what landforms are found in italy?
Italian Peninsula
entailment
 = = = Social and political structures in Italy = = = 

entailment
 The unique political structures of late Middle Ages Italy have led some to theorize that its unusual social climate allowed the emergence of a rare cultural efflorescence . Italy did not exist as a political entity in the early modern period . Instead , it was divided into smaller city states and territories : the Kingdom of Naples controlled the south , the Republic of Florence and the Papal States at the center , the Milanese and the Genoese to the north and west respectively , and the Venetians to the east . Fifteenth @-@ century Italy was one of the most urbanised areas in Europe . Many of its cities stood among the ruins of ancient Roman buildings ; it seems likely that the classical nature of the Renaissance was linked to its origin in the Roman Empire 's heartland . 

contradiction
 In the late 19th century , Austria @-@ Hungary established a geodetic network , for which the elevation benchmark was determined by the Adriatic Sea 's average level at the Sartorio pier in Trieste . This benchmark was subsequently retained by Austria , adopted by Yugoslavia , and kept by the states that emerged after its dissolution , including Croatia . 

contradiction
 Italy has a very large number of photovoltaic power plants , the largest of which is the 84 MW Montalto di Castro project . 

entailment
 From the Middle Ages until the end of the nineteenth century , Italy was divided into many small duchies and city @-@ states , some of which were autonomous and some of which were controlled by Austria , France , Spain , or the Papacy . These multifarious governments and the diversity of Italian dialects spoken on the peninsula caused residents to identify as " Romans " or " Venetians " , for example , rather than as " Italians " . When Napoleon conquered parts of Italy during the French Revolutionary Wars ( 1792 – 1802 ) and the Napoleonic Wars ( 1803 – 15 ) , he unified many of the smaller principalities ; he centralised the governments and built roads and communication networks that helped to break down the barriers between and among Italians . Not all Italians welcomed French rule , however ; Giuseppe Capobianco founded a secret society called the Carbonari to resist both French rule and the Roman Catholic Church . After Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 and the Congress of Vienna left much of northern Italy in the hands of the Austrians , the Carbonari continued their resistance . The Carbonari led revolts in Naples and Piedmont in 1820 and 1821 and in Bologna , the Papal States , Parma , and Modena in the 1830s . After the failure of these revolts , Giuseppe Mazzini , a Carbonaro who was exiled from Italy , founded the " Young Italy " group to work toward the unification of Italy , to establish a democratic republic , and to force non @-@ Italian states to relinquish authority on the peninsula . By 1833 , 60 @,@ 000 people had joined the movement . These nationalist revolutionaries , with foreign support , attempted , but failed , to overthrow the Austrians in Genoa and Turin in 1833 and Calabria in 1844 . Italian unification , or Risorgimento , was finally achieved in 1870 under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi . 
