Importantly, limited investigation of cognitive remediation therapy has been performed in these populations. Only one study has been conducted to examine the impact of a non-standardized intervention protocol aimed at improving cognitive functioning in PTSD. Here, clinically (but not statistically) significant improvements were noted in a small pilot study on measures of cognitive functioning after employing bottom-up executive training approach in conjunction with transcranial direct current sample of four patients. Previously, the investigators have applied computer-assisted cognitive remediation, a bottom-up restitution based approach, in patients with MDD, resulting in improvements in performance on working memory tasks in conjunction with increased functional activity in lateral prefrontal and parietal areas, however, the broad benefits of this training observed in a small sample (n=12) did not generalize to a larger group.