The revised therapeutic programs that developed in response to these criticisms drew on overlapping models linking health beliefs to health behavior and to self-efficacy as described by Bandura. These new models rely on an expectancy-value theory of behavior; that behavioral change is not a simple learned response to reinforcement, but that learning is influenced by the individual's cognitive belief (expectancy) that s/he will be able to change functioning with positive consequences (self-efficacy) and by his/her expectations (values) of the potential benefits of and barriers to behavioral change. Thus the new therapeutic programs, the most well-known and widely practiced of which is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), seek to mediate behavioral change through cognitive relearning. The cognitive behavioral therapist uses a number of methods -- including education about pain, verbal reinforcement for positive cognitions and actions, biofeedback, group therapy allowing patients to observe and learn from each other, and teaching of cognitive tools to repress negative thoughts -- to help the patient develop positive expectations of behavior change, minimize negative expectations, and internalize the conviction of his/her own ability to overcome barriers and effectively self-manage pain In effect, the patient becomes the agent of change.