Drug resistance has been associated with increased numbers of hospital admissions, increased cases of clinical malaria and malaria-specific mortality . Several strategies have been proposed as means by which the spread of antimalarial drugs resistance could be delayed. These strategies include reducing drug pressure, improving the quality of drug use, using combinations of antimalarial drugs and use of vector control measures. Restricting the use of drugs to reduce drug pressure is presently unrealistic due to poor access to health facilities and a lack of equipment. Improving the quality of use of antimalarials through the use of pre-packaged doses, education and training is a sound control strategy. However, the impact of this strategy on drug resistance has not yet been evaluated. Another promising approach to contain drug resistance is the use of combination therapies. The most successful combinations so far are those using artemisinin and its derivatives. It is likely that implementing combination therapy in resource limited countries will be hampered by its high cost. Given their impact in reducing malaria transmission, cases of clinical malaria and all-cause malaria mortality, insecticide-treated materials (ITMs) have recently been proposed as a potential tool for delaying the development and spread of drug resistance. So far, the debate on the interaction between malaria transmission intensity and drug resistance has been driven by analytical models and, to our knowledge, only 2 field studies have yet addressed the impact of ITMs on antimalarial drug resistance. If ITMs reduced the development and spread of antimalarial drug resistance, this would enhance their usefulness as a malaria control tool. This study examines the impact of insecticide-treated curtains (ITC)used over 6-8 years on the prevalence of antimalarial drug resistance in Burkina Faso.