Intravenous (IV) opioid analgesia is widely used as a primary method of attaining pain control. While effective, this route of administration has several shortcomings. The insertion of an IV is invasive, painful,, time-consuming, exposes skin to cold injury and delays transport. Opioids also raise the risk of hypotension, hypoxemia and vomiting. In previous work (15), the intranasal (IN) route of medication delivery is rapid, effective and well-tolerated. In addition adverse side effects are minor and transient, and there are no changes in vital signs that required clinical intervention.