This BPD is associated with arrested alveolar growth and development, with reduction in alveolar surface area and pulmonary capillary blood volume. Yet, little is known about the trajectory of associated lung changes through childhood. Traditional measures of pulmonary function are lower in school aged children with history of BPD than in those preterm-born without BPD, but they may still be within normal reference ranges. There is, however, evidence that pulmonary function declines more steeply between age 8-18 years in those with BPD and that lower infant lung function predicts lower adult lung function.