The study population concerned obese pregnant women (BMI ≥ 30 kg / m² before pregnancy) and their newborn and normal weight pregnant women (18.5 ≤IMC <25 kg/m²) and their newborn as control. Inclusion criteria were body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2 or 18.5 ≤ BMI < 25 kg/m2, 18 ≤ age ≤ 40 years, singleton pregnancy. Exclusion criteria were: 25 ≤ BMI <30 kg/m2, age < 18 or > 40 years, multiple pregnancy, first consultation after 18 WG, pregestational diabetes, obesity due to genetic disorder or secondary to intracranial tumor or radiotherapy, bariatric surgery, chronic diseases other than the obesity, inability to converse in French language. The matching criteria for controls were: age ± 5 years, primigravida or multigravida, duration of gestation ± 4 weeks.