Treatment will be given to all malaria-positive individuals on microscopic examination. The treatment will be provided based on suitable dose for body weight as recommended by the Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia (Table 1). The drug that will be given is 3-day dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHP) treatment and 1-day primaquine (PQ) treatment for P. falciparum. For patients who are infected by P. vivax and P. ovale,PQ will be given for 14 days; while the dose of DHP is equal to the dose for P. falciparum infection. Treatment for P.malariae infected subjects is similar with that for P. falciparum but without PQ. For individuals in all arms, the drug will be given by health care personnel at their houses assisted by health care volunteers of the integrated health post (Posyandu cadre).