As of 2023[update], the Nobel Prize has been awarded to 975 people and 27 organizations since it was founded in 1901.[1] As of April 2023[update], only one Korean has become a Nobel laureate: South Korean President Kim Dae-jung. Kim was awarded the 2000 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to push for national reconciliation between the divided Koreas during a summit meeting in Pyongyang.[2][3] One American who was born in South Korea to non-Korean parents, Charles J. Pedersen, won the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[4][5] Despite only having one Nobel laureate, numerous North and South Korean individuals (both citizens within the country and living in diasporic communities) and organizations have been nominated for the prize in any category.[6][7] It was speculated that poor basic science education in school and universities was behind this, and steps were proposed to improve.[8][9] In 2022, President Yoon Suk-yeol voiced optimism over the future of the field of science in Korea, saying "Korea will have Nobel laureates soon."[10] For comparison, Japan had 23 Nobel laureates in science as of 2018[update]. "for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular."[11] For Physics: Benjamin W. Lee (1935–1977), Moo-Young Han (1934–2016), Ihm Jisoon[16] (born 1954), Noh Tae-won (born 1957) and Philip Kim[17] (born 1967). For Chemistry: Yoon Nung-min (1927–2009), Kim Kimoon (born 1954), Ryoo Ryong[c] (born 1955), Nam-Gyu Park[d] (born 1960), Hyeon Taeghwan[e] (born 1964) and YoungSoo Kim (born 1978). For Physiology or Medicine: Ho Wang Lee[f] (1928–2022), Yu Myeong-Hee (born 1954), V. Narry Kim (born 1969) and Charles Lee[g] (born 1969). For Literature: Kim Dongni (1913–1995), Hwang Sun-won[23] (1915–2000), Seo Jeong-ju[24] (1915–2000), Ku Sang (1919–2004), Pak Kyongni (1926–2008), Park Wan-suh[25] (1931–2011), Choe Inhun[26] (1936–2018), Ko Un[27] (born 1933), Claudia Lee Hae-in[28] (born 1933), Hwang Sok-yong[28] (born 1943), Yi Munyeol[25] (born 1948), Kim Hyesoon (born 1955), Yi Seungu (born 1959), Shin Kyung-sook (born 1963), Kim Young-ha[25] (born 1968) and Han Kang[29] (born 1970). For Peace: Chang Chun-ha (1918–1975), Kim Yong-ki (1908–1988), Chang Kee-ryo (1911–1995), Lee Tai-young (1914–1998), Lee Jong-wook (1945–2006), Archbp. Stephen Kim Sou-hwan (1922–2009), Park Won-soon (1955–2020), Han Seung-soo (born 1936), Ban Ki-moon[30] (born 1944), John Woong-Jin Oh (born 1944), Kim Jong-ki (born 1947), Moon Jae-in[31] (born 1953), Pomnyun Sunim (born 1953), Kitack Lim (born 1956), and Kim Jung-un[31] (born 1984). For Economics: Hyun-Song Shin (born 1959) and Ha-Joon Chang (born 1963). "for his work on changes in the electropotential of active endocrine glands."[32] The Grass Roof (1931) The Happy Grove (1933)East Goes West: The Making of an Oriental Yankee (1937)[33] The Martyred (1964)The Innocent (1968)Lost Names (1970)In Search of Lost Years (1985)[34] The Sun (1949)A Prayer at Noon (1953)A Human Jungle (1963)Chronicles of Water and Stone (1973)[35] Cry of the People (1974)The Gold Crowned Jesus (1978)The Middle Hour (1980)Heart's Agony (1998)[36] "for his lifelong commitment to peace and democracy, becoming an important Asian voice for human rights and non-violence known as 'seed idea' (ssi-al sasang)."[37][38] "for their four decades of work on Sorok Island, looking after Hansen's disease patients with all their hearts."[39][40] The following Korean individuals became qualified nominators of local and foreign contenders for the Nobel Prize in any category:[41] ^ Nobel laureates of Korean birth and origin but subsequently acquired foreign citizenship. ^ The 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Charles J. Pedersen has a Japanese mother and his Japanese first name was Yoshio (良男). He was born in Busan, Korea, Japanese protectorate, but later moved to Japan with his family at the age of 8 years to attend a convent school in Nagasaki. ^ Ryoo Ryong was named 2014 Clarivate Citation Laureate with Charles T. Kresge and Galen D. Stucky "for the design of functional mesoporous materials."[18][19] ^ Nam-Gyu Park was named 2017 Clarivate Citation Laureate with Tsutomu Miyasaka and Henry Snaith "for their discovery and application of perovskite materials to achieve efficient energy conversion."[20] ^ Taeghwan Hyeon was named 2020 Clarivate Citation Laureate with Christopher B. Murray and Moungi G. Bawendi "for synthesis of nanocrystals with precise attributes for a wide range of applications in physical, biological, and medical systems."[21] ^ Ho Wang Lee was named 2021 Clarivate Citation Laureate with Karl M. Johnson "for identification and isolation of the Hantaan virus (hantavirus), agent of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome."[22] ^ Charles Lee was named 2014 Clarivate Citation Laureate with Stephen W. Scherer and Michael H. Wigler "for their contributions to the discovery of large-scale copy number variation and its association with specific diseases."[19] ^ According to the Nobel nomination archives, Bun-ichi Hasama was a professor of pharmacology at the Keijō Imperial University. In 1938, he was jointly nominated with German physiologist Erich von Holst (1908–1962) and Russian biologist Alexander Gurwitsch (1874–1954). ^ The 6 Korean women who formed part in the 1000 PeaceWomen were Yoon Geum-Soon (?), Shin Heisoo (born 1950), Lee Hyun-Sook (?), Maria Rhie Chol-soon (?), Kim Sook-Im (?) and Jeong Yu-Jin (?). ^ "Alfred Nobel's will". nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2024. ^ Howard W. French (14 October 2000). "South Korean President Wins Nobel Peace Prize For Efforts to Heal Rift". New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ "Press release – The Nobel Peace Prize 2000". nobelprize.org. 13 October 2000. Archived from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ "DJ와 또 한 명 … 노벨위원회엔 '한국 출생 수상자' 2명 기록 [DJ and another ... Nobel committee's record of two Korean-born winners]". joins.com. 12 October 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ "Charles J. Pedersen | American chemist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ Jay Kim (26 October 2015). "Why no Korean Nobel laureates?". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ Arirang TV (11 November 2022). "When will S. Korea have its 2nd Nobel Laureate?". YouTube. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ Baek Byung-yeul (2 October 2018). "Poor basic science blamed for Korea's failure to produce Nobel Laureate". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ Chon Shi-yong (16 October 2015). "Let's try harder for Nobel Prize: The Korea Herald". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ Nam Hyun-woo (22 December 2022). "'Korea will have Nobel laureate, Fields winners soon,' Yoon says". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ a b c "Nomination and selection of Nobel laureates". nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ "From the 1888 mix-up to the no-posthumous-honour rule, 5 interesting facts about the Nobel". The Economic Times. 1 October 2022. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ Nurfilzah Rohaidi (19 July 2016). "Asia's Scientific Trailblazers: Ihm Jisoon". Asian Scientist. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ "Korean physicist should have won Nobel: experts". Korea JoongAng Daily. 1 December 2010. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ Dong Jae-lee (3 June 2015). "Professor Ryong Ryoo of the KAIST Department of Chemistry was nominated as one of the laureates in the Thomson Reuters Citation Laureates for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014". The KAIST Herald. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ a b "Two Koreans up for Nobel Prizes". Korea JoongAng Daily. 25 September 2014. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ "The 2017 Clarivate Citation Laureates". Clarivate Analytics. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ "Clarivate Reveals 2020 Citation Laureates – Annual List of Researchers of Nobel Class". PR Newswire. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ "Clarivate Reveals 2021 Citation Laureates – Annual List of Researchers of Nobel Class". PR Newswire. September 22, 2021. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2023. ^ "Hwang Sun-won: one of the great Korean authors of the 21th century". Korea.net. 15 March 2016. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ "Seo Jeong-ju: one of the great Korean poets". Korea.net. 17 May 2016. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ a b c "Why Korea wants Nobel Prize for literature". The Korea Times. 23 September 2012. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ Reflections on a Mask: Two Novellas. ISBN 1931907056. ^ "Hopes high for Ko Un's chance for Nobel prize". The Korea Herald. 7 October 2010. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ a b Nawaid Anjum (6 October 2022). "Who will win the 2022 Nobel Prize for Literature?". thefederal.com. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ "For Nobel Prize". The Korea Times. 18 May 2016. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ Alister Doyle, Balazs Koranyi and Alistair Scrutton (2 October 2014). "Change looms for Nobel Peace Prize as chairman risks coup". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ a b Jack Kilbride (5 October 2018). "Kim Jong-un and Moon Jae-in are among the bookies' favourites for the Nobel Peace Prize". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ a b "Nobelarkivet-1972" (PDF). svenskaakademien.se. April 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023. ^ Kang Hyun-kyung (21 December 2015). "Poet fights to correct past wrongs". 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