Otra de epidemiología. En pacientes esplenectomizados, el riesgo de adquisión de infecciones graves por gérmenes encapsulados, se encuentra aumentado, siendo nuevamente Neumococo el más frecuente.

Un paciente acude al Servicio de Urgencias con Fiebre sin foco de 24 h de evolución, hipoTA e impresión de gravedad. Sufrió una esplenectomía hace 2 años para estadificación de enfermedad de Hosgkin. ¿Qué microorganismo se implica con mayor frecuencia?

Estudio multicéntrico de la incidencia y evitabilidad de los incidentes por medicamentos en pacientes que acuden a los servicios de urgencias pediátricas.

Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia, gravedad y evitabilidad de los  incidentes por medicamentos detectados en los pacientes que acuden a los servicios de urgencias pediátricas, e identificar los grupos de edad de mayor riesgo y los medicamentos implicados.Método: Estudio multicéntrico observacional prospectivo, realizado entre  marzo y junio de 2017, en pacientes entre 0 y 16 años que acudieron a los servicios de urgencias pediátricas de ocho hospitales públicos españoles. Se recogieron tres tipos de incidentes: eventos adversos por medicamentos, errores de medicación e intoxicaciones accidentales. Los incidentes se caracterizaron atendiendo a su gravedad, evitabilidad, grupos de edad afectados y medicamentos implicados.Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio se registraron 99.797 visitas a los servicios de urgencias pediátricas y se recogieron 334 incidentes por medicamentos en 334 pacientes, de los cuales el 52,4% fueron varones, con una media de edad de 47,1 ± 44,4 meses. La incidencia de pacientes  con incidentes fue del 0,3%. Del total de incidentes, 264 (79%) fueron considerados prevenibles y 158 (47,3%) produjeron daño a los pacientes. Los incidentes detectados fueron 144 (43,1%) eventos adversos por medicamentos, 218 (65,2%) errores de medicación (74 de ellos errores con daño, que se incluyen asimismo como eventos adversos prevenibles) y 46 (13,7%) intoxicaciones accidentales. Los preescolares (edad: 1-5 años) presentaron el 60,8% de los incidentes, siendo también el grupo de edad con un mayor porcentaje de incidentes prevenibles (64%). Un total de 351 medicamentos estuvieron implicados en los incidentes y pertenecieron mayoritariamente a tres grupos terapéuticos: antiinfecciosos de uso sistémico (171; 48,7%), sistema nervioso (66; 18,8%) y sistema respiratorio (41; 11,7%).Conclusiones: La incidencia de incidentes por medicamentos en los pacientes pediátricos que acudieron a servicios de urgencias fue inferior a la referida en pacientes adultos, si bien prácticamente la mitad de los incidentes detectados causaron daños a los pacientes. Los niños preescolares (1-5 años) fueron identificados como el grupo de edad con mayor riesgo. Los incidentes registrados estuvieron causados por un número reducido de medicamentos. Un elevado porcentaje de los incidentes fueron prevenibles, lo que confirma la imperiosa necesidad de implementar medidas de prevención de incidentes en esta población.

[Clinical and epidemiological study of adult patients with positive blood cultures].

A cohort evaluation of the microbiology, epidemiology and outcome of adult patients with positive blood cultures was performed on 336 patients, from July 1997 to March 2000. Data for mortality were obtained from 328 of these patients. The six most common pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus: 81 (23.5%), coagulase negative staphylococci: 50 (14.5%), Escherichia coli: 48 (14.0%), Streptococcus pneumoniae: 30 (8.7%), enterococci: 19 (5.5%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: 19 (5.5%). In 169 episodes infections were hospital-acquired and community-acquired in the remaining 159. Main infection foci included the respiratory and urinary tracts. Infection associated mortality was 33.2%; 29.6% of patients received inappropriate empiric antibiotic treatment. Univariate analysis showed that an age of 70 or more years, a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) score higher than 2, a polimicrobial episode, certain foci (abdominal, respiratory or unknown), and an inappropriate empiric antibiotic treatment influenced outcome. By multivariate analysis the variables that influenced death by infectious cause were age of 70 or more years, a SIRS score higher than 2, certain foci (abdominal, respiratory or unknown), and an inappropriate empiric antibiotic treatment. SIRS score was useful to predict the positivity of the blood culture. No relation between outcome and presence of underlying disease, isolation of Gram negative microorganism and nosocomial vs. community acquired episode was observed (univariate analysis). In order to improve outcome in bacteremic patients, after performing cultures of blood and other relevant clinical foci, prompt and appropriate antibiotic treatment remains critical. Microbiologic, clinical and epidemiological information results crucial for the management of this critically ill population.

Early Follow-up After Colorectal Surgery Reduces Postdischarge Emergency Department Visits.

Thirty-day readmissions, emergency department visits, and observation stays are common after colorectal surgery (9%-25%, 8%-12%, and 3%-5%), yet it is unknown to what extent planned postdischarge care can decrease the frequency of emergency department visits. This study's aim was to determine whether early follow-up with the surgical team reduces 30-day emergency department visits. This retrospective cohort study used a central data repository of clinical and administrative data for 2013 through 2018. This study was conducted in a large statewide health care system (10 affiliated hospitals, >300 practices). All adult patients undergoing colorectal surgery were included unless they had a length of stay <1 day or died during the index hospitalization. Early (<10 days after discharge) versus late (≥10 days) follow-up at the outpatient surgery clinic, or no outpatient surgery clinic follow-up, was assessed. The primary outcome measured was the time to 30-day postdischarge emergency department visit. Our cohort included 3442 patients undergoing colorectal surgery; 38% of patients had an early clinic visit. Overall, 11% had an emergency department encounter between 11 and 30 days after discharge. Those with early follow-up had decreased emergency department encounters (adjusted HR 0.13; 95% CI, 0.08-0.22). An early clinic visit within 10 days, compared to 14 days, prevented an additional 142 emergency department encounters. Nationwide, this could potentially prevent 8433 unplanned visits each year with an estimated cost savings of $49 million annually. We used retrospective data and were unable to assess for health care utilization outside our health system. Early follow-up within 10 days of adult colorectal surgery is associated with decreased subsequent emergency department encounters. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B330. EL SEGUIMIENTO TEMPRANO DESPUÉS DE LA CIRUGÍA COLORRECTAL REDUCE LAS VISITAS AL SERVICIO DE URGENCIAS POSTERIOR AL ALTA: Los readmisión a los treinta días, las visitas al servicio de urgencias y las estancias de observación son comunes después de la cirugía colorrectal, 9-25%, 8-12% y 3-5%, respectivamente. Sin embargo, se desconoce en qué medida la atención planificada posterior al alta puede disminuir la frecuencia de las visitas al servicio de urgencias.Determinar si el seguimiento temprano con el equipo quirúrgico reduce las visitas a 30 días al servicio de urgencias.Este estudio de cohorte retrospectivo utilizó un depósito central de datos clínicos y administrativos para 2013-2018.Gran sistema de salud estatal (10 hospitales afiliados,> 300 consultorios).Se incluyeron todos los pacientes adultos de cirugía colorrectal a menos que tuvieran una estadía <1 día o murieran durante el índice de hospitalización.Temprano (<10 días después del alta) versus tardío (≥10 días) o sin seguimiento en la clínica de cirugía ambulatoria.Tiempo para la visita al servicio de urgencias a 30 días después del alta.Nuestra cohorte incluyó 3.442 pacientes de cirugía colorrectal; El 38% de los pacientes tuvieron una visita temprana a clínica. En total, el 11% tuvo un encuentro con el servicio de urgencias entre 11 y 30 días después de ser dado de alta. Aquellos con seguimiento temprano disminuyeron las visitas al servicio de urgencias (HR 0,13; IC del 95%: 0,08 a 0,22). Además, una visita temprana a la clínica en un plazo de 10 días, en comparación con 14 días, evitó 142 encuentros adicionales en el servicio de urgencias. A nivel nacional, esto podría prevenir 8.433 visitas no planificadas cada año con un ahorro estimado de $ 49 millones anuales.Utilizamos datos retrospectivos y no pudimos evaluar la utilización de la atención médica fuera de nuestro sistema de salud.El seguimiento temprano dentro de los 10 días de la cirugía colorrectal en adultos se asocia con una disminución de los encuentros posteriores en el servicio de urgencias. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B330. (Traducción-Dr. Gonzalo Hagerman).

[Pneumococcal bacteremia in patients aged over 65 years. A study of 161 cases].

Here we present the results from a prospective analysis of pneumococcal bacteremia in patients older than 65 years, highlighting its differences with regard to patients aged from 15 to 64 years. We performed a prospective follow-up study (1988-1999) of patients older than 14 years whohad blood cultures positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae(S. pneumoniae). S. pneumoniae was identified using standard techniques. The antimicrobial sensitivity was analysed using the broth midrodilution technique and the serotype was studied in a reference laboratory. Statistical analyses were performed by means of the SPSS program, version 9.0. 161 out of 321 bacteremias occurred in 154 patients older than 65 years (86 males). Most frequent underlying diseases were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes and neoplasia. Most patients had pneumonia, 29.7% with ilfiltrates involving at least two lung lobes. 9.4% of bacteremias were nosocomial. Among patients older than 65 years, 32.5% of strains were resistant to penicillin, compared to 21.7% in patients younger than 65 years(p = 0.034). Mortality in patients over 65 years was higher than in younger patients (25.3% vs 11.5%; p = 0.002) and mortality predictive factors in a multivariate analysis were age, nosocomial bacteremia and multi-lobe involvement (in patients with pneumonia). There is a high incidence of pneumococcal bacteremia in patients over 65 years of age. These patients have a higher rate of resistance to penicillin and a higher mortality rate than younger patients. Mortality predictive factors are age, nosocomial bacteremia and multi-lobe involvement.

Cocoliztli epidemics

Con base en el número de muertos, este brote a menudo se conoce como la peor epidemia de enfermedad en la historia de México. Los brotes posteriores continuaron desconcertando tanto a los médicos españoles como a los nativos, con poco consenso entre los investigadores modernos sobre la patogenia. Sin embargo, estudios genómicos bacterianos recientes han sugerido que Salmonella, específicamente un serotipo de Salmonella enterica conocido como Paratyphi C, fue al menos parcialmente responsable de este brote inicial. También podría haber sido una fiebre hemorrágica viral indígena, quizás exacerbada por las peores sequías que afectaron a esa región en 500 años, así como las condiciones de vida de los pueblos indígenas de México a raíz de la conquista española (c. 1519). 1576 Colonial Mexico 16th-century epidemics

Análisis de Costo de la Enfermedad, del Tratamiento, las Complicaciones e Intervenciones de la Hipercolesterolemia en México en 2016.

Describir los costos y el impacto económico de la atención de pacientes diagnosticados con hipercolesterolemia en México en el año 2016. METODOLOGíA: Se desarrolla una evaluación económica del tipo análisis de costo de la enfermedad donde se cuantifican los recursos médicos utilizados para el tratamiento de la hipercolesterolemia así como para sus complicaciones. Los costos de los recursos médicos utilizados son obtenidos de los costos unitarios por nivel de atención del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) así como de las licitaciones publicadas en el portal de compras del IMSS. El uso de recursos se obtiene mediante un panel de expertos y para el porcentaje de presencia de las complicaciones se efectúa una revisión de literatura. Los costos médicos directos son estimados multiplicando la frecuencia de uso por el costo unitario, agrupándolos y obteniendo así los costos individuales de cada recurso médico. Los casos de hipercolesterolemia en prevención secundaria con enfermedad coronaria y enfermedad cardiovascular representan un mayor costo promedio anual ($111,835.19, D.E. $84,276.37), seguido de la hipercolesterolemia en prevención secundaria con enfermedad coronaria sin enfermedad cardiovascular ($56,352.13, D.E. $29,004.04), los cuales no incluyen los costos generados por las complicaciones. El resto de los grupos de hipercolesterolemia representan una carga económica menor. La carga económica de la hipercolesterolemia representa en promedio por caso al año $258,761.37, esto traducido a los aproximadamente 445,075 de casos diagnosticados y tratados al año representaría un impacto económico en el sistema de salud de más de ciento quince mil millones ($115,168,331,355.11).

[Microbiological study of nosocomial lung infections].

A total of 83 adult patients between 25 and 60 years of age who acquired pulmonary infectious disease within 48 hours after being admitted to the medical, surgical and/or intensive care units at the university hospital of the "Universidad de Los Andes" (Mérida, Venezuela) were studied during a period of 18 months. The most frequent clinical entity observed was pneumonia (49.4%). In all types of pulmonary samples obtained by secretion or puncture, more than half gave positive results to the microbiological analysis. Gram-negative bacilli prevailed as the etiological agents, with a preponderance of the species from Klebsiella (21.7%) and Pseudomonas (15.1%) genus. Staphylococcus aureus was also isolated in 13.3% of all cases. Satisfactory sensitivity to third generation cephalosporins and aminoglucosides was observed on these strains. Quinolones showed the highest antimicrobial activity. The application of an adequate antimicrobial therapy, according to the antibiotics sensitivity test results, allowed a successful clinical efficacy in 67.4% of all cases.

Self-Expanding Metal Stents Do Not Adversely Affect Long-term Outcomes in Acute Malignant Large-Bowel Obstruction: A Retrospective Analysis.

Self-expanding metal stents as a bridge to surgery in acute malignant large-bowel obstruction has gained popularity. However, long-term oncologic outcomes have not been well established. To investigate long-term oncologic outcomes of patients undergoing curative resection after the placement of a colonic stent compared with emergency surgery for acute malignant large-bowel obstruction. This is a retrospective study. All patients presenting at 3 tertiary care centers between April 2002 and December 2012 with a diagnosis of complete malignant large-bowel obstruction were reviewed. Patients with disease distal to the hepatic flexure were selected for analysis. One hundred twenty-two patients who underwent either emergency surgery or placement of a colonic stent with curative intent were included. Patients receiving emergency surgery within 24 hours of presenting with obstructive symptoms, including those with failed stents, were included in the emergency surgery group. All patients with clinically successful stent deployment before surgery were included in the stent group. Overall survival and disease-free survival were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Sixty-four patients underwent emergency surgery, and 58 patients underwent placement of a self-expanding metal stent. Groups were similar in terms of sex, tumor stage and grade, and Charlson and Charlson-Age Comorbidity Index scores. Patients in the surgery group were older than patients in the stent group. There were no differences in the number of lymph nodes harvested, positive nodes, rates of vascular and perineural invasion, or utilization of chemotherapy. Thirty-day mortality after resection was similar between groups (7.41% vs 4.41%; p > 0.05). Patients who underwent colonic stenting as a bridge to surgery had similar 10-year overall survival (40.5% vs 32.7%; p = 0.13) and 10-year disease-free survival (40.2% vs 33.8%; p = 0.26) compared with those who underwent emergency surgery. Similar results were seen on intention-to-treat analysis. This was a small retrospective study. Stent insertion followed by oncologic resection is associated with similar overall survival and disease-free survival compared with emergency resection. Stent insertion as a bridge to surgery should be considered in patients presenting with malignant colorectal obstruction. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B714Los Stents Metálicos Autoexpandibles No Afectan Negativamente Los Resultados A Largo Plazo En La Obstrucción Maligna Aguda Del Colon: Un Análisis Retrospectivo. Los stents metálicos autoexpandibles como puente a una cirugía en la obstrucción maligna aguda del colon han ganado popularidad. Sin embargo, no se han establecido bien los resultados oncológicos a largo plazo. Investigar los resultados oncológicos a largo plazo de los pacientes sometidos a resección curativa después de la colocación de un stent colónico en comparación con la cirugía de urgencia para la obstrucción maligna aguda del colon. Estudio retrospectivo. Entre abril de 2002 y diciembre de 2012, se revisaron todos los pacientes que acudieron a tres centros de tercer nivel con un diagnóstico de obstrucción maligna completa del colon. Se seleccionaron para el análisis los pacientes con enfermedad distal al ángulo hepático. Se incluyeron 122 pacientes que fueron operados de urgencia o a una colocación de un stent colónico con intención curativa. Los pacientes que se sometieron a cirugía de urgencia dentro de las 24 horas posteriores a la presentación de síntomas obstructivos; se incluyeron aquellos con stents fallidos en el grupo de cirugía de urgencia. Todos los pacientes con colocación clínicamente exitosa del stent antes de la cirugía se incluyeron en el grupo de stent. La sobrevida global y la sobrevida libre de enfermedad se calcularon mediante el método de Kaplan-Meier. Sesenta y cuatro pacientes fueron llevados a cirugía urgente y en 58 pacientes se colocó de un stent metálico autoexpandible. Los grupos fueron similares en relación a sexo, estadio y grado del tumor, puntuación de comorbilidad de Charlson y Charlson-Age. Los pacientes del grupo de cirugía eran mayores que los del grupo de stents. No hubo diferencias en el número de ganglios linfáticos recolectados, ganglios positivos, tasas de invasión vascular y perineural o utilización de quimioterapia. La mortalidad a los 30 días después de la resección fue similar entre los grupos (7,41% frente a 4,41%; p> 0,05). Los pacientes que se sometieron a la colocación de un stent colónico como puente a la cirugía tuvieron una sobrevida general a diez años similar (40,5% vs 32,7%; p = 0,13) y una sobrevida libre de enfermedad a diez años (40,2% vs 33,8%, respectivamente; p = 0,26) en comparación a los operados de urgencia. Se observaron resultados similares en el análisis por intención de tratamiento. Estudio retrospectivo reducido. La utilización de un stent y posteriormente la resección oncológica se asocia a una sobrevida general y una sobrevida libre de enfermedad similar en comparación con la resección de urgencia. La utilización de un stent como puente a la cirugía debe considerarse en pacientes que presentan obstrucción colorrectal maligna. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B714. (Traducción-Dr. Lisbeth Alarcon-Bernes).

[Pneumonia in patients undergoing heart surgery].

We performed a follow-up study of 104 consecutive patients who underwent cardiac surgery to ascertain the following: 1) the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia (NP) in this patient population; 2) the differences in the incidence of NP between patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) vs. valvular replacement (VR), and 3) the identification of risk factors which predispose patients to the development of NP. The study included 104 patients of which 49 underwent VR, 43 CABG and 12 who had both procedures performed simultaneously. Six of the 104 patients developed NP (5.7%). Five of these patients had undergone VR where as opposed to only one in the CABG group. Pulmonary hypertension preoperatively was a risk factor for the development of NP. Of the 49 patients in the VR group, 46 had pulmonary artery pressures (PAP) recorded, and from their 23 (50%) had pulmonary hypertension. However, 4 of the 5 (80%) patients who developed NP had elevated PAP. The mortality among patients with NP was high. Sixty six percent of patients (4/6) with NP died in comparison to the 10 deaths (10.2%) among 92 patients without NP (p = 0.002). A trend in the development of NP was observed in patients who underwent valve replacement as opposed to CABG. Because of the small number of patients who developed pneumonia in the study population statistical significance cannot be reached. Pulmonary hypertension in the post operative period is a risk factor for the development of NP. Mortality among patients who develop NP is significantly high (p = 0.002).

Preventable Emergency Department Visits After Colorectal Surgery.

The emergency department plays a common and critical role in the treatment of postoperative patients. However, many quality improvement databases fail to record these interactions. As such, our understanding of the prevalence and etiology of postoperative emergency department visits in contemporary colorectal surgery is limited. Visits with potentially preventable etiologies represent a significant target for quality improvement, particularly in the current era of rapidly evolving postoperative and ambulatory care patterns. We aimed to characterize postoperative emergency department visits and identify factors associated with these visits for potential intervention. This was a retrospective cohort study. The study was conducted at an academic medical center. Consecutive patients undergoing colectomy or proctectomy within the division of colorectal surgery at an academic medical center between 2014 and 2018 were included. Frequency and indication for emergency department visits, as well as clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with emergency department visits in the postoperative period, were included measures. From the 1763 individual operations, there were 207 emergency department visits from 199 patients (11%) within 30 days of discharge. Two thirds of emergency department visits led to readmission. Median (interquartile range) time to presentation was 8 days (4-16 d). Median time in the emergency department was 7.8 hours (6.0-10.1 h). One third of visits were identified as potentially preventable, most commonly for pain (17%) and stoma complications (excluding dehydration; 13%). A primary language other than English was associated with any postoperative emergency department visit risk ratio of 2.7 (95% CI, 1.3-5.3), as well as a preventable visit risk ratio of 3.6 (95% CI, 1.7-8.0). This was a single-center study and a retrospective review. One third of emergency department visits after colorectal surgery are potentially preventable. Special attention should be directed toward those patients who do not speak English as a primary language. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B648. ANTECEDENTES:Las unidades de emergencia tienen un rol fundamental en el periodo posterior a una cirugía. Sin embargo muchos de los registros en las bases de datos de estas secciones no son de buena calidad. Por esto analizar la prevalencia y etiología de las visitas postoperatorias en cirugía colorectal resulta ser bastante limitada. Para lograr una mejoría en la calidad es fundamental analizar las causas potencialmente evitables, especialmente al considerer la rapida evolucion de los parametros de medición actuales.OBJETIVO:Nuestro objetivo es caracterizar las visitas postoperatorias al servicio de urgencias e identificar los factores asociados potencialmente evitables.DISEÑO:Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo.AJUSTE:Centro médico académico, 2014-2018.PACIENTES:Pacientes consecutivos sometidos a colectomía o proctectomía dentro de la división de cirugía colorrectal en un centro médico académico entre 2014 y 2018.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO:Frecuencia e indicación de las visitas al servicio de urgencias en el period postoperatorio: factores clínicos y sociodemográficos.RESULTADOS:De 1763 operaciones individuales, hubo 207 visitas al departamento de emergencias de 199 pacientes (11%) en los 30 días posteriores al alta. Dos tercios de las visitas al servicio de urgencias dieron lugar a readmisiones. La mediana [rango intercuartílico] de tiempo hasta la presentación fue de 8 [4-16] días. La mediana de tiempo en el servicio de urgencias fue de 7,8 [6-10,1] horas. Un tercio de las visitas se identificaron como potencialmente evitables, más comúnmente dolor (17%) y complicaciones del estoma (excluida la deshidratación) (13%). En los pacientes con poco manejo del inglés se asoció con una mayor frecuencia razón de visitas al departamento de emergencias posoperatorias [IC del 95%] 2,7 [1,3-5,3], así como opetancialmente evitables con un RR de 3,6 [1,7-8,0].LIMITACIONES:Estudio de un solo centro y revisión retrospectiva.CONCLUSIÓN:Al menos un tercio de las visitas al servicio de urgencias después de una cirugía colorrectal son potencialmente evitables. Se debe prestar especial atención a los pacientes que no hablan inglés como idioma materno. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B648.

[Comparative study of pneumococcal bacteremia in patients with and without HIV infection].

A retrospective study of bacteriemias due to S. pneumoniae in adults is performed, from all the cases observed in our hospital during the 1989-1990 period. We compare the clinical characteristics of the disease depending if the affected patients were infected or not by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In the considered period bacteriemia due to S. pneumoniae has been diagnosed in 12 patients with HIV infection and 29 without it. Ten of the twelve patients with HIV infection (83.3%) were in Stage IV (CDC) of the disease, staying the rest in a less developed phase of the disease. Age was significantly higher in non-HIV patients (p < 0.001) and a high percentage of patients in this group (75%) showed some disease considered as predisposing to bacteriemia due to S. pneumoniae. When a respiratory foci was present, VIH positive individuals showed more frequently bilateral radiologic infiltrates and less frequently pleural effusion. Leucocyte count when diagnosis was done were significantly higher in non-HIV group. Sensibility of isolated S. pneumoniae was similar in the two groups, being the immediate mortality related with bacteriemia due to S. pneumoniae higher in the non-HIV group. In our center 29.3% of bacteriemias due to S. pneumoniae are diagnosed in patients with HIV infection. This disease in itself could constitute an added risk factor in the development of bacteriemia due to S. pneumoniae.

Pouch Function Over Time and With Advancing Age.

No long-term pouch studies have included follow-up >30 years or an analysis in patients >80 years old. This study aimed to investigate pouch function and pouch failure in patients with a pouch in situ >30 years and in patients >80 years old. This is a retrospective review. This study was conducted at an IBD referral center. Adult patients with ulcerative colitis who underwent an IPAA between 1983 and 1990 were selected. The primary outcomes measured were pouch function and pouch failure rates. Data collection included diagnosis, age at IPAA, indication for IPAA, medications at IPAA, pathology at the time of IPAA, postoperative morbidity, functional outcomes, quality of life, pouch excision or ileostomy and indication, and date of last follow-up. All living patients were contacted in April 2020 to retrieve functional data and pouch failure rates. A total of 566 patients had a pouch constructed between 1983 and 1990; of the 145 at most recent contact, 75 had their pouch in situ ≥30 years and 14 were ≥80 years old. Mean age at diagnosis was 25.8 years (10.6 SD), age at surgery was 34.7 years (11.3 SD), and age at last follow-up was 60.5 years (13.2 SD). At a median of 30 years (IQR, 21-32), 145 patients responded to the functional survey. Significantly increased rates of urgency (always, mostly, sometimes: 71.5% vs 23.5%) and seepage during the day (71.4% vs 22.4%) were observed in patients ≥80 years. In patients ≥80 years with a pouch in situ ≥30 years, urgency and incontinence were sometimes experienced by nearly 50% and pouch failure occurred in one third of patients. The overall rate of pouch failure was 19.4% (n = 110) at a median follow-up of 15 years; risk factors were female sex, 3-stage approach, and pelvic sepsis. A retrospective database was used. Patients with IPAA maintain good pouch function even after 30 years and in patients over the age of 80 years. Pouch function declines with time and failure rates increase over time. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B684.Función De La Bolsa Ileal En El Tiempo Y En Pacientes De Edad Avanzada. No se han efectuado estudios en pacientes con bolsa a largo plazo que incluyan un seguimiento por treinta años o más y en pacientes mayores de 80 años. Investigar la funcionalidad o la falla de la bolsa en pacientes bolsa in situ por mas de treinta años y en pacientes mayors de 80 años. Revisión retrospective. Centro de referencia de Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal. Pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de colitis ulcerative sometidos a anastomosis bolsa ileal anal (IPAA) entre 1983 y 1990. Indices de efectividad y disfunción de la bolsa ileal. Recopilación de la información incluyendo diagnóstico, edad del procedimiento (IPAA), indicaciones para IPAA, medicamentos para IPAA, patología en el transcurso del IPAA, morbilidad postoperatoria, resultados funcionales, calidad de vida, excisión de la bolsa o ileostomía y su indicación y fecha de seguimiento mas reciente. Se contactaron a todos los pacientes vivos en abril de 202 para recuperar la información de los índices de funcionalidad o disfunción de la bolsa. Se les construyó una bolsa a un total de 566 pacientes entre 1983 y 1990; de los 145 mas recientemente contactados, 75 permanecían con su bolsa in situ ≥ 30 años y 14 eran mayores de 80 años. La edad media en el momento de diagnóstico fue de 25.8 años (con desviación estándar de 10.6, sd), edad al momento de la cirugía fue de 34.7 años (11.3sd), y la edad en el último seguimiento de 60.5 años (13.2,sd). A una media de 30 años (IQR: 21,32), 145 pacientes respondieron al cuestionario de funcionalidad. En pacientes mayores de 80 años se observaron tasas aumentadas de urgencia (siempre, la mayor parte de las veces, algunas veces: 71.5% vs 23.5%) y fuga durante el día (71.4% versus 22.4%). En pacientes mayores de 80 años con una bolsa in situ durante 30 años o más, experimentaron urgencia e incontinencia en cerca del 50% y disfunción de la bolsa en un tercio de los pacientes. La tasa global de fallo de la bolsa fue de 19.4% (n = 110) en un seguimiento a 15 años; los factores de riesgo asociados fueron: sexo femenino, abordaje de tres tiempos y sepsis pélvica. Información retrospective. Los pacientes con IPAA continúan con una función adecuada de la bolsa aún después de 30 años de efectuada así como en pacientes mayores de 80 años. La funcionalidad de la bolsa disminuye con el tiempo y las tasa de falla aumentan de igual forma con el tiempo. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B684. (Traducción- Dr. Miguel Esquivel-Herrera).

[Pneumonia caused by non-opportunistic bacteria in patients infected with HIV. Incidence and evaluation of a non-invasive approach].

Pneumonia due to pathogenic bacteria is common in HIV infected patients. However, a global overview has not been yet performed and also the effectiveness of a non-invasive approach has not been tested. An open study was conducted in 1989 including all HIV infected patients with a presumptive or definite diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy procedures were used only in patients with a difficult diagnosis and/or problems in their clinical evolution. Clinical and biological data were compared among different etiologic groups, and their evolution was also recorded in relation with the use of non-invasive procedures. Among a total of 302 admissions of HIV infected patients, 113 developed a primary or secondary respiratory tract infection. Forty-three of those were bacterial pneumonia episodes. Etiologic diagnosis was achieved with non invasive methods in 18 cases (42%). Blood cultures were the most effective method used. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most frequently identified microorganisms (9 cases, 21%). The identification of other bacteria was linked with more severe forms of disease regarding immunologic (leukopenia, p less than 0.001; T4 lymphopenia, p less than 0.05), and respiratory parameters (hypoxemia, p less than 0.05). Two deaths were directly related with pneumonia of known etiology. Bacterial pneumonia is the most frequent respiratory infection in HIV infected patients. An initial non-invasive approach yields a reasonable percentage of etiologic diagnosis and is not related with a poorer outcome.

Distinct Disease Phenotype of Ulcerative Colitis in Patients With Coincident Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Evidence From a Large Retrospective Study With Matched Cohorts.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a classical extraintestinal manifestation in patients with ulcerative colitis. However, the impact of primary sclerosing cholangitis on the disease course is incompletely understood. This study aimed to assess the impact of primary sclerosing cholangitis on disease phenotype and its course in patients with ulcerative colitis. This is a retrospective study with 3:1 matched cohorts. Tertiary care center's electronic database was used for data analysis from 2000 and 2018. Of 782 patients with ulcerative colitis, 77 patients who had coincident primary sclerosing cholangitis were included. The primary outcomes evaluated were disease characteristics including colonic disease activity, temporal change of disease course, colorectal neoplasia, and colectomy rates. Disease activity during acute flares, assessed by the complete Mayo score, was significantly lower in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (6.2 vs 7.3; p < 0.001). In addition, disease activity in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis was decreased, especially within the first 10 years after disease onset, and biological therapy with anti-tumor necrosis factor and anti-integrin agents was commenced less frequently (22% vs 35%; p = 0.043) and later (10-year risk: 17.4% vs 27.8%; p = 0.034). Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis were younger at colitis diagnosis (23.3 vs 29.3 years; p < 0.001) and had more extensive disease (75% vs 46%; p < 0.001). Colorectal cancer was more frequently detected in patients with coincident primary sclerosing cholangitis (6/77 vs 16/705; p = 0.016). Colectomy rates did not differ between both groups (14.3% vs 14.5%; p = 0.56). In contrast, patients with ulcerative colitis had to undergo surgery more frequently because of therapy-refractant inflammation, whereas surgery due to neoplasia development was increased in patients with coincident primary sclerosing cholangitis (p = 0.013). The study was limited by its retrospective design. Patients who have ulcerative colitis with coincident primary sclerosing cholangitis develop a distinct disease course characterized by an earlier disease onset and lower disease activity, but more frequent extensive disease manifestation and higher risk for colorectal cancer. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B45. FENOTIPO DE ENFERMEDAD DISTINTIVO DE LA COLITIS ULCERATIVA EN PACIENTES CON COLANGITIS ESCLEROSANTE PRIMARIA CONCOMITANTE: EVIDENCIA DE UN ESTUDIO RETROSPECTIVO GRANDE CON COHORTES EMPAREJADAS: La colangitis esclerosante primaria es una manifestación extraintestinal clásica en pacientes con colitis ulcerativa. Sin embargo, el impacto de la colangitis esclerosante primaria en el curso de la enfermedad no es comprendido completamente.Evaluar el impacto de la colangitis esclerosante primaria en el fenotipo y curso de la enfermedad en pacientes con colitis ulcerativa.Este es un estudio retrospectivo con cohortes emparejadas 3:1.La base de datos electrónica de un centro de atención terciaria se utilizó para el análisis de datos de 2000 a 2018.782 pacientes con colitis ulcerativa, 77 padecían colangitis esclerosante primaria concomitante y fueron incluidos.Se evaluaron las características de la enfermedad, incluida la actividad de enfermedad colónica, el cambio temporal del curso de la enfermedad, la neoplasia colorrectal y las tasas de colectomía.La actividad de la enfermedad durante los brotes agudos, evaluada por la puntuación completa de Mayo, fue significativamente menor en pacientes con colangitis esclerosante primaria (6.2 vs 7.3; p < 0.001). Además, la actividad de la enfermedad en pacientes con colangitis esclerosante primaria se redujo especialmente en los primeros 10 años después del inicio de la enfermedad, y la terapia biológica con agentes anti-TNF y anti-integrina se inició con menos frecuencia (22% vs 35%; p = 0.043) y más tarde (riesgo a 10 años: 17.4% vs 27.8%; p = 0.034). Los pacientes con colangitis esclerosante primaria eran más jóvenes en el momento del diagnóstico de colitis (23.3 vs 29.3 años; p < 0.001) y tenían enfermedad más extensa (75% vs 46%; p < 0.001). El cáncer colorrectal se detectó con mayor frecuencia en pacientes con colangitis esclerosante primaria concomitante (6/77 vs 16/705; p = 0.016). Las tasas de colectomía no fueron diferentes entre ambos grupos (14.3% vs 14.5%; p = 0.56). En contraste, los pacientes con colitis ulcerativa tuvieron que someterse a cirugía con mayor frecuencia debido a inflamación refractaria a la terapia, mientras que el desarrollo de neoplasia se incrementó en pacientes con colangitis esclerosante primaria concomitante (p = 0.013).El estudio estuvo limitado por su diseño retrospectivo.Los pacientes con colitis ulcerativa con colangitis esclerosante primaria concomitante desarrollan un curso de enfermedad distintivo caracterizado por un inicio temprano de la enfermedad y una menor actividad de la enfermedad, pero con manifestación de enfermedad extensa más frecuente y un mayor riesgo de cáncer colorrectal. Vea el resumen en video en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B45.

[Bacteria isolated from protected bronchopulmonary samples: variation as a function of the previous length of stay in the recovery room].

We retrospectively reviewed the variation of the organisms recovered from 403 protected bronchopulmonary specimens in three surgical intensive care units according to the time elapsed from admission. The predominant pathogens during the four first days were Haemophilus influenzae (33.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (18.2%), mostly methicillin susceptible strains, and Streptococcus pneumoniae (14.3%). After the fourth day, they were progressively replaced by typical nosocomial bacteria such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa and cephalosporinase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, strains resistant to third generation cephalosporins occurred significantly later than the susceptible strains. These results indicate that the time elapsed from intensive care unit admission has a major influence on the bacteriology of respiratory tract infections, but no clear cut-off point between early-onset and late onset pneumonia is evident.

Health care utilization of mexican patients with medically unexplained physical symptoms.

To determine the prevalence of medically unexplained physical symptoms and the characteristics and use of health services in a group of patients with medically unexplained physical symptoms and a group of patients with other illnesses. This was a cross-sectional, retrospective and multicenter study. We included 1,043 patients over 18 years of age from 30 primary care units of a government health institution, in 11 states of Mexico, attended by 39 family physicians. The prevalence of medically unexplained physical symptoms was determined and both groups with or without symptoms were compared with regard to drug use, laboratory and other studies, leaves of absence, and referrals in the last six months. The group with medically unexplained physical symptoms was diagnosed using the Patient Health Questionnaire and the diagnostic criteria of Reid <iet al</i. Emergency or terminal illnesses were excluded. The chi square test was used with a statistical significance of p < 0.05. Medically unexplained physical symptoms was diagnosed in 73 patients (7.0%). The majority were women (91.8%); their predominant symptom was from the gastrointestinal system in 56 (76.7%). This group had a greater use of clinical studies and referrals to other services (mean 1.1 vs. 0.5; <ip</i <0.0001 and 0.6 vs. 0.8; <ip</i < 0.01, respectively). The prevalence of medically unexplained physical symptoms was low, but with a greater impact on some health services. This could represent an overload in medical costs. Determinar la prevalencia de Síntomas Físicos Medicamente No Explicables y las características y uso de los servicios de salud entre el grupo de pacientes con Síntomas Físicos Medicamente No Explicables, y el grupo con otras enfermedades. Estudio transversal, retroprospectivo y multicéntrico. Se incluyeron a 1,043 pacientes mayores de 18 años, en 30 unidades de atención primaria de una institución gubernamental en salud, en 11 estados de la República Mexicana, atendidos por 39 médicos familiares. Se estimó la prevalencia de Síntomas Físicos Medicamente No Explicables y se compararon los dos grupos con y sin estos síntomas, en cuanto al uso de medicamentos, estudios de laboratorio, de gabinete, incapacidades y referencias en los últimos seis meses. El grupo de Síntomas Físicos Medicamente No Explicables fue diagnosticado por el Patient Health Questionnaire (son los síntomas físicos más comúnmente referidos por estos pacientes en el primer nivel de atención), además de criterios diagnósticos de Reid <iet al</i. Se excluyeron urgencias o con enfermedad terminal. Se utilizó prueba Chi cuadrada con <ip</i <0.05 para significancia estadística. El 7.0% (73) se diagnosticó como Síntomas Físicos Medicamente No Explicables, la mayoría mujeres (91.8%); el síntoma predominante pertenece al sistema gastrointestinal con 76.7% (56). Este grupo demandó mayor uso de estudios de gabinete y referencias a otros servicios (media 1.1 vs. 0.5; <ip</i <0.0001 y 0.8 vs 0.6; <ip</i <0.01, respectivamente). La prevalencia de Síntomas Físicos Medicamente No Explicables fue baja, pero con impacto significativo en el uso de algunos servicios de salud. Esto pudiera representar un mayor costo comparado con otro grupo de pacientes.

[Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in 45 immunocompromised hospitalized adults].

The presence of bacteremia during a pneumococcal pneumonia is a sign of bad prognosis. To report a clinical experience with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. We reviewed the clinical and laboratory data from 45 adults (36 male, aged 17 to 97 years) with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) and Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia, hospitalized between January 1997 and August 2002 at the Puerto Montt Hospital (Southern Chile). Eighty four percent of patients bad underlying aggravating conditions, mainly alcoholism (40%), chronic obstructive lung disease (17.8%) and renal failure (17.8%). Seven percent were homeless. Fever, cough, dyspnea and sputum were the most common presenting symptoms. Five patients had pleural involvement. Four strains (8.9%) of S. pneumoniae had diminished susceptibility to penicillin. Nine patients died (case-fatality rate of 20%), but mortality was attributed to pneumonia in only three of them. Main factors associated with a higher mortality were renal failure, absence of cough, an arterial pH < 7.3 on admission, ICU hospitalization, shock, mechanical ventilation and an APACHE score > 16. The high death rate of these patients could be explained mainly by underlying conditions. ICU management and higher cost preventive measures could reduce this rate.

[Not Available].

Introducción: la desnutrición intrahospitalaria se ha descrito hace más de 70 años como un problema frecuente. En México se reportan cifras de entre el 20% al 50%; sin embargo no se ha estudiado su prevalencia ni su asociación con la morbilidad y mortalidad hospitalaria.Objetivos: evaluar el estado nutricional y su relación con la morbimortalidad hospitalaria en pacientes mexicanos.Métodos: cohorte prospectiva de pacientes que ingresaron en un hospital de referencia para una estancia hospitalaria mayor de 5 días. Se capturó peso, talla, índice de masa corporal (IMC), estado nutricional de acuerdo con la valoración global subjetiva (VGS) a su ingreso y egreso hospitalario, así como diagnóstico médico, complicaciones y mortalidad. Los datos fueron analizados mediante la prueba T de Student, prueba Chi-cuadrado y prueba Exacta de Fisher.Resultados: se incluyeron 610 pacientes en total, con un promedio de edad de 50,8 ± 17,32 años, 267 mujeres (43,8%) y 343 hombres (56,2%). Del total, 154 fueron catalogados con sospecha de desnutrición o desnutrición (pacientes expuestos, 25,2%) y 456 bien nutridos (pacientes no expuestos, 74,8%), con una relación de 1 a 3. La morbilidad total de la cohorte tuvo un RR = 2,70, IC 95 % (2,06-3,55) y la mortalidad con un RR = 2,64, IC 95% (1,74-4,0), siendo ambas estadísticamente significativas (p = 0,001).Conclusiones: el diagnóstico de desnutrición al ingreso hospitalario constituye un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de complicaciones y mortalidad. Este padecimiento al ingreso en comparación con el paciente que no presenta desnutrición incrementó el riesgo de mortalidad hasta en 2.64 veces.

[Diagnostic value of quantitative cultures of endotracheal aspirate in ventilator-associated pneumonia: a multicenter study].

To study the validity of quantitative cultures of tracheal aspirate (TA) in comparison with the plugged telescoping catheter (PTC) for the diagnosis of mechanical ventilator-associated pneumonia. Prospective multicenter study enrolling patients undergoing mechanical ventilation for longer than 72 hours. TA samples were collected from patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia, followed by PTC sampling. Quantitative cultures were performed on all samples. Patients were classified according to the presence or not of pneumonia, based on clinical and radiologic criteria, clinical course and autopsy findings. The cutoff points were > or = 103 colony-forming units (cfu)/mL for PTC cultures; the TA cutoffs analyzed were > or = 105 and > or = 106 cfu/mL. Of the 120 patients studied, 84 had diagnoses of pneumonia and 36 did not (controls). The sensitivity values for TA > or = 106, TA > or = 105, and PTC, respectively, were 54% (95% confidence interval [CI], 42%-64%), 71% (95% CI, 60%-81%), and 68% (95% CI, 57%-78%). The specificity values were 75% (95% CI, 58%-88%), 58% (95% CI, 41%-74%), and 75% (95% CI, 58%-88%), respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was the microorganism most frequently isolated in both TA and PTC samples, followed in frequency by Pseudomomonas aeruginosa in TA samples and Haemophilus influenzae in PTC samples. No significant differences were found between the sensitivity of TA > or = 105 and that of PTC, nor between the specificities of TA > or = 106 and PTC. No differences in the specificities of PTC and TA were found when a TA cutoff of > or = 106 cfu/ml was used. Moreover, at a cutoff of > or = 105 the sensitivity of TA was not statistically different from that of PTC. Quantitative cultures of TA can be considered acceptable for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Laparoscopic Versus Open Surgery for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: Five-Year Survival Outcomes in a Large, Multicenter, Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study.

There is a paucity of evidence pertaining to long-term survival outcomes of laparoscopic versus open surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term survival outcomes of laparoscopic surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer and to investigate the recurrence pattern. This was a prospective analysis of a registered cohort. This study was conducted at 69 institutions across Japan. A total of 1500 patients with clinical stage II-III rectal cancer located below the peritoneal reflection between January 2010 and December 2011 were included. After propensity score matching, all eligible patients, including the matched patients registered in 2014, were prospectively followed up. Five-year relapse-free survival was the primary outcome. The median follow-up period was 5.6 years. Among the 964 matched patients, the 5-year relapse-free survival was 65.1% in the open group versus 63.5% in the laparoscopic group (HR 1.04; p = 0.71). Distant recurrences at rare sites, which were more frequently observed in the laparoscopic group, were significantly less salvaged (adjusted OR 0.74; p = 0.045). Postrecurrence 5-year overall survival was significantly better for patients who underwent salvage surgery than for those who did not; 55.3% vs 29.5% for patients with initial local recurrence ( p = 0.03) and 64.4% vs 30.7% for patients with distant recurrence alone ( p < 0.001). Potential heterogeneity and influence of unknown confounding. Five-year follow-up data demonstrated that laparoscopic surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer was safely performed in terms of long-term prognosis. In addition, salvage surgery for recurrent lesions was associated with prolonged postrecurrence survival, both in patients with local and distant recurrence. However, recurrence at rare sites may require further investigation. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B793 . ANTECEDENTES:Existe una escasez de pruebas relacionadas con los resultados de supervivencia a largo plazo de la cirugía laparoscópica versus abierta para el cáncer de recto localmente avanzado.OBJETIVO:Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los resultados de supervivencia a largo plazo de la cirugía laparoscópica para el cáncer de recto localmente avanzado e investigar el patrón de recurrencia.DISEÑO:Fue un análisis prospectivo de una cohorte registrada.ENTORNO CLÍNICO:El estudio se llevó a cabo en 69 instituciones en todo Japón.PACIENTES:Se incluyó un total de 1500 pacientes con cáncer de recto en estadio clínico II-III ubicados por debajo de la reflección peritoneal, entre enero del 2010 y diciembre del 2011. Después del pareamiento por puntaje de propensión, se realizó un seguimiento prospectivo de todos los pacientes elegibles, incluidos los pacientes emparejados registrados en 2014.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE VALORACIÓN:La supervivencia sin recaídas a cinco años fue el resultado primario.RESULTADOS:El período de seguimiento medio fue de 5,6 años. Entre los 964 pacientes emparejados, la supervivencia libre de recaída a 5 años fue del 65,1% en el grupo abierto frente al 63,5% en el grupo laparoscópico (cociente de riesgo 1,04; p = 0,71). Las recurrencias a distancia en sitios raros, que se observaron con mayor frecuencia en el grupo laparoscópico, tuvieron menor sobrevida (razón de posibilidades ajustada 0,74; p = 0,045). La supervivencia general a los 5 años después de la recidiva fue significativamente menor en los pacientes sometidos a una cirugía de rescate; 55,3% frente al 29,5% para los pacientes con recidiva local inicial ( p = 0,03) y 64,4% frente al 30,7% para los pacientes con recidiva a distancia sola ( p < 0,001).LIMITACIONES:Potencial heterogeneidad e influencia de factores de confusión desconocidos.CONCLUSIONES:El seguimiento a cinco años demostró que la cirugía laparoscópica para el cáncer de recto localmente avanzado es segura en términos de pronóstico a largo plazo. Además, la cirugía de rescate de las lesiones recurrentes se asoció con una mayor supervivencia posrecurrencia, tanto en pacientes con recurrencia local como a distancia. Sin embargo, la recurrencia en sitios raros puede requerir una mayor investigación. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B793 . (Traducción- Dr. Ingrid Melo ).

[Community acquired pneumococcal pneumonia in hospitalized adult patients].

S pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia. To evaluate the clinical characteristics, antibiotic resistance, management and prognostic factors in pneumococcal pneumonia. Prospective evaluation in 46 adults (age +/- sd: 68 +/- 17 years) hospitalized with pneumococcal pneumonia confirmed by sputum, blood or pleural fluid cultures. Clinical and radiographic variables, risk factors for antibiotic resistance, and hospital mortality rate were recorded. Heart disease (39%), COPD/asthma (25%), and diabetes mellitus (18%) were the most frequent underlying diseases. None of the patients had previously received pneumococcal vaccine. Only 17% of the patients had the classic triad of chills, fever and productive cough. At admission, interestingly, 17% presented with congestive heart failure. Resistance of pneumococci to penicillin, cefotaxime or erythromycin was 15%, 6% and 11%, respectively. Antibiotic use prior to admission was significantly associated with antibiotic resistance (OR = 6; CI 95% = 1.1-32; p < 0.05). Fifty per cent of the patients were admitted to intermediate or intensive care units, 15% were mechanically ventilated, 20% developed septic shock, 20% developed acute renal failure and 13% died in the hospital. Clinical factors significantly associated with higher mortality were systolic hypotension (< or = 90 mmHg), ICU admission and BUN > 30 mg per dL. Our data suggest that pneumococcal pneumonia is still a severe infection with high mortality; hence, efforts should be made at prevention using pneumococcal immunization.

[Neumatosis quística intestinal: reporte de un caso].

La neumatosis quística intestinal es una condición infrecuente, caracterizada por la formación de quistes de contenido gaseoso debajo de la mucosa y la serosa intestinales. Mujer de 84 años, con antecedente de artritis reumatoide en tratamiento inmunosupresor, intervenida hace 2 años por neumoperitoneo, con diagnóstico de diverticulosis yeyunal y enfisema mesentérico, acude con cuadro de dolor abdominal difuso de 2 días de evolución, sin otra sintomatología. En la radiografía de abdomen se observa neumoperitoneo con elevación del hemidiafragma derecho y distensión de asas del intestino delgado. Ante la sospecha de perforación de víscera hueca se decide intervención quirúrgica, en la cual se diagnostica a la paciente de neumatosis quística intestinal. La neumatosis quística intestinal es de causa desconocida, aunque en un elevado porcentaje de pacientes se ha visto asociada a enfermedades pulmonares obstructivas, enfermedades del tejido conectivo, inmunosupresión o enfermedades gastrointestinales. Se localiza más frecuentemente en el colon y el intestino delgado. Se diagnostica principalmente mediante pruebas de imagen (radiografía o tomografía computarizada). El tratamiento es conservador, realizándose intervención quirúrgica si existe sospecha de necrosis intestinal. Es difícil el diagnóstico diferencial con un neumoperitoneo por perforación de víscera hueca. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis is an infrequent condition, characterized by the formation of gaseous content cysts under the mucosa and intestinal serous. 84-year-old woman, with a history of rheumatoid arthritis under immunosuppressive treatment, operated 2 years ago by pneumoperitoneum, where she was diagnosed of jejunal diverticulosis and mesenteric emphysema, with diffuse abdominal pain of 2 days of evolution, without other symptoms. In abdominal radiography: pneumoperitoneum with elevation of right hemidiaphragm and distention of small intestine. Given the suspicion of perforation of the intestinal wall, surgical intervention was decided, in which the patient was diagnosed with pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis has an unknown etiology, although in a high percentage of patients it has been associated with obstructive pulmonary pathologies, connective tissue diseases, immunosuppression or gastrointestinal diseases. It is located more frequently in the colon and small intestine. It is diagnosed mainly through imaging tests (radiography or computed tomography). The treatment is conservative, performing surgical intervention if there is suspicion of intestinal necrosis; being difficult the differential diagnosis with a pneumoperitoneum by perforation of hollow viscera..

[Community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pyogenes: report of one case].

During the past two decades there has been a resurgence of invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) infection, specially pneumonia and bacteremia. We report a 35 year-old female previously subjected to a thyroidectomy for a thyroid cancer, that five days after operation, presented with a severe community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (Lancefield Group A Streptococcus) that was complicated by acute respiratory failure and septic shock. She was treated with a combination of 3 g/day of cefotaxime and 1.8 g/day of clindamycin with a good clinical response and discharged from the hospital in good conditions. Although this microorganism is an uncommon cause of community-acquired pneumonia, previously healthy individuals may be infected and the clinical course may be fulminant. Patients with invasive GAS infection admitted to ICU have a high mortality rate. Treatment of choice of Group A streptococcal infection is penicillin. However, clindamycin should be added in severe infections .

Objetivos: estimar el porcentaje de pacientes con EPOC adiestrados en la consulta para el manejo de inhaladores en la provincia de León.Métodos: estudio epidemiológico, transversal, multicéntrico (30 centros de salud de la provincia de León). Incluyó pacientes mayores de 35 años diagnosticados y tratados de EPOC. Variables a estudio: edad, sexo, hábitat, datos antropométricos, estado nutricional, tabaquismo, espirometría postboroncodilatadora, disnea (mMRC), reagudizaciones, gravedad (Índice Bodex), hospitalizaciones, tratamiento, seguimiento y caracterización del fenotipo (GesEOPC 2014). Los resultados se expresan con sus IC al 95,5%.Resultados: se incluyeron 833 pacientes, el 85,8% varones, con edad media de 64,69 (53,66-75,61) años y 20,65 (4,47-36,8) años evolución de la EPOC. Empleaban 1,88 (1,64-2,16) dispositivos inhaladores de media, p = 0,006, (57% de forma correcta, 23% regular y el 20% incorrecta). El 20,9% no recibieron adiestramiento para usar inhaladores frente al 79,1% adiestrados, p < 0,001, (9,4% por neumólogos, 20,3% enfermeras y 43,5% médicos familia, p = 0,002). Los pacientes bien adiestrados realizan mejor el tratamiento, en el 60,60% (58,91-62,29), p = 0,002. No hubo diferencias significativas en el adiestramiento por tabaquismo, gravedad, ingresos hospitalarios, ni calidad de vida, obteniendo una reducción significativa del número de agudizaciones, siendo de 1,59 (1,12-2,15) reagudizaciones medias en el grupo adiestrado frente a 3,29 (2,50-4,11) en los no adiestrados, p = 0,002.Conclusiones: el nivel de adiestramiento en el uso de inhaladores en los pacientes con EPOC es insuficiente en nuestro medio. La mejor formación de los profesionales y la simplificación de los dispositivos contribuirán a que un mayor número de pacientes realicen el tratamiento de forma adecuada.

[Microorganisms isolated from clinical specimens of patients from the Department of Thoracic Surgery].

The clinical specimens received from patients hospitalized in Department of Thoracic Surgery between 1997 and 2001 were microbiologically examined. The main specimen for microbiological examination was pleural fluid (median 34%). The frequency of specimens from bronchial tree increased significantly (from 4% to 26%) with concurrent decrease of sputum (from 29% to 6%). Among isolated pathogens, Gram negative rods were the most frequent (median 48%) and Pseudomonas sp. was the main pathogen among them. Occurrence of staphylococci was median 22% and Staphylococcus aureus, with a little decrease in analyzed period, was still the main Gram positive pathogen. Simultaneously the occurrence of MRSA in the last three years dropped three times. The number of isolations of yeasts have risen from 5.8% to 10.3%.

Hasta Siempre, Comandante

3rd stanza [1] (1)Vie-(2)nes (3)que-(4)man-(5)do (6)la (7)bri-(8)sa [2] (1)con (2)so-(3)les (4)de (5)pri-(6)ma-(7)ve-(8)ra [3] (1)pa-(2)ra (3)plan-(4)tar (5)la (6)ban-(7)de-(8)ra [4] (1)con (2)la (3)luz (4)de (5)tu (6)son-(7)ri-(8)sa Lyrics Original lyrics in Spanish Aprendimos a quererte desde la histórica altura donde el Sol de tu bravura le puso cerco a la muerte. Chorus: Aquí se queda la clara, la entrañable transparencia, de tu querida presencia, Comandante Che Guevara. Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte sobre la Historia dispara cuando todo Santa Clara se despierta para verte. [Chorus] Vienes quemando la brisa con soles de primavera para plantar la bandera con la luz de tu sonrisa. [Chorus] Tu amor revolucionario te conduce a nueva empresa donde esperan la firmeza de tu brazo libertario. [Chorus] Seguiremos adelante, como junto a ti seguimos, y con Fidel te decimos : «¡Hasta siempre, Comandante!» Translated English lyrics

What Factors Are Associated With the Eventual Need for an Ileostomy After Total Abdominal Colectomy and Ileosigmoid or Ileorectal Anastomosis for Crohn's Colitis in the Biologic Era?

Outcomes after total abdominal colectomy with ileosigmoid or ileorectal anastomosis for Crohn's colitis and risk factors for requirement of a permanent ileostomy remain poorly understood, particularly in the biologic era. This study aimed to determine long-term ostomy-free survival after ileosigmoid or ileorectal anastomosis for Crohn's colitis and potential risk factors for requirement of an ileostomy. This is a retrospective cohort study. This study was conducted at a single-institution IBD tertiary referral center. Patients diagnosed with Crohn's disease and undergoing ileosigmoid or ileorectal anastomosis between 2006 and 2018 were selected. Long-term ostomy-free survival and hazard ratios of potential predictors of ileostomy requirement were the primary outcomes measured. One hundred nine patients (56% female) underwent ileosigmoid or ileorectal anastomosis for Crohn's disease. The majority of surgical procedures were completed in 2 or 3 stages (53%). The indication for total abdominal colectomy was predominantly medically refractory disease (77%), with dysplasia the second leading indication (13%). At an overall mean follow-up of 3 years, 16 patients had undergone either proctectomy or diversion with the rectum in situ. This resulted in ostomy-free survival estimates at 5 and 10 years of 78% (95% CI, 68-90) and 58% (95% CI, 35-94). A positive distal microscopic margin was the only risk factor for later requirement of a permanent ileostomy (HR, 5.4; 95% CI, 1.7-17.2). This study is limited because it is a retrospective study at a tertiary referral center. Long-term ostomy-free survival can be achieved in the majority of patients who undergo restoration of intestinal continuity after total abdominal colectomy for Crohn's colitis. A positive distal microscopic margin was independently associated with long-term anastomotic failure, and it should be accounted for when risk stratifying patients for postoperative prophylactic medical therapy. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B111. ¿QUÉ FACTORES ESTÁN ASOCIADOS CON LA EVENTUAL NECESIDAD DE UNA ILEOSTOMÍA DESPUÉS DE UNA COLECTOMÍA ABDOMINAL TOTAL Y UNA ANASTOMOSIS ILEOSIGMOIDEA O ILEORRECTAL PARA LA COLITIS DE CROHN EN LA ERA BIOLÓGICA?: Los resultados después de la colectomía abdominal total con anastomosis ileosigmoidea o ileorrectal para la colitis de Crohn y los factores de riesgo para el requerimiento de una ileostomía permanente siguen siendo poco conocidos, particularmente en la era biológica.Determinar la supervivencia a largo plazo sin ostomía después de una anastomosis ileosigmoidea o ileorrectal para la colitis de Crohn y los factores de riesgo potenciales para la necesidad de una ileostomía.Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo.Centro de referencia de tercel nivel para enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal de una sola institución.Pacientes diagnosticados con enfermedad de Crohn y sometidos a anastomosis ileosigmoidea o ileorrectal entre 2006 y 2018Supervivencia a largo plazo sin ostomías y cocientes de riesgo de predictores potenciales de requerimiento de ileostomía109 pacientes (56% mujeres) se sometieron a anastomosis ileosigmoidea o ileorrectal por enfermedad de Crohn. La mayoría de los procedimientos quirúrgicos se completaron en 2 o 3 etapas (53%). La indicación de colectomía abdominal total fue predominantemente enfermedad médicamente refractaria (77%), con displasia la segunda indicación principal (13%). En un seguimiento medio general de 3 años, 16 pacientes se habían sometido a una proctectomía o a una derivación con el recto in situ. Esto dio como resultado estimaciones de supervivencia sin ostomía a los 5 y 10 años de 78% (intervalo de confianza del 95%: 68-90) y 58% (intervalo de confianza del 95%: 35-94), respectivamente. Un margen microscópico distal positivo fue el único factor de riesgo para el requerimiento posterior de una ileostomía permanente (razón de riesgo: 5.4; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 1.7-17.2).Estudio retrospectivo en un centro de referencia de tercer nivel.La supervivencia a largo plazo sin ostomía se puede lograr en la mayoría de los pacientes que se someten a la restauración de la continuidad intestinal después de la colectomía abdominal total por colitis de Crohn. Un margen microscópico distal positivo se asoció de forma independiente con la insuficiencia anastomótica a largo plazo, y debe tenerse en cuenta cuando se trata de pacientes con estratificación de riesgo para el tratamiento médico profiláctico postoperatorio. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B111.

[Is surveillance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa carriage in intensive care units useful?].

To evaluate the potential interest of screening of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on admission and during hospitalisation in intensive care units patients. A retrospective study was carried out in two adult ICU of the University-Hospital of Besançon in 2007. P. aeruginosa screening was performed on admission and once a week during ICU stay. Clinical samples positive with P. aeruginosa were collected. Among the 754 patients included, 146 had a screening sample positive giving an average incidence of 19.4 per 100 patients. Thirty-five were imported and 111 ICU-acquired. Sixty-one patients had at least one positive clinical sample, that is an incidence 8.1 cases per 100 admitted patients. Sensibility, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of screening as an indicator of subsequent infection were 54.1%, 86.9%, 26.6% and 95.6%, respectively. Screening samples are necessary to assess P. aeruginosa endemicity in intensive care units. The high negative predictive value of screening suggests that use of specifics anti-Pseudomonas antimicrobials could be reduced. However, the benefit of this strategy remains to be evaluated.

Hemorrhoidectomy and Excision of Skin Tags in IBD: Harbinger of Doom or Simply a Disease Running Its Course?

Controversy in performing hemorrhoidectomy and anal skin tag excision in patients with IBD stems from dated reports of nonhealing wounds resulting in proctectomy. This study aimed to determine the safety of interventional management of hemorrhoids or anal skin tags in patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. This study is a retrospective review of patient records from 2000 to 2017. The patient records were retrieved from a multistate health system. Adult patients with IBD undergoing interventional management of hemorrhoids or skin tags were included. The primary outcome measured was the long-term requirement of proctectomy. Ninety-seven patients (n = 49 Crohn's disease, 48 ulcerative colitis) underwent interventional management of hemorrhoids or anal skin tags (n =35 rubber band ligation, 27 anal skin tag excision, 21 hemorrhoidectomy, 14 excision/incision of thrombosed hemorrhoid). Thirty-day complications were observed in 5 patients (n = 4 urinary retention, 1 perianal abscess). Five patients with Crohn's disease eventually required proctectomy at a median of 7 years after skin tag excision (range, 6 months to 10 years), but none were secondary to impaired wound healing. Two patients with ulcerative colitis who had previously undergone IPAA were subsequently diagnosed with Crohn's disease of the pouch after skin tag excision. No other long-term complications were seen in patients with ulcerative colitis. The study's retrospective design does not allow identification of patients with IBD who underwent only medical management of their hemorrhoids. There is also selection bias in which patients were selected for interventional management of their disease. The requirement for proctectomy after hemorrhoidectomy/skin tag excision appears to be secondary to the natural disease course of perianal Crohn's disease rather than perianal intervention. Selective hemorrhoidectomy and skin tag excision in patients with well-controlled luminal disease should be considered. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B55. HEMORROIDECTOMÍA ASOCIADA A LA EXCISIÓN DE PLICOMAS EN CASOS DE ENFERMEDAD INFLAMATORIA INTESTINAL: ¿ANUNCIO DE FATALIDAD O SIMPLEMENTE EVOLUCIÓN NATURAL DE LA ENFERMEDAD?: Está controvertida la realización de una hemorroidectomía asociada a la excisión de plicomas ano-cutáneos en pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal, así lo han demostrado informes detallados sobre la no cicatrisación de las heridas conllevando a una proctectomía.Determinar los margenes de seguridad en casos de tratamiento instrumental de hemorroides asociadas a la excisión de plicomas ano-cutáneos en pacientes portadores de colitis ulcerosa o enfermedad de Crohn.Revisión retrospectiva de historias clinicas de pacientes entre 2000 y 2017.Servicio Multiestatal de Salud.Adultos con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal sometidos a tratamiento instrumental de hemorroides asociado a la excisión de plicomas ano-cutáneos.Requisitos a largo plazo para una proctectomía.Noventa y siete pacientes (49 con enfermedad de Crohn, 48 con colitis ulcerosa) se sometieron a un tratamiento instrumental de hemorroides asociada a la excisión de plicomas ano-cutáneos (35 ligadura con bandas elásticas, 27 excisión de plicomas ano-cutáneos, 21 hemorroidectomías, 14 excisiones / incisiones de hemorroides trombosadas) Se observaron complicaciones a los 30 días en cinco pacientes (4 con retención urinaria, 1 absceso perianal). Cinco pacientes con enfermedad de Crohn requirieron proctectomía en una media de 7 años después de la excisión de los plicomas ano-cutáneos (rango, 6 meses a 10 años), pero ninguno fue secundario a la mala cicatrización de la herida. Dos pacientes con colitis ulcerosa que previamente se habían sometido a una anastomosis colo-anal protegia por ilestomía fueron diagnosticados posteriormente con enfermedad de Crohn localizada en la ostomía después de la excisión de plicomas ano-cutáneos. No se observaron complicaciones a largo plazo en pacientes con colitis ulcerosa.El diseño retrospectivo del estudio no permite la identificación de pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal que se sometieron únicamente al tratamiento médico de las hemorroides. También existe un sesgo de selección de pacientes escogidos para tratamiento instrumental de la enfermedad hemorroidaria.El requisito de proctectomía después de la hemorroidectomía / excisión de plicomas anocutáneos parece ser secundario al curso de la enfermedad natural de la enfermedad de Crohn perianal en el sitio de la intervención perianal. Se debe considerar la hemorroidectomía selectiva y la excisión de plicomas ano-cutáneos solo en pacientes con enfermedad endoluminal controlada. Vea el video del resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B55.

[Treatment of pneumonia in hospitalized patients--results of a multicenter study using a fourth-generation cephalosporin (cefepime)].

To evaluate efficacy and safety of cefepime in severe pneumonia of hospitalized patients. A prospective, multicenter, open trial was performed with 148 patients (62 patients with nosocomial pneumonia; 34 with community-acquired pneumonia and 52 undefined forms). Cefepime was intravenously administered (1,000 to 2,000 mg every 12 hours), and doses were adjusted for renal function. The efficacy endpoint was clinical response at 48 hours after completion of therapy. The mean age was 56.4 +/- 20.31 years. The most common bacterias isolated from patients with nosocomial pneumonia were: 5 (8.06%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa; 7 (11.29%) Pseudomonas sp.; 6 (9.68%) Klebsiella sp.; 3 (4.84%) E. coli; 2 (3.23%) Acinetobacter baumannii; 3 (4.84%) Staphylococcus aureus; 3 (4.84%) Streptococcus pneumoniae; 5 (8.06%) others. The most common isolates from patients with community-acquired pneumonia were: 2 (5.88%) Streptococcus pneumoniae; 1 (2.94%) S. aureus; 2 (5.88%) P. aeruginosa and 2 (5.88%) K. pneumoniae. Clinical efficacy was demonstrated in 137/148 (92.56%) of the cases since improvement was obtained in 20.27% and healing in 72.29%. Failure of the treatment was observed in 10 patients (6.75%) and one patient the evaluation was not possible. Adverse events were reported for 5/148 patients (3.38%). Our data suggest that cefepime was safe and effective for treatment of severe pneumonia in hospitalized patients.

The "Classification Pendulum" of Stage I Colorectal Cancer: A National Level Analysis of the Survival Difference Between T1 and T2 Colorectal Cancer.

The eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer classifies nonmetastatic, node-negative colorectal cancers invading the submucosa (T1) and muscularis propria (T2) as stage I tumors without additional subclassification. The aim of the study was to compare survival of T1N0M0 versus T2N0M0 colorectal cancers and to investigate factors associated with decreased survival. This was an analysis of 2 large population-based data sets. The study was conducted analyzing data from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Result program and the National Cancer Database. Adult patients undergoing major resection without additional therapy for stage I colorectal cancer were included. Overall and disease-specific survival for T1 versus T2 cancers were measured. Subgroup analyses by tumor location (colon versus rectum) were performed. A total of 30,228 (36.4% T1 and 63.6% T2) and 41,670 (41.1% T1 and 58.9% T2) patients were identified in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Result database and the National Cancer Database. The 5-year overall survival rates were 87.1% and 86.2% for patients with T1 versus 82.7% and 80.7% for patients with T2 (p < 0.001) in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Result database and the National Cancer Database. The 10-year overall survival rates were 71.3% and 66.3% for patients with T1 versus 62.2% and 57.2% for patients with T2 tumors (p < 0.001) in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Result database and the National Cancer Database. The 5- and 10-year disease-specific survival for colorectal cancer in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Result database was 97.0% (T1) versus 95.2% (T2) and 94.1% (T1) versus 90.3% (T2). Black race (HR = 1.26 and 1.65 for overall survival and disease-specific survival in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Result database; HR = 1.20 for overall survival in the National Cancer Database) was associated with worse survival. The study was limited by intrinsic biases related to large administrative data sets. Within stage I colorectal cancer, T2 tumors have decreased overall survival and disease-specific survival as compared with T1 cancers. This survival difference may justify revising the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system to include the subclassification of stage Ia (T1N0M0) and stage Ib (T2N0M0). See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B659. ANTECEDENTES:La octava edición del American Joint Committee on Cancer, clasifica los cánceres colorrectales no metastásicos con ganglios negativos, que invaden la submucosa (T1) y la muscularis propia (T2) como tumores en estadio I sin subclasificación adicional.OBJETIVO:El objetivo del estudio fue comparar la sobrevida de los cánceres colorrectales T1N0M0 versus T2N0M0 e investigar los factores asociados con la disminución de la sobrevida.DISEÑO:Análisis de dos grandes conjuntos de datos poblacionales.MARCO:El estudio se realizó analizando datos del Programa de Epidemiología de Vigilancia y Resultados Finales (SEER) y la Base de Datos Nacional del Cáncer.PACIENTES:Pacientes adultos en los cuales se realizó una resección mayor sin terapia adicional por cáncer colorrectal en estadio I.PRINCIPALES VARIABLES ANALIZADAS:Sobrevida global y específica de la enfermedad para los cánceres T1 versus T2. Se realizó un análisis de subgrupos según la ubicación del tumor (colon versus recto).RESULTADOS:Se incluyeron un total de 30.228 (36,4% T1 y 63,6% T2) y 41.670 (41,1% T1 y 58,9% T2) pacientes en las bases de datos SEER y la Base de Datos Nacional del Cáncer, respectivamente. La sobrevida global a 5 años fue del 87,1% y el 86,2% para los pacientes con T1 frente al 82,7% y el 80,7% de los pacientes con T2 (p < 0,001) en el SEER y la Base de Datos Nacional del Cáncer, respectivamente. La sobrevida global a 10 años fue del 71,3% y el 66,3% para los pacientes con T1 frente al 62,2% y el 57,2% de los pacientes con tumores T2 (p < 0,001) en el SEER y la Base de Datos Nacional del Cáncer, respectivamente. La sobrevida específica de la enfermedad a 5 y 10 años para el cáncer colorrectal en el SEER fue del 97,0% (T1) frente al 95,2% (T2) y del 94,1% (T1) frente al 90,3% (T2), respectivamente. La grupo étnico afroamericano se asoció con una sobrevida menor (Hazard Ratio -HR 1,26 y 1,65 para la sobrevida general y sobrevida específica de la enfermedad-SEER; HR 1,20 para la sobrevida general-Base de de Datos Nacional del Cáncer).LIMITACIONES:Sesgos intrínsecos relacionados con el análisis de grandes conjuntos de datos.CONCLUSIONES:Dentro del cáncer colorrectal en estadio I, los tumores T2 han disminuido la sobrevida general y la sobrevida específica de la enfermedad, en comparación con los cánceres T1. Esta diferencia de sobrevida puede justificar la revisión del sistema de estadificación del American Joint Committee on Cancer para incluir la subclasificación del estadio Ia (T1N0M0) y el estadio Ib (T2N0M0). Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B659.

[Lung transplant therapy for suppurative diseases].

Lung transplantation is a valid therapeutic approach for patients with bronchiectasis. The objective of the present study was to evaluate our experience with bronchiectasis patients and compare the results in patients with cystic fibrosis to results in those with bronchiectasis caused by other processes. We carried out a retrospective study of bronchiectasis patients treated by lung transplantation in order to analyze demographic, functional and microbiological characteristics before and after transplantation, and survival. From 1991 to 2002 lung transplants were performed on 171 patients, 44 of whom had suppurative lung disease (27 had cystic fibrosis and 17 had bronchiectasis caused by other processes). There were no significant differences in the demographic variables between the 2 groups. At transplantation, lung function variables showed severe bronchial obstruction (mean [SD] forced expiratory volume in 1 second of 808 [342] mL and forced vital capacity of 1,390 [611] mL) and respiratory insufficiency (PaO2 at 52 [10] mm Hg and PaCO2 at 48 [9] mm Hg). Only PaO2 was significantly lower in patients with bronchiectasis from causes other than cystic fibrosis. Airway colonization was present in 91% of the patients; Pseudomonas spp germs were detected in 64% of the cases and were multiresistant in 9%. In the early postoperative period germs were isolated in 59% of the cases, half of which involved the same germ as had been isolated before transplantation. One year after lung transplantation, 34% of the patients continued to have bronchial colonization. Survival at 1 year was 79% and at 5 years, 49%, with no significant difference between the patients with cystic fibrosis and those with other suppurative diseases, nor between the patients with and without Pseudomonas colonization. Only 2 patients had died of bacterial pneumonia at 1 month after transplantation. Although airway colonization in patients with suppurative diseases complicates postoperative management, the results in terms of survival are good.