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  作者羅伯特伯頓,自稱小德謨克利特,是牛津大學學監。他研究範圍及其廣泛,幾乎涵蓋人的整個命運。柏頓本人飽受躁狂抑鬱症(雙向抑鬱症)折磨,於是開始著手收集,整理,分析,研究以及診斷,治療躁狂抑鬱症。  這本書從封面外表來看,不過就是一本探討憂鬱症的醫學教科書(其中還包括現在被稱為的臨床抑鬱症)。雖然作為一個醫生介紹的文字,《憂鬱的解剖》其實是一本相當特殊的文學作品,因為其內容以哲學和科學居多,往往超越該書探討的主題。而且此書所謂的「憂鬱」和「解剖」其實是用憂鬱的筆調來剖析人類所有情感和思想表達方式。  羅伯特伯頓把這本書的序言就寫的帶有諷刺的意味,伯頓的人物德謨克利特少年解釋說:「我寫的是繁忙的憂鬱,以避免憂鬱。『剖析』是一個範圍廣泛的檔案,其中載有離題和評論。無論其強項,醫療文字或作為一個歷史檔案,它是解剖的巨大廣度-解決話題,如消化,小妖精,地理美洲等 和聲音特色,特別是它的作者是最普遍提及其崇拜者為主要來源的吸引力。 」

  伯頓的一生中將《憂鬱的解剖》修定和擴充了五次,並經常再版,最近的一次再版是在2001年依據1932年出版的版本重印。此次再版(2001年)和伯頓首次出版年分1621年相差380年。

  伯頓定義他的主題如下:  "Melancholy", the subject of our present discourse, is either in disposition or in habit. In disposition, is that transitory "Melancholy" which goes and comes upon every small occasion of sorrow, need, sickness, trouble, fear, grief, passion, or perturbation of the mind, any manner of care, discontent, or thought, which causes anguish, dulness, heaviness and vexation of spirit, any ways opposite to pleasure, mirth, joy, delight, causing frowardness in us, or a dislike. In which equivocal and improper sense, we call him melancholy, that is dull, sad, sour, lumpish, ill-disposed, solitary, any way moved, or displeased. And from these melancholy dispositions no man living is free, no Stoick, none so wise, none so happy, none so patient, so generous, so godly, so divine, that can vindicate himself; so well-composed, but more or less, some time or other, he feels the smart of it. Melancholy in this sense is the character of Mortality.... This "Melancholy" of which we are to treat, is a habit, a serious ailment, a settled humour, as Aurelianus and others call it, not errant, but fixed: and as it was long increasing, so, now being (pleasant or painful) grown to a habit, it will hardly be removed.  《憂鬱的解剖》是一個特別長的書,第一版是四開量近900頁,後來的版本甚至更長。該文字共分為三個主要部分,另外還有ㄧ序言,序言整個寫出伯頓的廣闊的風格。

  此書從首刷到現在累積了不少贊同伯頓理念的崇拜者,從古到今的崇拜者有:塞繆爾約翰遜、勞倫斯斯特恩、查爾斯蘭姆和約翰濟慈、菲利浦普爾曼、豪爾赫路易斯、博爾赫斯尼克洞和塞繆爾貝克特 等。
《憂鬱的解剖》(英語:"The Anatomy of Melancholy";全稱:"The Anatomy of Melancholy, What it is: With all the Kinds, Causes, Symptomes, Prognostickes, and Several Cures of it. In Three Maine Partitions with their several Sections, Members, and Subsections. Philosophically, Medicinally, Historically, Opened and Cut Up")一書是由在牛津大學裡牧師兼學者的羅伯特·伯頓撰寫,於1621年首次出版。