that was scary to me is that I didn't know if they were good. [But] You can’t trust anybody. You have to go with your feelings." Spears commented that she was an autobiographical songwriter, although not to the point she felt self-exploited. Following the end of the tour, Spears invited her friend and backing vocalist Annet Artani to her home in Los Angeles. They started writing songs at the piano, and shortly after, they traveled to Lake Como in Lombardy, Italy. Among the tracks they worked on was "Everytime", which Artani confirmed to be written as a response to Justin Timberlake's "Cry Me a River", as well as "Shine", written by Spears about her sister Jamie Lynn, which was left unfinished. Earnest recording of the album began in May 2003. Spears commented that although she did not know initially what direction she wanted to go with the album, she took time to work with different producers and to find those who she had chemistry with. The first song recorded for "In the Zone" was "Touch of My Hand", and Spears said it "really did provide a balance for the rest of the record. We just went from there." Following the recording sessions for "Everytime", Spears complimented Sigsworth, saying, "I just basically told him exactly how I wanted the song to sound. And he was so amazing because there's a lot of producers you tell them things and they don't get it. And you're like oh, that's not the right way. He got it just right. He was amazing."  Christopher Stewart and Penelope Magnet, known collectively as RedZone, presented Spears with the third song they had written and produced, "Pop Culture Whore". While her management liked the track, she rejected it, telling them the song "sucked". After bonding with Spears during a night in New York City to "get in her world", as Magnet explained, it was easier to "actually write and know what she would and wouldn't say, to know

Music and lyrics.

According to "Billboard", "In the Zone" marks a musical departure for Spears. Instead of traditional pop, the album is darker and more dance-oriented. Spears talked about the overall sound of the album with "Rolling Stone", saying, "I'd describe it as trance-y, kind of vibe record—something you could listen to that's no so song-structured [...] Of course I'm not doing '...Baby One More Time' and those massive hits anymore. I think this record is where I am at right now in my life. It's sensual, it's sexual. I'm probably writing about that subconsciously because I don't have that right now." Amy Schriefer of NPR stated the album is a mix of dance, house, crunk, Diwali beats, reggae and hip hop. According to William Shaw of "Blender", the main theme of "In the Zone" is "Spears’s awakening to her sexuality as a single woman." The first single from the album, "Me Against the Music", features Madonna, but was constructed as a duet after she was added to the track. Spears and Madonna trade lines during the verses, and Madonna sings solo in the bridge. The instrumentation in the song includes influences of hip hop and funk guitars. The song's lyrics feature Spears and Madonna singing of the pleasures of letting go on the dancefloor, in "I'm up against the speaker / Trying to take on the music / It's like a competition". The second song, "I Got That (Boom Boom)", is an Atlanta-style hip hop track featuring the Ying Yang Twins. "Showdown" has "bubbly" beats and its lyrics, about "fighting and making up with carnal relations", include the lines "I don’t really want to be a tease / But would you undo my zipper, please?" "Rolling Stone" classified the song a pop-dancehall. The fourth track, "Breathe on Me", was described as the most sensual song of the record and compared to Madonna's 1992 studio album "Erotica". A Euro trance and ambient-techno song with trip hop influences, Spears sings, "Oh, it's so hot, and I need some air/ And boy, don't stop 'cause I'm halfway there" and "Just put your lips together and blow." "Early Mornin'" depicts Spears looking for men at a club in New York

Release and promotion.

"In the Zone" was first released in Italy and the United Kingdom on November 12, 2003, and was released in the United States on November 18. In November 2003, Barry Weiss spoke to "Billboard" and said that "In the Zone" was being promoted in a worldwide level, exhausting areas such as print and electronic media, television, radio and video to raise awareness of the album's release. In addition, Jive worked with lifestyle marketer the Karpel Group to market the album to the gay community. Other broader-based marketing efforts included a tie-in with marketing company LidRock, where after ordering a soda at Sbarro, customers received a cup featuring the artwork and a three-inch disc in the lid featuring "Brave New Girl" and songs by two other artists. In December 2003, an updated LidRock disc included a remix of "Me Against the Music" without Madonna, as well as songs by fellow Jive acts Nick Cannon and Bowling for Soup. Regal Theaters also showed a short film that included footage of the making of Spears's music videos. Two national TV advertising campaigns began on November 1, 2003, one with a teaser ad in American comedy show "Saturday Night Live" and another exclusively on MTV. No sponsored cross-marketing campaigns were planned, as Larry Rudolph explained, "[This time] it's going to be more about the music than about corporate tie-ins." In terms of international exposure, during a fourth-month period Spears was featured in seven mini TV-specials and more than one-hundred and fifty interviews outside the US.  Spears first performed "Me Against the Music" at the 2003 NFL Kickoff Live on September 4, 2003 at the National Mall. The performance segued into a medley of "...Baby One More Time" and "I'm a Slave 4 U", which included pyrotechnics. On September 14, 2003, Spears played a surprise concert at Rain Nightclub in the Palms Casino Resort, and performed "Me Against the Music", "Breathe on Me" and a medley of "...Baby One More Time" and "I'm a Slave 4 U". On

Singles.

"Me Against the Music" was released as the lead single from "In the Zone" on October 20, 2003. The label's choice for the first single was originally "Outrageous", but Spears convinced them to release "Me Against the Music". The song received mixed reviews from critics. Some felt it was a strong dance track of the album, while others referred to it as lackluster and disappointing. "Me Against the Music" achieved international success, peaking atop of the charts in countries such as Australia, Denmark, Hungary, Ireland and Spain, as well as the European Hot 100 Singles. It also peaked at number two in Canada, Italy, Norway and the United Kingdom, and inside the top five in many other countries; however, it peaked at number 35 in the US "Billboard" Hot 100, being Spears' lowest charting-lead single. The song won the "Hot Dance Single of the Year" accolade at the 2004 Billboard Music Awards. In the song's accompanying music video, Spears chases Madonna inside a nightclub.  "Toxic" was released as the album's second single on January 12, 2004. After trying to choose between "(I Got That) Boom Boom" and "Outrageous", Spears selected "Toxic" instead. The song received critical acclaim. "Toxic" attained worldwide success, reaching the top five in fifteen countries, while topping the charts in Australia, Canada, Hungary, Norway and the United Kingdom. In the United States, it became her first single to

Critical reception.

"In the Zone" received positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 66, which indicates "generally positive reviews", based on 13 reviews. Jason Shawhan of About.com gave a positive review, saying that while the album's vibe is sexy, the result is a personal statement from Spears. He also added, "T[here]'s another thing about Spears' new record, as none of her previous albums ever managed to produce any kind of sustained emotional response than the pleasure that comes from a good pop record. I miss Max Martin, for sure, but it feels like Ms. S. has been paying attention to La Ciccone. To put it another way, this is Britney's "True Blue"." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said that the album "[is] all club-ready, but despite some hints of neo-electro and the Neptunes, it doesn't quite sound modern—it sounds like cuts from 1993 or Madonna's "Bedtime Stories" and "Ray of Light". Production-wise, these tracks are not only accomplished but much more varied than any of her previous albums." Ruth Mitchell of BBC Online called "Early

Accolades.

"Toxic" won Spears her first and so far only Grammy Award, for Best Dance Recording at the 47th

Commercial performance.

According to Nielsen SoundScan, "In the Zone" sold 609,000 copies during its first week of availability in the United States, debuting atop of the "Billboard" 200 the week of December 6, 2003. The album had the second highest debut sales of 2003 by a female artist (only behind Alicia Keys's "The Diary of Alicia Keys"), as well as the fifth highest debut sales of the year. Spears also became the second female artist in "Billboard"'s history to have four consecutive number-one albums behind Janet Jackson who held the most at the time with five. The album was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on December 16, 2003, for shipments of over two million copies in the United States. It has sold over three million copies in the country according to Nielsen SoundScan. In Canada, the album debuted at number two in the Canadian

Impact and legacy.

Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic commented, "If 2001's "Britney" was a transitional album, capturing Spears at the point when she wasn't a girl and not yet a woman, its 2003 follow-up, "In the Zone", is where she has finally completed that journey and turned into Britney, the Adult Woman." Erlewine compared Spears to her peer Christina Aguilera, explaining that both equated maturity with transparent sexuality and the pounding sounds of nightclubs, but while Aguilera "comes across like a natural-born skank, Britney is the girl next door cutting loose at college, drinking and smoking and dancing and sexing just a little too recklessly, since this is the first time she "can"

Personnel.

Credits adapted from AllMusic.

In the Zone is the fourth studio album by American singer Britney Spears, released on November 12, 2003 through Jive Records. Its eclectic music incorporates dance, house, reggae, trip hop and hip hop styles with instrumentation from guitars, drums, synthesizers, strings and Middle Eastern musical instruments. Its themes range from love, dancing and in the case of songs such as "Touch of My Hand", sex and masturbation. Contributions to the album's production came from a wide range of producers, including Bloodshy & Avant, R. Kelly, Trixster, Moby, Guy Sigsworth and The Matrix.

《流行禁区》(英语:In the Zone)为美国歌手布兰妮·斯皮尔斯于2003年11月16日发行的第四张录音室专辑。其歌曲风格包括舞曲、浩室、神游舞曲和嘻哈等。


History.

Under Lusignan and Venetian rule, Kyrenia District was known as the contrée (French) or contrade (Italian ) of Cérines, which was one of the eleven provinces of the Kingdom of Cyprus. At that time, the province of Nicosia, known as the Vicomté, extended closer to the sea, encroaching upon the Pentadaktylos foothills in the present Kyrenia District.. Under Ottoman Turkish rule, Kyrenia was one of the six cazas into which the island was divided. The Caza of Kyrenia, was divided into three nahiehs – Kyrenia, Lefka and Morphou. The caza was headed by a Kaimakan. When the British took control of Cyprus in 1878, these administrative units were retained. But by 1881, Kyrenia Caza was reduced to one nahieh, namely Kyrenia, which covered roughly the same as its present area.  A British officer styled a Commissioner (later District Officer) was appointed for the Caza, while the Turkish Kaimakan was initially retained with certain of his functions.  In 1881 the Caza and Nahieh of Kyrenia had a population of 13,266, (Greek 75%, Turkish 20%), representing 7% of the population of Cyprus. By 1960 the population had grown to 31,015 (Greek 79%, Turkish 14%, Maronite 6%). The Maronite population was almost entirely located in the villages of Kormakiti, Asomatos and Karpaseia.

Settlements.

According to "Statistical Codes of Municipalities, Communities and Quarters of Cyprus" per the Statistical Service of Cyprus (2015), Kyrenia District has 3 municipalities and 44 communities. Municipalities are written with bold.

Kyrenia District is one of the six districts of Cyprus. Its main town is Kyrenia (; ). It is the smallest of Cyprus' districts, and is the only one controlled by the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in its entirety.

凯里尼亚区是塞浦路斯的一个区。凯里尼亚区为塞浦路斯面积最小的区。主要城镇为凯里尼亚。凯里尼亚区目前由北塞浦路斯当局控制,是塞浦路斯6区中唯一一个完全由北塞方面控制的区。在尼科西亚勒德拉宫附近有塞浦路斯共和国设置的“流亡”行政机构。


真的,弗吉尼娅,圣诞老人是真的

History.

In 1897, Dr. Philip O'Hanlon, a coroner's assistant on Manhattan's Upper West Side, was asked by his then eight-year-old daughter, Virginia O'Hanlon (1889–1971), whether Santa Claus really existed. O'Hanlon suggested she write to "The Sun", a prominent New York City newspaper at the time, assuring her that "If you see it in "The Sun", it's so." In so doing, Dr. O'Hanlon had unwittingly given one of the paper's editors, Francis Pharcellus Church, an opportunity to rise above the simple question and address the philosophical issues behind it.  Church was a war correspondent during the American Civil War, a time that saw great suffering and a corresponding lack of hope and faith in much of society. Although the paper ran the editorial in the seventh place on the page, below even one on the newly invented "chainless bicycle", it was both noticed and well received by readers. According to an anecdote on the radio program "The Rest of the Story", Church was a hardened cynic and an atheist who had little patience for superstitious beliefs, did not want to write the editorial, and refused to allow his name to be attached to the piece. More than a century later it is the most reprinted editorial in any newspaper in the English language.  In 1971, after seeing Virginia's obituary in "The New York Times", four friends formed a company called Elizabeth Press and published a children's book titled "Yes, Virginia" that illustrated the editorial and included a brief history of the main characters. Its creators took it to Warner Brothers, who made an Emmy award-winning television show based on the editorial in 1974. The History Channel, in a special that aired on February 21, 2001, noted that Virginia gave the original letter to a granddaughter, who pasted it in a scrapbook. It was feared that the letter was destroyed in a house fire, but 30 years later, it was discovered intact.  A copy of the letter, hand-written by Virginia and believed by her family to be the original, returned to them by the newspaper, was authenticated in 1998 by Kathleen Guzman, an appraiser on the television program "Antiques Roadshow". In 2007 the show appraised its value at around $50,000. Some commentators doubt that a young girl would refer to children her own age as "my little friends" and suspect Virginia's father assisted her in composing the letter or even wrote it himself.

Legacy.

Every year, Virginia's letter and Church's response are read at the Yule log ceremony at Church's alma mater, Columbia College of Columbia University.  The story of Virginia's inquiry and "The Sun"s response was adapted in 1932 into an NBC-produced cantata (the only known editorial set to classical music), a segment of the short film "Santa Claus Story" (1945), and an Emmy Award-winning animated television special aired in 1974 on ABC, animated by Bill Meléndez (who had worked on various "Peanuts" specials). In 1991, it was adapted into a made-for-TV movie starring Richard Thomas and Charles Bronson. The movie was a highly fictionalized account. In 1996, the story was adapted into an eponymous holiday musical by David Kirchenbaum (music and lyrics) and Myles McDonnel (book).  In 1954, American country singer and actor, Tex Ritter released a single called "Is There a Santa Claus?" about "little" Virginia's letter and then narrates Francis Church's response.  The last two paragraphs of Church's editorial are read by actor Sam Elliott in the 1989 film "Prancer", about Jessica Riggs, a little girl who believes the wounded reindeer she is nursing back to health belongs to Santa. Jessica's story inspires the local newspaper editor, as Virginia's letter did to Church, to write an editorial which he titles "Yes, Santa, there is a Virginia."  On September 21, 1997, the 100th anniversary of the editorial's original publication, "The New York Times" published an analysis of its enduring appeal.  In 2003, "Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus" was depicted in a mechanical holiday window display at the Lord & Taylor department store on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan.  Virginia continues to inspire generations of young students at The Studio School, a New York City private school located in the building where Virginia grew up and penned her letter. The curiosity in Virginia's letter, and her dedication to education later in life, have rendered her a guiding figure in school lore. Students read and discuss her letter annually, and have written and performed plays about the young girl's life. In 2009, Janet C. Rotter, Head of School, announced the establishment of the Virginia O'Hanlon Scholarship Fund, speaking passionately about the school's commitment to offering need-based scholarships for students of merit. The fund continues to grow and accept donations.  "Yes, Virginia, there is (a)..." has become an idiomatic expression to insist that something is true.  In December 2015, Macy's department store in Herald Square, New York City, NY used Virginia's story for their holiday window display, illustrated in three-dimensional figurines and spanning several windows on the south side of the store along 34th Street between 6th and 7th Avenues. This version of "Yes, Virginia" is based on the 2010 television special of the same name, starring Neil Patrick Harris and Bea Miller.

Virginia O'Hanlon.

Laura Virginia O'Hanlon was born on July 20, 1889, in New York City, New York. Her marriage to Edward Douglas in the 1910s was brief, and ended with him deserting her shortly before their daughter, Laura, was born. She was listed as divorced in the 1930 United States Census but nevertheless kept her ex-husband's surname the rest of her life (as was common practice), styled as "Laura Virginia O'Hanlon Douglas."  Douglas received her Bachelor of Arts from Hunter College in 1910, a master's degree in education from Columbia University in 1912, and a doctorate from Fordham University in the 1930s. The title of her dissertation was "The Importance of Play". She was a school teacher in the New York City Independent School District. She started her career as an educator in 1912, became a junior principal in 1935, and retired in 1959. Douglas received a steady stream of mail about her letter throughout her life. She would include a copy of the editorial in her replies. In an interview later in life, she credited it with shaping the direction of her life quite positively.  In December 2012, radio station WGNA-FM in Albany, New York, published a photo of Douglas meeting Santa on Christmas Eve 1969, two years before her death. Douglas died on May 13, 1971, at the age of 81, in a nursing home in Valatie, New York. She is buried at the Chatham Rural Cemetery in North Chatham, New York.

"Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus" is a phrase from an editorial called "Is There a Santa Claus?". The editorial appeared in the September 21, 1897, edition of "The (New York) Sun" and has since become part of popular Christmas folklore in the United States. It is the most reprinted newspaper editorial in the English language.

《圣诞老人存在吗?》(Is There a Santa Claus?)是《纽约太阳报 (便士报)》于1897年9月21日发表的一篇社评。这篇短文因“真的,弗吉尼娅,圣诞老人是真的”(Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus)一语而成为美国和加拿大民间的一个经典圣诞节故事。


Context.

Arthur Conan Doyle began writing while studying medicine at university in the late 1870s, and had his first short story, "The Mystery of Sasassa Valley", published in September 1879. Eight years later his first Sherlock Holmes story, the novel "A Study in Scarlet", was published by Ward Lock & Co. It was well received, but Doyle was paid little for it; after a sequel novel, "The Sign of the Four", was published in "Lippincott's Monthly Magazine", he shifted his focus to short stories. Soon after "The Strand Magazine" was inaugurated in January 1891, its editor Herbert Greenhough Smith received two submissions to the new monthly from Doyle. Later he described his reaction: "I at once realised that here was the greatest short story writer since Edgar Allan Poe." The first of them, "A Scandal in Bohemia", was published near the back of the July issue with ten illustrations by Sidney Paget. The stories proved popular, helping to boost the circulation of the magazine, and Doyle was paid 30 guineas each for the initial run of twelve. These first twelve stories were published monthly from July 1891 until June 1892, and then were collected together and published as a book, "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" on 14 October 1892 by George Newnes, the publisher of "The Strand Magazine". The initial print run of the book was for 10,000 copies in the United Kingdom, and a further 4,500 copies in the United States, which were published by Harper Brothers the following day.  Sidney Paget illustrated all twelve stories in "The Strand" and in the collection. The preceding Holmes novels had been illustrated by other artists.

Stories.

Summary.

All of the stories within "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" are told in a first-person narrative from the point of view of Dr. Watson, as is the case for all but four of the Sherlock Holmes stories. The "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" entry for Doyle suggests that the short stories contained in "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" tend to point out social injustices, such as "a king's betrayal of an opera singer, a stepfather's deception of his ward as a fictitious lover, an aristocratic crook's exploitation of a failing pawnbroker, a beggar's extensive estate in Kent." It suggests that, in contrast, Holmes is portrayed as offering a fresh and fair approach in an unjust world of "official incompetence and aristocratic privilege". "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" contains many of Doyle's favourite Sherlock Holmes stories. In 1927, he submitted a list of what he believed were his twelve best Sherlock Holmes stories to "The Strand Magazine". Among those he listed were "The Adventure of the Speckled Band" (as his favourite), "The Red-Headed League" (second), "A Scandal in Bohemia" (fifth) and "The Five Orange Pips" (seventh). The book was banned in the Soviet Union in 1929 because of its alleged "occultism", but the book gained popularity in a black market of similarly banned books, and the restriction was lifted in 1940.

Critical reception.

"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" were well received upon their serialisation in "The Strand Magazine". Following the publication of "A Scandal in Bohemia" in July 1891, the "Hull Daily Mail" described the story as being "worthy of the inventive genius" of Doyle. Just over a year later, when Doyle took a break from publishing the short stories upon the completion of "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes", a piece in the "Belfast News Letter" reviewed a story by another author in "The Strand Magazine" saying that it "might have been read with a moderate amount of interest a year ago", but that "the unique power" of Doyle's writing was evident in the gulf in quality between the stories. The "Leeds Mercury" particularly praised the characterisation of Holmes, "with all his little foibles", while in contrast the "Cheltenham Looker-On" described Holmes as "rather a bore sometimes", noting that descriptions of his foibles "grows wearisome". The correspondent for "Hampshire Telegraph" lamented the fact that Doyle's more thoughtful writing, such as "Micah Clarke", was not so popular as the Holmes stories, concluding that an author "who wishes to make literature pay must write what his readers want".

Adaptations.

Sherlock Holmes has been adapted numerous times for both films and plays, and the character has been played by over 70 different actors in more than 200 films. A number of film and television series have borne the title "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes", but some of these are either original stories, combinations of a number of Doyle's stories, or in one case, an adaptation of "The Sign of the Four".  Irene Adler, who is in the first short story, "A Scandal in Bohemia", is prominent in many modern adaptations, despite only appearing in one story. Often in modern adaptations, she is portrayed as a love interest for Holmes, as in Robert Doherty's "Elementary" and the BBC's "Sherlock", even though in the story itself, the narration claims: "It was not that he felt any emotion akin to love for Irene Adler." In his "Sherlock Holmes Handbook", Christopher Redmond notes "the Canon provides little basis for either sentimental or prurient speculation about a Holmes-Adler connection."  Many of the stories from the collection were included as episodes in the Granada Television series, "Sherlock Holmes" which ran from 1984 until 1994. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes were dramatised for BBC Radio 4 in 1990–1991, starring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams as Watson. Bert Coules was the head writer, but stories were also written by Vincent McInerny and Peter Mackie, and directed by Patrick Rayner and Enyd Williams.

References.

Citation

The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes is a collection of twelve short stories by Arthur Conan Doyle, first published on 14 October 1892. It contains the earliest short stories featuring the consulting detective Sherlock Holmes, which had been published in twelve monthly issues of "The Strand Magazine" from July 1891 to June 1892. The stories are collected in the same sequence, which is not supported by any fictional chronology. The only characters common to all twelve are Holmes and Dr. Watson and all are related in first-person narrative from Watson's point of view.

《福尔摩斯冒险史》(英语:"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes",又译《-{zh-cn:福尔摩斯办案记;zh-tw:福尔摩斯办案记;zh-hk:福尔摩斯冒险史}-》)是亚瑟·柯南·道尔所创作的第一本短篇小说合集,共收录12篇短篇小说,整本小说围绕在侦探夏洛克·福尔摩斯的办案经历。该合集于1892年10月14日首次发布;其中各短篇小说在1891年7月至1892年6月期间,以每月连载形式于《河岸杂志》中出版。这些短篇小说的出版顺序并未依照案发时间来排列,而所有短篇中皆全部登场的人物只有夏洛克·福尔摩斯和约翰·华生博士2人;另外,所有短篇都是以华生的第一人称叙述角度来撰写。


Author and Audience.

The text itself does not identify the author. The word "mathetes" is the Greek word for "student" or "disciple," and it appears only once in the text, when the author calls himself a "student of the Apostles" (ἀποστόλων γενομένος μαθητής). Hence it is not a proper name at all, and its use in the title is strictly conventional. The writer, whoever he or she was, sounds to many like a Johannine Christian, inasmuch as he uses the word "Logos" as a substitute for "Christ" or "Jesus."  Nothing is known either about its recipient, Diognetus. It is likely that he was the tutor of the same name to the emperor Marcus Aurelius. It is entirely possible that we have a fictitious character, since the name "Diognetus," means "God-born" in Greek (this is someone's opinion - it makes perfect sense that Diognetus was a real person as Apologies were abundant during this era, particularly that of the Christian Apologists ).

Manuscripts.

The epistle survived only in one manuscript from antiquity. It was initially discovered in a 13th-century codex that included writings ascribed to Justin Martyr. The 13th-century manuscript was mostly intact, exhibiting damage only in one place, several lines in the middle of the text. It was first published in 1592, and attributed to Justin Martyr because of the context of its discovery. Unfortunately the original was subsequently destroyed in a fire during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, but numerous transcriptions of the letter survive today. Oddly, there is no evidence that any Apostolic or Church Father knew of its existence, even though it has been esteemed by many modern readers as a gem of early Christian apologetics.

Contents.

The Epistle has twelve chapters:  The 10th chapter breaks off in mid thought. When the text resumes, the epistolary style has been abandoned and the final two chapters resemble a peroration. They are often considered to be later additions from the 3rd-century. Some have attributed them to Hippolytus, based on similarities of thought and style.

The Epistle of Mathetes to Diognetus() is an example of Christian apologetics, writings defending Christianity against the charges of its critics. The Greek writer and recipient are not otherwise known. Estimates of dating based on the language and other textual evidence have ranged from AD 130 (which would make it one of the earliest examples of apologetic literature), to the late 2nd century, with the latter often preferred in modern scholarship.

《丢格那妥书》(Epistle to Diognetus或称《致丢格那妥书》,全名Epistle of Mathetes to Diognetus)是一份早期基督教护教士所留下的文献,原文应该是于2世纪以希腊文写成,共12章。这份书信是一位信徒回复一位咨询者的信件,作者姓名不详。信件内容主要说明:基督教与异教、犹太教之间的不同,表明基督教是神独一的启示,显明神用爱拯救世人的救恩。


Early life and career.

Jade Raymond was born 28 August 1975 in Montreal She graduated from St. George's School of Montreal in 1992 and Marianopolis College in 1994. She received a Bachelor of Science degree from McGill University in 1998, where she majored in computer science. Her first post-university job was as a programmer for Sony, where she eventually helped in the creation of Sony Online's first Research and Development group. This led to Electronic Arts where she worked as a producer on "The Sims Online". From 2003-2004, Raymond joined the G4 program "The Electric Playground" as a part-time correspondent, working with Victor Lucas, Tommy Tallarico and Julie Stoffer. In 2004, she started working for Ubisoft Montreal, where she led the creation of the first "Assassin's Creed game." Raymond went on to become executive producer on "Assassin's Creed II", and was executive producer of new IP at Ubisoft Montreal, which included "Watch Dogs" and "The Mighty Quest for Epic Loot".  In January 2010, Raymond moved to Toronto to build a new studio for Ubisoft in the role of managing director. Raymond is also on the Board of Directors of WIFT-T, an organization dedicated the advancement of women across film, television and screen-based industries.  In July 2015, Raymond announced that she had joined Electronic Arts and formed Motive Studios, based in Montreal. She was also to be in charge of Visceral Games studio, located in California, where she worked with games designer and writer Amy Hennig on Star Wars games and also develop new original IP.  In July 2018, Jade Raymond was recognized for “her trailblazing endeavours across her 20-year career” with the Develop “Vanguard Award”. In October 2018 Jade received the “Pioneer Award” from the Fun & Serious Game Festival, recognizing her “contributions to the industry as a producer of games that are considered a turning point in the industry”.  Raymond was one of few video game executives named in the Variety magazine 2018 list of 500 most influential business leaders shaping the global entertainment industry.  She left Motive Studios in October 2018, alluding to a "top secret project". In March 2019, Raymond announced that she had joined Google as a vice president; during the 2019 Game Developers Conference, Google affirmed that she will be heading Google's Studios, Stadia Games and Entertainment, to create exclusive content for Google's Stadia streaming service.  On January 9, 2018, Raymond was named to the Board of Directors for the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences.

Jade Raymond (born 28 August 1975) is a Canadian video game producer and executive in charge of Stadia Games and Entertainment, best known as founder of Ubisoft Toronto and Motive Studios.

捷德·雷蒙德(英语:Jade Raymond,1975年-8月28日),出生于加拿大蒙特利尔,加拿大籍电子游戏制作总监,目前是谷歌云游戏服务Google Stadia的负责人之一。她也是游戏广播电台GamerRadio创办人、EA旗下游戏工作室Motive工作室的创始人。她曾在育碧任职10年,担任过育碧多伦多首席执行官、董事总经理。


Name.

His title "Geoseogan" (Hangul:거서간 Hanja:居西干) or "Geoseulhan" (Hangul:거슬한 Hanja:居瑟邯), means "king" in the language of the Jinhan confederacy, the group of chiefdoms in the southeast of the Korean Peninsula.  "Hyeokgeose" was not a personal name, but the "hanja" for his honorific name, pronounced "Bulgeunae" (Hangul:불그내 Hanja:弗矩内) in archaic Korean, meaning "bright world." 赫 "hyeok", a Chinese character that means "bright, radiant, glowing" (from doubling the character for 赤 "jeok" "red"), is used to transcribe the Korean adjective stem 븕 "bylg-" > 붉 "bulg-" "red" (< ancient Korean word for "red; brightly colored; bright"). 居 "geo", a Chinese character that means "live, dwell, reside, sit," is used to transcribe the Korean prenominal adjective inflection ᄂ "-n" ~ 은 "-eun" "~ that is (bright/red), ~ which is (bright/red)." 世 "se", a Chinese character that means "generation; world; era," is used to transcribe an ancient word related to the obsolescent Korean word 뉘 "nuy" ~ 누리 "nuri" "world."

Founding legend.

The "Samguk Sagi" and "Samguk Yusa" describe the founding of Silla by Hyeokgeose.  Refugees of Gojoseon lived in the valleys of present-day Gyeongsang-do, South Korea, in six villages called Yangsan (Hangul:양산촌 Hanja:楊山村), Goheo (Hangul:고허촌 Hanja:高墟村), Jinji (Hangul:진지촌 Hanja:珍支村), Daesu (Hangul:대수촌 Hanja:大樹村), Gari (Hangul:가리촌 Hanja:加利村), and Goya (Hangul:고야촌 Hanja:高耶村).  In 69 BC, the heads of the six chiefdoms gathered to discuss forming a kingdom and selecting a king. In the forest, at a well called Najeong at Yangsan, a strange light shone from the sky, and a white horse was bowed down. Chief Sobeolgong of Goheo discovered a large egg there. A boy came out of the egg, and when bathed, his body radiated light and birds and beasts danced.  Sobeolgong raised him, and the six chieftains revered him. The chieftains made him king when he became 13 years old. The state was named Seorabeol.  Upon becoming king, he married Lady Aryeong, who is said to have been born from the ribs of a dragon.  Hyeokgeose is a son of Lady Saso who is from Chinese royal family and moved to Jinhan confederacy.

Historical context.

This legend reflects developments in the city-state stage, the six chieftains representing a loose group of Gojoseon refugees. The story implies the ascendency of the Bak clan over the native peoples, and may indicate horse and sun worship.  The founding date is widely questioned today, as the "Samguk Sagi" was written from the viewpoint of Silla, claiming Silla's superiority and antiquity over Goguryeo and Baekje. Silla in this traditional thinking is thought to have been founded first, followed by Goguryeo, and then Baekje. Archaeological evidence, however, paints a different picture, and it is suspected that Goguryeo is the oldest of the three kingdoms, with Silla developing either concurrently with Baekje or after it.

Reign.

According to the "Samguk Sagi", Hyeokgeose and his queen traveled the realm in 41 BC, helping the people improve their harvests. The people praised them as the Two Saints or Two Holy Ones (Hangul:이성 Hanja:二聖).  In 37 BC Hyeokgeose built Geumseong (Hangul:금성 Hanja:金城) in the capital city (present-day Gyeongju), and in 32 BC he built a royal palace inside.  The Chinese Lelang commandery invaded in 28 BC but seeing that the people enjoyed piles of grain and did not lock their doors at night, called Silla a moral nation and retreated.  In 20 BC, the king of the Mahan confederacy demanded a tribute. Silla sent Hogong, who was a minister of Silla. The king was angry that Silla sent Hogong and not a tribute. Hogong criticized the king's impoliteness with fortitude. The king was angry at him and tried to kill him, but nearby subordinates stopped the king, and he was permitted to return to Silla.  In 20 BC, Hyeokgeose also sent an emissary upon the death of the Mahan king in 19 BC. In 5 BC, East Okjeo (a small state to the north, later conquered by Goguryeo) sent an emissary, and Hyeokgeose presented him with 20 horses.

Death and succession.

Hyeokgeose ruled for around 60 years, and set the foundation for a kingdom that would unify much of the Korean Peninsula in 668.  Hyeokgeose maintained control over his kingdom and was one of the few Park rulers to hold complete power over Silla. He died at age 73, and was buried in Sareung, north of Dameomsa (south of Namcheon). Hyeokgeose was succeeded by his eldest son Namhae.

Legacy.

Though not much is known about Hyeokgeose, his many legacies and reminders survive to this day. One of them being his numerous descendants, the Park clans of Korea, who are numbered as the third largest group of people with a common last name. All the Park clans in Korea trace their ancestry back to the first king of Silla, Bak Hyeokgeose. Another legacy was the kingdom that he established. The fact that he founded the Silla kingdom remained under high respects and great consideration by Gyeongju Gim (Kim) (김, 金) clan and Wolseong Seok (석, 昔) clan throughout Silla's history.

Hyeokgeose of Silla (69 BC – 4 AD, r. 57 BC–4 AD), also known by his personal full name as Bak (Park, Pak) Hyeokgeose (朴赫居世), was the founding monarch of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He was the progenitor of all Bak (Park) clans in Korea. His other names in Japanese historical records include,, in 日本書紀 and in 古事記.

赫居世居西干(前69年-4年)是朝鲜半岛三国时期新罗的始祖,姓朴。公元4年,传位于其子南解次次雄。祖先娑苏夫人为中国出身、归化辰韩。


Rules.

A geologic section has to fulfill a set of criteria to be adapted as a GSSP by the ICS. The following list summarizes the criteria:

Agreed-upon Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points.

The Precambrian-Cambrian boundary GSSP at Fortune Head, Newfoundland is a typical GSSP. It is accessible by paved road and is set aside as a nature preserve. A continuous section is available from beds that are clearly Precambrian into beds that are clearly Cambrian. The boundary is set at the first appearance of a complex trace fossil "Treptichnus pedum" that is found worldwide. The Fortune Head GSSP is unlikely to be washed away or built over. Nonetheless, "Treptichnus pedum" is less than ideal as a marker fossil as it is not found in every Cambrian sequence, and it is not assured that it is found at the same level in every exposure. In fact, further eroding its value as a boundary marker, it has since been identified in strata 4m "below" the GSSP! However, no other fossil is known that would be preferable. There is no radiometrically datable bed at the boundary at Fortune Head, but there is one slightly above the boundary in similar beds nearby. These factors have led some geologists to suggest that this GSSP is in need of reassigning.  Once a GSSP boundary has been agreed upon, a "golden spike" is driven into the geologic section to mark the precise boundary for future geologists (though in practice the "spike" need neither be golden nor an actual spike). The first stratigraphic boundary was defined in 1977 by identifying the Silurian-Devonian boundary with a bronze plaque at a locality called Klonk, northeast of the village of Suchomasty in the Czech Republic. GSSPs are also sometimes referred to as Golden Spikes.

Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages.

Because defining a GSSP depends on finding well-preserved geologic sections and identifying key events, this task becomes more difficult as one goes farther back in time. Before 630 million years ago, boundaries on the geologic timescale are defined simply by reference to fixed dates, known as "Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages".

A Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point, abbreviated GSSP, is an internationally agreed upon reference point on a stratigraphic section which defines the lower boundary of a stage on the geologic time scale. The effort to define GSSPs is conducted by the International Commission on Stratigraphy, a part of the International Union of Geological Sciences. Most, but not all, GSSPs are based on paleontological changes. Hence GSSPs are usually described in terms of transitions between different faunal stages, though far more faunal stages have been described than GSSPs. The GSSP definition effort commenced in 1977. As of 2012, 64 of the 101 stages that need a GSSP have been formally defined.

全球界线层型剖面和点位("Global Standard stratotype section and point,或GSSP")又称为金钉子,是指在全球范围内选取特定的岩层层序的一些特定“点”,作为定义和识别地层界线的世界标准。


History.

The company started as Liow & Company () in Hong Kong in 1938. Its original purpose was to raise funds and purchase supplies and equipment for the People's Liberation Army, then engaged in the Chinese Civil War. It was renamed as China Resources Corporation () in 1948. In 1983, the company was incorporated as China Resources (Holdings) Company Limited ().

Operations.

The company's main business focus is the export of mainland Chinese products (including energy) to Hong Kong. Its retail operations are organised under the China Resources Retail group, and include Chinese Arts & Crafts; it also runs a number of supermarkets in Hong Kong, originally under the CRC name, but now rebranded as Vanguard. It also owns Ng Fung Hong, the monopoly meat importer into Hong Kong.  China Resources Cement is the largest NSP clinker and cement producer in Southern China by production capacity and the second largest concrete producer in China by sales volume. It was established in 2003 and incorporated in Cayman Islands.

Rank.

According to "Fortune Magazine", China Resources was ranked 80th on the 2019 Fortune Global 500 list, improved 63 places since 2014.

Investigation.

In 2013 the firm and its chairman at the time, Song Lin, who also holds high government rank, was reported to be under investigation regarding the purchase of coal mines in Shanxi province for 9.9 billion RMB, that did not produce any coal for several years after the acquisition. There are substantial reserves of coal in the mines, but exploiting them requires substantial investments. Meanwhile, coal from newly opened strip mines in Mongolia had depressed the market. The deal raised questions about the leverage that large, state-owned firms had to borrow money at low interest for projects of dubious profitability and about where the money went and why.

China Resources Holdings () is a Chinese state-owned conglomerate that owns a variety of businesses in Hong Kong and Mainland China. Some of its subsidiaries use the name in the form of the acronym CRC.

华润集团(英语:China Resources、缩写:英语:CRC)是在中国大陆及香港运营的中国中央企业控股集团,前身是于1938年在香港成立的“联和行”,1948年改组更名为华润公司,1954年成为中国各进出口公司在香港的总代理,贸易额曾占全国外贸总额的三分之一。1983年改组为华润(集团)有限公司,业务涉及消费、电力、地产、水泥、燃气、健康、金融等。在中港两地拥有合共十家上市公司,其中六家市值由五百亿至二千多亿不等。旗下的啤酒业务(华润雪花啤酒)自2005年起销量居全国第一;超市业务(包括华润万家、苏果和原家世界)按营业额计居于全国第一;地产业务兼顾发展商业与住宅物业,并是万科的第一大股东;在医药领域(华润医药),则有华润三九、东阿阿胶、双鹤药业、万东医疗等上市子公司。


Mechanism.

The mechanism of oxidation of -CHC(O)R group by SeO2 has been well investigated. The oxidation of carbonyl alpha methylene positions begins with attack by the enol tautomer at the electrophilic selenium center. Following rearrangement and loss of water, a second equivalent of water attacks the alpha position. Selenic acid is liberated in the final step to give the 1,2-dicarbonyl product. Allylic oxidation using selenium-dioxide proceeds via an ene reaction at the electrophilic selenium center. A 2,3-sigmatropic shift, proceeding through an envelope-like transition state, gives the allylselenite ester, which upon hydrolysis gives the allylic alcohol. The ("E")- orientation about the double bond, a consequence of the envelope-like transition state, is observed in the penultimate ester formation, is retained during the hydrolysis step giving the ("E")-allylic alcohol product.

Scope.

The Riley Oxidation is amenable to a variety of carbonyl and olefinic systems with a high degree of regiocontrol based on the substitution pattern of the given system.  Ketones with two available alpha methylene positions react more quickly at the least hindered position.: Allylic oxidation can be predicted by the substitution pattern on the olefin. In the case of 1,2-disubstituted olefins, reaction rates follow CH > CH¬2 > CH3:  Geminally-substiuted olefins react in the same order of reaction rates as above:  Trisubstiuted alkenes experience reactivity at the more substituted end of the double bond. The order of reactivity follows that CH2 > CH¬3 > CH:  Due to the rearrangement of the double bond, terminal olefins tend to give primary allylic alcohols:  Cyclic alkenes prefer to undergo allylic oxidation within the ring, rather than the allylic position at the sidechain. In bridged ring systems, Bredt’s rule is followed and bridgehead positions are not oxidized:

Applications.

In their landmark synthesis of strychnine, R.B. Woodward and co-workers leveraged the Riley Oxidation to attain the trans-glyoxal. Epimerization of the alpha hydrogen led to cis-glyoxal, which spontaneously underwent cyclization with the secondary amine to yield dehydrostryninone.  Selenium-dioxide mediated oxidation was used in the synthesis of the diterpenoid ryanodol.  Selenium dioxide mediated allylic oxidation to access ingenol.

The Riley oxidation is a selenium dioxide-mediated oxidation of methylene groups adjacent to carbonyls. It was first reported by Riley and co-workers in 1932. In the decade that ensued, selenium-mediated oxidation rapidly expanded in use, and in 1939, Guillemonat and co-workers disclosed the selenium dioxide-mediated oxidation of olefins at the allylic position. Today, selenium-dioxide-mediated oxidation of methylene groups to alpha ketones and at the allylic position of olefins is known as the Riley Oxidation.

Riley氧化反应,又称莱利氧化反应、里利氧化反应,是以二氧化硒为氧化剂,将与羰基相邻的亚甲基氧化的反应,最初由Riley和他的同事于1932年报道。在接下来的十年中,二氧化硒的氧化反应的使用范围迅速扩大;在1939年,Guillemonat及其同事发现了烯丙基位的二氧化硒对烯烃的氧化。今天,二氧化硒作为氧化剂,氧化亚甲基为α-酮,以及烯丙基的氧化反应被称为Riley氧化反应。


History.

Terrazzo proper.

Although the history of terrazzo can be traced back to the ancient mosaics of Egypt, its predecessors come from Italy. The form of terrazzo used today derives partly from the 18th century "pavimento alla Veneziana" (Venetian pavement) and the cheaper "seminato." "Pavimento alla Veneziana" had workers place marble fragments next to each other in a mortar base. Terrazzo is also related to the technique "seminato" for which workers tossed larger marble chips into the cement that was then ground and polished. Together, these methods create the generic form of terrazzo that involves pieces of stone that are bonded to a cement bed. Terrazzo was first introduced in the United States in the late 1890s, but did not achieve popularity until the 1920s. Until then it was hand polished with a long handled tool called a "galera". Due to its likelihood of cracking, terrazzo was used at a small scale in comparison to the large expanses we see today. Two inventions resulted in its rise in popularity: divider strips and the electric grinding machine. The invention of divider strips by L. Del Turco and Bros. in 1924 contained the cracking of terrazzo by allowing the material greater space to expand and shrink after installation. This invention made terrazzo a durable and reliable material in addition to allowing for further design work within the floor. Installers use the dividing strips as guides when they work with different colored terrazzo. The electric grinding machine and mechanization of the production process cut down on costs and time making terrazzo an affordable flooring option.  Art Deco and Moderne styles from the 1920s to 1940s favored terrazzo with the dividers allowing for straight or curved lines that increased the decorative potential. The popularity of terrazzo led to an increase in installers in the 1920s. The National Terrazzo and Mosaic Organization was formed in 1931 to further professionalize the practice of terrazzo installation. One of the most well known examples of terrazzo is the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Created in 1958, the walk honors celebrities in the form of a terrazzo star that displays their name.

Archaeological use of the term.

Archaeologists have adopted the term "terrazzo" to describe the floors of early Neolithic buildings (PPN A and B, ca. 9,000–8,000 BC) in Western Asia constructed of burnt lime and clay, colored red with ochre and polished. The embedded crushed limestone gives it a slightly mottled appearance. The use of fire to produce burnt lime, which was also used for the hafting of implements, predates production of fired pottery by almost a thousand years. In the early Neolithic settlement of Çayönü in eastern Turkey about of terrazzo floors have been uncovered. The floors of the PPN B settlement of Nevalı Çori measure about. They are thick, and contain about 10–15% lime.  These floors are almost impenetrable to moisture and very durable, but their construction involved a high input of energy. Gourdin and Kingery (1975) estimate that the production of any given amount of lime requires about five times that amount of wood. Recent experiments by Affonso and Pernicka have shown that only twice the amount is needed, but that would still amount to 4.5 metric tonnes of dry wood for the floors in Çayönü. Other sites with terrazzo floors include Nevalı Çori, Göbekli Tepe, Jericho, and Kastros (Cyprus).

Production.

Terrazzo artisans create walls, floors, patios, and panels by exposing marble chips and other fine aggregates on the surface of finished concrete or epoxy-resin. Much of the preliminary work of terrazzo workers is similar to that of cement masons. Marble-chip, cementitious terrazzo requires three layers of materials. First, cement masons or terrazzo workers build a solid, level concrete foundation that is deep. After the forms are removed from the foundation, workers add a layer of sandy concrete. Before this layer sets, terrazzo workers partially embed metal divider strips in the concrete wherever there is to be a joint or change of color in the terrazzo. For the final layer, terrazzo workers blend and place into each of the panels a fine marble chip mixture that may be color-pigmented. While the mixture is still wet, workers toss additional marble chips of various colors into each panel and roll a weighted roller () over the entire surface.  In the 1970s, polymer-based terrazzo was introduced and is called thin-set terrazzo. Initially polyester and vinyl ester resins were used as the binder resin. Today, most of the terrazzo installed is epoxy terrazzo. The advantages of this material over cementitious terrazzo include a wider selection of colors, installation thickness, lighter weight, faster installation, impermeable finish, higher strength, and less susceptibility to cracking. The disadvantage of epoxy resin–based terrazzo is that it can only be used for interior, not exterior, applications. Epoxy-based terrazzo will lose its color and slightly peel when used outdoors, whereas cement-based terrazzo will not. In addition to marble aggregate blends, other aggregates have been used, such as mother of pearl and abalone shell. Recycled aggregates include: glass, porcelain, concrete, and metal. Shapes and medallions can be fabricated on site by bending divider strips, or off site by water-jet cutting.  When the terrazzo is thoroughly cured, helpers grind it with a terrazzo grinder, which is somewhat like a floor polisher, only much heavier. Slight depressions left by the grinding are filled with a matching grout material and hand-troweled for a smooth, uniform surface; it is then cleaned, polished, and sealed.

Types and systems.

Terrazzo installation includes both bonded and unbonded methods. Bonded systems include: bonded underbed, monolithic, chemically bonded, and the most recent, thin set method (epoxy resin). Bonded terrazzo is applied over a sand-cement mortar underbed which sits on top of a concrete slab. The sand-cement layer allows for variations in the finished concrete slab that it sits on. Monolithic terrazzo is applied directly over an extremely flat and high quality concrete sub-floor. Thin-set terrazzo does not require a concrete sub-floor. Instead, a flexible membrane can be installed so that cracks do not appear on the surface. Unbonded includes the sand cushion method which uses wire reinforcing, an isolation sheet, and sand dusting that absorbs any movement from the concrete slab.

Relation to mosaics.

Although terrazzo derives from the mosaic artform, it does not place individual pieces in a decorative pattern. Instead, small pieces are thrown into the mortar base creating a more uniform surface appearance. Decorative patterns are created by using dividers which creates lines between different colored terrazzo mixtures.

Deterioration.

Cracking is the most common form of failure and is typically caused by the structural system that supports the terrazzo topping rather than the material itself. Contact with alkalis or acids can deteriorate the bonding agents used in terrazzo. As the aggregates are often marble dust which is calcium carbonate, strong acid can also cause deterioration to the aggregates. When partial replacement is necessary, a "braketing" system mixing and matching different chips is used to create potential matches. Aged terrazzo can be resurfaced to restore its original look by re-polishing.

Terrazzo is a composite material, poured in place or precast, which is used for floor and wall treatments. It consists of chips of marble, quartz, granite, glass, or other suitable material, poured with a cementitious binder (for chemical binding), polymeric (for physical binding), or a combination of both. Metal strips often divide sections, or changes in color or material in a pattern. Additional chips may be sprinkled atop the mix before it sets. After it is cured it is ground and polished smooth or otherwise finished to produce a uniformly textured surface. "Terrazzo" is also often used to describe any pattern similar to the original terrazzo floors.

是一种常用的地板及墙身物料。制作过程包括把碎石、玻璃、花岗岩等骨料混入水泥、粘合剂,凝固后经表面研磨、抛光而成。