The outcome of esophageal cancer is poor, with an overall 5-year survival rate of 10% worldwide. In resectable esophageal cancer, outcome can be improved by multimodality treatment. The current standard treatment of resectable esophageal cancer consists of neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by resection. In the Netherlands, the preferred chemoradiation regimen consists of carboplatin plus paclitaxel with concurrent radiotherapy in 23 fractions of 1.8 Gray.1 In a meta-analysis the benefit of chemoradiation over surgery alone for both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma has been shown.2 However, not all patients benefit from this preoperative treatment regimen. Some patients develop recurrent disease despite chemoradiation and additional (systemic) treatment might have been indicated. In contrast, in other patients a (nearly) complete response is observed after chemoradiation and those patients could possibly have been treated with a less extensive treatment regimen. Furthermore, in patients without a threatened circumferential resection margin (CRM) and lymph node metastases chemoradiotherapy could possibly be omitted, reducing patients' risk for complications and unnecessary, expensive treatment. Thus, stratification of patients with esophageal cancer is urgently needed. Functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques (MRI) can provide in vivo, quantitative information on tumor biology and may prove to be a useful non-invasive tool for this purpose. In this project, ultra-small superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIO) enhanced MRI using ferumoxytol (Rienso®), diffusion weighted MRI (DWI) and T2* MRI will be developed, both in terms of improvement of acquisition and data processing techniques. For patients with esophageal cancer, the proposed acquisition techniques and data processing have not been performed before.