Partly as a consequence of these limitation, they are significantly more vulnerable to sudden and catastrophic climate induced flooding and coastal storms as well as long onset climatic challenges such as heat stress. The impacts of poorly planned urbanization affect all residents and businesses however, as service providers and infrastructure are forced to serve populations that they were not designed for. Therefore, the solutions to addressing many of the more urgent climatic challenges in cities are closely coupled with improvements in urban planning, physical infrastructure, and the addressing of service provision gaps. Many of these solutions can also have significant impacts in reducing GHG emissions.