Melanoma is one of the most aggressive skin cancers.,The 5-year survival rate of stage III melanoma patients ranges from 93% (IIIA) to 32% (IIID) with a high risk of recurrence after complete surgery.,The introduction of target and immune therapies has dramatically improved the overall survival, but the identification of patients with a high risk of relapse who will benefit from adjuvant therapy and the determination of the best treatment choice remain crucial.,Currently, patient prognosis is based on clinico-pathological features, highlighting the urgent need of predictive and prognostic markers to improve patient management.,In recent years, many groups have focused their attention on identifying molecular biomarkers with prognostic and predictive potential.,In this review, we examined the main candidate biomarkers reported in the literature.
Uveal melanoma is a clinically distinct and particularly lethal subtype of melanoma originating from melanocytes in the eye.,Here, we performed multi-region DNA sequencing of primary uveal melanomas and their matched metastases from 35 patients.,We observed novel driver mutations and established the order in which these and known driver mutations undergo selection.,Metastases had genomic alterations distinct from their primary tumors, and metastatic dissemination sometimes occurred early during the development of the primary tumor.,Our study offers new insights into the genetics and evolution of this melanoma subtype, providing potential biomarkers for progression and therapy.