Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), chronic immune activation persists and is a major driver of HIV disease progression and mortality among HIV-infected individuals. Importantly, persistent inflammation is strongly associated with increased cardiovascular events, accelerated liver disease, impaired immunologic recovery (e.g. low CD4 count, low CD4 to CD8 ratio), and mortality. Therefore, addressing persistent inflammation remains a major goal to restoring health in HIV-infected individuals.