Diabetes results when the insulin secretory capacity of the beta cell population is lost or severely compromised. Plasma insulin levels have been used as a surrogate marker of beta cell mass (BCM) but insulin levels often do not correlate well with BCM and a "gold standard of measurement" to obtain this type of information would be of great value. The aim of the proposed study is to evaluate an islet imaging technique using PET scanning that will be able to be used for directly measuring BCM and thus provide valuable information for monitoring disease progress and response to therapy in people with diabetes and in people at high risk for diabetes. Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) occurs when the beta cells are selectively destroyed by a T cell mediated autoimmune process. People at high risk for developing T1DM, such as first degree relatives of patients with T1DM, can be sometimes be identified before the disease develops by measuring autoantibodies to beta cells, however this test is neither very sensitive or specific. In contrast, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) occurs in a setting of insulin resistance leading to hyperinsulinemia. In people at high risk for T2DM, beta cell mass increases to meet the demand for more insulin. The individual becomes diabetic when the BCM and insulin production can no longer compensate for the increased need for insulin, and blood glucose begins to rise. Loss of BCM may then occur as T2DM advances. People at high risk for T2DM include first degree relatives of patients with T2DM and those with obesity, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Little is known about the natural history of BCM, turnover and cell lifetime, or the course of inflammation in diabetes. This is principally because the pancreas is a highly heterogeneous organ that is difficult to biopsy without significant complications, and BCM is only 1-2% of the organ. Accurate assessment of BCM in human diabetes is limited to autopsy studies, which usually suffer from inadequate clinical information; thus, the development of noninvasive means of BCM measurement could be important, not only in intervention therapy of T1DM and T2DM, islet regeneration/stem cell therapy and islet transplantation.