In this proposal, the applicant's prior clinical trials research experience will be integrated with new mentoring in functional neuroimaging (fMRI) to facilitate identification of treatment-related symptom and neural change following cognitive control training. Bridging research on basic neurocognitive mechanisms of PTSD with intervention research in this way will ultimately facilitate precise neurotherapeutic treatment development and personalization techniques. In this randomized controlled trial (RCT), 80 Veterans with PTSD will be assigned to the cognitive control training program developed by the applicant (intervention condition: COGnitive ENhancement Training [COGENT]), or a minimal cognitive control program (sham training condition [ST]) completed twice week for 8 weeks. The COGENT training program requires participants to repeatedly utilize specific cognitive control functions (i.e., interference control) in the context of a modified working memory capacity task, with the goal of improving performance through implicit, practice-based learning. The primary outcome will be PTSD symptom reduction, and cognitive generalization will be assessed with a brief neuropsychological assessment. To evaluate changes in the neural bases proposed to underlie COGENT, participants will undergo fMRI while completing two cognitive control tasks (affectively neutral and emotionally balanced) before and after treatment. Assessments will occur at baseline, post-treatment, and at follow-up.