Key Afghans Tied to Mass Killings in "90s Civil War A human skull and bones at a mass grave near the Afghan town of Mazar-i-Sharif. Such graves still litter the countryside. MAZAR-I-SHARIF, Afghanistan - The atrocities of the Afghan civil war in the 1990s are still recounted in whispers here - tales of horror born out of a scorched-earth ethnic and factional conflict in which civilians and captured combatants were frequently slaughtered en masse. Stark evidence of such killings are held in the mass graves that still litter the Afghan countryside. One such site is outside Mazar-i-Sharif, in the north. It lies only half-excavated, with bones and the remains of clothing partially obscured by water and mud from recent flooding. Experts say at least 16 victims are here, and each skull that lies exposed is uniformly punctured by a single bullet-entry hole at the back. The powerful men accused of responsibility for these deaths and tens of thousands of others - some said to be directly at their orders, others carried out by men in their chain of command - are named in the pages of a monumental 800-page report on human rights abuses in Afghanistan from the Soviet era in the "80s to the fall of the Taliban in 2001, according to researchers and officials who helped compile the study over the past six years. The list of names is a sort of who's who of power players in Afghanistan: former and current warlords or officials, some now in very prominent positions in the national government, as well as in insurgent factions fighting it. Many of the named men were principals in the civil war era after the Soviet Union withdrew, and they are also frequently mentioned when talk here turns to fears of violence after the end of the NATO combat mission in 2014. Already, there is growing concern about a scramble for power and resources along ethnic and tribal lines. But the report seeking to hold them accountable is unlikely to be released anytime soon, the researchers say, accusing senior Afghan officials of effectively suppressing the work and those responsible for it. For their part, human rights activists say the country is doomed to repeat its violent past if abuses are not brought to light and prosecuted. At the same time, some officials here - including some American diplomats - express worry that releasing the report will actually trigger new civil strife. Titled simply, "Conflict Mapping in Afghanistan Since 1978," the study, prepared by the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission, details the locations and details of 180 mass graves of civilians or prisoners, many of the sites secret and none of them yet excavated properly. It compiles testimony from survivors and witnesses to the mass interments, and details other war crimes as well. The study was commissioned as part of a reconciliation and justice effort ordered by President Hamid Karzai in 2005, and it was completed this past December. Some of the world's top experts in forensics and what is called transitional justice advised the commission on the report and provided training and advice for the 40 researchers who worked on it over a six-year period. Three Afghan and foreign human rights activists who worked as researchers and analysts on large sections of the report spoke about its contents on condition of anonymity, both out of fear of reprisal and because the commission had not authorized them to discuss it publicly. According to Afghan rights advocates and Western officials, word that the report was near to being officially submitted to the president apparently prompted powerful former warlords, including the first vice president, Marshal Muhammad Qasim Fahim, to demand that Mr. Karzai dismiss the commissioner responsible, Ahmad Nader Nadery. At a meeting on Dec. 21, including Mr. Karzai and other top officials, Marshal Fahim argued that dismissing Mr. Nadery would actually be too mild a punishment. "We should just shoot 30 holes in his face," he said, according to one of those present. He later apologized to other officials for the remark, saying it was not meant in earnest. Mr. Karzai did remove Mr. Nadery. But a spokesman for the president, Aimal Faizi, said it was "irresponsible and untrue" to say that the president fired Mr. Nadery because of the mass graves report or was trying to block its release. He also called the accounts of the Dec. 21 meeting with Marshal Fahim and other officials "totally baseless." Alissa J. Rubin contributed reporting from Kabul, Afghanistan.