The surgical methods were divided in 5 groups. Total ExtraPeritoneal (TEP) (Reference group), TransAbdominal PrePeritoneal (TAPP), Open anterior mesh technique (OAM i.e Lichtenstien), Open anterior non mesh ( ONM i.e Shouldice, McVay, Bassini), Combined Anterior end posterior Techniques (CAP i.e. Plug, Prolene Hernia System, Onestep), and Open Preperitoneal Mesh Techniques (OPT).