The injection of platelet-rich-plasma (PRP) into the effected tissue addresses all three healing stages necessary to reverse the degenerative process. The individual cytokines present in the platelet α-granules have been shown to enhance fibroblast migration and proliferation, upregulate vascularization, and increases collagen deposition in a variety of in vitro and in vivo settings [Molloy 2004]. Autologous PRP contains concentrated white blood cells and platelets that are suspended in plasma. Since an acidic anticoagulant (Anticoagulant Citrate Dextrose Solution A) is used to allow for processing of the whole blood via centrifugation, the PRP must be buffered to increase the pH to normal physiologic levels prior for injection into the effected tissue. This is accomplished with the addition of an 8.4% sodium bicarbonate solution at a ratio 0.05cc of sodium bicarbonate solution to 1cc of platelet concentrate. The resulting buffered platelet concentrate contains approximately 6 to 8 times concentration of platelets compared to baseline whole blood.