- Risk factors: Diabetes, Current or recent cigarette smoking (within the last 12 months), LDL>130, low HDL <50 women, HDL <45 men, history of metabolic syndrome, hypertension (SPB>140), family history of premature (<60 year) CAD, Atherosclerotic carotid artery disease OR atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease (APVD) as defined by ankle-brachial index below 0.9 and/or by abnormal duplex ultrasound, CT angiography, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or conventional invasive angiogram or previous revascularization procedure.