which city held the summer olympics twice?
Olympic games
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 The Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented . This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies , including boycotts , doping , bribery , and a terrorist attack in 1972 . Every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame . The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to showcase themselves to the world . 

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 After the Games , Coubertin and the IOC were petitioned by several prominent figures , including Greece 's King George and some of the American competitors in Athens , to hold all the following Games in Athens . However , the 1900 Summer Olympics were already planned for Paris and , except for the Intercalated Games of 1906 , the Olympics did not return to Greece until the 2004 Summer Olympics , 108 years later . 

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 By 2016 , the Olympic Games will have been hosted by 44 cities in 23 countries , but by cities outside Europe and North America on only eight occasions . Since the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea , the Olympics have been held in Asia or Oceania four times , a sharp increase compared to the previous 92 years of modern Olympic history . The 2016 Games in Rio de Janeiro will be the first Olympics for a South American country . No bids from countries in Africa have succeeded . 

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 In 2001 the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) and the International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) signed an agreement which guaranteed that host cities would be contracted to manage both the Olympic and Paralympic Games . This agreement was to remain in effect until the 2012 Summer Olympics , but was extended , encompassing all Summer and Winter games up until the 2020 Summer Olympics . 

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 The Olympic Games have been used as a platform to promote political ideologies almost from its inception . Nazi Germany wished to portray the National Socialist Party as benevolent and peace @-@ loving when they hosted the 1936 Games , though they used the Games to display Aryan superiority . Germany was the most successful nation at the Games , which did much to support their allegations of Aryan supremacy , but notable victories by African American Jesse Owens , who won four gold medals , and Hungarian Jew Ibolya Csák , blunted the message . The Soviet Union did not participate until the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki . Instead , starting in 1928 , the Soviets organized an international sports event called Spartakiads . During the interwar period of the 1920s and 1930s , communist and socialist organizations in several countries , including the United States , attempted to counter what they called the " bourgeois " Olympics with the Workers Olympics . It was not until the 1956 Summer Games that the Soviets emerged as a sporting superpower and , in doing so , took full advantage of the publicity that came with winning at the Olympics . Individual athletes have also used the Olympic stage to promote their own political agenda . At the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City , two American track and field athletes , Tommie Smith and John Carlos , who finished first and third in the 200 meters , performed the Black Power salute on the victory stand . The second @-@ place finisher , Peter Norman of Australia , wore an Olympic Project for human rights badge in support of Smith and Carlos . In response to the protest , IOC president Avery Brundage told the United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) to either send the two athletes home or withdraw the track and field team . The USOC opted for the former . During the same Olympics , Czechoslovakian gymnast Věra Čáslavská announced her protest to the Soviet @-@ led invasion of her home country after controversially receiving Silver on the Beam and a shared Gold on the Floor . During the Soviet anthem , Čáslavská turned her head down and to the right of the Soviet flag in order to make a statement over the invasion and the Soviet influence of the sport of Gymnastics . Returning home , Čáslavská was made an outcast by the Soviet government and was banned from competition and travelling . 
