Within approximately 2 weeks, but no later than 4 weeks, after DOT (post-DOT phase), the research team will review the results from the HIV-1 viral load kinetics, current and cumulative genotypic and/or phenotypic resistance tests, ART history and responses, and other identified factors that could have contributed to the treatment failure (such as concomitant medications, history of antiretroviral AEs, and psychosocial barriers). The team will then design a new, individualized treatment plan for each subject. Subjects will either continue on their pre-enrollment ART regimen, or they will receive a new, individually tailored regimen. Only FDA-approved therapeutic agents will be offered on this protocol. Subjects may be co-enrolled in an experimental protocol for optimal management of HIV disease, if one is available and eligibility criteria are met. New regimens will be monitored during a second 7-day, inpatient, self-guided DOT. Subjects will be followed after the DOT at week 2 (plus/minus 3 working days), 4 (plus/minus 3 working days), 8 (plus/minus 7 days), and 12 (plus/minus 7 days), and then every 3 months (plus/minus 2 weeks) for up to 2 years, with the option of extending participation longer if necessary. The same treatment plan may be repeated if a subject fails to respond to a new regimen.