The Almanac, Celebrity Birthdays, Today in History, June 23 Today is Saturday, June 23, the 175th day of 2012 with 191 to follow. They include French Empress Josephine, wife of Napoleon, in 1763; the Duke of Windsor, former British King Edward VIII, in 1894; pioneer sex researcher Alfred Kinsey, also in 1894; Alan Turing, British computer scientist, in 1912; former U.S. Secretary of State William Rogers in 1913; director/choreographer Bob Fosse in 1927; singer June Carter Cash in 1929; Finnish Nobel Peace Prize laureate Martti Ahtisaari in 1937 (age 75); U.S. Olympic gold medalist Wilma Rudolph in 1940; Metropolitan Opera conductor James Levine in 1943 (age 69); U.S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas in 1948 (age 64); actors Ted Shackelford in 1946 (age 66), Bryan Brown in 1947 (age 64) and Frances McDormand in 1957 (age 55); and musician Jason Mraz in 1977 (age 35). In 1845, the Congress of the Republic of Texas agreed to annexation by the United States. In 1865, the last Confederate holdouts formally surrendered in the Oklahoma Territory. In 1894, International Olympic Committee was founded in Paris. In 1947, The U.S. Congress enacted the Taft-Hartley labor act over the veto of U.S. President Harry Truman. In 1956, Gamel Abdel Nasser was elected first president of the Republic of Egypt. In 1984, an auction of John Lennon's possessions raised $430,000, including $19,000 for a guitar used while Lennon was with the Beatles. In 1985, an Air India Boeing 747 from Toronto crashed off the Irish coast, killing all 329 people aboard in the world's worst commercial air disaster at sea. In 1991, the Group of Seven industrialized democracies agreed to offer the Soviet Union associate membership in the International Monetary Fund. In 1993, United Nations-imposed oil and arms sanctions against Haiti took effect. In 1994, a United Nations-approved French intervention force crossed into civil war-torn Rwanda. In 2001, Pope John Paul II began a Ukrainian visit. In 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld affirmative action in a University of Michigan case by a 5-4 vote. The high court also upheld the Children's Internet Protection Act, under which federally funded libraries must block obscene material from computers to which minors have access. In 2004, a U.S. lawyer sued Germany in a New York court for $18 billion as compensation for victims of the Holocaust. In 2005, U.S. Sen. Ted Kennedy, D-Mass., called on U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld to resign, accusing him of mismanaging the Iraq war. Rumsfeld said he had tried twice to quit but was rebuffed. In 2006, seven men, described by the FBI as "homegrown" terrorists, were held in Miami in an alleged plot against Chicago's Sears Tower and five federal buildings. In 2009, the White House formed a panel for workers and communities dependent on the auto industry, designed to help in job search, training, education and support services. In 2010, U.S. Army Gen. Stanley McChrystal resigned as commander of U.S. and NATO troops in Afghanistan after he and senior aides made disparaging remarks in a magazine interview about administration officials. Gen. David Petraeus, leader of the Central Command, succeeded McChrystal. In 2011, U.S. President Barack Obama agreed to release 30 million barrels of oil from the nation's emergency oil supplies, described as part of a global injection plan to bolster an ailing economy, help make up for Libyan oil loss and bring down gas prices. Also in 2011, nearly 1,000 Syrians fled into Turkey as government forces backed by snipers and tanks stormed into the border town of Khirbet al-Jouz. A thought for the day: Wernher von Braun said, "We can lick gravity but sometimes the paperwork is overwhelming."