Design: The investigators followed nulliparous women with and without GDM and their breastfed term singletons. Women diagnosed with GDM received dietary therapy or insulin injection to maintain euglycemia during pregnancy. Hormone concentrations in BM (i.e., adiponectin, leptin, insulin, and ghrelin) were tested and infant growth was evaluated on days 3, 42 and 90. The investigators compared the hormone concentrations between the GDM and healthy groups, and tested the associations of hormone concentrations with maternal factors (i.e., BMI, plasma glucose concentration, gestational age, and delivery mode) and early infant growth.