Multiple treatment options are available for the treatment of kidney or ureteral calculi. Treatment options include shock wave lithotripsy (SWL; shock waves are transmitted through the body wall and focused onto the stone to break the stone into gravel), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL; a small flank incision is made and a telescope inserted into the kidney to allow stone fragmentation and removal from the patient), and ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URS; a small telescope is inserted into the ureter or kidney and a laser is used to break up the stone into gravel).