Cancer immunotherapy restores and/or enhances effector function of CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment1,2.,CD8+ T cells activated by cancer immunotherapy execute tumor clearance mainly by inducing cell death through perforin-granzyme- and Fas/Fas ligand-pathways3,4.,Ferroptosis is a form of cell death that differs from apoptosis and results from iron-dependent lipid peroxide accumulation5,6.,Although it was mechanistically illuminated in vitro7,8, emerging evidence has shown that ferroptosis may be implicated in a variety of pathological scenarios9,10.,However, the involvement of ferroptosis in T cell immunity and cancer immunotherapy is unknown.,Here, we find that immunotherapy-activated CD8+ T cells enhance ferroptosis-specific lipid peroxidation in tumor cells, and in turn, increased ferroptosis contributes to the anti-tumor efficacy of immunotherapy.,Mechanistically, interferon gamma (IFNγ) released from CD8+ T cells downregulates expression of SLC3A2 and SLC7A11, two subunits of glutamate-cystine antiporter system xc-, restrains tumor cell cystine uptake, and as a consequence, promotes tumor cell lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis.,In preclinical models, depletion of cyst(e)ine by cyst(e)inase in combination with checkpoint blockade synergistically enhances T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity and induces tumor cell ferroptosis.,Expression of system xc- is negatively associated with CD8+ T cell signature, IFNγ expression, and cancer patient outcome.,Transcriptome analyses before and during nivolumab therapy reveal that clinical benefits correlate with reduced expression of SLC3A2 and increased IFNγ and CD8.,Thus, T cell-promoted tumor ferroptosis is a novel anti-tumor mechanism.,Targeting tumor ferroptosis pathway constitutes a therapeutic approach in combination with checkpoint blockade.
Vemurafenib/PLX4032, a selective inhibitor of mutant BRAFV600E, constitutes a paradigm shift in melanoma therapy.,Unfortunately, acquired resistance, which unavoidably occurs, represents one major limitation to clinical responses.,Recent studies have highlighted that vemurafenib activated oxidative metabolism in BRAFV600E melanomas expressing PGC1α.,However, the oxidative state of melanoma resistant to BRAF inhibitors is unknown.,We established representative in vitro and in vivo models of human melanoma resistant to vemurafenib including primary specimens derived from melanoma patients.,Firstly, our study reveals that vemurafenib increased mitochondrial respiration and ROS production in BRAFV600E melanoma cell lines regardless the expression of PGC1α.,Secondly, melanoma cells that have acquired resistance to vemurafenib displayed intrinsically high rates of mitochondrial respiration associated with elevated mitochondrial oxidative stress irrespective of the presence of vemurafenib.,Thirdly, the elevated ROS level rendered vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells prone to cell death induced by pro-oxidants including the clinical trial drug, elesclomol.,Based on these observations, we propose that the mitochondrial oxidative signature of resistant melanoma constitutes a novel opportunity to overcome resistance to BRAF inhibition.