where does norway get their oil?
Barents Euro-Arctic Council
entailment
 Norway gave the entire stock , 187 litres ( 41 imp gal ; 49 US gal ) , to a French Secret Service agent , who secretly brought it to France , just before Germany invaded Norway in April 1940 . On 19 June 1940 , following the German invasion of France , it was shipped to England by the Earl of Suffolk and Major Ardale Golding , aboard the steamer Broompark . The heavy water , valued at £ 22 @,@ 000 , was initially kept at HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs , but was subsequently secretly stored in the library at Windsor Castle . The Paris Group moved to Cambridge , with the exception of Joliot @-@ Curie , who remained in France and became active in the French Resistance . 

entailment
 Oil reserves discovered in the later 20th century in the seas both east and west of Shetland have provided a much needed alternative source of income for the islands . The East Shetland Basin is one of Europe 's largest oil fields and as a result of the oil revenue and the cultural links with Norway , a small independence movement developed briefly to recast the constitutional position of Shetland . It saw as its model the Isle of Man , as well as Shetland 's closest neighbour , the Faroe Islands , an autonomous dependency of Denmark . 

entailment
 Twenty @-@ one miners were killed in an accident in Ny @-@ Ålesund in 1962 . The resulting Kings Bay Affair , where unsafe mining had been approved to maintain an increased Norwegian presence on Svalbard , ultimately led to vote of no confidence in Parliament and the withdrawal of Prime Minister Einar Gerhardsen 's third cabinet . Oil drilling was started by Caltex in 1961 . Caltex was granted claims based on indications of oil , rather than samples . Arktikugol was not granted claims based on similar evidence , contributing to tensions with the Soviet Union . Both the Kings Bay Affair and the Caltex Affair initiated public debate about the administration of Svalbard , and in particular the lack of resources and control of Soviet settlements . Funding for local and central administration was increased heavily , and the Governor increased its activities in Soviet settlements . More than half the archipelago was protected in 1972 through four national parks , fourteen bird sanctuaries and four nature reserves . Store Norske was nationalized between 1973 and 1976 . 

contradiction
 As of 2010 , major long @-@ standing extraction industries are operating in Estonia , Brazil , and China . Its economic viability usually requires a lack of locally available crude oil . National energy security issues have also played a role in its development . Critics of shale oil extraction pose questions about environmental management issues , such as waste disposal , extensive water use , waste water management , and air pollution . 

entailment
 As of 2010 , shale oil extraction is in operation in Estonia , Brazil , and China . In 2008 , their industries produced about 930 @,@ 000 metric tonnes ( 17 @,@ 700 barrels per day ) of shale oil . Australia , the US , and Canada have tested shale oil extraction techniques via demonstration projects and are planning commercial implementation ; Morocco and Jordan have announced their intent to do the same . Only four processes are in commercial use : Kiviter , Galoter , Fushun , and Petrosix . 
