Why Men Need Women - NYTimes.com WHAT makes some men miserly and others generous? What motivated Bill Gates, for example, to make more than $28 billion in philanthropic gifts while many of his billionaire peers kept relatively tightfisted control over their personal fortunes? New evidence reveals a surprising answer. The mere presence of female family members - even infants - can be enough to nudge men in the generous direction. In a provocative new study, the researchers Michael Dahl, Cristian Dezso and David Gaddis Ross examined generosity and what inspires it in wealthy men. Rather than looking at large-scale charitable giving, they looked at why some male chief executives paid their employees more generously than others. The researchers tracked the wages that male chief executives at more than 10,000 Danish companies paid their employees over the course of a decade. Interestingly, the chief executives paid their employees less after becoming fathers. On average, after chief executives had a child, they paid about $100 less in annual compensation per employee. To be a good provider, the researchers write, it's all too common for a male chief executive to claim "his firm's resources for himself and his growing family, at the expense of his employees." But there was a twist. When Professor Dahl's team examined the data more closely, the changes in pay depended on the gender of the child that the chief executives fathered. They reduced wages after having a son, but not after having a daughter. Daughters apparently soften fathers and evoke more caretaking tendencies. The speculation is that as we brush our daughters" hair and take them to dance classes, we become gentler, more empathetic and more other-oriented. There are even studies showing that American legislators with daughters vote more liberally; this is also true of British male voters who have daughters, especially in terms of referendum and policy choices about reproductive rights. "A father takes on some of the preferences of his female offspring," argue the researchers Andrew Oswald at the University of Warwick and Nattavudh Powdthavee, then at the University of York. For male chief executives, this daughter-driven empathy spike may account for more generous impulses toward employees that temper the temptation toward wage cuts. Is it possible that proximity to infant girls prompts greater generosity? Additional studies, in a variety of fields, suggest this is the case - and that it might extend beyond daughters. Consider, for example, the series of studies led by the psychologist Paul Van Lange at the Free University in Amsterdam. To figure out what motivates people to act generously, Professor Van Lange and three colleagues set up a game in which more than 600 people made choices about sharing resources with someone they didn't know and would never meet again. The participants chose between these basic options: (a) You get $25 and your partner gets $10. (b) You get $20 and your partner gets $30. The first option is the selfish one; you're claiming most of the resources for yourself. The latter option is more generous as it involves sacrificing a small amount ($5) to increase your partner's gains by a much larger amount ($20). The players expressed consistent preferences in each of the nine rounds they played on Professor Van Lange's watch. The data showed that players who made the more generous choices had more siblings. The givers averaged two siblings; the others averaged one and a half siblings. More siblings means more sharing, which seems to predispose people toward giving. And once again, gender mattered. The givers were 40 percent more likely to have sisters than the people who made more self-serving, competitive choices. There was no difference in the number of brothers; it was the number of sisters, not siblings, that predicted greater giving. And Professor Van Lange's team pointed to another study showing that the more sisters a father has, the more time he spends raising his own children. After growing up with sisters, men who have opportunities to give are more likely to do so. SOCIAL scientists believe that the empathetic, nurturing behaviors of sisters rub off on their brothers. For example, studies led by the psychologist Alice Eagly at Northwestern University demonstrate that women tend to do more giving and helping in close relationships than men. It might also be that boys feel the impulse - by nature and nurture - to protect their sisters. Indeed, Professor Eagly finds that men are significantly more likely to help women than to help men.