The exclusion criteria for all participants were pregnancy,diabetes mellitus,corticosteroids administrated in one months or less prior to enrollment, spinal fractures, surgery, infectious diseases, tumors, spina bifida, advanced forms of spinal deformity, hip diseases, and neuromuscular disorders. Additional exclusion criteria for LBP participants were self-reported pain levels of less than 3 on the Visual Analog Scale to account for patients commonly encountered in clinical practice, and inability to remain in prone and supine hook-lying positions for 10 minutes each in order to ensure compliance.