Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac disorder currently affecting 2.3 million U.S. adults with an expected increase in incidence to 5.6 million by the year 2050. Randomized clinical trials have shown that ablation was superior to antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) in maintaining sinus rhythm among patients with symptomatic predominantly paroxysmal AF. However the results for catheter ablation of persistent AF is much lower and more variable, ranging between 20-80%. Moreover there is no agreed-upon standard ablation approach. Prior studies suggest that pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) alone has an unacceptably low success rate so most laboratories supplement this approach with additional lesion sets. These include complex atrial fractionated electrograms ("CAFÉ"), autonomic denervation, and linear left atrial ablation at the roof and mitral isthmus, in an empirical manner or stepwise approach. However, these strategies are time consuming and prone to proarrhythmia, namely post-ablation atrial tachycardias which can occur with an incidence ranging from < 5 to 50%.