what did coolidge believe with regards to the role of government?
Parties do not maintain themselves. They are maintained by effort. The government is not self-existent. It is maintained by the effort of those who believe in it. The people of America believe in American institutions, the American form of government and the American method of transacting business.
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 Though his reputation underwent a renaissance during the Ronald Reagan administration , modern assessments of Coolidge 's presidency are divided . He is adulated among advocates of smaller government and laissez @-@ faire ; supporters of an active central government generally view him less favorably , while both sides praise his stalwart support of racial equality . 

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 Coolidge 's primary initiative was the Kellogg – Briand Pact of 1928 , named for Coolidge 's Secretary of State , Frank B. Kellogg , and French foreign minister Aristide Briand . The treaty , ratified in 1929 , committed signatories — the United States , the United Kingdom , France , Germany , Italy , and Japan — to " renounce war , as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another . " The treaty did not achieve its intended result — the outlawry of war — but it did provide the founding principle for international law after World War II . 

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 American policymakers , including Kennan and John Foster Dulles , acknowledged that the Cold War was in its essence a war of ideas . The United States , acting through the CIA , funded a long list of projects to counter the communist appeal among intellectuals in Europe and the developing world . The CIA also covertly sponsored a domestic propaganda campaign called Crusade for Freedom . 

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 Soon after his concepts had become U.S. policy , Kennan began to criticize the foreign policies that he had seemingly helped begin . Subsequently , prior to the end of 1948 , Kennan became confident that positive dialogue could commence with the Soviet government . His proposals were discounted by the Truman administration and Kennan 's influence was marginalized , particularly after Dean Acheson was appointed Secretary of State during 1949 . Soon thereafter , U.S. Cold War strategy assumed a more assertive and militaristic quality , causing Kennan to lament about what he believed was an abrogation of his previous assessments . 

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 Beginning in 1933 , Indian Muslims , especially from the United Provinces , began to urge Jinnah to return to India and take up again his leadership of the Muslim League , an organisation which had fallen into inactivity . He remained titular president of the League , but declined to travel to India to preside over its 1933 session in April , writing that he could not possibly return there until the end of the year . 
