The procedures necessary to achieve the desired outcomes are as follows. The first measurement made by the research team will be pre-operative cardiac output (CO) measurement. The ICON device is a non-invasive device that measures CO, or the amount of blood that your heart pumps per minute. This device utilizes four stickers that are attached to skin, two on the left side of the neck and two located on the left side of the chest. These stickers function similarly to electrocardiogram (EKG) stickers that measure the electrical activity of your heart. After attachment of the stickers, the ICON device will be used to make a measurement of CO, which takes 1-2 minutes. After the measurement, the stickers will be removed and the ICON device will not be used again in the study.