what kind of political system is canada?
Parliamentary system Federation Constitutional monarchy Multi-party system
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 Canada has had many political debates between the French speakers and English speakers , particularly in the province of Quebec . Canada holds both French and English as official languages . The politics in Quebec are largely defined by nationalism as French Québécois wish to gain independence from Canada as a whole , based on ethnic and linguistic boundaries . The main separatist party , Parti Québécois , attempted to gain sovereignty twice ( once in 1980 and again in 1995 ) and failed by a narrow margin of 1 @.@ 2 % in 1995 . Since then , in order to remain united , Canada granted Quebec statut particulier , recognizing Quebec as a nation within the united nation of Canada . Canada is often described as a cultural mosaic . 

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 Canada 's approach to governance emphasizing multiculturalism , which is based on selective immigration , social integration , and suppression of far right politics , has wide public support . Government policies such as publicly funded health care , higher taxation to redistribute wealth , the outlawing of capital punishment , strong efforts to eliminate poverty , strict gun control , and the legalization of same @-@ sex marriage are further social indicators of Canada 's political and cultural values . Canadians also identify with the countries institutions of health care , peacekeeping , the National park system and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . 

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 Canada 's post @-@ war economic growth , combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments , led to the emergence of a new Canadian identity , marked by the adoption of the current Maple Leaf Flag in 1965 , the implementation of official bilingualism ( English and French ) in 1969 , and the institution of official multiculturalism in 1971 . Socially democratic programs were also instituted , such as Medicare , the Canada Pension Plan , and Canada Student Loans , though provincial governments , particularly Quebec and Alberta , opposed many of these as incursions into their jurisdictions . Finally , another series of constitutional conferences resulted in the 1982 patriation of Canada 's constitution from the United Kingdom , concurrent with the creation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . In 1999 , Nunavut became Canada 's third territory after a series of negotiations with the federal government . 

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 Today 's political organizations have resulted from interaction with European @-@ style methods of government through the Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non @-@ Status Indians . Aboriginal political organizations throughout Canada vary in political standing , viewpoints , and reasons for forming . First Nations , Métis and Inuit negotiate with the Canadian Government through Indian and Northern Affairs Canada in all affairs concerning land , entitlement , and rights . The First Nation groups that operate independently do not belong to these groups . 

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 But several defining features of modern Canada can be traced back to Diefenbaker . Diefenbaker 's Bill of Rights remains in effect , and signalled the change in Canadian political culture that would eventually bring about the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , which came into force after his death . Diefenbaker was the first to appoint women and ethnic minorities to Cabinet . It was under Diefenbaker that Canada finally achieved universal adult suffrage , with the granting of the vote to Native Canadians in 1960 . The removal of explicit racial discrimination from the criteria for admission to Canada under the Immigration Act of 1961 was a factor in the creation of today 's multi @-@ cultural and multi @-@ ethnic Canada . 
