MNCH mentoring In each district MNCH mentors (MMs), a new staff cadre, will be recruited and trained (Gulbarga 5; Bellary 4), each responsible for the intervention in 6-7 experimental/intervention PHCs. We will also train 3 additional MMs to act as a back-up (2 in Gulbarga and one in Bellary), total 12 mentors. The MMs will attend some of the PHC staff training but will also be trained for 4 weeks by project staff at St John's Medical College in essential clinical competencies and in how to mentor staff in clinical skills, team building and problem solving, service delivery improvement, as well as in how to be effective mentors. The MNCH mentors will be senior nurses, selected based on specific criteria such as clinical experience, training and mentoring abilities, and experience/familiarity with government health systems. They will be guided by a Mentoring Coordinator in each district who will support the mentors' activities and liaise between them, the PHCs, district government staff and KHPT district staff. During the first year, the mentors will be trained by the Project to (a) provide clinical mentoring in safe delivery to staff nurses by hands-on coaching; (b) provide mentoring in how to improve the quality of services by building teamwork and introducing problem solving initiatives to address other aspects of service delivery (including especially referral processes); and in year 2 to mentor ANMs who will come to the PHC during the MNCH mentor visits, in providing antenatal, postpartum and newborn care, and referrals and follow up.