The patient's surgical procedure will be carried out as planned. The only alteration of the surgical procedure will be the placement of a subdural electrode strip (1x6 cortical strip: Integra: Plainsboro, NJ) on the brain cortex adjacent to the operative site at the end of the procedure. These strips are standard, FDA approved, disposable, pre-sterilized devices used routinely for epilepsy monitoring. In addition, the investigators have used these strips as part of our post-injury IRB approved protocol (10-159) for many days after surgery. The cortical strip (plus a dermal reference electrode on the mastoid or apex of the skull) will be monitored with a Moberg CNS monitor. (Moberg Research, Ampler, PA).The Moberg monitor is a modified version of a standard clinical use multiparametric monitoring system shown below which was cleared by the FDA in 2008. The only difference is the ECog amplifier, which allows for direct full frequency spectrum DC recording.