Sample size: In the rural areas in which the current study will be conducted, mortality between day 1 and day 42 is 2.9%. A recent trial in Ghana indicated that three home visits during the first week of life to promote essential new-born care practices and to weigh and assess children for danger signs was associated with an 8% (-12 to 25%) reduction in neonatal mortality. Assuming that our single home visit reduces the neonatal mortality by a maximum of 10%, and the effect of BCG+OPV is at least a 40% reduction in mortality we need to follow 4926 new-borns (power 80%; significance level 5%; one-sided; cluster design effect 1.1). We expect a 3% censoring due to migration, and we therefore need to enrol 5079 new-borns. In the study villages, the annual number of births is 2300 and 65% are vaccinated by BHP nurses.