This is a list of present-day cities by the time period over which they have been continuously inhabited as a city. The age claims listed are generally disputed. Differences in opinion can result from different definitions of "city" as well as "continuous habitation" and historical evidence is often disputed. Caveats (and sources) to the validity of each claim are discussed in the "Notes" column. Settlement served as the capital of the first Pharaoh of Egypt, Narmer (c. 3273–2987 BC)[1] Settlement established by the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BC)[1] First established as capital of Upper Egypt, Thebes later became the religious capital of the nation until its decline in the Roman period. Founded in the 5th century BC, by the Greeks.[3] Founded by Alexander the Great on the town of Rhacotis, which dates back to the Old Kingdom[5][6] Gao-Saney called al-kawkaw, Gaw-Gaw[8] by ancient Arab chroniclers is the first site of Gao, founded in the 7th century, it was the capital of the Gao Empire of Za Dynasty.[9] A marble palace, stelae, houses and cemeteries dating from this period were discovered by archaeologists.[10][11][12] The current Gao built on a site near Gao-Saney was the capital of the largest contiguous land Empire of Songhai (1464-1591,[13] destroyed during the invasion of Songhai by the Saadians it is today the regional capital of the Gao regions in Mali. in Gao is the pyramidal Tomb of Askia where is buried the emperor Askia the Great of Songhai.[14] Founded in the 11th century, Agadez was an important stop for caravans crossing the Saharan Desert for centuries. Agadez was captured by the Songhai empire in 1515, and controlled by Bornu in the 17th century.[15] The foundation for the construction of Kano City Walls was laid by Sakri Gijimasu at some point between 1095 and 1134, and was completed in the middle of the 14th century during the reign of Usman Zamnagawa.[16] Settled by Tuareg traders as an outpost, its incorporation into the Mali Empire and Songhai, Mande, and Soninke settlement from the 13th century rapidly developed the town.[17] Capital of the Kongo Empire, already organized as a city before the arrival of the Portuguese.[18] Founded by Portuguese explorer Paulo Dias de Novais on 25 January 1576 as "São Paulo da Assumpção de Loanda".[20] Initially established as a war camp for soldiers from the Kingdom of Benin.[21] The primary port of the Kingdom of Whydah, originally called Glehue by the Fon inhabitants. The town was conquered by the Kingdom of Dahomey in the 18th century and eventually exported more than 1 million slaves.[22] Founded by the Merina King Andrianjaka, it is the oldest city in Madagascar. Founded by Dutch settlers from Dutch East India Company and is the oldest city in South Africa. c. 1000[25] – c. 500 BC[26][need quotation to verify] Pre-Columbian Cholula grew from a small village to a regional center during the 7th century. The city was the site of the Massacre of Cholula during the military campaign of Hernán Cortés. Formerly Nojpetén, the capital of the Itza kingdom, it has been occupied continuously since prehispanic times.[28] Earliest archaeological traces date back to 900–600 BC, with major expansion of the settlement occurring around 250–400 AD.[29] Ethnohistoric documents claim the founding of Nojpetén in the mid-15th century AD.[30] Also known as the Yellow City. Small city in the Mexican state of Yucatán, 72 kilometres east of state capital Mérida. Izamal is an important archaeological site of the Pre-Columbian Maya civilization. Continuously occupied until the Spanish Conquest. The most important pre-Hispanic constructive activity occurred during the early and late classical periods. It was partially abandoned with the rise of a group that hailed from Chichen Itza, probably around the final classical period (800–1000 AD). The valley of modern Oaxaca City, founded by the Spanish in 1532, has been continuously inhabited by the Oto-Manguean peoples of Mesoamerica since ancient times. The outskirts of Oaxaca City host the ruins of Monte Albán, once the capital of the Zapotecs for around 1000 years. Although Monte Albán proper was abandoned around 1000 AD, the city of Zaachila next to it rose in its place and was continuously inhabited until the arrival of Europeans. Toluca, in the State of Mexico, has been continuously inhabited  at least since the 8th century BC.[36][dubious  – discuss] The oldest sedentary remains (Calixtlahuaca) date from around the 600 BC to 400 BC.[citation needed] The town of Papantla in the state of Veracruz was founded by the Totonac people around the 13th century AD.[38] The neighboring monumental city of El Tajín was settled around the 1st century AD[39][37] until it was destroyed around the same time Papantla was founded.[37][38] Founded by the Nahuatl-speaking people of the Valley of Mexico with the name Cuauhnahuac. The ruins of Teopanzolco, now in downtown Cuernavaca, are thought to be the downtown of Cuauhnahuac, which was sieged and occupied by the Spanish in 1521, who renamed it to Cuernavaca. Hohokam village founded at the base of Sentinel Peak, later Tohono O'odam. Afterwards, became a Spanish presidio.[43] Founded as twin cities Tenōchtitlān (1325) and Tlāltelōlco (1337) by the Mexica. Name changed to Ciudad de México (Mexico City) after the Spanish conquest of the city in 1521. Several other pre-Columbian towns such as Azcapotzalco, Tlatelolco, Xochimilco and Coyoacán have been engulfed by the still growing metropolis and are now part of modern Mexico City. Oldest capital city in the Americas. Oldest major city in Cuba, established 1515, granted city status in 1592 by Philip II of Spain as "Key to the New World and Rampart of the West Indies". The actual location of the settlement known as Veracruz changed multiple times. Originally established by Hernán Cortés in April 1519 – near where he made landfall[a] – as the Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz,[b] it was moved within a month to Totonac Quiahuiztlan. This location lay further inland and required a long overland trek from the port at San Juan de Ulúa to unload cargo, due to which the settlement was again moved in 1525, this time to the present-day location of La Antigua. Veracruz remained there until 1599, when pressure from mercantile elites in Seville, Mexico City, and Puebla de los Ángeles to relocate the settlement closer to the port to speed and secure trade caused it to be refounded at its present location as Nuevo Veracruz.[44] Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in Costa Rica. Oldest continuously inhabited European-founded city of the current 50 U.S. states. Oldest continuously inhabited state or territorial capital in the continental United States. Oldest city in Canada and oldest French-speaking city in the Americas. Founded as Bermuda City in 1613 and later known as City Point, Virginia, this location has undergone several name changes but has remained continuously inhabited. Fourth-oldest continuously inhabited European-founded city in the United States[59] Founded in 1624 as New Amsterdam. Was renamed New York City in 1667. Is the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States [60] Settled in 1625 and established in 1630, the city of Boston, Massachusetts, was established as the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony on the Shawmut Peninsula. It is one of the oldest major cities of the United States. Boston was a key city in the early American Revolution against the British Empire, eventually becoming the first city free of British rule in the United States. Boston is still one of the wealthiest and most important cities in the United States. Some claims [citation needed] to being the oldest city in Canada. Incorporated in 1883; inhabited continuously since sometime after 1630. A single settlement until 1817, when it was divided into Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada and Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, United States. The latter is the oldest European-founded city in the Midwestern United States and third-oldest US city west of the Appalachian Mountains. In 1681, King Charles II gave William Penn a large piece of his newly acquired American land holdings to repay a debt the king owed to Admiral Sir William Penn, Penn's father. Afterwards, Penn founded Philadelphia with a core group of accompanying Quakers and others seeking religious freedom on lands he purchased from the local chieftains of the Lenape or Delaware nation.[61] Natchitoches was established in 1714 by French explorer Louis Juchereau de St. Denis. It is the oldest permanent European settlement within the borders of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase.[62] Natchitoches was founded as a French outpost on the Red River for trade with Spanish-controlled Mexico; French traders settled there as early as 1699. Founded as a Spanish mission and colonial outpost in 1718, the city in 1731 became the first chartered civil settlement in what is now present-day Texas. Jean Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville in 1718 upon the slightly elevated banks of the Mississippi River approximately 95 miles (153 km) above its mouth.[citation needed] Founded as Fort Rouge. Oldest city in the Canadian Prairies. Area said to have been pre-colonially settled by the Catawba tribe with records dating back to 1567. Birthplace of California and oldest city on the West Coast of the United States. The Killke occupied the region from 900 to 1200, prior to the arrival of the Incas in the 13th century.  Carbon-14 dating of Sacsayhuamán, the walled complex outside Cusco, has demonstrated that the Killke culture constructed the fortress about 1100.[63] Second-oldest continuously inhabited European-settled capital city in South America. The oldest being Quito. Second-oldest continuously inhabited Portuguese-settled village in South America. The oldest being São Vicente. On 25 July 1536 Belalcázar founded Santiago de Cali, first established a few kilometres north of the present location, near what are now the towns of Vijes and Riofrío. Juan de Salazar y Espinoza, traversing the Paraguay River on his way from Buenos Aires,  stopped briefly at a bay in the left bank to resupply his ships. He found the natives friendly, and decided to found a fort there in August 1537. He named it Nuestra Señora Santa María de la Asunción (Our Lady Saint Mary of the Assumption – the Roman Catholic Church celebrates the Feast of the Assumption on August 15). The name of Bogotá, is derived from Bacatá, an indigenous area inhabitanted by the native Muisca encompassing what is presently the Colombian capital. Perhaps the oldest city in Central and South Asia. Also known as Mulasthana or Kashyapapura, this city was founded by Kashyapa, according to Hindu Puranas.[67] The region is home to numerous archaeological sites dating to the era of the Early Harappan period of the Indus Valley Civilisation. Perhaps the oldest city in Afghanistan. Mundigak is an important archeological site and is located in the present day Kandahar Province.[69] It was considered a major stop on the Silk Road as well as the birthplace of Zoroastrianism and was a major hub for Buddhism. Arab conquerors have called it Umm-al-belad, mother of cities. Established as the ancient city of Indraprastha, the later capital of the Kuru empire (after Hastinapura) by the ruling Kuru dyansty, around 12th-9th BCE over the Upper Ganges-Yamuna doabs of Northern India. Oldest continuously inhabited city in India. Finds its mention in Ancient Vedas. Oldest continuously inhabited city in Kazakhstan. The city of Sayram is believed by some historians to have been mentioned in the Avesta, with Sairima possibly meaning Sayram. Evidence of an early plumbing system has been found around Sayram and Transoxiana. Bronze Age burials were discovered dating from the end of the second to the beginning of the first millennium BC. Achaemenid dishes and ceramics were found 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) east of Dushanbe in Qiblai, as the city was controlled by the Achaemenids from the sixth century BC.[78] Rose to prominence in c. 600 BC as capital of Avanti.[citation needed] The city of Pataliputra was formed by fortification of a village by Haryanka ruler Ajatashatru, son of Bimbisara. The first record of Sialkot dates from the invasion of Alexander the Great, who conquered upper Punjab in 326 BCE.[83] Carbon dating evidences of artefacts found at Vaigai Civilisation are found to be from 3rd century BCE [85]Megasthenes may have visited Madurai during the 3rd century BC, with the city referred as "Methora" in his accounts.[86] The view is contested by some scholars who believe "Methora" refers to the north Indian city of Mathura, as it was a large and established city in the Mauryan Empire.[87] The Ambari excavations trace the time period of the city of Guwahati between the 2nd century BCE and the 1st century CE, in the Shunga-Kushana period of Indian history.[88] The origin of Lahore can be traced back somewhere between 1st and 7th centuries A.D.[89] One of the oldest cities of South Asia. The first document that mentions Lahore by name is the Hudud al-'Alam ("The Regions of the World"), written by an unknown author in 982 AD. The epigraphically attested history of Kathmandu valley begins in the 2nd century. Paleolithic Homo sapiens lived in the caves from about 27,000 to 10,000 years ago.[93] The Lord of Qi, Jiang Ziya, set the capital of his manor at Yingqiu(营丘), which is today's Linzi District. The Viscount of Lu was asked to set the capital of his manor at Luyi(庐邑), which is in the north of today's downtown Hefei. Fu Chai, Lord of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area. The 9th Kaiming king of the ancient Shu moved his capital to the city's current location from today's nearby Pixian. The State of Wei founded a city called Daliang (大梁) as its capital in this area. Some traditional Chinese histories placed Nanwucheng's founding during the reign of Ji Yan,[98][99] king of Zhou from 314 to 256 BC. It was said to have consisted of little more than a stockade of bamboo and mud.[100][99] The city of Hangzhou was founded about 2,200 years ago during the Qin dynasty. The city of Kashgar was the capital of the Iranic Shule Kingdom and served as a major hub of the Silk Road.[101] Built as the capital city of Gojoseon in 194 BC. Built as the capital city of Silla in 57 BC. Built as the capital city of Baekjae in 18 BC. It was inhabited as early at the 6th–5th centuries BC, and became a port city during the Kofun period. It temporarily served as the capital of Japan from 645 to 655. Built in 708 and became the capital city in 710 as Heijō-kyō. Shimogamo Shrine was built in the 6th century, but the city was officially founded as Heian in 710 and became the capital city in 794 as Heian-kyō. In 257 BC, after defeating the last Hùng king, An Dương Vương merged Văn Lang and Nam Cương in to Âu Lạc and set the capital at Cổ Loa citadel, nowadays Đông Anh district of Hanoi. It was also mentioned as Tống Bình in 454 AD and the Đại La citadel was built in 767 during the reign of Emperor Daizong of Tang. Ly Cong Uan then renamed it Thăng Long in 1010. Huế was built under the name Kandarpapura and used for about 1 century from the beginning of the 4th century to the end of the 4th century (after 380) during the period when Hinayana Buddhism (Thevarada) and Hinduism heavily influenced Lâm Ấp.[102][103] Much debate surrounds the construction of Sri Ksetra. Htin Aung suggests that Pyu might have been founded in 78 CE, based on the Sanskrit / Pyu Era. D. G. E. Hall and Gordon Luce, however, claim that civilisation of the Irrawaddy Valley could not have been possible before the 4th century, thus, attributing the founding of Sri Ksetra to 638, from which the current Burmese Kawza Era begins. Believed to be the oldest city in the Malay realm, capital of the Srivijaya empire. According to Kedukan Bukit inscription[104] Jayanasa established Srivijaya kingdom in Palembang area. The historic realm of Mataram of Southern Central Java region, which corresponds to today Yogyakarta city and its surrounding has its root in 8th century Mataram Kingdom. According to Canggal inscription dated 732, the area traditionally known as "Mataram" became the capital of the Medang Kingdom, identified as Mdang i Bhumi Mataram established by King Sanjaya.[105] The city reestablished again as the capital of Mataram Sultanate in 1587, and Yogyakarta Sultanate in 1755. According to Dinoyo inscription, Malang in the past known as Kanjuruhan kingdom and badut temple dated 740 AD but the city itself established older than the temple and inscription. Today Malang Raya or Malang city is the 2nd largest city and metro area in east Java. Magelang was established on 11 April 907. Magelang was then known as a village called Mantyasih, which is now known as Meteseh.[108] After reunifying Vietnam and ending the anarchy of the 12 warlords, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh was crowned Emperor of Đại Cồ Việt and set the capital at Hoa Lư, Ninh Bình. The city lies in a mountainous area and had a defensive position that contributed to the victory of Đại Cồ Việt against the Song dynasty of China. In 1009, Cổ Pháp village was converted into the city of Thiên Đức, nowadays Bắc Ninh city. Along with changes in name, it is essentially a union of the two capitals of Panjalu Kingdom and Janggala Kingdom. The settlements are always interspersed along both banks of Brantas River. Administratively, the Government of Indonesia divides Kediri into two political entities, Kediri Regency and the Town of Kediri which is located in the middle of the regency. Nevertheless, archaeological remains exist beyond administrative boundaries and settlements often spread disregarding administrative boundaries between both entities. Yangon was founded as Dagon in the early 11th century (circa 1028–1043) by the Mon but was renamed to "Yangon" after King Alaungpaya conquered Dagon. The port city of Janggala or Hujung Galuh was one of the two Javanese capital city that was formed when Airlangga abdicated his throne in 1045 in favour of his two sons.[114]: 147  The Kingdom of Janggala comprised the northeastern part of the Kingdom of Kahuripan. The other Kingdom was Kediri. Derived its name from the words "suro" (shark) and "boyo" (crocodile), two creatures which are in a local myth.[115] Ancient city founded by Sri Rajahmura Lumaya or Sri Lumay, a half Tamil Chola prince.[119] Now part of Barangay Mabolo in Northern district of Cebu City.[117][118] Originally named Kutaraja, which means "City of the King". A settlement in the Manila area already existed by the year 1258. This settlement was ruled by Rajah Avirjirkaya whom described as a "Majapahit Suzerain". This settlement was attacked by a Bruneian commander named Rajah Ahmad, who defeated Avirjirkaya and established Manila as a "Muslim principality".[120] By 1570, when the Spanish, led by Miguel López de Legazpi, arrived, it was still inhabited and led by at least one Lakan and several Rajahs. In 1262,  Tức Mặc village was converted into the city of Thiên Trường, nowadays Nam Định city. Mangrai founded Chiang Mai in 1294[121] or 1296[122]: 209  on a site that the Lawa people called Wiang Nopburi.[123][124] Taungoo was founded in 1279 in the waning days of Pagan as part of frontier expansion southwards. Derived its name from the holy Hindu city of Ayodhya, it was the capital city of Siam from 1350 until 1767. The history of Bangkok dates at least back to the early 15th century, when it was a village on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River, under the rule of Ayutthaya.[128] Settled from the Neolithic (carbon-dating tests have set the age of earliest settlement around 7000 BC[133]), a city since the 3rd millennium BC.[134][132] Byblos had a reputation as the "oldest city in the world" in Antiquity (according to Philo of Byblos). Excavations on the outskirts of the city have revealed evidence of inhabitation as early as 8000 to 10000 BC, with inhabitation attested to since 3000 BC.[135][136][137] The Execration Texts (c. 19th century BC), which refer to a city called rwš3lmm, variously transcribed as Rušalimum/Urušalimum/Rôsh-ramen[140][141] and the Amarna letters (c. 14th century BC) may be the earliest mention of the city.[142][143] Nadav Na'aman argues its fortification as the centre of a kingdom dates to around the 18th century BC.[144] Prehistoric development of Tarsus reaches back to the Neolithic Period. Jenin's history goes back to 2450 BC, when it was built by the Canaanites. After 1244, Jenin flourished economically because of its location on the trade route, until a major earthquake completely destroyed the city. The Citadel of Erbil is a fortified settlement in Erbil, Iraq. The city corresponds to the ancient Assyrian city of Arbela. Settlement at Erbil can be dated back to possibly 5000 BC, but not urban life until c. 2300.[citation needed] The oldest settlements in and around the city center of Ankara belonged to the Hattic civilization which existed during the Bronze Age. There were initial settlements in the Acre area dated around 3000 BC.[150] Sidon becomes a city-state during the 2nd millennium BC.[151] The Phoenicians founded Batroun on the southern side of the promontory called in Antiquity, Theoprosopon and during the Byzantine Empire, Cape Lithoprosopon. Batroun is said to have been founded by Ithobaal I (Ethbaal), king of Tyre, whose daughter Jezabel (897–866 B.C.) married Ahab.[152] The city was founded by the Phrygians in at least 1000 BC, although it has been estimated to be older than 4,000 years old. Many Phrygian artifacts and sculptures can still be found in the city's archeological museum. While evidence of habitation dates back at least 5,000 years, it is said to be continuously inhabited for a little more than 3,000 years.[153][154] Traces of habitation from 9000 BC.[156][157] Fortifications date to 6800 BC (or earlier), making Jericho the earliest known walled city.[158] Archaeological evidence indicates that the city was destroyed and abandoned several times (sometimes remaining uninhabited for hundreds of years at a time), with later rebuilding and expansion.[159][160] Medina has been inhabited at least 1500 years before the Hijra.[161] Founded as Erebuni Fortress by the Urartians[166] and most likely inhabited continuously thereafter; though, historical sources from the 5th century BC to the 7th century AD are lacking.[165] Alternatively, it was founded in 3000 BC (Shengavit Settlement).[citation needed] An important and prosperous city along the silk road, it was made the capital city several times during various periods under various ruling dynasties of the region. Founded in the 7th century BC, by the Phoenicians.[168] Founded as a colony of Megara. Neolithic site dated to 6400 BC, over port of Lygos by Thracians c. 1150 BC. Archaeological evidence indicates that the city functioned as the capital of the kingdom of Colchis in the sixth to fifth centuries BC.[170] Archeological evidence indicates that the city functioned as the capital of the Caucasian Albania as early as the 4th century BC.[171] The Plain of Zgharta around Zgharta was likely inhabited from at least the beginning of the Neolithic Revolution by the Qaraoun culture as evidenced by some large, heavy Neolithic flints and double-headed axes found in the area that are documented by R. Wetzel and J. Haller in 1945.[172][173] Evidence of continuous settlement since 6000 BC.[175][174][better source needed] Later a Thracian settlement in the Iron Age. In the 4th century BC, Philipopolis (Plovdiv) emerged as a city, founded as such by Philip II of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great.[176][177] The city has been continuously inhabited mostly as an urban settlement for 7,000 years. Recorded history begins in mid 2nd millennium BC. Oldest recorded history begins at least from 1600 BC,[182] making it the oldest European capital city. According to archaeological excavations, inhabited continuously from Early Bronze Age. Continuously inhabited since the Early Bronze Age,[185] an urban settlement called Skodra was founded by Illyrians in the 4th century BC and fortified in moenia aeacia style,[186][187] it became the capital of the Illyrian kingdom under the Ardiaei and Labeatae and was one of the most important cities of the Balkans in ancient times.[188] Mentioned as Nuplija, the port of Mycenae, in the "Aegean List" of the Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III, early 14th century BC.[190] According to Leonardo A. Chisena, the area was first settled in the Palaeolithic (10th millennium BC).[193][verification needed] According to Anne Parmly Toxey, Matera has been "occupied continuously for at least three millennia".[192] Continuously inhabited since the 8th century BC, it was a part of Caucasian Albania that became a satrap of the Persian Achaemenid Empire.[195] Roman city of Olisipo. Phoenician settlement since as early as 1200 BC.[199][200][201][202] The traditional founding date is 753 BC. Archaeology shows that the site has been inhabited since c. 1200 – c. 1000 BC, with urbanisation beginning around the mid-eighth century BC.[203] Built at the foot of Mount Etna, the city has a seismic history and it was destroyed several times by earthquakes or by eruptions and lava flows; but every time it was rebuilt again. For this reason, Catania adopted the symbol of the Phoenix and the Latin motto Melior de cinere surgo (I rise from my ashes in a better state than before). Founded as a colony of Megara; Neolithic site dated to 6400 BC, over port of Lygos by Thracians c. 1150 BC. Actually the date at which an older settlement close by, called Parthenope, was founded by settlers from Cumae. This eventually merged with Neapolis proper, which was founded c. 470 BC. Founded as the Greek colony of Epidamnos in cooperation with the local Illyrian Taulantii.[212] Founded by Milesian colonists around 610 BC, was named Apollonia Pontica in honour of the patron deity of Miletus – Apollo. The Ancient authors identify the philosopher named Anaximander as the founder of the city. Founded as an Ancient Greek colony known as Panticapaeum.[214] Founded as a colony of the Greek city of Phocaea. Originally a Thracian settlement, known as Mesembria, the town became a Greek colony when settled by Dorians from Megara at the beginning of the 6th century BC, then known as Mesembria. It was an important trading centre from then on and a rival of Apollonia (Sozopol). It remained the only Dorian colony along the Black Sea coast, as the rest were typical Ionian colonies. At 425–424 BC the town joined the Delian League, under the leadership of Athens.[221] Founded as Odessos by settlers from the Greek city of Miletus.[223] Celtic foundation as Serdica.[225] Habitation in the area since 7000 BC,[226] Founded by Illyrians in the 4th century BC as an urban settlement with the name Lissos, it became an important city in the Illyrian kingdom under the Ardiaei and Labeatae.[227]: 177 [228][229][230] Founded as a new city in the same place of the older city Therme. Founded by Illyrians or Cassander of Macedon as Antipatreia.[237][238] The present day territory of Belgrade continuously inhabited for more than 7000 years. Proto-urban Vinča culture prospered around Belgrade in the 6th millennium BC. The fortified city of Belgrade founded around 279 BC as Singidunum. Bracara Augusta was founded in 16-15 BC under the order of the emperor Augustus. First official mention as the Roman camp of Argentoratum. The area had been populated since the Middle Paleolithic.[241] Considered to be the oldest recorded town in the United Kingdom. First British town to be given the status Colonia in the Roman empire, where it was known as Camulodunum and was recorded by Pliny the Elder. The Celtic name of the city, Camulodunon appears on coins minted by tribal chieftain Tasciovanus in the period 20–10 BC. Before the Roman conquest of Britain, it was already a centre of power for Celtic king Cunobeline.[242] Oldest city in Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity occurred in and around Sydney for at least 30,000 years, in the Upper Paleolithic period.[243][244] However, numerous Aboriginal stone tools found in Sydney's far western suburbs' gravel sediments were dated to be from 45,000 to 50,000 years BP, which would mean that humans could have been in the region earlier than thought, although they lived exclusively as hunter-gatherer tribes until the early British colonial period.[245][246][247] The first people to occupy the Sydney region were an Indigenous Australian group called the Eora.[248][249] Second-oldest city in Australia. Prior to British settlement, the area had been occupied for at least 8,000 years, but possibly for as long as 35,000 years,[250] by the semi-nomadic Mouheneener tribe, a sub-group of the Nuennone, or South-East tribe.[251] Previously known as Campbelltown, the oldest European-founded settlement in the South Island. The area had been inhabited by the Whadjuk Noongar people for over 40,000 years, as evidenced by archaeological findings on the Upper Swan River.[253] Before the arrival of European settlers, the area was occupied for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years.[254] At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 20,000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous regional tribes: the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong.[255][256] First official European settlement in South Australia, Australia's first free settled colony. Situated on Kangaroo Island, it was occupied by an Aboriginal group from as long as 16,000 years ago until their disappearance 2,000–4,000 years ago. State Capital of South Australia, Australia's first free settled colony. European settlement began in 1836. New Zealand's capital city from 1865 until the present day.[257] New Zealand's capital city from 1841 to 1865. Prior to this, it was inhabited by Māori from about the 14th century. First New Zealand centre to be officially named a city (1865). Briefly the country's largest settlement. Capital city of Australia. Artifacts suggests early human activity occurred at some point in Canberra dating at around 21,000 years ago.[258] ^ It is salient to the discussion of continuous habitation that Cortés's initial founding of Veracruz was symbolic, rather than because he was actually establishing a permanent settlement. Founding a town allowed Cortés and his men to portray the land as not part of the Caribbean, thereby removing them from under the authority of the governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar. Velázquez had revoked permission for the expedition before Cortés departed Cuba.[44] ^ a b Bagnall, Roger S. (2004). Egypt from Alexander to the Early Christians: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Getty Publications. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-89236-796-2. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. 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Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2020-06-24. ^ "COLCHIS, THE LAND OF THE GOLDEN FLEEAD, REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA". www.great-adventures.com. Archived from the original on 2017-03-24. Retrieved 2017-03-18. ^ "Vani". eurasia.travel. Archived from the original on 2017-03-19. Retrieved 2017-03-18. ^ a b Harootunian, N.V. (1959). "К датировке основания города Еревана" [On the date of the foundation of Yerevan]. Historical-Philological Journal (in Russian) (2–3): 94–96. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. [С]тановится вполне ясным, что время основания этого города падает на 782 год до нашей эры. ... [А]рхеологический материал, происходивший из раскопок Эребуни-Еревана, с достаточной достоверностью показывает, что этот город продолжал свое существование не только в последний период урартского владычества ... но и после него, т.е. в VI-V вв. до нашей еры. О дальнейшей судьбе Еревана, вплоть до начала VII века нашей эры, история, к сожалению, умалчивает. После потери своего первенствующего значения еще в эпоху Урарту, он, по всей вероятности, свыше десяти веков продолжал оставаться одним из многочисленных рядовых поселков («аван»-ов) исторической Армении. С начала же VII века нашей эры Ереван снова начинает приобретать удельный вес и фигурирует снова в «Книге посланий» а затем — в «Истоии» Себеоса. В дальнейшем название Еревана все чаще и чаще упоминается в средневековых армянских источниках ... [ [I]t becomes quite clear that the founding of this city falls on 782 BC. ... [A]rcheological material originating from the excavations at Erebuni-Yerevan shows with sufficient credibility that this city continued to exist not only in the final period of Urartian rule ... but also after it, i.e. in the 6th–5th centuries BC. Regarding the subsequent fate of Erevan, history is unfortunately silent until the beginning of the 7th century AD. 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