Surgical procedures Laparoscopy: (1) Pneumoperitoneum will be established for laparoscopy. Ascites or pelvic peritoneal lavage fluid will be used for cytologic examination. (2) Unilateral or bilateral attachments will be resected, placed in specimen bags, and removed, to be pathologically examined as fast-frozen samples. Alternatively, the ovarian artery and vein will be ligated, and attachments on the lesion side will be resected and placed in the specimen bag, which will be tied and placed at right iliac fossa. (3) The uterus will be resected and removed through the vagina with the specimen bag at the right iliac fossa. (4) Pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes will be resected and separately removed through the vagina. (5) The greater omentum below the transverse colon will be resected and, together with parietal peritoneum at the paracolic sulci and basin side, receive multiple punch biopsies. (6) Removal of vermiform appendix; closure of vaginal stump by vaginal suture and laparoscopic suspension; (7) wound hemostasis, irrigation, and drainage.