Pain will be assessed using a verbal numeric rating scale (NRS), where 0 refers to " no pain " and 10 refers to " the worst pain imaginable ". Pain at the surgical site and post-thoracotomy shoulder pain will be assessed separately. Post-thoracotomy shoulder pain will be treated with acetaminophen 975 mg every 6 hours and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or opioids as needed.