Secondly, pre-operative cfPWV, AI, and central aortic pressure measurements will be made. The Sphygmocor device will be utilized to make the pre-operative cfPWV, AI and central aortic pressure measurements. First, the AI measurements will be made using a non-invasive blood pressure cuff placed on the right arm. The patient's blood pressure will be measured twice in a row with this special blood pressure cuff. The blood pressure cuff on the right arm will be removed and then a cuff will be placed around the right thigh. Measurements will be made with a paper ruler from the patient's neck to the cuff on their leg. To make the cfPWV measurements, the cuff on the thigh will inflate while a pressure probe will be placed on the skin of the patient's right neck. Four measurements of cfPWV will be made with this technique.