History.

The FUSE system was originally part of "AVFS" ("A Virtual Filesystem"), a filesystem implementation heavily influenced by the translator concept of the GNU Hurd. It superseded Linux Userland Filesystem, and provided a translational interface using in libfuse1.  FUSE was originally released under the terms of the GNU General Public License and the GNU Lesser General Public License, later also reimplemented as part of the FreeBSD base system and released under the terms of Simplified BSD license. An ISC-licensed re-implementation by Sylvestre Gallon was released in March 2013, and incorporated into OpenBSD in June 2013.  FUSE was merged into the mainstream Linux kernel tree in kernel version 2.6.14.  The userspace side of FUSE, the library, generally followed the pace of Linux kernel development while maintaining "best effort" compatibility with BSD descendants. This is possible because the kernel FUSE reports its own "feature levels", or versions. The exception is the FUSE fork for macOS, OSXFUSE, which has too many exceptions for sharing a library. A break in libfuse history is libfuse3, which includes some incompatible improvements in the interface and performance, compared to the older libfuse2 now under maintenance mode.

Operation and usage.

To implement a new file system, a handler program linked to the supplied codice_1 library needs to be written. The main purpose of this program is to specify how the file system is to respond to read/write/stat requests. The program is also used to mount the new file system. At the time the file system is mounted, the handler is registered with the kernel. If a user now issues read/write/stat requests for this newly mounted file system, the kernel forwards these IO-requests to the handler and then sends the handler's response back to the user.  FUSE is particularly useful for writing virtual file systems. Unlike traditional file systems that essentially work with data on mass storage, virtual filesystems don't actually store data themselves. They act as a view or translation of an existing file system or storage device.  In principle, any resource available to a FUSE implementation can be exported as a file system.

Applications.

On-disk file systems.

Conventional on-disk file systems can be implemented in user space with FUSE, e.g. for compatibility or licensing reasons.

Layering file systems.

FUSE filesystems can create a view of an underlying file system, transforming the files in some way.

Archive and backup file systems.

FUSE filesystems can expose the contents of archives or backup sets without having to first extract them.

Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE) is a software interface for Unix and Unix-like computer operating systems that lets non-privileged users create their own file systems without editing kernel code. This is achieved by running file system code in user space while the FUSE module provides only a "bridge" to the actual kernel interfaces.

用户空间文件系统(Filesystem in Userspace,简称FUSE)是一个面向类Unix计算机操作系统的软件接口,它使无特权的用户能够无需编辑内核代码而创建自己的文件系统。目前Linux通过内核模块对此进行支持。一些文件系统如ZFS、glusterfs和lustre使用FUSE实现。


Name.

Most accounts name the ship after her builder, Argus. Cicero suggested that it was named after the "Argives", a term for the Greek people commonly used by Homer. Diodorus Siculus reported that some thought the name was derived from an ancient Greek word for "swift".  The adjective, occasionally found, is "Argoan", from Greek "Ἀργῶος" through Latin "Argōus".

Legend.

"Argo" was constructed by the shipwright Argus, and its crew were specially protected by the goddess Hera. The best source for the myth is the "Argonautica" by Apollonius Rhodius. According to a variety of sources of the legend, "Argo" was said to have been planned or constructed with the help of Athena. According to certain sources, "Argo" was the first ship to sail the seas. It was Athena who taught Tiphys to attach the sails to the mast, as he was the steersman and would need an absolute knowledge of the workings of the ship. According to other legends, she contained in her prow a magical piece of timber from the sacred forest of Dodona, which could speak and render prophecies.  After her successful journey, "Argo" was consecrated to Poseidon in the Isthmus of Corinth. She was then translated into the sky and turned into the constellation Argo Navis.  A beam fell from the top of the ship and killed Jason sleeping on the ground.  Several authors of antiquity (Apollonius Rhodius, Pliny, Philostephanus) discussed the hypothetical shape of the ship. Generally she was imagined like a Greek warship, a galley, and authors hypothesized that she was the first ship of this type that had gone out on a high-sea voyage.

In Greek mythology, Argo (; in Greek: ) was the ship on which Jason and the Argonauts sailed from Iolcos to Colchis to retrieve the Golden Fleece.

阿尔戈号(Argo),希腊神话中的一条船,由伊阿宋等希腊英雄在雅典娜帮助下建成。众英雄乘此船取得金羊毛。此后该船作为进献雅典娜的祭品被焚毁。南船座由此而来。


VideoCipher Division.

General Instrument produced receivers for old C and Ku band satellites. They also produced Videocipher units as well as digital equipment. 4DTV was a system for picking up free and encrypted analog and digital satellite subscription channels. It also included an interactive guide. The product line included:

American Totalisator Corporation/AmTote.

American Totalisator was a division of General Instrument Corp. It manufactured tote boards for the horse racing industry. It is now owned by horse-track operator Magna Entertainment Corporation.

Underseas Lab (Harris ASW).

Underseas Lab, a division of General Instrument Corp., located in Westwood, Massachusetts. It invented and manufactured multibeam sonars used in ocean floor mapping. It was acquired by Channel Technologies and is now owned by L-3 Communications.

Jerrold.

Jerrold was GI's original cable TV brand, active from 1948 into the early 1990s. Around 1993, GI dropped the Jerrold name from their product lines. The Jerrold brand was prominent on both addressable and non-addressable cable TV converter boxes that were used on non-cable ready sets and cable-ready sets with premium pay services. "Jerrold" is the middle name of the company's founder, Milton Jerrold Shapp, who became Pennsylvania's 40th governor in 1971. Shapp's given name was Milton Shapiro.

GI Microelectronics.

GI Microelectronics was a manufacturer of LSI circuits and a pioneer in MOS technology and Electrically Alterable ROM (EAROM), with both off-the-shelf and custom circuits. GI spun the division off as Microchip Technology in 1987.  In 1980, their product catalog included:  Other products included the famous AY-3-8910/11/12/14 series of sound chips, the AY-3-85xx, 86xx, 87xx series of game chips and a single-chip speech synthesizer, the SP0256 Narrator. A version of the SP0256 appeared in Mattel's Intellivoice. The popular SP0256-AL2 variant came with a set of allophones built in.  In 1965, Frank Wanlass moved to General Instrument Microelectronics Division in New York. Wanlass and other GI engineers promoted four-phase logic throughout the industry. J. L. Seely, manager of MOS Operations at General Instrument Microelectronics Division, also wrote about four-phase logic in late 1967.

General Instrument (GI) was an American electronics manufacturer based in Horsham, Pennsylvania, specializing in semiconductors and cable television equipment. The company was active until 1997, when it split into General Semiconductor (power semiconductors, which was later acquired by Vishay Intertechnology in November 2001), CommScope and NextLevel Systems.

通用仪器(General Instrument Inc.) 是一家电子产品制造商,1939年成立于美国宾夕法尼亚州,专业从事半导体之设计及制造。产品包括:二极管(diodes)、晶体管(transistors)、逻辑集成电路(logic ICs)等。


Early life and education.

Howard D. Schultz was born on July 19, 1953, to a Fred and Elain Schultz, a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York. Fred Schultz was a truck driver. Howard has two siblings. Schultz grew up in the Canarsie public housing projects. According to Schultz, his family was poor.  Schultz graduated from Canarsie High School in 1971. He attended Northern Michigan University (NMU) from 1971 to 1975, graduating with a B.A. in communications.

Career.

Early career.

After graduating Schultz stayed in Michigan and worked at a ski lodge for a year. He then took up a job in New York City as a salesman for Xerox, and was recruited by Swedish kitchenware manufacturer PAI Partners in 1979 to be general manager of its U.S. subsidiary, Hammarplast. At Hammarplast, Schultz was responsible for the coffee machine manufacturer's U.S. operations, and in 1981 he visited the Starbucks Coffee Company in Seattle, Washington to fill their plastic cone filter orders.

Starbucks.

In 1982, at age 29, Schultz was hired at Starbucks as the director of retail operations and marketing. Schultz was exposed to Coffee in Italy on a buying trip to Milan, Italy in 1983. On his return, he worked to persuade company owners Jerry Baldwin and Gordon Bowker to offer traditional espresso beverages in addition to the whole bean coffee, leaf teas and spices. After a successful pilot of the cafe concept, Baldwin and Bowker were intrigued but, noting the high cost of espresso machines, the relative paucity of expertise for maintenance and repair of the machines in America, and Americans' lack of familiarity with the drink, they decided not to deploy Schultz's idea further and he stepped down from Starbucks to start his own business. Schultz left Starbucks in 1985 to open a store of his own. He needed $400,000 to start his business. Schultz visited over 500 espresso bars in Milan and, with him assuming most of the risk associated with introducing espresso to the American market, Starbucks invested $150,000 in the new venture, with Baldwin receiving a place on its board and Bowker offering unofficial assistance. Another $100,000 investment from local doctor Ron Margolis. Of the 242 investors Schultz approached, 217 rejected his idea. By 1986, he had raised the money he needed to open the first store, Il Giornale, named after the Milanese newspaper of the same name. The store offered ice cream in addition to coffee, had little seating, and played opera music in the background. Two years later, the original Starbucks management team decided to focus on Peet's Coffee & Tea and sold its Starbucks retail unit to Schultz and Il Giornale for US$3.8 million.  Schultz rebranded Il Giornale with the Starbucks name, and expanded its reach across the United States. This type of market strategy received mix reception from both customers and competitors. The firm's relations with independent coffeehouse chains were strained, while some owners credited Starbucks with educating customers on coffee. Schultz did not believe in franchising, and made a point of having Starbucks retain ownership of every domestic outlet. Schultz's positioning of Starbucks as a social hub is widely seen as introducing the second wave of coffee culture in the U.S., particularly in Seattle. On June 26, 1992, Starbucks had its initial public offering (IPO) and trading of its common stock under the stock ticker SBUX. The IPO raised $271 million for the company and financed the doubling of their stores. On June 1, 2000, Schultz stepped down as CEO of Starbucks, moving to the new position of chief global strategist to help the company expand internationally. He was succeeded by Orin Smith, who worked with Schultz as his chief financial officer during the 1990s. After coordinating the first store opening in China in January 1999, Schultz took the following year to develop a customer base for coffee in the region. Throughout the late-2000s and early-2010s, Schultz directed the company to plan one to two store openings a day in mainland China. Back in the firm's U.S. market, various coffee wars with McDonalds and Dunkin' left lowered Starbucks' marketshare and the stock price fell 75% from 2006 to 2008. While revenue was growing broadly, it was largely dependent on new store openings creating unsustainable (or inorganic) growth.  On January 7, 2008, after an eight-year hiatus, Schultz returned as CEO of Starbucks during the height of the 2008 financial crisis. He succeeded Jim Donald who took over from Smith in 2005. The coffeehouse was increasingly criticized for employee work conditions and their internal tipping policies during this time; in March 2009 he and the board approved a $100 million settlement in back tips in a barista-led class action lawsuit in California. He led a mass-firing of executives, closed down hundreds of stores, and temporarily closed all U.S. locations to retrain employees in making espresso. Schultz redoubled and enforced the firm's fair trade and ethical source policies for their coffee bean supply-chain in Africa and other coffee-producing countries. In the succeeding two years he doubled their annual purchase of fair trade coffee, up to, by some estimates, 40 million pounds. Schultz arranged the appointment of the coffeehouse's first chief technology officer. At this time, Schultz was earning a total compensation of $9.7 million, which included a base salary of $1.2 million, and stock options granted of $7.8 million. In addition to his board membership with Starbucks Schultz was an early and significant stakeholder in Jamba Juice in 2011, and on the board of payment processing company, Square, Inc. until 2014. During the summer of 2014, Schultz launched the Starbucks College Achievement Plan, a partnership with Arizona State University, which allows all employees at Starbucks working 20 or more hours a week to qualify for free tuition through ASU's online courses. It was reported in 2018 that Schultz had taken a one-dollar annual salary sometime in past couple of years.  Schultz again stepped down as CEO in December 2016, assuming the position of executive chairman. From 2008 to 2017, Schultz oversaw nearly $100 billion added to the company's market capitalization. From the 1980s to his retirement, a series of coffee wars increased Starbucks from 11 coffeehouses in Seattle to 28,000 stores in 77 countries. On June 4, 2018, Schultz announced that he would retire from active management of Starbucks, after 37 years, as he was considering amongst other options a campaign for U.S. president. Kevin Johnson, the firm's president and chief operating officer for the previous two years, succeeded Schultz as CEO while Myron Ullman took over as chairman in June 2018.

Seattle SuperSonics and Seattle Storm.

In January 2001, Schultz led a group of ten investors who bought the National Basketball Association's Seattle SuperSonics and the Women's National Basketball Association's Seattle Storm from the Ackerley Group for $200 million. During his tenure as the SuperSonics team owner, he was criticized for his naïveté and propensity to run the franchise as a business rather than a sports team. Schultz feuded with player Gary Payton, feeling that Payton disrespected him and the team by not showing up to the first day of training camp in 2002. In February 2006, he stated that the Sonics needed $200 million to renovate KeyArena or build a new arena for the team, and if the Washington State Legislature would not approve this, he would look to sell or move the team. On July 18, 2006, Schultz sold the team to Clay Bennett, chairman of the Professional Basketball Club LLC, an Oklahoma City ownership group, for $350 million, after having failed to convince the city of Seattle to provide public funding to build a new arena in the Greater Seattle area to replace KeyArena. At the time of the team's sale, it was speculated that the new owners would move the team to their city some time after the 2006–2007 NBA season.  Schultz filed a lawsuit against Bennett – in April 2008 – to rescind the July 2006 sale based on what Schultz claimed was fraud and intentional misrepresentation. However, Schultz dropped the lawsuit in August 2008. When Bennett purchased the SuperSonics and its sister franchise in the WNBA, the Seattle Storm, for $350 million, he agreed to a stipulation that he would make a "good-faith best effort" for one year to keep both teams in Seattle. The sincerity of the good-faith effort was widely disputed by the way Bennett acted and by direct quotes from his partner Aubrey McClendon. On January 8, 2008, Bennett sold the Storm to Force 10 Hoops, LLC, an ownership group of four Seattle women, which kept the team in Seattle. On July 2, 2008, the city of Seattle reached a settlement with the new ownership group and the SuperSonics moved to Oklahoma City and became the Thunder for the 2008–09 NBA season. The sale to the out-of-state owners considerably damaged Schultz's popularity in Seattle. In a local newspaper poll, Schultz was judged "most responsible" for the team leaving the city. Ten years later, in 2019, Schultz accepted full responsibility for the sale. "Selling the Sonics as I did is one of the biggest regrets of my professional life. I should have been willing to lose money until a local buyer emerged. I am forever sorry."

Author.

Schultz has written four books, three of which incorporate business memoir-style narratives.  According to the Free Library of Philadelphia, his books are known to be a blend of "part memoir and part manifesto of corporate social responsibility." At the start of 2019, Schultz released an online class that covered the business leadership topics discussed in his books on the MasterClass platform. Organizational consultant Warren Bennis has influenced Schultz's writing.  His first book, "Pour Your Heart Into It: How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Time" was written in 1997 with Dori Jones Yang. It was listed on "The New York Times" Best Seller list  His second book "Onward: How Starbucks Fought for Its Life Without Losing Its Soul", co-written with Joanne Gordon, was published in 2011. Jeff Bailey, of the "Los Angeles Times", called the book "self-flattering" and criticized its "mostly perfunctory account of Starbucks' actual problems". "Publishers Weekly" called the book "a personal, suspenseful, and surprisingly open account" of the rise of Starbucks. "Kirkus Reviews" praised the book's "immense detail" but critiqued Schultz's coverage of "outside criticisms of his performance". "The Seattle Times" was critical, saying the book could only "appeal to business types but probably not to the average latte drinker". "Fast Company" placed "Onward" within the top five books that "[predicted] the future of workplace leadership" in 2014. All sale proceeds from the book were donated to the Starbucks Foundation, the firm's main charity.  His third book "For Love of Country: What Our Veterans Can Teach Us About Citizenship, Heroism, and Sacrifice", co-written with Rajiv Chandrasekaran, was published in 2014. "The New York Times Book Review" calling it "well-written" and "formidable." It was later added to the "Times"' 2014 Winter Reading List. In writing a review for "The Wall Street Journal" U.S. Army major general Robert H. Scales stated "after reading this moving book I’ll not likely pass a Starbucks again without stopping for a patriotic cup." "The Washington Post" published a similarly positive review.  In 2019, he published his fourth book, "From the Ground Up: A Journey to Reimagine the Promise of America". The book was widely seen as a candidate memoir as it was published right before the 2020 United States presidential election. His book received 1.9/5 stars on Amazon, after some Democratic voters gave negative reviews, due his possible candidacy splitting the Democratic vote. "Rolling Stone" called the book "stunningly boring" and an "autobiography of a pretentious oligarch." A book promotion stop at Harvard University led to a small student protest. "From the Ground Up" was featured on "The Wall Street Journal"'s bestseller list in February, and was listed as a "New York Times" bestseller for 2019. "Reuters" rated the book highly, yet called it "caffeine free" for its inability to "harness his business success" in a potential White House run.

Political views.

Schultz is an outspoken neoliberal, centrist, technocratic, and political independent. Schultz's political positions are similar to the Democratic Party platform. Schultz supports free trade, a balanced budget, comprehensive tax reform, gun control, and marriage equality.  Schultz has hosted a fundraiser in his Seattle home for John Edwards during the 2008 presidential election cycle, eventually donating to the campaigns of Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama. Since 2012, Schultz's public statements have led to press speculation that he would run for President of the United States. In both the 2008 and 2012 United States presidential election, Schultz endorsed Barack Obama, donating $2,300 in the former election. He endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the 2016 United States presidential election.

Climate change.

As chief executive of Starbucks, Schultz has commented on the impact climate change has on coffee production. He has opposed the United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement. To finance a green economy, he has advocated for a combination of taxing oil and gas as well as harnessing wind energy. Schultz has openly criticized the 2018 Green New Deal for being economically unrealistic.

Bipartisanship.

In December 2012 Schultz penned an open letter to various newspapers about an upcoming intuitive at Starbucks involving partisan gridlock in Washington. On December 27, Starbucks employees in Washington were asked to write "come together" on all cups distributed, to encourage bipartisanship in the federal government. During his exploratory 2020 presidential campaign, Schultz explained to multiple media outlets that, if elected, he wished to exclusively legislate with bipartisan support. This stance includes the appointment and confirmations of U.S. Supreme Court justices.

Fiscal discipline.

Schultz is averse to debt and, politically, as a deficit hawk. During his 2019 exploratory bid for the presidency, Schultz framed his candidacy as that of a socially liberal deficit hawk with fiscally moderate leanings. In June 2018, Schultz stated in an interview that he thought the national debt is "the greatest threat domestically to the country" and that "we have to go after entitlements." He has also stated that the nation's annual sovereign interest payments, totaling over $400 billon in 2020, is "unsustainable." President Barack Obama's chief economist, Jason Furman, was critical of Schultz's hard-lined "obsessive" position against sovereign debt: "America is not a company" Furman stated in February 2020, "many successful companies are much more leveraged than the United States."

Trade.

Throughout the 2018 start and continuation of the U.S. trade war against China, Schultz has been critical of its motivations and handling, and has called for a reduction of trade tariffs and other import-export taxes.  In 2008, Schultz doubled the amount of fair trade coffee Starbucks bought. By the end of 2009, 65% of all coffee product was fair trade and by 2015, nearly all of it was. Starbucks signed an agreement with the government of Ethiopia in 2007 to ensure increased pay to farmers. Schultz committed to an agreement that all 747 stores in Britain would be certified fair trade by year-end. The agreement made Starbucks the largest buyer of fair trade coffee.

Business.

Schultz is a vocal supporter of the free market. In 2020 he described the treatment of business and capitalism by American society as "vilification". During the COVID-19 pandemic (COVID-19), advocated for fiscal stimulus to small businesses harmed during the crisis. Schultz described the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act as insufficient, and criticized the Act's Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) for being a temporary solution. On April 21, he called for the federal government to institute a "Marshall Plan" for small business, in the form of federally-backed loans.

Tax reform.

Schultz said he supported "comprehensive tax reform" in January 2019. He opposed Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's proposal to raise the marginal tax rate on income over $10 million to 70%, saying it was "punitive" and contrary to the American Dream. He also opposed Donald Trump's passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which lowered high-income and corporate taxes. During a "CNN" town hall, he stated that the wanted the marginal tax rate for the highest-earning citizens to be increased from 37% to 39%. Schultz is against lowering taxes for large corporations, favoring tax cuts for middle-market and small businesses.

Marriage equality.

Starbucks took an institutional stance in favor of marriage equality, specifically same-sex marriage in 2013 (two years prior to US Federal recognition). In response to a backlash from conservative and religious groups, Schultz told a shareholder meeting that opponents of the stance should "Sell your shares", and "buy shares in another company." His response was widely publicized, with "The Washington Post" stating: "Schultz [did] something CEOs rarely do: He told off a shareholder." "Fortune" wrote that Schultz "[took] on gay marriage before it was a topic most executives would even touch.

Healthcare.

Under his leadership Starbucks became the first U.S. company to offer part-time workers, particularly baristas, healthcare. Schultz is against Medicare For All. He has vocally criticized Republican-led efforts to repeal the ACA as uncooperative.

Gun control.

Schultz supports gun control and universal background checks. In July 2013, Starbucks customers brought in their weapons and guns into local stores to show appreciation for the coffeehouse's support of the Second Amendment. Later in September, as CEO, Schultz asked customers to no longer bring guns into its stores.

Immigration.

Schultz has supported a pathway to citizenship for illegal immigrants who had entered the U.S. as children. He called for greater border security, but vocally opposed President Donald Trump's proposal of a border wall. In 2017, Schultz got into a highly publicized argument with President Trump after he instructed Starbucks to disregard an executive order barring Syrian refugees into the country. Within 24 hours of the executive order, Schultz wrote to his employees that recent immigrants and refugees, particularly those with strong ties to the U.S. military, would be fast-tracked to employment. President Trump then called on his supporters to boycott Starbucks.

Veterans' affairs.

In 1996, Schultz founded Onward Veterans, a private foundation to help post-9/11 military veterans transition to civilian life. In 2014, Schultz authored his first non-business book, "For Love of Country: What Our Veterans Can Teach Us About Citizenship, Heroism, and Sacrifice", co-written with Rajiv Chandrasekaran. The book discussed the U.S. military's role in the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan, and their transitions back into civilian life. To market the book he expanded tuition support for veterans families.  Over a radio interview in March 2019, when asked if he would be an effective commander-in-chief, Schultz responded: "I probably have spent more time in the last decade certainly than anyone running for president with the military." His comments were criticized by Pete Buttigieg and Tulsi Gabbard, both of whom served in the military, for being tone deaf. Schultz later apologized for his remarks. Schultz's tentative 2020 presidential candidacy was endorsed by former U.S. Army General Peter W. Chiarelli.

Washington state politics.

In 2012, he had Starbucks express support for Washington state's Referendum 74, which legalized same-sex marriage in that state. Schultz opposed Seattle's ordinance to raise the local minimum wage to $15, which at the time was the highest in the nation. The ordinance passed.  From 2005 to 2019, he reportedly voted in 11 of 38 municipal elections. His voting record in Seattle has been described by "The Seattle Times" as a "pattern of ignoring many local elections over the decades." The paper reported in 2020 that while Schultz is heavily involved in the state's political debates, he often "doesn't show up to vote" in various municipal elections including that of the city's mayor and city council. Washington governor Jay Inslee, who was running against Schultz in the 2020 election, criticized him for his absence in state politics.  Former U.S. Congressman for Washington, George Nethercutt, a moderate Republican, opined that Eastern Washington "may like what they hear and vote for [Schultz]" more than the Western region.

Foreign policy.

Schultz is seen as a foreign policy "liberal hawk", favoring socially liberal politics domestically and aggressive, interventionist policies abroad. Generally, he is a supporter of neoliberal institutionalism and international cooperation. In line with this, Schultz advocates for a U.S.-centered unipolar world where countries work with America to ensure stability and peace.

Political elections.

2012 presidential elections.

At the start of the 2012 United States presidential election Schultz's name was floated as a potential Democratic candidate. After he instructed Starbucks employees in Washington to write "come together" on all cups to encourage bipartisanship in the federal government on December 26, press speculation intensified. However, Schultz "batted down" these reports days later and confirmed that he was not running for political office. He continued to publicly bemoan the political climate at the time, saying he was "not optimistic about the leadership" of the U.S. on national television. Papers continued to question the finality of his decision with "New York Magazine" writing "We look forward to your 2016 campaign".

2016 presidential elections.

In late September and early August 2015, press speculation began to surface about a potential run in the upcoming 2016 United States presidential election for Schultz. Maureen Dowd, of "The New York Times", broke a story on August 1 that friends of "America’s lord of latte, Howard Schultz, have been pressing him to join the Democratic primary." Over the next couple of days media outlets began to speculate if Schultz was going to make a formal announcement. According to "Fortune", he was positioned to be a "worthy party back-up to [Hillary] Clinton." Schultz wrote a "New York Times" op-ed on August 6, 2015 denying this, stating, "Despite the encouragement of others, I have no intention of entering the presidential fray. I'm not done serving Starbucks." Newspapers such as "The Atlantic", billed Schultz as the "liberal Donald Trump" due to his comparable career as a businessman and wealth.

2020 presidential elections.

After Schultz stepped down from Starbucks in 2018, political commentators speculated whether he would run in the 2020 United States presidential election. There was additional encouragement from a draft movement called Ready for Schultz. At the start of 2019 "The New Republic" ran a piece called "Run, Howard, Run!" encouraging him to enter the contest. He hired Steve Schmidt and Bill Burton, two political consultants, to assess his candidacy. On January 27, 2019, he stated in an interview with "60 Minutes" that he was exploring a run for president as an independent candidate, and that he considered running as a centrist. He was reportedly willing to spend $300 to $500 million on the 2020 election. Schultz's proposed independent candidacy was widely condemned by Democrats who argued that Schultz's third-party candidacy would help to re-elect President Trump by splitting the vote of those opposed to the president. Political scientist Larry Sabato said that Schultz's candidacy was likely to benefit Trump. However, a "CNN" analysis believed that "running on a deficit-reduction platform might end up syphoning as many Republican moderates away from Trump as liberals or independents away from the Democratic nominee." In response to claims that his candidacy would benefit Trump, Schultz said, "Nobody wants to see Donald Trump removed from office more than me." His first town hall in Seattle received mixed reception with protestors holding up "venti mistake" and "grande ego" banners while his actual speech was well-received. As a large shareholder of Starbucks stock, Schultz was repeatedly asked about potentially selling all of his holdings if elected to the White House. "There's multiple ways to do this, set up a blind trust, do lots of things to remove any conflict of interest" he replied. He had, however, promised to release all of his tax returns if elected.  Later in February, Schultz said he would stay out of the race if the Democrats nominated "a centrist Democrat." In May 2019, Schultz delayed his decision and by September 6, officially ruled out a presidential run, stating that it wasn't the best way to "serve our country at this time." The eventual progression of centrist candidate Joe Biden as the presumptive nominee motivated Schultz to step aside due to their overlapping political ideologies. While he has not officially endorsed Biden for the presidency, Schultz has stated in interviews that he "admires" the candidate.

Philanthropy.

In 1996, Howard and Sheri Schultz co-founded the Schultz Family Foundation, which supports Onward Youth, aimed at promoting employment for young people between the ages of 16 and 24 who are not in school and not working, and Onward Veterans, which aims to help post-9/11 military veterans to successfully transition to civilian life.

Awards and honors.

In 1998, Schultz received the 'Israel 50th Anniversary Tribute Award'. In 1999 AIDs Action awarded Schultz the National Leadership Award for philanthropic and educational efforts to battle AIDS. Schultz was named "Fortune" magazine's 2011 "Businessperson of the Year" for his initiatives in the economy and job market. "Fortune" went on to list him as the most generous CEO of 2015, for Starbucks' healthcare coverage, educational opportunities, and employee stock options.  Schultz spoke at the 2017 Arizona State University commencement ceremony and was presented with an honorary Doctor of humane letters degree. In November 2017, the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund presented Schultz with the National Equal Justice Award.

Personal life.

In 1982, Schultz married Sheri Kersch with whom he has two children. They live in Seattle's Madison Park neighborhood, having previously lived near Madrona. Schultz is a noted coffee aficionado, reportedly drinking four to five cups of coffee everyday.

Wealth.

Schultz was named the 680th-richest person in the U.S. in April 2020 by "Forbes" with a net worth of $4.0 billion. In 2019, Schultz was listed as the 145th-richest person in the country. His exploration of running for political office has prompted calls for him to sell all of his stock holdings in Starbucks to appease any conflict of interest. Although not firmly committing to sell his shares upon election, Schultz has expressed interest in setting up a blind trust to hold his shares. However, "Foreign Policy" noted that even if in a blind trust, his interest in the shares could still prompt a conflict of interest in because the shares' performance is linked with the company's performance.  In 1998, Schultz established venture capital firm Maveron with investment banker Dan Levitan. He and Levitan primarily invest in start-up companies and seeding consumer-focused companies, such as eBay, Shutterfly, and Zulily. As of July 2014, the venture capital firm was worth $1.3 billion in assets under management (AUM).

Howard D. Schultz (born July 19, 1953) is an American businessman. He served as the chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of the Starbucks Coffee Company from 1986 to 2000, and then again from 2008 to 2017. Schultz also owned the Seattle SuperSonics basketball team from 2001 to 2006.

霍华德·舒尔茨(英语:Howard Schultz,1953年-7月19日),犹太人,美国商人、企业家,曾担任星巴克咖啡的执行董事长和首席执行官,美国西雅图超音速篮球队的前老板。他和丹·列维坦在1998年一起创立了投资集团Maveron。


Name.

An early extant manuscript containing the Legend is the "Flores Historiarum" by Roger of Wendover, where it appears in the part for the year 1228, under the title "Of the Jew Joseph who is still alive awaiting the last coming of Christ". The central figure is named "Cartaphilus" before being baptized later by Ananias as "Joseph". The root of the name "Cartaphilus" can be divided into "kartos" and "philos", which can be translated roughly as "dearly" and "loved", connecting the Legend of the Wandering Jew to "the disciple whom Jesus loved".  At least from the 17th century, the name "Ahasver" has been given to the Wandering Jew, apparently adapted from Ahasuerus 'Xerxes', the Persian king in the Book of Esther, who was not a Jew, and whose very name among medieval Jews was an "exemplum" of a fool. This name may have been chosen because the Book of Esther describes the

Origin and evolution.

Biblical sources.

The origins of the legend are uncertain; perhaps one element is the story in Genesis of Cain, who is issued with a similar punishment—to wander over the earth, scavenging and never reaping, although without the related punishment of endlessness. According to Jehoshua Gilboa, many commentators have pointed to Hosea 9:17 as a statement of the notion of the "eternal/wandering Jew". According to some sources, the legend stems from Jesus'

Early Christianity.

Extant manuscripts have shown that as early as the time of Tertullian (c. 200), some Christian proponents were likening the Jewish people to a "new Cain", asserting that they would be "fugitives and wanderers (upon) the earth".  Aurelius Prudentius Clemens (b. 348) writes in his "Apotheosis" (c. 400): "From place to place the homeless Jew wanders in ever-shifting exile,

Medieval legend.

Some scholars have identified components of the legend of the Eternal Jew in Teutonic legends of the Eternal Hunter, some features of which are derived from Odin mythology.  "In some areas the farmers arranged the rows in their fields in such a way that on Sundays the Eternal Jew might find a resting place. Elsewhere they assumed that he could rest only upon a plough or that he had to be on the go all year and was allowed a respite only on Christmas."  Most likely drawing on centuries of

In literature.

17th and 18th centuries.

The legend became more popular after it appeared in a 17th-century pamphlet of four leaves, (Short Description and Tale of a Jew with the Name Ahasuerus). "Here we are told that some fifty years before, a bishop met him in a church at Hamburg, repentant, ill-clothed and distracted at the thought of having to move on in a few weeks." As with urban legends, particularities lend verisimilitude: the bishop is specifically Paulus von Eitzen, General Superintendent of Schleswig. The legend spread quickly throughout Germany, no less than eight different editions appearing in 1602; altogether forty appeared in Germany before the end of the 18th century. Eight editions in Dutch and Flemish are known; and the story soon passed to France, the first French edition appearing in Bordeaux, 1609, and to England, where it

19th century.

Britain.

In Britain a ballad with the title "The Wandering Jew" was included in Thomas Percy's "Reliques" published in 1765.  In 1797 the operetta "The Wandering Jew, or Love's Masquerade" by Andrew Franklin was performed in London.  In 1810 Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote a poem in four cantos with the title "The Wandering Jew" but it remained unpublished until 1877. In two other works of Shelley, Ahasuerus appears, as a phantom in his first major poem "Queen Mab:

North America.

Nathaniel Hawthorne's stories "A Virtuoso's Collection" and "Ethan Brand" feature the Wandering Jew serving as a guide to the stories' characters.  In 1873 a publisher in North America (Philadelphia, Gebbie) produced "The Legend of the Wandering Jew, a series of twelve designs by Gustave Doré (Reproduced by Photographic Printing) with Explanatory Introduction." For each illustration there was a couplet, such as "Too late he feels, by look, and deed, and word, / How often he has crucified his Lord".  Eugene Field's short story "The Holy Cross" (1899) features the Jew as a

Germany.

The legend has been the subject of German poems by Schubart, Aloys Schreiber, Wilhelm Müller, Lenau, Chamisso, Schlegel, Julius Mosen (an epic, 1838), and Köhler; of novels by Franz Horn (1818), Oeklers, and Schücking; and of tragedies by Klingemann ("", 1827) and Zedlitz (1844). It is either the Ahasuerus of Klingemann or that of Ludwig Achim von Arnim in his play, "Halle and Jerusalem" to whom Richard Wagner refers in the final passage of his notorious essay "".  There are clear echoes of

Denmark.

Hans Christian Andersen made his "Ahasuerus" the Angel of Doubt, and was imitated by Heller in a poem on "The Wandering of Ahasuerus", which he afterward developed into three cantos. Martin Andersen Nexø wrote a short story named "The Eternal Jew", in which he also refers to Ahasuerus as the spreading of the Jewish gene pool in Europe.  The story of

France.

The French writer Edgar Quinet published his prose epic on the legend in 1833, making the subject the judgment of the world; and wrote his'in 1844, in which the author connects the story of Ahasuerus with that of Herodias. Grenier's 1857 poem on the subject may

Russia.

In Russia, the legend of the Wandering Jew appears in an incomplete epic poem by Vasily Zhukovsky, "Ahasuerus" (1857) and in another epic poem by Wilhelm

Other literature.

The Wandering Jew makes a notable appearance in the gothic masterpiece of the Polish writer Jan Potocki, "The Manuscript Found in Saragossa", written about 1797.  Brazilian writer and poet Machado de Assis often used Jewish themes in his writings. One of his short stories,'("To Live!"), is a dialog between the Wandering Jew (named as Ahasverus) and Prometheus at the end of time. It was published in 1896 as part of the book'("Several stories").  Castro Alves, another Brazilian poet, wrote a poem named "" ("Ahasverus and the genie"), in a reference to the Wandering Jew.  The Hungarian poet János Arany also wrote a ballad called """", meaning "The everlasting Jew".  The Slovenian poet Anton Aškerc wrote a poem called "Ahasverjev tempelj" ("Ahasverus' Temple").  The Spanish military writer José Gómez de Arteche's novel "Un soldado español de veinte siglos" ("A Spanish soldier of twenty centuries") (1874–1886) depicts the Wandering Jew as serving in the Spanish military of different periods.

20th century.

Latin America.

In Argentina, the topic of the Wandering Jew has appeared several times in the work of Enrique Anderson Imbert, particularly in his short-story'(The Grimoire), included in the eponymous book. Chapter XXXVII, ', in the collection of short stories, "Misteriosa Buenos Aires", by the Argentine writer Manuel Mujica Láinez also centres round the wandering of the Jew. The great Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges named the main character and narrator of his short story "The Immortal" Joseph Cartaphilus (in the story he was a Roman military tribune who gained immortality after drinking from a magical river and dies in the 1920s). In "Green Mansions", W.H. Hudson's protagonist Abel, references Ahasuerus, as

French.

Guillaume Apollinaire parodies the character in "" in his collection " (1910).  Jean d'Ormesson: " (1991)  Simone de

German.

In both Gustav Meyrink's "The Green Face" (1916) and Leo Perutz's "The Marquis of Bolibar" (1920), the Wandering Jew features as a central character. The German writer Stefan

Dutch.

The Belgian writer August Vermeylen published

Romanian.

Mihai Eminescu, an influential Romanian writer, depicts in his romantic fantastic novella "" a variation. A student follows a surreal journey through the book of Zoroaster, a book seeming to give him God-like abilities. The book is given to him by Ruben, his Jewish

Russian.

The Soviet satirists Ilya Ilf and Yevgeni Petrov had their hero Ostap Bender tell the story of the Wandering Jew's death at the hands of Ukrainian nationalists in "The Little Golden Calf". In Vsevolod Ivanov's story "Ahasver" a weird man comes to a Soviet writer in Moscow in 1944, introduces himself as "Ahasver the cosmopolite" and claims he is Paul von Eitzen, a

Swedish.

In Pär Lagerkvist's 1956 novel "The Sibyl", Ahasuerus and a woman who was once the Delphic Sibyl each

English.

Bernard Capes' story "The Accursed Cordonnier" (1900) depicts the Wandering Jew as a figure of menace.  In O. Henry's story "The Door of Unrest", a drunk shoemaker Mike O'Bader comes to a local newspaper editor and claims to be the Jerusalem shoemaker Michob Ader who did not let Christ rest upon his doorstep on the way to crucifixion and was condemned to live until the Second Coming. However, Mike O'Bader insists he is a Gentile, not a Jew.  Robert Nichols' novella "Golgotha & Co." in his collection "Fantastica" (1923) is a satirical tale where the Wandering Jew is a successful businessman who subverts the Second Coming.  In Evelyn Waugh's "Helena", the Wandering Jew appears in a dream to the protagonist and shows her where to look for the Cross, the goal of her quest.  An unidentified Jewish Wanderer appears in "A Canticle for Leibowitz", a post-apocalyptic science fiction novel by Walter M. Miller, Jr. first published in 1960; some children are heard saying of the old man, "What Jesus raises up STAYS raised up", implying that he is St. Lazarus of Bethany, whom Christ raised from the dead. Another possibility hinted at in the novel is that this character is also Isaac Edward Leibowitz, founder of the Albertian Order of St. Leibowitz (and who was martyred for trying to preserve books from burning by a savage mob). The character speaks and writes in Hebrew and English, and wanders around the desert, though he has a tent on a mesa overlooking the abbey founded by Leibowitz, which is the setting for almost all the novel's action. The character appears again in three subsequent novellas which take place hundreds of years apart, and in Miller's 1997 follow-up novel, "Saint Leibowitz and the Wild Horse Woman".  Ahasuerus must remain on Earth after space travel is developed in Lester del Rey's "Earthbound" (1963). J. G. Ballard's short story "The Lost Leonardo", published in "The Terminal Beach" (1964), centres on a search for the Wandering Jew. The Wandering Jew also appears in Mary Elizabeth Counselman's story "A Handful of Silver" (1967). Barry Sadler has written a series of books featuring a character

21st century.

Brazil.

Brazilian writer Glauco Ortolano in his 2000 novel "Domingos Vera Cruz: Memorias de um Antropofago Lisboense no Brasil" uses the theme of the Wandering Jew for its main character, Domingos Vera Cruz, who flees to Brazil in one of the first Portuguese expeditions to

United Kingdom.

English writer Stephen Gallagher uses the Wandering Jew as a theme in his 2007 novel "The Kingdom of Bones." The Wandering Jew is a character, a theater manager and actor, who turned away from God and toward depravity in exchange for long life and prosperity. He must find

Uzbekistan.

Uzbek writer Isajon Sulton published his novel "The Wandering Jew" in 2011. In this novel, the Jew does not characterize a symbol of curse; however, they appear as a human being, who is aware of God's presence, after being cursed by Him. Moreover, the novel captures the fortune of present-day wandering Jews, created by humans using high technologies.

In art.

19th century.

19th-century works depicting the legendary figure as

20th century.

In another artwork, exhibited at Basel in 1901, the legendary figure with the name "Der ewige Jude", "The Eternal Jew", was shown redemptively bringing the Torah back to the Promised Land.  Among the paintings of Marc Chagall having a connection with the legend, one of 1923–1925 has the explicit title "Le Juif Errant" (1923–1925).  In his

In ideology (19th century and after).

By the beginning of the eighteenth century, the figure of the "Wandering Jew" as a legendary individual had begun to be identified with the fate of the Jewish people as a whole. After the ascendancy of Napoleon Bonaparte at the end of the century and the emancipating reforms in European countries connected with the policy of Napoleon and the Jews, the "Eternal Jew" became an increasingly "symbolic... and universal character" as the continuing struggle for Jewish emancipation in Prussia and elsewhere in Europe in the course of the nineteenth century gave rise to what came to be referred to as "the Jewish Question".  Before Kaulbach's mural replica of his painting "Titus destroying Jerusalem" had been commissioned by the King of Prussia in 1842 for the projected Neues Museum, Berlin, Gabriel Riesser's essay "Stellung der Bekenner des mosaischen Glaubens in Deutschland" ("On the Position of Confessors of the Mosaic Faith in Germany") had been published in 1831 and the journal "Der Jude, periodische Blätter für Religions und

Portrayal in popular media.

Stage.

Fromental Halévy's opera "Le Juif errant", based on the novel by Sue, was premiered at the Paris Opera (Salle Le Peletier) on 23 April 1852, and had 48 further performances over two seasons. The music was sufficiently popular to generate a "Wandering Jew Mazurka", a "Wandering Jew Waltz", and a "Wandering Jew Polka".  A Hebrew-language play titled "The Eternal Jew" premiered at the

Film.

There have been several films

Comics.

In Arak: Son of Thunder issue 8, the titular character encounters the Wandering Jew. Arak intervenes on behalf of a mysterious Jewish man who is about to be stoned by the people of a village. Later on, that same individual serves as a guide through the Catacombs of Rome as they seek out the lair of the Black Pope, who holds Arak's allies hostage. His name is given as Josephus and he tells Arak that he is condemned to wander the Earth after mocking Christ en route to the crucifixion.  The DC Comics character Phantom Stranger, a mysterious hero with paranormal abilities, was given four possible origins in an issue of "Secret Origins" with one of them identifying him as the Wandering Jew. He now dedicates his time to helping mankind, even declining a later offer from God to release him from his penance.  In Deitch's "A Shroud for Waldo" serialized in weekly papers such as "New York Press" and released in book form by Fantagraphics, the hospital attendant who revives Waldo as a hulking demon

Video games.

The Wandering Jew is featured in the adventure game. The Wandering Jew is presented as a childhood friend and, later, disciple of Jesus, who drank drops of his blood during the crucifixion and was thus cursed with immortality.  The

The Wandering Jew is a mythical immortal man whose legend began to spread in Europe in the 13th century. The original legend concerns a Jew who taunted Jesus on the way to the Crucifixion and was then cursed to walk the earth until the Second Coming. The exact nature of the wanderer's indiscretion varies in different versions of the tale, as do aspects of his character; sometimes he is said to be a shoemaker or other tradesman, while sometimes he is the doorman at the estate of Pontius Pilate.

流浪的犹太人(wandering Jew、徘徊的犹太人)是一个神话里长生不老的人,流浪的犹太人这个传说在13世纪开始在欧洲传播。


History.

The Cordays and Bell combined the "hospital soap" idea with the tradition of centering a series on a family, by making the show about a family of doctors, including one who worked in a mental hospital. Storylines in the show follow the lives of middle- and upper-class professionals in Salem, a middle-America town, with the usual threads of love, marriage, divorce, and family life, plus the medical story lines and character studies of individuals with psychological problems. Former executive producer Al Rabin took pride in the characters' passion, saying that the characters were not shy about "sharing what's in their gut."  Critics originally praised the show for its non-reliance on nostalgia (in contrast to shows such as "As the World Turns") and its portrayal of "real American contemporary families." By the 1970s, critics deemed "Days of Our Lives" to be the most daring daytime drama, leading the way in using themes other shows of the period would not dare touch, such as artificial insemination and interracial romance. The January 12, 1976, cover of "Time" magazine featured "Days of Our Lives" Bill Hayes and Susan Seaforth Hayes, the only daytime actors ever to appear on its cover. The Hayeses themselves were a couple whose on-screen and real-life romance (they met on the series in 1970 and married in 1974) was widely covered by both the soap opera magazines and the mainstream press.  In the 1990s, the show branched out into supernatural story lines, which critics immediately panned, as it was seen as a departure from more realistic storylines for which the show had originally become known. However, these storylines did have the desired effect, making "Days of Our Lives" the most-watched daytime soap among young and middle-aged women, also becoming one of NBC's five most profitable shows in any time slot. In 2006, when asked about his character, Jack Deveraux, "coming back from the dead"—for the third time—actor Matthew Ashford responded, "It is hard to play that because at a certain point it becomes too unreal...actors look at that and think, 'What is this — the "Cartoon Network"'?" (Ironically, Jack – with Ashford in the role – would be killed off for a fourth time in an explosion-related elevator failure in August 2012, only to be brought from the dead once more in December 2018.)  In addition to receiving critical acclaim in print journalism, the series has won a number of awards, including a Daytime Emmy for Best Drama in 1978 and 2013 and a Writers Guild of America, East Award for Best Drama in 2000 and 2013. "Days of Our lives" actors have also won awards: Macdonald Carey (Dr. Tom Horton) won Best Actor in 1974 and 1975. Susan Flannery (Laura Horton) and Eileen Davidson (Kristen DiMera) won Best Actress in 1975 and 2014, respectively. Suzanne Rogers (Maggie Horton), Leann Hunley (Anna DiMera), and Tamara Braun (Ava Vitali) won Best Supporting Actress for, respectively, 1979, 1986, and 2009 and Billy Warlock (Frankie Brady) won Best Younger Actor for 1988. In 2009, Darin Brooks (Max Brady) took home the Emmy for Best Younger Actor", and Tamara Braun (Ava Vitali) won for Best Supporting Actress, the show's first acting victories in over 21 and 23 years, respectively  As with all other network programming, "Days of Our Lives" ratings have declined somewhat since the 1990s. In January 2007 it was suggested by NBC that the show "is unlikely to continue [on NBC] past 2009." In November 2008, in an eleventh-hour decision, it was announced the show had been renewed through September 2010.

Storyline.

When "Days of Our Lives" premiered in 1965, the show revolved around the tragedies and triumphs of the suburban Horton family. Over time, additional families were brought into the show to interact with the Hortons and serve as springboards for more dramatic storylines. Originally led by patriarch Dr. Tom Horton and his wife, homemaker Alice, the Hortons remain a prominent fixture in current continuity. One of the longest-running story lines involved the rape of Mickey Horton's wife Laura by Mickey's brother Bill. Laura confides in her father-in-law Dr. Tom, and the two agree that her husband Mickey should never know. The secret, involving the true parentage of Michael Horton (a product of the rape) and Mickey's subsequent health issues as a result of the revelation, spanned episodes from 1968 to 1975. This plotline was made even more complex with the presence of Linda Patterson (originally Margaret Mason for many years, later Elaine Princi) who claimed that her daughter Melissa had been fathered by Mickey. When Mickey married the lovely Maggie Simmons (Suzanne Rogers), Linda became even more involved in the story line as the show's main villainess, marrying the wealthy Bob Anderson (Mark Tapscott) and taking over the running of Anderson Manufacturing when he became ill. The story line involving Mickey, Laura and Bill was the first to bring the show to prominence, and put it near the top of the Nielsen daytime ratings. Another love triangle, between lounge singer Doug Williams, Tom and Alice's daughter Addie, and Addie's own daughter, Julie, proved to be very popular around the same time. The storyline culminated in the death of Addie in 1974 and the marriage of Doug and Julie in 1976.  In the early 1980s, the Brady and DiMera families were introduced, and their rivalry quickly cemented their places as core families in Salem beside the Hortons. Around the same time, with the help of head writers Sheri Anderson, Thom Racina, and Leah Laiman, action/adventure story lines and supercouples such as Bo and Hope, Shane and Kimberly, and Patch and Kayla reinvigorated the show, previously focused primarily on the domestic troubles of the Hortons. Since the 1990s, with the introduction of writer James E. Reilly, "Days of Our Lives" has moved from traditional plots to some supernatural and science-fiction-themed stories, in conjunction with the rivalry of good vs. evil, in a Hatfield/McCoy feud style the Bradys versus the DiMeras. Under the tenure of Reilly, ratings rose to number two, and stayed there until he left in 1999 to start his own creation of "Passions". Despite the introduction of new head writer Hogan Sheffer in 2006, ratings failed to revive, which led the show's producers to hire a few past fan favorites to stop the ratings hemorrhage.

Cast.

When "Days of Our Lives" debuted, the cast consisted of seven main characters: Tom Horton, Alice Horton, Mickey Horton, Marie Horton, Julie Olson, Tony Merritt and Craig Merritt. When the show expanded to one hour in April 1975, the cast increased to 27 actors. By the 25th anniversary in 1990, 40 actors appeared on the show in contract or recurring roles, which is the approximate number of actors the show has used since then.  Original cast member Frances Reid, who played Alice Horton, remained on contract with "Days of Our Lives" until her death on February 3, 2010, though she made her last appearance on the show in December 2007. Original cast member John Clarke, who played Mickey Horton, left the series in 2004. Suzanne Rogers, who plays Maggie Horton has been on the show since 1973, and Susan Seaforth Hayes has played Julie Olson Williams since 1968 with a few breaks in-between, and also her husband Bill Hayes, who has played Doug Williams since 1970, though neither Seaforth Hayes nor Hayes is employed with the serial on contract.  In recent years, "Days of Our Lives"

Executive producing and head writing team.

Co-creator and original executive producer Ted Corday was only at the helm of "Days of Our Lives" for eight months before dying of cancer in 1966. His widow and fellow co-creator, Betty, was named executive producer upon his death. She continued in that role, with the help of H. Wesley Kenney and Al Rabin as supervising producers, before she semi-retired from showrunning duties in 1985, two years prior to her death in 1987. Upon Mrs. Corday's semi-retirement, her son, Ken, became executive producer and took over the full-time, day-to-day running of the show. Ken Corday continues helming the show to this day, and since 2015, has split showrunning duties with Greg Meng (who served as a production executive from 1992 to 2017) and Albert Alarr (who has also served as a member of the show's directing staff since 19--) as co-executive producers.  The first long-term head writer, William J. Bell, started writing for "Days of Our Lives" in 1966 and continued with the show until 1975, two years after he had created his own successful soap, "The Young and the Restless", for rival network CBS. He continued with the show as a storyline consultant until 1978. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, many changes to the head writer position occurred. In the early 1980s, Margaret DePriest helped stabilize the show with her serial killer storyline. Later head writers, such as Sheri Anderson, Thom Racina, and Leah Laiman, built on that stability and crafted storylines of their own, temporarily helping to bringing up the program's ratings. Many head writer changes occurred after Laiman left the series in 1989 and the role would not become stable again until James E. Reilly joined the show in that role in 1993. His tenure, which lasted for four-and-a-half years and featured several supernatural-themed plotlines (which would later become the centerpiece of fellow NBC soap "Passions", when the Reilly-created series debuted in July 1999), was credited with bringing ratings up to the second place spot in the Nielsens. Other writers who succeeded

Broadcast.

Domestic broadcast.

According to "Variety", "Days of Our Lives" is the most widely distributed soap opera in the United States, with episodes having been broadcast via NBC and on cable and digital download platforms. Outside of national preemptions caused by breaking news coverage from NBC News, network preemptions of the show have been limited to scheduled sports events such as Thanksgiving NFL daytime games, the NHL Winter Classic and weekday French Open rounds (and in the past, Wimbledon and Christmas Day NBA games). NBC regularly carried "Days" as well as its other daytime shows during the duration of its Olympic Games coverage from 1988 until 2002. Beginning in 2004, when NBC expanded its Olympics coverage to include additional events during its daytime schedule, the network began preempting "Days" (and then-stablemate "Passions") for the duration of the Summer Olympics.  Under an agreement reached with Sony Pictures Television in March 2004, cable network Soapnet began airing same-day rebroadcasts of "Days of Our Lives" each weeknight at 7:00 and 11:00 p.m. (later 8:00 and 10:00 p.m. towa) Eastern and Pacific

Local scheduling variations.

As of 2019, most NBC stations air "Days of Our Lives" at 1:00 p.m. local time, while several stations air the program at other times in their respective markets. Since January 1993, after the cancellation of "Santa Barbara", WPXI-TV in Pittsburgh has aired "Days of Our Lives" weekdays at 3:00 p.m., while some stations such as WJAC-TV in Johnstown, Pennsylvania air the program at 2:00 p.m. Some Central Time Zone affiliates carry the program at 12:00 p.m. in tandem with NBC's Eastern Time Zone feed; one example is Green Bay, Wisconsin's WGBA-TV, which uses it

Nielsen ratings history.

End of season number of metered viewers (listed as a Nielsen share in millions)

International broadcast.

Americas.

Throughout Canada, "Days of Our Lives" currently airs either at 1:00 PM or 2:00 PM depending on location on Global Television Network. Episodes are aired in sync with the NBC broadcast to take advantage of simultaneous substitution regulations.

Oceania.

In Australia, "Days of Our Lives" was initially broadcast on the Nine Network from March 25, 1968, until April 26, 2013, when the network axed the show based on a commercial decision. During its run on the Nine Network in the early 2000s, episodes ended up being nearly five years behind the United States, due to the network's coverage of cricket each summer. In an attempt to get viewers up to date with the US, Nine aired a one-hour special on September 13, 2004,

United Kingdom.

On January 20, 2020, "Days of Our Lives" returned to television screens in the United Kingdom on the Sony Channel beginning with episodes from January 2018.

Opening title sequences and theme song.

Almost unmodified since the show's debut in November 1965, "Days of Our Lives"s title sequence showcases an hourglass, with sand slowly trickling to and piling up at the bottom partition of the glass against the backdrop of a partly cloudy sky, accompanied by the trademark verbal epitaph, "Like sands through the hourglass, so are the "Days of Our Lives."" The title sequence has been modified only three times since the series first premiered: The hourglass sequence was also used during the show's closing credits until November 2001 (when the network replaced it with a split-screen generic credit reel to incorporate video promos for other NBC daytime and prime time programs); it was replaced thereafter with a black background in international and, later, online airings. A sunset variant of the CGI sequence (which had been used for the closing credits from 1993 to 2001) remains in use as Corday Productions' closing credit vanity card.  From the show's debut in 1965 until March 1966, announcer Ed Prentiss spoke the aforementioned opening phrase, following it with the notation ""Days of Our Lives," a new dramatic serial starring Macdonald Carey." Carey, who had played Dr. Thomas Horton since the show's premiere, took over reading the opening epitaph in April 1966; for the following 28 years, his introductory voiceover added with "This is Macdonald Carey, and these are the "Days of

Parodies.

"Friends".

"Days of Our Lives" was partially satirized in the 1994–2004 NBC sitcom "Friends", in which main character Joey Tribbiani (Matt LeBlanc) played the fictional "Days" character Dr. Drake Ramoray in a storyline that began with him being cast in the role in the Season 2 episode "The One With Russ". Incidentally, "Friends" co-lead actress Jennifer Aniston (who played Rachel Green in the series) is the daughter of John Aniston, who has portrayed Victor Kiriakis on "Days of Our Lives" since 1985. (The elder Aniston

Notable fans.

"Days of Our Lives" has had many high-profile fans. In 1976, "Time" magazine reported that then-Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall would call a recess to court proceedings around the 1:00 p.m. hour to watch the show.  Actress Julia Roberts admitted at the 2002 People's Choice Awards that she was a fan of "Days of Our Lives", had asked to be seated near the cast, and upon winning her award stated, "I'm very nervous because the

Awards and nominations.

"Days of Our Lives" won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Writing Team in June 2012 and April 2018. It also won the Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Drama Series in June 2013 and April 2018.

Days of Our Lives (also stylized as Days of our Lives; often abbreviated to DOOL or Days) is an American daytime soap opera broadcast on NBC. It is one of the longest-running scripted television programs in the world, airing nearly every weekday since November 8, 1965. A co-production of Corday Productions and Sony Pictures Television, the series was created by husband-and-wife team Ted Corday and Betty Corday. During "Days of Our Lives" early years, Irna Phillips (creator of former NBC stablemate "Another World" as well as its former CBS rivals, "As the World Turns" and "Guiding Light") served as a story editor for the program and many of the show's earliest storylines were written by William J. Bell (who would depart the series in 1975 to focus full-time on "The Young and the Restless", which he created for CBS in 1973).

《我们的日子》(英语:Days of our Lives)为美国的NBC电视台制播的一部日间肥皂剧,也是世界上少数仍在在播的长寿电视剧,从1965年11月8日开始每星期播5集,在不少国家也播放过。到目前为止重播时段依然维持当初肥皂剧播出的时段:上午七点,而首播时间则是在晚间8点或12点(东区/西区)。这部戏是由知名夫妻团队Ted CordayBetty Corday创作。Irna Phillips是本剧的编剧,而William J. Bell则是早期的编剧。本剧已经重新续约至2014年。


Playing career.

Early career.

Ahn was selected for the South Korea under-20 for the 1994 AFC Youth Championship, but South Korea failed to advance to the semi-finals. Three years later, he was selected for the South Korea Universiade team for the 1997 Summer Universiade and won a silver medal in the tournament. In 1998, Ahn started his professional career with K League's Busan Daewoo Royals. He showed great performance in his club and he was selected as one of the 1998 K League Best XI. The next year, in 1999, he was named the K League Most Valuable Player by leading Busan's runners-up in the K League. In 2000, Ahn joined A.C. Perugia on loan and became the first South Korean player who played in Italian Serie A. However, he was ostracized at the club, and bullied by his captain, Marco Materazzi. He appeared 30 games, including 13 starts, and scored five goals for two seasons in the Serie A. He was named in South Korea's squad for the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

2002 World Cup.

In the 2002 FIFA World Cup on home soil, Ahn tied the game against the United States, and during his goal celebration he imitated a speed skater in reference to the controversial disqualification of Korean short track speed skater Kim Dong-sung in the 1500 metres at the 2002 Winter Olympics, allowing American Apolo Ohno to win the gold medal. Ahn missed a penalty, but later scored a golden goal in extra-time from a header in the round of 16 against Italy that sent the South Koreans through to the quarter-finals.

Conflict with Perugia.

The next day, Perugia owner Luciano Gaucci cancelled his contract and was quoted as saying, "I have no intention of paying a salary to someone who has ruined Italian football." Gaucci stated that his decision was not due to the goal, alleging comments by Ahn about the Italian nation. However, Gaucci later took back what he had said, and approved the £1.2 million option to sign Ahn on a permanent basis. Ahn rejected the offer of a three-year contract and refused to turn up for pre-season training despite Perugia claiming ownership of his registration, saying "I will no longer discuss my transfer to Perugia, who attacked my character instead of congratulating me for a goal in the World Cup." Busan also claimed that they had not been paid by Perugia. A number of European clubs were interested in Ahn, but withdrew due to their conflict, and FIFA raised Perugia's hand by delivering a judgment that Ahn has to pay Perugia $3.5 million to compensate for their damage in the transfer market, so he contracted with PM, a Japanese entertainment company, to pay off his debts. He spent his career as a J1 League player and an entertainer for three years.

Return to Europe.

After successful spell in Japan, Ahn returned to Europe to play for a French Ligue 1 team FC Metz in July 2005. He scored two goals in 16 outings. On 16 January 2006, Ahn was invited to train with Blackburn Rovers but twice failed to show up, one of the dates being on his birthday. In February, he secured a 17-month deal with a Bundesliga club MSV Duisburg to adapt to the environment of Germany, the 2006 FIFA World Cup host. He scored two goals in 12 outings and his club was relegated from the Bundesliga, as Ahn saw a move to Heart of Midlothian of the Scottish Premier League fall through. On 31 August 2006, he was released by Duisburg, and returned to South Korea in January 2007, joining Suwon Samsung Bluewings on a one-year deal. Previously, Ahn was selected for South Korea's 2006 FIFA World Cup squad in Germany, and came off the bench to score the winner in Korea's 2–1 opening match win over Togo, after coming from a goal down at halftime. Thus, he became Asian football career leader in goals scored in the World Cup, with three.

Retirement.

On 14 March 2007, Ahn scored his first goal of the season against Daejeon Citizen, with a first-half pass from Lee Kwan-woo. He went on to score a hat-trick in the 4–0 win, in only his third game of the season. However, his poor performance became longer and he was left out of the national team for the 2007 AFC Asian Cup. In 2008, he returned to the Busan Daewoo Royals, now renamed Busan IPark. He steadily improved his game and overall performances and, for the first time in 22 months, was recalled to the national team for the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifications match against Jordan. In March 2009, he signed a three-month contract with Chinese Super League side Dalian Shide. He became the key player in the club and extended his contract to December 2010 with Dalian Shide in June, despite that J2 League club Oita Trinita had an intention to sign him. He was promoted to team captain in the 2010 season. Ahn officially announced his retirement on 30 January 2012.

Personal life.

Ahn is sometimes called "The Lord of the Ring" by Korean fans. He married former Miss Korea Lee Hye-won in 2001 and got this nickname by kissing his wedding ring after every goal he scores.  Other than football, Ahn is noted for his model-like looks and has appeared in numerous make-up ads. The Korean media often states the similar facial appearance between the footballer and actor Cha In-pyo. Both view the statement as a compliment.  Ahn was one of the carriers of the Olympic flame at the opening of the 2018 Winter Olympics.

Career statistics.

International.

Source:

International goals.

"Results list South Korea's goal tally first."

Honours.

Player.

Busan Daewoo Royals  Yokohama F. Marinos  South Korea U23  South Korea Universiade  South Korea  Individual

Entertainer.

Source:

Ahn Jung-hwan (Hangul: 안정환; Hanja: ; or ; born 27 January 1976) is a South Korean former football player and television personality. A former second striker, he played for South Korea and scored three goals in two FIFA World Cup, including the golden goal against Italy which led his team to the quarter-finals in the 2002 FIFA World Cup. After his retirement as a football player, he became a television show host and a football commentator.

安贞桓(,1976年-1月27日),韩国的前职业足球员,现为综艺节目主持,曾效力于意大利佩鲁贾、德国杜伊斯堡足球俱乐部和中国大连实德等俱乐部。


Geography.

The 2nd arrondissement is Paris's smallest arrondissement, with a land area of just 0.992 km (0.383 sq. miles, or 245 acres)

Demographics.

The 2nd arrondissement reached its peak of settlement in the years before 1861, although it has only existed in its current shape since the re-organization of Paris in 1860. As of the last census (in 1999), the population was 19,585, while the number of jobs provided there was 61,672 – this despite a land area of only 0.992 km, making it the arrondissement with the densest concentration of commercial activity in the capital, with an average of 62,695 jobs per km.

Historical population.

Economy.

The French newspaper "L'Obs" has its head office in the arrondissement. Bourbon has its head office in the arrondissement. All Nippon Airways has its Paris Office in the arrondissement. China Airlines also has its France office in the arrondissement.  Aigle Azur's registered office is in the arrondissement.

Education.

In terms of state-operated schools, the second arrondissement has three nursery schools ("écoles maternelles"), five primary schools ("écoles élémentaires"), and one high school ("collège").  The nursery schools are "École Maternelle Dussoubs", "École Maternelle Saint Denis", and "École Maternelle Vivienne". The primary schools are "École Élémentaire Beauregard", "École Élémentaire Dussoubs", "École Élémentaire Etienne Marcel", "École Élémentaire Jussienne", and "École Élémentaire Louvois". "Collège César Franck" is the sole state-operated high school in the arrondissement.  "École Élémentaire Privée Saint-Sauveur" is the sole private primary school institution in the second arrondissement. Private secondary school institutions include "École du 2nd Degré Général Privée Rene Reaumur", "École Générale et Technologique Privée Lafayette", "École du 2nd degré professionnel privée CTRE PRI ENS SOINS ESTHETIQUES", "École du 2nd degré professionnel privée EC INTERNATIONALE DE COIFFURE", "École du 2nd degré professionnel privée ECOLE DE BIJOUTERIE-JOAILLERIE", and "École technologique privée ITECOM INST TECHN COMMUNIC".

The 2nd arrondissement of Paris ("II arrondissement") is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, this arrondissement is colloquially referred to as "deuxième" (second/the second).

巴黎第二区()是法国首都巴黎市的20个区之一。


History.

The term "hate crime" came into common usage in the United States during the 1980s, but it is often used retrospectively in order to describe events which occurred prior to that era. From the Roman persecution of Christians to the Nazi slaughter of Jews, hate crimes were committed by individuals as well as governments long before the term was commonly used. A major part of defining crimes as hate crimes is determining that they have been committed against members of historically oppressed groups.  As Europeans began to colonize the world from the 16th century onwards, indigenous peoples in the colonized areas, such as Native Americans increasingly became the targets of bias-motivated intimidation and violence. During the past two centuries, typical examples

Psychological effects.

Hate crimes can have significant and wide-ranging psychological consequences, not only for their direct victims but for others as well. A 1999 U.S. study of lesbian and gay victims of violent hate crimes documented that they experienced higher levels of psychological distress, including symptoms of depression and anxiety, than lesbian and gay victims of comparable crimes which were not motivated by antigay bias. A manual issued by the Attorney-General of the Province

Motivation.

The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation conducted a study into the motives for hate crimes and

Laws.

Hate crime laws generally fall into one of several categories:

Eurasia.

European Union.

Since 2002, with an amendment to the Convention on Cybercrime, the

Andorra.

Discriminatory acts constituting harassment or infringement of a person's dignity on the basis of origin, citizenship, race, religion, or gender (Penal Code Article

Armenia.

Armenia has a penalty-enhancement statute for crimes

Austria.

Austria has a penalty-enhancement statute for reasons like repeating a crime, being especially cruel, using others'

Azerbaijan.

Azerbaijan has a penalty-enhancement statute for crimes motivated by racial, national, or religious hatred (Criminal

Belarus.

Belarus has a penalty-enhancement statute for

Belgium.

Belgium's Act of 25 February 2003 ("aimed at combating discrimination and modifying the Act of 15 February 1993 which establishes the Centre for Equal Opportunities and the Fight against Racism") establishes a penalty-enhancement for crimes involving discrimination on the basis of gender, supposed race, color,

Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The Criminal Code of Bosnia and Herzegovina (enacted 2003) "contains provisions prohibiting discrimination by public officials on grounds, inter alia, of race,

Bulgaria.

Bulgarian criminal law prohibits certain crimes motivated by racism and xenophobia, but a 1999 report by the

Croatia.

The Croatian Penal Code explicitly defines hate crime in article 89 as "any crime committed out of hatred for someone's race, skin color, sex, sexual orientation, language, religion, political or other belief,

Czech Republic.

The Czech legislation finds its constitutional basis in the principles of equality and non-discrimination contained in the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms. From there, we can trace two basic lines of protection against hate-motivated incidents: one passes through criminal law, the other through civil law. The current Czech criminal legislation has implications both for decisions about guilt (affecting the decision whether to find a defendant guilty or not guilty) and decisions concerning sentencing (affecting the extent of the punishment imposed). It has three levels, to wit: Current criminal legislation does not provide for special penalties for acts that target another by reason of his

Denmark.

Although Danish law does not include explicit hate crime provisions, "section 80(1) of the Criminal Code instructs courts to take into account the gravity of the offence and the offender's motive when meting out

Estonia.

Under section 151 of the Criminal Code of Estonia of 6 June 2001, which entered into force on 1 September 2002, with amendments and supplements and as amended by the Law of 8 December 2011, "activities which

Finland.

Finnish Criminal Code 515/2003 (enacted January 31, 2003) makes "committing a crime against a person, because of his national, racial, ethnical or equivalent group" an aggravating circumstance in sentencing. In addition, ethnic agitation () is criminalized and carries a fine or a prison sentence of not more than two years. The

France.

In 2003, France enacted penalty-enhancement hate crime laws for crimes motivated by bias against the victim's actual or perceived ethnicity, nation, race, religion, or sexual orientation. The

Georgia.

"There is no general provision in Georgian law for racist motivation to be considered an aggravating circumstance in prosecutions of ordinary offenses. Certain crimes involving racist motivation are, however, defined as specific offenses in the Georgian Criminal Code of 1999, including

Germany.

The German Criminal Code does not have hate crime legislation, instead, it criminalizes hate speech under a number of different laws, including Volksverhetzung. In the German legal framework motivation is not taken into account while identifying the element of the offence. However, within the sentencing procedure the judge can define certain principles for determining punishment. In section 46 of the German Criminal Code it is stated that "the motives and aims of the perpetrator; the state of mind reflected in

Greece.

Article Law 927/1979 "Section 1,1 penalises incitement to discrimination, hatred or violence towards individuals or groups because of their racial, national or religious origin, through public written or oral expressions; Section 1,2 prohibits the establishment of, and membership in, organisations which organise propaganda

Hungary.

Violent action, cruelty, and coercion by threat made on the basis of the victim's actual or perceived national, ethnic,

Iceland.

Section 233a of the Icelandic Penal Code states "Anyone who in a ridiculing, slanderous, insulting, threatening or any other manner publicly

India.

India does not have any specific laws governing hate crimes

Ireland.

"The Prohibition of Incitement to Hatred Act 1989" makes it an offense to incite hatred against any group of persons on

Italy.

Italian criminal law, at Section 3 of Law No. 205/1993, the so-called

Kazakhstan.

In Kazakhstan, there are constitutional

Kyrgyzstan.

In Kyrgyzstan, "the Constitution of the State party prohibits any kind of discrimination on grounds of origin, sex, race, nationality, language, faith, political or religious convictions or any other personal or social trait or circumstance, and

Russia.

Article 29 of Constitution of the Russian Federation bans incitement to riot for the sake of stirring societal, racial, ethnic, and religious hatred as

Spain.

Article 22(4) of the Spanish Penal Code includes a penalty-enhancement provision for crimes motivated by bias against the victim's ideology, beliefs, religion, ethnicity, race, nationality, gender,

Sweden.

Article 29 of the Swedish Penal Code includes a penalty-enhancement provision for crimes

Ukraine.

I. ""Constitution of Ukraine"" :  The most important law of the Ukraine country : the ""Constitution of Ukraine"" guarantees protection against Hate crime :  ""Constitution of Ukraine"" :  Article 10: "In Ukraine, free development, use and protection of Russian and "other languages" of ethnic minorities of Ukraine are guaranteed".  Article 11: "The State shall promote the development of the ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity of all indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities of Ukraine".  Article 24 :"There can be no privileges or restrictions on the grounds of race, color of the skin, political, religious or other beliefs, sex, ethnic or social origin, property status, place of residence, language or other grounds".  II. ""CRIMINAL CODEX OF UKRAINE"" :  In Ukraine, all criminal punishments for crimes committed under the

United Kingdom.

For England, Wales, and Scotland, the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 makes hateful behaviour towards a victim based on the victim's membership (or presumed membership) in a racial group or a religious group an aggravation in sentencing for specified crimes. The Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (c. 24) amended sections of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. For Northern Ireland, Public Order (Northern Ireland) Order 1987 (S.I. 1987/463 (N.I. 7)) serves the same purpose. A "racial group" is a group of persons defined by reference to race, colour, nationality (including citizenship) or ethnic or national origins. A "religious group" is a group of persons defined by reference to religious belief or lack of religious belief. The specified crimes are assault, criminal damage, offences under the Public Order Act 1986, and offences under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997.  Sections 145 and 146 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 require a court to consider whether a crime which is not specified by the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 is racially or religiously aggravated, and to consider whether the following circumstances were pertinent to the crime:  The Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) reported in 2013 that there are an average of 278,000 hate crimes a year with 40% being reported according to a victims survey, although police records only identified around 43,000 hate crimes a year. It was widely reported that police recorded a 57% increase in hate crime complaints in

Eurasian countries with no hate crime laws.

Albania, Cyprus, San Marino, Slovenia and Turkey have no hate crime laws.

North America.

Canada.

"In Canada the legal definition of a hate crime can be found in sections 318 and 319 of the Criminal Code". In 1996 the federal government amended a section of the Criminal Code that pertains to sentencing. Specifically, section 718.2. The section states (with regard to the hate crime):  "A court that imposes a sentence shall also take into consideration the following principles:  "(a) a sentence should be increased or reduced to account for any relevant aggravating or mitigating circumstances relating to the offence or the offender, and, without limiting the generality of the foregoing,"  "(i) evidence that the offence was motivated by bias, prejudice or hate based on race, national or ethnic origin, language, colour, religion, sex, age, mental or physical disability, sexual orientation, or any other similar factor,... shall be deemed

United States.

Hate crime laws have a long history in the United States. The first hate crime laws were passed after the American Civil War, beginning with the Civil Rights Act of 1871, in order to combat the growing number of racially motivated crimes which were being committed by the Reconstruction era Ku Klux Klan. The modern era of hate-crime legislation began in 1968 with the passage of federal statute, 18 U.S. 245, part of the Civil Rights Act which made it illegal to "by force or by threat of force, injure, intimidate, or interfere with anyone who is engaged in six specified protected activities, by reason of their race, color, religion, or national origin." However, "The prosecution of such crimes must be certified by the U.S. attorney general.".  The first state hate-crime statute, California's Section 190.2, was passed in 1978 and it provided penalty enhancements in cases when murders were motivated by prejudice against four "protected status" categories: race, religion, color, and national origin. Washington included ancestry in a statute which was passed in 1981. Alaska included creed and sex in 1982 and later disability, sexual orientation, and ethnicity. In the 1990s some state laws began to include age, marital status, membership in the armed forces, and membership in civil rights organizations.  Until California state legislation included all crimes as possible hate crimes in 1987, criminal acts which could be considered hate crimes in various states included aggravated assault, assault and battery, vandalism, rape, threats and intimidation, arson, trespassing, stalking, and various "lesser" acts.  Defined in the 1999 National Crime Victim Survey, "A hate crime is a criminal offence. In the United States, federal prosecution is possible for hate crimes committed on the basis of a person's race, religion, or nation origin when engaging in a federally protected activity." In 2009, President Barack Obama signed into law the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act. The Act added actual or perceived gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, and disability to the federal definition of a hate crime, and dropped the prerequisite that the victim be engaging in a federally protected activity. Led by Shepard's parents and a coalition of civil rights groups, including ADL (the Anti-Defamation League), the campaign to pass the Matthew Shepard Act lasted 13 years, in large part because of opposition to including the term "sexual

South America.

Brazil.

In Brazil, hate crime laws focus on racism, racial injury, and other special bias-motivated crimes such as, for example, murder by death squads and genocide on the grounds of nationality, ethnicity, race or religion. Murder by death squads and genocide are legally classified as "hideous crimes" ("crimes hediondos" in Portuguese).  The crimes of racism and racial injury, although similar, are enforced slightly differently. Article 140, 3rd paragraph, of the

Chile.

In 2012, the Anti-discrimination law amended the Criminal Code adding a new aggravating circumstance of criminal responsibility, as follows: "Committing or participating in a crime motivated by ideology, political opinion, religion or beliefs of the victim; nation, race, ethnic or social group; sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, affiliation, personal appearance or suffering from illness or disability."

Middle East.

Israel is the only country in the Middle East that has hate crime laws.

Support for and opposition to hate crime laws.

Support.

Justifications for harsher punishments for hate crimes focus on the notion that hate crimes cause greater individual and societal harm. It is said that, when the core of a person's identity is attacked, the degradation and dehumanization is especially severe, and additional emotional and physiological problems are likely to result. Society then, in turn, can suffer from the disempowerment of a group of people. Furthermore, it is asserted that the chances for retaliatory crimes are greater when a hate crime has been committed. The riots in Los Angeles, California that

Opposition.

The U.S. Supreme Court unanimously found the St. Paul Bias-Motivated Crime Ordinance amounted to viewpoint-based discrimination in conflict with rights of free speech, because it selectively criminalized bias-motivated speech or symbolic speech for disfavored topics while permitting such speech for other topics. Many critics further assert that it conflicts with an even more fundamental right: free thought. The claim is that hate-crime legislation effectively makes certain ideas or beliefs, including religious ones, illegal, in other words, thought crimes. Heidi Hurd argues that hate crimes criminalize certain dispositions yet do not show why hate is a morally worse disposition for a crime than one motivated by jealousy, greed, sadism or vengeance or why hatred and bias are uniquely responsive to criminal sanction compared to other motivations. Hurd argues that whether or not a disposition is worse than another is case sensitive and thus it is difficult to argue that some motivations are categorically worse than others.  In their book "Hate Crimes: Criminal Law and Identity Politics", James B. Jacobs and Kimberly Potter criticize hate crime legislation for exacerbating conflicts between groups. They assert that by defining crimes as being committed by one group against another, rather than as being committed by individuals against their society, the labeling of crimes as "hate crimes" causes groups to feel persecuted by one another, and that this impression of persecution can incite a

A hate crime (also known as a bias-motivated crime or bias crime) is a prejudice-motivated crime which occurs when a perpetrator targets a victim because of their membership (or perceived membership) of a certain social group or race.

仇恨罪行(英语:Hate crime)或偏见动机型犯罪(英语:bias-motivated crime),指的是由针对某一特定社会群体的歧视性或偏见性犯罪行为。该罪行的提出是一种基于保护特定少数群体的意识形态或政治理念,由于现实中多数人群或者声称代表多数群体的组织或个人可能会针对与其不同种族、民族、国籍、户籍、语言、宗教、性别、性取向、身心障碍、年龄、性别特质、政治立场、资产状况、学历等等因素,而触发羞辱、攻击、霸凌甚至是谋杀等罪行的犯罪动机。