Need for Long-term and Generalizable Data: In contrast to the seminal Alberta trial which showed a significant LV mass reduction with home nocturnal hemodialysis, the recently reported Frequent Hemodialysis Network Nocturnal Trial demonstrated only a trend toward reduction in LV mass. It is likely that the highly selected participants, inadequate trial power and duration (12 months) account for the observed results. Currently, it is unknown whether INHD, which is less intensive but more feasible for most ESRD patients, is associated with similar cardiovascular benefits in the long term.