Patients were excluded if they were attending a one-time disability qualification examination, had no personal phone, were homeless, were treated for depression with antidepressant medication within the previous 3 months, were currently in therapy provided by a mental health specialist, had impaired memory, had a life-threatening physical disease, expressed severe suicidal ideation, were pregnant or breastfeeding, or exhibited alcohol/ drug dependence, bipolar disorder or current psychosis assessed with a diagnostic schedule.