Here, we report that the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) ovarian adenocarcinoma-amplified lncRNA (OVAAL) is a mediator of cancer cell resistance, counteracting the effects of apoptosis-inducing agents acting through both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.,Building upon previous reports associating OVAAL amplification with ovarian and endometrial cancers, we now show that OVAAL overexpression occurs during the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer and melanoma.,Mechanistically, our findings also establish that OVAAL expression more generally contributes a prosurvival role to cancer cells under steady-state conditions.,OVAAL accomplishes these actions utilizing distinct functional modalities: one promoting activation of RAF/MEK/ERK signaling and the other blocking cell entry into senescence.,Our study demonstrates that expression of a single OVAAL in cancer cells drives two distinct but coordinated actions contributing to cancer pathology.,Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) function through a diverse array of mechanisms that are not presently fully understood.,Here, we sought to find lncRNAs differentially regulated in cancer cells resistant to either TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) or the Mcl-1 inhibitor UMI-77, agents that act through the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, respectively.,This work identified a commonly up-regulated lncRNA, ovarian adenocarcinoma-amplified lncRNA (OVAAL), that conferred apoptotic resistance in multiple cancer types.,Analysis of clinical samples revealed OVAAL expression was significantly increased in colorectal cancers and melanoma in comparison to the corresponding normal tissues.,Functional investigations showed that OVAAL depletion significantly inhibited cancer cell proliferation and retarded tumor xenograft growth.,Mechanically, OVAAL physically interacted with serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (STK3), which, in turn, enhanced the binding between STK3 and Raf-1.,The ternary complex OVAAL/STK3/Raf-1 enhanced the activation of the RAF protooncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase (RAF)/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK)/ERK signaling cascade, thus promoting c-Myc-mediated cell proliferation and Mcl-1-mediated cell survival.,On the other hand, depletion of OVAAL triggered cellular senescence through polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1)-mediated p27 expression, which was regulated by competitive binding between OVAAL and p27 mRNA to PTBP1.,Additionally, c-Myc was demonstrated to drive OVAAL transcription, indicating a positive feedback loop between c-Myc and OVAAL in controlling tumor growth.,Taken together, these results reveal that OVAAL contributes to the survival of cancer cells through dual mechanisms controlling RAF/MEK/ERK signaling and p27-mediated cell senescence.
Despite major advances in targeted melanoma therapies, drug resistance limits their efficacy.,Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcriptome elements that do not encode proteins but are important regulatory molecules.,LncRNAs have been implicated in cancer development and response to different therapeutics and are thus potential treatment targets; however, the majority of their functions and molecular interactions remain unexplored.,In this study, we identify a novel cytoplasmic intergenic lincRNA (MIRAT), which is upregulated following prolonged MAPK inhibition in NRAS mutant melanoma and modulates MAPK signaling by binding to the MEK scaffold protein IQGAP1.,Collectively, our results present MIRAT’s direct modulatory effect on the MAPK pathway and highlight the relevance of cytoplasmic lncRNAs as potential targets in drug resistant cancer.