There is evidence that triamcinolone acetonide (TA) inhibits vasogenic edema and inflammation, decreases vascular leakage, reduces the secretion of VEGF by pigment epithelial cells during oxidative stress and, down-regulates the expression of the VEGF gene in vascular smooth muscle cells Furthermore, TA decreases the paracellular permeability of cultured epithelial cells and down-regulates the inflammatory expression of endothelial adhesion molecules.