- pregnancy or lactation, smoker, acute disease or infection, chronic renal disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73m2), live enzymes 3 times above the normal range, positive islet autoantibody, fasting c-peptide <1.0ng/L, severe hypertriglyceridemia (triglyceride >5.6mmol/L), cardiovascular events or surgery within 3 months, taking glucocorticoid, history of acute or chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic tumor, severe cardiac or pneumonic disease.