user2322: I found many personal book about Buddhism; witnessing; life story; spiritual encounter, experiences, meditation. I never found however a book that explain and summarize the classical Buddhism : a consensus clear that none Buddhist can read to understand that philosophy better.

user254: The question asks or literature about Buddhism which is:

orthodox
the most ancient form
classical

This is probably "the Pali canon" (and/or the "Theravada" school of Buddhism).
I say that because someone asked about the 'Buddhism which Siddhartha taught', and I tried to answer that here with an introduction to the earliest schools and extant literature.
Other questions whose answers are references to the early literature (which I therefore recommend you read as anwering your question) include:

Why isn't there a Buddhist Bible?
English (or other European) translations of Pali Canon
Chronological or other sequence for beginners

A very popular classical summary is the Dhammapada (there are many translations available online).
You might also like What teachings do all schools of Buddhism share?
I don't know what you mean by a "scientific" book. In my opinion "science" just means "knowledge" and Buddhism is its own branch of science/knowledge. The clearest introduction to Buddhism might be the Buddha's, which is The Setting in Motion of the Wheel of Dharma.
You might find that Wikipedia provides quite a good summary, of classical terms like,

Four Noble Truths
Noble Eightfold Path
Three poisons
Three marks of existence
Three Jewels
Four immeasurables
Five Precepts

Apparently or allegedly a lot of the early canon is intended more for monks than for laypeople. This answer summarizes a book I read recently, written by a monk for laypeople. I found it surprising because its message (i.e. "prosperity" instead of "renunciation") is unlike the message you would normally/easily/naturally get from casually reading from the Pali canon.
You tagged this question with "east asian buddhism", I'm not sure why, so perhaps you're interested in later Buddhist traditions too (the earliest Buddhism i.e. the historical Buddha was around modern-day Northern India, so the spread to Sri Lanka, Tibet, China, Vietnam, Thailand, Japan and so on happened later): see for example Mahayana.

user1109: The Mūlamadhyamakakārikā is a systematic and thorough deconstruction of how we mis-interpret reality. It is considered a classical text in Mahayana Buddhism however I don't think I would refer to it as orthodox because I'm not entirely sure of its relevancy in the Theravada tradition, and it's not a sutra. Its meaning is the heart of the Buddha's message, however it is a difficult read as an introduction. It does kind of fit the bill for what you're asking though.
I highly recommend the foundation of Buddhist thought series for introductory texts. You can find translations of the MMK on Amazon as well as the foundation of Buddhist thought series.

user295: The source most close to the ancient teachings is in the Tripitaka. The Dhamma illustrates a reality and the path is an empirical realization of it. This is what is covered in the Tripitaka. Hence it is also scientific.

user625: Science is really the Scientific Method. 
The Scientific Method is:
Observations
Hypotheses
Predictions
Experiments
Analysis
As a Zen Buddhist, specifically Vietnamese Engaged Buddhism here is what I see.
Most all of the studies (book, dharma talks, dharma sharing, sutra) have the elements listed above. A typical dharma talk (whether oral or written into a book) discusses observations. These observations lead to "insight" or a hypothesis/predictions about the true nature of reality/the mind/etc. Every dharma talk I have ever heard in zen has always asked us to take these insights and test them. Apply them in your life and see the outcome for yourself. I am not just told theories but asked to practice them. This is the Experiments phase. Then I am always asked to examine the practice to see the fruits of my effort. This is Analysis.
So basically I find that Zen Buddhism follows the scientific method quite perfectly. Thus I would say any Zen text could be considered a scientific text by the standards of the scientific method.
Now of course you are asking for a single book that "none Buddhist can read to understand that philosophy better". As a Zen Buddhist, this is pretty all-encompassing of Zen Buddhism: The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching by Thich Nhat Hanh. I read this book with non-buddhist weekly, as well as read this book with monastics. The approach in this book follows the methods I described above and is written in a way that is very approachable regardless of your skill level in the practice. 
Here is the Table of Contents of the Book so you can see what is all covered.
Part One The Four Noble Truths
Chapter One Entering the Heart of the Buddha
Chapter Two The First Dharma Talk
Chapter Three The Four Noble Truths
Chapter Four Understanding the Buddha's Teachings
Chapter FiveIs Everything Suffering?
Chapter Six Stopping, Calming, Resting, Healing
Chapter Seven Touching Our Suffering
Chapter Eight Realizing Well-Being
Part Two The Noble Eightfold Path
Chapter Nine Right View
Chapter Ten Right Thinking
Chapter Eleven Right Mindfulness
Chapter Twelve Right Speech
Chapter Thirteen Right Action
Chapter Fourteen Right Diligence
Chapter Fifteen Right Concentration
Chapter Sixteen Right Livelihood
Part Three Other Basic Buddhist Teachings
Chapter Seventeen The Two Truths
Chapter Eighteen The Three Dharma Seals
Chapter Nineteen The Three Doors of Liberation
Chapter Twenty The Three Bodies of Buddha
Chapter Twenty-One The Three Jewels
Chapter Twenty-Two The Four Immeasurable Minds
Chapter Twenty-Three The Five Aggregates
Chapter Twenty-Four The Five Powers
Chapter Twenty-Five The Six Paramitas
Chapter Twenty-Six The Seven Factors ofAwakening
Chapter Twenty-Seven The Twelve Links of Interdependent Co-Arising
Chapter Twenty-Eight Touching the Buddha Within

2322: <p>I found many personal book about Buddhism; witnessing; life story; spiritual encounter, experiences, meditation. I never found however a book that explain and summarize the classical Buddhism : a consensus clear that none Buddhist can read to understand that philosophy better.</p>
 254: <p>The question asks or literature about Buddhism which is:</p>

<ul>
<li>orthodox</li>
<li>the most ancient form</li>
<li>classical</li>
</ul>

<p>This is probably "the Pali canon" (and/or the "Theravada" school of Buddhism).
I say that because someone asked about the 'Buddhism which Siddhartha taught', and I tried to <a href="https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/a/5186/254">answer that here</a> with an introduction to the earliest schools and extant literature.</p>

<p>Other questions whose answers are references to the early literature (which I therefore recommend you read as anwering your question) include:</p>

<ul>
<li><a href="https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/a/4019/254">Why isn't there a Buddhist Bible?</a></li>
<li><a href="https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/a/4111/254">English (or other European) translations of Pali Canon</a></li>
<li><a href="https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/q/4112/254">Chronological or other sequence for beginners</a></li>
</ul>

<p>A very popular classical summary is <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Dhammapada" rel="nofollow noreferrer">the Dhammapada</a> (there are many translations available online).</p>

<p>You might also like <a href="https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/q/1487/254">What teachings do all schools of Buddhism share?</a></p>

<p>I don't know what you mean by a "scientific" book. In my opinion "science" just means "knowledge" and Buddhism is its own branch of science/knowledge. The clearest introduction to Buddhism might be the Buddha's, which is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhammacakkappavattana_Sutta" rel="nofollow noreferrer">The Setting in Motion of the Wheel of Dharma</a>.</p>

<p>You might find that Wikipedia provides quite a good summary, of classical terms like,</p>

<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Four Noble Truths</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_poisons_%28Buddhism%29" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Three poisons</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Three marks of existence</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Jewels" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Three Jewels</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmavihara" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Four immeasurables</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Precepts" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Five Precepts</a></li>
</ul>

<p>Apparently or allegedly a lot of the early canon is intended more for monks than for laypeople. <a href="https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/a/5460/254">This answer</a> summarizes a book I read recently, written by a monk for laypeople. I found it surprising because its message (i.e. "prosperity" instead of "renunciation") is unlike the message you would normally/easily/naturally get from casually reading from the Pali canon.</p>

<p>You tagged this question with "east asian buddhism", I'm not sure why, so perhaps you're interested in later Buddhist traditions too (the earliest Buddhism i.e. the historical Buddha was around modern-day Northern India, so the spread to Sri Lanka, Tibet, China, Vietnam, Thailand, Japan and so on happened later): see for example <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Mahayana</a>.</p>
 1109: <p>The Mūlamadhyamakakārikā is a systematic and thorough deconstruction of how we mis-interpret reality. It is considered a classical text in Mahayana Buddhism however I don't think I would refer to it as orthodox because I'm not entirely sure of its relevancy in the Theravada tradition, and it's not a sutra. Its meaning is the heart of the Buddha's message, however it is a difficult read as an introduction. It does kind of fit the bill for what you're asking though.</p>

<p>I highly recommend the foundation of Buddhist thought series for introductory texts. You can find translations of the MMK on Amazon as well as the foundation of Buddhist thought series.</p>
 295: <p>The source most close to the ancient teachings is in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" rel="nofollow">Tripitaka</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" rel="nofollow">Dhamma</a> illustrates a reality and the path is an empirical realization of it. This is what is covered in the Tripitaka. Hence it is also scientific.</p>
 625: <p>Science is really the Scientific Method. </p>

<p>The Scientific Method is:</p>

<p>Observations</p>

<p>Hypotheses</p>

<p>Predictions</p>

<p>Experiments</p>

<p>Analysis</p>

<p>As a Zen Buddhist, specifically Vietnamese Engaged Buddhism here is what I see.</p>

<p>Most all of the studies (book, dharma talks, dharma sharing, sutra) have the elements listed above. A typical dharma talk (whether oral or written into a book) discusses observations. These observations lead to "insight" or a hypothesis/predictions about the true nature of reality/the mind/etc. Every dharma talk I have ever heard in zen has always asked us to take these insights and test them. Apply them in your life and see the outcome for yourself. I am not just told theories but asked to practice them. This is the Experiments phase. Then I am always asked to examine the practice to see the fruits of my effort. This is Analysis.</p>

<p>So basically I find that Zen Buddhism follows the scientific method quite perfectly. Thus I would say any Zen text could be considered a scientific text by the standards of the scientific method.</p>

<p>Now of course you are asking for a single book that "none Buddhist can read to understand that philosophy better". As a Zen Buddhist, this is pretty all-encompassing of Zen Buddhism: <strong>The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching by Thich Nhat Hanh</strong>. I read this book with non-buddhist weekly, as well as read this book with monastics. The approach in this book follows the methods I described above and is written in a way that is very approachable regardless of your skill level in the practice. </p>

<p>Here is the Table of Contents of the Book so you can see what is all covered.</p>

<p><strong>Part One The Four Noble Truths</strong></p>

<p>Chapter One Entering the Heart of the Buddha</p>

<p>Chapter Two The First Dharma Talk</p>

<p>Chapter Three The Four Noble Truths</p>

<p>Chapter Four Understanding the Buddha's Teachings</p>

<p>Chapter FiveIs Everything Suffering?</p>

<p>Chapter Six Stopping, Calming, Resting, Healing</p>

<p>Chapter Seven Touching Our Suffering</p>

<p>Chapter Eight Realizing Well-Being</p>

<p><strong>Part Two The Noble Eightfold Path</strong></p>

<p>Chapter Nine Right View</p>

<p>Chapter Ten Right Thinking</p>

<p>Chapter Eleven Right Mindfulness</p>

<p>Chapter Twelve Right Speech</p>

<p>Chapter Thirteen Right Action</p>

<p>Chapter Fourteen Right Diligence</p>

<p>Chapter Fifteen Right Concentration</p>

<p>Chapter Sixteen Right Livelihood</p>

<p><strong>Part Three Other Basic Buddhist Teachings</strong></p>

<p>Chapter Seventeen The Two Truths</p>

<p>Chapter Eighteen The Three Dharma Seals</p>

<p>Chapter Nineteen The Three Doors of Liberation</p>

<p>Chapter Twenty The Three Bodies of Buddha</p>

<p>Chapter Twenty-One The Three Jewels</p>

<p>Chapter Twenty-Two The Four Immeasurable Minds</p>

<p>Chapter Twenty-Three The Five Aggregates</p>

<p>Chapter Twenty-Four The Five Powers</p>

<p>Chapter Twenty-Five The Six Paramitas</p>

<p>Chapter Twenty-Six The Seven Factors ofAwakening</p>

<p>Chapter Twenty-Seven The Twelve Links of Interdependent Co-Arising</p>

<p>Chapter Twenty-Eight Touching the Buddha Within</p>
