Personal life.

Jenkins was born in Jolly, Texas, and spent his childhood in Wichita Falls, Texas. There he attended Hardin Junior College and then spent two years at the University of Texas, though he did not earn a degree. In 1945, following his discharge from the Army, he converted to Roman Catholicism and married Helen Marjorie Whitehill.  Jenkins and his wife had six children, four boys and two girls. They separated in the early 1970s but never divorced. She died in 1987.

Government career.

Jenkins began working for Lyndon B. Johnson in 1939 when Johnson was serving in the U.S. House of Representatives as the member from Texas's 10th congressional district. For most of the next 25 years, Jenkins served as Johnson's top administrative assistant, following Johnson as he rose to become a Senator, Vice President under John F. Kennedy, and President.  From 1941 until 1945, Jenkins served in the United States Army during World War II. In 1951, he returned to Wichita Falls to run for the House of Representatives. Jenkins lost to Frank N. Ikard in a race marked by attacks on Jenkins because of his Roman Catholic faith.  Johnson's former aides credit Jenkins for his ability and temperament. In 1975, journalist Bill Moyers, a former Johnson aide and press secretary, wrote in "Newsweek": "When they come to canonize political aides, [Jenkins] will be the first summoned, for no man ever negotiated the shark-infested waters of the Potomac with more decency or charity or came out on the other side with his integrity less shaken. If Lyndon Johnson owed everything to one human being other than Lady Bird, he owed it to Walter Jenkins." Joseph Califano wrote, "Jenkins was the nicest White House aide I ever met in any administration. He was never overbearing. It was quite remarkable."  By the 1960s, Jenkins was more Johnson's friend than employee, close to Lady Bird Johnson and involved in their family finances as well. The Johnsons celebrated Lady Bird's fifty-first birthday at a party at Jenkins' home in December 1963.

Scandal and resignation.

Arrest.

A month before the 1964 presidential election, on October 7, District of Columbia Police arrested Jenkins in a YMCA restroom. He and another man were booked on a disorderly conduct charge, an incident described as "perhaps the most famous tearoom arrest in America." He paid a $50 fine. Rumors of the incident circulated for several days and Republican Party operatives helped to promote it to the press. Some newspapers, including the "Chicago Tribune" and the "Cincinnati Enquirer", refused to run the story. Journalists quickly learned that Jenkins had been arrested on a similar charge in 1959, which made it much harder to explain away as the result of overwork or, as one journalist wrote, "combat fatigue."  Finally, on October 14, a "Washington Star" editor called the White House for Jenkins' comment on a story it was preparing. Jenkins turned to White House lawyers Abe Fortas, the President's personal lawyer, and Clark Clifford, who unofficially was filling the role of White House Counsel. They immediately lobbied the editors of Washington's three newspapers not to run the story, which only confirmed its significance. Within hours Clifford detailed the evidence to the President and press secretary George Reedy, who "openly weeping," confirmed the story to reporters. Probably forewarned, Johnson told Fortas that Jenkins needed to resign.  Anticipating the charge that Jenkins might have been blackmailed, Johnson immediately ordered an FBI investigation. He knew that J. Edgar Hoover would have to clear the administration of any security problem because the FBI itself would otherwise be at fault for failing to investigate Jenkins properly years before. Hoover reported on October 22 that security had not been compromised. Johnson later said: "I couldn't have been more shocked about Walter Jenkins if I'd heard that Lady Bird had tried to kill the Pope." He also fed conspiracy theories that Jenkins had been framed. He claimed that before his arrest Jenkins had attended a cocktail party where the waiters came from the Republican National Committee, though the party was hosted by "Newsweek" to celebrate the opening of its new offices. The "Star" printed the story and UPI transmitted its version on October 14. Jenkins resigned the same day. Johnson immediately ordered a poll to determine the public's reaction to the affair and learned the next day that its effect on the voters was negligible.  The President announced that only he would contact the press about the incident, but his wife, Lady Bird Johnson, issued her own statement of support for Jenkins.

Political reactions.

The incident embarrassed the administration but had little impact on the campaign in which Johnson led his opponent by large margins. One columnist wrote on October 15, "Walter Jenkins has revived and dramatized all the harsh feelings about morals, and political cliques, and the Texas gang in Washington." Yet the incident disappeared so quickly from the political scene that Theodore H. White, surveying the 1964 election campaign, assessed its impact this way: "Perhaps the most amazing of all events of the campaign of 1964 is that the nation faced the fact fully—and shrugged its shoulders." Jenkins' arrest was quickly overshadowed by international affairs: Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev was deposed on October 14, the British electorate voted Labour into power on October 15, and China successfully tested a nuclear weapon on October 16.  Johnson's Republican opponent in the 1964 presidential election, Barry Goldwater, knew Jenkins from the Senate and from serving as commanding officer of his Air Force Reserve unit, but initially denied knowing him. He did not comment on the incident while campaigning, though it fit well with the charges he had been making of a lack of morality in Johnson's administration, though he was referring to Bobby Baker and Billie Sol Estes. Instead, since FBI agents had just questioned him about Jenkins, he publicly asked Hoover to explain why Jenkins had not undergone a rigorous security check before joining the White House staff.  Goldwater's campaign offices distributed bumper stickers and buttons bearing slogans such as, "LBJLIGHT BULB JENKINS: NO WONDER HE TURNED THE LIGHTS OUT" and "ALL THE WAY WITH LBJ, BUT DON'T GO NEAR THE YMCA". During the remainder of the campaign Goldwater occasionally alluded to the scandal. In speeches he referred to Johnson's "curious crew who would run the country" to the knowing amusement of his audience. At the time, observers noted the difference between the way Goldwater alluded to the scandal and the way the Republican National Committee and Goldwater's running mate, William E. Miller, used it to exploit "popular fears." Goldwater later said he chose not to make the incident a campaign issue. "It was a sad time for Jenkins' wife and children, and I was not about to add to their private sorrow," he wrote in his autobiography. "Winning isn't everything. Some things, like loyalty to friends or lasting principle, are more important."  Johnson mentioned the affair in general terms while campaigning. In Pittsburgh on October 27, he told a crowd that in government "unfortunate things" happen and people "disappoint" you. Some "make mistakes" and need to resign and there need to be impartial investigations.  Members of Congress called for an FBI investigation of the case, citing concerns that the FBI had been unaware of Jenkins' previous offense in the same Washington men's room in January 1959.

Supportive reactions.

On October 15, James Reston gave some support to Johnson by confirming that "President Eisenhower was embarrassed by a comparable morals charge against one of his first appointees of his first Administration." On October 19, Drew Pearson in his "Washington Merry-go-round" column recounted the 1952 events with greater detail and named Arthur H. Vandenberg, Jr. as the Eisenhower appointee who "had homosexuality problems and could not pass a security test.". Campaigning in San Diego on October 28, Johnson replied to a reporter's question about "sex deviates" in his administration that every administration had its scandals and mentioned that Eisenhower had faced a similar problem with his appointments secretary, thus confirming Pearson's outing of Vandenberg, whose departure from the Eisenhower administration had been blamed on his health.  On October 29, 1964, leading clergymen, including Dean Francis B. Sayre, Jr. of Washington National Cathedral, United Presbyterian Church Leader Eugene Carson Blake, Methodist Bishop John Wesley Lord, American Hebrew Congregations President Maurice Eisendrauth, and theologians Paul Tillich and Reinhold Niebuhr, issued a letter commenting on the Jenkins affair: "We see the Jenkins episode as a case of human weakness. If there is a security factor involved, let that be dealt with on its own terms and let it not serve chiefly as an excuse for dwelling on this one episode to cater to the prurient curiosity or to the self-righteousness of part of the public."  After the election, the American Mental Health Foundation wrote a letter to President Johnson protesting the "hysteria" surrounding the case:  On November 17, Lady Bird visited Walter Jenkins and his wife Marjorie, who were preparing to move home to Texas. She reported in her diary that he had received "a barrage of mail" from acquaintances and the public that "seems so understanding." Washington columnist Joseph Alsop, like Jenkins a closeted homosexual, wrote publicly in support of Jenkins and sent him a letter of support as well.

Effect on the Johnson Administration.

Johnson appointed Bill Moyers to succeed Walter Jenkins.  Johnson's White House Press Secretary George Reedy told an interviewer: "A great deal of the president's difficulties can be traced to the fact that Walter had to leave.... All of history might have been different if it hadn't been for that episode." Former Attorney General Ramsey Clark said that Jenkins' resignation "deprived the president of the single most effective and trusted aide that he had. The results would be enormous when the president came into his hard times. Walter's counsel on Vietnam might have been extremely helpful."

Later years and legacy.

Jenkins resigned from the Air Force Reserve in February 1965.  After leaving Washington, Jenkins returned to Texas and lived the rest of his life in Austin, where he worked as a Certified Public Accountant and management consultant and ran a construction company. He died in 1985, at the age of 67, a few months after suffering a stroke.  A made-for-television film, "Vanished", loosely based on the Jenkins resignation, aired in 1971.  The Tony-award winning play and HBO docudrama, "All the Way", that aired on May 21, 2016, about President Lyndon Johnson's first year in office from the Kennedy assassination on November 22, 1963, through the 1964 election on November 3, depicts the 1964 scandal involving Jenkins.  Canadian writer Steven Elliott Jackson wrote a play that stages an imaginary meeting and one-night-stand between Jenkins and civil rights activist Bayard Rustin called "The Seat Next to the King". The play won the award for Best Play at the 2017 Toronto Fringe Festival.

Walter Wilson Jenkins (March 23, 1918 – November 23, 1985) was an American political figure and longtime top aide to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson. Jenkins' career ended after he was arrested and charged with "disorderly conduct" with another man in a public restroom in Washington, D.C. It happened weeks before the 1964 presidential election, in an era when homosexual behavior was widely condemned.

沃尔特·威尔逊·詹金斯(英语:Walter Wilson Jenkins,1918年-3月23日-1985年-11月23日)是一位美国政治人物,自青年时代起便担任美国前总统林登·约翰逊的助理。他的政治生涯终结于1964年大选期间,当时他因与另一位男性在华盛顿特区的一处公共洗手间内发生性行为而被捕。事件曝光后,詹金斯迫于舆论压力而辞职。


Biography.

Early life.

Uhm was born in Jecheon, North Chungcheong, South Korea. She is the second child of Yoo Gyeong-sook and Uhm Jin-ok, a music teacher who died in a motorcycle accident when she was six. Her younger and only brother Uhm Tae-woong is an actor. Following her father's death, her family struggled financially.

Music career.

1990s.

Uhm Jung-hwa officially debuted as a singer in 1993 with her first studio album "Sorrowful Secret". By the mid-90s she established herself as one of the top Korean female singers and entertainers, with a series of hit singles: "Sad Expectation" (), "A Love Only Heaven Permits" (), "Rose of Betrayal" (), and "Tell Me" ().  Uhm's fourth studio album, "Invitation", introduced a new mature side of the singer. The music video for its title track caused a lot of controversy due to its suggestive nature. "Invitation" quickly became one of the highest selling albums of the year and received positive reviews from critics and fans.  She released two of her most recognizable singles of her career, "Poison" and "Invitation" (). She remained successful the following year, in 1999, with her fifth studio album "005.1999.06"

2000s–present.

During the 2000s, Uhm began to focus more on her acting career and committed herself to taking a variety of acting roles. She also began to pursue and experiment with different musical genres, in particular electronica. In 2004, she released her double album "Self Control", which featured songs composed by Jung Jae-hyung, Fractal and Roller Coaster. Music critics praised Uhm for her ability to reinvent her image and sound.  After a two-year break from the music scene, she released her ninth studio album "Prestige". Throughout the year she released two singles, "Come 2 Me" and "Song of the Wind" (), each enjoyed positive critical reception. In early 2007, she won a Korean Music Award for Best Electronic Dance Record.  In the summer of 2008, she released her first EP titled "D.I.S.C.O" with help from her longtime friend Yang Hyun-suk of YG Entertainment. The lead single "D.I.S.C.O" featured T.O.P, a member from the popular boy band Big Bang. The EP was one of the best-selling albums by a female artist in 2008, and was further promoted by the digital single "D.I.S.C.O Part 2" which was a remix version of "D.I.S.C.O" and featured G-Dragon, the leader of Big Bang.  After an eight-year-long hiatus Uhm announced that she would be releasing her first new album since D.I.S.C.O in 2008, the album title would be "The Cloud Dream of the Nine". She revealed that she would be releasing the album in two parts, the first part would be released on December 27, 2017, and the second part at a later date. Uhm performed the title tracks "Watch Me Move" and "Dreamer" on Gayo Daejeon along with "D.I.S.C.O", she would also perform the two tracks on "MCountdown" on the January 5. One year after the release of Part 1, Uhm revealed through her Instagram account that she was in the preparation stage of her comeback with part 2 of "The Cloud Dream of the Nine".

Acting career.

Uhm has established herself as one of South Korea's top actresses. She is known for her roles in the films "Marriage Is a Crazy Thing", "Singles", "Princess Aurora", "Dancing Queen", "Seducing Mr. Perfect" and "Haeundae", which became one of the highest-grossing movies in Korea. She has won two Baeksang Arts Awards for Best Actress, in 2002 for "Marriage is a Crazy Thing" and again in 2012 for "Dancing Queen".

Fashion line.

Uhm launched her new clothing and lingerie line, "Corner Suite" and "ZHUM in New York", which made $10M USD within three months of its release. "Corner Suite" became an instant hit when the line debuted on online markets. The line immediately sold out. Future plans include putting her line of clothes on more home shopping channels, as the demand for it is great.

Health.

Uhm was diagnosed with thyroid cancer but fully recovered after surgery in May 2010. Uhm said she felt a little afraid leading up to the surgery, but rather than being discouraged by the pain she was experiencing, she made up her mind to dedicate herself to helping others by inspiring them. "I want to use my talent and influence in a meaningful way," she said.

Uhm Jung-hwa (; born August 17, 1969) is a South Korean singer, actress and dancer. Nicknamed the "evergreen", Uhm is considered to be one of the most influential women in the Korean entertainment industry, with many female artists recognizing her as a role model.

严正化(,1969年-8月17日),韩国女歌手、演员,常被音译为「严正花」,已亲自正名为「严正化」,弟弟是演员严泰雄。


Biography.

Origins and schooling.

Luigi Capuana was born in Mineo, in the Province of Catania. His family was wealthy, and owned property in the area. He attended the local school.
 In 1851 he enrolled in the Royal College of Bronte, Catania, but left after only 2 years because of bad health. However, he continued to study by teaching himself.
 After graduating he enrolled in the Faculty of Law at Catania in 1857. He abandoned this in 1860 in order to take part in Garibaldi's Risorgimento as the secretary of the Secret Committee of Insurrection in Mineo, and later as the chancellor of the nascent civic council.

"Literary Adventures".

In 1861 Capuana released the legendary drama Garibaldi in three cantos, published in Catania by Galatola. In 1864 he settled in Florence to begin his "literary adventure": he met, and kept in touch with, the most notable Italian authors of the era (including Aleardo Aleardi); he published his first critical essays in the "Italian Review" in 1865; he became the theatre critic for "Nation" in 1866; he published, serially in a Florentine daily in 1867, his first novella, entitled "Dr. Cymbalus" which took Dumas fils' "La boîte d'argent" as a model. He would stay in Florence until 1868.

Return to Sicily.

In 1868 Capuana returned to Sicily planning a brief stay, but his father's death and economic hardship anchored him to the island. He worked as a school inspector and later as counselor of Mineo until he was elected as mayor of the town.  During these years he learned more about Hegel's idealist philosophy. He was especially inspired by "Dopo la Laurea", an essay by positivist and Hegelian doctor Angelo Camillo De Meis, who had developed a theory on the evolution and death of literary genres.

Catania: work at university and death.

In 1902 Capuana moved to Catania to lecture lexicography and stylistics at the local university.  His last literary works included "Coscienze" (1905), "Nel paese di Zàgara" (1910), and "Gli Americani di Rabbato" (1912).  Capuana died in Catania on November 29, 1915, shortly after Italy entered the First World War.

Luigi Capuana (May 28, 1839 – November 29, 1915) was an Italian author and journalist and one of the most important members of the "verist" movement (see also "verismo" (literature)). He was a contemporary of Giovanni Verga, both having been born in the province of Catania within a year of each other. He was also one of the first Italian authors influenced by the works of Émile Zola, French author and creator of naturalism. Capuana also wrote poetry in Sicilian, of which an example appears below.

路易吉·卡普安纳(1839 - 1915),意大利作家、记者,真实主义文学的代表人物之一。他是乔万尼·维尔加的同时代人,两人都是卡塔尼亚人。他也是意大利最早受到法国自然主义者左拉影响的作家之一。


Life and career.

While serving as an army pharmacist for France in the Seven Years' War, he was captured by the Prussians, and in prison in Prussia was faced with eating potatoes, known to the French only as hog feed. The potato had been introduced from South America to Europe by the Spaniards at the beginning of the 16th century. It was introduced to the rest of Europe by 1640, but (outside Spain and Ireland) was usually used only for animal feed. King Frederick II of Prussia had required peasants to cultivate the plants under severe penalties and had provided them cuttings. In 1748 the French Parliament had actually forbidden the cultivation of the potato (on the grounds that it was thought to cause leprosy among other things), and this law remained on the books in Parmentier's time, until 1772.  From his return to Paris in 1763 he pursued his pioneering studies in nutritional chemistry. His prison experience came to mind in 1772 when he proposed (in a contest sponsored by the Academy of Besançon) use of the potato as a source of nourishment for dysenteric patients. He won the prize on behalf of the potato in 1773.  Due largely to Parmentier's efforts, the Paris Faculty of Medicine declared potatoes edible in 1772. Still, resistance continued, and Parmentier was prevented from using his test garden at the Invalides hospital, where he was pharmacist, by the religious community that owned the land, whose complaints resulted in the suppression of Parmentier's post at the Invalides.  In 1779, Parmentier was appointed to teach at the Free School of Bakery to help stabilize Paris' food supply by making bread in a more cost-efficient fashion. In that same year, he published "Manière de faire le pain de pommes de terre, sans mélange de farine", in which he described how one can make potato bread that still has all the characteristics of wheat bread.

Potato publicity stunts.

Parmentier then began a series of publicity stunts for which he remains notable today, hosting dinners at which potato dishes featured prominently and guests included luminaries such as Benjamin Franklin and Antoine Lavoisier, giving bouquets of potato blossoms to the king and queen, and surrounding his potato patch at Sablons with armed guards during the day to suggest valuable goods and withdrawing them at night so people could steal the potatoes. These 54 "arpents" of impoverished ground near Neuilly, west of Paris, had been allotted him by order of Louis XVI in 1787.

Acceptance of the potato.

In 1771, Parmentier won an essay contest in which all the judges voted the potato as the best substitute for regular flour. This was before a time France needed a replacement for wheat, so Parmentier continued to face criticism and lack of acknowledgment for his work. The first step in the acceptance of the potato in French society was a year of bad harvests, 1785, when the scorned potatoes staved off famine in the north of France. In 1789, Parmentier published "Treatise on the Culture and Use of the Potato, Sweet Potato, and Jerusalem Artichoke" ("Traité sur la culture et les usages des Pommes de terre, de la Patate, et du Topinambour"), "printed by order of the king", giving royal backing to potato eating, albeit on the eve of the French Revolution, leaving it up to the Republicans to accept it. In 1794, Madame Mérigot published "La Cuisinière Républicaine" ("The [Female] Republican Cook"), the first potato cookbook, promoting potatoes as food for the common people. Parmentier's agronomic interests covered a wide range of opportunities to ameliorate the human lot through technical improvements; he published his observations touching on bread-baking, cheese-making, grain storage, the use of cornmeal (maize) and chestnut flour, mushroom culture, mineral waters, wine-making, improved sea biscuits, and a host of other topics of interest to the Physiocrats.

Dishes named after Parmentier.

Starting in the 1870s, many dishes including potatoes were named in honor of Parmentier: "potage, velouté," or "crème Parmentier", a potato and leek soup; "hachis Parmentier", a cottage or shepherd's pie; "brandade de morue parmentier", salt cod mashed with olive oil and potatoes; "pommes" or "garniture Parmentier", cubed potatoes fried in butter; "purée Parmentier", mashed potatoes; "salade Parmentier", potato salad.

Death and legacy.

Parmentier died on 13 December 1813, aged 76. He is buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, in a plot ringed by potato plants, and his name is given to a long avenue in the 10th and 11th arrondissements (and a station on line 3 of the Paris Métro). At Montdidier, his bronze statue surveys "Place Parmentier" from its high socle, while below in full marble relief, seed potatoes are distributed to a grateful peasant. Another monumental statue of Parmentier, by French sculptor Adrien Étienne Gaudez, is erected in the square of the town hall of Neuilly-sur-Seine.

Antoine-Augustin Parmentier (,, ; Montdidier 12 August 1737 – 13 December 1813) was a French pharmacist and agronomist, best remembered as a vocal promoter of the potato as a food source for humans in France and throughout Europe. His many other contributions to nutrition and health included establishing the first mandatory smallpox vaccination campaign (under Napoleon beginning in 1805, when he was Inspector-General of the Health Service) and pioneering the extraction of sugar from sugar beets. Parmentier also founded a school of breadmaking, and studied methods of conserving food, including refrigeration.

安托万·帕门蒂埃(Antoine Augustin Parmentier, 1737年-8月12日-1813年-12月17日),法国随军药剂师、农学家、营养学家及卫生学家。


Structure.

The dranyen is a long-necked, double-waisted and fretless lute. It is usually hollowed out of a single piece of wood and can vary in size from 60 cm to 120 cm in length. Unlike a contemporary guitar, the dranyen does not have a round sound hole in the wooden sounding board, but rather rosette-shaped ones like a lute.  For 6 string dranyen all six strings continue to the pegbox. They run in 3 double courses. This is a common Tibetan style. 7 string dranyen are a common Bhutanese style. Of this styles's seven strings, or "thag", only six continue to the pegbox. Thus, six tuning pegs are located in the pegbox, while one (typically corresponding to the string which is third from the left) is located in the neck itself. Strings were originally made from animal gut, but are presently made from synthetic material like nylon (similar to the progression in usage of guts in racquet sports). The seven strings occur in two double courses, and one triple course. These become three double courses by the time they reach the pegbox.  Traditional dranyens are equipped with a single bridge. Resonance is achieved with a taught, thick animal skin. Certain older forms of the dranyen possessed sympathetic strings and under-strings to produce more resonance.  Some dranyens come with a plectrum attached to the base for plucking. Plectrums were traditionally made of bone, but are now made of plastic or wood.  It is often ornately and colourfully painted or carved with religious symbols and motifs, and its pegbox is often impressively carved into a "C" shape resembling a "chusing", a type of sea monster. Tassels may be hung from the horns of the "chusing" to give the instrument a more frightening look.

Play.

The triple (usually middle) course of the dramyin typically contains the half string on the left, which is usually tuned an octave above the middle unison strings. One of the other two courses are typically tuned an octave apart. The courses are normally plucked in unison during playing. Typically a single note is played at a time, making for melodic music and not harmony. Dranyens may also be played to keep time, in a rhythmic fashion.  One standard tuning for the Dranyen is: g G c' c c f f.  The standard way of plucking a course is down and up. One of the two strings in the course is plucked in a downward motion, and the other in the upward motion. The downward motion is typically louder than the other.

Cultural significance.

Dramyins are often used as accompaniment while narrating stories for providing ambience and keeping time, as shown in the Bhutanese film Travellers and Magicians  Dramyins are notably used in the performance of Dramyin Cham - a cham dance of subjugation performed by Drukpa monks during the singing of Dramyin Choeshay - a religious song. These are performed at religious festivals called tsechus - banned in Tibet, but continuing unabated in Bhutan much as they have been for the past four centuries. The Dramyin music in the cham is notable as it is one of the very few instances of stringed instruments in monastic music in Bhutan, or for that matter in Tibetan Buddhism in general. A Dramyin player leads the dance and keeps time for the dancers by plucking the instrument. In many chams, the place of the dramyin is taken by a percussion instrument, usually the cymbals.  The Dranyen is generally regarded as a secular instrument, and the performance of a "Dranyen Cham" or "Dranyen Choeshay" are one of the few instances when Dranyen is allowed to be played inside a monastery or a Dzong. However, dranyens are often depicted on thongdrels (Tibetan: thankas) and given as offerings to deities. The guardian king of the Eastern direction - Sharchop Gyalpo (identified with Dhritarashtra of Hindu mythology) is associated with a dranyen in religious iconography.  The Dranyen's melodious sound is supposed to attract demons, and the role of the carved "chusing" on the pegbox acts to ward off demons. The Dranyen is associated with a guardian deity in the "Dranyen Cham".

Popular culture and modern variants.

Rigsar is a popular music arising in Bhutan. "Rigsar" music often makes extensive use of the dranyen, although the traditional dranyen is typically modified into the "rigsar dranyen" by Bhutanese musician Sonam Dorji, for use in such popular music. The rigsar dranyen has 15 strings, two bridges and an extra set of tuning keys.

The dramyin or dranyen (; ; ) is a traditional Himalayan folk music lute with six strings, used primarily as an accompaniment to singing in the Drukpa Buddhist culture and society in Bhutan, as well as in Tibet, Sikkim and Himalayan West Bengal. It is often used in religious festivals of Tibetan Buddhism (cf. tshechu). The instrument is played by strumming, fingerpicking or (most commonly) plucking. The dramyen, chiwang (fiddle), and lingm (flute) comprise the basic instrumental inventory for traditional Bhutanese folk music.

札木聂(又译扎年、扎木年,藏语中意为「悦耳的琴音」)是一种藏族弹拨乐器,有六根琴弦,故又被汉人称为六弦琴。其音色浑厚、响亮,是西藏古典歌舞囊玛以及民间歌舞堆谢的主要伴奏乐器,也可用于器乐合奏或独奏。现代也有人改革札木聂,使之满足了演奏各种乐曲的需要。


Alternatives.

The three main forms of police lineups are photographs of suspects, videos, or the original form of physically present lineups. Where photos and videos are often more practical and convenient, it is the identification where suspects are physically present that has proven to demonstrate improved identification. Photographs of the suspect and fillers can be shown to the identifier in what is called a "photo-lineup", or a "six pack". If the victim or witness successfully identifies the suspect from among the fillers, the identification is considered valid. There is some research into using other methods of photo-lineup that involve the witness sequentially viewing photographs rather than simultaneously.  The sequential method is considered more accurate because it prevents the witness from looking at all the suspects and merely selecting the person that most resembles the guilty person.  A "show-up" is another alternative, in which a suspect is individually shown to a witness.  Many UK police forces use Video Identification Parade Electronic Recording (VIPER), a digital system wherein witnesses view video recordings of suspects and unrelated volunteers.

Sequential lineups.

Sequential lineups is one of the two lineup methods used for eyewitnesses to identify criminals in police station. In a standard sequential lineup, the suspects or their photos are presented one at a time to the witnesses only once. Witnesses make decisions about each individual suspect before the next one is shown and they do not know the total number of suspects.

History.

Although it is hard to pinpoint exactly when sequential lineups were first studied, the knowledge that simultaneous lineups often failed and convicted an innocent person has been common knowledge for many years. The advance of the popularity of sequential lineups can be traced to the Innocence Project and Gary Wells. He is a researcher of sequential lineups and has many studies that show that sequential lineups lead to fewer wrongful convictions. The early studies of sequential lineups found that there was a significant difference in the wrongful conviction of innocent persons. Since these early studies there has been a push to increase the accuracy of eyewitness memory even more.  One of the ways this is accomplished is by having not just sequential lineups, but also double-blind sequential lineups. A double-blind sequential lineup is conducted by making sure that neither the witness nor the person conducting the lineup has any idea who the real suspect is. This eliminates any bias the person conducting the lineup may have on the witness. The research for double-blind studies had shown that "now we have proof from the field that witnesses who view double-blind sequential lineups are just as likely to pick the suspect, and perhaps more importantly, less likely to make a misidentification by picking a filler in the lineup."  The study of sequential lineups is far from being finished and there is still much left to prove. There are many other ways sequential lineups still need to be studied and Gary Wells is not finished with his research regarding sequential lineups. "The New York Times" reported that Wells will continue his research by continuing to "examine the data gathered to gauge the level of certainty of witnesses and the effect of factors like cross-racial identification on accuracy."

Sequential versus simultaneous lineups.

The two types of lineups are sequential lineup and simultaneous lineup. The difference between two lineups is how the suspects are presented. In simultaneous lineup, the suspects or photos are presented in a group (commonly six or nine). People engage in absolute judgment during sequential lineups. For each suspect/ photo, they are asked whether or not they recognize the person. Witnesses have to depend only on their memory to make the judgment. In simultaneous lineups, people engage in relative judgment. Because there are more than one suspects presented at a time, witnesses may pick the one who most closely resembles the culprit relative to others. Research findings on lineup methods generally suggest that both criminal identification and mistaken rates are higher in a simultaneous lineup than in a sequential lineup. The superiority of the two methods are arguable and there are research evidence supporting each side. In a culprit-present situation (correct answer available), the correct identification rate is about 14% higher in a simultaneous lineup than in a sequential lineup. The filler selection rates for both groups are 24%.[3]  In a culprit-absent situation (all innocents), the mistaken identification rate is about 21% lower in a sequential lineup than in a simultaneous lineup.

Standard sequential lineup versus sequential lineup laps.

A sequential lineup lap is showing the suspects repeatedly after the first round while in a standard sequential lineup eyewitnesses can only view them once.  The logic for a sequential lineup lap is that viewing the suspects again would increase the accuracy of correct identification since the eyewitnesses shall be more certain about their answer.  Research on sequential lineup laps found that viewing the suspects for one more time has a large influence on witnesses' performance. Significant portion of witnesses moved from no-choice to choice, some changed answers and their confidence went up. Both correct identification rate and mistaken rate increased in sequential lineup lap when target was present; only mistaken rate increased when target was absent.

Sequential lineups and the law.

While many states agree that sequential lineups are able to lower the wrongful conviction of innocents, they also notice that sequential lineups lead to more of a chance that the guilty would be overlooked and not convicted of their crime. Because of this many states do not want to implement a law that mandates that sequential lineups are the only lineup that can be used. These states are willing to accept the benefits of sequential lineups but do not want to give themselves only one option when conducting a lineup. There are different feelings about the advantages and disadvantages of sequential lineups. Gronlund, Carlson, Dailey, and Goodsell state one of the disadvantages, "Sequential lineups do not enhance accuracy but rather make eyewitnesses more conservative in their willingness to choose. Although this is desirable when the police have an innocent suspect, it is problematic if the police have a guilty one." But Lindsay, Mansour, Beaudry, Leach, and Bertrand show one of the advantages of sequential lineups estimating that with them between 570 to 1425 innocent people will not be wrongfully convicted that would be with simultaneous lineups. According to the Innocence Blog on the Innocence Project website, many states and law enforcement agencies have already started to implement the tools that would be necessary to run double-blind sequential lineups but have yet to fully embrace these tools.

Relevant studies.

"Cutler and Penrod (1988)"  Brain L. Cutler and Steven D. Penrod conducted this study in 1988 to examine multiple variables' influence on eyewitness' accuracy during a lineup. The participants were first given a videotaped store robbery and a questionnaire, then they were asked to identify the robber in a photo lineup. They were given different videotapes, different lineups, and different instructions. There were 175 participants total and they were all undergraduate college students.  The results concerning sequential and simultaneous lineups were following: Correct identification rate: 80% for sequential lineups and 76% for simultaneous lineups (total). 78% for sequential lineups and 80% for simultaneous lineups when cues were strong. 84% for sequential lineups and 58% for simultaneous lineups when cues were weak. Mistaken rate in target-absent condition: 39% for simultaneous lineups and 19% for sequential lineups.  In this study, the correct identification rates are very much higher across all situations than normal. They also did not find a significant enough difference in correct identification rate between simultaneous and sequential lineups when the target was present. Most studies found that the correct identification rate is higher for simultaneous lineups.  "Steblay, Dysart, and Wells (2011)"  In 2011, Steblay, Dysart, and Wells attempted to answer a debate that has been around since the concept of sequential lineups. Are they superior to simultaneous lineups? In an effort to reproduce the results found in previous studies done on sequential lineups, Steblay, Dysart, and Wells took and combined results from 72 tests from 23 different labs from across the world including Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, and South Africa. These results included data from 13,143 people who participated as witness in the studies. In this study they found very similar results to previous studies that have been conducted. They found that sequential lineups are less likely to identify any type (whether guilty or not guilty) of a suspect than simultaneous lineups, but that when a suspect was identified he/she was more likely to be guilty using this method than a simultaneous lineup.  They found that there is an 8% difference in suspect identification between sequential and simultaneous lineups, favoring simultaneous lineups; meaning that simultaneous lineups are more likely overall to identify the guilty suspect. This finding has decreased since 2001 where there was a 15% difference in favor of simultaneous lineups. They also replicated the findings that there is about a 22% difference between sequential and simultaneous lineups regarding errors in suspect identification; meaning that sequential lineups are less likely to identify the wrong suspect.

Fraud.

The police can falsify the results of a lineup by giving hints to the witness. For example, they may let the witness "accidentally" see their preferred suspect in circumstances indicating criminality (e.g., in handcuffs) before the lineup. This is sometimes called an "Oklahoma showup" and has been claimed to have been used in the Caryl Chessman case.

Frequency of Errors in Police lineup.

Limitations of technology.

The use of DNA evidence has allowed for greater accuracy in choosing a suspect. It is evident that misidentification is not uncommon with police lineups. In a study published by the Association for Psychological Science, scientists discovered that in a group of 349 people that had been exonerated with DNA evidence, 258 of these people were involved in mistaken eyewitness identification.

Errors due to familiarity.

Mere exposure to a certain face can contribute to the illusion that an innocent person is the guilty suspect. For example, a witness might identify a receptionist as the guilty suspect simply because he or she had previously seen the receptionist's face, misattributing the familiarity to seeing the individual committing the crime instead of in his or her position as the receptionist. This concept is also connected with source-monitoring errors, in that the source of the familiarity is misattributed and unconsciously transferred to an innocent bystander. See also Familiarity heuristic.

Own-group recognition bias.

Witnesses are more likely to correctly identify the faces of those with whom they share common features, such as race, age, and gender. See also Cross-race effect, In-group favoritism, Sex differences in eyewitness memory.

Framing bias.

Subtle framing characteristics influence a witness' response to a question. For example, if a police officer asks which of the individuals in a lineup committed the crime, the wording of the question implies that one of the individuals is guilty. This suggestion increases the likelihood that the witness will pick someone from the lineup without positive recognition.  Additionally, the overwhelming majority of witnesses will identify a suspect from a lineup even if the actual perpetrator is not included in the lineup, often depending on how the instructions for choosing a suspect are presented. See also Framing effect (psychology).

Post-identification feedback effect.

Delivering either confirming or dis-confirming feedback to witnesses identifying a suspect has been shown to distort their reported perception of the suspect in question. Providing feedback to a witness after identifying a suspect can change the way they recall the quality and clarity of their perception of the incident, the speed and certainty of their identification, and other factors, even when witnesses believed the feedback had not influenced their report. During questioning or viewing pictures in a lineup, it was found that an eyewitness made a tentative judgement that a certain picture "might" be the guilty suspect, to which an officer administering a lineup answered, "okay." However, upon returning to that picture months later at trial, the witness expressed no doubt that the previously hypothesized picture represented the guilty suspect.

A police lineup (in American English) or identity parade (in British English) is a process by which a crime victim or witness's putative identification of a suspect is confirmed to a level that can count as evidence at trial.

列队认人(identification parade)在香港俗称做大戏,根据Michael Jackson所著Criminal Law in Hong Kong一书所述,列队认人的程序是警方会找一班外表与被告相若的人(俗称戏子)与被告一起供证人辨认,用意是确保证人在困难的环境下也可以认出被告,避免无辜的人受累;可惜针无两头利,列队认人程序上的一些小瑕疵,随时都会成为辩方律师的攻击要害,反令被告得以脱罪;普通法案例中著名的有 Turnbull,列出了法庭关于认人的重要考虑。


History.

Hudson County, New Jersey, is the sixth most densely populated county in the U.S. and has one of America's highest percentages of public transportation use. During the 1980s and early 1990s, planners and government officials realized that alternative transportation systems needed to be put in place to relieve increasing congestion along the Hudson Waterfront, particularly in the vicinity of the Hudson River crossings. After extensive studies, it was decided that the most efficient and cost-effective system to meet the growing demands of the area would be a light rail system, constructed in several phases.  The design, construction, operation, and maintenance of the system is part of a public–private partnership. In 1996, New Jersey Transit awarded a "DBOM" (design/build/operate/maintain) contract to the 21st Century Rail Corporation, a subsidiary of Washington Group International, an engineering and construction consulting firm later acquired by URS, then AECOM. Under the contract, 21st Century Rail would deliver a fleet of vehicles, a guaranteed completion date, and 15 years of operation and maintenance of the system, for a fixed price. The agreement was later extended to a 20-year period.  Original plans called for extending the Hudson–Bergen Light Rail north to the Vince Lombardi Park-and-Ride in Ridgefield, south to 5th Street in Bayonne, and west to Droyer's Point in Jersey City. In Hoboken, the line was to have originally been configured as a through-running operation, with an alignment built closer to the river which would have given closer access to both the PATH station entrance and the bus terminal. This was shelved in favor of the current stub-end station in the southern end of Hoboken Terminal and the current route along an existing right-of-way at the foot of the Hudson Palisades on the city's west side.  The light rail opened to the public on April 15, 2000 with an initial operating segment connecting Bayonne 34th Street and Exchange Place, as well as the spur line to West Side Avenue. Later that year, on November 18, the service was extended northward to Pavonia-Newport. On September 29, 2002, service was extended to Hoboken Terminal, which completed MOS-1, the first Minimum Operating Segment (MOS) of the project, at the cost of $992 million.  MOS-2 involved several extensions costing a combined $1.2 billion. The first extension as part of MOS-2, which brought the light rail system southward to 22nd Street in Bayonne, was opened on November 15, 2003. It also involved extending the line west and north of Hoboken Terminal into Weehawken. The line was completed to Lincoln Harbor on September 7, 2004, and to Port Imperial on weekends only on October 29, 2005. The line was extended from Port Imperial to Tonnelle Avenue in North Bergen on February 25, 2006, and light rail vehicles began running seven days a week to Tonnelle Avenue. Bus service on connecting routes was modified so that there would be more direct connections to Hudson–Bergen Light Rail stations. The extension to southern terminal at 8th Street opened January 31, 2011, at a cost of $100 million.  In early 2019, it was announced that service on the West Side Branch would be suspended for nine months starting in June 2019 to allow for repairs to a sewer line running along the right-of-way and that service instead would be provided by NJ Transit shuttle buses. Partial service was restored on the branch in April 2020 to the Garfield Ave. and Martin Luther King Dr. stations while the West Side Ave. station remained closed due to ongoing Bayfront-Route 440 extension construction. Full service to the West Side Ave. station resumed in May 2020.

Service.

Routes.

There are 24 stations along the routes within the system. Trains run from approximately 5 a.m. to 1 a.m. daily.  The system operates a weekday schedule along three routes or weekend schedule along two routes, whereby passengers travelling north of Hoboken Terminal are required to transfer at Pavonia-Newport to reach the terminal.  "Bayonne Flyer" express service operates on the 8th Street–Hoboken route in the during weekday peak hours, stopping at all Bayonne stations, Liberty State Park, Essex Street, Exchange Place, Harborside Financial Center, Pavonia-Newport, and Hoboken Terminal.  Park-and-Ride lots are available at East 22nd Street, East 34th Street, West Side Avenue, Liberty State Park and Tonnelle Avenue. In total, there are 3,880 parking spaces.  Paid transfer to the Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) is possible at Exchange Place, Pavonia-Newport and Hoboken Terminal, where connections to NJT commuter rail service are also available. Paid transfer to New York Waterway ferries is also available at some stations. NJT and other buses serve most stations.

Stations.

Many of the stations feature public art. A total of 30 artists have created 50 art works with various themes for the stations. For example, the Liberty State Park station features glass tiles representing a number of "fallen flag" railroad logos.

Fares.

Like most other light rail services in the United States, the HBLR operates on a proof-of-payment system, in which riders must present their tickets upon request during random fare inspections. Passengers must purchase tickets at NJ Transit ticket vending machines (TVMs) on or near station platforms. One-way, round-trip, and ten-trip tickets must then be validated at automated validators located near the TVMs, which date and time stamp the ticket for 60 minutes of use. NJ Transit's fare inspectors randomly check tickets on trains and at stations;, the fine for fare evasion is $100. , a one-way adult fare is $2.25. Ten-trip tickets are $22.50. A monthly, unlimited pass is $70; holders of monthly passes can transfer to NJ Transit buses without an additional fare. Senior citizens (62 and older; valid ID may be requested), passengers with disabilities, and children under 12 may travel on the light rail at a reduced fare of $1.05. Customers who purchase one-way tickets can purchase "tickets with transfer" at a cost of $3.00. When validated, these tickets may be used for travel on the light rail system, plus a one-zone transfer to any connecting NJ Transit intrastate bus. Conversely, transfers purchased on intrastate buses are accepted on the HBLR. Valid NJ Transit weekly and monthly rail passes, as well as 2-zone or greater bus passes, are also good for travel and do not need validation.  In May 2012, NJ Transit and NY Waterway introduced a monthly or ten-trip discounted combination fare for passengers using the HBLR and ferry at Weehawken Port Imperial. Monthly joint tickets are also available for ferry passengers using slips at Lincoln Harbor and 14th Street (Hoboken).  In February 2013, NJ Transit began offering free weekend parking at Tonnelle Avenue, Liberty State Park, West Side Avenue, 34th Street and 45th Street stations.

Infrastructure.

The Hudson–Bergen Light Rail system uses a combination of old rail and new exclusive rights-of-way for most of its length, with some grade separation in certain areas. It shares a lane with automobiles on a portion of Essex Street in downtown Jersey City, but for the most part, does not operate with other traffic. At-grade crossings are equipped with transit-signal priority signals to automatically change traffic lights in favor of the light rail.  A new curved viaduct was constructed eastward from 8th Street to 11th Street in Bayonne to join the existing right-of way to Liberty State Park, which was once the main line of the Central Railroad of New Jersey (CNJ), parts of which rest on the bed of the Morris Canal; CNJ's Newark and New York Railroad right-of-way was used for the line west to West Side Avenue. From Liberty State Park to Hoboken Terminal the line uses a new right-of-way. From the terminal to the curve south of 2nd Street, the line runs parallel to NJT yard and tracks, formerly the main line of the Lackawanna Railroad; north of the curve it uses what had been Conrail's River Line, and was originally the New Jersey Junction Railroad. In order to obtain the right-of-way for the line north from Hoboken, NJT paid to upgrade the Northern Running Track, allowing Conrail to shift its operations. The tunnel and cut through the Palisades were originally the West Shore Railroad's main line.

Rolling stock.

The Hudson–Bergen Light Rail system has 52 electrically powered air-conditioned vehicles built by Kinki Sharyo and numbered in the 2000 series. The cars were assembled in Harrison, New Jersey. Each vehicle is long and has four sets of double-opening doors on each side, with seats for 68 passengers and standing room for another 122 passengers.  The Newark Light Rail system uses the same type of vehicle, with slight modifications to the trucks and wheels due to the different rails used.  On July 3, 2013, NJ Transit released lengthened light rail car 2054 as a prototype. The expanded car consists of two new sections, increasing length by to a total of. Seating capacity is increased from 68 passengers to 102 passengers, with standing capacity increased accordingly as well. Overall capacity increases from approximately 200 per vehicle to 300 per vehicle. The prototype was placed on rotations through the three lines of the system over the next 6 months, after which, NJ Transit started to expand 26 cars in total, or half of the total fleet. The contract to expand the remaining balance of 25 cars was approved on July 9, 2014. The expanded cars are being renumbered to the 5000 series.

Proposed expansions.

Route 440/Bayfront.

In May 2011 NJT announced a plan for extension of the West Side Branch. The new track along the former Newark and New York Railroad ROW would be laid on an elevated viaduct from the West Side Avenue station across Route 440 to the northern end of the proposed Bayfront redevelopment area, where a new island platform station would be constructed. The trip between the two stations would take 1 minute and 50 seconds. The project, which requires the approval of the metropolitan planning organization, North Jersey Transportation Planning Authority, to be eligible for federal funding, is estimated to cost $171.6 million. The extension is part of a broader plan to transform the far West Side of Jersey City from previous industrial uses to mixed-use communities that also includes the development of the West Campus of New Jersey City University (currently under construction) and conversion of Route 440 to an urban boulevard.  As of March 2017, funding for final design and engineering work was appropriated. In December 2017, NJ Transit approved a $5 million preliminary engineering contract for the extension project. Construction on the first phase of the extension began in March 2020.

18th Street, Jersey City.

The results of the Jersey City/Hoboken Connectivity Study published in June 2011 identified the target area at southwestern Hoboken, Lower Jersey City, and Jersey City Heights as a potential site for a new station. The HBLR runs at the foot the Hudson Palisades under NJT's Hoboken Terminal lines with the 2nd Street station north of the ROW. The district is characterized as having an irregular street grid (including colonial-era Paterson Plank Road and Newark Plank Road), being heavily congested (often with Holland Tunnel-bound traffic) and undergoing transition to a residential/commercial uses In September 2012, a walkway/bike path was completed near the site of the proposed station, providing better pedestrian access to it and the nearby 2nd St. station. It was announced in October 2012 that NJT had received a $400,000 grant to study the possibility of building a new station at 18th Street in Jersey City, just south of the municipal border and NJT commuter rail ROW.  In January 2020, the City of Jersey City began to consider 3.5% tax on public and private parking facilities to help fund the construction of a new light rail station at 18th Street.

Northwest Hoboken.

According to "The New York Times", NJT approved plans in June 2013 for a new light rail station in northwestern Hoboken, near property owned by the Rockefeller Group, which wants to build a 40-story office tower in that area near the city's northern border with Weehawken. This agreement was not made known to the local government. but came to light after Mayor of Hoboken Dawn Zimmer, appearing on MSNBC on January 18, 2014, claimed that Lt Governor Kim Guadagno and Richard Constable, director of the New Jersey Department of Community Affairs, had earlier insinuated to her that more Sandy relief funds would be released to the city if it approved the project proposed by Rockefeller. The agreement is dated June 21, 2014. The plans show a station at 17th Street and Clinton Street.  In January 2020, Mayor Ravinder Bhalla met with representatives of NJ Tranist to discuss a potential new station in the area.

Northern Branch/Bergen County.

Despite its name, the Hudson–Bergen Light Rail only serves Hudson County. The Northern Branch is a proposed extension from the current northern terminus at Tonnelle Avenue using the right of way of the former Erie Northern Branch into eastern Bergen County with a new terminus at the Englewood Hospital and Medical Center. Stops would be added at 91st Street in North Bergen, Fairview, Ridgefield, Palisades Park, Leonia, and Englewood, with stops in the later at New Jersey Route 4 and Englewood Town Center.  An earlier proposal to use diesel multiple unit (DMU) vehicles was later abandoned in favor of the electrically operated system used by HBLR as were proposals to extend the line into Tenafly. The estimated cost of the project is $800–$900 million, though funding has not been secured. An initial $40 million has been allocated for design, engineering and environmental studies. The project requires approval of an environmental impact statement and Federal Transit Administration approval. Funding for completion if the environmental study, expected to take two years, was approved by NJ Transit in May 2013. After being stalled funding for the project may be in the pipeline.

Canal Crossing.

The two branches of the HBLR system create the northern and eastern borders of Canal Crossing, a planned New Urbanist community in Jersey City. A new station at Caven Point Avenue is proposed on the Bayonne line along its eastern perimeter between current stations at Richard Street and Liberty State Park. A feasibility study conducted in 2012 found that though the construction of a station at Caven Point Avenue was theoretically possible, it would be much more expensive than the average light rail station, while the projected ridership would be relatively low in the near-term.

Secaucus Junction/Meadowlands.

There have been discussions to extend the system westward to either or both Secaucus Junction, a major interchange station of New Jersey Transit rail operations, and to the Meadowlands Sports Complex (MSC). Possible routes include one from Downtown Jersey City, via the Harsimus Stem Embankment and Bergen Arches, or an extension of the line from Tonnelle Avenue.  Several studies have been conducted to determine the best future use of the Bergen Arches, the former Erie Railroad cut through Bergen Hill in Jersey City. A freeway proposed in 1989 by Governor Thomas Kean was strongly supported by then-Mayor Bret Schundler. In 1998, this project was allocated $26 million in the federal Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century. During the 2001 mayoral race candidates instead lobbied for a mass transit line, and in 2002 the plans were dropped during Mayor Cunningham's administration. In that year, Parsons Brinkerhoff, a consulting firm, released another report commission by the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) describing the conditions and analysis of various options. NJDOT has continued to fund studies for the project. In March 2011, an additional $13.4 million was allocated to advance the project.  In the first decade of the 21st century, studies sponsored by the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority were conducted to address mass transit options to the MSC, including the possible extension of HBLR from its northern terminus through Secaucus and across the Hackensack River. At the time it was estimated that the extension would cost $1 billion. When it was decided to build a rail spur in 2004, state officials said that an HBLR extension was not ruled out as a future possibility. The Meadowlands Rail Line was eventually opened in 2009.

Bayonne Bridge/Staten Island.

The Bayonne Bridge connects Bayonne and Staten Island, a borough of New York City. The bridge was originally built to accommodate two extra lanes that could be used for light rail service. In the 2010s the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey raised the roadbed of the bridge by, in order to provide the clearance required by the newer post-panamax container ships to pass under it. Final plans for the reconstructed bridge eventually did not include a rail element.  In September 2007, the S89 limited-stop bus service was introduced between Richmond Avenue in Staten Island and the 34th Street HBLR station., it runs only during the weekday peak period.  While not having begun any studies, New Jersey Transit investigated the feasibility of extending HBLR from the 8th Street Station across the raised bridge. An academic study has been produced in the "Journal of Public Transportation". Completing any such extension would involve a collaboration between NJ Transit, New York State, and New York City. The development of a Staten Island light rail system which could connect with the HBLR system gained political support in New York. US Senator Robert Menendez supported the HBLR extension conceptually, but questioned the benefit for New Jersey. The Metropolitan Transportation Authority's 2015–2019 Capital Plan was amended in May 2017 to allocate $4 million to study the potential extension.

Liberty State Park trolley.

Shuttle bus service formerly operated from the Liberty State Park station to the waterfront Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal in Liberty State Park. However, this service no longer runs, and as a result, there is a relatively long walk to access the Central Railroad terminal via mass transit. Since at least 2010, there have been proposals to build a trolley line to the Central Railroad terminal building and other points in the park from the Liberty State Park Station light rail station to improve access. The Liberty Historic Railway organization is also attempting to jump start the construction of this trolley line. As of 2020, the Liberty Historic Railway Organization has ceased all work on the Liberty State Park trolley proposal as a result of the damage the park received from Hurricane Sandy and how vulnerable any rail infrastructure within the park associated with the proposed trolley would be to future storm surges.

Transit-oriented development and urban revitalization.

The light rail has been a catalyst for both residential and commercial development along the route and has played a significant role in the revitalization of Hudson County. Many of the stops are sited in vacant or underutilized areas, which are now beginning to see intense residential and mixed-use development. The line running along Essex Street in downtown Jersey City has spawned 3,000 residential units in five years. An tract of land bordering Liberty State Park is being redeveloped into a transit-oriented development known as Liberty Harbor North, which will consist of 6,000 residential units and millions of square feet of commercial space. Two New Urbanism projects in Jersey City, Bayfront and Canal Crossing, are being planned with the expectation that new stations will be built in conjunction with their development. Other developments are either planned or already underway in Hoboken, Union City, Bayonne, and Weehawken, in areas very near to light rail stations.

The Hudson–Bergen Light Rail (HBLR) is a light rail system in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. Owned by New Jersey Transit (NJT) and operated by the 21st Century Rail Corporation, it connects the communities of Bayonne, Jersey City, Hoboken, Weehawken, Union City (at the city line with West New York), and North Bergen.

哈德逊-卑尔根轻轨(英语:Hudson–Bergen Light Rail,简称HBLR)是一个位于美国新泽西州哈德逊郡的轻轨铁路系统;为新泽西运输公司所拥有,由二十一世纪铁路公司营运;自2000年4月通车开始,行经新泽西州贝扬、泽西市、霍博肯、维霍肯、联合市、与北卑尔根等城镇。系统全长为33.2公里。哈德逊-卑尔根轻轨铁路总建设经费为约二十二亿美元,至2005年为止是新泽西州史上最大的公共工程;经费来源包括了联邦与州政府的资金。


Biography.

Early years.

Sundar Singh was born into a Sikh family in the village of Rampur(near Doraha) district, Ludhiana (Punjab state) in northern India. Sundar Singh's mother took him to sit at the feet of a sadhu, an ascetic holy man, who lived in the jungle some miles away, while also sending him to Ewing Christian High School, Ludhiana, to learn English. Sundar Singh's mother died when he was fourteen. In anger, he burned a Bible page by page while his friends watched.

Conversion to Christianity.

Sundar felt that his religious pursuits and the questioning of Christian priests left him without ultimate meaning. Sundar resolved to kill himself by throwing himself upon a railroad track. He asked that whosoever is the 'True God' would appear before him, or else he would kill himself; that very night he had a vision of Jesus. Sundar announced to his father, Sher Singh, that henceforth he would get converted into the missionary work of Christ. His father officially rejected him, and his brother Rajender Singh attempted to poison him. He was not poisoned just once but a number of times. People of that area threw snakes in his house, but he was rescued from mistreatment by the help of a nearby British Christian.  On his sixteenth birthday, he was publicly baptised as a Christian in the parish church in Simla, in the Himalayan foothills. Prior to this he had been staying at the Christian Missionary Home at Sabathu, near Simla, serving the leprosy patients there.

Life of conversions.

In October 1906, he set out on his journey as a new Christian, wearing a saffron turban and the saffron robe of a sadhu, an ascetic devoted to spiritual practice. Singh propagated himself as a sadhu, albeit one within Christianity because he realized Indians could not be converted unless it was in an Indian way.  "I am not worthy to follow in the steps of my Lord," he said, "but, like Him, I want no home, no possessions. Like Him I will belong to the road, sharing the suffering of my people, eating with those who will give me shelter, and telling all men of the love of God."  After returning to his home village, where he was given an unexpectedly warm welcome, Sundar Singh traveled northward for his mission of converting through the Punjab, over the Bannihal Pass into Kashmir, and then back through Muslim Afghanistan and into the brigand-infested North-West Frontier and Baluchistan. He was referred to as "the apostle with the bleeding feet" by the Christian communities of the north. He suffered arrest and stoning for his beliefs, and experienced mystical encounters.  In 1908, he crossed the frontier of Tibet, where he was appalled by the living conditions. He was stoned as he bathed in cold water because it was believed that "holy men never washed."  In 1908 he went to Bombay, hoping to board a ship to visit Palestine but was refused a permit, and had to return to the north.  He realized during his stay in missions that Western civilization had become the antithesis of original Christian values. He was disillusioned with the materialism and colonialism of western society and tried to forge an Indian identity for Indian church. He used to lament that Indian Christians adopt British customs, literature and dresses which have nothing to do with Christianity and Christ.

Formal Christian training.

In December 1909, Singh began training for Christian ministry at the Anglican college in Lahore. According to his biographers, he did not form close relationships with fellow students, meeting them only at meal times and designated prayer sessions. He was ostracised for being "different".  Although Singh had been baptised by an Anglican priest, he was ignorant of the ecclesiastical culture and conventions of Anglicanism. His inability to adapt hindered him from fitting in with the routines of academic study. Much in the college course seemed irrelevant to the gospel as India needed to hear it. After eight months in the college, Singh left in July 1910.  It has been claimed by his biographers that Singh's withdrawal was due to stipulations laid down by Bishop Lefroy. As an Anglican priest, Singh was told to discard his sadhu's robe and wear "respectable" European clerical dress, use formal Anglican worship, sing English hymns and not preach outside his parish without permission. As an ardent devotee of Christ who was only interested in spreading his message, he rejected the mixing of Jesus Christ and British culture.

Converting others.

Stories from those years are astonishing and sometimes incredible and full of miracles which helped in conversion. Indeed, there were those who insisted that they were mystical rather than real happenings. That first year, 1912, he returned with an extraordinary account of finding a three-hundred-year-old hermit in a mountain cave—the Maharishi of Kailas, with whom he spent some weeks in deep fellowship.  According to Singh, in a town called Rasar he had been thrown into a dry well full of bones and rotting flesh and left to die, but three days later he was rescued.  The secret Missionaries group is alleged to have numbered around 24,000 members across India. The origins of this brotherhood were reputed to be linked to one of the Magi at Christ's nativity and then the second century AD disciples of the apostle Thomas circulating in India. Nothing was heard of this evangelistic fellowship until William Carey began his missionary work in Serampore. The Maharishi of Kailas experienced ecstatic visions about the secret fellowship that he retold to Sundar Singh, and Singh himself built his spiritual life around visions.  Whether he won many continuing disciples on these hazardous Tibetan treks is not known. One reason why no one believed his version of this story was because Singh did not keep written records and he was unaccompanied by any other Christian disciples who might have witnessed the events.

Travels abroad.

During his twenties, Sundar Singh's Gospel work widened greatly, and long before he was thirty, his name and picture were familiar all over the Christian world. He described a struggle with Satan to retain his humility, but people described him as always human, approachable and humble, with a sense of fun and a love of nature. This character, with his illustrations from ordinary life, gave his addresses great impact. Many people said, "He not only looks like Jesus, he talks like Jesus must have talked." His talks and his personal speech were informed by his habitual early morning meditation, especially on the gospels. In 1918 he made a long tour of South India and Ceylon, and the following year he was invited to Burma, Malaya, China and Japan.  Some of the stories from these tours were as strange as any of his Tibetan adventures. He claimed power over wild things. He claimed even to have power over disease and illness, though he never allowed his presumed healing gifts to be publicised.  For a long time Sundar Singh had wanted to visit Britain, and the opportunity came when his father, Sher Singh, who was converted too gave him the money for his fare to Britain. He visited the West twice, travelling to Britain, the United States and Australia in 1920, and to Europe again in 1922. He was welcomed by Christians of many traditions, and his words searched the hearts of people who now faced the aftermath of World War I and who seemed to evidence a shallow attitude to life. Singh was appalled by what he saw as the materialism, emptiness and irreligion he found everywhere, contrasting it with Asia's awareness of God, no matter how limited that might be. Once back in India he continued his Gospel-proclamation work, though it was clear that he was getting more physically frail.

Final trip.

In 1923, Singh made the last of his regular summer visits to Tibet and came back exhausted. His preaching days were apparently over and, in the following years, in his own home or those of his friends in the Simla hills, he gave himself to meditation, fellowship and writing some of the things he had lived to preach.  In 1929, against all his friends' advice, Singh determined to make one last journey to Tibet. He was last seen on 18 April 1929 setting off on this journey. In April he reached Kalka, a small town below Simla, a prematurely aged figure in his yellow robe among pilgrims and holy men who were beginning their own trek to one of Hinduism's holy places some miles away. Where he went after that is unknown. Whether he died of exhaustion or reached the mountains remains a mystery.  In the early 1940s, Bishop Augustine Peters, another converted missionary from South India, sought out Singh's brother Rajender, led him to the Christian faith and baptised him in Punjab. Rajender Singh referred to many reputed miracles performed by Singh and people converted to Christ under his ministry. Singh is revered by many as a formative, towering figure in the missionary conversions of the Christian church in India.

Postmortem prophecies.

His apocalyptic prophecies about the fate of Romania are famous in that country, but are apocryphal, being written by a medium who said he was channeling Singh's spirit. These look more like warmongering propaganda than Christian theology and were probably written about 1939.

Works by Sundar Singh.

Sundar Singh wrote eight books between 1922 and 1929. His manuscripts were written in Urdu, and later translated into English and other languages.  A number of his works were compiled and edited by others:

Sadhu Sundar Singh (Punjabi: ; ; born 3 September 1889) was an Indian Christian missionary. He is believed to have died in the foothills of the Himalayas in 1929.

孙大信(Sadhu Sundar Singh,1889年-9月3日-1929年)是印度基督教具有影响力的布道家,志愿去西藏传教,曾几度徒步越喜马拉雅山进入西藏。在1929年最后一次入藏后失去音讯。他传道大有能力,多行神迹奇事,被当时西方基督徒认为是近代先知。


Career.

Early career.

In 1999, Bingham reached the quarter-final stage of the Welsh Open, beating the world champion John Higgins along the way, and later in the season caused a major shock by defeating defending champion Stephen Hendry 10–7 in the first round of the 2000 World Championship, ranked a lowly 97 in the world. He was knocked out in the second round by Jimmy White. He also qualified for the tournament in 2002 by beating Nigel Bond. Bingham played Ken Doherty in the first round and almost made the fifth 147 break at the Crucible, but missed the final pink in an attempt that would have been worth £167,000. He went on to lose the match 8–10.  In the 2004/2005 season his best runs were two last-sixteen runs in ranking events, including losing in a final decider to Ding Junhui in the China Open.  In 2005–06, he had one of his most consistent seasons. He reached the quarter-finals of the Grand Prix tournament, beating then world champion Shaun Murphy along the way. He got to the same stage of the UK Championship, losing in a final frame decider to Joe Perry. He also won the qualifying tournament for the Masters, scoring a 147 along the way. He then beat Steve Davis in the preliminary round, before losing to Peter Ebdon 4–6. At the start of 2006 a top 16 rankings position looked a possibility, however defeat to Ryan Day in qualifying for the World Championship ended his chances of doing so, although he did move up into the top 32 for the first time. 2006/2007 was not so strong, and he again failed to qualify for the World Championship, though he did achieve the unique feat of winning the Masters qualifying tournament for a second successive season, defeating Mark Selby 6–2 in the final.  He made a good start to the 2007–08 season, reaching the quarter finals of the Shanghai Masters, losing 5–0 to Mark Selby. After finishing 4th in his group in the Grand Prix he then lost his first match in the Northern Ireland Trophy. In the Maplin UK Championship he managed to reach the last 16, losing to Shaun Murphy 9–3, after victories over Fergal O'Brien and Steve Davis again. He also reached the same stage of the Welsh Open, beating Stephen Maguire 5–4, after being 3–0 down, in the last 32, but subsequently lost 5–2 to Joe Perry in the last 16. He qualified for the World Championship with a comfortable 10–3 win over Adrian Gunnell, and then he beat Steve Davis once again in the first round 10–8 (this after having led 8–3 and been pegged back at 8–8), only to lose to Joe Perry again in the second round 13–9. 2008/2009 was a comparative disappointment for Bingham, who lost his first match in four of the eight events. He was drawn against world number one Ronnie O'Sullivan in the first round of the 2009 World Championship, losing 10–5.  Bingham reached the Quarter final stages of the 2010 UK Championship having defeated O'Sullivan 9–6 and then Marco Fu 9–2 in previous rounds before losing 9–7 to Northern Ireland's Mark Allen. Later that season, Bingham qualified once again for the World Championship and beat former champion Peter Ebdon 10–8 in the first round. In the second round he went up against Ding Junhui and played well to go 12–9 up but Ding produced a great comeback to win 13–12. Had Bingham won the match, he would have ended the season ranked inside the world's top 16.

First ranking event victory.

In July 2011, Bingham won the first world ranking event of his sixteen-year career, the Australian Goldfields Open, coming back from 5–8 down to beat Mark Williams 9–8 in the final to claim the $60,000 first prize. His run included a revenge 5–2 frames victory over his crucible conqueror Ding Junhui and a 5–3 victory over bitter rival Mark Allen, as well as a semi-final 6–2 win over former World Champion Shaun Murphy.  The victory also meant that Bingham, who had already finally entered the top 16 for the first time due to a quarter-final finish in the first Players Tour Championship Event, rose to a career high ranking of 11. It also guaranteed him a place in the 2012 Masters, for the first time as a member of the elite top 16, rather than as a wildcard as he was in 2005 and 2006. He drew Judd Trump in the first round and held a slender 3–2 lead before losing four frames in a row to exit the tournament 3–6. He could not recapture the form he showed in Australia in the remaining seven ranking events, as he failed to get past the second round in any of them, culminating in a 4–10 loss to Stephen Hendry in the first round of the World Championship. Despite the defeat, Bingham finished the season ranked world number 16, the first time he has ended the year in the top 16 in his career.

2012/2013.

The 2012–13 season proved to be Bingham's best year of his career so far. He won a number of tournaments during the year, including the Premier League and contested two ranking event finals.<ref name="2012/13"></ref> Bingham won the first two tournaments he entered, beginning with the Pink Ribbon Pro-Am charity tournament where he whitewashed Peter Lines 4–0 in the final. He followed this up by claiming the first Asian PTC with a 4–3 victory over Stephen Lee. His extraordinary start continued at the season's first ranking event, the Wuxi Classic. He won final frame deciders in each of his matches to reach the final, overcoming Peter Ebdon, Ken Doherty, world number one Mark Selby and Mark Davis. In his semi-final against Davis he compiled a 134 break in the decider to reach the final. He played Ricky Walden in a bid to win the first ranking event of the season for the second successive year and made the third 147 of his career in the opening session of the match. This made Bingham the third man, following Stephen Hendry and John Higgins to make a maximum in a ranking final. However, it was the only frame he could win as he trailed 1–7 at the conclusion of the afternoon's play, before eventually losing 4–10. This ended Bingham's winning start to the season, which had seen him take 16 matches in a row. He couldn't defend his Australian Goldfields Open title from 2011 as he squandered a 2–0 and 4–3 lead over Matthew Selt in the first round to lose 4–5. Bingham beat Tom Ford 5–4 and Jamie Cope 5–1 to make the quarter-finals of the Shanghai Masters, but was outplayed by Shaun Murphy in a 1–5 defeat. Bingham lost in the first round of the International Championship to Aditya Mehta, but bounced back to secure the third Asian PTC title with a 4–3 victory over Li Hang in the final. Bingham finished atop of Group A in the Premier League, winning all but one match (which he led 3–0 against Shaun Murphy but eventually drew 3–3) and then edged past John Higgins in the semi-finals, before winning the event by dispatching Judd Trump 7–2 in the final. He won through to another quarter-final at the UK Championship but was denied 4–6 by Ali Carter. Bingham then had somewhat of a mid-season slump as he lost in the first round of the Masters and the German Masters and in the second round of the World Open. However, he returned to form spectacularly at the Welsh Open by reaching the final. In the semi-finals he had sneaked past defending champion Ding Junhui 6–5 with a 108 break in the deciding frame, and at 7–5 ahead in the final he faced Stephen Maguire and missed a crucial shot which turned the momentum of the match in Maguire's favour, as he moved 8–7 up. Although Bingham forced a last frame decider he could not take it, to lose the match 8–9. Maguire again was the victor in the quarter-finals of the China Open by winning 5–1.  In the World Championship, Bingham played world number 83 Sam Baird in the first round, winning 10–2. He followed this with a 13–10 win over Mark Davis to reach the quarter-finals for the first time. There, he faced defending champion Ronnie O'Sullivan, who went 7–1 ahead after the first session and then took a 12–1 lead in the second session. Although Bingham won the final three frames of the second session to prevent the match ending with a session to spare, the third session lasted just one frame, as O'Sullivan clinched a 13–4 victory. He climbed 10 places in the rankings during the season to end it at world number six, at that point his highest ever placing.

2013/2014.

Bingham's season began with a 5–2 defeat to Anthony Hamilton in the last 32 of the 2013 Wuxi Classic in June. The following month, he lost 5–3 to Joe Perry in the last 16 of the 2013 Australian Goldfields Open. In early September, he reached the semi-finals of the non-ranking 2013 Six-red World Championship, but lost 7–4 to Neil Robertson. Later that month, he lost 5–1 to Kyren Wilson in the first round of the 2013 Shanghai Masters. In October, he reached the last 16 of the 2013 Indian Open, where he lost 4–3 to Pankaj Advani. Later that month he reached the last 16 of the 2013 International Championship, but lost 1–6 to Mark Selby.  As the 2012 Premier League Snooker winner, Bingham was one of 16 players invited to compete in the 2013 Champion of Champions tournament in November. He performed impressively, defeating Ricky Walden 4–0 in the first round, Judd Trump 6–2 in the quarter-finals, and Selby 6–4 in the semi-finals before losing 8–10 in the final to O'Sullivan.  Bingham followed this with a strong showing at the 2013 UK Championship. He defeated Jimmy White 6–2 in the last 64, Anthony McGill 6–2 in the last 32, and David Morris 6–1 in the last 16 to set up a quarter-final clash with O'Sullivan. Even though O'Sullivan made breaks of 127 and 135 in the match, Bingham won 6–4 to book a semi-final place against Robertson, the furthest he had ever progressed in any Triple Crown event. Robertson took a 5–3 lead in the first session of the semi-final, and won the first three frames of the evening session to extend his lead to 8–3. Bingham then fought back to win the next five frames, levelling the match at 8–8, but Robertson took the deciding frame to clinch a 9–8 victory. At the Masters, Bingham lost 6–2 in the first round to John Higgins. He reached the final of the Shoot-Out but was beaten by Dominic Dale. Bingham won three matches at the Welsh Open, but then lost on the colours in the last 16 against Joe Perry to be beaten 4–3. Bingham travelled to China and won the minor-ranking Dongguan Open by seeing off Liang Wenbo 4–1 in the final. His form tailed off somewhat after this as he could not get past the second round of the final four ranking events, the last of which was a first round 10–5 defeat to Ken Doherty in the World Championship.<ref name="2013/14"></ref>

2014/2015: World Champion.

In the first two ranking events of the season, Bingham lost in deciding frames of the third round of the Wuxi Classic to Marco Fu and the quarter-finals of the Australian Goldfields Open to Mark Davis.<ref name="2014/15"></ref> He enjoyed victories over Li Hang, Dominic Dale and Alan McManus at the Shanghai Masters and then won four frames in a row to see off Ding Junhui 6–4 in the semi-finals. From 5–3 ahead in the final against Mark Allen, Bingham took five unanswered frames to claim his second ranking title with a 10–3 win. In October, he won the Haining Open defeating Oliver Lines 4–0 in the final.  Bingham reached his second consecutive UK Championship semi-final by turning a 4–1 deficit against Graeme Dott into a 6–5 victory. A reversal occurred against Ronnie O'Sullivan as Bingham made a 137 break to establish a 4–1 lead but lost 6–5. After being knocked out in the second round of the German Masters 5–4 on the final pink to Liang Wenbo, Bingham claimed the non-ranking Championship League title by beating Mark Davis 3–2. O'Sullivan was again the winner when the pair met in the semi-finals of the inaugural World Grand Prix, whitewashing Bingham 6–0. A further semi-final followed at the PTC Grand Final, but he lost 4–1 to eventual champion Joe Perry. Bingham met O'Sullivan for the fourth time this season in the quarter-finals of the World Championship after he had eliminated Robbie Williams 10–7 and Graeme Dott 13–5. Bingham made a 145, the tournament's joint-highest break, to set up a 6–3 advantage, before O'Sullivan led 9–8. From there, Bingham made a break of 50 or above in five successive frames to win 13–9. He was 2–1 down in the early stages of his semi-final with Judd Trump, but was never behind after that as he went on to take a 16–14 lead. However, Trump produced back-to-back centuries to force a deciding frame in which Bingham made a series of small breaks which included a superb plant along the top cushion to win 17–16. Facing Shaun Murphy in the final, Bingham recovered from 3–0 and 8–4 down to win 18–15 and claim his first world title. At the age of 38, he became the oldest first-time winner at the Crucible since Ray Reardon who was 45 when he won the World Championship in 1978, although by then Reardon had already won five world titles at other venues. Bingham climbed to world number two, the highest ranking of his career, after the event.

2015/2016.

Bingham progressed through to the semi-finals of the Shanghai Masters and lost 6–3 to Judd Trump. A series of early ranking exits followed, although he did reach the semi-finals of the minor ranking Gibraltar Open (lost 4–0 to Michael White).<ref name="2015/16"></ref> Bingham also had his best run to date in the Masters by beating Ding Junhui 6–4 and John Higgins 6–3 to face Ronnie O'Sullivan in the semi-finals and he was defeated 6–3. He overcame a 3–0 deficit to eliminate Joe Perry 6–5 at the World Grand Prix and reach his first final of the year. In fact both Bingham and Shaun Murphy were appearing in their first ranking final since last year's World Championship with Murphy edging it 10–9. He lost 5–1 in the quarter-finals of the China Open to Ricky Walden.  Before the defence of his World Championship title, Bingham stated that all the interviews he had done throughout the year and the pressures of being world champion had affected his play this season. However, he hoped that his recent improvement in form would continue and saw no reason he could not become the first player to break the Crucible curse and retain his title. In the first round he came from 8–5 behind against Ali Carter to lead 9–8, but went on to be defeated 10–9.

2016/2017.

Bingham made it to the final of the Six-red World Championship and the match went to the final black in the deciding frame. It was potted by Ding Junhui to give him the title with an 8–7 win. Bingham conceded just three frames as he progressed through to the semi-finals of the Shanghai Masters.<ref name="2016/17"></ref> In a match up between the two highest ranked players in the world he led 5–3, before Mark Selby took the win 6–5. Bingham lost by the same scoreline in the semi-finals of the English Open, this time to Liang Wenbo. A third ranking event semi-final of the season arrived at the International Championship, but Bingham was heavily defeated 9–3 by Selby after being 2–0 up. He reached the final of the invitational China Championship and was 7–7 with John Higgins until he made three centuries in a row to beat Bingham 10–7. After all these deep runs in a number of events he was knocked out in the second round of the UK Championship 6–4 by world number 62 Yu Delu. He exited the Masters in the first round, losing 6–1 to eventual finalist Joe Perry and he lost in the semi-finals of the German Masters 6–4 to Anthony Hamilton.  Bingham had a comfortable passage in to the final of the Welsh Open which he reached without facing a top 20 ranked player. He won the first four frames against Judd Trump, but went on to fall 8–7 down. Bingham then won the two frames he required to claim his fourth ranking title and first since winning the world title. In the second round of the World Championship he lost the first five frames against Kyren Wilson and could never recover the deficit as he was beaten 13–10. Bingham stated that he would be working with Terry Griffiths next season and would be playing with a new cue from Cue Creator.

2017/2018: Illegal betting and ban.

On 24 October 2017, Bingham was found guilty of breaking World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA) rules on betting on matches involving himself and other players. He received a six-month ban (of which, three months and one day were suspended) for betting breaches, and was also ordered to pay £20,000 in costs. The partial ban expired at the end of January 2018.  Bingham made his fourth 147 in April 2018 at the China Open.

2018/2019.

Bingham had something of a poor start to the 2018/19 season, failing to qualify for the first two ranking events – the Riga Masters and the World Open. He suffered Last 32 exits in the China Championship and European Masters, but a swift return to form saw him lift the English Open title, with a 9–7 win over veteran Mark Davis in the final. A visibly emotional Bingham in his interview following his win mentioned how tough it had been both on and off the table following on from his ban the previous year, and how delighted he was to go back to winning ranking titles.  On his Triple Crown return, at the UK Championship in December 2018, Bingham reached the semi-finals where he lost in a final-frame decider to Mark Allen. In February 2019, he was runner-up in the Welsh Open, losing in the final 7–9 to Neil Robertson. The following month, Bingham won his second ranking title of the season, the Gibraltar Open, beating defending champion Ryan Day 4–1 in the final.

2020: Masters champion.

Bingham won the 2020 Dafabet Masters, beating Ali Carter 10–8 in what was both players' first Masters final.

Personal life.

Bingham married Michelle Shabi in 2013 in a ceremony held in Cyprus. The couple have a son, Shae, born in 2011, a daughter, Marnie Rose, born in January 2017, and Michelle's daughter Tegan, born in 2003.  Bingham was once a keen amateur golfer, but made the decision to play less golf so that he could focus on snooker. Bingham is a supporter of West Ham United.

Stuart Bingham (born 21 May 1976) is an English professional snooker player. He is a former World Snooker Champion and the reigning Masters champion.

史超活·冰咸(Stuart Bingham),英格兰职业台球手,应届世界台球锦标赛冠军。他在三十岁才开始跻身世界顶级球手之列,2006/07球季首次打入前32名,2001/12球季首次打入前16名。他在2011年以35岁之龄赢得澳洲公开赛,是职业生涯首个排名赛锦标。2014年以38岁之龄赢得上海大师赛冠军。2012年武汉经典赛和2013年威尔士公开赛先后赢得亚军。亦在2012年赢得英超冠军。他有超过230次一杆过百,当中包括三次147。


History.

At the 1st World Scout Jamboree in London Father Jacques Sevin SJ of France, Jean Corbisier of Belgium and Count Mario di Carpegna of Italy decided to create an international umbrella for Catholic Boy Scouts. Pope Benedict XV supported this idea and in 1922 Catholic Boy Scouts from Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Chile, Ecuador, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Poland, Spain and Hungary created this umbrella organisation. Its rules were approved by the Pope in the same year. World War II made an end to this organisation. 1946 and 1947 the contacts between the Catholic Scout associations were reestablished and since 1948 conferences took place every year i.e. in 1958 in Vienna.  In June 1962 the Holy See approved the statutes and the Charter of Catholic Scouts, and the umbrella of Catholic Boy Scouting took the name International Catholic Conference of Scouting. In 1977 the new charter was approved by the Holy See.  At the 2011 World Council, the structure of ICCS was modified for 3 years. Instead of a Secretary General, a Chairman and a President (with equal powers) were elected.

Members.

Africa Region.

"Full members"  "Observers:"

America Region.

"Full members:" "Observers:"

Asia-Pacific Region.

"Full members:"  "Observers:"

European-Mediterranean region.

"Full members:"

Activities.

World Scout Conference and Regional Scout Conferences.

ICCS was represented at the 38th World Scout Conference in Korea. ICCS was also represented at the 14th Africa Scout Conference in Accra in November 2009.

World Scout Jamborees and World Scout Moot.

ICCS is active at World Scout Jamborees. At the 20th World Scout Jamboree i.e. there was a special award issued by ICCS and an order of mass and a song book was published. The ICCS was also involved in the 21st World Scout Jamboree with its own center the "Hyland Abbey". ICCS will also be present in 2011 at the World Jamboree in Sweden. ICCS is also an active participant of the World Scout Moot i.e. in 2000 in Mexico.

International Scout Ecumenical Encounter.

The ICCS was an active participant in all the International Ecumenical Scout Encounters:

World Scout Interreligious Symposium.

ICCS was an active participant of all World Scout Interreligious Symposium:

International Scout Week.

Between August 16 and 23, 2009 a Scout Week took place in Taizé for the first time. 56 Scouts und Scoutleaders from Egypt, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Portugal, Spain, Czech Republic and Hungary took part in this international week. This event is scheduled for every summer. In 2010 it will take place between August 22 and 29.

World Youth Day.

ICCS not only takes part in the activities of World Scouting, but also supports events of the Catholic Church. So ICCS is present at the World Youth Days. So there was a vigil organised by ICCS, ICCG and AGESCI at the World Youth Day in Rome with thousands of Scouts from all over the world. ICCS will be present at the 15th World Youth Day in August 2010 in Madrid.

Trainings and other events.

ICCS hold regularly courses and camps for Scouts, Scoutleaders and chaplains and regional and world level.i.e. in December 2009 and January 2010 the Living Stones Camp, ICCS World Seminar 2008 in Korea, Pastoral Seminar for Central Europe, ICCS Scout Jamboree in Thailand...

International Awareness recognition.

This is an opportunity offered by the ICCS to all youth and adult members of the Boy Scouts of America.

Brotherhood of Saint George.

The honor society of the International Catholic Conference of Scouting is the Brotherhood of Saint George. Catholic Scoutleaders and Chaplains are honoured by getting the membership.

The International Catholic Conference of Scouting (ICCS) is an autonomous, international body committed to promoting and supporting Catholic Scout associations and to be a link between the Scout movement and the Catholic Church. Its headquarters is located in Rome, Italy.

国际天主教童军会议(英语:International Catholic Conference of Scouting, ICCS),为一个国际自治团体,主要业务为推广与支持和天主教会相联系的童军总会,总部位于意大利罗马。目前辖有800万名童军。