Background: In 2010, approximately 39000 Canadians had end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and the prevalence rate of dialysis has increased by 189% over the past 2 decades. The annual mortality rate remains high at ~15%, and cardiovascular events are the leading cause of death. Intensification of conventional dialysis schedules has been the major focus in recent years. Currently, most Canadian dialysis patients receive conventional in-center hemodialysis (CHD), which is administered as a 3-4 hour session 3/week. Recent research has focused on home nocturnal hemodialysis (8 hours of hemodialysis at home for 5-6 nights/week), which may have substantial cardiovascular benefits, including regression of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, improved LV ejection fraction and enhanced blood pressure control. Nevertheless, this dialysis modality is only feasible in a highly selected minority of ESRD patients who can self-manage their dialysis treatment at home. In-center nocturnal hemodialysis (INHD), administered as 7-8 hours of hemodialysis in hospital for 3nights/week, represents a promising and practical alternative for many dialysis patients. In a Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR) supported cohort study, the investigators have recruited 67 patients and have completed 1-year follow-up. There is a compelling need for longer-term follow-up, since all the published randomized controlled trials are of short duration (6-12 months), while renal replacement therapy is a life-long treatment. Furthermore, the observed large variability of cardiac remodeling in individual ESRD patients remains poorly understood. Therefore, the current study is an extended follow-up phase (5 years from enrollment) on the completed 1-year follow-up period and the purpose of this study is to objectively evaluate the long-term effects of more intensified hemodialysis treatment which the INHD modality offers.