Studies indicate that echinacea preparations containing N-alkylamides are bioavailable in humans and can suppress stress-related cellular immune responses (Life Sci 2009;85(3-4):97-106). Echinacea preparations containing N-alkylamides have been linked to multiple immune-modulatory activities including enhanced macrophage phagocytic activity and suppression of the proinflammatory responses of epithelial cells to viruses and bacteria (J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012;2012:769896). Echinacea preparations appear to have low potential to generate cytochrome P450 (CYP 450) drug-herb interactions, and there are no verifiable reports of drug-herb interactions. The estimated risk of taking echinacea products is 1 in 100,000, and thus do not appear to pose a risk to consumers (Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008;52(7):789-98).