"Star-Spangled Banner" redirects here. For other uses, see Star-Spangled Banner (disambiguation). "The Star-Spangled Banner" is the national anthem of the United States. The lyrics come from the "Defence of Fort M'Henry",[2] a poem written by American lawyer Francis Scott Key on September 14, 1814, after he witnessed the bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812. Key was inspired by the large U.S. flag, with 15 stars and 15 stripes, known as the Star-Spangled Banner, flying triumphantly above the fort after the battle. The poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society, a social club in London. Smiths' song, "To Anacreon in Heaven" (or "The Anacreontic Song"), with various lyrics, was already popular in the United States. This setting, renamed "The Star-Spangled Banner", soon became a popular patriotic song. With a range of 19 semitones, it is known for being very difficult to sing, in part because the melody sung today is the soprano part. Although the poem has four stanzas, only the first is commonly sung today. "The Star-Spangled Banner" was first recognized for official use by the United States Navy in 1889. On March 3, 1931, the U.S. Congress passed a joint resolution (46 Stat. 1508) making the song the official national anthem of the United States, which President Herbert Hoover signed into law. The resolution is now codified at 36 U.S.C. § 301(a). It has become controversial in the United States since the 1990's due to perceived racism in the anthem's lyrics and Key's involvement in slavery. On August 28, 1814, William Beanes, a physician who resided in Upper Marlboro, Maryland, was arrested by British forces in his home after the Burning of Washington and the Raid on Alexandria. A friend of Key's, Beanes was accused of aiding the detention of several British Army stragglers who were ransacking local homesteads in search of food.[3] I am going in the morning to Baltimore to proceed in a flag-vessel to Genl Ross. Old Dr Beanes of Marlbro' is taken prisoner by the Enemy, who threaten to carry him off – Some of his friends have urged me to apply for a flag & go & try to procure his release. I hope to return in about 8 or 10 days, though [it] is uncertain, as I do not know where to find the fleet. – As soon as I get back I hope I shall be able to set out for Fred[ericksburg] – ... [4] On September 7, around noon, they spotted Tonnant near the mouth of the Potomac. The flagship then anchored and brought Key and Skinner aboard.[5][6] It was aboard Tonnant, after dinner, that Skinner and Key secured the release of Beanes after conversing with Major-General Robert Ross and Vice-Admiral Alexander Cochrane. Ross initially refused to release Beanes, but relented after reading letters, brought by Key, written by wounded British prisoners of war praising American doctors for their kind treatment. Because Key and Skinner had overheard details of the plans for the attack on Baltimore, they were prevented from going ashore until after the battle, several days later. From Tonnant, Key, Skinner, and Beanes were transferred to the frigate HMS Surprise on the morning of September 8. The fleet then slowly moved up the Chesapeake toward Baltimore. The truce vessel was in tow with Surprise. On September 11, off the North Point peninsula, Colonel Skinner insisted that they be transferred back to their own truce vessel, which they were allowed to do, under guard. It was still tethered to Surprise. Admiral Cochrane then transferred his flag to the shallow-draft Surprise so he could move in with the bombardment squadron. Having advanced into the Patapsco River, the 16-ship attack force began to fire on Fort McHenry at sunrise on September 13; the bombardment would last 25 hours.[5][7][8] During the rainy day and through the night, Key had witnessed the bombardment and observed that the fort's smaller "storm flag" (17 by 25 feet (5.2 by 7.6 m)) continued to fly, but once the bomb and Congreve rocket[9] barrage had stopped, he would not know how the battle had turned out until dawn. On the morning of September 14, the storm flag had been lowered and the large garrison flag (30 by 42 feet (9.1 by 12.8 m)) had been raised.[6][3] During the bombardment, HMS Erebus provided the "rockets' red glare", while the heavy-mortar bomb ships HMS Terror, Volcano, Devastation, Meteor and Aetna provided the "bombs bursting in air".[10] Around 1,500 to 1,800 bomb shells and over 700 rockets were fired at the fort but with minimal casualties and damage being done. Four men died and 24 were wounded in the fort. The ships were forced to fire from their maximum range (with minimal accuracy) to stay out of range of the fort's formidable cannon fire.[8][6] Key was inspired by the U.S. victory and the sight of the large U.S. flag flying triumphantly above the fort. This flag (as well as the storm flag), with 15 stars and 15 stripes, had been made by Mary Young Pickersgill together with other workers in her home on Baltimore's Pratt Street.[11] The flag later came to be known as the Star-Spangled Banner, and is today on display in the National Museum of American History, a treasure of the Smithsonian Institution. It was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler, and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation program.[12] Aboard the ship that morning, Key began writing his lyrics on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket. Late afternoon on September 16, Key, Skinner and Beanes were released from the fleet and they arrived in Baltimore that evening. He completed the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel, where he was staying, His finished manuscript was untitled and unsigned. When printed as a broadside, the next day, it was given the title "Defence of Fort M'Henry". It was first published nationally in The Analectic Magazine.[13][14] Much of the idea of the poem, including the flag imagery and some of the wording, is derived from an earlier song by Key, also set to the tune of "The Anacreontic Song". The song, known as "When the Warrior Returns",[15] was written in honor of Stephen Decatur and Charles Stewart on their return from the First Barbary War.[16] Since the 1990's, the anthem has become controversial due to perceived racism in the anthem's lyrics and Key's involvement in slavery. The anthem's third stanza uses the phrase "the hireling and slave", which had been interpreted by several commentators to refer to American slaves who escaped to the British military during the war, as Britain offered them freedom and the opportunity to join the Corps of Colonial Marines to fight against U.S. forces. Key was also a slaveholder throughout much of his life, and "white freedom and white lives were what mattered" to Key.[17]  According to The Nation, Key's "message to the blacks fighting for freedom was unmistakable—we will hunt you down and the search will leave you in terror because, when we find you, your next stop is the gloom of the grave".[18] The reference to slaves, which was perceived as being racist towards Black Americans, purportedly prevented the song being adopted as the U.S. national anthem for almost a century.[19] Conversely, University of Michigan professor Mark Clague has claimed that the controversial phrase referred to British troops and "in no way glorifies or celebrates slavery."[20] However, such claims have been criticised as going against historical consensus, as the majority of academics who have written about slavery during the War of 1812, such as Gene A. Smith, Marc Leepson and David Roediger identify Key as referencing American slaves in the phrase.[21][22] In 2016, The New Yorker argued that "[is] The Star-Spangled Banner” racist? The short answer is yes, insofar as almost every older piece of American iconography cannot be rid of the stain of slavery."[23] Key gave the poem to his brother-in-law Joseph H. Nicholson who saw that the words fit the popular melody "The Anacreontic Song", by English composer John Stafford Smith. This was the official song of the Anacreontic Society, an 18th-century gentlemen's club of amateur musicians in London. Nicholson took the poem to a printer in Baltimore, who anonymously made the first known broadside printing on September 17; of these, two known copies survive.[citation needed] On September 20, both the Baltimore Patriot and The American printed the song, with the note "Tune: Anacreon in Heaven". The song quickly became popular; it was ultimately printed in 17 newspapers from Georgia to New Hampshire. Soon after, Thomas Carr of the Carr Music Store in Baltimore published the words and music together under the title "The Star Spangled Banner", although it was originally called "Defence of Fort M'Henry". Thomas Carr's arrangement introduced the raised fourth which became the standard deviation from "The Anacreontic Song".[24] The song's popularity increased and its first public performance took place in October when Baltimore actor Ferdinand Durang sang it at Captain McCauley's tavern. Washington Irving, then editor of the Analectic Magazine in Philadelphia, reprinted the song in November 1814.[citation needed] By the early 20th century, there were various versions of the song in popular use. Seeking a singular, standard version, President Woodrow Wilson tasked the U.S. Bureau of Education with providing that official version. In response, the Bureau enlisted the help of five musicians to agree upon an arrangement. Those musicians were Walter Damrosch, Will Earhart, Arnold J. Gantvoort, Oscar Sonneck and John Philip Sousa. The standardized version that was voted upon by these five musicians premiered at Carnegie Hall on December 5, 1917, in a program that included Edward Elgar's Carillon and Gabriel Pierné's The Children's Crusade. The concert was put on by the Oratorio Society of New York and conducted by Walter Damrosch.[25] An official handwritten version of the final votes of these five men has been found and shows all five men's votes tallied, measure by measure.[26] The song gained popularity throughout the 19th century, and bands played it during public events such as Independence Day celebrations. A plaque displayed at Fort Meade, South Dakota, claims that the idea of making "The Star Spangled Banner" the national anthem began on their parade ground in 1892. Colonel Caleb Carlton, post commander, established the tradition that the song be played "at retreat and at the close of parades and concerts." Carlton explained the custom to Governor Sheldon of South Dakota who "promised me that he would try to have the custom established among the state militia." Carlton wrote that after a similar discussion, Secretary of War Daniel S. Lamont issued an order that it "be played at every Army post every evening at retreat."[27] In 1889, the U.S. Navy officially adopted "The Star-Spangled Banner".[28] In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson ordered that "The Star-Spangled Banner" be played at military[28] and other appropriate occasions. The playing of the song two years later during the seventh-inning stretch of Game One of the 1918 World Series, and thereafter during each game of the series is often cited as the first instance that the anthem was played at a baseball game,[29] though evidence shows that the "Star-Spangled Banner" was performed as early as 1897 at Opening Day ceremonies in Philadelphia and then more regularly at the Polo Grounds in New York City beginning in 1898. The tradition of performing the national anthem before every baseball game began in World War II.[30] Between 1918 and 1929, John Charles Linthicum, the U.S. congressman from Maryland at the time, introduced a series of six unsuccessful bills to officially recognize "The Star-Spangled Banner" as the national anthem.[31] In 1927, with the thought that "The Star-Spangled Banner" was unsuited for a national anthem, the National Federation of Music Clubs sponsored a composition contest to nominate a national anthem. They selected the text of America The Beautiful; 901 compositions were submitted for the $1,500 prize (equivalent to $26,310 in 2023). Frank Damrosch, Frederick Converse, Felix Borowski, and Peter Lutkin judged the compositions but nominated no winner.[32] On November 3, 1929, Robert Ripley drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon, Ripley's Believe it or Not!, saying "Believe It or Not, America has no national anthem".[33] In 1930, Veterans of Foreign Wars started a petition for the United States to officially recognize "The Star-Spangled Banner" as the national anthem.[34] Five million people signed the petition.[34] The petition was presented to the United States House Committee on the Judiciary on January 31, 1930.[35] On the same day, Elsie Jorss-Reilley and Grace Evelyn Boudlin sang the song to the committee to refute the perception that it was too high pitched for a typical person to sing.[36] The committee voted in favor of sending the bill to the House floor for a vote.[37] The House of Representatives passed the bill later that year.[38] The Senate passed the bill on March 3, 1931.[38] President Herbert Hoover signed the bill on March 4, 1931, officially adopting "The Star-Spangled Banner" as the national anthem of the United States of America.[1] As currently codified, the United States Code states that "[t]he composition consisting of the words and music known as the Star-Spangled Banner is the national anthem."[39] Although all four stanzas of the poem officially compose the National Anthem, only the first stanza is generally sung, the other three being much lesser known.[40] Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of U.S. officialdom. "Hail, Columbia" served this purpose at official functions for most of the 19th century. "My Country, 'Tis of Thee", whose melody is identical to "God Save the King", the United Kingdom's national anthem,[41] also served as a de facto national anthem.[42] Following the War of 1812 and subsequent U.S. wars, other songs emerged to compete for popularity at public events, among them "America the Beautiful", which itself was being considered before 1931 as a candidate to become the national anthem of the United States.[43] In the fourth verse, Key's 1814 published version of the poem is written as, "And this be our motto-"In God is our trust!""[14] In 1956 when 'In God We Trust' was under consideration to be adopted as the national motto of the United States by the US Congress, the words of the fourth verse of The Star Spangled Banner were brought up in arguments supporting adoption of the motto.[44] In an attempt to take Baltimore, the British attacked Fort McHenry, which protected the harbor. Bombs were soon bursting in air, rockets were glaring, and all in all it was a moment of great historical interest. During the bombardment, a young lawyer named Francis Off Key  [sic] wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner", and when, by the dawn's early light, the British heard it sung, they fled in terror.[45] Professional and amateur singers have been known to forget the words, which is one reason the song is sometimes pre-recorded and lip-synced. Pop singer Christina Aguilera performed wrong lyrics to the song prior to Super Bowl XLV, replacing the song's fourth line, "o'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming", with an alteration of the second line, "what so proudly we watched at the twilight's last gleaming".[46] Other times the issue is avoided by having the performer(s) play the anthem instrumentally instead of singing it. The pre-recording of the anthem has become standard practice at some ballparks, such as Boston's Fenway Park, according to the SABR publication The Fenway Project.[47] "The Star-Spangled Banner" has been performed regularly at the beginning of NFL games since the end of WWII by order of NFL commissioner Elmer Layden.[48] The song has also been intermittently performed at baseball games since after WWI. The National Hockey League and Major League Soccer both require venues in both the U.S. and Canada to perform both the Canadian and U.S. national anthems at games that involve teams from both countries (with the "away" anthem being performed first).[49][better source needed] It is also usual for both U.S. and Canadian anthems (done in the same way as the NHL and MLS) to be played at Major League Baseball and National Basketball Association games involving the Toronto Blue Jays and the Toronto Raptors respectively, the only Canadian teams in those two major U.S. sports leagues, and in All Star Games on the MLB, NBA, and NHL. The Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League, which play in a city on the Canada–US border and have a substantial Canadian fan base, play both anthems before all home games regardless of where the visiting team is based.[50] Two especially unusual performances of the song took place in the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks. On September 12, 2001, Elizabeth II, the Queen of the United Kingdom, broke with tradition and allowed the Band of the Coldstream Guards to perform the anthem at Buckingham Palace, London, at the ceremonial Changing of the Guard, as a gesture of support for Britain's ally.[51] The following day at a St. Paul's Cathedral memorial service, the Queen joined in the singing of the anthem, an unprecedented occurrence.[52] The Star Spangled Banner was  played by the Coldstream Guards again at Windsor Castle on the 20th anniversary of the attacks.[53] During the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, the anthem was sung by protesters demonstrating outside the U.S. consulate-general in an appeal to the U.S. government to help them with their cause.[54][55][56] The 200th anniversary of the "Star-Spangled Banner" occurred in 2014 with various special events occurring throughout the United States. A particularly significant celebration occurred during the week of September 10–16 in and around Baltimore, Maryland. Highlights included playing of a new arrangement of the anthem arranged by John Williams and participation of President Barack Obama on Defenders Day, September 12, 2014, at Fort McHenry.[57] In addition, the anthem bicentennial included a youth music celebration[58] including the presentation of the National Anthem Bicentennial Youth Challenge winning composition written by Noah Altshuler. Rock guitarist Jimi Hendrix often included a solo instrumental performance at concerts from 1968 to his death in 1970. Using high gain and distortion amplification effects and the vibrato arm on his guitar, Hendrix was able to simulate the sounds of rockets and bombs at the points when the lyrics are normally heard.[62] One such performance at the Woodstock music festival in 1969 was a highlight of the event's 1970 documentary film, becoming "part of the sixties Zeitgeist".[62] When asked about negative reactions to his "unorthodox" treatment of the anthem, Hendrix, who served briefly in the U.S. Army, responded "I'm American so I played it ... Unorthodox? I thought it was beautiful, but there you go."[63] The Woodstock version by Jimi Hendrix was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2009.[64] Marvin Gaye gave a soul-influenced performance at the 1983 NBA All-Star Game and Whitney Houston gave a soulful rendition before Super Bowl XXV in 1991, which was released as a single that charted at number 20 in 1991 and number 6 in 2001 (along with José Feliciano, the only times the national anthem has been on the Billboard Hot 100).[65] Roseanne Barr gave a controversial performance of the anthem at a San Diego Padres baseball game at Jack Murphy Stadium on July 25, 1990. The comedian belted out a screechy rendition of the song, and afterward, she mocked ballplayers by spitting and grabbing her crotch as if adjusting a protective cup. The performance offended some, including the sitting U.S. president, George H. W. Bush.[66] Steven Tyler also caused some controversy in 2001 (at the Indianapolis 500, to which he later issued a public apology) and again in 2012 (at the AFC Championship Game) with a cappella renditions of the song with changed lyrics.[67] At Super Bowl XLVII’s pre-game ceremonies in 2014, soprano Renée Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the National Anthem at a football game, and her emotional, groundbreaking performance (one of the most critically acclaimed renditions of all time) led the Fox network to the highest ratings of any program in the company’s history and remains so today.  In 2016, Aretha Franklin performed a rendition before the nationally-televised Minnesota Vikings-Detroit Lions Thanksgiving Day game lasting more than four minutes and featuring a host of improvisations. It was one of Franklin's last public appearances before her 2018 death.[68] Black Eyed Peas singer Fergie gave a controversial performance of the anthem in 2018. Critics likened her rendition to a jazzy "sexed-up" version of the anthem, which was considered highly inappropriate, with her performance compared to that of Marilyn Monroe's 1962 performance of "Happy Birthday, Mr. President". Fergie later apologized for her performance of the song, stating that ''I'm a risk taker artistically, but clearly this rendition didn't strike the intended tone".[69] In March 2005, a government-sponsored program, the National Anthem Project, was launched after a Harris Interactive poll showed many adults knew neither the lyrics nor the history of the anthem.[70] "The Star-Spangled Banner" has four verses, although the second through fourth verses are not commonly performed.[71] O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. ⁠Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution. O'er the Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave. O'er the Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave. In a version hand-written by Francis Scott Key in 1840, the third line reads: "Whose bright stars and broad stripes, through the clouds of the fight".[72] Several films have their titles taken from the song's lyrics. These include the G.I. Joe episode Red Rocket's Glare; the Columbo episode By Dawn's Early Light; two films titled Dawn's Early Light (2000[73] and 2005);[74] two made-for-TV features titled By Dawn's Early Light (1990[75] and 2000);[76] two films titled So Proudly We Hail (1943[77] and 1990);[78] a feature film (1977)[79] and a short (2005)[80] and a novel titled Twilight's Last Gleaming; Rocket's Red Glare;[81] and four films titled Home of the Brave (1949,[82] 1986,[83] 2004,[84] and 2006).[85] A 1936 short titled The Song of a Nation from Warner Bros. Pictures shows a version of the origin of the song.[86] The title of Isaac Asimov's 1980 short story "No Refuge Could Save" is a reference to the song's third verse, and the obscurity of this verse is a major plot point.[87] When the U.S. national anthem was first recognized by law in 1931, there was no prescription as to behavior during its playing. On June 22, 1942, the law was revised indicating that those in uniform should salute during its playing, while others should simply stand at attention, men removing their hats. The same code also required that women should place their hands over their hearts when the flag is displayed during the playing of the national anthem, but not if the flag was not present. On December 23, 1942, the law was again revised instructing men and women to stand at attention and face in the direction of the music when it was played. That revision also directed men and women to place their hands over their hearts only if the flag was displayed. Those in uniform were required to salute. On July 7, 1976, the law was simplified. Men and women were instructed to stand with their hands over their hearts, men removing their hats, irrespective of whether or not the flag was displayed and those in uniform saluting. On August 12, 1998, the law was rewritten keeping the same instructions, but differentiating between "those in uniform" and "members of the Armed Forces and veterans" who were both instructed to salute during the playing whether or not the flag was displayed. Because of the changes in law over the years and confusion between instructions for the Pledge of Allegiance versus the National Anthem, throughout most of the 20th century many people simply stood at attention or with their hands folded in front of them during the playing of the Anthem, and when reciting the Pledge they would hold their hand (or hat) over their heart. After 9/11, the custom of placing the hand over the heart during the playing of the national anthem became nearly universal.[88][89][90] Since 1998, federal law (viz., the United States Code 36 U.S.C. § 301) states that during a rendition of the national anthem, when the flag is displayed, all present including those in uniform should stand at attention; non-military service individuals should face the flag with the right hand over the heart; members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are present and not in uniform may render the military salute; military service persons not in uniform should remove their headdress with their right hand and hold the headdress at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart; and members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are in uniform should give the military salute at the first note of the anthem and maintain that position until the last note. The law further provides that when the flag is not displayed, all present should face toward the music and act in the same manner they would if the flag were displayed. Military law requires all vehicles on the installation to stop when the song is played and all individuals outside to stand at attention and face the direction of the music and either salute, in uniform, or place the right hand over the heart, if out of uniform. The law was amended in 2008, and since allows military veterans to salute out of uniform, as well.[91][92] The text of 36 U.S.C. § 301 is suggestive and not regulatory in nature. Failure to follow the suggestions is not a violation of the law. This behavioral requirement for the national anthem is subject to the same First Amendment controversies that surround the Pledge of Allegiance.[93] For example, Jehovah's Witnesses do not sing the national anthem, though they are taught that standing is an "ethical decision" that individual believers must make based on their conscience.[94][95][96] As a result of immigration to the United States and the incorporation of non-English-speaking people into the country, the lyrics of the song have been translated into other languages. In 1861, it was translated into German.[97] The Library of Congress also has record of a Spanish-language version from 1919.[98] It has since been translated into Hebrew[99] and Yiddish by Jewish immigrants,[100] Latin American Spanish (with one version popularized during immigration reform protests in 2006),[101] French by Acadians of Louisiana,[102] Samoan,[103] and Irish.[104] The third verse of the anthem has also been translated into Latin.[105] With regard to the indigenous languages of North America, there are versions in Navajo[106][107][108] and Cherokee.[109] The 1968 Olympics Black Power salute was a political demonstration conducted by African-American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos during their medal ceremony at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City. After having won gold and bronze medals respectively in the 200-meter running event, they turned on the podium to face their flags, and to hear the American national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner". Each athlete raised a black-gloved fist, and kept them raised until the anthem had finished. In addition, Smith, Carlos, and Australian silver medalist Peter Norman all wore human rights badges on their jackets. In his autobiography, Silent Gesture, Smith stated that the gesture was not a "Black Power" salute, but a "human rights salute". The event is regarded as one of the most overtly political statements in the history of the modern Olympic Games.[110] Defaced Francis Scott Key Monument in Baltimore, 2017. The statue was covered in red paint and the words "Racist Anthem".[111] Protests against police brutality and racism by kneeling on one knee during the national anthem began in the National Football League after San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick knelt during the anthem, as opposed to the tradition of standing, in response to police brutality in the United States, before his team's third preseason game of 2016. Kaepernick sat during the first two preseason games, but he went unnoticed.[112] In particular, protests focus on the discussion of slavery (and mercenaries) in the third verse of the anthem, in which some have interpreted the lyrics as condemning slaves that had joined the British in an effort to earn their freedom.[113] Since Kaepernick's protest, other athletes have joined in the protests. In the 2017 season, after President Donald Trump's condemnation of the kneeling, which included calling for players (whom he reportedly also referred to by various profanities) to be fired, many NFL players responded by protesting during the national anthem that week.[114] After the police-involved killings of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor, when the 2019-2020 NBA season resumed play in July 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, the majority of players and coaches kneeled during the national anthem through the end of the season. In San Francisco, the statue of Francis Scott Key—the nation's first memorial to the anthem's lyricist Key, a slaveowner—was toppled by protestors on June 19, 2020 and in June 2021 was replaced by 350 black steel sculptures that honor the first 350 Africans kidnapped and forced onto a slave ship headed across the Atlantic from Angola in 1619.[115] In November 2017, the California Chapter of the NAACP called on Congress to remove "The Star-Spangled Banner" as the national anthem. Alice Huffman, California NAACP president, said: "It's racist; it doesn't represent our community, it's anti-black."[116] The rarely-sung third stanza of the anthem contains the words "No refuge could save the hireling and slave, from the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave", which some interpret as racist. The organization was still seeking a representative to sponsor the legislation in Congress at the time of its announcement.[4] "Lift Every Voice and Sing", which many consider the Black National Anthem[117] ^ a b ""Star-Spangled Banner" Is Now Official Anthem". The Washington Post. March 5, 1931. p. 3. ^ "Defence of Fort M'Henry | Library of Congress". Loc.gov. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ a b c Vogel, Steve. Through the Perilous Fight: Six Weeks That Saved the Nation, Random House, New York. 2013. ^ "John Wiley & Sons: 200 Years of Publishing – Birth of the New American Literature: 1807–1826". Retrieved April 27, 2018. ^ a b "Defence of Fort M'Henry". The Analectic Magazine. 4: 433–434. November 1814. hdl:2027/umn.31951000925404p. ^ "When the Warrior Returns – Key". Potw.org. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ Blackburn, Robin (1988). The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776–1848. pp. 288–290. ^ Mark Clague (August 31, 2016). "'Star-Spangled Banner' critics miss the point". CNN.com. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ "Colin Kaepernick Is Righter Than You Know: The National Anthem Is a Celebration of Slavery". Theintercept.com. August 28, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ Clague, Mark, and Jamie Vander Broek. "Banner moments: the national anthem in American life". University of Michigan, 2014. 4. ^ "Oratorio Society of New York – Star Spangled Banner". Oratoriosocietyofny.org. Archived from the original on August 21, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ "Standardization Manuscript for "The Star Spangled Banner" | Antiques Roadshow". PBS. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ a b Cavanaugh, Ray (July 4, 2016). "The Star-Spangled Banner: an American anthem with a very British beginning". The Guardian. Retrieved September 27, 2017. ^ "Cubs vs Red Sox 1918 World Series: A Tradition is Born". Baseballisms.com. May 21, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ "Musical Traditions in Sports: National Anthems". Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2016. ^ "National Anthem Hearing Is Set For January 31". The Baltimore Sun. January 23, 1930. p. 4. ^ "Music: Russian Rebuke". Time. May 2, 1927. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved April 15, 2023. ^ "Company News – Ripley Entertainment Inc". Ripleysnewsroom.com. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ a b "5,000,000 Sign for Anthem: Fifty-Mile Petition Supports "The Star-Spangled Banner" Bill". The New York Times. January 19, 1930. p. 31. ^ "5,000,000 Plea For U.S. Anthem: Giant Petition to Be Given Judiciary Committee of Senate Today". The Washington Post. January 31, 1930. p. 2. ^ "Committee Hears Star-Spangled Banner Sung: Studies Bill to Make It the National Anthem". The New York Times. February 1, 1930. p. 1. ^ "'Star-Spangled Banner' Favored As Anthem in Report to House". The New York Times. February 5, 1930. p. 3. ^ a b "'Star Spangled Banner' Is Voted National Anthem by Congress". The New York Times. March 4, 1931. p. 1. ^ Akins, Ravyn (January 28, 2018). "Why we sing one verse of the national anthem". StamfordAdvocate. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved March 30, 2023. ^ "My country 'tis of thee [Song Collection]". The Library of Congress. Retrieved January 20, 2009. ^ Snyder, Lois Leo (1990). Encyclopedia of Nationalism. Paragon House. p. 13. ISBN 1-55778-167-2. ^ Estrella, Espie (September 2, 2018). "Who Wrote "America the Beautiful"? The History of America's Unofficial National Anthem". thoughtco.com. ThoughtCo. Retrieved November 14, 2018. Many consider "America the Beautiful" to be the unofficial national anthem of the United States. In fact, it was one of the songs being considered as a U.S. national anthem before "Star Spangled Banner" was officially chosen. ^ Theroux, Alexander (February 16, 2013). The Grammar of Rock: Art and Artlessness in 20th Century Pop Lyrics. Fantagraphics Books. p. 22. ISBN 9781606996164. ^ "Aguilera flubs national anthem at Super Bowl". CNN. February 6, 2011. Archived from the original on February 10, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2011. ^ "The Fenway Project – Part One". Red Sox Connection. May 2004. Archived from the original on January 1, 2016. ^ "History.com article para 6". History.com. September 25, 2017. Archived from the original on September 16, 2018. ^ Allen, Kevin (March 23, 2003). "NHL Seeks to Stop Booing For a Song". USA Today. Retrieved October 29, 2008. ^ "Fanzone, A–Z Guide: National Anthems". Buffalo Sabres. Retrieved November 20, 2014. If you are interested in singing the National Anthems at a sporting event at First Niagara Center, you must submit a DVD or CD of your performance of both the Canadian & American National Anthems... ^ Steyn, Mark (September 17, 2001). "The Queen's Tears/And global resolve against terrorism". National Review. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved April 10, 2013. ^ "Hong Kong protesters sing U.S. anthem in appeal for Trump's help". NBC News. September 8, 2019. Archived from the original on September 10, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019. ^ McLaughlin, Timothy; Quackenbush, Casey. "Hong Kong protesters sing 'Star-Spangled Banner,' call on Trump to 'liberate' the city". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019. ^ Cherney, Mike (October 14, 2019). "Thousands Rally in Hong Kong for U.S. Bill Supporting City's Autonomy". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 4, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019. ^ Michael E. Ruane (September 11, 2014). "Francis Scott Key's anthem keeps asking: Have we survived as a nation?". The Washington Post. ^ Gilliland, John (1969). "Show 52 – The Soul Reformation: Phase three, soul music at the summit. [Part 8]" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries. Track 5. ^ Paul White, USA Today Sports (October 14, 2012). "Jose Feliciano's once-controversial anthem kicks off NLCS". Usatoday.com. Retrieved November 9, 2013. ^ a b Cross, Charles R. (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix (1st. Trade Paperback ed.). New York City: Hyperion Books. pp. 271–272. ISBN 0-7868-8841-5. ^ Roby, Steven (2012). Hendrix on Hendrix: Interviews and Encounters with Jimi Hendrix. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. pp. 221–222. ISBN 978-1-61374-322-5. ^ "Grammy Hall of Fame Awards". The Grammy Awards. Retrieved January 30, 2024. ^ Shackleford, Tom (February 13, 2023). "Marvin Gaye Spices Up "The Star-Spangled Banner" At NBA All-Star Game, On This Day In 1983 [Watch]". L4LM. Retrieved September 26, 2023. ^ Letofsky, Irv (July 28, 1990). "Roseanne Is Sorry – but Not That Sorry". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 14, 2012. ^ "AOL Radio – Listen to Free Online Radio – Free Internet Radio Stations and Music Playlists". Spinner.com. Archived from the original on May 25, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2013. ^ "That time Aretha Franklin dazzled America on Thanksgiving with national anthem". WJBK. August 13, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018. ^ "Fergie apologises for national anthem". BBC News. February 20, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018. ^ "Harris Interactive poll on "The Star-Spangled Banner"". Tnap.org. Archived from the original on January 12, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2010. ^ Francis Scott Key, The Star Spangled Banner (lyrics), 1814, MENC: The National Association for Music Education National Anthem Project (archived from the original Archived January 26, 2013, at the Wayback Machine on 2013-01-26). ^ "Library of Congress image". Library of Congress. Retrieved June 14, 2010. ^ Dawn's Early Light (2000) on the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 14, 2007. ^ Dawn's Early Light (2005) on the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 14, 2007. ^ Dawn's Early Light TV (1990) on the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 14, 2007. ^ Dawn's Early Light TV (2000) on the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 14, 2007. ^ So Proudly We Hail (1943) on the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 14, 2007. ^ So Proudly We Hail (1990) on the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 14, 2007. ^ Twilight's Last Gleaming (1977) on the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 14, 2007. ^ Twilight's Last Gleaming (2005) on the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 14, 2007. ^ Home of the Brave (1949) on the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved December 5, 2007. ^ Home of the Brave (1986) on the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved December 5, 2007. ^ Home of the Brave (2004) on the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved December 5, 2007. ^ Home of the Brave (2006) on the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 14, 2007. ^ "Tricks on How to Spot a Spy". SOFREP. May 7, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2021. ^ "Public Laws, June 22, 1942". June 22, 1942. ^ "77th Congress, 2nd session". uscode.house.gov. Retrieved October 21, 2017. ^ "Public law, July 7, 1976". uscode.house.gov. Retrieved October 21, 2017. ^ Duane Streufert. "A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America – United States Code". USFlag.org. Retrieved June 14, 2010. ^ "U.S. Code". Uscode.house.gov. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2010. ^ The Circle School v. Phillips, 270 F. Supp. 2d 616, 622 (E.D. Pa. 2003). ^ "Highlights of the Beliefs of Jehovah's Witnesses". Towerwatch.com. Archived from the original on September 18, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2010. ^ Botting, Gary Norman Arthur (1993). Fundamental freedoms and Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Calgary Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-895176-06-3. Retrieved December 13, 2009. ^ Chryssides, George D. (2008). Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses. Scarecrow Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8108-6074-2. Retrieved January 24, 2014. ^ Das Star-Spangled Banner, US Library of Congress. Retrieved September 14, 2007. ^ La Bandera de las Estrellas, US Library of Congress. Retrieved May 31, 2005. ^ Abraham Asen, The Star Spangled Banner in pool, 1745, Joe Fishstein Collection of Yiddish Poetry, McGill University Digital Collections Programme. Retrieved September 14, 2007. ^ Day to Day. "A Spanish Version of 'The Star-Spangled Banner'". NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved June 14, 2010. ^ David Émile Marcantel, La Bannière Étoilée Archived May 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine on Musique Acadienne. Retrieved September 14, 2007. ^ Zimmer, Benjamin (April 29, 2006). "The Samoa News reporting of a Samoan version". Itre.cis.upenn.edu. Retrieved June 14, 2010. ^ "An Bhratach Gheal-Réaltach – Irish version". Daltai.com. Archived from the original on December 10, 2010. Retrieved June 14, 2010. ^ "Gallup Independent, 25 March 2005". Gallupindependent.com. March 25, 2005. Archived from the original on February 3, 2010. Retrieved June 14, 2010. ^ "Schedule for the Presidential Inauguration 2007, Navajo Nation Government". Navajo.org. January 9, 2007. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved June 14, 2010. ^ "Cherokee Phoenix, Accessed 2009-08-15". Cherokeephoenix.org. Archived from the original on September 8, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2010. ^ Lewis, Richard (October 8, 2006). "Caught in Time: Black Power salute, Mexico, 1968". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved November 9, 2008. ^ "Century-old Francis Scott Key monument defaced with 'racist anthem' in Baltimore". Washington Examiner. Retrieved April 8, 2022. ^ Sandritter, Mark (September 11, 2016). "A timeline of Colin Kaepernick's national anthem protest and the NFL players who joined him". SB Nation. Retrieved September 20, 2016. ^ Woolf, Christopher (August 30, 2016). "Historians disagree on whether 'The Star-Spangled Banner' is racist". The World. Retrieved August 1, 2020. ^ "Donald Trump blasts NFL anthem protesters: 'Get that son of a bitch off the field'". The Guardian. Retrieved April 8, 2022. ^ Goldberg, Barbara (June 11, 2021). "'Reckoning' with slavery: toppled Francis Scott Key statue replaced by African figures". Reuters. ^ "National anthem lyrics prompt California NAACP to call for replacing song". Retrieved November 8, 2017. Christgau, Robert (August 13, 2019). "Jimi Hendrix's 'Star-Spangled Banner' is the anthem we need in the age of Trump". Los Angeles Times. Clague, Mark (2022). O Say Can You Hear? A Cultural Biography of "The Star-Spangled Banner". W. W. Norton. ISBN 9780393651393. Ferris, Marc. Star-Spangled Banner: The Unlikely Story of America's National Anthem. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014. ISBN 9781421415185. OCLC 879370575. Leepson, Marc. What So Proudly We Hailed: Francis Scott Key, a Life. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. ISBN 9781137278289. OCLC 860395373. Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Star-Spangled Banner. Look up haughty or rampart in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. "New book reveals the dark history behind the Star Spangled Banner", CBS This Morning, September 13, 2014 (via YouTube). "Star-Spangled History: 5 Facts About the Making of the National Anthem", Biography.com. "'Star-Spangled Banner' writer had a complex record on race", Mary Carole McCauley, The Baltimore Sun, July 26, 2014. "The Man Behind the National Anthem Paid Little Attention to It". NPR's Here and Now, July 4, 2017. "How the National Anthem Has Unfurled; 'The Star-Spangled Banner' Has Changed a Lot in 200 Years" by William Robin. June 27, 2014, The New York Times, p. AR10. This page was last edited on 20 May 2024, at 19:01 (UTC). additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.