Endpoints measured Change in gut Permeability To determine resting, baseline intestinal permeability the method of Pals was used. This method determines intestinal permeability by supplying the non-digestable sugars lactulose, and rhamnose and estimates intestinal and gastric permeability by recovery of these sugar probes in the urine. In healthy gut epithelia, lactulose has very limited transport across the gut barrier. Rhamnose crosses the small intestinal epithelia via a transcellular route and serves as internal control to account for gastric emptying rate, intestinal transit time and renal function. The larger lactulose molecule can only cross gut epithelia via a paracellular route through tight junctions. Therefore a higher ratio of lactulose to rhamnose recovered in the urine indicates compromised intestinal barrier function. Exercise stress has been demonstrated to significantly increase the urinary lactulose/rhamnose ratio . Similar to our proposed exercise stress model, this method has been used to demonstrate that running at 80% VO2max for an hour doubles gut permeability compared to baseline.