Low-dose aspirin (ASA) (at least 30 mg/day) prevents only 13% of subsequent vascular events after minor cerebral ischemia of arterial origin. Anticoagulation (AC) has been proven highly effective in preventing vascular events after myocardial infarction and after cerebral ischemia in patients with atrial fibrillation. A previous study on the effects of AC after cerebral ischemia of arterial origin (SPIRIT) showed that high intensity AC (INR 3.0 to 4.5) is not safe, but that mild AC (INR 2.0 to 3.0) was. The 2nd European Stroke Prevention Trial (ESPS-2) reported a 22% relative risk reduction of the combination of ASA and dipyridamole (DIP) above that of ASA only; its results, however, are subject to debate.