A well-designed intervention, it appears, is not enough: not all patients will benefit from CBT. As Dennis Turk, the leading exponent of CBT, has stated, patient motivation is at least one of the critical factors in successful outcomes of this therapeutic model. Jensen and colleagues have recently proposed a cogent general model that integrates the varied theoretical approaches to describe a dynamic process that pivots on this concept of motivation, or readiness to change. An individual's readiness to change, they argue, is essential to his/her ability to learn successful pain self-management through new behaviors; and readiness is a dynamic function of 1) his/her perceived importance of the change (beliefs of the costs and benefits of change, past experience with change (learning history), and current contingencies (availability of social and material support) and 2) his/her self-efficacy beliefs (personal experience, modeling provided by others, verbal persuasion, and perceived barriers). They suggest some clinical approaches for enhancing readiness and promoting change, including encouragement to practice self-management; allowing the patient to observe other pain patients practice self-management; support of positive beliefs and non-judgmental non-support of negative beliefs; and development of a plan to address real or perceived barriers; and they call for research into interventions along these lines to enhance motivation.