During the DCCT, the frequency of cardiovascular events was too low to determine whether the interventions had significantly different effects. During EDIC, two measures of atherosclerosis were employed, ultrasound measurement of carotid intima-media wall thickness (IMT) and electron beam (or multidetector) computed tomography of the heart to measure coronary artery calcification. The progression of IMT during EDIC was decreased in the former intensive therapy group compared with the former conventional therapy group. Similarly, the prevalence of coronary calcification was less in the former intensive treatment group. Both measures were associated with level of glycemia, measured by HbA1c, during the DCCT, independent of other established cardiovascular risk factors. The frequency of major CVD clinical events (defined as any one of the following: fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarctions and stroke, silent myocardial infarctions, angina confirmed by a positive stress test or catheterization, and PTCA or CABG) has increased during EDIC. Preliminary analysis of the clinical events has shown differences between the two DCCT treatment groups that support a benefit of intensive therapy on clinical CVD outcomes, as previously demonstrated for atherosclerosis. Collaboration with the Medical University of South Carolina, supported by an NHLBI Program Project, has explored inflammatory, lipid, and hemorheologic risk factors for micro- and macrovascular disease during EDIC.