where does the fda get its authority?
Commisioner of Food and Drugs
neutral
 The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . 

neutral
 Article 9 ( 3 ) also states that an arrested person must be allowed to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice . 

entailment
 The authority of the federal government has been challenged by protesters , arguing that they should be immune from federal income taxation because they are sovereign individuals or natural individuals , have not requested a privilege or benefit from the government , or are outside the " federal zone " ( D.C. and various federal enclaves such as military bases ) . Neither the U.S. Supreme Court nor any other federal court has ruled that an income tax imposed under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is unconstitutional . Under the Supreme Court ruling in Cheek v. United States , a defendant in a tax evasion prosecution who has made arguments that the federal income tax laws are unconstitutional may have the arguments turned against him ( or her ) . Such arguments , even if based on honestly held beliefs , may constitute evidence that helps the prosecutor prove willfulness , one of the elements of tax evasion 

neutral
 Federal Governments have twice proposed the amendment of Section 116 , principally to apply its provisions to laws made by the states . On each occasion — in 1944 and 1988 — the proposal failed in a referendum . 

neutral
 = = = Independent commission ; approval = = = 
