[{"from": "human", "value": "Provide a description of this molecule. [C][Branch2][Ring2][O][C@@H1][C@@H1][Branch2][Ring2][Branch1][C@@H1][Branch2][Ring1][S][C@H1][Branch2][Ring1][O][C@@H1][Branch1][Ring2][O][Ring1][=Branch1][O][C@@H1][C@H1][Branch1][=C][O][C@@][Branch1][Branch1][C@H1][Ring1][Branch1][O][Branch1][Ring1][C][O][O][C][O][O][O][O][O]"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The molecule is a synthetic disaccharide derivative of lactose that is most commonly used as a laxative agent despite also being formally indicated to serve as an adjunct therapy in treating portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE). Despite being first synthesized in 1929, investigations regarding its possible use as a laxative for the treatment of chronic constipation did not occur until the 1960s and its first clinical use for treating PSE was not until 1966.   Nevertheless, although lactulose received formal FDA approval in 1977 and has since become a readily available generic and brand-name non-prescription medication listed on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines as one of the most effective and safe medicines employed in a health system, data regarding its optimal place in therapy is often ambiguous.  Especially considering the use of lactulose as a laxative is typically only considered after lifestyle and dietary modifications fail and the fact that lactulose therapy cannot be ethically withheld from patients diagnosed with PSE in a placebo study, the substance may just be one of many options available for treating constipation and its efficacy in managing PSE may never be formally confirmed or refuted via clinical investigation."}]