500 consenting subjects ≥ 65 years of age who present to the BWH Weiner Center for Preoperative Evaluation (CPE) prior to elective thoracic surgery (specifically, thoracoscopic lung resection, lobectomy, thoracotomy, or esophegectomy) and to neurological posterior thoracolumbar spine surgery by neurosurgeons Dr. Groff, Dr. Lu and Dr. Chi. 250 subjects undergoing thoracic surgery will be recruited and 250 subjects undergoing neurological posterior thoracolumbar spine surgery will be recruited (500 total)