# National Historic Preservation Act

## Overview

The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966 is a pivotal piece of legislation in the United States aimed at preserving historical and archeological sites. The act created a national policy to preserve the historical and cultural foundations of the nation as a living part of community life. It is codified at 54 U.S.C. § 300101 et seq. Implemented amid concerns about the rapid destruction of cultural sites due to urban development and infrastructure expansion, the NHPA established mechanisms and institutions to identify, evaluate, and protect historic and cultural resources.

## Historical Context

Prior to the enactment of the NHPA, there was widespread concern about the loss of cultural heritage sites, particularly in the face of post-World War II economic expansion and urbanization. Numerous historical buildings and sites were demolished to make way for new developments, often without consideration of their cultural significance or potential for preservation. This period saw the demolition of significant architectural works and the irrevocable alteration of landscapes and neighborhoods, sparking a preservationist movement.

The need for a federal policy became apparent, culminating in the establishment of the NHPA. It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 15, 1966, marking a fundamental shift in the government's role in historic preservation.

## Key Provisions

### 1. **National Register of Historic Places**
   The Act established the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), which is a formal list of properties recognized as worthy of preservation for their historical significance. The registry includes districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects significant in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, and culture.

### 2. **State Historic Preservation Offices (SHPOs)**
   The NHPA authorized the creation of State Historic Preservation Offices in each state and territory. These offices are responsible for overseeing local preservation programs, including the survey and nomination of properties to the NRHP, and for administering federal preservation funds allocated to the state.

### 3. **Section 106 Review Process**
   One of the key components of the NHPA is the Section 106 review process, which requires federal agencies to take into account the effects of their undertakings on historic properties and to afford the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation an opportunity to comment before approvals are granted. This process ensures that preservation concerns are considered in the planning of any project involving federal investment or permits.

### 4. **Advisory Council on Historic Preservation**
   The Act established the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP), a federal agency tasked with promoting the preservation, enhancement, and sustainable use of the nation’s diverse historic resources. The ACHP also advises the President and Congress on national historic preservation policy.

## Impact and Amendments

Since its enactment, the NHPA has been amended several times to strengthen and clarify its provisions. Amendments have included provisions for Native American tribal preservation offices, increased funding for preservation projects, and enhanced protection mechanisms.

The impact of the NHPA has been profound and far-reaching. It has led to greater public awareness and appreciation of cultural heritage, fostered local economic revitalization through heritage tourism, and preserved countless historic sites that define the nation’s cultural identity. The Act not only represents a legal tool for preservation but also reflects an evolving understanding of the importance of history in community life and national identity.

## Conclusion

The National Historic Preservation Act remains a cornerstone of historic preservation policy in the United States. Through its comprehensive and flexible framework, it accommodates the diverse needs of American culture and history. The act continues to serve as a model for preservation efforts, ensuring that historical and cultural sites are maintained for future generations to study, enjoy, and cherish.