Pancreatitis was graded as mild, moderate, or severe. The severity was determined according to consensus guidelines, with mild post-ERCP pancreatitis resulting in a hospitalization of ≤3 days, moderate post-ERCP pancreatitis resulting in a hospitalization of 4-10 days, and severe post-ERCP pancreatitis resulting in a hospitalization of > 10 days, or leading to the development of pancreatic necrosis or pseudocyst, or requiring percutaneous or surgical intervention.