## Development of Cartography: Perspectives from Ancient Civilizations and the Joseon Dynasty

Cartography, the art and science of mapmaking, has been an essential part of human civilization, aiding navigation, trade, and cultural development. The question of which ancient civilization is credited with the development of cartography in a particular country can yield different answers based on historical records and interpretations. This article explores two contrasting perspectives related to the origins of cartography in a specific yet unspecified country: one suggesting an absence of clear records regarding any ancient civilization’s contribution, and the other crediting the ancient Joseon Dynasty with significant advancements in cartographic practices.

### Absence of Clear Records on Ancient Civilizations

In some nations, the early history of cartography may be obscured by a lack of detailed historical records. Many ancient civilizations had forms of map-making, but explicit evidence linking a speicific advancement to a particular civilization might not exist or might be yet undiscovered. Various indigenous and local groups might have developed rudimentary or even complex mapping systems, which were either not documented, lost over time, or undervalued by later historians or archaeologists.

In cases like these, oral histories and archaeological artifacts such as landmarks, stone carvings, and ancient tools might offer indirect clues, but without corroborative textual evidence, it is challenging to credit a specific civilization confidently. The anonymity of these map-making pioneers is compounded by the destruction of historical records through natural disasters, wars, or colonization, where much indigenous knowledge was either erased or ignored.

### Cartography in the Joseon Dynasty

Contrasting the ambiguity of cartographic origins in some regions, other narratives are more concrete, with historical records providing clear evidence of sophisticated map-making endeavors. A notable example is the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1897) in Korea. The Joseon period is renowned for its significant contributions to sciences, including astronomy, geography, and cartography.

During the Joseon Dynasty, the production of maps took a more scientific and systematic approach compared to earlier periods. King Sejong the Great, one of the most celebrated rulers of Joseon, notably supported the advancement of various sciences. Under his reign, the development of precise maps was encouraged, and significant resources were allocated for geographical surveys and cartographic advancements.

One of the remarkable achievements was the development of the "Daedongyeojido" (Great Map of the East Land) by cartographer and geologist Kim Jeong-ho in 1861. This map is highly detailed and is considered one of the most accurate maps of Korea made before the modern era. The map covers not only topography but also includes details on administrative boundaries, transportation networks, and geographical features.

The cartographic tradition of the Joseon Dynasty also included the creation of "cheonggudo" (blueprint maps) and "paldo chongram" (encyclopedia of the eight provinces), which were used for both governance and educational purposes, thereby increasing the practical and cultural value of maps during this period.

### Conclusion

The development of cartography varies significantly from region to region based on historical, cultural, and technological contexts. While some nations might face challenges in tracing the precise origins of map-making due to incomplete records, others, like those under the Joseon Dynasty, display a rich and well-documented legacy of cartographic excellence. Both perspectives underscore the diverse development trajectories of cartographical sciences across different civilizations and time periods. Understanding these differences is crucial for appreciating the global and historical diversity in the field of cartography.