Considering all published RCTs, HOUSDEN and DAWES (co-investigators) found a significant 0.46% reduction in HbA1C across 10 RCTs that met their inclusion criteria. However, in a 12- month US Veteran Affairs Medical Centre trial, GA patients had only a 0.3% improvement over patients randomized to individual care (effect size 0.21). Other than study duration, the approach between the US and University of Turin studies appeared similar.