The VAS pain scores, the presence and intensity of postoperative sedation (four-point verbal rating scores (VRS): awake, drowsy, rousable or deep sleep), nausea and vomiting (0: no nausea; 1: nausea no vomiting; 2: nausea and vomiting), were reported every 15 min for the first postoperative hour and two-hourly thereafter for the first 48 postoperative hours. The cumulative morphine consumption during the first 24 and 48 postoperative hours were recorded.