Regulatory Rumpus: The Battle Over Reinstating Glass-Steagall There is a myth, popularized in part by inane television programs, that the 1933 decision to separate commercial banking and investment banking made the financial system safe and promoted decades of prosperity. According to this false narrative, the financial system was just fine until the government decided to repeal the Glass-Steagall Act of the early 1930s in 1999. This allegedly empowered unsavory securities dealers to gamble with customer deposits, or something. People who believe this story think that the 2007 crisis would never have happened if the wall separating commercial and investment banks had remained intact. Similarly, they also believe that future crises can be prevented by enforcing a hard separation between "boring" banking (mortgages, loans to businesses, etc.) and "dangerous" banking (everything else, especially derivatives trading) But this narrative ignores the fact that banking, even the boring variety, is inherently risky. Most people's concept of a "boring" bank is a local savings and loan, one that borrows money for short periods of time (by soliciting deposits from customers) and lending for long periods of time, typically in the form of mortgages. But as the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s showed, this sort of business can get very risky, very fast in an environment of rising interest rates. In other words, dumb bankers don't need derivatives to go belly up. Furthermore, the high-profile bank failures that are associated with the financial crisis were not the full service "super banks" that were involved in both commercial and investment banking. They were either strictly investment banks, like Lehman Brothers and Bear Sterns, commercial banks like Washington Mutual, or mortgage banks like Countrywide (which was ill-advisedly bought by Bank of America in 2008). So why exactly are we spending time trying to reinstate a rule that, if it were in effect in 2007, wouldn't have prevented the meltdown? Supporters of the proposal like economist Simon Johnson argue that this analysis misses the point. Just because one reform wouldn't by itself have prevented the financial crisis doesn't mean that the reform wouldn't, on balance, improve the nation's financial system. He points to the example of Citigroup, which because of the erosion of Glass-Steagall protections was able to grow to such a size that the U.S. government had no choice but to bail it out once the financial crisis hit. In other words, Glass Steagall would be most useful in fighting the "too big" part of "too big to fail." FDIC Vice Chairman Thomas Hoenig jumped into the fray yesterday with a letter to Politico arguing that even though investment banks like Lehman Brothers and Bear Stearns weren't "deposit taking institutions" in the technical sense, they did serve the same role as traditional banks by offering short-term debt products like "repurchase agreements" and money-market mutual funds. The over-reliance on these short-term debt instruments - which were often marketed to be as safe as bank deposits - was one of the main triggers of the financial panic. Hoenig argues that investment banks" reliance on these instruments was motivated out of a need to compete with behemoths like Citi, which because of the repeal of Glass-Steagall, were able to obtain cheap funding through traditional bank deposits. Opponents of the new bill fire back that, while an updated Glass-Steagall might make the financial system safer by making banks smaller, it isn't the most efficient way to downsize the banks or protect against bank runs. Federal Reserve Governor Daniel Tarullo, for instance, argues that simply regulating these instruments more strictly, combined with efforts to require larger banks to finance themselves with less debt, would be more effective than bringing back Glass-Steagall. To me, there's dark comedy in all this indignant debate over the relative merits of various financial reform proposals given the present political climate. In recent months, various lawmakers have proposed hard caps on bank size; rules that would force banks to rely on much higher equity funding; and proposals that would separate commercial and investment banking. Any of these reforms would make the financial system safer, yet none of them have gained enough momentum in Washington to become law. It appears, then, that reform advocates are taking a throw-everything-against-the-wall-and-see-what-sticks approach - and reform opponents are taking a indiscriminating reject-everything-out-of-hand approach. But as last year's drama over the proposed SOPA and PIPA laws proves, it's difficult to tell which proposed reforms will capture the public's imagination and which won't. If Elizabeth Warren is able to use her stature to gain public support for a new Glass-Steagall, then it would be silly to oppose the reform simply because it isn't a silver bullet.