what is the political system in egypt?
Semi-presidential system Constitutional republic Republic Unitary state
entailment
 After Egypt 's central government collapsed at the end of the Old Kingdom , the administration could no longer support or stabilize the country 's economy . Regional governors could not rely on the king for help in times of crisis , and the ensuing food shortages and political disputes escalated into famines and small @-@ scale civil wars . Yet despite difficult problems , local leaders , owing no tribute to the pharaoh , used their new @-@ found independence to establish a thriving culture in the provinces . Once in control of their own resources , the provinces became economically richer — which was demonstrated by larger and better burials among all social classes . In bursts of creativity , provincial artisans adopted and adapted cultural motifs formerly restricted to the royalty of the Old Kingdom , and scribes developed literary styles that expressed the optimism and originality of the period . 

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 The final step in the formation of Egyptian religion was the unification of Egypt , in which rulers from Upper Egypt made themselves pharaohs of the entire country . These sacred kings and their subordinates assumed the exclusive right to interact with the gods , and kingship became the unifying focus of the religion . 

entailment
 Political forces beyond the borders of Egypt exacerbated the internal problems of the Ptolemaic kingdom . Antiochus III the Great and Philip V of Macedon had made a pact to divide Egypt 's overseas possessions . Philip had seized several islands and cities in Caria and Thrace , while the Battle of Panium ( 198 BC ) had resulted in the transfer of Coele @-@ Syria , including Judea , from the Ptolemies to the Seleucids . Meanwhile , in the south of Egypt , there was a long @-@ standing revolt that had begun during the reign of Ptolemy IV , led by Horwennefer and by his successor Ankhwennefer . Both the war and the internal revolt were still ongoing when the young Ptolemy V was officially crowned at Memphis at the age of 12 ( seven years after the start of his reign ) , and the Memphis decree issued . 

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 Egyptian society was highly stratified , and social status was expressly displayed . Farmers made up the bulk of the population , but agricultural produce was owned directly by the state , temple , or noble family that owned the land . Farmers were also subject to a labor tax and were required to work on irrigation or construction projects in a corvée system . Artists and craftsmen were of higher status than farmers , but they were also under state control , working in the shops attached to the temples and paid directly from the state treasury . Scribes and officials formed the upper class in ancient Egypt , known as the " white kilt class " in reference to the bleached linen garments that served as a mark of their rank . The upper class prominently displayed their social status in art and literature . Below the nobility were the priests , physicians , and engineers with specialized training in their field . Slavery was known in ancient Egypt , but the extent and prevalence of its practice are unclear . 

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 The administration system under Peribsen and Sekhemib had a clear and well @-@ defined hierarchy ; as an example , from highest to the lowest rank : Treasury house ( royal and therefore highest in ranking ) → pension office → property → vineyards → private vineyard ( property of citizens and therefore lowest in ranking ) . King Khasekhemwy , the last ruler of the Second dynasty , was able to re @-@ unify the state administration of Egypt and therefore unite the whole of Ancient Egypt . He brought the two treasury houses of Egypt under the control of the " House of the King " , bringing them into a new , single administration centre . 
