吉姆·乔丹 (美国政治人物)

Early life, education and early career.

Jordan was born and raised in Champaign County, Ohio. He attended and wrestled for Graham High School, graduating in 1982. He won state championships all four years he was in high school and compiled a 156–28–1 win-loss record. He then enrolled at the University of Wisconsin–Madison where he became a two-time NCAA Division I wrestling champion. Jordan won the 1985 and 1986 NCAA championship matches in the 134-pound weight class. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in economics in 1986. He lost the 57–62 kg featherweight semi-final match at the 1988 US Olympic wrestling trials and did not make the Olympic team.  Jordan earned a master's degree in education from Ohio State University in Columbus and obtained a J.D. degree from Ohio's Capital University Law School in 2001. In a 2018 interview Jordan said "Never took the bar exam, so don't, like - I'm not - I'm just a wannabe.".  Jordan was an assistant wrestling coach with Ohio State University's (OSU) wrestling program from 1987 to 1995.

Political career.

Ohio General Assembly.

Jordan was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives in November 1994 and represented the 85th Ohio House district for three terms.  In 2000, Jordan defeated independent candidate Jack Kaffenberger to win a seat in the Ohio Senate with 88% of the vote. In 2004, Jordan defeated Kaffenberger again, this time with 79% of the vote.

U.S. House of Representatives.

Jordan represents Ohio's 4th congressional district. The district has been redrawn over time to minimize urban area and increase the rural area; it is now gerrymandered to avoid having Toledo, Columbus or Cleveland (or their respective suburbs) in the district which stretches from Lake Erie nearly to Dayton. A three-judge federal panel unanimously ruled in May 2019 that Ohio's congressional district map is unconstitutional due to partisan gerrymandering and ordered the state to create a new map in time for the 2020 election. As of May 2019, the issue remained unresolved. Jordan won the Republican primary for the 4th district in 2006 after 26-year incumbent Mike Oxley announced his retirement. Jordan defeated Democrat Rick Siferd in the general election with 60 percent of the votes.  Jordan was reelected in 2008, defeating Democrat Mike Carroll with 65 percent of the votes.  Jordan was reelected in 2010, defeating Democrat Doug Litt and Libertarian Donald Kissick with 71 percent of the votes. He chaired the Republican Study Committee during the 112th Congress while turning down a position on the Appropriations Committee. During the U.S. government shutdown of 2013, he was considered the most powerful member of the committee. That group was the primary proponent and executor of the Republican Congressional strategy to force a government shutdown, in order to force changes in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare.  Jordan received a vote for Speaker of the United States House of Representatives in the 113th Congress from a fellow right-wing conservative, Tea Party Caucus Chairman Tim Huelskamp of Kansas. Jordan received two votes for Speaker during the 114th Congress. On July 26, 2018, Jordan announced his bid for Speaker following resignation of Paul Ryan, but lost to Kevin McCarthy. His campaign ended when Democrats took the majority in the U.S. House of Representatives. Subsequently, Jordan campaigned for House Minority Leader. Former Ohio State Representative Capri Cafar said that Jordan "is someone who has built a reputation as an attack dog, someone who is media savvy, someone who is a stalwart supporter of the president and who has the skill necessary to take the lead for the GOP." He lost his bid to California Republican McCarthy in a 159–43 vote. Jordan was the Ranking Member of the House Oversight Committee from 2019 to 2020. In February 2020, he left his position on the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform and replaced Doug Collins on the United States House Committee on the Judiciary. Collins was required to step down from the committee post after launching his bid in the 2020 United States Senate special election in Georgia. Jordan was replaced on the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform by Mark Meadows.

Freedom Caucus.

During the 114th Congress, Jordan and eight other members of Congress founded the House Freedom Caucus, a bloc of conservatives working to "to advance an agenda of limited constitutional government" in Congress. He served as the group's first chairman. The caucus was ultimately credited with pushing Speaker John Boehner into retirement.

Legislation.

On May 2, 2014, Jordan introduced House Resolution 565 entitled Calling on Attorney General Eric H. Holder, Jr., to appoint a special counsel to investigate the targeting of conservative nonprofit groups by the Internal Revenue Service that passed on May 7, 2014.  In March 2017, Jordan criticized the newly introduced American Health Care Act, the Republican replacement bill for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, calling it an unacceptable form of "Obamacare Lite." On May 4, 2017, he voted to pass a revised version of the legislation.  On June 13, 2018, Jordan and Mark Meadows (R-NC) filed a resolution to compel the Department of Justice to provide certain documents to Congress relating to the ongoing congressional investigations of interference by Russia in the 2016 election. The resolution asserted that the DOJ was stonewalling congressional oversight and sought to give the DOJ seven days from its enactment to turn over documents related to both Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein's appointment of Special Counsel Robert Mueller as well as various decisions made by the FBI during the 2016 presidential election. Jordan issued a press release that stated: This resolution gives the DOJ seven days to turn over the documents that they owe Congress. Rod Rosenstein threatened congressional staff. When the bully picks on your little brother, you have to respond. It's time for House Leadership to stand up and pass this resolution.  On July 25, 2018, Jordan and Mark Meadows introduced Articles of Impeachment against Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein who they accused of "intentionally withholding embarrassing documents and information, knowingly hiding material investigative information from Congress, various abuses of the FISA process, and failure to comply with congressional subpoenas, among others. Jordan stated that impeachment was necessary because: The DOJ is keeping information from Congress. Enough is enough. It's time to hold Mr. Rosenstein accountable for blocking Congress’s constitutional oversight role.  Jordan and Warren Davidson (R., Ohio) were the only members of the Ohio congressional delegation and two of 60 members of congress, that voted in October 2019 against a bipartisan resolution that passed the House 354–60 condemning President Donald Trump's unilateral withdrawal of U.S. military forces from Syria.

Political positions.

According to "The Dayton Daily News", Jordan "is known for being one of Congress' most conservative members."  In Congress, Jordan is among the most conservative Republicans, earning a perfect score from the American Conservative Union. He has voted consistently for anti-abortion legislation and was endorsed by Ohio Right to Life in 2012. During the 112th Congress, he was one of 40 "staunch" members of the Republican Study Committee who frequently voted against Republican party leadership and vocally expressed displeasure with House bills.  Jordan was a leading critic of President Barack Obama's Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP) program, advocating for its shutdown.  Jordan has supported the continued production and upgrades of M1 Abrams tanks in his district.  Asked by Anderson Cooper in April 2018 whether he had ever heard President Trump tell a lie, Jordan said "I have not" and "nothing comes to mind." He also said, "I don't know that [Mr. Trump has ever] said something wrong that he needs to apologize for."

Donald Trump.

Jordan has been a stalwart supporter of President Donald Trump. In December 2017, Jordan sought to discredit the FBI and Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 election. Jordan questioned the impartiality of Mueller, and called on Deputy Attorney General Rod J. Rosenstein to use his authority to disband the Mueller investigation or create a second special counsel to simultaneously investigate Mueller himself. Rosenstein rejected the request, saying that he could not appoint another special counsel as there was not any credible allegation of any potential crime. "The New York Times" noted that Republicans increasingly criticised Mueller's investigation after it "delivered a series of indictments to high-profile associates of the president and evidence that at least two of them are cooperating with the inquiry". In July 2018, Jordan led efforts to impeach Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein as a way to shut down the special counsel's investigation. During a hearing on July 12, 2018, Jordan repeatedly interrupted FBI agent Peter Strzok while Strzok tried to explain that he couldn't answer specific questions in order to preserve the confidentiality of an ongoing investigation. Jordan's behavior caused committee Democrats to protest his tactics and to allow Strzok to respond. They also objected to Jordan's exceeding his allowed time for questioning. House Judiciary Committee chairman, Republican Bob Goodlatte, admonished Jordan for his repeated interruptions of the witness.  In July 2018, Jordan, along with Mark Meadows called on the Department of Justice to "review allegations that Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein threatened to subpoena phone records and documents from a House Intelligence Committee staffer". In their written request, the two wrote that in his use of investigative powers, Rosenstein had retaliated "against rank-and-file (congressional) staff members", therefore abusing his authority. Talking to John Catsimatidis on WNYM, Jordan said he would force a vote on the impeachment of Rosenstein if the DOJ does not deliver documents Congress requested.  In March 2019, Jordan was criticized by House Judiciary Chairman Jerrold Nadler on the grounds that he allegedly used anti-Semitic messaging by spelling 2020 Presidential Candidate Tom Steyer's name with a "$" in place of an "S" on Twitter while urging Nadler to resist calls for presidential impeachment.  During Robert Mueller's testimony to two congressional committees on July 24, 2019, Jordan asked Mueller why he never charged Joseph Mifsud with lying to the FBI while George Papadopoulos was charged for lying about Mifsud. Jordan said: "Mifsud is the guy who told Papadopoulos [about Russian dirt], he was the guy who started it all, yet when the FBI interviews him, he lies three times. You don't charge him." Mueller responded: "Well I can't get into it and it's obvious, I think, that we can't get into charging decisions."  On October 23, 2019, Jordan and two dozen other Republicans staged a protest that delayed a Trump impeachment inquiry hearing. The coordinated action disrupted the United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence where Republican and Democratic congressional members planned to take testimony from Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Laura Cooper. The group staged a sit-in outside the Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility (SCIF) hearing room. Curiously, some of the Republicans who participated already had access to the hearings since the members of the House Oversight, Intelligence, and Foreign Affairs Committees were welcomed to attend and ask questions (which many did). In describing the "stand-in", Jordan said: "the members have just had it, and they want to be able to see and represent their constituents and find out what's going on." The next day, Jordan appeared on Fox News and said that "Adam Schiff is doing this unfair, partisan process in secret and our members finally said, 'Enough'...We're sooo frustrated. They reached a boiling point and these guys marched in and said 'we want to know what's going on.'"  House Homeland Security Committee chairman Bennie Thompson wrote to the House sergeant-at-arms about Jordan, Alabama representative Bradley Byrne, and others, requesting that he take action regarding their "unprecedented breach of security." South Carolina Republican senator Lindsey Graham admonished his House colleagues for their tactic, calling them "nuts" for having made a "run on the SCIF."  On November 8, 2019, Republicans made Jordan a temporary member of the House Intelligence Committee, allowing him to lead the defense for President Donald Trump's public impeachment hearings. GOP minority leader Kevin McCarthy tweeted about the move for Jordan, stating that Jordan's position was temporary and that Rep. Rick Crawford would rejoin the Intelligence Committee "when this Democrat charade is over."  Jordan appeared in televised meetings not wearing a customary jacket but instead attired in shirtsleeves and a tie. He regularly interrupted testimony and consistently ignored time limits. Democratic Committee chair Adam Schiff interjected as Jordan questioned former Ukraine ambassador Marie Yovanovitch, attempting to cut Jordan off after he exceeded his five-minute time limit. Schiff remonstrated, "My indulgence is wearing out." Jordan responded, "Our indulgence wore out with you a long time ago, Mr. Chairman." Afterward, Jordan repeated a Republican mantra: "The Democrats have never accepted the will of the American people." "They've been out to get the president since the day he was elected."

Environment.

In July 2008, Jordan was the first member of Congress to sign the "No Climate Tax" pledge drafted by the conservative political advocacy group Americans for Prosperity.  In Congress, Jordan voted to open the Outer Continental Shelf to oil drilling, prevent the EPA from regulating greenhouse gases, and bar greenhouse gases from Clean Air Act rules. He voted against enforcing limits on carbon dioxide () global warming pollution, tax credits for renewable electricity, tax incentives for renewable energy and energy conservation, and curtailing subsidies for oil and gas company exploration.

Pharmaceutical industry.

In April 2019, Jordan warned pharmaceutical companies not to comply with a request for information sent by Elijah Cummings, the Democratic chair of the House Oversight Committee, about how pharmaceutical companies set prescription drug prices. Jordan suggested that Cummings would leak cherry-picked information in an attempt to harm the stock prices of pharmaceutical companies.

Planned Parenthood.

Jordan is against Planned Parenthood the leading abortion provider in America and supports ending Medicaid reimbursements to the organization.

Taxes.

While serving in the Ohio Senate, Jordan supported the Tax and Expenditure Limitation Amendment, a state constitutional amendment that would require a vote of the people to raise taxes or increase spending over certain limits.

Ohio State University sexual abuse scandal.

Jordan was an assistant wrestling coach with the Ohio State University's (OSU) wrestling program from 1987 to 1995. Ohio State University began an independent investigation in April 2018 into allegations of sexual misconduct by former wrestling team physician Richard Strauss; Strauss was the team physician during Jordan's tenure as assistant coach. Strauss committed suicide in 2005.  In early June 2018, at least eight former wrestlers said that Jordan had been aware of, but did not respond to, allegations of sexual misconduct by Mr. Strauss. Jordan's locker was next to Strauss's, and Jordan spent so much time in the locker room that he created and awarded a "King of the Sauna" certificate to the member of the team who spent the most time in the sauna "talking smack".  In July 2018, Jordan's congressional spokesman Ian Fury released a statement in which Ohio State wrestling coach Russ Hellickson reportedly said: "At no time while Jim Jordan was a coach with me at Ohio State did either of us ignore abuse of our wrestlers. This is not the kind of man Jim is, and it is not the kind of coach that I was."  Former wrestling team members David Range, Mike DiSabato and Dunyasha Yetts asserted that Jordan knew of Strauss's misconduct. Yetts said "For God’s sake, Strauss’s locker was right next to Jordan’s and Jordan even said he’d kill him if he tried anything with him”. No wrestlers have accused Jordan of sexual misconduct; however, Jordan was named as a defendant in a lawsuit against the university by four former wrestlers. Several former wrestlers, including ex-UFC fighter Mark Coleman, allege that Hellickson contacted two witnesses in an attempt to pressure them to support Jordan the day after they accused the congressman of turning a blind eye to alleged sexual abuse.  Jordan has refused to cooperate with investigations into Strauss. Jordan described his accusers as "pawns in a political plot" and insists that he did not even hear any locker room talk about Strauss or sexual abuse at OSU. In response to Jordan's denials, Mike DiSabato said: "I considered Jim Jordan a friend. But at the end of the day, he is absolutely lying if he says he doesn't know what was going on."  On July 13, 2018, the editorial board of the "Cleveland Plain Dealer" asserted that "Jim Jordan must acknowledge what he knew".  In May 2019, DiSabato filed a Title IX lawsuit against OSU. In one count of the court papers, DiSabato claimed that a second cousin of Jordan's attempted to "intimidate and retaliate" against DiSabato. In 2019, DiSabato shared text messages with NBC News that were corroborated by another former wrestler indicating that Jim Jordan, Russ Hellickson, and high school wrestling coach Jeff Jordan (Jim Jordan's younger brother) conspired to engage in witness tampering and intimidation when they called Coleman and Coleman's parents to pressure Coleman to recant his earlier accusation that Jordan was aware of the abuse.  In November 2019, a retired wrestling referee filed a lawsuit alleging that he had warned Jordan and Hellickson about Strauss' misconduct. Jordan promptly dismissed the referee as "another person making a false statement".  In February 2020, Adam DiSabato—the brother of Mike DiSabato—testified before the Ohio House Civil Justice Committee that "Jim Jordan called me crying, crying. Groveling. On the 4th of July, begging me to go against my brother. Begging me. Crying for a half hour. That’s the kind of cover-up that’s going on there"

Personal life.

Jordan and his wife Polly live near Urbana in central Champaign County. They were introduced by her brothers. Jim Jordan explained in an interview with the "Washington Examiner" in 2014 that he competed in wrestling with Polly's brothers. He told the newspaper, “I decided it would be a lot more fun wrestling with Polly than her brothers.” They started dating when he was 13 and she was 14. They have four children and two grandchildren. Jordan's son-in-law, Jarrod Uthoff, is a professional basketball player in the NBA G League. Jordan rarely wears a suit jacket.

Political campaigns.

U.S. House of Representatives, Ohio 4th District  2008 - defeated Mike Carroll. 2010 - defeated Doug Litt (D) and Donald Kissick (L). 2012 - defeated Jim Slone (D) and Chris Kalla (L). 2014 - defeated Janet Garrett (D). 2016 - defeated Janet Garrett (D). 2018 - defeated Janet Garrett (D).

James Daniel Jordan (born February 17, 1964) is an American politician serving as the U.S. Representative for since 2007. A member of the Republican Party, he is a former collegiate wrestler and collegiate wrestling coach.

吉姆·乔丹(Jim Jordan;1964年-2月17日)是美国的一位政治人物。自2007年开始,他是俄亥俄州第4选举区选出的美国众议院议员。他的党籍是共和党。在当选众议院议员之前,他曾是俄亥俄州议会议员。


Series overview.

<onlyinclude> </onlyinclude>

Episodes.

Season 1 (1995–96).

This season stars David James Elliott as Harmon Rabb, and Tracey Needham as Meg Austin. Patrick Labyorteaux and John M. Jackson both have continuous arcs throughout the season. Catherine Bell guest stars, Andrea Parker recurs.  All episodes of Season 1 are available for streaming on all services (Comcast, CBS All Access, and Netflix).

Season 2 (1997).

This season stars David James Elliott as Harmon Rabb. Catherine Bell joins the main cast as Sarah MacKenzie, alongside Patrick Labyorteaux as Bud Roberts, and John M. Jackson as A.J. Chegwidden. Steven Culp and Karri Turner have continuous arcs throughout the season. Chuck Carrington recurs.  The following Season 2 episodes are not available for streaming on CBS All Access, Comcast, or Netflix (to date). According to CBS All Access customer support, they are not licensed for streaming, and the representative was unable to state why.  Episodes 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 13

Season 3 (1997–98).

This season stars David James Elliott as Harmon Rabb, Catherine Bell as Sarah MacKenzie, Patrick Labyorteaux as Bud Roberts, and John M. Jackson as Admiral AJ Chegwidden. Steven Culp and Karri Turner have continuous arcs throughout the season. Tracey Needham guest stars, Chuck Carrington recurs.  The following Season 3 episodes are not available for streaming on CBS All Access, Comcast, or Netflix (to date). According to CBS All Access customer support, they are not licensed for streaming, and the representative was unable to state why.  Episodes 3, 4, 8, 12, 15 - 17, 19, 22, 23

Season 4 (1998–99).

This season stars David James Elliott as Harmon Rabb, Catherine Bell as Sarah MacKenzie, Patrick Labyorteaux as Bud Roberts, and John M. Jackson as Admiral AJ Chegwidden. Steven Culp, Trevor Goddard and Karri Turner have continuous arcs throughout the season. Mae Whitman guest stars, Chuck Carrington recurs.  The following Season 4 episodes are not available for streaming on CBS All Access, Comcast, or Netflix (to date). According to CBS All Access customer support, they are not licensed for streaming, and the representative was unable to state why.  Episodes: 2 - 5, 7 - 9, 11 - 15, 17 - 24

Season 5 (1999–2000).

This season stars David James Elliott as Harmon Rabb, Catherine Bell as Sarah MacKenzie, Patrick Labyorteaux as Bud Roberts, and John M. Jackson as Admiral AJ Chegwidden. Steven Culp, Trevor Goddard, Randy Vasquez and Karri Turner have continuous arcs throughout the season. Mae Whitman guest stars, Chuck Carrington recurs. The following Season 5 episodes are not available for streaming on CBS All Access, Comcast, or Netflix (to date). According to CBS All Access customer support, they are not licensed for streaming, and the representative was unable to state why.  Episodes: 4, 5, 9, 11, 13 - 15, 19, 21, 24, 25

Season 6 (2000–01).

This season stars David James Elliott as Harmon Rabb, Catherine Bell as Sarah MacKenzie, Patrick Labyorteaux as Bud Roberts, and John M. Jackson as Admiral AJ Chegwidden. Steven Culp, Trevor Goddard, Randy Vasquez and Karri Turner have continuous arcs throughout the season. Mae Whitman and Andrea Parker guest star, Chuck Carrington recurs. The following Season 6 episodes are not available for streaming on CBS All Access, Comcast, or Netflix (to date). According to CBS All Access customer support, they are not licensed for streaming, and the representative was unable to state why.  Episodes: 1 - 6, 8 - 13, 15 - 19, 22 - 24

Season 7 (2001–02).

This season stars David James Elliott as Harmon Rabb, Catherine Bell as Sarah MacKenzie, Patrick Labyorteaux as Bud Roberts, and John M. Jackson as Admiral AJ Chegwidden. Steven Culp, Trevor Goddard, Zoe McLellan, Scott Lawrence, Nanci Chambers, Randy Vasquez and Karri Turner have continuous arcs throughout the season. Chuck Carrington recurs. The following Season 7 episodes are not available for streaming on CBS All Access, Comcast, or Netflix (to date). According to CBS All Access customer support, they are not licensed for streaming, and the representative was unable to state why.  Episodes: 1 - 4, 8, 10 - 15, 17 - 21, 23

Season 8 (2002–03).

This season stars David James Elliott as Harmon Rabb, Catherine Bell as Sarah MacKenzie, Patrick Labyorteaux as Bud Roberts, and John M. Jackson as Admiral AJ Chegwidden. Steven Culp, Zoe McLellan, Scott Lawrence, Nanci Chambers, Randy Vasquez and Karri Turner have continuous arcs throughout the season. Tamlyn Tomita guest stars, Chuck Carrington recurs. The following Season 8 episodes are not available for streaming on CBS All Access, Comcast, or Netflix (to date). According to CBS All Access customer support, they are not licensed for streaming, and the representative was unable to state why.  Episodes: 2, 3, 6, 8 - 14, 16 - 24

Season 9 (2003–04).

This season stars David James Elliott as Harmon Rabb, Catherine Bell as Sarah MacKenzie, Patrick Labyorteaux as Bud Roberts, and John M. Jackson as Admiral AJ Chegwidden. Steven Culp, Zoe McLellan, Scott Lawrence, Randy Vasquez and Karri Turner have continuous arcs throughout the season. Chuck Carrington recurs. The following Season 9 episodes are not available for streaming on CBS All Access, Comcast, or Netflix (to date). According to CBS All Access customer support, they are not licensed for streaming, and the representative was unable to state why.  Episodes: 1 - 3, 5 - 7, 10 - 12, 14 - 19, 21 - 23

Season 10 (2004–05).

This season stars David James Elliott as Harmon Rabb, Catherine Bell as Sarah MacKenzie, and Patrick Labyorteaux as Bud Roberts. Scott Lawrence joins the main cast as Sturgis Turner, alongside Zoe McLellan as Jennifer Coates. Steven Culp, David Andrews and Karri Turner have continuous arcs throughout the season. Jordana Spiro, Meta Golding and Chris Beetem also star. The following Season 10 episodes are not available for streaming on CBS All Access, Comcast, or Netflix (to date). According to CBS All Access customer support, they are not licensed for streaming, and the representative was unable to state why.  Episodes: 1 - 4, 6 - 13, 15 - 20, 22 (final)

US television ratings.

Seasonal rankings (based on average total viewers per episode) of "JAG" from Nielsen ratings on NBC (first season) and CBS (other seasons).  "JAG" had generally an older skewing audience: for the 2002-2003 season, the median age viewer was 58 (the same figure was also held by other CBS shows "Becker" and "The Guardian"). As a comparison, for the same season, "Law & Order" and "" on NBC had a median of 50, while "The Practice" and "NYPD Blue" on ABC had a median of 48. However, as the article in "Broadcasting & Cable" states: "fewer broadcast network primetime series than [2013] had median age audiences over 50"

Home video releases.

"JAG" was not available on DVD (or VHS, with the singular exception of the pilot movie, which was given a VHS release by Paramount Home Video in 1998<ref name="Jag / Premiere Episode VHS"></ref> ) during the course of its original run. It was suggested that a syndication deal with USA Network possibly prevented Paramount from issuing DVD releases. Before it did happen in 2006, "JAG" was the second most requested TV series not commercially available on the TVShowsOnDVD website.

"JAG" (U.S. military acronym for Judge Advocate General) is an American legal drama television show with a distinct U.S. Navy and Marine Corps theme, created by Donald P. Bellisario, and produced by Belisarius Productions in association with Paramount Network Television (after 2006 known as CBS Television Studios). The first season was co-produced with NBC Productions.

此为执法悍将JAG 每集列表,包含全部十季,以及每集首播日期,故事展开地点和相关主题。地点只列出故事展开地点,而非实际拍摄地点。第一季由美国全国广播公司首映,余下九季由哥伦比亚广播公司播出。本剧在美国和全球其余各地播出详尽资料请登录JAG主页了解。


幸运之星 (玛丹娜歌曲)

Background.

In 1983, Madonna was recording her first studio album with Warner Music producer Reggie Lucas. However, she did not have enough new material to ensure a full LP album. Lucas produced a number of songs for the album, namely "Borderline", "Burning Up", "Physical Attraction", "I Know It", "Think of Me" and lastly "Lucky Star". The song was written by Madonna for DJ Mark Kamins, who previously promised to play the track at his club Danceteria, where he worked as a DJ. However, the track was instead used by Madonna for her debut album, which she planned to call "Lucky Star". She believed that "Lucky Star" song, along with "Borderline", were the perfect foundation for her album. But problems arose after recording the song. Madonna was unhappy with the way the final version turned out. According to her, Lucas used too many instruments and did not consider her ideas for the songs. This led to a dispute between the two and after finishing the album, Lucas left the project without altering the songs to Madonna's specifications. Hence, Madonna brought her then boyfriend John "Jellybean" Benitez to remix "Borderline" and "Lucky Star", along with some of the other recorded tracks. In a later interview, Benitez reflected back on the recording sessions and commented,  "She was unhappy with the whole damn thing, so I went in and sweetened up a lot of music for her, adding some guitars to 'Lucky Star', some voices, some magic. [...] I just wanted to do the best job I could do for her. When we would play back 'Holiday' or 'Lucky Star', you could see that she was overwhelmed by how great it all sounded. You wanted to help her, you know? As much as she could be a bitch, when you were in groove with her, it was very cool, very creative."

Release and composition.

"Lucky Star" was initially decided to be released as the third single from the album, but "Holiday" had already become a dance-hit in the United States. Hence it was released as the fourth single from the album. Music executive Jeff Ayeroff, who was instrumental in green-lighting Madonna's career, recalled how Madonna initially didn't want to release "Lucky Star" as a single. He says that around that time Madonna was getting sued and needed money, so he told her "Let me release 'Lucky Star', and I guarantee that you'll sell enough records to pay that off." According to Ayeroff, he was right because "'Lucky Star' broke the first album wide open."  Musically a medium-paced dance track, "Lucky Star" starts off with a sparkle of synth note and is followed by heavy beats of electronic drum and handclaps. A guitar is played in high riff and a bubbling bass synth is produced to accompany the guitar sound. The song revolves around the "star light, star bright" hook for more than a minute, before going to the chorus. According to author Rikky Rooksby, the lyrics are repetitive and inane and revolves around the transparent ambiguity of the stars and juxtaposition of the male character with being a heavenly body in the sky. "Lucky Star" is set in the time signature of common time with a moderate dance tempo of 108 beats per minute. It is set in the key of G major with Madonna's voice spanning from the tonal nodes of G to F. The song has a basic sequence of G–A–B–D–E–F as its basic chord progression.

Critical response.

Author J. Randy Taraborrelli, in his, called the song as "fluffy, dance-able, but forgettable." However he noted the song's ingenuity which he credited to come from its simplicity and dance-music nature. Author Rikky Rooksby noted that Madonna had a "cutesy" voice in the song and compared her vocals with those of Cyndi Lauper. Author Simon Gage of the book "Queer" noted that the song was a "happy disco number". The song was appreciated by authors Santiago Fouz-Hernández and Freya Jarman-Ivens, who complimented it in their book "Madonna's Drowned Worlds." They noted that with songs like "Lucky Star" and "Burning Up" (1983), Madonna introduced a "style of upbeat dance music that would prove particularly appealing to future gay audiences."  English tenor and academic John Potter, in his book "The Cambridge companion to singing", commented that "Lucky Star" is a soft-soul, disco-influenced style song but criticized the song's reverb and double tracking which he believed made the song "de-personalized". Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine commented that the track had "unknowingly prefaced her recent foray into the glittery halls of electronic-pop." Bill Lamb from About.com described the song, along with "Holiday" and "Borderline," as "state of the art dance-pop." While reviewing Madonna's 1990 compilation "The Immaculate Collection", David Browne from "Entertainment Weekly" complimented the remixed version of the song. Rock critic Robert Christgau, while reviewing "The Immaculate Collection", called the song "blessed". Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic described the song as effervescent.

Chart performance.

"Lucky Star" was released as the album's final single in the United States after "Borderline" had become her first top-ten hit. It debuted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart at 49, on the week of August 25, 1984. It finally reached a peak of four, and was present for a total of 18 weeks. It was able to enter other "Billboard" charts, such as Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Hot Adult Contemporary, where it peaked at 42 and 19 respectively. Prior to its release, the song had already reached the top of the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart along with "Holiday". In Canada, the song debuted at number 89 of the "RPM" Singles chart, reaching a peak of number eight in November 1984, and it was present on the chart for 19 weeks. It placed at number 72 on the "RPM" year-end chart for 1984.  In the United Kingdom, "Lucky Star" was originally released as the album's second single in September 1983, simultaneously with "Holiday" in the United States. However, like its predecessor, the single failed to chart in the country. In March 1984, it was re-issued and then debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 47, and reached a peak of number 14 after three weeks. The song was present on the chart for nine weeks. According to the Official Charts Company, "Lucky Star" has sold 117,470 copies in the United Kingdom, as of August 2008. In Ireland, the song was able to reach 19 on the Irish official charts. In Australia, the song made the top 40 of the Kent Music Report chart and peaked at 36.

Music video.

The music video was directed by Arthur Pierson, and was produced by Glenn Goodwin, while Wayne Isham was in charge of photography. At the time of the song's release, Madonna's style of dress was catching on as a fashion statement among club kids and her fans. The most prominent among her fashion accessories were the crucifixes she wore as earrings, necklaces and bangles. Madonna commented that wearing a rosary and a crucifix is "kind of offbeat and interesting. I mean, everything I do is sort of tongue-in-cheeks. Besides, the crucifixes seem to go with my name." In reality, she was trying to find a separate image for herself, being inspired by then artists like Boy George, Cyndi Lauper and David Bowie, and their constantly shifting image and persona. Madonna realized the importance of her music videos and its popularity via MTV—launched in 1981—was instrumental in popularizing her image.  The sign for Madonna's fashion started with the music video for "Lucky Star". In the video, Madonna wore an all-black outfit with leggings, ankle boots, and bare midriff, with her messy hair tied in a floppy black ribbon. This was coupled with a shiny black miniskirt, an earring on her right ear, cut-off gloves and rubber bangles. Madonna's friend Erika Belle was credited with designing the outfit, although biographer Mary Cross noted that Madonna was after all wearing her day-to-day outfit. Mary Lambert, then a Rhode Island School of Design graduate, was decided for directing the video. However, Arthur Pierson replaced her as the director. Warner Bros. gave Pierson a small budget to make the video, shot in an afternoon. Madonna's real-life brother, Christopher Ciccone, is a backup dancer in the video. In his book "Life with My Sister Madonna" he says that although he was only paid $200 to dance in the video, at the time he was "just happy to be part of it." The video starts with the close-up of Madonna's face, as she slides her sunglasses down her nose. This scene was a reference to the character of Lolita in Stanley Kubrick's 1962 film of the same name, and Audrey Hepburn in the movie "Breakfast at Tiffany's" (1961). The image then fades to white, denoting the celestial stars dazzle, and then resumes itself in color. Madonna is shown dancing against a plain white background, along with closeups of her mesmerized gaze. She is accompanied by Belle and brother Christopher, as backup dancers. The video ends with the initial black-and-white image repeated, but in retrograde, as Madonna puts back on the sunglasses. The taking down and putting up of those sunglasses provided a frame to contain the song, functioning like a curtain that marks the opening and closing of a stage performance.  Dance historian Sally Banes, in her book "Before, between, and beyond: three decades of dance writing", noted that the video portrayed Madonna as both the subject and the object of the song. She believed that in the video, Madonna taking off her sunglasses symbolized herself as a movie star, thus creating an ambiguous characterization of herself, and a narcissistic theme. Author Peter Goodwin, in his book "Television under the Tories: Broadcasting Policy 1979–1997", commented that although "Lucky Star" is not a narrative video, in the clip Madonna plays at least four characters:—the person in sunglasses looking; a break-dancing girl; an androgynous social dancer; and a seductress. The juxtaposition of all these characterizations portray Madonna as a narcissistic self-lover. Images of Madonna's body writhing against the white background generates the question whether she is addressing her lover or herself in the song. According to Goodman, Madonna created an eroticized woman for her own pleasure only. Cathy Smith from "Time" magazine noted that "[s]he's sexy, but she doesn't need men [...] she's kind of there all by herself."  Madonna's brother Christopher Ciccone wrote about the video shoot in his tell all book Life With My Sister Madonna. He added: "At the beginning of February, Madonna asks us (Erika Belle) to dance in her “LuckyStar” video, to be shot in L.A., and Erika and I fly there together. This is my first trip out there since I was a teenager. I have never seen so many palm trees, so much sun, and so many tanned and perfectly stretched faces in my life. We shoot the video at the old Charlie Chaplin studio, which is pretty much the same as when it was originally built in the thirties. I get paid just $200 for dancing in the “Lucky Star” video and don’t get any royalties either. However, at the time, I am happy just to be a part of it. The camaraderie between Madonna, Erika, Martin, and me is enough for me. After we shoot the video, we all go to Studio One, above Rose Tattoo, and dance the night away."

Live performances.

"Lucky Star" has been a setlist staple on four of Madonna's concert tours: The Virgin Tour (1985), the Who's That Girl World Tour (1987), the Confessions Tour (2006), and the Rebel Heart Tour (2015–16). On The Virgin Tour, Madonna performed the song wearing an entirely black costume, consisting of a crop top worn beneath a vest, fringed elbow length gloves, a fringed miniskirt, leggings, and low heel leather boots. She also wore a crucifix earring in one ear and a silver cross pattée was pinned to the right shoulder of her vest. Madonna sang the original version of the song, and pranced around the stage while showing her midriff. The performance was included in the "" VHS, released in 1985. At the Who's That Girl World Tour, "Lucky Star" was performed as the second song of the set list. Madonna wore a black bustier like the music video to her single "Open Your Heart" (1987). Her hair was platinum blond and in a big bushy shape. The performance of "Lucky Star" included a disco ball spinning above the stage, as Madonna and her dancers moved around it as the light from the ball flickered on them like a star. Two different performances are found in "" tour video filmed at Stadio Communale in Turin, Italy on September 4, 1987 and the "Who's That Girl: Live in Japan" tour video filmed at Korakuen Stadium in Tokyo, Japan on June 22, 1987.  On the Confessions Tour, "Lucky Star" was performed with Madonna dressed in a purple and white leotard, designed by Jean-Paul Gaultier. Following the performance of "La Isla Bonita" Madonna lies face-down on the stage. Her dancers wrap a cape around her that proclaim the word "Dancing Queen" at the back. The intro to "Lucky Star" is heard, Madonna gets up and faces the audience. The lights go off and Madonna opens the cape to reveal the inside of the cape to be lit. Her backup singers join her and together they move around the stage, while singing the song. Towards the end of the song, Madonna also sings the chorus of the next performance, "Hung Up". The performance was included on both the CD and the DVD version of "The Confessions Tour", released in 2007. Ed Gonzalez of "Slant Magazine" compared Madonna's performance of "Lucky Star" as "a soul butterfly fluttering to the disco heavens during a remix of [the song] that actually makes [it] sound good." Thomas Inskeep from "Stylus" called the performance fresh. Christian John Wikane from PopMatters was not impressed with the performance; he felt that singing the song over the newly arranged chord progression, is cold and pairing the original arrangement with the ABBA sample is "[a] match not made in heaven, though Madonna's skin-tight, ABBA-esque jump suit is an amusing intertextualization."  On the Rebel Heart Tour, "Lucky Star" was performed in a flamenco-style medley with "Dress You Up", "Into the Groove" and "Everybody". During the sequence the singer dressed by in a Latin and gypsy inspired dress, created by Alessandro Michele for Gucci consisting off a shawl, flamenco hat, lace, skirts and jacquard bodysuit.

Covers and media appearances.

The 2000 album "Virgin Voices: A Tribute To Madonna, Vol. 2" included a trip hop cover of the song by Switchblade Symphony. Heather Phares of Allmusic called it as one of the album's finest moments. A folk music cover of the song by Alexandra Hope was included on the 2007 Madonna tribute compilation "Through the Wilderness".  "Lucky Star" was featured in the 1988 movie "Running on Empty" in the scene where River Phoenix's character is in music class. It was used in the 2000 British movie "Snatch", directed by Guy Ritchie who fathered a child with Madonna during the making of the film. The music video of "Lucky Star" was referenced in the 1994 film "Pulp Fiction" in the scene where Fabienne (played by Maria de Medeiros) tells her boyfriend (played by Bruce Willis) that she wants a pot belly "like Madonna when she did 'Lucky Star'."

Credits and personnel.

Credits adapted from the "Madonna" album liner notes.

"Lucky Star" is a song written and recorded by American singer Madonna for her eponymous debut album "Madonna" (1983). Sire Records released it as the fourth single from the album on September 8, 1983. The song was produced by Reggie Lucas, but Madonna was not impressed by his final version. She called her then-boyfriend John "Jellybean" Benitez to remix the track according to her ideas. "Lucky Star" is a medium-paced dance track and combines the heavy beats of a drum with the sounds of a guitar played in a high riff. The lyrics juxtapose the male body with the heavenly stars in the sky.

《幸运之星》(英语:Lucky Star)是美国女歌手玛丹娜在1983年9月发行的歌曲,是她首张同名录音室专辑《玛丹娜》中推出的第四首单曲,它在告示牌单曲榜最高成绩为第4名,成为玛丹娜首支TOP 5单曲。


History.

The Bhils of what is now the state of Gujurat rebelled on several occasions during the British colonial era, notably in 1846, 1857-58 and 1868.  The Bhils are inhabitants of Dhar, Jhabua, Khargone and Ratlam districts of Madhya Pradesh. A large number of Bhils live in the neighbouring States of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan. They constitute the third largest tribe of India; the first two being Gonds and Santhals

Present circumstances.

The Bhil are classified as a Scheduled Tribe in Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Tripura under the Indian government's reservation program of positive discrimination.

Sub-divisions.

The Bhil are divided into a number of endogamous territorial divisions, which in turn have a number of clans and lineages. In Rajasthan, they exist as Meena, Bhil Garasia, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Dungri Garasia, Mewasi Bhil, Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Bhagalia, Bhilala, Pawra, Vasava and Vasave.  Madhya Pradesh has the largest Tribal population of all the states. Agariya, Andh, Baiga, Bhaina, Bharia, Bhumia, Bhuinhar, Bhumiya, Bharia, Pando, Bhattra, Bhil, Bhilala, Barela, Patelia, Bhil, Mina. Gond, Arakh, Arrakh, Agaria,Asur, Badi Maria, Bada Maria, Bhatola, Bhimma, Bhuta, Koilabuta, Koliabhuti, Bhar, Bisonhorn Maria, Chota Maria, Dandami Maria, Dhuru,Dhurwa, Dhoba, Dhulia, Dorla, Gaiki, Gatta, Gatti, Gaita, Gond, Gowari, Hill Maria, Kandra, Karariya, Kararia, Karari,Karria, Kalanga, Khatola, Koitar, koya, Khirwar, khirwara, kucha, Maria, Madia, Maria, Mana, Mannewar, Moghya, Mogia Monghya, Mudia, Muria

Language.

The language commonly spoken by Bhils throughout their geographic distribution is Bhili. Bhili has about up to 36 identified dialects and pronunciation differs by region. Bhili is based on Gujarati, but dialects of Bhili gradually merge into more widely spoken languages such as Marathi in the southeast and Rajasthani in the northwest.  Estimates of individuals speaking the language are often inaccurate as speakers of minor languages like Bhili have sometimes been treated as having major languages (such as Marathi or Gujarati) as their mother tongue.

Culture.

Bhils have rich and unique culture. The Bhilala sub-division is known for its Pithora painting. Ghoomar is a traditional folk dance of Bhil tribe. Ghoomar is the symbol of womanhood. Young girls take part in this dance and declare that they are stepping into the shoes of women.

Art.

Bhil painting is characterised by the use of multi-coloured dots as in-filling. Bhuri Bai was the first Bhil artist to paint using readymade colours and paper. Other known Bhil artists include Lado Bai, Sher Singh, Ram Singh and Dubu Bariya.

Cuisine.

Main foods of Bhils are maize, onion, garlic and chili which they cultivate in their small fields. They collect fruits and vegetables from the local forests. Wheat and rice are used at time of festivals and other special occasions only. They keep self-made bows and arrows, swords, knives, axes etc with them as weapons for self-defense and hunting the wild fauna which also form the major part of their diet. They profusely use alcohol distilled by them from the flower of Mahua (Madhuca longifolia). On festive occasions, various special preparation from the dish rich, i.e. maize, wheat, barley, malt and rice. Bhils are traditionally non-vegetarian.

Dress.

The traditional dresses of men are Pagri, Angarkha, Dhoti and Gamchha. Traditionally women wear Sari and Ghagra Choli. There are many traditional ornaments of Bhils. Men wear Kada, Bajuband, Chain, ear rings, Kardhani. Women wear variety of ornaments including hansli, ring, Zele-zumke, ear ring, narniyan(bangle), nathni(Nose-jewel) etc. Tattooing is traditional custom among them. Women folks do tattooing generally before marriage.

Faith and worship.

Every village has its own local deity (Gramdev) and families too have their Jatidev, Kuldev and Kuldevi (house hold deity) which is symbolised by stones. 'Bhati dev' and 'Bhilat dev' are their serpent-god. 'Baba dev' is their village god. Karkulia dev is their crop god, Gopal dev is their pastoral god, Bag dev is their Lion god, Bhairav dev is their dog god. Some of their other gods are Indel dev, Bada dev, Mahadevel, Tejaji, Lotha mai, Techma, Orka Chichma and Kajal dev.  They have extreme and staunch faith in superstitious beliefs and Bhopas for their physical, mental and psychological treatments.

Festivals.

There are a number of festivals, viz. Rakhi, Navratri, Dashera, Diwali, Holi which are celebrated by the Bhils. They also celebrate some traditional festivals viz. Akhatij, Navmi, Howan Mata ki Chalavani, Sawan Mata ki jatar, Diwasa, Nawai, Bhagoria, Gal, Gar, Dhobi, Sanja, Indel, Doha etc. with ceremonious zeal and enthusiasm.  During some festivals there are a number of tribal fairs held at different places of districts. Navratri mela, Bhagoria mela(during Holi festival) etc. Bhil community of Udaipur celebrate Gavari festival each year after Holi.

Communal dance and festivities.

The chief means of their recreation is folk songs and dances. Women dance at birth celebrations, marriage functions t on a few festivals in traditional Bhili style accompanied by a drum beat. Their dances include the Lathi (staff) dance, Dhol dance, marriage dance, Holi dance, Battle dance, Bhagoria dance, Deepawal dance and hunting dance. Musical instruments include the Harmonium, Sarangi, Kundi, Bansuri, Apang, Khajria, Tabla, Jhanjh, Mandal and Thali. They are usually made from local products.

Local political structure.

Traditional Bhil villages are led by a headman ("gameti"). The "gameti" has authority and decision-making powers over most local disputes or issues.

References.

Notes  Citations

Bhils or Bheels are an Indo-Aryan speaking ethnic group in West India. They speak the Bhil languages, a subgroup of the Western Zone of the Indo-Aryan languages. As of 2013, Bhils were the largest tribal group in India.

比尔人(Bhils),是印度中部主要的部落民族,人口主要集中在拉贾斯坦邦、古吉拉特邦、马哈拉施特拉邦、中央邦,少部分分布于印度的南部和东部,例如,安得拉邦、卡纳塔克邦、特里普拉邦。总共约一千多万人,是印度的第三大部落民族。比尔人被认为是印度最早的本地人,他们不但比雅利安人早,甚至可能比达罗毗荼人还早。后来外人反客为主,比尔人被迫退到印度山区里。


History.

Established on 16 September 1941 by an Order in Council issued by British Columbia premier Thomas Dufferin Pattullo, the park was named in honour of Eric W. Hamber, Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia from 1936 to 1941. Covering approximately 1,009,112 hectares at the time of its establishment, it was one of the largest parks in Canada. It shared a common boundary with portions of Mount Robson Provincial Park and Jasper, Banff, Glacier and Yoho National Parks. Designated a "Class A" provincial park, it afforded the "highest degree of protection from exploitation" to a vast tract of wilderness in the Selkirk Mountains and the western ranges of the Rocky Mountains.  Pattullo established Hamber as a new protected area which bridged the gap between several existing mountain parks in the hope that his action would spur the Canadian government to declare Hamber a new national park. He envisioned that a substantial increase in the national park system's coverage of western Canada's mountainous terrain would boost tourism revenue. Part of this economic benefit was anticipated to derive from improved access to the region made possible by federal support for road infrastructure within a nationalized Hamber park. The Canadian federal government, whose attention was directed towards World War II, expressed little interest in Pattullo's idea. Moreover, Prime Minister Mackenzie King preferred that national parks be spread throughout the country and not be concentrated only in the mountains of western Canada. No portion of Hamber was ever incorporated into Canada's national park system.  Within the park's protected boundaries were extensive stands of commercially valuable timber. Sawmills and logging companies based in Revelstoke and Golden lobbied the provincial government to allow exploitation of Hamber's timber resources. They argued that Hamber's existence as a protected area was stifling the region's forestry-based economy. The provincial government redesignated Hamber as a "Class B" provincial park in 1945. Commercial logging and mining were permitted in parks given this designation.  Hamber remained undeveloped throughout the 1940s and 1950s. No tourist resorts, campgrounds, trails or scenic lookouts were constructed within the park even though a considerable section of the highway which in 1962 would be officially designated the Trans-Canada passed through it. By the late 1950s it had become clear through negotiations with the United States which would ultimately lead to the Columbia River Treaty that hydroelectric dam projects would be constructed along the upper Columbia River. One of these planned projects, Mica Dam, would result in substantial environmental disruptions within the park's boundaries caused by the flooding of the Columbia River valley above the dam. Because the highway followed this valley between Revelstoke and Golden, it had to be re-routed through Roger's Pass before the dam could be built and thereby bypassed Hamber almost entirely. In light of these circumstances, provincial officials concluded that the park no longer had a legitimate reason to exist in its current form. In 1961 and 1962 the British Columbia government redrew the park's boundaries. Most of the park was deleted, except for a rump centered on Fortress Lake in a remote part of the western ranges of the Rocky Mountains. The new Hamber Provincial Park consists of only 24,518 hectares, a reduction of 98% relative to its original size.

World Heritage Site.

In 1990 this park was included within the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks UNESCO World Heritage Site. Together with the other national and provincial parks that comprise the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks, the park was recognized for its natural environment and the geological and ecological significance of its mountain landscapes containing the habitats of rare and endangered species, mountain peaks, glaciers, lakes, waterfalls, canyons and limestone caves and fossils.

Conservation.

Vegetation around Fortress Lake is replete with spruce and balsam, consisting of a heavy understory of false azalea and rhododendron.

Recreation.

Back country camping and hiking. Fishing for brook trout in Fortress Lake. Cross country skiing and snowshoeing in the winter. There are climbing opportunities as well.

Location.

As a remote wilderness area, no roads traverse the park. A commercial fly-in fishing camp operates on Chisel Creek Fan on the shore of Fortress Lake during the summer months. The only other means of access are via hike-in or ski-in. Park at the Sunwapta Falls parking lot in Jasper National Park. It is a 22 km hike over trails to Fortress Lake. The closest communities to the park are Mica Creek, British Columbia and Jasper, Alberta.

References.

Bradley, Ben. (2011), "'A Questionable Basis for Establishing a Major Park': Politics, Roads, and the Failure of a National Park in British Columbia's Big Bend Country." In Campbell, Claire. "A Century of Parks Canada, 1911-2011." University of Calgary Press..

Hamber Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located at the provincial boundary with Alberta, surrounded on three sides by Jasper National Park. When the park was created in 1941, it constituted one of the largest protected wilderness areas in Canada. In the early 1960s, the provincial government reduced its size by 98% due to pressure exerted by the forestry industry, planned hydroelectric developments along the upper Columbia River and the re-routing of the Trans-Canada Highway away from the park.

汉博省立公园(英语:Hamber Provincial Park)是加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省内的一座省立公园,位于艾伯塔省的边界上,它三面被贾斯珀国家公园环绕。1941年该公园设立时它是加拿大最大的被保护野生地区之一。在1960年代初由于林业、沿哥伦比亚河上游计划中的水力发电设施以及加拿大横贯公路的更改计划省政府把它的面积缩小了98%。


Ecclesiastical province.

Its suffragan sees are :

History.

Established on 22 September 1871 as the Diocese of St Albert (Latin Sancti Alberti), on territory split off from the then Diocese of Saint-Boniface, to which it lost territory again in 1889 (meanwhile Metropolitan Archdiocese of Saint-Boniface)  Promoted on 1912.11.30 as Metropolitan Archdiocese of Edmonton / Edmontonen(sis) (Latin), having lost territory to establish the Roman Catholic Diocese of Calgary as its first suffragan.  Lost territory again on 1948.07.17 to establish the Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Paul, Alberta, which became its second suffragan.  It enjoyed a Papal visit from Pope John Paul II in September 1984.

Statistics and extent.

The archdiocese (not including its suffragan dioceses) covers Central Alberta, Edmonton Capital Region and the middle and upper half of the Alberta's Rockies region.  As of 2014, it pastorally served 640,813 Catholics (38.0% of 1,686,345 total) on 81,151 km2 in 124 parishes and 5 missions with 168 priests (75 diocesan, 93 religious), 25 deacons, 318 lay religious (111 brothers, 207 sisters) and 12 seminarians  In 2010 the archdiocese contains 129 parishes and missions, 96 diocesan priests, 85 religious priests, and 368,545 Catholics. It also has 278 women religious, 18 religious brothers, and 14 permanent deacons.

Rural parishes.

Alberta Beach Bashaw Beaumont Camrose Devon Drayton Valley Edson Enoch Evansburg Fort Saskatchewan Gibbons Grande Cache Hinton Innisfail Jasper Killam Lacombe Leduc Lloydminster Ma-Me-O-Beach Maskwacis Mayerthorpe Onoway Olds Ponoka Provost Red Deer Rocky Mountain House Rimbey St. Albert Stettler Spruce Grove Sherwood Park Sylvan Lake Trochu Toronto Wetaskiwin Wainwright Vermilion Vegreville

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Edmonton () is a Latin metropolitan archdiocese in the Canadian civil province of Alberta.

天主教埃德蒙顿总教区()是加拿大一个教省总教区,是该国十八个总教区之一。下辖两个教区。


Early life.

Arm was born on April 25, 1996, in Glendale, California, to Steve and Anji Arm. Her mother Anji is the half-sister of Uber co-founder Travis Kalanick making him the half-uncle of Arm and her younger sister Josie. After seeing a number of plays in the Los Angeles area, her parents saw her fascination with theater and enrolled her in acting school at four and a half years old.

Career.

The first acting job Arm booked was for a Bounty commercial that never aired. She went on to film over 60 commercials, and in May 2002 made her first television appearance on the medical drama series: "Strong Medicine". She would go on to make appearances in episodes of "Friends", "10-8", "Miracles", and "Judging Amy". Arm also had roles on films such as Meet Dave and "King of California" opposite Michael Douglas. In 2009, Arm appeared as Zora in the Disney Channel hit series "Sonny with a Chance," and in the spin-off series "So Random!" in 2011. Arm also voiced the character Stormy in the Disney Junior series "Jake and the Never Land Pirates".  Allisyn Ashley Arm later developed a YouTube personality named "Astrid Clover" and is assisted by Joey Luthman as Beckett, Jacey Tomlinson as Jacey, Autumn Wendell as Autumn, Tess Baines as Luna, Caleb Pierce as Gilly, Sam Lant as Colton, Hannah Leigh as Carmen, and Dylan Riley Snyder as Boom Guy. The web series also features Josie Arm as Astrid's sister Bliss Clover.  Allisyn is currently filming a new NBC show produced by Seth Meyers, titled "A.P. Bio" in the recurring role of a mousy high-schooler named Heather.  Allisyn later established Watch the Footage Production with the help of Dylan Riley Snyder, Joey Luthman, and Bryan Morrison.

Personal life.

Arm studied cinematography in Los Angeles and recently teamed with Mali Elfman's "Fun Size Horror", to release a comedic horror short film that she wrote and directed titled "Weeji", starring former "So Random!" castmate Matthew Scott Montgomery. Allisyn is also a prolific artist and had her first gallery showing at 15 years old. She enjoys roller derby and studies trapeze with her younger sister Josie. Along with her husband, fellow Disney Channel star Dylan Riley Snyder, Allisyn became scuba certified and enjoys scuba trips to Catalina. As a supporter of PETA, Allisyn Ashley Arm has been a vegetarian since she was 11 years old as a part of a vegetarian family. On Drew C. Ryan's Reel Geek Girls series, Allisyn shared her extensive collection of Fight Club memorabilia, which she considers her personal obsession.  In December 2014, Arm started dating Dylan Riley Snyder. The couple got engaged on January 1, 2019 and got married on September 19, 2019.

Influences.

Arm said, "I watch a lot of SNL skits online. I love Chris Farley and Jim Carrey. I always think, 'What would Jim Carrey do in this scene?' He's a lot of my inspiration for my character (Zora)."

Allisyn Ashley Snyder (née Arm; born April 25, 1996), is an American actress, writer, artist, and director best known for her main role as Zora Lancaster on "Sonny with a Chance" and its spin-off "So Random!" and Heather on NBC's "A.P. Bio".

爱丽森·阿什莉·阿姆(英语:Allisyn Ashley Arm,1996年-4月25日)是一位美国女演员,她在美国迪士尼频道制播的一部美国儿童情境喜剧《加油!桑妮》中饰演劳拉·兰斯特(Zora Lancaster)而出名。


Concept and construction.

In the early 1930s, the Great Depression caused a catastrophic loss of business for American railroads. Passenger service had been losing ridership to automobile travel since the mid-1920s, making faster, more efficient service imperative for railroads to compete. Railroads needed to lower operating costs of passenger service and boost ridership with a more modern image for the traveling public, to restore profitability to passenger service.  One of the railroad presidents who faced this challenge was Ralph Budd, formerly of the Great Northern Railway and now president of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (Burlington), who sought to develop a more efficient high speed train to replace conventional steam-powered heavyweight equipment. The project hinged on two major elements, developing lighter railcars and developing an internal combustion driven power system adequate for high speed service.  In 1932 Ralph Budd met Edward G. Budd (no relation), an automotive steel pioneer who was founder and president of the Budd Company. Edward Budd was demonstrating his new Budd-Michelin rubber-tired rail cars built of stainless steel. Pneumatic-wheeled railcars never found popularity for actual service in the US — they tended to derail — but they demonstrated the successful construction of lightweight stainless steel unibody railcars. Some power-trailer car sets in that series articulated with Jacobs bogies shared between cars embodied the basic elements of car construction that would be used to build a lightweight streamliner train.  Stainless steel provided many benefits over traditional wood and hardened steel for railroad carbodies; it was a lighter and stronger material, and its natural silver appearance and resistance to corrosion meant that it would not have to be painted to protect it from the weather. Since the carbody was much lighter than similar cars, it would be able to carry a higher revenue load for the same cost.  In developing the Budd-Michelin railcars, the Budd Company used the formed steel technology in which they were industry pioneers and solved the most difficult problem in using stainless steel for railcar construction: developing a welding technique that would not compromise the strength and corrosion resistance of the stainless steel. On August 20, 1932, Earl J. Ragsdale, an engineer at the Budd Company, filed a patent application for a "Method and product of electric welding"; on January 16, 1934, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) granted US patent 1,944,106 to the Budd Company. Shotwelding, as Ragsdale termed his method, involved automatic control of the timing of individual spot welds. In spot welding, the two pieces of metal that are to be joined are pressed together with an electrode on each side of the joint. A very high electric current is passed through the joint and fuses the two pieces of metal together. If a spot weld is heated too long, heat will spread from the weld at a middling temperature that weakens the stainless steel and compromises its corrosion-resistant properties unacceptably; Ragsdale's precisely-timed welds solved the problem. With their patented welding process at the core of stainless steel railcar construction, the cars produced by Budd were a truly unique product.  The articulated design of some Budd-Michelin cars, with trucks shared between adjacent cars, presented another opportunity for weight saving with the new train. On conventional passenger cars, each carbody rode upon a pair of trucks (pivot-mounted wheel-axle assembly), with one truck at each end. The articulation not only reduced the number of trucks under the train, but it also dispensed with the need for couplers between each of the carbodies, further reducing the train's weight. The concept was used by Budd engineer Walter B. Dean to build a train consisting of three semi-permanently attached cars. It did, however, mean that train lengths could not be easily changed by switching out cars.  The other major problem Ralph Budd faced was to find a powerplant adequate to drive a trainset at a speed competitive with the faster steam trains. The existing gasoline powerplants for motorized railcars were inadequate and gasoline engines showed limited potential for higher capacity hauling applications. Contemporary four-stroke marine and stationary diesel engines had low power-to-weight ratios and were only efficient under a narrow range of operating conditions, rendering them unsuitable for rail transport. Spark-ignited petroleum distillate engines also suffered from low power-to-weight ratios along with being maintenance-intensive and smokey. The solution to Budd's problem presented itself in the new two-stroke diesel engines developed by General Motors' Winton Engine Corporation, which represented a factor-of-four improvement in power-to-weight ratio over the previous generation of diesel engines. Their efficient operating range was also improved, owing largely to improvements in fuel injection developed by GM and Winton. A diesel-electric system driven by a prototype of the new design was used to power General Motors' automotive assembly exhibit at the 1933 Century of Progress Chicago World's Fair. Budd saw the compact, efficient system in action, saw a major piece of his lightweight train puzzle fall into place, then approached GM about adapting their engine for rail propulsion. GM accepted the challenge of developing their engine into a production series, introduced as the Winton 201A in early 1934. The result was a diesel-electric drive system developed by GM's subsidiary Electro-Motive Corporation, powered by an eight-cylinder, 600 hp Winton 201A diesel engine, installed in a new three car stainless steel streamliner within a year. In 1933 a Century of Progress exhibit inspired the "Zephyr" streamliner; the following year the new "Zephyr" streamliner inspired the Century of Progress fair and the rest of the country. The exterior design of the train was left to aeronautical engineer Albert Gardner Dean (Walter Dean's younger brother) who designed the sloping nose shape, with architects Paul Philippe Cret and John Harbeson, devising a way to strengthen and beautify the sides with the train's horizontal fluting. On April 15, 1936, Colonel Ragsdale, Walter Dean and Albert Dean, filed patent applications for a "Rail Car Front End Construction". On September 23, 1941 the USPTO granted US patents 2,256,493 and 2,256,494 to the Budd Company. The streamlining extended to the undercarriage as well to reduce drag.  Naming the train was a task that was very seriously taken by Budd. He wanted a name that started with the letter "Z" because this train was intended to be the "last word" in passenger service; Budd and his coworkers looked up the last words in their dictionaries, but neither "zymurgy" nor "zyzzle" conveyed the meanings that Budd was looking for. The name of the new train came from "The Canterbury Tales", which Budd had been reading. The story begins with pilgrims setting out on a journey, inspired by the budding springtime and by Zephyrus, the gentle and nurturing west wind. Budd thought that would be an excellent name for a sleek new traveling machine—"Zephyr".  The first "Zephyr" (9900) was completed by the Budd Company on April 9, 1934, powered by an eight-cylinder 8-201-A model Winton engine developing 600 horsepower (447 kW) at 750 rpm. The diesel-electric drive system using generators, control, and traction-drive equipment from General Electric became the technological basis for later diesel locomotives that would replace steam.  The train's engineer sat in a small compartment in the nose of the train, directly in front of the prime mover. Behind the engine in the first car was a long railway post office section. The second car consisted of a small baggage section and a short buffet and 20-passenger coach section. The third and final car in the train, as originally built, was configured as half coach (40-passenger seats) and half observation car (12 passenger seats). As built, the train had 72 seats and could carry 50,000 pounds (22.7 tonnes) of baggage and express freight. After a series of demonstration runs, the trainset was christened the "Burlington Zephyr" on April 18, 1934, at the Pennsylvania Railroad's Broad Street Station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. That name lasted until it became the "Pioneer Zephyr" as Burlington put other "Zephyr" trainsets into service as named trains.  Following the "Zephyr" Budd built an identical trainset, the "Flying Yankee", for the Boston and Maine railroad, and went on to build a series of larger and more powerful "Zephyr" trainsets for Burlington.

Promotion: "Dawn-to-Dusk" dash.

The train made a "Dawn-to-Dusk" dash from Denver to Chicago on May 26, 1934, in a publicity stunt timed to coincide with the opening day of the Century of Progress fair in Chicago. The railroad spared no expense in planning the operations. All other trains along the "Zephyr"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s route were diverted to sidings and the turnouts were spiked into the proper alignment for the "Zephyr"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s run. Track and maintenance of way workers checked every spike and bolt along the train's route to ensure that there would not be any problems, and temporary speed signs were installed along the route to warn the "Zephyr"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s crew of curves that would be dangerous at high speeds. On the day of the dash, every road grade crossing was manned by a flagman to stop automobile traffic ahead of the train and to ensure that the crossing was clear. Stations along the route were protected by local police officers and members of the American Legion and the Boy Scouts of America.  The train left Denver at 07:04 Central Daylight Time and at 20:09, 13 hours 5 minutes later, broke through the tape at the designated finish line at Halsted Street station, 1.8 miles west of Chicago Union Station. The train's average speed from start to finish was 77 mph (124 km/h); and had reached a speed of 112.5 mph (181 km/h). The non-stop 1,015 mile (1,633 km) trip exceeded the railroad's expectations in being 1 hour 55 minutes faster than was scheduled. The Burlington's contemporary passenger trains plied the same distance in around 25 hours.  Riding the train were Ralph Budd, Edward G. Budd, Harold L. Hamilton, president of the Electro-Motive Corporation, a number of reporters, some Burlington employees, members of the public, and Zeph, a burro that was contributed by a Colorado newspaper, the "Rocky Mountain News", as a mascot for the train. The newspaper had described Zeph to the railroad as a "Rocky Mountain canary" so the train's crew had originally planned only enough space for a birdcage; when they found out it was not a bird, the railroad hastily built a pen in the baggage section and bought some hay for it. When asked about the burro, Ralph Budd replied "why not? One more jackass on this trip won't make a difference."  The train continued east from Halsted Station to the 1934 Century of Progress fair on the Lake Michigan shore, where it arrived for the "Wings of a Century" pageant on opening day. After its showing on the "Wings of a Century" stage, the train was taken on a 31-state, 222-city publicity tour. More than two million people saw the train before it entered revenue service.  Part of the tour included a test run between Chicago and Minneapolis–St. Paul a full five hours faster than the Burlington's fastest steam-powered train. Due to the "Zephyr"'s success on this test run, the Burlington immediately ordered two more "Zephyr" trainsets that were dubbed the "Twin Zephyrs", starting the spread of the "Zephyr" brand.

Early "Zephyr" trains.

Following the "Pioneer Zephyr" 9900, two identical trainsets, 9901 and 9902, were built and put into service as the "Twin Cities Zephyr" between Chicago and Minneapolis - St. Paul in April 1935. The four car set 9903 entered service as the "Mark Twain Zephyr" between St. Louis and Burlington, Iowa in October 1935. On May 31, 1936, the trainsets of the "Pioneer Zephyr" and the "Mark Twain Zephyr", 9900 and 9903, were transferred to a new Chicago-Denver service called the "Advance Denver Zephyr" on a 16 hour schedule. Within a month they were replaced by two new six-car trains pulled by power units 9904 and 9905, named the "Denver Zephyr". The six car sets 9904 and 9905 were replaced by the ten car sets 9906 and 9907 in October 1936, and replaced 9901 and 9902 on the Twin Cities run in December 1936. At that time, the 9901 was reassigned to a new service, the "Sam Houston Zephyr", running between Fort Worth and Houston via Dallas on trackage jointly owned by the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific. This was the first streamlined train in Texas, and was joined about a year later by the "Texas Rocket" on alternate timing. The 9902 set inaugurated the "Ozark State Zephyr", a joint operation with the Alton Railroad between St. Louis and Kansas City, where it was joined by the 9904 on alternate timing about a year later. The last of the classic "Zephyrs," 9908, entered service as the "General Pershing Zephyr" between Kansas City and St. Louis in 1939, replacing the less commodious 9902 set. The 9904 set continued to provide alternate timing on this route across the Show Me State, but had its original name of "Mark Twain Zephyr" restored, despite no longer operating through Samuel Clemens' hometown of Hannibal.  While 9900-9903 were power cars with RPO and baggage compartments, only one more, the unique 9908, was built. 9904-9907 were locomotives with the twin 900 hp 12-cylinder engine layout that GM-EMC's early E-units would use. 9906 and 9907, built for the ten car "Denver Zephyr" sets in 1936, included booster units. 9908 used the new 1000 hp GM 567 engine in a single engine configuration. After 9908, all of Burlington's new passenger locomotives were standard production models, with the cosmetic stainless steel bodywork of the E5s their only custom feature.  The Winton two-stroke diesel engines used in the "Zephyr" power units and early EMC designs, while a breakthrough in locomotive power, were an immature technology. Some of their early reliability problems were mitigated with changes to individual parts such as pistons; other solutions had to wait for a differently designed engine. For example, the first generation of pistons in the Winton engine only had about 50,000 miles of useful life, later extended to about 100,000 miles. GM's next generation diesel engine had pistons with a useful life of over 500,000 miles. The problems were most acute under the operating conditions of locomotive, rather than stationary or marine, use. Even with the problems of the Winton 201A, their maintenance regime was significantly lower than for steam locomotives.  9900 and 9901-9903 were articulated trainsets, with common trucks (Jacobs bogies) between each car. This caused operating problems, as train lengths could not be changed for demand and any single failure affected the entire train. All following power units were separate from their train, although four more articulated and semi-articulated carsets were built.

Regular revenue service.

The "Zephyr"'s power (leading) car was numbered 9900, the baggage-coach combine car 505, and the coach-observation 570. The train was placed in regular service between Kansas City, Missouri, Omaha and Lincoln, Nebraska, on November 11, 1934, replacing a pair of steam locomotives and six heavyweight passenger cars, weighing up to eight times as much as the "Zephyr". By June 1935, it proved popular enough to add a fourth car, providing additional coach seating. The fourth car was originally a 40-seat coach number 525, but the following June it was switched to Twin Cities service, then back to the "Pioneer Zephyr" in December. Car 525 remained on the train until June 1938. Just over five years after it was introduced, the "Pioneer Zephyr" crossed the one million mile mark in regular service on December 29, 1939, near Council Bluffs, Iowa.  On the second anniversary of the train's famous dash, the original "Burlington Zephyr" was rechristened the "Pioneer Zephyr" to distinguish it as the first of the Burlington's growing "Zephyr" fleet. In 1938, car 525 was replaced by car number 500, a 40-seat buffet/lounge car, to provide light meals. Car number 505, the baggage-coach combine, was rebuilt at this time into a full baggage car, but it kept its original windows.  In 1939 the Pioneer Zephyr was involved in a head-on collision with a freight train that completely destroyed the cab. The train was rebuilt and re-entered revenue service soon afterward, but the accident drove home the advantages for crew safety of the elevated, behind-the-nose cab design of the contemporary EMC E-series locomotives.  Ralph Budd and the Burlington capitalized on the "Zephyr's" success. Many of the Burlington's named passenger trains began operating under the "Zephyr" brand. After the nine original "Zephyr" sets were completed during 1934-1938, standard production model diesel passenger locomotives with improved engines became available. Trains consisting of the new locomotives with new streamlined cars of standard size were ordered. Burlington ordered its new EMC E5 passenger diesels with matching stainless-steel fluting and operated their new full-size, long distance trains under the "Zephyr" brand, with perhaps the best known being the "California Zephyr.'  In 1948 and 1949, the "Pioneer Zephyr" was temporarily removed from service to participate in the Chicago Railroad Fair's "Wheels A-Rolling" pageant. The fair's purpose was to celebrate 100 years of railroad history west of Chicago, and the "Pioneer Zephyr"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s role in the pageant was to highlight the latest strides in railroad technology. It resumed regular passenger operations when the fair ended on October 2, 1949. By 1955 the "Pioneer Zephyr"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s route had been updated to run between Galesburg, Illinois, and Saint Joseph, Missouri; the trainset had been in continual service since 1934, operating over nearly 3 million miles (4.8 million kilometres). The "Pioneer Zephyr"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s last revenue run was a trip from Lincoln, Nebraska, to Kansas City, Missouri, (along the train's regular revenue route) that then continued to Chicago on March 20, 1960. When Amtrak took over passenger rail services in 1971, the legendary "Zephyr" name was preserved, and the "California Zephyr" is an Amtrak route in the 21st century.

Zephyr as cultural phenomenon.

"Silver Streak" film.

Press publicity had apparently first coined the term "Silver Streak". The "Pioneer Zephyr"'s famous Denver-Chicago dash served as the inspiration for the 1934 film "The Silver Streak" starring Charles Starrett. In that story, the crew was racing to the Boulder Dam construction site with an iron lung, with only moments to spare. The original "Zephyr" trainset was used for the exterior shots in the film, while interior scenes were filmed on a soundstage in Hollywood. For the film, the "Burlington Route" nameplate on the train's nose was replaced with one that read "Silver Streak".

Zephyr tributes in advertising, commercial products, and sports.

With Zephyr-mania sweeping the country, tributes turned up in the names of everything from sports teams to commercial products. In 1934, Father Becker, principal of the St. Mary Catholic High School in Menasha, Wisconsin, was so inspired by the dawn-to-dusk run that he chose "Zephyrs" as the mascot for the school. In Galesburg, Illinois, which is 162 rail miles from Chicago, the local high school named all its athletic teams the "Galesburg Silver Streaks" in honor of the train. In 1935, the H. N. White Company changed the name of its top-line saxophones to "King Zephyr." Ford Motor Company introduced the "Lincoln-Zephyr" with the 1936 model year. Northwest Airlines' promotional materials from the late 1930s referred to their fleet of airliners as "Sky Zephyrs." If advertisers could find a way to cash in on Zephyr-mania, they did.

Legacy.

Later years.

On May 26, 1960, the 26th anniversary of the "Dawn-to-Dusk" dash, the original "Pioneer Zephyr" train (car numbers 9900, 505 and 570) was donated to Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry (MSI). Car number 500, which operated with the train from 1938, went along with "Mark Twain Zephyr" trainset 9903 to a party in Mount Pleasant, Iowa, for static display in a town park, but plans for the train's display did not work out; in 2002 car 500 and the "Mark Twain Zephyr" were stored in Granite City, Illinois with plans to display it in Fairfield, Iowa.  MSI displayed the "Pioneer Zephyr" outdoors, with no protection from the weather, until 1994. At that time, the steam locomotive that shared the display space with the "Zephyr", Santa Fe #2903, was donated to the Illinois Railway Museum (IRM) at Union, west of Chicago, while MSI prepared a new display location for the "Zephyr".  MSI dug a pit in front of the building and built a new display area for the "Zephyr", where it could be displayed year-round. In 1998, after the train received a cosmetic restoration by Northern Rail Car in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the pit was finally ready to receive the train. Rohn Metal Fabricating, Inc., known for its expertise in stainless steel fabrication, played a part in the interior restoration of the "Zephyr". The "Pioneer Zephyr" train is still on display at MSI just outside the main entrance from the museum's underground parking area, where it is one of the more popular exhibits. As of November 2019, MSI has temporarily closed the exhibit to add new interactive elements and an expanded experience.  In addition to the "Pioneer Zephyr", two other legacies remain. An operable "Nebraska Zephyr" train was donated to IRM. There, powered by one of the large "E" series passenger diesels (an EMC E5) with the distinctive and durable stainless-steel fluting, it is still operated on short runs on the museum's substantial trackage, providing train enthusiasts and tourists with an experience reminiscent of the heyday of the Burlington's "Zephyr" service. The "Silver Charger", power car of the "General Pershing Zephyr", is on display at the Museum of Transportation in St. Louis, and the same train's "diner-parlour and observation car" is now the Silver Star Cafe in Port Hedland, Australia.  Also utilizing the name, the "Minnesota Zephyr" was a dinner train located in the historic city of Stillwater, Minnesota, although it was not directly associated with the historic Burlington "Zephyr" fleet.  Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom in Allentown, Pennsylvania has a miniature replica train ride called "Zephyr" which was built in 1935 and helped the park survive the Great Depression.

Models.

Due to the "Zephyr"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s place in American railroad history, many model railroaders have built their own versions of the "Pioneer Zephyr" in miniature. Several model manufacturers are now producing commercial ready-to-run models or kits of the train for modelers to build. This list is ordered by the manufacturer's release date:

The Pioneer Zephyr is a diesel-powered trainset built by the Budd Company in 1934 for the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q), commonly known as the Burlington Route. The trainset was the second internal combustion powered streamliner built for mainline service in the United States, the first such train powered by a diesel engine, and the first to enter revenue service. The trainset consists of one power/RPO car, one baggage/buffet/coach car, and one coach/observation car. The cars are made of stainless steel, permanently articulated together with Jacobs bogies. The construction incorporated recent advances such as shotwelding (a specialized type of spot welding) to join the stainless steel, and unibody construction and articulation to reduce weight. It was the first of nine similarly built trainsets made for Burlington and its technologies were pivotal in the subsequent dieselization of passenger rail service. Its operating economy, speed, and public appeal demonstrated the potential for diesel-electric powered trains to revitalize and restore profitability to passenger rail service that had suffered a catastrophic loss of business with the Great Depression. Originally named the Burlington Zephyr during its demonstration period, it became the "Pioneer Zephyr" as Burlington expanded its fleet of "Zephyr" trainsets.

先锋者微风号列车(英语:"Pioneer Zephyr"),原称为伯灵顿微风号列车(英语:"Burlington Zephyr"),是一列由巴德公司于1934年为芝加哥、伯灵顿和昆西铁路(CB&Q)设计和制造的流线型柴联车,它不仅是继联合太平洋铁路M-10000型列车之后,美国铁路史上第二款以内燃机为动力的内燃动车组,也是美国第一列投入商业营运的柴油动车组列车。先锋者微风号的最大特色是以脉冲点焊制成的轻量化不锈钢车体,并采用相邻两节车厢共享一台铰接式转向架的方式以减轻列车整体的重量,列车的动力来源为一台通用汽车公司制造的温顿8-201A型柴油机,传动系统则使用通用电气公司提供的电力传动装置。1934年5月26日,先锋者微风号列车完成了科罗拉多州丹佛与伊利诺伊州芝加哥之间“从黎明到黄昏”的长距离直达试运行,耗时13小时5分钟完成了1,015英里(1,633公里)的旅程,全程平均旅行速度为77英里/小时(124公里/小时),中途最高速度更达到112.5英里/小时(181公里/小时),缔造了当时世界上铁路车辆最高速度的世界纪录。


History.

The point was first established by the Milanese typographer, Francesco Torniella da Novara ( – 1589) in his 1517 alphabet, "L'Alfabeto". The construction of the alphabet is the first based on logical measurement called "Punto," which corresponds to the ninth part of the height of the letters or the thickness of the principal stroke.

Notations.

A measurement in points can be represented in three different ways. For example, 14 points (1 pica plus 2 points) can be written:

Varying standards.

There have been many definitions of a "point" since the advent of typography. Traditional continental European points at about are usually a bit larger than English points at around.

French points.

The Truchet point, the first modern typographic point, was of a French inch or of the royal foot. It was invented by the French clergyman Sébastien Truchet. During the metrication of France amid its revolution, a 1799 law declared the meter to be exactly 443.296 French lines long. This established a length to the royal foot of m or about 325 mm, which made the Truchet point equal to mm or about. It has also been cited as exactly 0.188 mm. The Fournier point was established by Pierre Simon Fournier in 1737. The system of Fournier was based on a different French foot of c. 298 mm. With the usual convention that 1 foot equals 12 inches, 1 inch ("pouce") was divided into 12 lines ("lignes") and 1 line was further divided into 6 typographic points ("points typographiques"). 1 point Fournier = 0.0135 English inches.  Fournier printed a reference scale of 144 points over two inches; however, it was too rough to accurately measure a single point. The Didot point, established by François-Ambroise Didot in 1783, was an attempt to improve the Fournier system. He did not change the subdivisions (1 inch = 12 lines = 72 points), but defined it strictly in terms of the royal foot, a legal length measure in France: the Didot point is exactly of a French foot or of a French inch, that is (by 1799) mm or about. Accordingly, one Didot point is exactly two Truchet points.  However, 12 Fournier points turned out to be 11 Didot points, giving a Fournier point of about ; later sources state it as being. In Belgium the Fournier system was used until the 1970s and later. It was called the "mediaan"-system. To avoid confusion between the new and the old sizes, Didot also rejected the traditional names, thus "parisienne" became "corps" 5, "nonpareille" became "corps" 6, and so on. The Didot system prevailed because the French government demanded printing in Didot measurements.  The Fournier point did not achieve lasting popularity despite being revived by the Monotype Corporation in 1927. It was still a standard in Belgium, in parts of Austria, and in Northern France at the beginning of the 20th century.

Other European points.

Approximations were subsequently employed, largely owing to the Didot point's unwieldy conversion to metric units (the divisor of its conversion ratio has the prime factorization of ).  In 1878 Hermann Berthold defined 798 points as being equal to 30 cm, or 2660 points equalling 1 meter: that gives around to the point. A more precise number, sometimes is given; this is used by TeX as the unit. This has become the standard in Germany and Central and Eastern Europe. This size is still mentioned in the technical regulations of the Eurasian Economic Union.

Metric points.

pdfTEX, but not plain TeX or LaTeX, also supports a "new Didot point" ("nd") at mm or and refers to a not further specified 1978 redefinition for it.  The French National Print Office adopted a point of mm or in about 1810 and continues to use this measurement today (though "recalibrated" to ). Japanese and German standardization bodies instead opted for a metric typographic base measure of exactly mm or, which is sometimes referred to as the "quart" in Japan. The symbol "Q" is used in Japanese after the initial letter of "quarter millimeter". Due to demand by Japanese typesetters, CSS adopted "Q" in 2015.

American points.

The basic unit of measurements in American typography was the pica, usually approximated as one sixth of an inch, but the exact size was not standardized, and various type foundries had been using their own.  After the American war of Independence Benjamin Franklin was sent as commissioner (Ambassador) for the United States to France (December 1776 to 1785). Whilst there he had intimate contact with the Fournier family, including the father and Pierre Simon Fournier. Franklin wanted to teach his grandson Benjamin Franklin Bache about printing and typefounding, and arranged for him to be trained by Francois Ambroise Didot. Franklin then imported French typefounding equipment to Philadelphia to help Bache set up a type-foundry. Around 1790 Bache published a specimen sheet with some Fournier types. After the death of Franklin, the matrices and the Fournier mould were acquired by Binny and Ronaldson, the first permanent type-foundry in America. In 1833 this plant was merged into the firm that in 1860 was renamed in Mackellar, Smith and Jordan. The Fournier cicero mould was used by them to cast pica-sized type. Nelson Hawks proposed, like Fournier, to divide one American inch exactly into six picas, and one pica into 12 points. However, this saw an opposition because the majority of foundries had been using picas less than one sixth of an inch. So in 1886, after some examination of various picas, the Type Founders Association of the United States approved the pica of the MacKellar, Smiths, & Jordan Co. foundry of Philadelphia (previously L. Johnson & Co., hence the Johnson pica) as the most established. The official definition of one pica is, and one point is. That means 6 picas or 72 points constitute standard inches. A less precise definition is one pica equals, and one point. It was also noticed that 83 picas is nearly equal to 35 cm, so the Type Founders Association also suggested using a 35 cm metal rod for measurements, but this was not accepted by every foundry.  This has become known as the American point system. The British foundries accepted this in 1898.  In modern times this size of the point has been approximated as exactly () of the inch by Donald Knuth for the default unit of his TeX computer typesetting system and is thus sometimes known as the, which is 0. mm.

Old English Points.

Although the English Monotype manuals used 1 pica =.1660 inch, the manuals used at the European continent use another definition: there 1 pica =.1667 inch, the Old English Pica!  As a consequence all the tables of measurements in the German, Dutch, French, Polish and all other manuals elsewhere in the European continent for the composition caster and the super-caster are different in quite some details.  The Monotype wedges used at the European continent are marked with an extra E behind the set-size: for instance: 5-12E, 1331-15E etc. When working with the E-wedges in the larger sizes the differences will increase even more.

Desktop publishing point.

The desktop publishing point (DTP point) or PostScript point is defined as or 0.013 of the international inch, making it equivalent to mm = 0.352 mm. Twelve points make up a pica, and six picas make an inch.  This specification was developed by John Warnock and Charles Geschke when they created Adobe PostScript. It was adopted by Apple Computer as the standard for the display resolution of the original Macintosh desktop computer and the print resolution for the LaserWriter printer.  In 1996, it was adopted by W3C for Cascading Stylesheets (CSS) where it was later related at a fixed 3:4 ratio to the pixel due to a general (but wrong) assumption of 96 pixel-per-inch screens.

Apple point.

Since the advent of high-density "Retina" screens with a much higher resolution than the original 72 dots per inch, Apple's programming environment Xcode sizes GUI elements in "points" that are scaled automatically to a whole number of physical pixels in order to accommodate for screen size, pixel density and typical viewing distance. This "Cocoa point" is equivalent to the "pixel" codice_1 unit in CSS, the "device pixel" codice_2 on Android and the "effective pixel" codice_3 or codice_4 in Windows UWP.

Font sizes.

In lead typecasting, most font sizes commonly used in printing have conventional names that differ by country, language and the type of points used.  Desktop publishing software and word processors intended for office and personal use often have a list of suggested font sizes in their user interface, but they are not named and usually an arbitrary value can be entered manually. Microsoft Word, for instance, suggests every even size between 8 and 28 points and, additionally, 9, 11, 36, 48 and 72 points, i.e. the larger sizes equal 3, 4 and 6 picas. While most software nowadays defaults to DTP points, many allow other units, especially code-based systems like TeX and CSS.

In typography, the point is the smallest unit of measure. It is used for measuring font size, leading, and other items on a printed page. The size of the point has varied throughout the history of printing. Since the 18th century, the point's size has varied from 0.18 to 0.4 millimeters. Following the advent of desktop publishing in the 1980s and 1990s, digital printing has largely supplanted the letterpress printing and has established the DTP point (DeskTop Publishing point) as the de facto standard. The DTP point is defined as of an international inch () and, as with earlier American point sizes, is considered to be of a pica.

点(英语:point,英语:pt),也音译磅因、磅,是印刷所使用的长度单位,用于表示字型的大小,也用于余白(字距、行距)等其他版面构成要素的长度。1 点的长度曾经有过各种定义,当代最通行的是广泛应用于桌面排版软件的 DTP 点,72 点等于 1英寸(1 point = 127⁄360 mm = 0.352777... mm)。中国传统字体排印上的字号单位是号,而后采用「点」「号」兼容的体制。