user19571: A Wikipedia article about Sati uses the word "upassanā"

According to Grzegorz Polak, the four upassanā have been misunderstood by the developing Buddhist tradition, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)

However, I could not find the word in Pali dictionary and a Google search did not explain the term.
The term 'nupassana' however is found on Google but neither in Pali dictionar .
There is upasana in Sanskrit.
What is this term upassana or nupassana and where is it used?

user254: I think the word you're looking for is Anupassanā

[abstr. of anupassati, cf. Sk. anudarśana] looking at, viewing, contemplating, consideration, realisation

It's used in compound words like Kāyānupassanā (and Vedanānupassanā, Cittānupassanā, and Dhammānupassanā).
The fact that the second 'a' in "Kāyānupassanā" is long (i.e. with an accent on it, 'ā') is I think a hint that it's a compound of two 'a's, i.e.
Kāya + anupassanā = Kāyānupassanā


Wikipedia's Vipassanā (Etymology) says ...

Vipassanā is a Pali word derived from the older prefix "vi-" meaning "special", and the verbal root "-passanā" meaning "seeing". It is often translated as "insight" or "clear-seeing". The "vi" in vipassanā has many possible meanings, it could mean to '[see] into', '[see] through' or to '[see] in a special way.

... so there's a "root" "-passanā" -- which doesn't have an independent entry in the PTS dictionary, it just says ...


Passanā (p. 447) Passanā Passanā see anu˚, vi˚.


... i.e. referencing anupassanā and vipassanā.

The Sanskrit is Pashyana or Paśyana -- meaning "see", apparently.
Also there's https://www.buddha-vacana.org/toolbox/pref.html#anu which gives six possible meaning for the prefix "anu".


after, behind (motion viewed from the front backward).
ex: dhāvati: to run > anu·dhāvati: to run after
bala: military force > anu·bala: rearguard
bhāsati: to speak > anu·bhāsati: to speak after, repeat

for, towards an aim, on to, into, over to, forward (motion viewed from the back forward).
ex: pavecchati: to give, bestow > anu·pavecchati: to hand over
rodati: to cry, weep > anu·rodati: to cry for
pavisati: to enter > anu·pavisati: to enter into

(emphasis).
ex: dayā: sympathy, kindness > anu·ddayā: pity
yoga: application, endeavour > anu·yoga: devotion, dedication
vitakketi: to consider, reflect > anu·vitakketi: to ponder over

according to, in conformity with, along.
ex: ñāta: kown, well-knwon > anu·ñāta: permitted, allowed
mati: opinion > anu·mati: consent, agreement
rūpa: form > anu·rūpa: conform
anu·dhamma: in conformity with the dhamma
karoti: to do > anu·karoti: to imitate

secondary, supplementary, inferior, minor, smaller.
ex: pabbajā: ascetic life > anu·pabbajā: discipleship in ascetism
majjha: average > anu·majjha: mediocre
pavatteti: to set in motion > anu·pavatteti: to keep in motion

each, every, one by one.
ex: disā: direction > anu·disā: each direction
pubba: previous, former > anu·pubba: 'each after the previous one' ie. gradual
pañcāha: five days > anu·pañcāha: every five days.




19571: <p>A Wikipedia article about Sati uses the word &quot;upassanā&quot;</p>
<blockquote>
<p>According to Grzegorz Polak, the four upassanā have been misunderstood by the developing Buddhist tradition, ...
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>However, I could not find the word in Pali dictionary and a Google search did not explain the term.
The term 'nupassana' however is found on Google but neither in Pali dictionar .</p>
<p>There is upasana in Sanskrit.</p>
<p>What is this term upassana or nupassana and where is it used?</p>
 254: <p>I think the word you're looking for is <a href="https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/pali_query.py?qs=Anupassana&amp;searchhws=yes" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Anupassanā</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>[abstr. of anupassati, cf. Sk. anudarśana] looking at, viewing, contemplating, consideration, realisation</p>
</blockquote>
<p>It's used in compound words like <a href="https://suttacentral.net/dn22/en/sujato" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Kāyānupassanā</a> (and Vedanānupassanā, Cittānupassanā, and Dhammānupassanā).</p>
<p>The fact that the second 'a' in &quot;Kāyānupassanā&quot; is long (i.e. with an accent on it, 'ā') is I think a hint that it's a compound of two 'a's, i.e.</p>
<pre><code>Kāya + anupassanā = Kāyānupassanā
</code></pre>
<hr />
<p>Wikipedia's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81#Etymology" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Vipassanā (Etymology)</a> says ...</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Vipassanā is a Pali word derived from the older prefix &quot;vi-&quot; meaning &quot;special&quot;, and the verbal root &quot;-passanā&quot; meaning &quot;seeing&quot;. It is often translated as &quot;insight&quot; or &quot;clear-seeing&quot;. The &quot;vi&quot; in vipassanā has many possible meanings, it could mean to '[see] into', '[see] through' or to '[see] in a special way.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>... so there's a &quot;root&quot; &quot;-passanā&quot; -- which doesn't have an independent entry in the PTS dictionary, it just says ...</p>
<blockquote>
<ol>
<li>Passanā (p. 447) Passanā Passanā see anu˚, vi˚.</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
<p>... i.e. referencing anupassanā and vipassanā.</p>
<hr />
<p>The Sanskrit is <a href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pashyana" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Pashyana or Paśyana</a> -- meaning &quot;see&quot;, apparently.</p>
<p>Also there's <a href="https://www.buddha-vacana.org/toolbox/pref.html#anu" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.buddha-vacana.org/toolbox/pref.html#anu</a> which gives six possible meaning for the prefix &quot;anu&quot;.</p>
<blockquote>
<ol>
<li><p><strong>after, behind</strong> (motion viewed from the front backward).<br />
ex: dhāvati: to run &gt; anu·dhāvati: to run after</p>
<p>bala: military force &gt; anu·bala: rearguard</p>
<p>bhāsati: to speak &gt; anu·bhāsati: to speak after, repeat</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>for, towards an aim, on to, into, over to, forward</strong> (motion viewed from the back forward).<br />
ex: pavecchati: to give, bestow &gt; anu·pavecchati: to hand over</p>
<p>rodati: to cry, weep &gt; anu·rodati: to cry for</p>
<p>pavisati: to enter &gt; anu·pavisati: to enter into</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>(emphasis)</strong>.<br />
ex: dayā: sympathy, kindness &gt; anu·ddayā: pity</p>
<p>yoga: application, endeavour &gt; anu·yoga: devotion, dedication</p>
<p>vitakketi: to consider, reflect &gt; anu·vitakketi: to ponder over</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>according to, in conformity with, along</strong>.<br />
ex: ñāta: kown, well-knwon &gt; anu·ñāta: permitted, allowed</p>
<p>mati: opinion &gt; anu·mati: consent, agreement</p>
<p>rūpa: form &gt; anu·rūpa: conform</p>
<p>anu·dhamma: in conformity with the dhamma</p>
<p>karoti: to do &gt; anu·karoti: to imitate</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>secondary, supplementary, inferior, minor, smaller</strong>.<br />
ex: pabbajā: ascetic life &gt; anu·pabbajā: discipleship in ascetism</p>
<p>majjha: average &gt; anu·majjha: mediocre</p>
<p>pavatteti: to set in motion &gt; anu·pavatteti: to keep in motion</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>each, every, one by one</strong>.<br />
ex: disā: direction &gt; anu·disā: each direction</p>
<p>pubba: previous, former &gt; anu·pubba: 'each after the previous one' ie. gradual</p>
<p>pañcāha: five days &gt; anu·pañcāha: every five days.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
