Oral alkali replacements are readily available, safe and include the following formulations sodium bicarbonate, BiCitra (sodium citrate and citric acid), PolyCitra (citric acid, sodium citrate, and potassium citrate), polycitra-K (potassium citrate and citric acid). In contrast to sodium bicarbonate, citrate is converted to bicarbonate in the liver and thus this conversion is affected by liver disease. Usual adult doses for urinary alkalinization are 325 to 2000 mg orally 1 to 4 times a day. One gram provides 12 mEq (mmoL) each of sodium and bicarbonate, and is titrated to a goal of urine pH of 8.0. In a prospective open-label trial 4 g of sodium bicarbonate was administered orally 3 times daily to 9 healthy volunteers for 24 hours, and after 10 hours all participants had a urine pH ≥ 7 and after 20 hours all participants had urine pH ≥ 8. No adverse effects or abnormal blood results were documented during the 24-hour follow-up. Urinary alkalinization should solubilize UUA thereby increasing the concentration of uric acid in urine and decreasing precipitation and crystallization of UUA. It is unknown whether alkalinization of urine reduces UUA precipitation and crystallization in type 1 diabetes.