The exploration of psychological factors as potential mediators of behavior change appears to be particularly promising. The specific cognitive and affective processes proposed by the C-SHIP model as determinants of the uptake of individual health-protective behaviors (e.g., smoking cessation) include: 1) perceived risk; 2) self-efficacy and fatalistic beliefs; 3) expectancies of consequences (i.e., the pros and cons of cessation); and 4) emotional distress. Over the past decade, a sizable literature has accumulated with respect to the psychological correlates of smoking behavior.