user254: The word "deathless" is used sometimes.
What does it mean? Are there non-obvious or non-English meanings to the words translated as 'death' and/or 'deathless'?
Similarly what does "attaining the deathless" mean, in this Upatissa-pasine,  for example ...

Whoever attains the Deathless first will inform the other

... how are they supposed to recognize when they "attain the deathless"?
Is "deathless" predicated on the idea that practitioners are trying to escape some dukkha associated with death, or escape death itself? Does that sutta conflate "deathless" with "sorrowless", or are the two distinct?
I notice there's also a word Timeless. Deathless is a different word (amata instead of akalika), does the word 'deathless' have a different meaning and/or different usage?

The expression is used in the Ariyapariyesana Sutta:

So I said to them, 'Don't address the Tathagata  by name and as "friend." The Tathagata, friends, is a worthy one, rightly self-awakened. Lend ear, friends: the Deathless has been attained.

That suggests to me (I may be wrong) that deathless might be associated with an ultimate stage of enlightenment (or perhaps that it's specifically intended/designed for the five in that audience, e.g. perhaps the Buddha knew that they were seeking "the deathless").

user-1: I addressed this in my blog recently. Quotation follows:

The Buddha teaches the path of the arhant, the Noble Eightfold Path,
  consisting of four levels of attainment of degrees of progressive
  realization or accomplishment: stream entrant, whereby one achieves
  emancipation within seven rebirths without ever experiencing a lower
  non-human rebirth; a once-returner, whereby one is reborn as a human
  being once more only; a non-returner, whereby one is never again
  reborn as a human being, but will be born as a deva being in the Five
  Pure Abodes; or an arhant, in which on death one achieves parinibbana
  (lit. ‘complete snuffing out,’ as of a fire) and subsequent
  ‘immortality’ (amata). This Pali word, amata, pervades the Pali Canon,
  and is generally translated as ‘deathlessness,’ but the PED makes it
  clear that the primary meaning is amrita, translated by Rhys Davids as
  ‘ambrosia’ or ‘water of immorality,’ from the Sanskrit root MR,
  ‘death.’ Amrita, which is also described in the PED as a “medicine,”
  is the Buddhist word for soma, the Vedic mind-altering beverage that
  is identical with the plant-based psychedelic that was worshipped by
  the early Aryans and inspired the rishis, including the Seven Sages,
  to write the ecstatic hymns of the Rig Veda. Mata means both ‘thought’
  and ‘dead,’ so the state of amata is a state beyond both death and
  thinking. Paradoxically, a state of apparent ‘impercipience’ is
  identical with the realization of essential sentience itself. Hence,
  ‘deathlessness.’

http://palisuttas.com/2015/06/07/epitome-of-the-pali-canon/

user7581: My interpretation of the Buddha's teachings (with input from many teachers) is that he was not especially concerned with what came before or after this existence. He said that he taught "the end of suffering" and little else. 
As someone said earlier, nibbana is the cessation of the need for rebirth, thus any death. The way I understand it is that the conditions for some following existence cease, like blowing out a candle, and there is just nothing. The aspect of some sort of permanent "bliss" is counter to the teachings, in which nothing is permanent. I believe that permanence aspect was added on later because followers could not let go of that need to continue on in some respect.

user5767: In Buddhism, to be deathless means you have realized Nirvana and are liberated from samsara and will have no more rebirths and thus no more deaths. This does not mean you cease to exist for that would be nihilism and the Budha was clear that to say his teachings were nihilist was heresy.

user5715: Lanka's answer strikes me as comprehensive. Except for the etymology of the word. Pali amata and Sanskrit amṛta derive from the root √mṛ 'die'. The form here is a past participle used as adjective - mṛta means 'died, dead'; compounded with the 'a', amṛta means 'undying, deathless'. 
Ultimately it probably comes from Vedic, as the Upaniṣads more frequently speak of the cyclic afterlife as punarmṛta 're-death' or punarmṛtyu 'repeated dying'. It's this repeated death that makes the fact of cyclic existence ultimately unbearable and motivates the search for the deathless. And the opposite of repeated death is no death, the deathless. It can mean "immortality" in Vedic, in the sense that one's ātman exists permanently and once one transcends repeated death, then ātman rejoins and attains union with the universal principle of being, Brahman. Notably in the Ariyapariyesana Sutta it is Brahmā, the personification of Brahman, who urges the Buddha to teach after he opens the doors to the deathless. 
But as Lanka says, in Buddhism it is one of many synonyms for nibbāna.

user43: "Deathless" typically translates amrita (lit. "no-death"), also translated as "the nectar", using the useful parallel with Greek mythology. Another translation of "to attain deathless" is "to partake of the nectar" - just another metaphorical way to refer to The Fruit. I suppose we could compare this with the modern American idiom "drank the Kool-Aid" - although the latter has rather satirical connotations.
More specifically "the deathless aspect" (amrita-dhatu) is (seems to be?) a synonym with what Mahayana calls "the absolute truth" -- the perspective of Three Marks Of Existence, Emptiness, and Pratityasamutpada -- as opposed to "the conventional truth" -- the perspective of Rebirth, Karma, and Samsara vs. Nirvana dichotomy.

user-1: 
What does deathless mean?

The Deathless is a synonym for Nibbana. The Deathless state is the state where one is freed from birth and thereby death. Conditioned phenomena constantly arise and fall. In other words: They must die. Nibbana is unconditioned, unborn, it does not arise and fall and therefore must not die.
Here are some quotes from the Majjhima Nikaya and Samyutta Nikaya where the Buddha talks about The Deathless state in relation to Nibbana. There are also some notes from the author (Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi):

"He turns his mind away from those states and directs it towards the deathless element thus: "This is the peaceful, this is the sublime, that is, the stilling of all formations, the relinquishing of all attachments, the destruction of craving, dispassion, cessation, Nibbana"
-- MN 64: Mahamalunkyaputta Sutta, p. 540, Bodhi translation

Another quote:

"Then at that point the Blessed One uttered this exclamation:
The greatest of all gains is health, 
Nibbana is the greatest bliss,
The eightfold path is the best of paths
For it leads safely to the Deathless."
-- MN 75: Magandiya Sutta, p. 613, Bodhi translation

Sutta notes:

"The eleven "doors to the Deathless" are the four jhanas, the four brahmaviharas, and the first three immaterial attainments used as bases for the development of insight and attainment of arahantship."
-- Notes to sutta 52, p. 1252

Sutta notes:

MA: He "turns his mind away" from the five aggregates included within the jhana, which he has seen to be stamped with the three characteristics. The "deathless element" (amata-dhatu) is Nibbana.
-- Notes to sutta 64, p. 1266 

Sutta notes:

"MA says that the arahantship of the dry-insight meditator is intended. MT adds that arahantship is called "the Deathless" because it has the flavour of the Deathless, being attained on the basis of Nibbana the Deathless."
-- Notes to sutta 106, p. 1312

Here is a quote from the Samyutta Nikaya:

"This is what the Blessed One said. Having said this, the Fortunate One, the Teacher, further said this:
"One who desires merit, established in the wholesome, Develops the path to attain the Deathless;
  He who has reached the Dhamma's core,
  Delighting in destruction,
  Does not tremble thinking,
  'The King of Death will come."
-- SN 55: Sotapattisamyutta, p. 1829, Bodhi translation

Another quote:

"Bhikkhus, I will teach you the taintless and the path leading to the taintless. Listen to that ...
"Bhikkhus, I will teach you the truth and the path leading to the truth ... I will teach you the far shore ... the subtle ... the very difficult to see ... the unaging ... the stable ... the undis­ integrating ... the unmanifest ... the unproliferated ... the peaceful ... the deathless ... the sublime ... the auspicious ... the secure ... the destruction of craving ... the wonderful ... the amazing ... the unailing ... the unailing state ... Nibbana ... the unafflicted ... dispassion ... purity ... freedom ... the unadhesive ... the island .., the shelter ... the asylum ... the
  refuge ...
-- SN 43: Asankhatasamyutta, p. 1378, Bodhi translation

Sutta notes:

"The removal of lust, etc., is a designation for the unconditioned, deathless Nibbana element. The destruc­tion of the taints is arahantship. The removal of lust, etc., is a name for arahantship too."
-- Notes to sutta 45, p. 1893

The Dhamma Wiki has a list of "33 Synonyms for Nibbana". 


254: <p>The word "<a href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/search_results.html?cx=015061908441090246348%3Adj4lxnh4dda&amp;cof=FORID%3A9%3BNB%3A1&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;q=deathless&amp;sa=Search" rel="nofollow noreferrer">deathless</a>" is used sometimes.</p>

<p>What does it mean? Are there non-obvious or non-English meanings to the words translated as 'death' and/or 'deathless'?</p>

<p>Similarly what does "attaining the deathless" mean, in this <a href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/vin/mv/mv.01.23.01-10.than.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Upatissa-pasine</a>,  for example ...</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Whoever attains the Deathless first will inform the other</p>
</blockquote>

<p>... how are they supposed to recognize when they "attain the deathless"?</p>

<p>Is "deathless" predicated on the idea that practitioners are trying to escape some dukkha associated with death, or escape death itself? Does that sutta conflate "deathless" with "sorrowless", or are the two distinct?</p>

<p>I notice there's also a word <a href="https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/a/8092/254">Timeless</a>. Deathless is a different word (<em>amata</em> instead of <em>akalika</em>), does the word 'deathless' have a different meaning and/or different usage?</p>

<hr>

<p>The expression is used in the <a href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.026.than.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Ariyapariyesana Sutta</a>:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>So I said to them, 'Don't address the Tathagata  by name and as "friend." The Tathagata, friends, is a worthy one, rightly self-awakened. Lend ear, friends: the <strong>Deathless</strong> has been attained.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>That suggests to me (I may be wrong) that deathless might be associated with an ultimate stage of enlightenment (or perhaps that it's specifically intended/designed for the five in that audience, e.g. perhaps the Buddha knew that they were seeking "the deathless").</p>
 -1: <p>I addressed this in my blog recently. Quotation follows:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>The Buddha teaches the path of the arhant, the Noble Eightfold Path,
  consisting of four levels of attainment of degrees of progressive
  realization or accomplishment: stream entrant, whereby one achieves
  emancipation within seven rebirths without ever experiencing a lower
  non-human rebirth; a once-returner, whereby one is reborn as a human
  being once more only; a non-returner, whereby one is never again
  reborn as a human being, but will be born as a deva being in the Five
  Pure Abodes; or an arhant, in which on death one achieves parinibbana
  (lit. ‘complete snuffing out,’ as of a fire) and subsequent
  ‘immortality’ (amata). This Pali word, amata, pervades the Pali Canon,
  and is generally translated as ‘deathlessness,’ but the PED makes it
  clear that the primary meaning is amrita, translated by Rhys Davids as
  ‘ambrosia’ or ‘water of immorality,’ from the Sanskrit root MR,
  ‘death.’ Amrita, which is also described in the PED as a “medicine,”
  is the Buddhist word for soma, the Vedic mind-altering beverage that
  is identical with the plant-based psychedelic that was worshipped by
  the early Aryans and inspired the rishis, including the Seven Sages,
  to write the ecstatic hymns of the Rig Veda. Mata means both ‘thought’
  and ‘dead,’ so the state of amata is a state beyond both death and
  thinking. Paradoxically, a state of apparent ‘impercipience’ is
  identical with the realization of essential sentience itself. Hence,
  ‘deathlessness.’</p>
</blockquote>

<p><a href="http://palisuttas.com/2015/06/07/epitome-of-the-pali-canon/" rel="nofollow">http://palisuttas.com/2015/06/07/epitome-of-the-pali-canon/</a></p>
 7581: <p>My interpretation of the Buddha's teachings (with input from many teachers) is that he was not especially concerned with what came before or after this existence. He said that he taught "the end of suffering" and little else. </p>

<p>As someone said earlier, nibbana is the cessation of the need for rebirth, thus any death. The way I understand it is that the conditions for some following existence cease, like blowing out a candle, and there is just nothing. The aspect of some sort of permanent "bliss" is counter to the teachings, in which <em>nothing</em> is permanent. I believe that permanence aspect was added on later because followers could not let go of that need to continue on in some respect.</p>
 5767: <p>In Buddhism, to be deathless means you have realized Nirvana and are liberated from samsara and will have no more rebirths and thus no more deaths. This does not mean you cease to exist for that would be nihilism and the Budha was clear that to say his teachings were nihilist was heresy.</p>
 5715: <p><a href="https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/a/10927/5715">Lanka's answer</a> strikes me as comprehensive. Except for the etymology of the word. Pali <em>amata</em> and Sanskrit <em>amṛta</em> derive from the root √mṛ 'die'. The form here is a past participle used as adjective - <em>mṛta</em> means 'died, dead'; compounded with the 'a', <em>amṛta</em> means 'undying, deathless'. </p>

<p>Ultimately it probably comes from Vedic, as the Upaniṣads more frequently speak of the cyclic afterlife as <em>punarmṛta</em> 're-death' or <em>punarmṛtyu</em> 'repeated dying'. It's this repeated death that makes the fact of cyclic existence ultimately unbearable and motivates the search for the deathless. And the opposite of repeated death is no death, the deathless. It can mean "immortality" in Vedic, in the sense that one's <em>ātman</em> exists permanently and once one transcends repeated death, then ātman rejoins and attains union with the universal principle of being, Brahman. Notably in the <em>Ariyapariyesana Sutta</em> it is Brahmā, the personification of Brahman, who urges the Buddha to teach after he opens the doors to the deathless. </p>

<p>But as Lanka says, in Buddhism it is one of many synonyms for <em>nibbāna</em>.</p>
 43: <p>"Deathless" typically translates <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrita">amrita</a> (lit. "no-death"), also translated as "the nectar", using the useful parallel with Greek mythology. Another translation of "to attain deathless" is "to partake of the nectar" - just another metaphorical way to refer to The Fruit. I suppose we could compare this with the modern American idiom "drank the Kool-Aid" - although the latter has rather satirical connotations.</p>

<p>More specifically "the deathless aspect" (amrita-dhatu) is (seems to be?) a synonym with what Mahayana calls "the absolute truth" -- the perspective of Three Marks Of Existence, Emptiness, and Pratityasamutpada -- as opposed to "the conventional truth" -- the perspective of Rebirth, Karma, and Samsara vs. Nirvana dichotomy.</p>
 -1: <blockquote>
  <p>What does deathless mean?</p>
</blockquote>

<p>The Deathless is a synonym for Nibbana. The Deathless state is the state where one is freed from birth and thereby death. Conditioned phenomena constantly arise and fall. In other words: They must die. Nibbana is unconditioned, unborn, it does not arise and fall and therefore must not die.</p>

<p>Here are some quotes from the Majjhima Nikaya and Samyutta Nikaya where the Buddha talks about The Deathless state in relation to Nibbana. There are also some notes from the author (Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi):</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>"He turns his mind away from those states and directs it towards the deathless element thus: "This is the peaceful, this is the sublime, that is, the stilling of all formations, the relinquishing of all attachments, the destruction of craving, dispassion, cessation, Nibbana"</p>
  
  <p>-- MN 64: Mahamalunkyaputta Sutta, p. 540, Bodhi translation</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Another quote:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>"Then at that point the Blessed One uttered this exclamation:</p>
  
  <p>The greatest of all gains is health, </p>
  
  <p>Nibbana is the greatest bliss,</p>
  
  <p>The eightfold path is the best of paths</p>
  
  <p>For it leads safely to the Deathless."</p>
  
  <p>-- MN 75: Magandiya Sutta, p. 613, Bodhi translation</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Sutta notes:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>"The eleven "doors to the Deathless" are the four jhanas, the four brahmaviharas, and the first three immaterial attainments used as bases for the development of insight and attainment of arahantship."</p>
  
  <p>-- Notes to sutta 52, p. 1252</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Sutta notes:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>MA: He "turns his mind away" from the five aggregates included within the jhana, which he has seen to be stamped with the three characteristics. The "deathless element" (amata-dhatu) is Nibbana.</p>
  
  <p>-- Notes to sutta 64, p. 1266 </p>
</blockquote>

<p>Sutta notes:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>"MA says that the arahantship of the dry-insight meditator is intended. MT adds that arahantship is called "the Deathless" because it has the flavour of the Deathless, being attained on the basis of Nibbana the Deathless."</p>
  
  <p>-- Notes to sutta 106, p. 1312</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Here is a quote from the Samyutta Nikaya:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>"This is what the Blessed One said. Having said this, the Fortunate One, the Teacher, further said this:</p>
  
  <p>"One who desires merit, established in the wholesome, Develops the path to attain the Deathless;
  He who has reached the Dhamma's core,
  Delighting in destruction,
  Does not tremble thinking,
  'The King of Death will come."</p>
  
  <p>-- SN 55: Sotapattisamyutta, p. 1829, Bodhi translation</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Another quote:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>"Bhikkhus, I will teach you the taintless and the path leading to the taintless. Listen to that ...</p>
  
  <p>"Bhikkhus, I will teach you the truth and the path leading to the truth ... I will teach you the far shore ... the subtle ... the very difficult to see ... the unaging ... the stable ... the undis­ integrating ... the unmanifest ... the unproliferated ... the peaceful ... the deathless ... the sublime ... the auspicious ... the secure ... the destruction of craving ... the wonderful ... the amazing ... the unailing ... the unailing state ... Nibbana ... the unafflicted ... dispassion ... purity ... freedom ... the unadhesive ... the island .., the shelter ... the asylum ... the
  refuge ...</p>
  
  <p>-- SN 43: Asankhatasamyutta, p. 1378, Bodhi translation</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Sutta notes:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>"The removal of lust, etc., is a designation for the unconditioned, deathless Nibbana element. The destruc­tion of the taints is arahantship. The removal of lust, etc., is a name for arahantship too."</p>
  
  <p>-- Notes to sutta 45, p. 1893</p>
</blockquote>

<p><a href="http://www.dhammawiki.com/index.php?title=Nibbana" rel="noreferrer">The Dhamma Wiki has a list of "33 Synonyms for Nibbana"</a>. </p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ShaWW.jpg" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ShaWW.jpg" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>
