HIV infected and uninfected children and pregnant women residing in Tororo, Uganda and receiving care at local health care facilities including the Tororo District Hospital (TDH), perinatal facilities, HIV clinics and the IDRC research clinic. HIV uninfected children, pregnant women and non-pregnant adults also enrolled through TDH, perinatal facilities or other area clinics. Each participant can enroll at the time they present to one of the clinics with uncomplicated malaria