All microbiologic testing will be performed onsite in the TB laboratory at the Irkutsk Dispensary. DNA samples will be further analyzed at the Institute Epidemiology and Microbiology/Russian Academy of Medical Sciences in Irkutsk. The subset of subjects positive for M. tuberculosis and initiating TB treatment at the Irkutsk Dispensary will have pharmacokinetic sampling (for research) for plasma anti-TB drug concentrations at 2 weeks and 12 weeks from the initiation of anti-TB treatment (see outline below). If applicable, antiretroviral concentrations (efavirenz or nevirapine) will also be performed. In addition, all subjects will have a structured interview and review of the hospital/clinic chart for the following data: demographics (age, sex, country/region of origin), prior TB history including prior TB treatment regimens, site of TB disease (pulmonary, central nervous system (CNS), lymph node, bone/joint, genitourinary or other), medical comorbidities other than HIV (diabetes, chronic kidney disease, liver disease, smoking, alcohol or injection drug use), current chest radiograph abnormalities, and baseline laboratory values (CBC, chemistries, liver function tests, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and if applicable most recent CD4+ T cell count and HIV-1 RNA level). For the subset initiating anti-TB treatment, follow-up chart review will be performed at the time of subject discharge or death, to determine TB treatment outcome.