MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample size was estimated on the basis of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III (Bayley) where the mean is 100 and the standard deviation is 15. Using an effect size of 0.20 standard deviation, a beta of .05 and power of .80, and accommodating for clustering within villages and attrition, the investigators require a sample size of 800 for each group (intervention and control). Severely anemic children (< 8 mg/L) will be referred for treatment and not included in the study.