- BHD is in the family of harmatomaous disorders similar to TSC and Cowden Syndrome, and studies have found activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway in BHD renal tumors. FLCN is believed be part of a complex that interacts with AMPK and is involved with regulation of mTOR activity. In vitro and in vivo models of FLCN loss demonstrate activation of both mTORC1 and mTORC2.