In addition to early studies, which focused on the mechano-proliferative effects, later studies in proliferant injection therapy considered its affect on both subjective pain levels and more objective outcomes such as functional status. For example, in Ongley's study, more patients in the experimental group showed improvements in pain with a concomitant decrease in levels of disability. Faber et al, using a dextrose, phenol, and glycerin containing proliferant, were able to document an increase in the size of sacroiliac ligaments. They also were able to show a moderate to marked improvement in pain and function in subjects who received prolotherapy in concert with manipulation versus controls who received saline injections and sham manipulations. Reeves et al showed that prolotherapy solution consisting of 10% dextrose resulted in clinically and statistically significant improvements in patients with knee osteoarthritis. The clinically significant changes were seen in joint pain, subjective joint swelling, flexion range of motion, and in tendency to buckle, all signs which significantly impact level of function.