pCLE itself safely provides high-resolution, real-time images of the human lung at cellular resolution in situ. Alone, however, it provides no functional or molecular information. The investigators have therefore embarked on a discovery programme to synthesise highly sensitive smartprobes, detectable by pCLE and specifically directed against key inflammatory events. This provides a new dimension of clinical application for this cutting-edge technology. NAP, the prototype has now been validated in vitro and in vivo where it is effective at a dose of < 10µg and generates a powerful fluorescent signal in < 30 sec. Our pilot study aims are to apply the combined utility of pCLE and NAP in healthy volunteers and patients with inflammatory lung disease. The study will also provide a prototypic foundation that can be applied to future smartprobes, not only in the lung but in any organ accessible to endoscopy.