Anthropometric measurements Data was recorded using customized case report forms. Obstetric data, such as glycemic tests, gestational age, and mode of delivery, were retrieved from the medical records. Pre-pregnancy weight was self-reported. Mothers' height was measured twice to the nearest 0.1 cm with a wall-mounted stadiometer. Mothers' weight was measured twice to the nearest 0.1 kg with a medical balance scale before delivery, on postpartum days 42 and 90. The weight, length, and head circumference of the infants were measured at birth, on days 42 and 90. The infants were weighed twice in nude using a precision scale (Seca, CA, USA). Body length and head circumference were measured twice to the nearest 0.1 cm with a length board and non-stretchable measuring tapes (Seca, CA, USA). The mean values of the two readings were used for data analysis.