Club career.

Early career.

Poulsen began playing football at BK Skjold. At first he was a defensive player and in Kenneth Zohore he had a teammate, with whom he was to play later in the Danish youth national teams. After Zohoré joined FC Copenhagen, Poulsen was moved to a position as a striker.

Lyngby BK.

At the age of 14 he joined the youth ranks of Lyngby BK. He played his first match as a senior on 4 December 2011, when he came on the pitch against AC Horsens after 84 minutes, as a substitute for Mathias Tauber. Poulsen did not immediately establish himself in the starting eleven, and he was at the end of the season only on five appearances. His club, Lyngby were also relegated from Superligaen. 5 August 2012 he scored his first goal at senior level, as well as for his club, when he in the second match in the 1. Division (second Danish league) scored the 1-0 winning goal against AB Gladsaxe. He was a regular player in the starting 11, and played 32 matches, scoring eleven goals.

RB Leipzig.

His achievements attracted the interest of foreign and domestic clubs, and on 3 July 2013, he signed a contract with the newly promoted 3. Liga German side RB Leipzig. He finished the 2013–14 season with 10 goals in 27 appearances. Poulsen earned promotion with Leipzig to the 2. Bundesliga in 2014 and the German top-flight Bundesliga in 2016. He had scored 12 goals in 32 appearances during the 2014–15 season and seven goals in 32 appearances during the 2015–16 season. In the sixth match of the 2016–17 season, he scored his first Bundesliga goal in a 2–1 victory at home against FC Augsburg. He finished the 2016–17 season with five goals in 30 appearances. He finished the 2017–18 season five goals in 41 appearances.  On 30 March 2019, during a 5–0 win over Hertha BSC, he became the first-ever Leipzig player to score a hat-trick in the Bundesliga and in the process helped the club record its 50th ever win in the competition. His treble also took him to 15 league goals for the campaign which meant he became only the third Danish player, after Ebbe Sand and Allan Simonsen to score more than 14 Bundesliga goals in a single season.

International career.

Poulsen made his debut for the Danish national team on 11 October 2014 against Albania. On 13 June 2015, he scored his first goal against Serbia in Denmark's 2–0 win. Poulsen was selected in Denmark's squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics, however he rejected the call-up in order to cement his place at Leipzig.  In May 2018 he was named in Denmark's 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. On 16 June, he scored the lone goal in Denmark's opening game against Peru, and was named man of the match. Earlier in the game he conceded a penalty with a foul on Christian Cueva, which the Peruvian missed.

Personal life.

Yussuf Yurary Poulsen is the son of a Tanzanian father and a Danish mother. His father worked on a container ship, oscillating between Tanga and Denmark before he settled in Copenhagen. He died of cancer when Yussuf was only six years old. Yussuf visited Tanzania several times as a child. He was eligible to play for Tanzania but did not receive any offers from the Tanzanian federation; as a result, he chose to represent his native Denmark.

Yussuf Yurary Poulsen (; born 15 June 1994) is a Danish professional footballer who plays for German club RB Leipzig as a striker or winger. He also sometimes used "Yurary" as his shirt name.

优素福·尤拉里·波尔森(,,1994年-6月15日)是一位具有坦桑尼亚血统的丹麦足球运动员,于场上司职前锋。他自2013年至2014年德国足球丙级联赛起效力于当时仍身处德国足球丙级联赛作赛的RB莱比锡,并随队一路升入德甲;此外,波尔森亦代表丹麦国家足球队参加国际比赛。


Name.

"Personal ordinariate" is the term used for each of the three existing ordinariates in the decree that established them: the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham, the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter and the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross. It is also the collective name given to all three in the official yearbook of the Holy See and is a name the ordinariates themselves use.  "Ordinariates for former Anglicans" is a term sometimes used by the ordinariates themselves, by news sources (but not official documents) of the Holy See and episcopal conferences. This terminology, however, does not mean that an

History.

Background.

The apostolic constitution was a response by the Holy See to requests coming from Continuing Anglican churches, particularly the Traditional Anglican Communion; and from Anglo-Catholic sections of the Anglican Communion, such as those involved with Forward in Faith, and, within the Catholic Church, from the Anglican Use parishes which have existed since the early 1980s when, at the request of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Pope John Paul II granted the Pastoral Provision allowing the creation, within the territorial Latin Church dioceses of the United States, of parishes in which the liturgy would be celebrated in an approved form of the Anglican tradition and with a married clergy composed of former Anglican priests who were ordained in the Catholic Church on joining it. Many of these Anglican Use Catholics had left the Episcopal Church because of women's ordination especially to the episcopate, revisions of the liturgy, and changes in its moral teaching. These changes evidenced also in the consecration of a partnered homosexual man as a bishop

Announcement and enactment.

The decision to institute personal ordinariates for Anglicans who join the Catholic Church was announced on 20 October 2009 by Cardinal William Levada at a press conference in Rome and by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, and the Archbishop of Westminster, Vincent Nichols, at a simultaneous press conference in London.  The apostolic constitution enacting the introduction of personal ordinariates for former Anglicans was released on 9 November 2009, together with supplementary norms for the ordinariates, allowing former Anglicans to enter full communion with the Catholic Church while preserving elements of the distinctive Anglican spiritual and liturgical patrimony. Provision was made for ordination as Catholic priests of married former Anglican clergy, but

Acceptance by some Anglican groups.

A number of Anglican groups soon petitioned the

Purpose.

The structure of an ordinariate enables Anglicans to enter into full communion with the Pope while preserving some degree of corporate identity and autonomy from the geographical dioceses for other Catholics of the Latin Church (also known as the "Latin Rite") and maintaining distinctive elements of their Anglican "theological, spiritual and liturgical patrimony". The ordinariates integrate these groups in such ways as "to maintain the liturgical, spiritual and pastoral traditions

Anglican patrimony.

In a letter in September 2013, Archbishop Vincent Nichols, President of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales, explained that, through the canonical structure of the ordinariate, "Anglicans who wish to enter the full communion of the Catholic Church, bringing with them some of the traditions and beauty of the Anglican heritage in which they were nurtured, may do so."  The rites of the ordinariates are characterised by revisions of

Prospective members.

Anglicans.

Through the ordinariates, "Anglicans who wish to enter the full communion of the Catholic Church, bringing with them some of the traditions and beauty of the Anglican heritage in which they were nurtured, may do so." However, Anglicans who join the Catholic Church are not obliged to become members of an ordinariate and can

Non-Anglicans.

Ordinariate membership as an entry to full communion with the Catholic Church is not limited solely to members of churches in the Anglican Communion. The founding document of personal ordinariates stated that their members would either be people "originally belonging to the Anglican Communion and now in full communion with the Catholic Church" (former Anglicans) or those "who receive the Sacraments of Initiation within the jurisdiction of the Ordinariate". (The sacraments of initiation are baptism, confirmation, and eucharist.) Moreover, the personal ordinariates have extended the meaning of the word "Anglican" in this context to include members of any "Protestant Church linked to the Church of England, such as

Regional development.

Great Britain.

In October 2010, the parish council of St Peter's in Folkestone voted to enter the Roman Catholic Church. About half the parish, including their priest, were received into the by then established ordinariate on 9 March 2011.  On 8 November 2010, three serving and two retired bishops of the Church of England announced their intention to join the Roman Catholic Church. The serving bishops were provincial episcopal visitors Andrew Burnham of Ebbsfleet, Keith Newton of Richborough, along with suffragan John Broadhurst of Fulham, all of whom declared their

United States and Canada.

On 1 January 2012, the ordinariate for the United States was established with the name of the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter. Jeffrey N. Steenson, a former bishop of the Episcopal Church, was named as its first ordinary. In December 2012, the ordinariate was given extended jurisdiction over Canada through the newly established Canadian Deanery of St John the Baptist. Lee Kenyon, the first Anglican ordinariate priest ordained for service in Canada, was appointed as the first dean.  The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith appointed Cardinal Donald Wuerl, the Archbishop of Washington, as its delegate for the implementation of an ordinariate in the United States. Wuerl also led a liaison committee of three bishops of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops for implementation of the ordinariate.  The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith

Australia and Japan.

At the end of November 2010, Peter Elliott, an auxiliary bishop in Melbourne, Australia, said that the Australian bishops intended to follow the example of England and Wales so that an initially "very small" ordinariate could be established in that country, with specific churches designated for its use, by Pentecost 2011. A former Anglican layman, Elliott is designated as the delegate of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and a liaison to the Australian Catholic Bishops' Conference. He expected that, once established, the proposed Australian ordinariate would attract "a much larger number of people". An

Nature of the ordinariates.

The Anglican ordinariates are intended to integrate groups of Anglicans into the life of the Catholic Church in such a way as "to maintain the liturgical, spiritual and pastoral traditions of the Anglican Communion within the Catholic Church, as a precious gift nourishing the faith of the members of the Ordinariate and as a treasure to be shared". An ordinariate is part of "the Latin Rite, within the full communion of the Catholic Church and professes all that church's doctrine on faith and morals."  The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith establishes, in consultation with the episcopal conference concerned, personal ordinariates for former Anglicans within the episcopal conference's area. There may be more than one personal ordinariate, delimited geographically or otherwise, within the territory of the same episcopal conference. Each ordinariate, composed of lay faithful, clergy, and members of religious institutes originally belonging to the Anglican Communion and now in full communion with the Catholic Church, is juridically comparable to a diocese. The ordinary of each ordinariate, who may be either a bishop or a priest, chosen on the basis of a terna of names presented by the governing council of the ordinariate, is canonically equivalent to a diocesan bishop and an "ex officio" member of the respective episcopal conference.,  An ordinariate shall have a governing council composed of at least six priests and chaired by the ordinary, that exercise the combined functions of the Presbyteral Council and the College of Consultors of a diocese. Each ordinariate is also to have a finance council and a pastoral council to perform the same functions as the respective bodies in a diocese. An ordinariate also may establish its own tribunal to process marriage and other cases, though the local diocesan tribunals retain jurisdiction if the ordinariate does not set up a tribunal of its own.  The ordinary cannot be a bishop if married or with dependent children. In that case, while not having episcopal holy orders, in particular the power to ordain to the diaconate, priesthood and episcopacy, he has the powers and privileges of other prelates who are canonically equivalent to diocesan bishops, such as territorial prelates. It is he who by issuing dimissorial letters admits candidates to holy orders, having first obtained the consent of the governing council. As an ordinary, he may personally install such candidates in the preliminary ministries of lectorate and acolytate. Like other equivalents of diocesan bishops, he is a full member of the episcopal conference and may use certain episcopal symbols, such as mitre, crosier, ring, pectoral cross, zucchetto, choir dress with purple cassock.  After having heard the opinion of the local diocesan bishop, the ordinary may, with the consent of the governing council and of the Holy See, erect "deaneries", each supervised by a "delegate", that encompass multiple parishes of the ordinariate. The ordinary may also establish and suppress parishes and houses of formation and approve programs of formation with the consent of the governing council.  Like diocesan bishops, the ordinary must make an "ad limina apostolorum" visit to Rome every five years. During this visit, the ordinary presents a report on the status of his ordinariate to the Pope through the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and in consultation with the Congregation for Bishops and the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.  On 9 April 2019, the Congregation for the Doctine of the Faith promulgated an update to the complementary norms governing personal ordinariates. The new norms were approved on 19 March 2019.

Similar institutions.

The personal ordinariates that the apostolic constitution envisages are similar to military ordinariates for the pastoral care of members of armed forces in that membership is on a personal rather than a territorial basis; but they differ in many aspects, as can be seen by a comparison of "Anglicanorum coetibus" with the apostolic constitution "Spirituali militum cura" of 21 April 1986 by which Pope John Paul II restructured the military ordinariates, which were previously called military vicariates. For instance, the military ordinariates must be headed by a bishop and lack structures such as the "governing council" of the ordinariates for former Anglicans.  The personal ordinariates for former Anglicans differ also from personal prelatures (the only one existing now being Opus Dei), which, according to canon law, "are composed of deacons and priests of the secular clergy", to whose apostolic works lay people can dedicate themselves by way of agreements made with the prelature. with no mention of members of religious institutes. A major difference between a "personal ordinariate" and a "personal prelature" is that ordinariates (both personal and military) may erect parishes and those who inscribe themselves in the apposite register effectively become transients in their geographic diocese (no accumulative membership).  Membership of a personal ordinariate for former Anglicans extends to "lay faithful, clerics and members of Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life, originally belonging to the Anglican Communion and now in full communion with the Catholic Church, or those who receive the Sacraments of Initiation within the jurisdiction of the Ordinariate".  Much more similar are the eight ordinariates for the faithful of eastern rite, which are listed in the "Annuario Pontificio" together with the seventeen apostolic exarchates, immediately before the ordinariates for former Anglicans. Of the ordinariates for the faithful of eastern rite, four (in Argentina, Brazil, France and Poland) are generically for all Eastern Catholics who lack an ordinary of their own rite with jurisdiction for the particular country and who are therefore entrusted to the care of a Latin archbishop in the country. The one in Austria is for Catholics belonging to any of the fourteen particular Churches that use the Byzantine Rite. The other three (Eastern Europe, Greece and Romania) are for members of the Armenian Catholic Church. Such ordinariates have been in existence for a century, having been introduced by the apostolic letter "Officium supremi Apostolatus" of 15 July 1912.

Comparisons with the Eastern Catholic churches.

While the personal ordinariates preserve a certain corporate identity of Anglicans received into the Catholic Church, they are canonically within the Latin Church and share the same theological emphasis and in this way differ from the Eastern Catholic churches, which are autonomous particular churches.  The Latin Church, as a rule, restricts ordination to the priesthood to celibate men

Prospect of personal ordinariates for Lutherans.

On 30 October 2012, Cardinal Kurt Koch, President of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, said in an interview that if Lutherans express a wish for an arrangement similar to the personal ordinariates for former Anglicans, the Catholic Church will have to reflect on it, but that the initiative must come from Lutherans. Archbishop Gerhard Ludwig Müller, Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, commented on 11

A personal ordinariate, sometimes called a "personal ordinariate for former Anglicans" or more informally an "Anglican ordinariate", is a canonical structure within the Catholic Church established in accordance with the apostolic constitution "Anglicanorum coetibus" of 4 November 2009 and its complementary norms. The ordinariates were established in order to enable "groups of Anglicans" to join the Catholic Church while preserving elements of their liturgical and spiritual patrimony. They are juridically equivalent to a diocese, "a particular church in which and from which exists the one and unique Catholic Church", but may be erected in the same territory as other dioceses "by reason of the rite of the faithful or some similar reason".

个别教长管辖区(英语:Personal ordinariate)或称特别主教辖区,常被更确切地称为“前安立甘宗特别主教辖区”,是罗马天主教中隶属圣座的自治教会组织,是以教宗本笃十六世的宗座宪章《圣公会的结合》()谕令而建立的。建立的目的是让前圣公会中愿意与罗马天主教完全共融的圣职人员及信众加入天主教,并允许前圣公会人士在与天主教会共融的同时还保留“独特圣公会遗产”的元素。个别教长管辖区在《天主教法典》上被视为有法人身份,拥有等同教区的地位。


Early life.

Rhodes was born in Oldham, Greater Manchester, while his father, English footballer Andy Rhodes, was playing for Oldham Athletic. Rhodes senior moved to Scotland later that year when he joined Dunfermline Athletic and stayed in Scotland until 1998 also playing for St Johnstone and Airdrieonians.  Andy Rhodes joined Ipswich Town as a coach in 2004. Jordan Rhodes attended Kesgrave High School in Ipswich through his secondary school years where he was scouted and recruited by Ipswich Town in 2004.

Club career.

Ipswich Town.

Rhodes joined Ipswich Town in March 2005 when his father joined the club as a goalkeeping coach. He was selected by the England under-17s team, but withdrew due to injury.  At the start of the 2006–07 season Rhodes suffered numerous injuries including a dislocated shoulder and being knocked unconscious. He signed his first professional contract in August 2007, and made his debut for Ipswich in the 2007–08 season, coming on as a late substitute against Burnley on 22 December.  On 9 April 2008, Rhodes scored his first league goal in the 73rd minute against Cardiff City and was the equalising goal in a 1–1 draw, after coming into the game as a half time substitute.

Loans to Oxford and Rochdale.

He joined Oxford United in the Conference Premier on a one-month loan deal on 10 October 2007. He failed to score in his four league appearances and he was recalled from his loan spell on 6 November by Ipswich as he was required for their FA Youth Cup.  With his playing time at Ipswich being limited, Rhodes joined League Two club Rochdale on 12 September 2017 to get more first team opportunities.

Loan to Brentford.

On 23 January 2009, he joined Brentford on a one-month loan deal, and made his debut the following day in a 2–0 defeat away at Macclesfield Town in a League Two fixture. He scored his first Brentford goal on his home debut in the 3–0 win at home to Aldershot Town. Rhodes scored his first hat-trick in 29 minutes of the first half in the 3–1 away win at Shrewsbury Town on 31 January, also making him the youngest Brentford player to score a hat-trick in the club's history, five days short of his 19th birthday. On 26 February, having scored six goals in seven matches, his loan was extended for "a further two months", with the addition of a 24-hour recall clause. On 17 March, Rhodes suffered a broken metatarsal in a match against Chesterfield, ending his season. Even though Rhodes was sidelined for nearly half of March, he was named as March's PFA League Two Fans' Player of the Month.  Despite only playing for Brentford for three months, Rhodes was awarded the PFA Fans' Player of the Year accolade for League Two, in 2009.

Huddersfield Town.

On 31 July 2009, Rhodes signed for Huddersfield Town on a four-year contract for an undisclosed fee believed to be £350,000 plus a sell-on fee, becoming manager Lee Clark's sixth signing of the season. Rhodes started the season well scoring six goals in his first six games at the club. He made his debut coming off the bench in the 2–2 draw against Southend United at Roots Hall on 8 August 2009, where he scored Town's equaliser. He scored two goals on his home debut against Stockport County in the League Cup three days later. In his next game on 15 August he added a further two goals to his tally in a 3–1 win over Southampton. and then in Huddersfield's 4–3 away loss to Newcastle United in the League Cup second round.  On 10 October, he scored a hat-trick of headers within eight minutes in a 4–0 victory over Exeter City, which beat the previous record set by Dixie Dean in the 1930s. Rhodes finished the season as Huddersfield's top scorer with 23 goals in all competitions. He was again their top scorer in 2010–11, despite limited appearances, Rhodes scored 22 in total.  Rhodes began the 2011–12 season with 13 goals in his first 13 games in all competitions. He was also the first Huddersfield player to score back to back hat-tricks since the 1920s, the two coming against Exeter City on 15 October 2011 in a 4–0 away victory and then in the 3–1 home win over Preston North End on 22 October 2011. On 17 December, he scored all four of Huddersfield's goals in an away fixture which ended 4–4 against Sheffield Wednesday.  Rhodes scored five times in a 6–0 win against Wycombe Wanderers, equalling the record for goals scored by a Huddersfield Town player in a match set by Dave Mangnall and Alf Lythgoe in the 1930s.  On 11 March 2012, Rhodes was named League One Player of the Year at the Football League Awards, ahead of Charlton Athletic's Johnnie Jackson and Sheffield United's Ched Evans. On 3 April 2012, in a match against Leyton Orient, he surpassed Sam Taylor and George Brown's jointly held goalscoring record for the club with his 36th league goal of the season, as part of his sixth hat-trick of the season.  Rhodes finished the 2011–12 season as both the club's and the league's top scorer with 36 league goals during the campaign.

Blackburn Rovers.

Rhodes joined Blackburn Rovers on 30 August 2012, for a then club record £8 million fee. After being unveiled as a Rovers player the following morning, Rhodes said of his move to the Lancashire club: "I'm delighted, it's great to be here and to be part of a prestigious club."  Rhodes made his Blackburn Rovers debut on 1 September 2012 in a 3–3 draw with Leeds United. On 15 September, he scored twice in a 5–3 away win against Bristol City. On 6 November, he scored a goal on his return to Huddersfield Town in a 2–2 draw. On 17 November, he scored his first Blackburn Rovers hat-trick against Peterborough United in a 4–1 victory for Rovers.  Rhodes was named Blackburn's player of the season and he received his trophy at Ewood Park on 27 April 2013, before Blackburn's 1–1 draw at home to Crystal Palace. Rhodes celebrated this achievement with his 26th league goal of the season, a deft lob from an acute angle over Palace goalkeeper Julián Speroni.  He began the 2013–14 season in fine form, scoring consecutive braces against Barnsley and Bolton Wanderers to take his tally to nine goals after seven games in the season. By the turn of the year Rhodes had 15 league goals in 24 games, and scored the opener in a 2–1 away win at Leeds United. On 15 March 2014, Rhodes scored a hat-trick against his former club Huddersfield Town in a 4–2 away win.  On 10 July 2014, Rhodes extended his contract with Blackburn Rovers to 2019. He said of the contract extension: "I'm very happy. It is a fantastic football club and I'm very lucky to be here."  On 19 April 2015, Rhodes was selected in The Football Manager Team of the Decade at the Football League Awards.  On 24 July 2015, Rhodes expressed his displeasure after Blackburn rejected an offer for him in excess of £10 million from Middlesbrough.

Middlesbrough.

On 1 February 2016, Rhodes signed for Championship club Middlesbrough, on a four-and-a-half-year deal, for an undisclosed fee. At the club, he was linked up with his uncle, assistant manager Steve Agnew. The signing of Rhodes led to the departure of fellow striker, Kike, as the latter player felt that he would not be able to make as much first team appearances, due to the fact with the club having Rhodes and David Nugent as strikers. He was given the number 9 shirt, previously worn by Kike.  Rhodes made his debut on 6 February 2016, against his previous club Blackburn Rovers, which ended in a 1–1 home draw. He would go on to score his first league goal for the club in the following match, which would result in a 1–1 away draw against Milton Keynes Dons. Rhodes recorded his final goal of the season in the second-from-last league match on 29 April 2016, which would result in a 2–2 away draw to Birmingham City.  At the end of the 2015–16 season, Rhodes recorded 6 goals in 18 league appearances. Middlesbrough also secured promotion to the 2016–17 Premier League, finishing as runners-up behind champions Burnley, and determining their promotion on the final day of the season, in a 1–1 home draw against Brighton & Hove Albion, taking place on 7 May 2016.  Following the signing of Álvaro Negredo on loan from Valencia, Rhodes' future with the club did not look certain, creating extra pressure for him to be in the first-team squad. He managed to play six league games for the 2016–17 season, but was unable to score a goal.

Sheffield Wednesday.

On 1 February 2017, it was announced that Rhodes had signed for Sheffield Wednesday, on loan for the rest of the season. He made his debut for the club on 3 February 2017, in a 1–0 away victory to Wigan Athletic.  A successful loan spell led to the club to finish in fourth place for the 2016–17 EFL Championship season, qualifying for the play-offs, in an attempt to receive promotion to the 2017–18 Premier League season. After a 1–1 aggregate score, Wednesday lost 3–4 on penalties to Huddersfield Town, thus confirming their stay in the second level of English football for the 2017–18 EFL Championship season.  He joined Sheffield Wednesday on a permanent basis on 1 July 2017, as agreed at the time of the loan deal.

Loan to Norwich City.

On 10 July 2018, Rhodes joined fellow Championship side Norwich City on a season-long loan.

International career.

Under-21.

Rhodes became eligible to play for Scotland because he attended school there for more than five years while his English father Andy Rhodes played for Scottish clubs. In July 2010, it was reported by "The Scotsman" newspaper that Rhodes was being considered for selection by the Scotland national under-21 football team. He received his first call-up to the Scotland under-21 squad in November 2010, but was immediately withdrawn because Huddersfield were due to play an FA Cup replay against Cambridge United on the day before the under-21 match.  Rhodes eventually made his debut for Scotland under-21s on 24 March 2011, in a 1–0 loss to Belgium in Deinze. He made his home debut on 10 August 2011, in the 3–0 win over Norway at St Mirren Park. He scored his first goals for Scotland with a hat-trick in a 5–1 win against Luxembourg at Stade Josy Barthel, Luxembourg City on 6 October 2011. Four days later, Rhodes scored both of the Scotland goals in a 2–2 draw against Austria. He also scored in Scotland's 2–1 victory over Netherlands in an U21 qualifier for the 2013 U21 European Championships. After scoring two goals against Bulgaria in only his eighth appearance for the team, he became the all-time leading scorer for the Scottish U21s.

Senior team.

Rhodes was included in the full Scotland squad for their match against Cyprus at the Antonis Papadopoulos Stadium in Larnaca on 11 November 2011, as a reward for his October form for Huddersfield and the under-21s. He was an 87th-minute substitute for Jamie Mackie and had a stinging shot parried by the Cyprus goalkeeper in injury time. Scotland won the match 2–1. Rhodes said to the press after the game, "It was never in doubt I would be sticking with Scotland. I'm Scottish through and through. I had all the jerseys as a kid and grew up watching Scotland."  Rhodes made his first start for the Scots in the friendly against Australia at Easter Road. He marked the occasion with a goal, a superb header to draw Scotland level, after Mark Bresciano opened the scoring for the Australians. Scotland went on to win 3–1 with an own goal from Jason Davidson and a third from Ross McCormack.

Honours.

Brentford  Huddersfield Town  Middlesbrough  Norwich City  Individual

Jordan Luke Rhodes (born 5 February 1990) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Championship club Sheffield Wednesday and the Scottish national team.

佐丹·鲁克·罗迪斯(英语:Jordan Luke Rhodes,1990年-2月5日)是一名在英格兰出生的苏格兰职业足球员,司职前锋,现时被英冠球会谢周三外借至诺域治。


Early life.

Margaret Constance Williams was born in Bristol, on 15 April 1997, to Hilary Pitt (now Hilary Frances) a university course administrator (who gave up her job to support her daughter's acting career). Williams' parents separated when she was four months old; the youngest of four siblings, Williams was raised by her mother and stepfather in a three-bedroom council house in the village of Clutton, Somerset.  From an early age, from when "she was tiny", Williams has always been known as "Maisie", nicknamed because of her perceived likeness to the cartoon character from the UK newspaper comic strip The Perishers. Williams went to Clutton Primary School and Norton Hill School in Midsomer Norton, before transferring to Bath Dance College to study Performing Arts, with the ambition of becoming a professional dancer. For a couple of years she was taught at home. She left school at 14, before taking her final secondary school examinations (which she had been predicted to gain high grades in), partly due to personal difficulties she experienced going back to her regular school whilst starring in a popular television series and also because of the successful commencement of her acting career.

Acting career.

Game of Thrones, 2011 – 2019.

At the age of 14, in 2011, Williams started her professional acting career by co-starring in one of the largest ensemble casts on television. She was cast in the role of Arya Stark, the feisty young tomboy daughter of an important noble family in HBO's historical fantasy drama series "Game of Thrones" (based on George R. R. Martin's "A Song of Ice and Fire" epic fantasy novel series). Williams had almost missed the audition (her second ever audition), due to the fact that it clashed with a school trip to a pig farm. As the series viewership rose, the international popularity of "Game of Thrones" gave Williams global recognition.  Sophie Heawood of "The Guardian" described Arya's eight season character arc as a journey "from cute little sister to ruthless serial killer (of 64 victims)", and said that Arya was "the serial killer everyone's rooting for." Described as a fan favourite and one of the central protagonists in the Game of Thrones fantasy epic, Arya has a story arc across the first six seasons that encompasses severance, trauma, tragedy and revenge. A young character who witnesses both the unfair execution of her father and the immediate aftermath of her mother and brother's murder (including the parading of the latter's desecrated corpse). Regarded as an anti heroine, Arya works her way through a revenge death list of names of those responsible for killing all the people she cared about. After six seasons of surviving alone she reunites with her family as a weapons expert and trained assassin. When the expected heroes and armies of the living appear defeated in the longest battle scene in film and television history, Arya Stark saves the entire fictional continent of Westeros by using her prowess as an assassin to kill the Night King (the "god of death") which causes the simultaneous eradication of his vast undead army. Arya killing the Night King was nominated for the 2020 BAFTA TV Awards under the "Must-see moment" category. Williams, who did the majority of her own stunts and fight scenes in the series, is naturally right-handed, but kept in character by performing left handed in the show, and was told a year before the filming of The Long Night to build up her stamina for the episode. Williams appeared in all eight broadcast seasons of Game of Thrones, the final episode of which aired in May 2019.

Critical reception for Arya Stark.

Williams received critical praise and recognition for her portrayal of Arya in the show. In her second year of professional acting she was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress category for the 2012 Primetime Emmy Awards by HBO, but did not make the nomination shortlist. Williams did win the 2012 Portal Award for Best Supporting Actress – Television (at 15 years, the youngest actress ever to achieve this) and the Portal Award for Best Young Actor. In November 2013, she received the BBC Radio 1 Teen Award for Best British Actor. August 2014 she won "Best Supporting Actress, Drama" in the EWwy Awards. In 2015 she was awarded the Empire Hero Award, and the Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Television Series In 2016 she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series. Her performance in final season of the drama (despite the Eighth season's mixed reviews) in 2019 resulted in her again receiving the Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series, as well as nominations for the Best Hero and Best Fight in the MTV Movie & TV Awards and People's Choice Awards for The Female TV Star and The Drama TV Star. Regarding Williams' second nomination for an Emmy in 2019 for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series, Daniel D'Addario from "Variety" said of Williams' performance that she "entered the show as a child with minimal experience, but swiftly proved herself a very gifted performer...Millions watched her grow into her talents – and a fitting end to her very unusual journey through her first role" would be for Williams to win an Emmy.

Cultural impact.

The 2017 international hit Look What You Made Me Do by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift was partially inspired by William's Arya, with the line "I've got a list of names and yours is in red, underlined" inspired by her kill list, and the rapper Drake thanked Arya Stark for killing the Night King during his acceptance speech at the 2019 Billboard Music Awards. Williams was also one of ten actors from Game of Thrones featured in character in a collection of Royal Mail first class postage stamps. The set which celebrates British contributions towards the show was released to the UK Post Office in January 2018.  The personal forename Arya is a real world name for both sexes of Sanskrit and Persian origins long used in South Asia. In 2012, the name Arya became the fastest-rising baby girl's name in the U.S., jumping in popularity from 711th to the 413th position, largely due to the popularity of Williams' character "Arya Stark". The name also entered the top 200 most commonly used names for baby girls born in England and Wales in 2017. Some of the rise in popularity in the west (especially if used as a boys name) could have been due to the migration of South Asians to the west.

Other acting roles, 2012 onwards.

In 2012, Williams took part in "The Olympic Ticket Scalper" a Funny or Die skit. In the same year Williams portrayed Loren Caleigh in the three part BBC supernatural thriller series "The Secret of Crickley Hall". She also appeared in the independent film "Heatstroke" (2012), and the short film "Up on the Roof" (2013).  In 2014, Williams was cast in the role of Lydia in the British melodramatic coming of age mystery film drama "The Falling", set in an all-girls school, for which she was awarded the London Film Critics' Circle Award for Young Performer of the Year, Evening Standard British Film Award Rising Star and in 2015 the European Shooting Stars Award at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival for her role in Carol Morley’s feature. The film premiered at the BFI London Film Festival on 11 October 2014 and was released theatrically on 24 April 2015 in the UK. Guy Lodge of "Variety" described Williams as "prodigiously gifted" and giving a "brilliantly articulated... bristling, often spikily funny performance."  In 2015, she also played Abbie in the Irish comedy drama film "Gold." In January 2015, Williams (a victim of cyberbullying herself) starred as Casey Jacobs in the one-hour-long BAFTA nominated "Cyberbully", a Channel 4 docudrama television film. Writing for "The Guardian", Filipa Jodelka described Williams' central, almost solo, performance as a "tour-de-force". In Autumn 2015, Williams guest starred in four episodes of series 9 of the BBC science fiction series "Doctor Who" ("The Girl Who Died, The Woman Who Lived, Face the Raven" and "Hell Bent"), in the recurring role of Ashildr, a Viking girl made immortal by the Doctor. Williams's performance in "The Woman Who Lived" was described as "superb" by Patrick Mulkern of the "Radio Times."  In 2017 Williams starred, alongside Bill Milner, as Lucy in the Netflix science-fiction teen superhero thriller film "iBoy". Tristram Fane Saunders of the "Daily Telegraph" felt she brought "depth, humour and honesty to the role." Also in 2017 Williams appeared as Isabel Baxter in, "Mary Shelley" a romantic period-drama film directed by Haifaa al-Mansour and written by Emma Jensen. In 2018 she was the voice actor for the character "Goona" a Bronze Age fearless rebel tomboy football enthusiast in Nick Park's animated prehistoric comedy sports film "Early Man" that also featured Eddie Redmayne and Tom Hiddleston, though both Gwilym Mumford of "The Guardian" and Kate Stables of the British Film Institute noted that her accent varied during the film. From 18 October to 24 November 2018, Williams starred as Caroline in the stage play "I and You", which was written by Lauren Gunderson. The play premiered at the Hampstead Theatre in London. The play did well at the box office and Willliams' stage performance was regarded a critical success, with the production later being broadcast free on Instagram from 30 November to 3 December 2018 and again during the last week of March 2020. She also starred in the eleven-minute short film "Corvidae", a dark fairy tale filmed in 2013 and released in 2018, of which Craig Holton of "flickfeast" commented that Williams brought "an undeniably ethereal quality to this short film, helping it make the leap from grounded realism to eldritch bucolic fantasy".  In 2019, she starred in the voice cast of "", an American animated web series, set in a dystopian future, which is broadcast on the Rooster Teeth subscription service. Williams voiced the role of Cammie MacCloud, a mischievous Scottish hacker, in a cast that included Michael B. Jordan, David Tennant and Dakota Fanning. Also in 2019 Williams starred alongside Asa Butterfield and Nina Dobrev in the coming of age romantic comedy-drama film "Then Came You", in which she played a teenager with a terminal illness. Frank Scheck of the "Hollywood Reporter" felt that Williams made her "sprightly character appealingly vulnerable". The film premiered at the Woodstock Film Festival on 12 October 2018 and was released nationwide in 2019.

Upcoming roles.

In 2017 Williams was cast as Marvel's Rahne Sinclair/Wolfsbane, a Scottish mutant who can turn into a wolf and struggles to reconcile this with her religious beliefs, in the repeatedly delayed Disney/Fox horror film in the superhero genre "The New Mutants". The film was scheduled to be released in the United States on 28 August 2020, after being pushed back due to the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic.  In 2019 it was announced that in 2020 she is due to star as Kim Noakes, a misfit on the run from both a murderous gangster and the police, in "Two Weeks to Live", a six-part dark comedy series, alongside actress Sian Clifford. The UK series is written by Gaby Hull and produced by Kudos for Sky UK.  Also in 2019 it was reported that Williams had been cast in a 1990s-set thriller "The Owners", in which Williams has been cast as a young woman who reluctantly agrees to participate in a botched robbery alongside her delinquent, no-hoper boyfriend. The film, is which isset to be released in 2020, is directed by French director Julius Berg and is adapted from the graphic novel "Une Nuit De Pleine Lune" by Belgian artist Hermann and writer Yves H.

Commercial promotional work.

In 2015 Williams delivered a feminist speech in New York at the launch of Always's 'Like a girl' campaign, the speech being aimed at the Generation Z demographic of which Williams is a member. She sang "Let It Go", from the film "Frozen", in an Audi commercial that aired during the broadcast of Superbowl LIV in early February 2020.

Production company and social media app.

Daisy Chain Productions.

Williams set up Daisy Chain Productions in early 2016 with Dom Santry and Bill Milner (both of whom she met during working on iBoy) to develop and produce UK-originated short films, theatrical features and high-end television drama, with a focus on opportunities for youth and development of talent in the UK. In 2017, the 19.54-minute short film "Stealing Silver" which Williams executive produced and starred in alongside Ronald Pickup, was the company's first production.

Daisie app.

Williams is also an Internet entrepreneur. With Santry, she co-developed and launched the beta version of a new iOS-compatible social media app called Daisie, on 1 August 2018. Daisie is a multi-media social networking- style platform, designed to help artists and creators of all types and backgrounds from across the various creative industries to showcase their work, discover projects and collaborate and provide an alternative route to develop their careers.  Users start by signing up and creating a profile on the Daisie website, after which they then can search and find creative projects, network and connect with other users in the fields they are interested in. The way a user's profile grows is not by obtaining high follower popularity counts, friends or likes (typical of most other social media apps), but by connecting with other creative people (via "chains") and working collaboratively on projects. Williams explains, "the way your profile grows is by the chains that you make. To make a chain with someone, you have to work together." Creative users can use Daisie to showcase their own work or their collaborations in the same or multiple arts industries. They can also gain guidance from leading experts in their field via a question and answer style format with others who have more experience in their fields.  Williams and Santry said that they designed Daisie as a tool for young people to bypass the obstacles, internal and external, that prevent budding artists from gaining recognition and exposure. Williams has stated that the "goal is to have a community of artists who are collaborating with each other, uploading their work, sharing their projects and ultimately... help people with their own careers, rather than our own." Daisie does not allow company profiles, the focus being on individual creators. Williams explained in 2019 that instead of creators "having to market themselves to fit someone else's idea of what their job would be, they can let their art speak for themselves."  The company is based in Shoreditch, a district in the East End of London. In May 2019 Daisie raised £2 million ($2.5 million) in seed funding from Founders Fund, 8VC, Kleiner Perkins, and from the newer venture capital firm Shrug Capital, set up by AngelList's former head of marketing Niv Dror, who also separately invested. Eleven days after the public launch, in May 2019, the number of users reached one hundred thousand (with 70 per cent of the user base being female) most of whom were in London where the bulk of its marketing efforts have taken place in the startup's home city. On "AppAdvice", Daisie achieved a score of 4 out of 5.

TEDx speech.

In 2019, Williams presented a TEDx talk in Manchester on the topic "Don't strive to be famous, strive to be talented". Williams begins by describing her childhood background, including having no formal qualifications to her name, and the seeming unsurmountable blocks on her realizing her childhood dreams of becoming a professional dancer. She says that her own personal unexpected career success, began with 'luck and timing'. Williams then states that the entertainment industry is built on gatekeepers who hold all the power. She then goes on to introduce Daisie as a social network tool for artists to collaborate with each other, and gives "control back to the creator".

Other pursuits.

Personal life and fashion.

Williams shares a flat with friend and fellow actor Bill Milner, with whom she works at Daisy Chain Productions. Williams is popular on social media winning a Shorty Award in 2016 for her online presence there. "The Guardian" noted in 2018 that she had almost 2 million followers on Twitter and nearly 8.4 million followers on Instagram.  According to "Vogue"s Janelle Okwodu, Williams has "cultivated a quirky, youthful style", while "The Daily Telegraph"s senior fashion editor Emily Cronin pointed out Williams' "Street style", and that as a celebrity Williams has been courted by the fashion industry. In 2019 Williams and her boyfriend Reuben Selby started to appear on the fashion scene as a couple, regularly in coordinated ensembles. Williams shares an interest in design with Selby, who is a fashion designer (he co-designed her asymmetric dress for the 2019 Emmys awards), the founder of a modelling agency, co-founder of a creative agency and former communications director of Williams' social media platform Daisie.

Advocacy and charitable activities.

Williams is a global ambassador and campaigner for dolphin trainer Ric O'Barry's "Dolphin Project", taking part in protests against dolphin hunts. She has also taken part in various campaigns including in support of anti-bullying, the environmental organization Greenpeace and the clean water charity WaterAid. During the coronavirus pandemic she donated £50,000 ($62500) to support the work of the Bristol Animal Rescue Centre from which she had adopted her own dog a few years ago.

Margaret Constance "Maisie" Williams (born 15 April 1997) is an English actress. She was born in Bristol and raised in Somerset. In 2011, aged fourteen and following her second acting audition, Williams debuted in her first professional acting role as Arya Stark, a character in the main cast of the HBO medieval fantasy epic television drama "Game of Thrones" (2011–2019), a portrayal that quickly brought the new actress global attention. Williams received critical praise and acting accolades for her work on the show. In 2014 Williams starred in her first feature film, the melodramatic coming of age mystery drama "The Falling", for which she also received critical approval and award recognition. In 2018, she made her stage debut in Lauren Gunderson's "I and You" at the Hampstead Theatre, London.

玛格丽特·康斯坦丝·「麦茜」·威廉姆斯(英语:Margaret Constance "Maisie" Williams,1997年-4月15日)是一名英格兰籍女演员。


Synopsis.

The novel is formally divided into a prologue followed by four parts. The prologue of the book opens with a girl captured and restrained inside a dark room by an unidentified male. To cope with being captured, she mentally replays a past episode when she threw a milk carton filled with gasoline onto another man inside a car and tossed an ignited match onto him.

Part 1 – Irregular Equations.

After finishing the job on the Wennerström affair (described in "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo"), Lisbeth Salander disappeared from Sweden and traveled throughout Europe. The novel opens with her on the shores of the Caribbean in St George's, the capital of Grenada. Salander has become interested in Fermat's Last Theorem and mathematics, an interest that resounds with the opening page of each Part in this novel. From within her room in her hotel she observes on several occasions that her neighbor, Dr Forbes, an American tourist from Texas, physically abuses his wife, in the next room to Salander's. Salander also befriends George Bland, a 16-year-old orphaned student living in a small shack and begins tutoring him in mathematics. Salander finds Bland's company relaxing and enjoyable because Bland does not ask her personal questions, and the two develop a sexual relationship.  Salander uses her connections among the hackers' network to investigate Dr Forbes and learns that he was once accused of mishandling funds in his faith-based foundation. Currently he has no assets, but his wife is the heiress to a fortune worth $40 million.  As a hurricane hits Grenada, concerns for the safety of the residents at the hotel cause the hotel management to begin ushering them into a cellar. Salander remembers Bland, and braves the strong wind and rain to collect him. As the two reach the hotel entrance, Salander sees Dr Forbes on the beach with his wife and realizes that he is attempting to kill her for her inheritance. Salander attacks Forbes with the leg of a chair and abandons him to the elements. Salander, Bland, and Mrs Forbes retreat to the cellar and receive medical care; Dr Forbes is later confirmed as the only fatality of the storm.

Part 2 – From Russia with Love.

Lisbeth Salander returns to Stockholm after more than a year's absence. Immediately before the Wennerström affair became public knowledge, Salander had laundered a sum of three billion kronor (the equivalent of about half a billion $US) into a disguised bank account. With this sum she purchases a new upscale apartment outside Mosebacke Torg and moves out of her old apartment in Lundagatan (). Salander allows her current sex partner, Miriam Wu, to move into her old apartment, for the price of 1 krona and the condition that Wu forward all of Salander's mail. Salander also re-establishes contact with Dragan Armansky, her former boss at Milton Securities, and her former legal guardian Holger Palmgren, who fell victim to a stroke at the beginning of "Dragon Tattoo".  Nils Bjurman, Palmgren's replacement, continues to nurture a growing hatred for his ward after the events of "Dragon Tattoo". His fury has caused him to diminish his practice down to a single client (Salander) and focus his attention on capturing her and destroying the film she made of him raping her. He scrutinizes Salander's medical records, and thus identifies an incident named "All the Evil" as well as a person from her past as his strongest ally.  In the meantime, Mikael Blomkvist, the publisher of "Millennium" magazine, has lost contact with Salander, who has refused even to open his letters. He is therefore surprised, shortly after her return, while he is walking past Salander's apartment in the vain hope of running into her, to see her being attacked by a ponytailed man with a beer gut, a member of the Svavelsjö outlaw motorcycle club. Blomkvist attempts to help, to Salander's astonishment, and their joint efforts enable her to elude her attacker.  "Millennium" is approached by a couple: Dag Svensson, a young journalist, and Mia Johansson, a doctoral student. They have put together a meticulously researched report, ironically titled "From Russia with Love", about sex trafficking in Sweden and the abuse of underage girls by high-ranking figures; this is the subject of Johansson's doctoral thesis and Svensson wants "Millennium" to publish his exposé in book form. Whilst the research is mostly complete, Svensson, Johansson, and the "Millennium" staff are intrigued by recurring mentions of "Zala", a shadowy figure heavily involved in Sweden's sex-trafficking industry. Salander, hacking Mikael Blomkvist's computer, is taken aback by the mention of Zala, and visits Svensson and Johansson to ask questions.

Part 3 – Absurd Equations.

Later the same night, Blomkvist calls on the couple, and finds them both shot dead in their apartment, the killer having apparently left the building only seconds before. Blomkvist notifies Erika Berger, the "Millennium"s editor-in-chief and his lover, of the double murder, and the magazine's management team holds an emergency meeting at which they decide to postpone the publication of Svensson's book and the associated magazine special. They decide to backtrack Svensson's research to ensure the accuracy of the material, and to comb through it for possible murder motives, while Blomkvist is tasked with finishing Svensson's mostly-completed book.  Prosecutor Richard Ekström assembles an investigative team, led by Inspector Jan Bublanski, who selects Sonja Modig for inclusion in the team because of her sensitivity to women's issues. The team identifies Salander's fingerprints on the murder weapon, and her formal record establishes her as a violent, unstable, psychotic young woman with a history of prostitution. Armansky, Blomkvist, and Berger all vouch for Salander's intelligence and moral fiber; neither Blomkvist nor Berger was even aware of her psychiatric history. While investigating Salander's social circle, Modig finds Bjurman shot dead in his apartment with his own revolver, the same weapon used on Svensson and Johansson; Salander remains the prime suspect. In light of this new evidence, Ekström holds a press conference and discloses Salander's name and psychiatric history to the press, describing her as a danger to others and herself.  Blomkvist enlists the help of managing editor Malin Eriksson to investigate the murders, during which investigation Blomkvist realizes that Salander has hacked into his notebook computer. He leaves her notes on his desktop, and her replies point him to "Zala". Blomkvist confronts Gunnar Björck, a policeman on sick leave and one of the high-ranking abusers identified by Dag and Mia, who agrees to disclose information about Zala if Blomkvist leaves him out of "Millennium"<nowiki>'s</nowiki> exposé.  Armansky realises that Milton Security should become involved in the investigation and sends two of his employees, Hedström and Bohman, to aid the formal police investigation. Miriam Wu returns from a Paris trip to find herself taken to the police station, and she confirms Salander's intelligence and moral character. However, Hedström, who carries an old grudge against Salander, leaks Wu's identity to the press, who publish stories about Wu's involvement in a Gay Pride Festival and Salander's prior friendship with a female rock group; both Wu and Salander are sensationalized in the media as members of a "lesbian Satanist gang". The press also publishes information about Salander's past.

Part 4 – Terminator.

Part 4 begins with Salander's wondering why the press's inside source has chosen not to publicize "All the Evil", the events which dominated the gap in her biography, information she knows would swing public opinion even further against her. Blomkvist is approached by Paolo Roberto, a boxing champion and Salander's former coach. Blomkvist asks Roberto to help by finding Miriam Wu, who, released by the police, has been avoiding all contact from the press, including Blomkvist. In the meantime, at Salander's suggestion, Blomkvist focuses on Zala as the key connection among the three murders and the sex trafficking. As the police continue the investigation, Blomkvist's team also notices the three-year gap in Salander's biography. Blomkvist decides to confront Björck and trade his anonymity for information on Zala.  Roberto, staking out Salander's former apartment in the hopes of catching Wu, witnesses her being kidnapped into a van by a paunchy man with a ponytail (Salander's earlier attacker) and a "blond giant". He follows the van to a warehouse south of Nykvarn, where he attempts to rescue Wu by boxing with the giant. He finds his opponent unusually muscular and totally insensitive to pain, and only through applications of massive blunt trauma can he and Wu stun the giant enough to escape. The giant recovers and sets the warehouse on fire to destroy the evidence. However, Roberto is able to direct the police to the site, where they find three buried and dismembered bodies.  Visiting Bjurman's summer cabin, Salander finds a classified Swedish Security Service file written about "All The Evil", and begins to make the connection between Bjurman and Zala, whose real name is Alexander Zalachenko. By coincidence, two members of Svavelsjö MC, Carl-Magnus Lundin (the paunchy ponytailed man) and Sonny Nieminen, have been dispatched to burn the place down. Salander physically incapacitates them, leaving more suspects for Bublanski to find. She returns to her apartment and, having no choice, decides to find Zalachenko and kill him. Salander discovers the blond giant's identity ("Ronald Niedermann") and his connection to a post office box in Göteborg, and she goes there to find him and Zalachenko.  In his apartment, Blomkvist finds Salander's keys, which he had picked up after her escape from Lundin. He manages to find her new, upscale apartment as well as the DVD revealing Bjurman's crime. With information from Björck and Salander's former guardian, Holger Palmgren, Blomkvist is able to piece together the entire story: Zalachenko is a former Soviet defector under secret Swedish protection, whose very existence is kept classified by Säpo; Bjurman and Björck knew about him only because they happened to be the junior officers on duty the day Zalachenko went into a police station and demanded political asylum. Zalachenko, initially a source of vital information on the USSR's intelligence operations to Säpo, began to traffic in sex slaves on the side. He became the partner of a 17-year-old woman who became pregnant with twins, Lisbeth and Camilla. Zalachenko was an itinerant father who physically and emotionally abused his partner when he was home. The cycle of violence culminated in Lisbeth Salander's deliberately setting his car alight with gasoline while her father was in it. This is the event Salander refers to as "All the Evil", since the authorities, instead of listening to her pleas on behalf of her mother, imprisoned Salander and declared her insane.  Salander's mother was left with the first of a series of cerebral hemorrhages which consigned her to nursing homes and ultimately caused her death. Salander realised that the government would never acknowledge Zalachenko's crimes, which would require them to admit his existence. Zalachenko was allowed to walk away, but suffered serious injuries and had to have his foot amputated.  Niedermann had killed Svensson and Johansson on Zalachenko's orders: when Salander visited them, she asked whether Bjurman had ever appeared on their list of high-ranking abusers, and they called him immediately after she left. Bjurman then called Zalachenko in a panic, leading not only to their deaths but to his own, as well.  Blomkvist does not share all of his findings with Bublanski, out of respect for Salander's privacy, but between his testimony, the various character witnesses, and the additional accomplices piling up, the police are forced to admit that their original suspicions of Salander as a psychotic murderer may have been wrong. Milton Security are ejected from the investigation when it becomes clear that Hedström is the inside source who has been leaking sensational details to the press. Armansky is satisfied, as his true goal in aiding the investigation—ensuring Salander is not simply condemned as a murderer out of hand—has been achieved. Finally, Blomkvist finds Niedermann's Göteborg address, and sets off for the farm where Niedermann and Zalachenko await. He has deduced that Salander has entered what Roberto and his boxing friends called "Terminator Mode", where she attacks without restraint to defend her life and those she cares about.  Salander enters the farmhouse and is captured as a result of secret cameras and alarms Zalachenko had installed. Zalachenko tells Salander that Niedermann is her half-brother. When Salander attempts to escape, Zalachenko shoots her in the hip, shoulder, and head, and Niedermann buries her, not realising she is still alive. Battling through immense pain, Salander slowly digs herself out and again attempts to kill Zalachenko with an axe, noting that Zalachenko's use of a Browning.22 firearm is the only reason she survived. On his way to Göteborg, Blomkvist sees Niedermann trying to hitch a ride, captures him at gunpoint, and ties him against a signpost by the road. The book ends as Blomkvist finds Salander and calls emergency services.

Reception.

The English version was published in January 2009 and immediately became a number 1 bestseller. It received generally positive reviews from most of the major UK newspapers. Many reviewers agreed with Joan Smith at "The Sunday Times" that this novel was “even more gripping and astonishing than the first”.  Most of the reviewers concentrated mainly on the character of Lisbeth Salander, with Mark Lawson at the "Guardian" saying that "the huge pleasure of these books is Salander, a fascinating creation with a complete and complex psychology." Boyd Tonkin in "The Independent" said: "the spiky and sassy Lisbeth Salander – punkish wild child, traumatised survivor of the 'care' system, sexual adventurer and computer hacker of genius" was "the most original heroine to emerge in crime fiction for many years". Michiko Kakutani at "The New York Times" wrote that "Salander and Blomkvist, transcend their genre and insinuate themselves in the reader’s mind through their oddball individuality, their professional competence and, surprisingly, their emotional vulnerability."

Cultural notes.

The character of Paolo Roberto is an actual person. He is a former boxer and television chef who has also dabbled in politics. He played himself in the 2009 film adaptation of the book.  In the first part of the book, Salander is exploring "Dimensions in Mathematics" apparently written by L. C. Parnault and published by Harvard University Press in 1999. On February 9, 2009, Harvard University Press announced on their website that this book and the author are purely fictitious.  The mysterious Karl Axel Bodin, in whose house Salander finds Zalachenko and Niedermann, is a historical name. Bodin was born in Karlstad and later moved to Sundsvall. He went to Norway to join the Waffen-SS; at the end of World War II, he was attached to the country's branch of the Gestapo. At the war's end, Bodin and another Swedish volunteer stole a car in an attempted escape to Sweden. The car's owner saw the theft, and soon a gunfight erupted in which the car owner and Bodin's friend were shot. Bodin left his friend behind and crossed the border.

The Girl Who Played with Fire () is the second novel in the best-selling "Millennium" series by Swedish writer Stieg Larsson. It was published posthumously in Swedish in 2006 and in English in January 2009.

《玩火的女孩》(瑞典语:Flickan som lekte med elden、英语:The Girl Who Played with Fire,书名原意同为「玩火的女孩」)是畅销小说千禧年三部曲的第二部,作者是史迪格·拉森,于2006年出版。2009年被改编成瑞典语的同名电影。


卡卢梅特城 (伊利诺伊州)

The Smiley Towers.

A landmark and point of pride among Cal City residents is the pair of large water towers painted like the popular "Have a Nice Day" smiley faces which are located on Ring Road near River Oaks Mall, the other State Street near Interstate 94.

Geography.

Calumet City is located at (41.614188, −87.546389).  According to the 2010 census, Calumet City has a total area of, of which (or 98.3%) is land and (or 1.7%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the 2010 census, there were 37,042 people living in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 20.4% White, 71.9% African American, 1.2% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 8.1% from other races, with 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 15.0% of the population, including 13.4% of Mexican descent.  There were 13,978 households (and 9,052 families), out of which 32.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.8% were husband-wife families, 27.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.2% were non-families. 38.8% Of all households had individuals under 18 years and 25.9% housed someone 65 years of age or older. 12.6% were people over 65 years of age living alone. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.35.  In the city, the age distribution of the population was 28.2% under the age of 18, 60.1% from 18-65 and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.2 males.  According to the 2015 American Community Survey The median income for a household in the city was $38,557, and the median income for a family was $49,086. Full-time, year-round male workers had a median income of $43,494 versus $39,573 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,483. About 19.2% of families and 22.2% of the population were below the poverty line in the past 12 months, including 33.9% of those under age 18 and 13.9% of those age 65 or over. 51.9% were employed, and 12.9% were unemployed.

Government.

Calumet City has a Mayor-Council type government.  The City has 7 Wards.  Calumet City is in Illinois' 2nd congressional district.

In popular culture.

Calumet City is featured or mentioned in a number of major movies. John Belushi's "Joliet Jake" and Dan Aykroyd's "Elwood" characters from "The Blues Brothers" were born in Calumet City, and so is the orphanage they grew up in which they save "on a mission from God" by paying $5,000 in property taxes from a $10,000 record deal at their concert, as well as "Ray's Music Exchange" that holds the famed Ray Charles "Shake Your Tail-Feather" scene of the movie. In the book and film "The Silence of the Lambs", Buffalo Bill is thought to be hiding in Calumet City, when he is actually in Belvedere, Ohio. The Calumet City scenes in the film were filmed in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, however. Lily Tomlin's prim but assertive housewife/spokesperson "Mrs. Judith Beasley" is said to be a resident of Calumet City. She said, "Hi. I am not an actress, but a real person like yourself."  Calumet City is also referenced by a number of popular music acts. The Black Crowes included a video of the Smiley Towers in their 1990 video for "Hard to Handle". A photograph of the "Dolton" smiley water tower is featured on the back of the Dead Kennedys album "Plastic Surgery Disasters". Rapper Twista has referenced Calumet City. Kanye West's reference to Calumet in his 2005 song "Drive Slow" does not refer to Calumet City, but rather to Calumet High School, which was located in the South Side of Chicago and not in Calumet City.  The Smiley Tower is also featured in the movie "Natural Born Killers"; it is seen out the window of Mallory's family home (part of that movie was filmed in Hammond, Indiana). In the Nine Inch Nails music video on the director's cut of the same film, the Smiley Tower and Dolton Avenue/State Street is featured.  The founders of the Calumet Baking Powder Company adopted its brand name from the original Native American word for the land that became Calumet City. They later named one of thoroughbred horse racing's most famed and successful enterprises, Calumet Farm, after the company.  In 2004, Alan Keyes purchased a raised ranch house in Calumet City to establish residency in Illinois so he could run for the U.S. Senate in place of Jack Ryan against Barack Obama, although instead of residing in the house, he officially moved into an apartment elsewhere in town, on Garfield Avenue.  In 2010, pop music group Hanson remade the "Shake Your Tailfeather" scene from "The Blues Brothers" for the music video for their hit "Thinkin' 'Bout Somethin'" in Tulsa, Oklahoma, paying homage to Calumet City's Ray's Music Exchange, John Belushi, and Ray Charles.  Jean Shepherd (writer and narrator of the classic movie "A Christmas Story") in radio broadcasts from WOR radio, New York in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s and in his PBS specials of the 1970s and 1980s, and his many books, often refers to it as Cal City or just Calumet. He grew up next door in Hammond, Indiana.

Education.

Calumet City is served by several elementary school districts:  The city is served by two high school districts:

Calumet City ( ) is a city in Cook County, Illinois, United States and a south suburb of Chicago. The population was 37,042 at the 2010 census, a decline of 5.2% from 2000. The ZIP code is 60409.

卡卢梅特城(英语:Calumet City)是一个位于美国伊利诺伊州库克县的城市。


Early life and education.

Gyllenhaal was born in New York City, the daughter of doctors Ruth ("née" Silbowitz; 1920–1968) and Samuel Achs (1919–2014). Her parents were both of Jewish ancestry. Her aunt was Freda (Silbowitz) Hertz (1915–2013), a lawyer. She was raised in a family of "high-achieving New York Jews." Her grandparents immigrated from Eastern Europe (Latvia and Poland).  She attended Barnard College in New York City, graduating with a BA degree in English. She later earned an MA degree in Developmental Psychology from Columbia University.

Career.

She has written the screenplays for several feature films, including "Running on Empty" (for which she received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay and won a Golden Globe Award for the same category), "Losing Isaiah", and most recently "Bee Season." She was the Naomi referenced in the line "...what about Naomi?" at the end of each "Love of Chair" segment of "The Electric Company", where she was an associate producer for two seasons.  In 2013, she made her directorial debut with "Very Good Girls", starring Dakota Fanning and Elizabeth Olsen, which premiered at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival before attaining online and theatrical distribution in the U.S. with Tribeca Film. She collaborated on a script for an American-Chinese co-production titled "Moon Flower of Flying Tigers", which was to be co-produced by Ann An and Paula Wagner and based upon the book by Gao Demin.

Personal life.

Naomi Gyllenhaal's first husband was Eric Foner, a historian and Columbia University professor, whom she married in 1965 and divorced in 1977. Her second husband was film director Stephen Gyllenhaal, whom she married in 1977 and from whom she was divorced in 2009. They have collaborated professionally and have two children together, actors Maggie and Jake Gyllenhaal.

Naomi Foner Gyllenhaal (née Achs; born March 15, 1946) is an American screenwriter, director, and former wife of Stephen Gyllenhaal. She is the mother of actors Maggie and Jake Gyllenhaal.

娜欧蜜·芳纳·吉伦荷(Naomi Foner Gyllenhaal,本名Naomi Achs,1946年-3月15日),是一位出生于美国纽约市的犹太裔编剧。


GPL version 3.

SFLC represented and advised the Free Software Foundation, one of its principal clients, throughout the process of drafting and public discussion of version 3 of the GNU General Public License (GPLv3) during 2005–2007. Along with FSF president Richard M. Stallman, SFLC director Eben Moglen and then-SFLC counsel Richard Fontana were principal authors of GPLv3, LGPLv3, and the GNU Affero General Public License.

BusyBox litigation.

During 2007 and 2008, SFLC filed a series of copyright infringement lawsuits against various defendants, on behalf of Erik Andersen and Rob Landley, the principal developers of BusyBox. These lawsuits claimed violations of version 2 of the GNU General Public License (GPLv2).  On September 20, 2007, SFLC filed a lawsuit against Monsoon Multimedia, Inc. alleging that Monsoon had violated GPLv2 by including BusyBox code in their Monsoon Multimedia HAVA line of products without releasing BusyBox source code. This is believed to be the first U.S. court case in which the complaint concerned a GPL violation. On October 30, 2007, an SFLC press release announced that the lawsuit had been settled with Monsoon agreeing to comply with the GPL and pay a sum of money to the plaintiffs.  On November 20, 2007, SFLC filed a lawsuit against Xterasys Corporation and High-Gain Antennas, LLC. On December 17, 2007, SFLC announced a settlement with Xterasys; the company agreed to stop product shipments until it published complete source code for the GPL code and to pay an undisclosed sum to the plaintiffs. The suit against High-Gain Antennas was settled on March 6, 2008, with the company agreeing to comply with GPL and paying an undisclosed sum to the plaintiffs.  On December 7, 2007 SFLC filed a lawsuit against Verizon Communications, Inc. alleging that Verizon had violated GPLv2 by distributing BusyBox in the Actiontec MI424WR MoCA wireless routers bundled with the FiOS fiber optic bandwidth service, without providing corresponding source code. A settlement announced on March 17, 2008, included an agreement to comply with the GPL and an undisclosed sum paid to the plaintiffs.  On June 10, 2008, SFLC announced the filing of lawsuits against Bell Microproducts, Inc. and Super Micro Computer, Inc.  On December 14, 2009, SFLC announced the filing of a lawsuit on behalf of its clients, Software Freedom Conservancy and Erik Andersen, against 14 companies, including Best Buy, Samsung, and Westinghouse alleging these companies had violated GPLv2 by distributing BusyBox in some of their products without releasing BusyBox source code. For instance, Samsung released its LN52A650 TV firmware in 2010, which was used later as the base for the community SamyGO project.  By 21 September 2013, all of the defendant companies had agreed on settlement terms with the plaintiffs, except for Westinghouse, against whom default judgment was entered.

Cisco lawsuit.

On December 11, 2008, SFLC announced the filing of a lawsuit on behalf of its client, the Free Software Foundation, against Cisco Systems, Inc. This lawsuit was the first suit ever initiated by the Free Software Foundation. On May 20, 2009, the parties announced a settlement.

Staff.

, SFLC's staff included:

Directors.

, SFLC's directors were:

The Software Freedom Law Center (SFLC) is an organization that provides "pro bono" legal representation and related services to not-for-profit developers of free software/open source software. It was launched in February 2005 with Eben Moglen as chairman. Initial funding of US$4 million was pledged by Open Source Development Labs.

软件自由法律中心(英语:Software Freedom Law Center,英语:SFLC)是一个为自由软件和开源软件提供无偿法律代理和相关法律支持的公益性组织。由哥伦比亚大学法学教授伊本·莫格林于2005年2月筹建,其四百万美元的启动资金由开放源代码实验室质押。


Background.

Teams.

St. Louis Rams.

After the Rams’ 1999 season that had culminated in a gripping victory over the Tennessee Titans in Super Bowl XXXIV, their offense again dominated the league in 2000, leading the NFL in passing, scoring, and total yards. However, the Rams had one of the worst defenses in the league, ranking last in points allowed (471). This, along with injury problems and a coaching change from championship-winning coach Dick Vermeil – who resigned just 48 hours after the game – to his offensive coordinator Mike Martz, caused the Rams to slip to a 10–6 record in 2000. The season ended with a disappointing

New England Patriots.

The Patriots' chances for a Super Bowl appearance seemed bleak shortly after the season had begun. Before the season even started, quarterbacks coach Dick Rehbein died of a heart attack at the age of 45. The Patriots, coached by Bill Belichick, lost their first two games, and moreover, in their second loss at home to the New York Jets, starting quarterback Drew Bledsoe suffered a sheared blood vessel on a hit by Jets linebacker Mo Lewis that caused him to miss several weeks. His replacement was second-year quarterback Tom Brady, a sixth-round draft pick who had thrown only 3 passes in 2000. Also, midway through the season, wide receiver Terry Glenn, the team's leading receiver in 2000, was benched due to off-the-field problems. He had been suspended for the first four games for failing a drug test and after serving it he played in just four more before injuries and disputes with the coaching staff caused Belichick to deactivate him for good. Upon assuming the role of starting quarterback, Brady enjoyed immediate success in the regular season, leading New England to a 44–13 win over the Indianapolis Colts in his first start and eventually to an 11–5 record. He completed 63.9 percent of his passes for 2,843 yards and 18 touchdowns with 12 interceptions and was selected to the Pro Bowl. Veteran Pro Bowl wide receiver Troy Brown was the main receiving threat, recording 101 receptions for 1,199 yards and 5 touchdowns, while also adding another 413 yards and 2 touchdowns returning punts. His 14.2 yards per punt return average led the NFL. Wide

Playoffs.

The Rams began their postseason run with a 45–17 win over the Green Bay Packers in the NFC divisional round. Expected to be a close shootout between Warner and Packers quarterback Brett Favre, the Rams defense dominated the Packers by intercepting a playoff record 6 passes from Favre and returning 3 of them for touchdowns. The Rams offense also racked up 24 points on 2 touchdown passes by Warner, a touchdown run by Faulk, and a field goal by Jeff Wilkins, helping St. Louis put the game away by the end of the third quarter.  One week later, the

Effect of the September 11, 2001 attacks.

New Orleans had been preparing for Super Bowl XXXVI ever since the city was awarded the game on October 28, 1998 during the NFL's meetings in Kansas City, Missouri, beating out San Diego as host city. However, the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks led the league to postpone its September 16 games and play them a week after the scheduled conclusion of the regular season. This caused the playoffs and Super Bowl to be delayed by one week. Rescheduling Super Bowl XXXVI from January 27

Venue.

This was the final Super Bowl played on the first-generation AstroTurf surface. From 2000 to 2005, NFL stadiums phased out the short-pile AstroTurf in favor of natural grass or other, newer artificial surfaces which closely simulate grass, like FieldTurf.  Prior to Super Bowl XXXVI, Superdome officials considered installing natural

Pregame notes.

The Rams entered as 14-point favorites. This was partly because Rams quarterback Kurt Warner statistically had his best year of his career, with a quarterback rating of 101.4, a 68.7 percent completion rate, and threw for 4,830 yards. Many had believed that the Patriots' Cinderella

Broadcasting.

The game was broadcast in the United States by Fox; the telecast was presented in a 480p enhanced-definition format marketed as "Fox Widescreen". While promoted as having higher quality than standard-definition, and being the first widescreen sports telecast on U.S. television to use a singular telecast for all viewers (rather than using a separate production exclusive to the widescreen feed), it was not true high definition, but still matched the aspect ratio of HDTV sets.  The game was called by play-by-play announcer Pat Summerall and color commentator John Madden. Pam Oliver and Ron Pitts served as sideline reporters. This was Summerall's 26th and final Super Bowl broadcast on television or radio. It was also the eighth and final Super Bowl telecast (and final NFL telecast of any kind) for the Summerall and Madden announcing team. The two had become the NFL's most famous broadcast duo since they were paired together in 1981 on CBS. After this game, Summerall retired from broadcasting and Madden moved to ABC. As a result, Madden was the first person to announce Super Bowls on different networks in consecutive years when he called Super Bowl XXXVII on ABC with Al Michaels.  James Brown hosted all the events with help from his fellow "Fox NFL Sunday" cast members Terry Bradshaw, Howie Long, and Cris Collinsworth. Jillian Barberie served as the weather and entertainment reporter during the pre-game show.

Commercials.

Memorable television commercials that aired during the game included Sony Pictures' trailer for "Spider-Man", Budweiser's "Picking a Card", and Super Bowl Ad Meter commercial of the year winners Bud Light

Entertainment.

Pregame.

Before the game, an ensemble of singers featured Barry Manilow, Yolanda Adams, James Ingram, Wynonna Judd, and Patti LaBelle performing Manilow's song "Let Freedom Ring."  In a video segment, past and present NFL players read excerpts from the Declaration of Independence, which has become a part of all subsequent Super Bowls carried by Fox Sports. Super Bowls XXXIX, XLII, and XLV used different active and former players (and a player's widow) reading the Declaration for each version. Former U.S. presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton appeared in another videotaped segment and

Patriots entrance into the Superdome.

As was customary at the time, the Rams' individual offensive starters were introduced first, as the Rams were considered the visitors. However, when it came time to introduce the Patriots' starters, Pat Summerall, making the public address announcement, revealed that the Patriots chose "to be introduced as a team." According to David Halberstam's book, "The Education of a Coach", Belichick

Halftime.

The halftime show featured a three-song set from Irish rock band U2, who had just completed their successful Elevation Tour. After a rendition of "Beautiful Day", the band played "MLK" and "Where the Streets Have No Name" as the names of the victims from the September 11 attacks were projected onto a sheet behind the stage. While singing "Where the Streets Have No Name", the group's lead singer Bono replaced the lyrics "take shelter from the poison rain" with "dance in the Louisiana rain", "high on a desert plain" with "where there's no sorrow or pain", and the

Game summary.

First quarter.

The Rams scored first midway through the first quarter, with quarterback Kurt Warner completing 6-of-7 passes for 43 yards on a 48-yard, 10-play drive to set up a 50-yard field goal by kicker Jeff Wilkins. At

Second quarter.

Early in the second quarter, the Rams drove to New England's 34-yard line, but Warner threw an incompletion on third down, and Wilkins' subsequent 52-yard field goal attempt sailed wide left.  With 8:49 left in the second quarter, a blitz by linebacker Mike Vrabel led Warner to be intercepted by Patriots defensive back Ty Law on a pass that was intended for wide receiver Isaac Bruce, Law then scored on a 47-yard return to give the

Third quarter.

The Patriots received the opening kickoff of the second half, but could only reach the St. Louis 43-yard line before being forced to punt. Aided by a 20-yard reception by wide receiver Az-Zahir Hakim, a 22-yard reception by Bruce, and a defensive pass interference penalty on Patriots defensive back Otis Smith, the Rams advanced to the New England 41-yard line. However, on

Fourth quarter.

The Rams responded by driving to the Patriots' 3-yard line on their ensuing drive. On fourth-and-goal, the Rams attempted to score a touchdown. Warner went back to pass and finding no one open scrambled to his right trying to run the ball in for a touchdown. Warner fumbled the ball while being tackled by linebacker Roman Phifer, which was recovered by defensive back Tebucky Jones who returned it 97 yards for a touchdown that would have increased the Patriots lead to 23–3. However, the play was nullified by a holding penalty on linebacker Willie McGinest, who illegally hugged Rams running back Marshall Faulk and prevented him from becoming an eligible receiver. This gave the Rams a first down on the 1-yard line. On second down, Warner scored on a 2-yard touchdown run to cut the Patriots' lead to 17–10.  After Warner's touchdown, the Rams defense forced the Patriots to a three-and-out. St. Louis then drove from own 7-yard line to the New England 36-yard line, aided by a 30-yard reception by Proehl. However, McGinest sacked Warner for a 16-yard loss on second down, pushing the Rams back to their 46-yard line. St. Louis punted after Warner's third down pass

Statistical overview.

Warner finished the game with 28 completions out of 44 passes for 365 yards, 1 touchdown, and 2 interceptions, and rushed 3 times for 6 yards and a touchdown. Warner's 365 passing yards were the second highest total in Super Bowl history behind his own record of 414 yards set in Super Bowl XXXIV. Hakim was the top receiver of the game with 5 catches for 90 yards, and also

Final statistics.

Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXXVI, Super Bowl XXXVI Play Finder NE, Super Bowl XXXVI Play Finder StL

Individual statistics.

Completions/attempts Carries Long

Records set.

The following records were set in Super Bowl XXXVI, according to the

Starting lineups.

Aftermath.

Patriots.

Four hours after the game ended, Tom Brady visited Bill Belichick's hotel room where, as per team rules, he had to get his coach's permission to miss the team flight and instead travel to Walt Disney World in Orlando. Belichick gave him a perplexed look, and after a few seconds of dead silence, responded, "Of course you can go. How many times do you win the Super Bowl?"  The game heralded the Patriots dynasty, being the first of nine Super Bowl appearances under the duo of head coach Belichick and quarterback Brady. The Patriots finished the 2002 NFL season 9–7, missing the playoffs. But they went on to win Super Bowl XXXVIII, Super Bowl XXXIX, thus winning three Super Bowls in four years. Then, they won their fourth, fifth, and sixth Super Bowls (Super Bowl XLIX, Super Bowl LI, and Super Bowl LIII) a decade after their third. Brady also won three more Super Bowl MVP awards in Super Bowl XXXVIII, Super Bowl XLIX, and Super Bowl LI, making him the only player to be named Super Bowl MVP four times. Super Bowl XXXVI later became part of the wider 2007 New England Patriots videotaping controversy, also known as "Spygate". In addition to other videotaping allegations, the "Boston Herald" reported, citing an unnamed source, that the Patriots had also taped the Rams' walkthrough practice prior to the game. After further investigations, the league determined that no tape of the Rams' Super Bowl walkthrough was

Rams.

Beginning with the Rams' appearance in Super Bowl XXXVI, 10 different NFC teams appeared in the Super Bowl over the next 10 years. This trend was broken when the New York Giants earned a trip to Super Bowl XLVI after participating in Super Bowl XLII four years earlier (the Giants defeated the Patriots in both games).  This game was regarded as a "Super Bowl hangover" for the Rams because they lost a Super Bowl where they were heavy favorites, with a win potentially ushering in a Rams dynasty, but instead the loss signaled the beginning of the end of The Greatest Show on Turf era. Due to injuries to Kurt Warner and Marshall Faulk, the Rams finished

Super Bowl LIII rematch.

The Patriots and the now Los Angeles Rams rematched 17 years later in Super Bowl LIII (2019); again featuring the head coach-quarterback tandem of Bill Belichick and Tom Brady who, in addition to Dante Scarnecchia,

Super Bowl XXXVI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion St. Louis Rams and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2001 season. The Patriots defeated the Rams by the score of 20–17. It was New England's first Super Bowl championship, and the franchise's first league championship of any kind. The game was also notable for snapping the AFC East's long streak of not being able to win a Super Bowl championship, as the division's teams had lost eight Super Bowls in total (prior to the Patriots victory in XXXVI). It would be the last time the Rams reached a Super Bowl during their time in St. Louis; the team would return to Super Bowl LIII in 2019 as the Los Angeles Rams 17 years later, where they would again face the Patriots, only to lose 13–3.

第三十六届超级碗(英语:Super Bowl XXXVI)是美国国家橄榄球联盟2001赛季的总决赛,由美联冠军新英格兰爱国者队对阵国联冠军圣路易斯公羊队。比赛于2002年2月3日在新奥尔良的路易斯安娜超级巨蛋举行。


Definition.

Given a set of basis vectors formula_1 for the underlying vector space of the algebra, the structure constants or structure coefficients formula_2 express the multiplication formula_3 of pairs of vectors as a linear combination:  The upper and lower indices are frequently not distinguished, unless the algebra is endowed with some other structure that would require this (for example, a pseudo-Riemannian metric, on the algebra of the indefinite orthogonal group so("p","q")). That is, structure constants are often written with all-upper, or all-lower indexes. The distinction between upper and lower is then a convention, reminding the reader that lower indices behave like the components of a dual vector, i.e. are covariant under a change of basis, while upper indices are contravariant.

Example: Lie algebras.

For a Lie algebra, the basis vectors are termed the generators of the algebra, and the product is given by the Lie bracket. That is, the algebra product formula_3 is "defined" to be the Lie bracket: for two vectors formula_6 and formula_7 in the algebra, the product is formula_8 In particular, the algebra product formula_3 "must not" be confused with a matrix product, and thus sometimes requires an alternate notation.  There is no particular need to distinguish the upper and lower indices in this case; they can be written all up or all down. In physics, it is common to use the notation formula_10 for the generators, and formula_11 or formula_12 (ignoring the upper-lower distinction) for the structure constants. The Lie bracket of pairs of generators is a linear combination of generators from the set, i.e.  By linear extension, the structure constants completely determine the Lie brackets of "all" elements of the Lie algebra.  All Lie algebras satisfy the Jacobi identity. For the basis vectors, it can be written as and this leads directly to a corresponding identity in terms of the structure constants:  The above, and the remainder of this article, make use of the Einstein summation convention for repeated indexes.  The structure constants play a role in Lie algebra representations, and in fact, give exactly the matrix elements of the adjoint representation. The Killing form and the Casimir invariant also have a particularly simple form, when written in terms of the structure constants.  The structure constants often make an appearance in the approximation to the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula for the product of two elements of a Lie group. For small elements formula_16 of the Lie algebra, the structure of the Lie group near the identity element is given by formula_17. Note the factor of 1/2.

Lie algebra examples.

su(2) and so(3).

The algebra su(2) of the special unitary group SU(2) is three-dimensional, with generators given by the Pauli matrices formula_18. The generators of the group SU(2) satisfy the commutation relations (where formula_19 is the Levi-Civita symbol):  where  In this case, the structure constants are formula_21. Note that the constant "2i" can be absorbed into the definition of the basis vectors; thus, defining formula_22, one can equally well write  Doing so emphasizes that the Lie algebra su(2) of the Lie group SU(2) is isomorphic to the Lie algebra so(3) of SO(3). This brings the structure constants into line with those of the rotation group SO(3). That is, the commutator for the angular momentum operators are then commonly written as  where are written so as to obey the right hand rule for rotations in 3-dimensional space.  The difference of the factor of "2i" between these two sets of structure constants can be infuriating, as it involves some subtlety. Thus, for example, the two-dimensional complex vector space can be given a real structure. This leads to two inequivalent two-dimensional fundamental representations of su(2), which are isomorphic, but are complex conjugate representations; both, however, are considered to be real representations, precisely because they act on a space with a real structure. In the case of three dimensions, there is only one three-dimensional representation, the adjoint representation, which is a real representation; more precisely, it is the same as its dual representation, shown above. That is, one has that the transpose is minus itself: formula_25  In any case, the Lie groups are considered to be real, precisely because it is possible to write the structure constants so that they are purely real.

su(3).

A less trivial example is given by SU(3):  Its generators, "T", in the defining representation, are: where formula_27, the Gell-Mann matrices, are the SU(3) analog of the Pauli matrices for SU(2):  These obey the relations The structure constants are totally antisymmetric. They are given by: and all other formula_12 not related to these by permuting indices are zero.  The "d" take the values:

Examples from other algebras.

Hall polynomials.

The Hall polynomials are the structure constants of the Hall algebra.

Hopf algebras.

In addition to the product, the coproduct and the antipode of a Hopf algebra can be expressed in terms of structure constants. The connecting axiom, which defines a consistency condition on the Hopf algebra, can be expressed as a relation between these various structure constants.

In mathematics, the structure constants or structure coefficients of an algebra over a field are used to explicitly specify the product of two basis vectors in the algebra as a linear combination. Given the structure constants, the resulting product is bilinear and can be uniquely extended to all vectors in the vector space, thus uniquely determining the product for the algebra.

群论中的结构常数是定义在李群上的一组常数。它们决定了该李群的李代数的元素之间的李括号(对易关系)。反过来,给定一组满足某些性质的常数,就一定存在以它们为结构常数的局部李群。