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  本屬物種為好氧型細菌,且為不運動型細菌(海洋分枝桿菌除外,其可以在巨噬細胞內運動),為一種Acid-fast。分枝桿菌並不會形成內孢子或莢膜,因此常被認定為革蘭氏陰性菌。且分枝桿菌在革蘭氏染色上並無法染上結晶紫,因此無法被歸類於革蘭氏陽性菌或陰性菌。  雖然說本屬不產孢子,但有兩個物種似乎例外,那就是海洋分枝桿菌("Mycobacterium marinum")和牛分枝桿菌("M. bovis")。但進一步的研究引發了爭論。  分枝桿菌的特點就是其細胞壁較其他物種厚,且呈蠟狀疏水性,並含有大量的分枝菌酸(mycolic acids)。多糖會將分枝菌酸層及肽聚糖層拉在一起,讓細胞壁變得十分堅韌。若可干擾其細胞壁的生物合成途徑,也許可以開發治療肺結核的藥物。

  Phenotypic tests can be used to identify and distinguish different Mycobacteria species and strains. In older systems, mycobacteria are grouped based upon their appearance and rate of growth. However, these are symplesiomorphies, and more recent classification is based upon cladistics.

  Mycobacteria can be infected by Mycobacteriophage, bacterial viruses that may be used in the future to treat tuberculosis and related diseases by phage therapy.

  template:Gram-positive actinobacteria diseases template:Mycobacteria
分枝桿菌屬(Mycobacterium)為放線菌門下的一個屬,且為分枝桿菌科唯一的屬。