Qualifying.

Pre-qualifying report.

Onyx returned to the top of the Friday morning time sheets as Stefan Johansson was fastest by half a second. His new team-mate was Finnish driver JJ Lehto, who had replaced Bertrand Gachot since the last race, after Gachot openly criticised the team and was fired. In his first Formula One event, Lehto just missed out on pre-qualification after a suspension failure during the session, leaving him fifth. The Larrousse-Lola cars both pre-qualified again, with Philippe Alliot second and Michele Alboreto fourth. The other driver to go through to the main qualifying sessions was Roberto Moreno in third place in the Coloni.  Yannick Dalmas had originally pre-qualified in third place in his AGS, but was excluded from the session and his times were deleted, after mistakenly using the wrong tyres. Also excluded was Osella driver Nicola Larini, for missing a weight check, although he had already failed to pre-qualify, being only ninth fastest.  The other drivers who failed to proceed any further included the other Osella of Piercarlo Ghinzani, who outpaced his team-mate in sixth, and Oscar Larrauri, despite an improvement to seventh in the EuroBrun. Eighth was Gabriele Tarquini in the other AGS, ahead of the Zakspeeds of Aguri Suzuki and Bernd Schneider. Slowest by nearly four seconds was the second Coloni of Enrico Bertaggia, the third time in a row the Italian had been bottom of the time sheets.

Qualifying report.

Qualifying saw McLaren's Ayrton Senna take his tenth pole position of the season, with the Ferrari of Gerhard Berger alongside him on the front row. Nigel Mansell took third in the other Ferrari, with Alain Prost fourth in the other McLaren. Pierluigi Martini impressed by qualifying fifth in his Minardi, ahead of the two Williams of Riccardo Patrese and Thierry Boutsen in sixth and eighth respectively, with Alex Caffi seventh in the Dallara. The top ten was completed by Luis Pérez-Sala in the second Minardi and Martin Brundle in the Brabham. Further down the grid, Stefan Johansson took 12th in his Onyx after setting the fastest time in pre-qualifying, while another pre-qualifier, Roberto Moreno, took 15th, the best-ever grid position for the Coloni team.  The Minardi, Dallara, Brabham and Coloni teams all had their tyres supplied by Pirelli, whose special qualifying tyres were generally regarded as being superior to those of Goodyear. However, Goodyear's race tyres were still acknowledged as being superior to Pirelli's.

Race.

Race report.

Berger had a great start and managed to overtake Senna. Mansell was in third followed by Prost, Martini and Patrese. Berger quickly opened a lead while Senna was trying to keep Mansell behind. Then Mansell finally managed to overtake Senna and started to catch Berger. As the two Ferraris caught up with the slower cars and were starting to lap them, Mansell managed to overtake Berger. Positions at lap 24 were: Mansell, Berger, Senna and Prost. Prost was the first of the leaders to pit for new tyres from fourth position. He was quickly followed by Berger on lap 35 and then by Senna. Then came the crucial moment of the race. Mansell came into the pits slightly too fast, locked his tyres and missed his pit box by a few metres. Although his pit crew moved down the pit lane to try to change his tyres where he had stopped, Mansell engaged reverse gear and drove backwards the short distance into the correct spot. After the leaders went to pit for tyres, Martini led a lap in the Minardi, the only time in the F1 history that a Minardi car was at the front leading. Mansell was down in fourth. Berger, Senna and Mansell quickly overtook Martini and Mansell closed on Senna. However, as driving a car in reverse in the pit lane was expressly forbidden (the pit crew may legally push a car backwards), Mansell was black flagged. At the start of lap 48, Mansell tried to overtake Senna, the cars collided and both drivers were out. This damaged Senna's title chances, especially since rival Alain Prost came in second place. The race was won by Berger ahead of Prost, with Stefan Johansson a surprising third in the Onyx; the Swede did not make a pit-stop at any stage of the race and was initially on course for fifth place until both Williams-Renault entries were pulled out with overheating issues.

The 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix (formally the XXIII Grande Prémio de Portugal) was a Formula One motor race held at the Autódromo do Estoril in Estoril, Portugal on 24 September 1989. It was the thirteenth race of the 1989 Formula One World Championship.

1989年葡萄牙大奖赛(英语:1989 Portuguese Grand Prix)是一级方程序比赛,于1989年9月24日举办于葡萄牙埃斯托里尔的埃斯托里尔赛道。比赛总共有71圈。这是1989年世界一级方程序锦标赛的第十三场分站赛事。法拉利车手杰哈德·伯格赢得了他在本赛季的第一场胜利,同时也是唯一的一场胜利。麦拉伦的亚伦·保鲁斯获得亚军,而他的队友与对手在与法拉利车手奈杰尔·文素发生碰撞后双双退赛,使得保鲁斯获得车手世界冠军的机会大增。文素因为在飞速驶过维修站后倒车进入他的维修区,使得他被以黑旗判罚。 斯特凡·约翰森获得季军,这是他最后一次和阿尼克斯车队的唯一一次的颁奖台,同时也是阿尼克斯的最后一次获得积分。


Background.

Host selection process.

In early 2012, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50th Super Bowl "spectacular" and that it would be "an important game for us as a league".  Cities included in early discussions or that submitted bids included:  The league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites: New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and Santa Clara's Levi's Stadium.  The league announced on October 16, 2012, that the two finalists were Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium. The South Florida/Miami area has previously hosted the event

Teams.

For the third straight season, the number one seeds in the NFC and AFC, the Carolina Panthers and Denver Broncos, met in the Super Bowl. The game also featured the league's top scoring offense (Panthers) against the league's top defense (Broncos). The Panthers became the 10th team since 1960 to have lost just one game during the regular season, and the sixth team ever to have a 15–1 record. It was their second Super Bowl appearance; the other was Super Bowl XXXVIII. The Broncos became the fourth team to have eight Super Bowl appearances. It was their second appearance in three years, having also reached Super Bowl XLVIII. Coincidentally, John Fox was the head coach of each team in their previous Super Bowl appearance.

Carolina Panthers.

Despite waiving long-time running back DeAngelo Williams and losing top wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin to a torn ACL in the preseason, the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in. Carolina started the season 14–0, not only setting franchise records for the best start and the longest single-season winning streak, but also posting the best start to a season by an NFC team in NFL

Denver Broncos.

After losing in the divisional round of the playoffs during three of the previous four seasons, the Denver Broncos' general manager John Elway made numerous coaching changes, including a mutual parting with head coach John Fox, who had won four divisional championships in his four years as Broncos head coach, being replaced in that role by Gary Kubiak, Elway's former backup quarterback and former Broncos offensive coordinator. Wade Phillips, a former Broncos head coach, returned to the team to serve his second stint as defensive coordinator, succeeding Jack Del Rio who had left to take the head coaching vacancy at the Oakland Raiders. The team's 43–8 loss in Super Bowl XLVIII two years earlier, despite holding the regular season's top offense, resulted in Elway signing defensive end DeMarcus Ware, cornerback Aqib Talib, safety T. J. Ward, and wide receiver Emmanuel Sanders for the 2014 season.  Under Kubiak, the Broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback Peyton Manning's shotgun passing style, but struggled with numerous changes and injuries to the offensive line, as well as the aging and injured Manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the Indianapolis Colts in. In addition to turning 39 in the 2015 offseason, Manning suffered a plantar fasciitis injury in his heel during the summer. Though the team had a 7–0 start, Manning led the NFL in interceptions. In Week 10, Manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fascia in his left foot. He set the NFL's all-time record for career passing yards in this game, but after throwing four interceptions, he was benched in favor of backup quarterback Brock Osweiler, who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season. After a slow start in Denver's final regular

Playoffs.

The Panthers defeated the Seattle Seahawks 31–24 in the NFC divisional round. The Panthers then defeated the Arizona Cardinals in the NFC Championship Game 49–15, racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers.  The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 23–16 in the AFC divisional

Pre-game notes.

Carolina suffered a major setback when Thomas Davis, an 11-year veteran who had already overcome three ACL tears in his career, went down with a broken arm in the NFC Championship Game. Despite this, he insisted he would still find a way to play in the Super Bowl. His prediction turned out to be accurate and he made it into the starting lineup.  Peyton Manning reached his fourth Super Bowl, with appearances under as many head coaches (Tony Dungy, Jim Caldwell, John Fox, and Gary Kubiak). He became the first quarterback ever to lead two teams to multiple Super Bowls. He was also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39. The previous record was held by John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is currently Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager.  Manning and Newton set the record for the largest age difference between opposing Super Bowl quarterbacks at 13 years and 48 days (Manning was 39, Newton was 26). In addition, this was the first Super Bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick in their draft classes. Manning was the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL Draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011. The matchup also pits the top two picks of the 2011 draft against each other: Newton for Carolina and Von Miller for Denver.  With Ron Rivera having been a linebacker with the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX, and Kubiak replacing Elway at the end of the

Broadcasting.

U.S. television.

In the United States, the game was televised by CBS, as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL. The network's lead broadcast team of Jim Nantz and Phil Simms called the contest, with Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines. CBS provided digital streams of the game via CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps on tablets, Windows 10, Xbox One and other digital media players (such as Chromecast and Roku). Due to Verizon Communications' exclusive mobile rights to the NFL, streaming on smartphones was only provided to Verizon Wireless customers via the NFL Mobile service. This would also prove to be the last Super Bowl that Phil Simms called as color commentator, as he would serve his last season as lead color commentator the next season, before moving to "The NFL Today" in 2017, in which he would be replaced by Tony Romo, who would end up calling CBS' next Super Bowl three years later.  CBS introduced new features during the telecast, including pylon cameras and microphones, and Intel freeD instant replay technology (branded on-air as "EyeVision 360", as a successor to a previous "EyeVision" employed at Super Bowl XXXV)—using an array of 36 5K resolution cameras along the upper deck that were used to provide 360-degree views of plays and "bullet time" effects, and the debut of a major re-branding of the CBS Sports division, including a new logo and

Radio.

National coverage.

Westwood One carried the game throughout North America, with Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announcer, Boomer Esiason

Local market coverage.

The flagship stations of each station in the markets of each team carried their local play-by-play calls. In Denver, KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM) carried the game, with Dave Logan on play-by-play and Ed McCaffrey on color commentary. In North Carolina, WBT (1110 AM) carried the game, with Mick Mixon on play-by-play and Eugene Robinson and

International broadcasts.

In the United Kingdom, BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra carried the contest. As in previous years, the BBC aired its own commercial-free British English broadcast, with Greg Brady, Darren Fletcher and Rocky Boiman on commentary. The game was broadcast live in India on Sony SIX.

Entertainment.

Pre-game.

In honor of the 50th Super Bowl, the pregame ceremony featured the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players. Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) appeared via video. The late Harvey Martin, co-MVP of Super Bowl XII who died in 2001, was acknowledged when the other co-MVP of Super Bowl XII, Randy White,

Halftime show.

In late November 2015, reports surfaced stating that "multiple acts" would perform during the halftime show. On December 3, the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the British rock band Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi confirmed

Game summary.

First half.

Denver took the opening kickoff of Super Bowl 50 and started out strong. Quarterback Peyton Manning completed an 18-yard pass to tight end Owen Daniels and a 22-yard throw to wide receiver Andre Caldwell. A pair of carries by running back C. J. Anderson moved the ball up 20 yards to the Panthers 14-yard line, but Carolina's defense dug in over the next three plays. First, linebacker Shaq Thompson tackled running back Ronnie Hillman for a 3-yard loss. Then after an incompletion, linebacker Thomas Davis tackled Anderson for a 1-yard gain on third down, forcing Denver to settle for a 3–0 lead on a Brandon McManus 34-yard field goal. The score marked the first time in the entire postseason that Carolina was facing a deficit. After each team punted, Panthers quarterback Cam Newton appeared to complete a 24-yard pass to wide receiver Jerricho Cotchery, but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge. CBS analyst and retired referee Mike Carey stated he disagreed with the call and felt the review clearly showed the pass was complete. Two plays later, on 3rd-and-10 from the 15-yard line, linebacker Von Miller knocked the ball out of Newton's hands while

Second half.

The Panthers seemed primed to score on their opening drive of the second half when Newton completed a 45-yard pass to Ted Ginn Jr., which was the longest pass play of the game for either team, on the Denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play. However, the Broncos defense halted the drive on the 26-yard line, and it ended with no points when Graham Gano hit the right upright on a 44-yard field goal attempt. After the miss, Manning completed a pair of passes to Emmanuel Sanders for gains of 25 and 22 yards, setting up McManus's 33-yard field goal that gave the Broncos a 16–7 lead. Carolina got off to another strong start after the kickoff, with Newton completing a 42-yard pass to Corey Brown. But once again they came up empty, this time as a result of a Newton pass that bounced off the hands of Ginn and was intercepted by safety T. J. Ward. Ward fumbled the ball deep in Denver territory during the return, but Trevathan was able to recover the ball enabling Denver to keep possession. There would be no more scoring in the third quarter,

Game statistics.

Manning finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception, two fumbles, and was sacked five times. Sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards. Anderson was the game's leading rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown, along with four receptions for 10 yards. Miller had six total tackles (five solo), 21⁄2 sacks, and two forced fumbles. Ware had five total tackles and two sacks. Ward had seven total tackles, a fumble recovery, and an interception. McManus made all three of his field goals, making him perfect on all 10

Individual statistics.

Sources:  Completions/attempts Carries

Starting lineups.

Officials.

Super Bowl 50 had nine officials.

Aftermath.

Upon receiving the Lombardi Trophy, Broncos general manager and former quarterback John Elway raised it and exclaimed "This one's for Pat," in reference to owner Pat Bowlen, who had been diagnosed the year before with Alzheimer's disease. Bowlen had saluted Elway in the same fashion after the Broncos won their first championship in Super Bowl XXXII 18 years earlier.  This was Denver's first sports championship since the Colorado Rapids won the MLS Cup in 2010. The 2016 NFL season began with the Broncos hosting the Panthers at Sports Authority Field at Mile High. It was the first meeting of both Super Bowl participants during Week 1 of the following season since the 1970 season when the Minnesota Vikings and Kansas City Chiefs held a rematch of Super Bowl IV to kick off the post-merger era of the NFL. The Broncos won 21–20 as Carolina's Graham Gano missed a field goal attempt to win the game.  Both teams would ultimately struggle during the season and failed to qualify for the playoffs. The Panthers fell to 6–10 and finished in last place in the NFC South. The Broncos fell to 9–7 and came in third place in the AFC West. This was the first time the defending AFC and NFC champions would both miss the playoffs since the 2003 season, after Super Bowl XXXVII, when neither the Oakland Raiders nor the Tampa Bay Buccaneers qualified for the postseason, and the fifth time overall.

Super Bowl 50 was an American football game to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers, 24–10. The game was played on February 7, 2016, at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area. As this was the 50th Super Bowl game, the league emphasized the "golden anniversary" with various gold-themed initiatives during the 2015 season, as well as suspending the tradition of naming each Super Bowl game with Roman numerals (under which the game would have been known as "Super Bowl L"), so the logo could prominently feature the Arabic numerals 5 and 0.

第五十届超级碗(Super Bowl 50)是国家美式足球联盟(NFL)2015赛季美式足球联赛冠军争夺战。由美联(AFC)冠军丹佛野马对决国联(NFC)冠军卡罗来纳黑豹。赛事于2016年2月7日在圣塔克拉拉市的Levi's Stadium举行。最终丹佛野马胜出。


History.

On July 30, 2007, Michael Stevens launched the main Vsauce channel, which was inactive until 2010. Initially, the channel's programming focused on video games and featured a number of hosts. However, certain segments such as "IMG!" slowly took over, and Stevens became the sole host. The channel then became a mix of information and online activities, and solely educational segments popped up. The educational segments became more popular, and since September 9, 2012, only the educational segment (known as "DOT.") has been presented. According to episode #18 of "LÜT" on the original Vsauce channel, the name "Vsauce" was generated using the fake website generator portion of a site called Fake Name Generator. After Stevens generated the fake website Vsauce.com, he registered it and began uploading videos.  In December 2010, the Vsauce2 (on December 7) and Vsauce3 (on December 24) channels were created. On July 25, 2012, the WeSauce channel was opened.  Vsauce was one of the fastest growing channels during September 2012. During that month, the main Vsauce channel reached 1 million subscribers. In the same month, Bill Nye appeared in one of the main channel's videos, which focused on the joke, "Why did the chicken cross the road?"  Stevens details in the video "A Defense of Comic Sans" that the text font Alsina was used by the Vsauce channels because of its close resemblance to the handwriting of Nik Guinta, the creator of the original Vsauce logo. A new branding scheme designed by Natasha Jen was adopted in December 2014 to bring a "grown-up" feel to the channels. It utilizes the DIN Next Rounded font and fluid designs to convey the idea of sauce that the name "Vsauce" implies.

Channels.

Vsauce.

The Vsauce channel, also known as Vsauce1 to distinguish it from the brand as a whole and the other channels, is presented by the founder, Michael Stevens, and features videos about science, mathematics, anthropology, and philosophy. The primary series, "DOT.", features Stevens discussing a topic or question in a tangential manner, including various interpretations of the question and related facts and observations. Stevens has stated that he researches on Wikipedia and academic papers to find information for his videos.  Videos by Vsauce have been featured on online news publications, such as "The Huffington Post", CBS, and Gizmodo.

"Mind Field".

"Mind Field" (a word play on minefield and mind) is an American web television series produced exclusively for YouTube Premium, created and presented by Michael Stevens.  Three seasons of "Mind Field" have been released on Vsauce, each one with eight episodes. The first season ran in early 2017, the second season from late 2017 to early 2018, and the third from late 2018 to early 2019. On October 1, 2019, all episodes became watchable with ads for free for those without YouTube Premium. On October 24, 2019, a special episode entitled "What Is The Scariest Thing?" was released.

Vsauce2.

Vsauce2, hosted by Kevin Lieber, has covered topics concerning unusual knowledge, gadgets, and people. Since 2019, Vsauce2 has largely produced videos regarding probability, paradoxes, and dilemmas, most of which are mathematical or economic in nature and visualized through real-world situations.  Before 2019, videos were released under recurring segments. "MindBlow" is a segment where Lieber showcases current inventions that are useful, are of significant value to society, or are simply humorous. "FAK" ("Facts And Knowledge") is a segment about trivia with one main topic. "BiDiPi" ("Build it, Draw it, Play it") is a segment on things that were built and drawn by people from around the world, including ones that Vsauce fans have submitted—the best ones are showcased on the show. "54321" is a segment where Kevin covers four topics, each having one, two, three, or four things related to each other according to order shown. He gives a short summary of each and ends with five-word problems or riddles. "WAC" ("Weird Awesome Crazy") is a segment that focuses on people from around the world who participate in unusual activities. "BOAT" stands for "Best of All Time", a segment in which Kevin presents lists of, as the segment name implies, the best word plays, best flash mobs, best pranks, etc. "Weirdos of the Month" displays people with habits Kevin finds weird, using the tagline "Everyone has a little weird in them."  "Thought Glass" is another recurring segment where several topics within a theme, such as school facts or ancient medical practices, are posted to a glass pane and discussed. In earlier episodes, assorted topics were posted to the pane and a final subject was revealed through a rebus. "GRUB" is a segment detailing strange and unusual foods.  Vsauce2 has created three April Fools joke segments. "PAB" ("People Are Boring") was released in 2013. For these segments, Kevin treated normal everyday events like they were unusual. "Noggin' Blow" was uploaded in 2014, parodying the "Mind Blow" segment by showcasing items popularized in the 1940s and 1950s. In a parody of "BiDiPi" titled "BiDiPiGiFiTiWiPiBiCiMiFiDiFiTi" and released in 2015, Kevin shared a mixture of parodic nonsense and actual scientific studies and phenomena.

The Create Unknown.

In November 2018, Lieber and channel producer Matt Tabor launched "The Create Unknown" podcast, which interviews digital creators. The podcast has featured interviews with Casey Neistat, Derek Muller from "Veritasium", Destin Sandlin from Smarter Every Day, Dolan Dark, iDubbbz, and Grandayy. On April 2, 2019, "The Create Unknown" announced that it would be coming back for a second season that would include live video of the podcast posted to its YouTube channel. YouTuber Quackity was the first guest of season 2, appearing on a large wall of televisions behind Lieber and Tabor.

Vsauce3.

This channel is hosted by Jake Roper. Vsauce3 is a channel that is dedicated to fictional worlds and video games. There are currently four recurring segments: "HeadShot", "Game LÜT", "9bit", and "Fact Surgery".  "HeadShot" discusses video games, how they are connected to real life, and the game's science. "Game LÜT" displays game merchandise. "App All Knight" talks about new apps that can be bought on the iOS App Store or Google Play. "App All Knight" was moved to the DONG channel in January 2017. "9bit" details facts about video games. "Fact Surgery" disassembles a video game system as trivia about the system is shown.  Vsauce3 has collaborated with well-known YouTubers, including Joe Hanson from It's Okay to be Smart and Vanessa Hill from BrainCraft. He has also presented videos with celebrity guest appearances from Bill Nye, Jack Black, Paul Rudd, and Neil deGrasse Tyson.  On November 25, 2015, Jake revealed that he has sarcoma, a rare type of cancer. On December 19, Jake announced that he had begun treatment and a tumor on his lower leg had been successfully removed by surgery.

WeSauce.

WeSauce is a channel that shows off works from the fans of the Vsauce channels. The channel features the segments "Your BiDiPi", "JAM", "Music LeanBack!", "Riddle Challenge", "This World of Ours", and "ITVS". WeSauce hasn't released a video since October 15, 2015.

D!NG.

D!NG, formerly DONG (Do Online Now Guys), is a spin-off channel by Vsauce that features unusual pages, apps, and games from around the Internet. "DONG" was formerly featured on the main Vsauce channel and then on the Vsauce3 channel before its own channel was launched in 2015, with the first video uploaded on October 29, 2015. DONG also features "LÜT", a segment formerly featured on the Vsauce2 channel about various products that can be purchased online; "Game LÜT", which was also featured previously on Vsauce2; and "App All Knight", which came from Vsauce 3. The channel also houses educational content via a segment known as "Michael's Toys". In these videos, Stevens investigates tools and toys that are useful for explaining scientific or mathematical phenomena. The channel was renamed to D!NG on May 12, 2019, seemingly due to the channel being demonetized for having a name that wasn't considered advertiser friendly.

Music.

Except for "BiDiPi" and some older videos, much of the music used in Vsauce content was created by Jake Chudnow. Since mid-2014, Vsauce also uses music from the public domain music site audionetwork.com. Since early 2015, Vsauce2 also uses music by Aiur, notably the song "FoxTrot".

Jake Chudnow.

Jake Chudnow and Stevens are friends and have known each other from when they both worked at BarelyPolitical. Jake made much of the music in the earlier "The Key of Awesome" music videos. Because of this, Chudnow gives Vsauce exclusive rights to his music, and all Vsauce channels use his music in their videos. One of the most recognizable pieces of his music is "Moon Men", which is used in the original Vsauce channel and is often played whenever Stevens poses a mysterious question or makes a mysterious statement. Other pieces of music used by the channels include "145-(Poodles)", "Sunday", "It's Good to be D", "Hydrogen", "Darwin", "Carlin Dream", "Lions Tigers and Apes Part II", "Hanami", "Pressed Pennies", "Keith" and "Shona". They are often played when the audience is encouraged to think. "Turquoise" is often used, usually when big, astonishing, or otherwise significant facts or ideas are mentioned. "Flan" is often used for sad or abstract facts. "Rainstorms and Rainbows (I Am the Hero)", "Going Down", and "Flan" are played at the end of videos. "192-1", "White", "For You", "Meet Men and Party (All Night)", "Banana", "Ducking", "Buildings and Bikes", "Shallow Anne", "Button", "Olive", and "Muff Mittens" are also often used in Vsauce2 and Vsauce3.  In the video "The Moon Terminator Illusion", Chudnow's vinyl album "Shona EP" was the focus object against the wall when showing the visual effects of zooming and moving on nearby objects (a Vsauce mug) and distant ones (the EP).

Notable collaborations and other appearances.

Vsauce has collaborated with Henry Reich of MinutePhysics on two videos: "Guns in Space" and "What if the Earth were Hollow?". Vsauce has also collaborated with Periodic Videos and "Sixty Symbols", a chemistry- and physics-based website and videos created by the video journalist Brady Haran. Vanessa Hill of BrainCraft has appeared on the video, "Math Magic". Bill Nye appeared on a Vsauce video in September 2012. On February 28, 2013, Stevens appeared on James May's HeadSqueeze YouTube channel (now BBC Earth Lab). Stevens spoke about the main Vsauce channel during a TEDTalk at TEDActive 2013. Vsauce has also collaborated with Derek Muller of Veritasium.  Stevens has appeared on the YouTube channel Good Mythical Morning on their segments "The Mythical Show" and "Ear Biscuits" where he was asked random questions by Rhett & Link. He has appeared in Barely Political videos and is recognised as the Bearded Nun. Stevens made an appearance in Travel Channel's America Declassified for "The Quiet Zone" episode and on "The Joe Rogan Experience" podcast. Stevens also made an appearance on Filthy Frank's channel for the third and final video in his cake series. In the video, Michael is found homeless lying next to a dumpster, and Maxmoefoe pays him to spit in a cup.  In 2014, Jake of Vsauce3 had narrated two episodes of the series "Did You Know Gaming?" covering the Game Boy. Vsauce3 has collaborated with AsapSCIENCE on the video "Can You Genetically Enhance Yourself?" and with "BrainCraft" on "Is Mario Really Evil?" and with Matthew Santoro on "What if Quicksilver Ran Past You?" and has featured celebrities such as Paul Rudd, Jack Black, and the Muppets. He also collaborated with Mark Rober on "Could You Survive Home Alone?" Jake appeared on AsapSCIENCE in the video "Can We Genetically Improve Intelligence?"  Stevens took part in a collaboration with Chris Pratt and Jack Horner on June 17, 2015, and also talked with David Attenborough in 2016. In August 2016, Stevens served as a guest host on the show BattleBots.  Stevens released a YouTube Premium exclusive show called "Mind Field" on his main Vsauce channel on 18 Jan 2017.  Stevens collaborated with the famed educator and television personality Adam Savage in 2017 for a show titled "Brain Candy Live". They visited 40 cities in March 2017. Episodes of the show are scheduled until December 6, 2018.  On December 6, 2017, Stevens released a second season to his YouTube Premium exclusive show "Mind Field" on his main Vsauce channel.  On March 24, 2018, Stevens was largely involved with a collaboration featured on HowToBasic's YouTube channel with YouTuber MaxMoeFoe, his friend Warrun, and several clips of different YouTubers screaming "I'm HowToBasic". The video was called "Face Reveal" for his 10 Million Subscriber Special, which was a video that led subscribers to believe that HowToBasic would reveal his identity in the video. Stevens was used as the first person to reveal himself as the person behind HowToBasic's channel, but then it was revealed to be a prank as many other famous Youtubers make cameos claiming to be HowToBasic, including Kevin Lieber and Jake Roper.

Awards.

Vsauce won a 2014 Webby for People's Voice award for best news and information.  In 2014 and 2015, the channel won the Streamy Award for Best Science and Education Channel, Show, or Series.

Vsauce () is a YouTube brand created by Internet celebrity Michael Stevens. The channels feature videos on scientific, psychological, mathematical, and philosophical topics, as well as gaming, technology, popular culture, and other general interest subjects.

Vsauce是一个由麦可·史蒂文斯创建的YouTube科普频道。主要拍摄关于游戏、科技、文化以及人们普遍关心的议题的视讯。


Organisation.

The ABL was originally jointly owned by Major League Baseball (75%) and the Australian Baseball Federation (25%) before the ABF became the sole owners prior to the 2016–17 season. Rather than following more traditional models of the franchises being owned privately by individuals or organisations, the league is the owner of each team. One of the rationales for this structure is to closely manage the financial situation, helping to ensure that all teams are equally viable. It is expected that this arrangement will continue for at least the first five seasons: the period of time covered by the financial commitment made by MLB and the ABF.  As a result of the central ownership of the teams, all players are paid by the league. This is to ensure that no team receives an unfair advantage over any other with regards to financial success. The pay scale has set a number of tiers which group players of similar experience levels, with all players in the same tier receiving the same pay. The ABL has considered the possibility of having one or two marquee players paid above the standard scale, though no final decision has been made with regard to this. One concern about high rates of pay expressed by the ABF was that it was a contributing factor, if not the main factor, in the failure of the previous Australian Baseball League. ABF management has also expressed the concern that if this league were to fail, there may never be another opportunity for professional baseball in Australia.  The business model is heavily reliant on local team following as, for reason of distance, it is unlikely that away teams will attract significant fan followings other than Sydney-Canberra and Melbourne-Geelong.

History.

Baseball was brought to Australia by American gold miners and played on the gold fields of Ballarat for fun on their rest days in the 1850s. Cricketers Gaggin & Goldsmith tried to play baseball at Yarra Park, Melbourne in 1867, but Australian rules football fans arriving for the adjacent football disrupted the games. The first series of full competitive games of baseball by Australians were played by members of the Surry Baseball Club on Moore Park and by members of the NSW Cricket Association on the adjacent Sydney Cricket Ground in June/July 1878. In 1881, American residents formed a Union Baseball Club and a year later with Australians, formed a Sydney Baseball Club with U.S. Consul Gilderoy Wells Griffin forming a NSW Baseball Association in 1885. Following the A.G. Spalding tour by the Chicago White Sox and All-America teams in 1888/9, Harry Simpson stayed in Australia, formed baseball clubs in Melbourne, Adelaide, Broken Hill, and eventually Sydney with competition games being played. Simpson also travelled to New Zealand to promote baseball. When he suddenly died in September 1891, after setting up the NSW Baseball League, it was a New Zealander, Tony Chuck, who took his place in Australia.

Original league.

The original Australian Baseball League commenced in 1989. At the time it replaced the Claxton Shield as the top baseball competition in the country, with eight teams from Adelaide, Brisbane, Gold Coast, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney. Over the course of the league's life, teams were also based in Canberra and Newcastle, with the number of teams competing in any one season varying from six to nine. Only four teams contested each of the ten seasons, with the others folding due to financial problems, or due to a lack of a suitable venue for home games.  The financial difficulties were not restricted to the clubs, as the league was forced to close after the summer of 1999. Running at a loss of A$2 million a season, the rights to the league were sold to Dave Nilsson—an Australian Major League Baseball player with the Milwaukee Brewers at the time—for a reported A$5 million.

Formation.

On 1 July 2009, a joint press-conference was held by the ABF, MLB and Australian Federal Government at the Palm Meadows Baseball Complex on the Gold Coast in Queensland, the site of the Major League Baseball Australian Academy Program (MLBAAP). During the conference the intention to resurrect a national baseball league for Australia was announced, with the Government announcing A$400,000 towards the new league. Though some sources reported that the new league could be running as early as October 2010, there had been no official timeframe released for the new league to commence.  Initial reports suggested the competition would likely include between eight and ten teams from around Australia. Discussions were held between the ABF and Baseball New Zealand about the possibility of a team based in New Zealand being included in the competition. The offer, however, was declined on the basis that there was not sufficient infrastructure, specifically citing the need for a suitable stadium and a major sponsor for the team. The possibility of a New Zealand team joining the competition at some point in the future had not been ruled out though. Auckland Tuatara joined in 2018.  There were additional concerns about the viability of a team based in South Australia, primarily based on the lack of a suitable stadium with lights to be able to play night games. This, along with playing on baseball-specific grounds — as opposed to playing on temporarily converted rugby league grounds as had been the case in the old ABL — was seen as a necessary requirement to insure the long-term profitability of the competition.  In August 2009, a bid process was launched by the Australian Capital Territory Baseball Association (ACTBA) for a team to be based in Canberra with the name and motto of "Let's Do It Canberra". The bid was not in competition with any other bids, but was required to meet certain minimum standards, such as fan and sponsorship support, to be successful and join the other five teams from Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney that were at the time confirmed. On 18 November 2009, it was announced by the ABF that the Canberra bid was successful, confirming that the inaugural season would include six teams.  In December 2009, a competition was launched for fans to decide the names of the foundation franchises, called "Name Your ABL Team". For each franchise, four team-name options were available to choose from, in addition to being able to enter another name created by the entrant. In August 2010, the names of the teams were announced, along with team logos and colours: Adelaide Bite, Brisbane Bandits, Canberra Cavalry, Melbourne Aces, Perth Heat, and Sydney Blue Sox.

Season structure.

Regular season.

For the inaugural season, the regular season was played from November through to January over ten weeks, similarly to the 2010 season of the Claxton Shield. With the expansion from five to six teams, each team played every week as opposed to the two bye weeks the teams had previously. In addition, rather than a three-game series each week, the series were four games each, resulting in each team playing 40 games over the season. As had been the case in 2010, the majority of games were played on Fridays and Saturdays, though some games were also played on Thursdays and Sundays, depending on the team hosting and whether or not a doubleheader was included in the series.  The 2011–12 season largely followed the same format as the 2010–11 season, with only minor changes. Though the opening game of the season was scheduled again be the only game played that day, the whole series was played over the same weekend along with the first series for each of the other four teams. To allow for the Perth Heat's participation in the Asia Series, each of the teams had a bye weekend during the first half of the season. The season expanded from 40 to 45 games per team; one of the two series played against each opponent expanded from 4 to 5 games.  The 2012–13 season also had minor modifications from the previous season. Each team's bye weekends were in the first three rounds of competition, and each series held during these weekends were only 3 games long, and were billed as "... against their two closest geographical neighbours; building upon both traditional and newly established rivalries." The match-ups for these games echoed the divisions used in the 2008 Claxton Shield, where teams based in Brisbane, Canberra and Sydney were in the Eastern Division, and teams from Adelaide, Melbourne and Perth were in the Southern Division. The remaining 10 weeks were made up of 4 game series, like the 2010–11 season. By the end of the season, each team had played each other team at least eight times, with an additional three against both of their geographic rivals.

All-Star Game.

From 2010-11 to 2017-18 midway through the season, usually in December, the league had its All-Star game which was contested by a team made up of the best Australian players, Team Australia, and the best foreign players, World All-Stars.

Postseason.

For the first two ABL seasons, the postseason involved the top four teams in a three-round structure following the Page playoff system. In the inaugural season, each round consisted of a best–of–three game series between the respective teams, however this was changed in 2011–12 such that the first two rounds were decided in a best–of–five series, with the championship series remaining best–of–three. The first- and second-placed teams played each other in the major semi-final series, with the winner proceeding directly to the championship series and the loser to the preliminary final series. The winner of the minor semi-final series between the third- and fourth-placed teams also went to the preliminary final series, while the loser was eliminated. Likewise, the winner of the preliminary final series qualified for the championship series, the loser eliminated.  The third season used a shortened format from the two previous seasons. Only the top three teams qualified for a two-round postseason, with each round consisting of a best–of–three game series. The first-placed team directly qualified for the championship series, and the second- and third-placed teams played each other in the preliminary final series, the winner of which qualified for the second place in the championship series.  For the 2017–18 season, the ABL announced that the top four teams at the end of the regular home and away season would qualify for the semifinals, providing more opportunities for teams to compete for Championship glory. Teams will be seeded from #1 to #4 based on their record and finishing order in the home and away season. The #1 Seed and #2 Seed will be awarded home semi-finals, and will host all three games in a best of three series. The ABLCS will be a home and away split series with the Highest Seeded Winner awarded the choice to host either Game 1, OR Games 2 and 3.  The winner of the championship series is named the ABL Champion for that season, and is awarded the Claxton Shield; the prize given to the top Australian baseball team since 1934.  In the 2018-19 season, a Wild Card game was added as part of the league's expansion to 8 teams with the winner advancing to the divisional semi-finals, and Canberra won the inaugural game against the Melbourne Aces.

Asia Series.

Announced after the inaugural ABL season had been completed, the league's champions each season will be invited to the restarted Asia Series. The event had previously been contested between the winners of Nippon Professional Baseball's (NPB) Japan Series, Korea Professional Baseball's (KPB) Korean Series, Chinese Professional Baseball League's (CPBL) Taiwan Series, and China Baseball League's (CBL) championship series. The 2011 tournament will not feature the CBL's champions, but officials have stated that a team would participate in future editions. Unlike all four previous editions of the tournament which were held in Japan, the 2011 edition will be held in Taiwan. The tournament follows a round-robin format, where each team plays each other once. The top two teams then face each other in a single game to decide the champion.  The Asia Series is held in November, which would otherwise create a conflict for the ABL champion team as the following season would have already commenced. To avoid this, the League announced that during the 2011–12 season, the Perth Heat—2010–11 champions—would be scheduled to have a bye while competing in Taiwan.

Roster formation.

In any regular four game series (or fewer), the players eligible to play, or 'Active List', is limited to 22 players. Three ineligible 'Reserve List' players are named on each roster that may replace an active player mid-series due to injury or a reserve player completing a suspension. In addition to the Active List, four 'Development List' players may be named to play during the series. These development list players must be 23 years of age or younger, have Australian citizenship or residency and not yet accumulated 130 at-bats or 50 innings pitched. Such development players are not eligible to appear in extra innings games.  The majority of the rosters in the league are made up of local and international players who play their northern hemisphere summer in North America's Major League Baseball, Minor League Baseball, the South Korean KBO, the Japanese NPB, the Taiwanese CPBL, European baseball, or one of the various independent baseball leagues. In addition, many local amateurs who are formerly professional or play in the regional amateur club teams make up the balance of these rosters.  Since the inaugural season, there have been limitations on the amount of internationals or 'imports' either on an active roster or any given game. As of 2018, a cumulative points system is in place to limit the amount of foreign born players over the course of a season. 150 points may be used cumulatively over the season's ten series. Teams may nominate two Marquee Players who were either:  In addition to Australian players, New Zealand citizens and residents are considered native players for Auckland and South Korean players for Geelong.

Media coverage.

As of the 2019–20 season, the live coverage is provided by:  For the inaugural season, there had been no television coverage of regular season games, either live, delayed or in a regular highlights package review format, despite having been in negotiations with Fox Sports and Network Ten. After completing negotiations for live television coverage of the finals, the championship series was broadcast live on Fox Sports.  On 1 November 2010, Sydney community radio station Triple H FM announced it would provide live broadcasts of Sydney Blue Sox home matches as well as Canberra Cavalry's home series against the Blue Sox, Melbourne Aces and Perth Heat—the weeks Sydney was away from home. Perth Now's radio station SportFM announced it would cover the Perth Heat spring training games as well as the opening game of every Heat home series.  The Adelaide Bite, Brisbane Bandits and Perth Heat provided free audio and video streaming through internet website Ustream.  For the second season, Fox Sports expanded its television coverage of the ABL to include the All-Star Game in addition to the championship series. The game was also carried live via ESPN Star Sports in China, India and Taiwan. It was shown on delay in the United States on the MLB Network, as well as also being shown on delay in Japan and South Korea. The international television coverage of the championship series expanded from that of the All-Star Game, with Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Philippines also getting live coverage through ESPN Star Sports, with several additional countries in Asia and Oceania including New Zealand getting delayed television coverage. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) introduced live radio coverage of the championship series via the digital ABC Radio Grandstand station. In recent years, ABL coverage of its All-Star Game and championship series has expanded to Canada through SportsNet Ontario (effectively simulcasting MLB Network in the United States).  For the 2015—16 season, one Sunday match for each of the last five regular season rounds was shown live nationally on ESPN. This marked the first time in the franchise's history that regular season matches had been shown on television. In addition, all five were also aired live in Asia via Fox Sports Asia, while three of the matches were shown live in the U.S on the MLB Network.  ESPN has broadcast live the 2013–14, 2014–15, and 2015–16 Championship series'. In addition, the 2014–15 and 2015–16 series' were broadcast in the United States on MLB Network and online on MLB.com, and in Asia on Fox Sports Asia.  According to Ministry of Sport, the 2018/19 ABL season became the most viewed since its inception.

Current clubs.

Though the locations for the six teams had been known for some time previously, it was not until 5 August 2010 that the names of the teams were announced. Websites were also launched on the same day for each of the teams with the exception of the Perth Heat, which had been the name of the Western Australian team playing in the Claxton Shield since 2006, as well as being one of the franchises from the original ABL, contesting all ten seasons. The Brisbane Bandits is also a reintroduction of a team name from the original ABL that participated in all but the final season.  Prior to being renamed the Giants, the Adelaide Bite used a name that the South Australia state baseball team has previously used at various times in the Claxton Shield, which in turn refers both to the great white shark common to South Australian waters as well as the geographic feature, the Great Australian Bight. Likewise, the Melbourne Aces uses the Victoria state baseball team's moniker from Claxton Shield competitions past. The Canberra Cavalry and the Sydney Blue Sox both use names not previously used in Australian baseball at the national level.  Prior to the 2016–17 ABL season, the Adelaide Bite's home ground, Norwood Oval (known as "Coopers Stadium" due to sponsorship) was the only ABL venue not built specifically for baseball use. Norwood Oval is the long time home of Australian rules football team the Norwood Redlegs who play in Adelaide major local competition the South Australian National Football League (SANFL). The oval however, due to having lights installed, has generally been the main venue for baseball in Adelaide since 1951. Although the oval has a normal spectator capacity of 22,000 for football, due to the configuration of the baseball diamond spectators are not permitted beyond the outfield fence and capacity is generally restricted to around 10–15,000 for ABL games still making it easily the largest capacity venue in the league. For the 2016–17 season the Adelaide Bite moved from Norwood Oval to the purpose built Diamond Sports Stadium.

Potential expansion.

In November 2017, the league officially announced plans to add two more teams for the 2018–19 season. The expanded eight team league will continue to work with partners around the region. On April 6, 2018, it was announced that a New Zealand team based in Auckland would be joining the league for the 2018-19 season. On May 18, 2018, it was announced that an all-Korean team based in Geelong would be joining the league for the 2018–19 season.  After the expansion of the league into Auckland and Geelong in the 2018-19 season the league immediately benefited from an exponential increase in viewership numbers and has looked to expand to ten teams as early as the 2020-21 season. An additional two teams would be similar to the Geelong-Korea concept; a foreign sponsored roster based in an Australian city. These teams would have Japanese, Taiwanese or even Chinese comprised rosters.  The league has publicly stated the most likely expansion to ten teams would be based in regional Australia, being either Tasmania, Wollongong, Alice Springs or a second team in either far south or north Queensland.  A second team in New Zealand, Lismore, Newcastle and the Gold Coast have also been mentioned as other potential expansion cities.

Women's Australian Baseball League.

In October 2018, it was announced by Baseball Australia that it was working towards a women's ABL and began a process of crowd funding to help kick start the league with the support of sponsors and partners. In September 2019, it was announced that the league with a name to confirmed would begin in the 2021 financial year, most likely following the conclusion of the 2020-21 Australian Baseball League season.  Four teams were confirmed to be a part of the first season with licenses were granted to the Adelaide Giants, Brisbane Bandits, Canberra Cavalry and Baseball Victoria. Auckland, Geelong, Perth and Sydney opted against submitting a team in the inaugural competition, but expressed interest in joining after the first season. The Melbourne Aces were not part of the licensing process due to a then ongoing change of management.  Exhibition games and testing are set to take place during the 2020 Women's Nationals and beyond.

The Australian Baseball League (ABL) is a professional baseball league in Australia. The league is governed by the Australian Baseball Federation (ABF). It uses the same name as a now-defunct competition held during the 1990s, and though it shares some history of the original league with the Claxton Shield awarded to winners of both competitions, it is considered to be a separate competition.

澳洲棒球联盟(英语:Australian Baseball League,简称ABL),是澳洲的棒球联盟,本联盟由澳洲棒球协会和美国职棒大联盟共同出资成立,由澳洲棒球协会管理,和已经解散的澳洲棒球联盟使用同个名称,但队伍和现今队伍不太一样。


Early life.

Aniston was born Ashley Nicole Miller on September 9, 1987 in San Diego, California. She grew up in Escondido and Temecula in Riverside County, California. She attended Temecula Valley High School.  After graduating from high school Aniston worked as a customer support specialist in a bank and she has also worked as a photojournalist for Suze Randall.

Career.

Aniston's first credited adult film was released in 2009 with the adult studio "Sticky Video." Aniston began working with Reality Kings in late 2010"." Aniston starred alongside in a raunchy "Cum Catcher" scene that was released via "Reality Kings" in October 2010 and she also starred in the "All Hunnies" group sex scene with Rebeca Linares and Bill Bailey which was promoted via "Reality Kings" in November 2010. From this time on Aniston started to appear in a wide range of popular porn productions. Aniston's raunchy scene with Mike Adriano in the Bang Bros compilation title "Big Tit Creampie #13" (2011) which won “Best Internal Release” at the 30th AVN Awards. Her work in the Elegant Angel movie "Hard Bodies" (2011) that was nominated for “Best All-Sex Release” at the 29th AVN Awards and “Gonzo Release of the Year” at the 2012 XBIZ Awards. Aniston's group sex scene with Angel Vain, Buddy Davis and Pauly Harker in the "Bang Bros" DVD "Ass Parade #32" (2011) that was nominated for “All-Sex Release of the Year” at the 2012 XBIZ Awards and her group shoot with Anissa Kate, Misty Stone, Skin Diamond and Karlo Karrera in the Marc Dorcel film "In Bed With Katsuni" (2012) which was nominated for “Best Gonzo Movie” at the 2012 Erotic Lounge Awards and “European Non-Feature Release of the Year” at the 2013 XBIZ Awards.  In early 2012 Aniston began modeling for "Penthouse". In August 2012 she won Pet of the Month and in 2013 Pet of the Year.  In 2012 Aniston began working with Brazzers. Her first Brazzers scene was shot with successful co-star Johnny Sins. Aniston shot "Office 4-Play: Christmas Eve Edition!" group shoot with Chanel Preston, Krissy Lynn, Tanya Tate and Keiran Lee in December 2012.  In late 2017 Nicole Aniston took part in season 2 of the fan-favorite "Brazzers House" web series which showed fans what goes on when 10 leading porn stars lived together in a mansion. Fans voted for their favorite "Brazzers House" contestants with the winner taking home a $20,000 grand prize. Aniston made it all the way to the final whereupon she participated in "Brazzers House 2 Finale" group sex scene with Abella Danger, Kelsi Monroe, Monique Alexander, Skyla Novea, Charles Dera, Danny Mountain, Isiah Maxwell, J-Mac, Keiran Lee, Ricky Johnson and Xander Corvus. The final scene showcased in the "Brazzers" DVD "Brazzers House #2" (2018) which was nominated for “Best Gonzo Movie” at the 36th AVN Awards.

Parodies.

Over the years Aniston has attracted an avid global fan base due to her saucy scenes in many critically acclaimed porn parodies. Aniston starred in the "Septo Studios" spoof "OMG...It’s The Flashdance XXX Parody" (2011) that was nominated for “Best Music Soundtrack” at the 2013 AVN Awards. She appeared in the Wicked Pictures parody "Spartacus MMXII: The Beginning" (2012) which won “Best Parody: Drama” at the 2013 AVN Awards. Aniston also starred in Hustler Video's release "This Ain’t The Smurfs XXX" (2012) that was nominated for “Best 3D Release” at the 2013 AVN and XRCO Awards and she starred in the "Exquisite" production "Xena XXX: An Exquisite Films Parody" (2012) which was nominated for “Adult Parody of the Year” at the 2013 Sex Awards.  One of Nicole Aniston's most popular porn parodies has been the "Wicked Pictures"' production "Men In Black: A Hardcore Parody" (2012). Directed by Brad Armstrong, the sci-fi spoof featured Aniston in a three-way with Kaylani Lei and Armstrong that was nominated for “Most Outrageous Sex Scene” at the 2013 AVN Awards. Many of these scenes have been showcased in the "Brazzers" compilation titles "Brazzers Presents: The Parodies #6" (2016) which was nominated for “Best Parody” at the 2018 AVN Awards.

Website, self branding/projects and social media.

Aniston launched her own website in 2013. The website is a subscription-based service that allows fans to view exclusive content in the form of photos, gifs and high definition video. Her site has won numerous industry awards including "Most outrageous site", "Best Pornstar site" and "Best Web director" at the annual AVN Awards.  In recent years Aniston has focused heavilty on self-branding in 2018 Aniston teamed up with Fleshlight to develope a realistic Aniston based sex toy. The products went on sale in mid 2018. Aniston is also involved in feature dancing in 2017, 2018 and 2019 Aniston made appearences at clubs across the United States meeting fans and dancing at local strip clubs.  Aniston has a large presence on social media. She has 3 million followers on Instagram, over 600 thousand on Twitter, over 45 thousand likes on OnlyFans as of May 2020.

Personal life.

Aniston is an open user of cannabis, even smoking it during adult films. She is an advocate for the decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States as well as the use of medical cannabis. Aniston is of mixed German and Greek heritage.

Ashley Nicole Miller (born 9 September 1987) known as Nicole Aniston is an American pornographic actress, model, exotic dancer and actress. Aniston was the 2013 "Penthouse" Pet of the Year.

妮可·安妮斯顿(英语:Nicole Aniston,1987年-9月9日)是一名美国女色情演员。2012年8月,她成为《阁楼》的阁楼宠物,而2013年则成为《阁楼》的年度宠物。


Early life and education.

Tulloch was born in San Diego, California, but grew up in Spain, Uruguay, and Argentina. "Bitsie" is not a contraction of Tulloch's given name, Elizabeth, but a homage to her oddly-nicknamed grandfather, a World War II bomber pilot, who was also involved in the 1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash. Tulloch is of English, Scottish, Spanish, and Mexican ancestry. Tulloch has stated her first language was Spanish although she no longer considers herself completely fluent. Her paternal grandmother's family is from Renfrewshire and her grandfather's family originated from the area around Kirkwall. In an interview with BBC News, she reported that "we think the first Tulloch came to the US around 1880 and the Kerrs came in the early 1900s. After returning to the U.S., she went to middle and high school in Bedford, New York. Tulloch graduated "magna cum laude" from Harvard University with a double major in English and American Literature and Visual and Environmental Studies.

Career.

Film and theater.

Tulloch's first acting credit was as R2-D2's "girlfriend" in "R2-D2: Beneath the Dome", a mockumentary produced by George Lucas telling the life story of the fictional robot R2-D2 from the "Star Wars" film series. She starred as "Sally" in the premiere of Sam Forman's play, "Quarterlife", which opened at the Pico Playhouse in March 2006. The "Los Angeles Times" wrote, "Superbly performed... the scene at the end of the play, between Sally (Bitsie Tulloch) and Jack (Clark Freeman), was heartbreaking and beautiful... The lead actress, Bitsie Tulloch, [was] absolutely brilliant."  She was in "Lakeview Terrace" directed by Neil LaBute, opposite Samuel L. Jackson, Kerry Washington, and Patrick Wilson, and worked with Barbara Hershey on a film called "Uncross the Stars". In the fall of 2009 she filmed the romantic comedy "Losing Control". Tulloch voiced one of the characters, a wolf called Sweets, in "Alpha and Omega", a 3-D computer animated film, which was released in September 2010.  Tulloch played the small role of Norma, an actress in the 1920s starring in a silent movie with a veteran actor, in the award-winning movie "The Artist" with Jean Dujardin, John Goodman and James Cromwell, which was released by The Weinstein Company in November 2011, and won the 2012 Academy Award for Best Picture. The cast of the movie was nominated for a Critics' Choice Award for Best Ensemble Cast.  In 2012 she starred as one of the titular roles in independent film "Caroline and Jackie" opposite Marguerite Moreau, which she also co-produced. The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2012, and was released theatrically in May 2013.  Tulloch played Marilyn Sitzman, a witness to the Kennedy assassination, in the star-studded 2013 film "Parkland", opposite Paul Giamatti, Billy Bob Thornton, Marcia Gay Harden, Jacki Weaver, Jackie Earle Haley, and Zac Efron. The film was produced by Tom Hanks and Gary Goetzman of Playtone, and was released in 2013, to coincide with the 50th anniversary of John F. Kennedy's assassination.

Television.

Tulloch has appeared on television shows "House", "Cold Case", "The West Wing", "Moonlight", and "Outlaw". In 2007 she filmed a role as a Dharma initiative scientist for the ABC series "Lost", but her role was re-cast due to scheduling conflicts with "quarterlife".  Tulloch played the lead role in Ed Zwick and Marshall Herskovitz's drama "quarterlife", which premiered on NBC in early 2008. While the series was quickly pulled and moved to Bravo, Tulloch was hailed for her performance. The "Los Angeles Times" wrote: "She's the best realized of the bunch... Tulloch, who plays her, seems destined to be better known." She was often compared to the 'next' Claire Danes: "Will this be the first online show to create a real star? It looks likely: The gorgeous 26-year-old Tulloch clearly possesses Danes-like smarts and magnetism."  In 2009, Tulloch shot one of the 3 leads in HBO's buzzed-about comedy pilot "Washingtonienne" based on the book by Jessica Cutler. The pilot was produced by HBO and Sarah Jessica Parker. In early 2010 she filmed "Most Likely to Succeed", a half-hour comedy pilot for Imagine Entertainment through the FOX network, and a recurring role on NBC's "Outlaw".  She was a series regular on the NBC series "Grimm" (2011–2017), a fantasy police procedural drama set in a world where characters inspired by "Grimms' Fairy Tales" exist. Tulloch's heritage and fluency with the Spanish language were written into the role.  In December 2018, Tulloch played Lois Lane in The CW crossover event "Elseworlds" in the series "Supergirl" and "The Flash". The executive producers described the character as "dogged, determined and brave." Tulloch reprised her role as Lois in the Arrowverse crossover event "Crisis on Infinite Earths" in 2019.  Tulloch and Tyler Hoechlin will reprise their roles as Lois Lane and Superman/Clark Kent in the upcoming television series "Superman & Lois", which will premiere on The CW in January 2021.

Personal life.

In December 2014, Tulloch confirmed she was in a relationship with her "Grimm" co-star David Giuntoli, the two first met in 2011, while co-starring in the feature film "Caroline and Jackie". In July 2016, she and Giuntoli revealed they became engaged in April 2016. They married in June 2017, and confirmed her pregnancy with their first child, a girl, in October 2018. She gave birth to their daughter, Vivian, in February 2019.  During her time living and working in Portland, Oregon (where her drama "Grimm" was filmed), Tulloch became a fan of the Portland Trail Blazers and was often seen attending games with her co-stars.  Tulloch and Giuntoli maintained two residences, including a 1920s remodeled Dutch Colonial in Portland and a 1920s Spanish house in Hollywood Hills. In January of 2020 the family moved to Washington state to be closer to family and their work in Vancouver.

Awards.

In early 2012, Tulloch was nominated by the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards, commonly called the "Critics' Choice Awards", for Best Ensemble Cast for "The Artist".  Tulloch was nominated for a 28th Annual LA Weekly Theater Award for her performance in Sam Forman's play, "Quarterlife" (March 2007). "Quarterlife" was an experimental sequence of 20-plus episodes which were originally intended to be released only on the internet, but its success led it to being picked up by NBC.

Elizabeth "Bitsie" Tulloch (born January 19, 1981) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Juliette Silverton/Eve in the NBC television series "Grimm".

伊丽莎白·图诺克(英语:Elizabeth Tulloch)其比茜·图诺克(英语:Bitsie Tulloch)一名更为人所知,是一位美国女演员。广为人知的角色是在美国全国广播公司播出的电视剧格林中担任Juliette Silverton一角。2017年6月与同剧男主角David Giuntoli结婚。


Structure.

The structure of hydrogen disulfide is similar to that of hydrogen peroxide, with C point group symmetry. Both molecules are distinctly nonplanar. The dihedral angle is 90.6°, compared with 111.5° in HO. The H−S−S bond angle is 92°, close to 90o for unhybridized divalent sulfur.

Synthesis and reactions.

Hydrogen disulfide can be synthesised by dissolving alkali metal or alkaline earth metal polysulfides in water. When the solution is mixed with concentrated hydrochloric acid at −15 °C, a yellow oil consisting a mixture of polysulfanes (HS) will pool below the aqueous layer. Fractional distillation of this oil gives hydrogen disulfide separate from any other polysulfides (mostly trisulfide).  Hydrogen disulfide readily decomposes under ambient conditions to hydrogen sulfide and sulfur. In organosulfur chemistry, hydrogen disulfide adds to alkenes to give disulfides and thiols.

Quantum tunneling and its suppression in deuterium disulfide.

The deuterated form of hydrogen disulfide DSSD, has a similar geometry to HSSH, but its tunneling time is slower, making it a convenient test case for the quantum Zeno effect, in which frequent observation of a quantum system suppresses its normal evolution. Trost and Hornberger have calculated that while an isolated DSSD molecule would spontaneously oscillate between left and right chiral forms with a period of 5.6 milliseconds, the presence of a small amount of inert helium gas should stabilize the chiral states, the collisions of the helium atoms in effect "observing" the molecule's momentary chirality and so suppressing spontaneous evolution to the other chiral state.

Health effects.

Hydrogen disulfide has been described as "having a severe and irritating odour" that is similar to camphor or, causing "tears and a smarting sensation in the nostrils". If it is present in high concentrations, it can cause dizziness, disorientation and ultimately unconsciousness.

Hydrogen disulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula HS. This hydrogen chalcogenide is a pale yellow volatile liquid with a camphor-like odor. It decomposes readily to hydrogen sulfide (HS) and elemental sulfur.

二硫化氢(),又称过硫化氢,是一种无机硫化合物,其化学式为HS,亦可计为(SH),其结构类似于过氧化氢(HO)与硫氧化氢(HSO),外观为油状液体,且具有恶臭,常温下容易分解为硫化氢(HS)和硫元素。


Plot.

In a futuristic city of dystopian Chicago, society is divided into five factions: Abnegation (the selfless), Amity (the peaceful), Candor (the honest), Dauntless (the brave), and Erudite (the intellectual). The remaining population are the Factionless, who have no status or privilege in this society. When children reach the age of 16, they undergo a serum-induced psychological aptitude test which indicates their best-suited faction, though they are allowed to choose any faction as their permanent group at the subsequent Choosing Ceremony.  Beatrice Prior (Shailene Woodley) was born into Abnegation, which runs the government. Her father, Andrew Prior (Tony Goldwyn), serves on the ruling council along with the head of Abnegation, Marcus Eaton (Ray Stevenson). Beatrice takes her test with a Dauntless woman named Tori Wu (Maggie Q) as her proctor. Her results show equal attributes of multiple factions meaning she is Divergent. Her divergence includes Abnegation, Erudite, and Dauntless. Tori records her results as Abnegation and warns her to keep the true result a secret, saying that because Divergents can think independently and are aware of any serums injected in them the government cannot control them and they are considered threats to the existing social order.  The next day at the Choosing Ceremony, Beatrice's brother Caleb Prior (Ansel Elgort) chooses Erudite, while after some hesitation, Beatrice chooses Dauntless. After the ceremony, Beatrice meets Christina (Zoë Kravitz), Al (Christian Madsen), and Will (Ben Lloyd-Hughes), three other initiates from other factions who also chose Dauntless. Christina and Al are from Candor, and Will is from Erudite. The initiates' commitment and fearlessness are immediately tested, and Eric Coulter (Jai Courtney), a brutal Dauntless leader, makes it clear that anyone not meeting Dauntless' high expectations will be expelled from the faction to become Factionless. Beatrice is the first to volunteer for a leap of faith from a tall building into a dark hole, landing in a net. When Four (Theo James), a transfer initiates' instructor, asks her name, she decides to shorten it to "Tris" so she can leave her earlier identity behind.  Tris initially struggles in Dauntless training, ranking far below the cutoff after the first evaluation, but with Four's help slowly improves. Eric matches her against her nemesis — Peter (Miles Teller) in a fight. Tris is soundly defeated and ends up in the infirmary. When she discovers that she will miss the most important test, Capture The Flag, she leaves the infirmary and joins the other initiates, secures her team's victory, and makes the final cut. In the next phase of training, the initiates are subject to psychological simulations where they face their worst fears. Tris' divergence allows her to excel at the tests, solving them in unusual ways, but Four warns her to hide her abilities and solve the challenges as a normal Dauntless would. Divergents can also manipulate tests and serums. Tris visits Caleb, who tells her that Erudite is planning to overthrow Abnegation and become the ruling faction. On her return to Dauntless headquarters, Tris is attacked by Al, Peter, and Drew before being rescued by Four. The next day Al pleads with Tris for her forgiveness but she refuses, calling him a coward. He later kills himself by jumping into "The Chasm" rather than live with the shame.  To prepare her for the final test, Four takes Tris into his own fear simulations, where she learns that his real name is Tobias Eaton, the son of Marcus Eaton. After the simulation, they kiss. Tris then passes her test and is officially initiated into Dauntless. The rest of the Dauntless are injected with a serum supplied by Erudite which is supposedly for tracking, but is actually for mind control. The next morning, the Dauntless prepare to execute Abnegations by the orders of the Erudites. Divergents are unaffected by the new serum, so Tris must blend in to avoid suspicion. She finds Four, who reveals himself as a Divergent. While the Dauntless move to raid Abnegation, Tris and Four separate from the group and attempt to locate Tris' parents, but Eric realises Four is not under control and captures the two. Four is taken into custody while Tris is ordered to be executed. Her mother Natalie (Ashley Judd) appears and saves her but is shot and killed as they try to escape.  Tris finds her father in hiding with Caleb, Marcus, and several Abnegations. The group sneaks into Dauntless headquarters, where Tris encounters Peter and forces him to lead them to Erudite's control center. Her father sacrifices himself in a shootout, and Tris goes in alone to find Four, who is now under stronger mind control designed for Divergents and attacks her. Using her knowledge of his fears, she manages to wake him from the mind control and the two enter the central control room, where Erudite leader Jeanine (Kate Winslet) is about to have the Dauntless army execute the entire Abnegation faction. Tris uses a sample of the mind control serum on her to force her to cancel the program. The group escapes the compound and boards a train out of the complex.

Production.

Pre-production.

In March 2011, Summit Entertainment picked up the rights for "Divergent" with Douglas Wick and Lucy Fisher's production company Red Wagon Entertainment. Neil Burger was announced as the director on August 23, 2012. Evan Daugherty, who co-wrote the screenplay with Vanessa Taylor, said, "I get hung up on the toughness of the movie but of equal importance is the love story between Tris and Four. It's inherently and inextricably linked to Tris's character journey. There will be plenty of sexual tension and chemistry, but it's important that all of that stuff doesn't just feel like it's thrown in, but that it all helps Tris grow as a character."  Daugherty further added, "It's tricky because the book is a very packed read with a lot of big ideas. So, distilling that into a cool, faithful two-hour movie is challenging. Not only do you have to establish five factions, but you have to acknowledge that there's a sixth entity, which is the divergent, and you also have the factionless. So there's a world that really has to be built out for the big screen... the movie is going to do it a little more efficiently." Author Veronica Roth said about the script of the film: "Reading a script is a really interesting experience. I'd never read a script before. I was really impressed by how closely it stuck to the general plot line of the book."  Initially, the budget of the film was $40 million but Lionsgate later increased it to $80 million (which finally changed to $85 million) due to the success of "The Hunger Games". Analyst Ben Mogil said, "Divergent is more similar to "Hunger Games" in that the company owns the underlying economics (i.e. production) and the budget (at $80[million]) is more manageable."

Casting.

On October 22, 2012, it was announced that Shailene Woodley had landed the lead role of Beatrice "Tris" Prior. Lucas Till, Jack Reynor, Jeremy Irvine, Alex Pettyfer, Brenton Thwaites, Alexander Ludwig and Luke Bracey were all considered for the role of Tobias "Four" Eaton. On March 15, 2013, it was announced that Theo James had been cast as Four.  Though James was 10 years older than the character when cast, Roth praised his casting: "I was sure within seconds: this was 'Four', no question. Theo is able to capture 'Four's' authority and strength, as well as his depth and sensitivity." She also mentions the chemistry between him and Shailene: "He is a perfect match for Shailene's incredibly strong presence as Tris. I'm thrilled!" The producers said about his casting: "We took our time to find the right actor to fill the role of Four, and Theo is definitely the perfect fit. Veronica have crafted a truly iconic character in Four and we cannot wait to begin production and bring him and this story to life for millions of fans around the world."  On March 11, 2013, it was announced that the roles of Tori, Christina, and Caleb had gone to Maggie Q, Zoë Kravitz, and Ansel Elgort respectively. Ray Stevenson, Jai Courtney and Aaron Eckhart were announced to be in talks to join the cast on March 15, 2013. Stevenson and Courtney joined the cast as Marcus Eaton and Eric. That same day, Miles Teller was cast as Peter. Kate Winslet was announced to be in talks on January 24, 2013. Later, it was confirmed that she would portray Jeanine Matthews.  Talking about playing the negative character for the first time, Winslet said, "I'm no idiot. The idea went through my head that I have never played a baddie before, I was almost kind of surprised." Since Winslet joined filming late, she used that distance from her co-stars to appear aloof on the first day of her shoot. "I wanted to break it and say, 'It's OK, I'm really fun. I promise.' But I thought, just for today, I'd let them think that I am a complete bitch."  Winslet was five months pregnant during the shooting of the film and her pregnancy was concealed using various props. According to Burger, "We had to be very strategic in the way that we shot her. She always had some sort of file or case in her hand that was sort of protecting, you know, her bump." On March 25, 2013, Ben Lamb was cast as Edward, Ben Lloyd-Hughes as Will, and Christian Madsen as Al. In April 2013, Ashley Judd and Tony Goldwyn joined the cast as Natalie and Andrew Prior, Beatrice's parents.

Filming.

Filming began in Chicago on April 16, 2013, and concluded on July 16, 2013. Virtually all production photography took place in Chicago; many of the interior locations were filmed at Cinespace Chicago Film Studios. Scenes for the "choosing ceremony" were shot at Seventeenth Church of Christ, Scientist on East Wacker in downtown Chicago, with outdoor shots taken at Pioneer Court. Filming also took place at the Navy Pier Ferris Wheel; the entire area was treated with dirt and rust to appear more dystopian. Additional scenes were shot at 57th Street and Ellis Avenue near the University of Chicago, at Federal Street where fake L tracks were constructed and at Michigan Avenue. Scenes were also filmed in the University of Chicago's Joe and Rika Mansueto Library.  For the Abnegation sector, the production team constructed the set on Wells Street in downtown Chicago. In late June, filming took place at 1500 S Western Avenue and 600 S. Wells Street, Chicago. In the last schedule, filming moved to the Chicago River and continued at Lake Street Bridge, Wacker Drive and LaSalle Street Bridge. Filming wrapped on July 16, 2013. On January 24, 2014, additional filming began in Los Angeles, finishing two days later, which officially became the last day of shooting.

Post-production.

Post-production work began after filming wrapped. On July 18, Summit and Lionsgate issued a joint statement announcing the film would be released in IMAX format: "We're delighted to continue our successful collaboration with IMAX, with whom we have already partnered on the global blockbuster "Hunger Games" and "Twilight Saga" franchises, and we're especially pleased that we can introduce our newest young adult franchise, "Divergent", to the movie going public in the premium IMAX format that celebrates its status as a special and memorable event."

Music.

The score for "Divergent" was composed by Junkie XL and executive produced by his longtime mentor Hans Zimmer, featuring vocal contributions from Ellie Goulding on four of the tracks as "the inner voice of [...] Tris". Goulding's "Beating Heart" was also included in the film as original soundtrack and later the assisting video was also released from her YouTube channel. "Dead In The Water" and other songs from her 2012 album, Halcyon were also included on the soundtrack. Randall Poster served as the film's music supervisor. The original soundtrack was released on March 11, 2014, while the original score of the film was released on March 18, 2014, by Interscope Records.

Distribution.

Marketing.

The first image of Shailene Woodley as Beatrice "Tris" Prior was revealed by "Entertainment Weekly" on April 24, 2013. A few seconds sneak preview footage of the film was shown at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. On June 7, "Entertainment Weekly" released a still of Theo James (Four) showing the Dauntless initiates around their new headquarters. The magazine released several more stills on July 19. On July 16, "USA Today" released the first image of Kate Winslet as Jeanine Matthews.  On July 18, 2013, Summit held a sold-out San Diego Comic-Con panel in Hall H. Shailene Woodley, Theo James, Maggie Q, Zoe Kravitz, Ansel Elgort, Ben Lloyd-Hughes, Amy Newbold, Miles Teller, Christian Madsen, director Neil Burger, and author Veronica Roth attended the panel and answered fan questions, along with the showing of exclusive film clips.  On August 22, 2013, a sneak peek of the first teaser trailer was released by MTV. The full teaser was released on August 25, 2013, during the pre-show of the MTV Video Music Awards. Two official posters featuring Woodley and James as Tris and Four and highlighting their tattoos were released on September 23, 2013. Neil Burger released the full official trailer on November 13, 2013. On February 4, 2014, Shailene Woodley and Theo James released the final trailer for the film during their appearance on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!".  The marketing campaign for the film cost at least $50 million.

Release.

On its first day of advance ticket sales, the film sold half of its tickets.

Home media.

"Divergent" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 5, 2014. Prior to its DVD release, a deleted scene from the film featuring Miles Teller as Peter Hayes and Ben Lamb as Edward was released July 30, 2014.

Reception.

Box office.

"Divergent" grosses $150.9 million in North America, and $137.9 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $288.9 million. Calculating in all expenses, "Deadline Hollywood" estimated that the film made a profit of $71.87 million, when factoring together all revenues and expenses.  On its opening weekend, the film attained the No. 1 spot in domestic and worldwide box office rankings by Rentrak. The film grossed $4.9 million in late night screenings, on Thursday March 20, 2014. On its opening day, the film grossed $22.8 million in the United States (including the Thursday night gross). "Divergent" accumulated $54,607,747 from 3,936 theaters at an average of $13,873 per theater, on its opening weekend in the United States and Canada and grossed $1.7 million internationally from four territories, with a worldwide total of $56,307,747.

Critical response.

"Divergent" received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 42% based on 229 reviews, with an average rating of 5.42/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "With an adherence to YA formula that undercuts its individualistic message, "Divergent" opens its planned trilogy in disappointingly predictable fashion." Metacritic gives the film a score of 48 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore were more receptive to the film, giving it a CinemaScore grade of "A". The survey group was 69% female and half of the audience was over 25.  The main criticisms of the film were its generic execution and predictable plot. Bruce Diones of "The New Yorker" called it, "barely diverting", and Jordan Adler of "We Got This Covered" said it was a "plodding and generic dystopian drama". Several critics have compared the film unfavorably with other young adult fiction adaptations such as "Harry Potter" and, predominantly, "The Hunger Games". Andrew Barker of "Variety" said, "Unlike the "Harry Potter" series' tangible, fully dimensional Hogwarts or "The Hunger Games" colorfully variegated districts, "Divergent"s vision of new Chicago doesn't have much to distinguish it from a standard-issue post-apocalyptic pic." Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" wrote that, "At least "The Hunger Games" spawned two terrific movies and a breakthrough star in Jennifer Lawrence. Onscreen, "Divergent" ignites only indifference."  Peter Debruge of "Variety" considered it a much better adaptation writing that, "[although] it shares a fair amount of DNA in common with "The Hunger Games", it ranks as far superior". According to Todd Gilchrist of The Playlist, "Woodley makes for more than uncertain enough of a hero to add detail and meaning to the implosion of this world", adding that "there's little artifice to her performance, and the mundane honesty of her reactions create a believability that the world would otherwise lack." Speaking of James's performance, Gilchrist adds that he "manages the considerable accomplishment of seeming like a real grown-up man" and that he "makes the character's transformation from hardass to collaborator seem natural, if inevitable". Drew McWeeny at HitFix said, "it helps that [they] got Woodley and James in the leads. [Woodley's] like a walking empathy battery, wide-open emotionally, easy to read and enormously appealing", also adding that James is "incredibly natural onscreen".  Andrew Osmond of "SFX" magazine was more receptive to the film, calling it "an often entertaining, and sometimes very interesting, piece of teen SF". Andy Lea of "Daily Star" wrote that "the satire is not as sharp as that of "The Hunger Games" and the training scenes borrow heavily from the much smarter "Ender's Game". But it's also stylish, tense and surprisingly pacy." "Orlando Weekly"s Sam Allard gave the film a 3/5 rating, praising Shailene Woodley's performance by saying she "rescues and then raises up a film that could have been an utter disaster". Christy Lemire of RogerEbert.com agreed with this sentiment, writing, "the performances—namely from stars Shailene Woodley and Theo James and Kate Winslet in a juicy supporting role—always make the movie watchable and often quite engaging".  Michael O'Sullivan of "The Washington Post" felt that the film surpassed its source material, feeling that "it's rare that a movie is as good as the book on which it's based. It's even more unusual when it's better." Leigh Paatsch of the "Herald Sun" dubbed the film a "solid first-up effort for the "Divergent" franchise", and Margaret Pomeranz of "At the Movies" gave praise to director Neil Burger, stating that he "handles the action with aplomb".  The Playlist's Todd Gilchrist gave it a mixed review saying that it has "great ideas... and some terrific character work, but it's given such uneven attention, alternately languished upon and glossed over". IGN's Matt Patches gave it 5.8 out of 10, citing its similarities to other young adult films and contrived Dauntless plot line. He praised lead actors Theo James and Shailene Woodley's performances, judging that they "add personality and physicality to the limp script they're acting out". Scott Mendelson of "Forbes" magazine echoed these sentiments, arguing that despite Woodley's excellent performance, "the generic story reduced a large portion of the mythology to irrelevancy". Mendelson believed that the film would please the novel's fanbase.

Expanded franchise.

"The Divergent Series: Insurgent" (2015).

On May 7, 2013, Summit Entertainment revealed that a sequel based on "Insurgent" was in the works. Brian Duffield, writer of "Jane Got a Gun", was hired to write the script. The sequel was released on March 20, 2015. The third film, based on the novel "Allegiant", was initially announced as a single film scheduled for release on March 18, 2016. In December 2013, it was announced that Neil Burger will not return to direct the sequel, due to him still working on the first film. On February 11, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke would take Burger's place for the next installment. Principal photography for "The Divergent Series: Insurgent" began in Atlanta on May 27, 2014, and concluded on September 6, 2014.

"The Divergent Series: Allegiant" (2016).

On April 11, 2014, Summit Entertainment announced that the third film would split into two films titled "The Divergent Series: Allegiant – Part 1" and "The Divergent Series: Allegiant – Part 2", with "Part 1" scheduled to be released on March 18, 2016, and "Part 2" scheduled to be released on June 9, 2017. On December 5, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke would return to direct "Part 1". On September 10, 2015, it was announced that the two films would be re-titled, with "Part 1" being renamed as "" and "Part 2" as "".

"The Divergent Series: Ascendant".

On February 8, 2016, it was reported that Robert Schwentke, who directed both "Insurgent" and "Allegiant", would not return to direct for the final film. Lee Toland Krieger was to replace Schwentke as the director of the film. A theatrical release for "Ascendant" was later cancelled in favor of developing a television film and spinoff series for Starz.

Divergent is a 2014 American dystopian science fiction action film directed by Neil Burger, based on the 2011 novel of the same name by Veronica Roth. The film is the first installment in "The Divergent Series" and was produced by Lucy Fisher, Pouya Shahbazian, and Douglas Wick, with a screenplay by Evan Daugherty and Vanessa Taylor. It stars Shailene Woodley, Theo James, Ashley Judd, Jai Courtney, Ray Stevenson, Zoë Kravitz, Miles Teller, Tony Goldwyn, Ansel Elgort, Maggie Q, and Kate Winslet. The story takes place in a dystopian and post-apocalyptic Chicago where people are divided into distinct factions based on human virtues. Beatrice Prior is warned that she is Divergent and thus will never fit into any one of the factions. She soon learns that a sinister plot is brewing in the seemingly perfect society.

《分歧者·异类叛逃》(英语:"Divergent")是一部于2014年上映的美国科幻冒险反乌托邦电影,由尼尔·柏格执导,剧情改编自韦罗妮卡·罗思(Veronica Roth)同名畅销小说三部曲的第一部作品《-{分歧者}-》,由露西·费雪、波亚·夏巴兹安和道格拉斯·威克监制。剧本则由瓦内莎·泰勒和伊云·多洛堤撰写。演员包含雪琳·伍德莉、费奥·占士、佐伊·克拉维茨、安塞尔·埃尔葛特、Maggie Q、莫基·菲佛、杰·寇特尼、麦尔斯·泰勒与凯特·温斯蕾。故事发生在未来末日后一个反乌托邦的世界。


Official editions.

"Manjaro Xfce", which features Manjaro's own dark theme as well as the Xfce desktop.  "Manjaro KDE", which features Manjaro's own dark Plasma Theme as well as the latest KDE Plasma, Apps and Frameworks.  "Manjaro GNOME" became the third official version with the Gellivara release and offers the GNOME desktop along with a version of the Manjaro theme.  While not official releases, "Manjaro Community Editions" are maintained by members of the Manjaro Community. They offer additional user interfaces over the official releases, including Awesome, Bspwm, Budgie, Cinnamon, i3, LXDE, LXQT, MATE, and Openbox.  The Deepin edition was dropped as of 18.0 Illyria.

Features.

Manjaro comes with both a CLI and a graphical installer. The rolling release model means that the user does not need to upgrade/reinstall the whole system to keep it all up-to-date inline with the latest release. Package management is handled by Pacman via command line (terminal), and front-end GUI package manager tools like the pre-installed Pamac. It can be configured as either a stable system (default) or bleeding edge in line with Arch.  The repositories are managed with their own tool called BoxIt, which is designed like Git.  Manjaro includes its own GUI settings manager where options like language, drivers, and kernel version can be simply configured.  Certain commonly used Arch utilities such as the Arch Build System (ABS) are available but have alternate implementations in Manjaro.  "Manjaro Architect" is a CLI net installer which allows the user to choose their own kernel version, drivers and desktop environment during the install process. Both the official and the community edition's desktop environments are available for selection. For GUI based installations, Manjaro uses the GUI installer Calamares.

Release history.

The 0.8.x series releases were the last versions of Manjaro to use a version number. The desktop environments offered, as well as the number of programs bundled into each separate release have varied in different releases.

Relation to Arch Linux.

The main difference compared to Arch Linux is the repositories.  Manjaro uses three sets of repositories: , non-security related package updates derived from the Arch Linux stable branch to the Manjaro stable branch typically have a lag of a few weeks.

History.

Manjaro was first released on July 10, 2011. By mid 2013, Manjaro was in the beta stage, though key elements of the final system had all been implemented such as: a GUI installer (then an Antergos installer fork); a package manager (Pacman) with its choice of frontends; Pamac (GTK) for Xfce desktop and Octopi (Qt) for its Openbox edition; MHWD (Manjaro Hardware Detection, for detection of free & proprietary video drivers); and Manjaro Settings Manager (for system-wide settings, user management, and graphics driver installation and management).  GNOME Shell support was dropped with the release of version 0.8.3. in 2012. However, efforts within Arch Linux made it possible to restart the Cinnamon/GNOME edition as a community edition. An official release offering the GNOME desktop environment was reinstated in March 2017.  During the development of Manjaro 0.9.0 at the end of August 2015, the Manjaro team decided to switch to year and month designations for the Manjaro version scheme instead of numbers. This applies to both the 0.8.x series as well as the new 0.9.x series, renaming 0.8.13, released in June 2015, as 15.06 and so on. Manjaro 15.09, codenamed Bellatrix and formerly known as 0.9.0, was released on 27 September 2015 with the new Calamares installer and updated packages.  In September 2017, Manjaro announced that support for i686 architecture would be dropped because "popularity of this architecture is decreasing". However, in November 2017 a semi-official community project "manjaro32", based on archlinux32, continued i686 support.

Derivatives.

"Netrunner Rolling", in addition to Blue Systems Netrunner, which is Debian-based. The first version of Netrunner Rolling was 2014.04, which based on Manjaro 0.8.9 KDE. It was released in 2014. The last released version was Netrunner Rolling 2019.04.  The "Sonar GNU/Linux" project was aimed at providing a barrier-free Linux to people who required assistive technology for computer use, with supporting GNOME and MATE desktop. The first version was released in February 2015, the latest release was in 2016. As of 2017, the Sonar project was discontinued.

Hardware.

Although Manjaro can be installed on most systems, you can purchase devices with Manjaro pre-installed on them. You can purchase a system with Manjaro on it from StarLabs Systems, Tuxedo Computers, manjarocomputer.eu, and Pine64.

Reception.

Manjaro Linux is noted as an easy desktop to set up and use, suitable for both beginners and experienced users. It is recommended as an easy and friendly way to install, build and maintain a cutting-edge Arch-derived distribution. Some users will find appeal in the large range of contributed software available from the AUR, which has a reputation for being kept up to date from upstream resources.  Very early versions of Manjaro had a reputation for crashing and for installation difficulties, but this was reported to have improved with later versions, and by 2014 was, according to Jesse Smith of DistroWatch, "proving to be probably the most polished child of Arch Linux I have used to date. The distribution is not only easy to set up, but it has a friendly feel, complete with a nice graphical package manager, quality system installer and helpful welcome screen. Manjaro comes with lots of useful software and multimedia support."  Smith did a review of Manjaro 17.0.2 Xfce in July 2017 and observed that it did "a lot of things well". He went on to extol some of the notable features as part of his conclusion:

Manjaro is a free and open-source Linux distribution based on the Arch Linux operating system. Manjaro has a focus on user friendliness and accessibility, and the system itself is designed to work fully "straight out of the box" with its variety of pre-installed software. It features a rolling release update model and uses Pacman as its package manager.

Manjaro Linux(或简称 Manjaro)是基于 Arch Linux 的 Linux 发行版,使用 Xfce 和 KDE Plasma 作为默认桌面环境,和 Arch 一样,采用滚动更新。其目标是为 PC 提供易于使用的自由的操作系统。