Support for the proposed application for MP4OX as a therapeutic adjunct to standard treatment of severe hemorrhage shock, is based on multiple preclinical studies in different animal models of hemorrhagic shock resuscitation. These preclinical studies demonstrated that survival was greater and restoration of acid-base status and hemodynamics were improved with MP4OX. The benefits of MP4OX in animals were observed with or without co-administration of autologous blood, demonstrating that red cell transfusion alone was insufficient, and that the effects of MP4OX were additive.