user8475: Life is inherently full of suffering. I wonder if the concept of dukkha applies to non-human animals.

user19009: Yes.  Hell, Preta (hungry ghost), and Animal (non-human) often referred to as Dukkhathi Bhumi (realms of pain and suffering) by Buddha.

user471: Yes.
Haven't you seen animals suffering from pain, hunger, fear, anger, anxiety, jealousy and other negative states of mind, which are based on the three poisons of greed/ lust, aversion and delusion?
All sentient beings with five aggregates (form, feeling, perception, mental formations and consciousness), who are unenlightened, are subject to suffering.
All suffering is caused by craving, which is rooted in ignorance.
Plants are not sentient, as they do not have mental formations and consciousness, and so do not experience suffering (dukkha).

8475: <p>Life is inherently full of suffering. I wonder if the concept of dukkha applies to non-human animals.</p>
 19009: <p>Yes.  Hell, Preta (hungry ghost), and Animal (non-human) often referred to as Dukkhathi Bhumi (realms of pain and suffering) by Buddha.</p>
 471: <p>Yes.</p>
<p>Haven't you seen animals suffering from pain, hunger, fear, anger, anxiety, jealousy and other negative states of mind, which are based on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_poisons" rel="nofollow noreferrer">three poisons</a> of greed/ lust, aversion and delusion?</p>
<p>All sentient beings with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandha" rel="nofollow noreferrer">five aggregates</a> (form, feeling, perception, mental formations and consciousness), who are unenlightened, are subject to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" rel="nofollow noreferrer">suffering</a>.</p>
<p>All suffering is caused by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" rel="nofollow noreferrer">craving</a>, which is rooted in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" rel="nofollow noreferrer">ignorance</a>.</p>
<p>Plants are not sentient, as they do not have mental formations and consciousness, and so do not experience <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" rel="nofollow noreferrer">suffering (dukkha)</a>.</p>
