user289: I think I know some of these, but the rest are a translation muddle. The west seems to not attempt to translate nirvana, sangha, dharma, mantra, mudra, buddha, bodhisattva (and probably a few more) and that for me is actually helpful. I expect that some of these correspond to multiple Pali/Sanskrit words.
Enlightenment. In English, it is an anachronistic reference to the European age of Enlightenment.
Meditation. This word predates the west's contact with Buddhism. I have no idea what non-Buddhist baggage it brings along.
Loving-kindness. This sounds like Christianity projected on Buddhism.
Soul. Seems like this is atman, but everyone seems determined to call it something like "self," which is for a man-in-the-street just a reflexive pronoun. (Does the self exist? Well, as much as any other pronoun, like "he" or "they")
Reincarnation/rebirth. Synonyms in man-in-the-street's English, but I've seen people argue passionately how Buddhism believes one but not the other, sort of like believing in leasing but not renting (which are synonyms).
Repentance. I know for sure this is a big deal in Chinese Buddhism. 
Pure/Purity. Means scrubbed clean of earthly dirt. I know this is a metaphor, but somehow, after 2000 years it falls as flat as if I tried to use a computer metaphor to explain to a 500BC farmer how the brain and cellular DNA works. 
Heaven/Pure Land.  Sukhāvatī comes to mind, but I'm not sure if this is a specific pure land, or the jargon for pure lands in general. Again, 'pure' makes it sound either homogenous or really well scrubbed, like a hospital. I'd rather just use whatever jargon word the originators used.
Deity. This in man-in-the-street English mean a god, or God, just like the one's the Christian's pray to. In Vajrayana, people seem to argue that yidams are something else. 

user111: 
There are many synonyms to the words given in the table. Only mentioning some of the popular words.

user145: 
Enlightenment - bodhi (awakening), vimokṣa, vimukti (liberation).
Meditation -    bhāvanā (cultivation), samādhi (concentration), śamatha (calmness), samāpatti, dhyāna.
Loving-kindness - maitrī. 
Soul - as permanent entity which doesn't exists is ātman. Soul as psyche or mind is citta, manas, or as life force is jīvita-indriya.
Reincarnation - is uncommon in Buddhist discourse. 
Rebirth - pratisaṃdhi. Where birth is jāti or bhāva. 
Pure - śubha. 
Heaven - deva-loka. 
Repentance - 懺 (ch'an) which is kṣamā. 
Pure land - buddha-kṣetra. 
Deity - devatā.


289: <p>I think I know some of these, but the rest are a translation muddle. The west seems to <strong>not</strong> attempt to translate nirvana, sangha, dharma, mantra, mudra, buddha, bodhisattva (and probably a few more) and that for me is actually helpful. I expect that some of these correspond to multiple Pali/Sanskrit words.</p>

<p><strong>Enlightenment</strong>. In English, it is an anachronistic reference to the European age of Enlightenment.</p>

<p><strong>Meditation</strong>. This word predates the west's contact with Buddhism. I have no idea what non-Buddhist baggage it brings along.</p>

<p><strong>Loving-kindness</strong>. This sounds like Christianity projected on Buddhism.</p>

<p><strong>Soul</strong>. Seems like this is atman, but everyone seems determined to call it something like "self," which is for a man-in-the-street just a reflexive pronoun. (Does the self exist? Well, as much as any other pronoun, like "he" or "they")</p>

<p><strong>Reincarnation/rebirth</strong>. Synonyms in man-in-the-street's English, but I've seen people argue passionately how Buddhism believes one but not the other, sort of like believing in leasing but not renting (which are synonyms).</p>

<p><strong>Repentance</strong>. I know for sure this is a big deal in Chinese Buddhism. </p>

<p><strong>Pure/Purity</strong>. Means scrubbed clean of earthly dirt. I know this is a metaphor, but somehow, after 2000 years it falls as flat as if I tried to use a computer metaphor to explain to a 500BC farmer how the brain and cellular DNA works. </p>

<p><strong>Heaven/Pure Land</strong>.  Sukhāvatī comes to mind, but I'm not sure if this is a specific pure land, or the jargon for pure lands in general. Again, 'pure' makes it sound either homogenous or really well scrubbed, like a hospital. I'd rather just use whatever jargon word the originators used.</p>

<p><strong>Deity</strong>. This in man-in-the-street English mean a god, or God, just like the one's the Christian's pray to. In Vajrayana, people seem to argue that yidams are something else. </p>
 111: <p><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/RC7D5.png" alt="enter image description here"></p>

<p>There are many synonyms to the words given in the table. Only mentioning some of the popular words.</p>
 145: <ul>
<li>Enlightenment - <em>bodhi</em> (awakening), <em>vimokṣa</em>, <em>vimukti</em> (liberation).</li>
<li>Meditation -    <em>bhāvanā</em> (cultivation), <em>samādhi</em> (concentration), <em>śamatha</em> (calmness), <em>samāpatti</em>, <em>dhyāna</em>.</li>
<li>Loving-kindness - <em>maitrī</em>. </li>
<li>Soul - as permanent entity which doesn't exists is <em>ātman</em>. Soul as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" rel="nofollow"><em>psyche</em></a> or mind is <em>citta</em>, <em>manas</em>, or as life force is <em>jīvita-indriya</em>.</li>
<li>Reincarnation - is uncommon in Buddhist discourse. </li>
<li>Rebirth - <em>pratisaṃdhi</em>. Where birth is <em>jāti</em> or <em>bhāva</em>. </li>
<li>Pure - <em>śubha</em>. </li>
<li>Heaven - <em>deva-loka</em>. </li>
<li>Repentance - 懺 (ch'an) which is <em>kṣamā</em>. </li>
<li>Pure land - <em>buddha-kṣetra</em>. </li>
<li>Deity - <em>devatā</em>.</li>
</ul>
