Currently, it is recommended that NSAIDs be avoided or used only for a limited duration in patients classified as high cardiovascular risk (8). These recommendations are supported by studies demonstrating that even short-term NSAID use increased the incidence of cardiovascular events in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (9,10) and following a myocardial infarction (11,12). However, long-term treatment with COX-2-selective NSAIDs also increased the incidence of cardiovascular events in patients considered to be at low baseline risk (13,14), consistent with risk transformation due to atherogenesis and indicating traditional cardiovascular risk factors alone are not sufficient to guide therapeutic decisions. Thus, additional studies are necessary to define comprehensively the factors that modify the cardiovascular risk of NSAID use and facilitate the progressive personalization of NSAID therapy.