Change in inflammatory Cytokines: Plasma levels of IL-6, TNFα, IL-10, IL-17, INFγ, IL-3, MCP-1, IL-15 and GMCSF were measured in the baseline and in the 1 h post exercise samples. Cytokine concentrations were determined by multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) by a commercial vendor (Quansys Biosystems, Logan, UT). These cytokines were selected based on a previous study investigating gut leakiness and MFGM consumption in an LPS-stimulated gut leakiness trial with mice. All cytokines were significantly upregulated in animals with leaky guts except GMCSF, and were significantly lowered in MFGM-fed animals compared to controls. Moreover, Ng et al demonstrated increased plasma levels of IL-10 and IL-6 (50% and 65.2% increase from baseline respectively) in runners immediately following a half marathon. Similarly, plasma levels of IL-6 and TNFα have been demonstrated to be increased from baseline immediately after a marathon. Based on the preliminary data and the aforementioned studies, it was anticipated that increased levels of inflammatory cytokines would be measured after the exercise challenge and it was hypothesized MFGM would abrogate this effect compared to the other recovery beverages.