- Participants who have two or more of the following cardiac risk factors: (1) participant report of history of elevated blood cholesterol defined as fasting low-density lipoprotein (LDL) greater than 160 mg/dL; (2) first degree relative (e.g., mother, father, sister, or brother) who had coronary artery disease before the age of 50 years; (3) current smoker; or (4) body mass index greater than or equal to 35.