Psychosocial problems also become manifest using health-related quality-of-life (QOL) symptom scores. The study of QOL in children with OSA has become an area of scholarly interest in the last 15 years. It was only in 2000 that an OSA-specific QOL questionnaire was first developed and validated for use in children (2000 Franco). A recent meta-analysis of QOL following adenotonsillectomy revealed significant improvements in QOL scores in patients undergoing surgery for all severity levels of OSA.(2008 Baldassari) This meta-analysis included studies using validated QOL instruments, namely the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) and OSA-18.