The second component of this study incorporates metabolomic profiling as we refine the perioperative management of cardiac surgery patient to improve their cerebral outcome. Despite enormous research efforts over the last decades, currently there is no specific and single neurologic biomarker (or panels of biomarkers) that has been validated for clinical use. Meanwhile, neuro-imaging (CT and MRI) remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of cerebral injury. Organ-specific biomarkers, if identified, have the potential to be a reliable and cost-effective method to diagnose, guide management, classify severity of stroke, anticipate cognitive function, and predict complications. Recently, metabolomic profiling has enabled comprehensive analyses of changes in metabolic fuel selection in a variety of models, including cardioplegic arrest. Advances in analytical technology have enabled quantitative analysis of several hundreds of metabolites in a single measurement with high throughput and sensitivity.