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  Xenophanes' surviving writings display a skepticism that became more commonly expressed during the fourth century BC. He satirized traditional religious views of his time as human projections. He aimed his critique at the polytheistic religious views of earlier Greek poets and of his own contemporaries: "Homer and Hesiod," one fragment states, "have attributed to the gods all sorts of things that are matters of reproach and censure among men: theft, adultery, and mutual deception." 塞克斯圖斯·恩丕裡柯 reported that such observations were appreciated by Christian apologists. Xenophanes is quoted, memorably, in 克萊曼特, arguing against the conception of gods as fundamentally anthropomorphic: But if cattle and horses and lions had hands<br>or could paint with their hands and create works such as men do,<br>horses like horses and cattle like cattle<br>also would depict the gods' shapes and make their bodies<br>of such a sort as the form they themselves have.<br>...<br>Ethiopians say that their gods are snub–nosed [σιμούς] and black<br>色雷斯人 that they are pale and red-haired. An additional criticism of the gods is found in the quote The gods have not, of course, revealed all things to mortals but rather, seeking in the course of time, they discover Other passages quoted by Clement of Alexandria that argue against the traditional Greek conception of gods include:  Regarding Xenophanes' theology five key concepts about God can be formed. God is: beyond human morality, does not resemble human form, cannot die or be born (God is divine thus eternal), no divine hierarchy exists, and God does not intervene in human affairs. While Xenophanes is rejecting Homeric theology, he is not questioning the presence of a divine entity, rather his philosophy is a critique on Ancient Greek writers and their conception of divinity.  Xenophanes espoused a belief that "神 is one, supreme among gods and men, and not like mortals in body or in mind." He maintained there was one greatest God. God is one eternal being, spherical in form, comprehending all things within himself, is the absolute mind and thought, therefore is intelligent, and moves all things, but bears no resemblance to human nature either in body or mind. He is considered by some to be a precursor to 巴門尼德 and Spinoza. Because of his development of the concept of a "one 神 greatest among gods and men" that is abstract, universal, unchanging, immobile and always present, Xenophanes is often seen as one of the first monotheists, in the Western philosophy of 宗教, although the quotation that seems to point to Xenophanes's monotheism also refers to multiple "gods" who the supreme God is greater than. Physicist and philosopher specifically identified Xenophanes as one of the earliest 泛自然神論s.

  Xenophanes wrote about two extremes predominating the world: wet and dry or water (ὕδωρ) and earth (γῆ). These two extreme states would alternate between one another, and with the alternation human life would become extinct, then regenerate (or vice versa depending on the dominant form). The idea of alternating states and human life perishing and coming back suggests he believed in the principle of causation, another distinguishing step that Xenophanes takes away from Ancient philosophical traditions to ones based more on scientific observation. The argument can be considered a rebuke to Anaximenes' air theory. A detailed account of the wet and dry form theory is found in Hippolytus' "".

  Xenophanes is credited with being one of the first philosophers to distinguish between true belief and knowledge, which he further developed into the prospect that you can know something but not really know it. Due to the lack of whole works by Xenophanes, a lot of meaning is lost and a large amount of guessing is at hand, so that the implication of knowing being something deeper ("a clearer truth") may have special implications, or it may mean that you cannot know something just by looking at it. It is known that the most and widest variety of evidence was considered by Xenophanes to be the surest way to prove a theory.
色諾芬尼,也譯克塞諾芬尼(英語:Colophon]],,,約前570 – 前475年) 是希臘的哲學家、神學家、詩人,以的及社會宗教評論家。色諾芬尼一生四處周遊,25歲生下伊奧尼亞後的67年繼續遊遍整個希臘世界。 有學者說,他短暫地在西西里島居住。 關於他觀點的知識來自他留下的殘篇,這些殘篇都是在後來的古希臘語作品裡發現的,因為有人引用了他的作品。單憑這些殘篇,他的和抑揚格的 詩作,批判和諷刺了許多人的觀點,包括荷馬和赫西俄德,還有對擬人之神的巴特農的批判,對希臘人尊敬運動才能的批判等等。他是最早的呼籲清晰寫作以為後代著想古希臘詩人,創造了“遍佈什臘四處的名譽,希臘的歌聲不絕,他的名譽不死。”