Studies by Gan and Levine with adult post-op hysterectomy patients in one study and adult patients following tooth extraction in a separate study show that low dose Naloxone could enhance the analgesic potency of opioid agonists. The striking consistency of these studies provides evidence that clinical treatment of pain can be improved by administering opioid analgesics together with low doses of excitatory opioid receptor antagonists. The possibility of these same effects occurring in Pediatric ICU patients has not been explored.