The therapeutic use of neuroimmune regulators in HIV infection has been poorly explored. In brief, the nervous system has evolutionary mechanisms of reflex control of the inflammatory response, such as cholinergic anti-inflammatory reflex (RCA). Cholinergic stimulation through the use of nicotinic agonists has shown promising effects in murine and cellular models of systemic inflammation. Since cholinergic agonists are rapidly degraded or cause side effects, we performed a pilot study using pyridostigmine (Mestinon®), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (ACh-E), in HIV-infected patients. We observed that administration of pyridostigmine decreases the activation and proliferation of HIV-infected T cells, reduces the production of interferon (IFN) -gamma and increases that of interleukin (IL) -10 (Valdés-Ferrer SI et al., AIDS Research And Human Retrovir 2009). In a second open-label pilot study in seven chronically infected patients with full virological suppression but without concomitant elevation of CD4+ T cell counts, we found that the addition of pyridostigmine to ART led to a sustained and significant increase in the number of CD4 + T cells (PRS record: NCT00518154; in preparation for publication). These results suggest that the addition of pyridostigmine to antiretroviral therapy may be beneficial in achieving and maintaining immunological homeostasis in patients with HIV.