Understanding how to help patients improve their treatment adherence is challenging and multifaceted. A recent Cochrane Review concluded that: "For long-term treatments, no simple intervention, and only some complex ones, led to improvements in health outcomes.". The healthcare service has tried to help patients by promoting the patient's own role in their healthcare and in educating patients about their illness and the treatments. However, it is widely acknowledged that education alone is insufficient to change a patient's behaviour. Educating patients about the consequences of non-adherence is often unsuccessful as for some patients, they have become entrenched in poor health care behaviour over extended periods of time. In this case, repeated exposure of the patient to threatening health-risk information might be ineffective as the patient has likely become well rehearsed in discounting the information being provided, and the behaviour of the patient will not change.