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  岡瓦納本是印度的一個地名。在這個地方發現了岩石與南半球其他大陸的共性,愛德華·修斯於是以此來起名岡瓦納大陸。

  由羅迪尼亞大陸的南部分裂而成。進一步分裂成:紐西蘭島嶼、澳洲大陸、南美大陸、南極大陸、馬達加斯加及非洲大陸,以及已經漂流到北半球的印度古陸、阿拉伯半島。

  

  位於超大陸中心的南極洲與岡瓦納的其他板塊都相鄰。南美、非洲與南極洲之間最古老的磁異常發現於的侏羅紀的威德爾海南部。超大陸破裂形成了地球上最大的大火成岩省。

  卡魯-費拉大火成岩省洪流玄武岩(南非、南極洲、南美洲、印度、澳洲、紐西蘭,1.84億年前)對應普林斯巴赫階-託阿爾階滅絕事件(託阿爾階大洋缺氧)。導致大量海洋物種相繼死光。二氧化碳濃度急劇上升,全球突然變暖5～10°C,地球上出現嚴重缺氧局面,很多生物因此走向滅絕。侏羅紀早期的岡瓦納超大陸開始破裂。 Before the Karoo plume initiated rifting between Africa and Antarctica, it separated a series of smaller continental blocks from Gondwana's southern, Proto-Pacific margin (along what is now the 橫貫南極山脈): the Antarctic Peninsula, Marie Byrd Land, 西蘭大陸, and 瑟斯頓島; the Falkland Islands and Ellsworth–Whitmore Mountains (in Antarctica) were rotated 90° in opposite directions; and South America south of the Gastre Fault (often referred to as Patagonia) was pushed westward. The history of the Africa-Antarctica break-up can be studied in great detail in the fracture zones and magnetic anomalies flanking the Southwest Indian Ridge.  The Madagascar block and the Mascarene Plateau, stretching from the Seychelles to Réunion, were broken off India; elements of this breakup nearly coincide with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The India–Madagascar–Seychelles separations appear to coincide with the eruption of the Deccan basalts, whose eruption site may survive as the Réunion hotspot. The Seychelles and the Maldives are now separated by the Central Indian Ridge.  During the initial break-up in the Early Jurassic a marine transgression swept over the Horn of Africa covering Triassic planation surfaces with sandstone, limestone, shale, marls and evaporites.

  East Gondwana, comprising Antarctica, Madagascar, India, and Australia, began to separate from Africa. East Gondwana then began to break up when India moved northwest from Australia-Antarctica. The Indian Plate and the Australian Plate are now separated by the Capricorn Plate and its diffuse boundaries. During the opening of the Indian Ocean, the Kerguelen hotspot first formed the Kerguelen Plateau on the Antarctic Plate and then the Ninety East Ridge on the Indian Plate at. The Kerguelen Plateau and the Broken Ridge, the southern end of the Ninety East Ridge, are now separated by the Southeast Indian Ridge.  Separation between Australia and East Antarctica began with sea-floor spreading occurring. A shallow seaway developed over the South Tasman Rise during the Early Cenozoic and as oceanic crust started to separate the continents during the Eocene global ocean temperature dropped significantly. A dramatic shift from arc- to rift magmatism separated Zealandia, including New Zealand, the Campbell Plateau, Chatham Rise, Lord Howe Rise, Norfolk Ridge, and New Caledonia, from West Antarctica.

  The opening of the South Atlantic Ocean divided West Gondwana (South America and Africa), but there is a considerable debate over the exact timing of this break-up. Rifting propagated from south to north along Triassic–Early Jurassic lineaments, but intra-continental rifts also began to develop within both continents in Jurassic–Cretaceous sedimentary basins; subdividing each continent into three sub-plates. Rifting began at Falkland latitudes, forcing Patagonia to move relative to the still static remainder of South America and Africa, and this westward movement lasted until the Early Cretaceous. From there rifting propagated northward during the Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous most likely forcing dextral movements between sub-plates on either side. South of the Walvis Ridge and Rio Grande Rise the Paraná and Etendeka magmatics resulted in further ocean-floor spreading and the development of rifts systems on both continents, including the Central African Rift System and the Central African Shear Zone which lasted until. At Brazilian latitudes spreading is more difficult to assess because of the lack of palaeo-magnetic data, but rifting occurred in Nigeria at the Benue Trough. North of the Equator the rifting began after and continued until.

  The first phases of Andean orogeny in the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous were characterized by extensional tectonics, rifting, the development of back-arc basins and the emplacement of large batholiths. This development is presumed to have been linked to the subduction of cold oceanic lithosphere. During the mid to Late Cretaceous (ca. 90 million years ago) the Andean orogeny changed significantly in character. Warmer and younger oceanic lithosphere is believed to have started to be subducted beneath South America around this time. Such kind of subduction is held responsible not only for the intense contractional deformation that different lithologies were subject to, but also the uplift and erosion known to have occurred from the Late Cretaceous onward. Plate tectonic reorganization since the mid-Cretaceous might also have been linked to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean. Another change related to mid-Cretaceous plate tectonic changes was the change of subduction direction of the oceanic lithosphere that went from having south-east motion to having a north-east motion at about 90 million years ago. While subduction direction changed it remained oblique (and not perpendicular) to the coast of South America, and the direction change affected several subduction zone-parallel faults including Atacama, Domeyko and Liquiñe-Ofqui.

  The Indian subcontinent began to collide with Asia circa, since which more than of crust has been absorbed by the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. During the Cenozoic the orogen resulted in the construction of the Tibetan Plateau between the Tethyan Himalayas in the south and the Kunlun and Qilian mountains in the north.  Later, South America was connected to North America via the Isthmus of Panama, cutting off a circulation of warm water and thereby making the Arctic colder, as well as allowing the Great American Interchange.  The breakup of Gondwana can be said to continue in eastern Africa at the Afar Triple Junction, which separates the Arabian, Nubian, and Somali plates, resulting in rifting in the Red Sea and East African Rift.

  In the Early Cenozoic Australia was still connected to Antarctica 35–40° south of its current location and both continents were largely unglaciated. A rift between the two developed but remained an embayment until the Eocene-Oligocene boundary when the Circumpolar Current developed and the glaciation of Antarctica began.  Australia was warm and wet during the Palaeocene and dominated by rainforest. The opening of the Tasman Gateway at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary () resulted in abrupt cooling but the Oligocene became a period of high rainfall with swamps in southeast Australia. During the Miocene a warm and humid climate developed with pockets of rainforests in central Australia but before the end of the period colder and drier climate severely reduced this rainforest. A brief period of increased rainfall in the Pliocene was followed by drier climate which favoured grassland. Since then the fluctuation between wet interglacial periods and dry glacial periods has developed into the present arid regime. Australia has thus experienced various climate changes over a 15 million year period with a gradual decrease in precipitation.  The Tasman Gateway between Australia and Antarctica began to open. Palaeontological evidences indicate the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) was established in the Late Oligocene with the full opening of the Drake Passage and the deepening of the Tasman Gateway. The oldest oceanic crust in the Drake Passage, however, is -old which indicates spreading between the Antarctic and South American plates began near the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. Deep sea environments in Tierra del Fuego and the North Scotia Ridge during the Eocene and Oligocene indicate a "Proto-ACC" opened during this period. Later,, a series of events severally restricted the Proto-ACC: change to shallow marine conditions along the North Scotia Ridge; closure of the Fuegan Seaway, the deep sea that existed in Tierra del Fuego; and uplift of the Patagonian Cordillera. This, together with the reactivated Iceland plume, contributed to global warming. During the Miocene, the Drake Passage began to widen and as water flow between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula increased, the renewed ACC resulted in cooler global climate.  Since the Eocene the northward movement of the Australian Plate has resulted in an arc-continent collision with the Philippine and Caroline plates and the uplift of the New Guinea Highlands. From the Oligocene to the late Miocene, the climate in Australia, dominated by warm and humid rainforests before this collision, began to alternate between open forest and rainforest before the continent became the arid or semiarid landscape it is today.  水龍類化石在非洲和南美都有發現,而它們不可能跨越海洋游到對岸。只能說明大陸本相連。

  很多動物起源於岡瓦納大陸,如長鼻類(大象)、古顎類(鴕鳥等),解釋了南亞和非洲,非洲和南美之間動物區系的類似性。解釋了紐西蘭沒有土生哺乳動物(蝙蝠除外)的原因等。
在地質學中,岡瓦納大陸(英語:Gondwana,,或英語:Gondwanaland),也稱岡瓦那大陸、岡瓦納古陸、南方大陸,是存在於新元古代至侏羅紀前期(約5.73億至1.8億年前)的超大陸,它是從羅迪尼亞大陸分裂出來的兩塊超大陸之一(另一個超大陸為勞亞大陸),存在於南半球。