Background & Rational Uganda and Switzerland are two examples of regions in the world that have experienced the era of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in substantially different ways. While European patients had access to ART from the beginning of drug development, ART was made accessible to patients from sub-Saharan Africa many years later. HIV-infected patients in resource-limited settings were not subjected to the early days of treatment, were mono therapy was tried or combinations of drugs that are off the market nowadays. Furthermore, in contrast to European patients, patients from resource-limited settings were constantly confronted with economic constraints leading to stock-outs for instance. Cultural aspects, such as stigma and fear of disclosure, differ as well, and are well known to influence individual adherence and treatment outcome substantially.