TACE leads to predictable tumor necrosis until new blood vessels grow into the tumor margins to support tumor growth. Quite often after cutting off the blood supply through the hepatic artery, the tumor induces active angiogenesis to promote collateral blood vessel growth from liver capsule arteries or collaterals from the gastroduodenal artery. VEGF seems to be an important player in inducing this angiogenetic activity and tumor control and survival of patients after TACE have been linked to serum VEGF-levels with higher levels showing reduced survival.