CBT has been shown to be effective in controlled trials of treatment pain in cancer patients; of chronic low-back pain; of osteoarthritic knee pain; of sickle cell disease; of pediatric migraine; and of recurrent abdominal pain in children. CBT with family involvement has been found to be an effective intervention for adolescents with chronic pain and chronic fatigue 31-33. Flor, Fydrich, and Turk's 1992 analysis of 65 studies of multidisciplinary treatments for chronic low back pain in adults, covering a number of variants of cognitive, behavioral, and coping skills training packages, noted that many of the studies were "marginal" in quality, but nevertheless demonstrated that these methods were superior to no treatment and to single-modality treatment -- medical or physical therapy -- in decreasing pain and impairment, improving mood, promoting return to work, and decreasing health services utilization. "Even at follow up, patients...are functioning better than 75%" of control groups; the findings of efficacy are "quite impressive". A recent systematic review of behavioral treatment for low back pain again found only six studies "of high quality". The authors nevertheless thought the evidence strong that behavioral therapy had at least "a moderate positive effect" on pain intensity and "small positive effects" on functional status; but they noted that "it is still unknown what type of patients benefit most" from behavioral therapies.