Penn State's Part in the Sandusky Sexual Abuse Scandal The factual conclusions of the investigation of Pennsylvania State University's cover-up of serial sex crimes by one of its former football coaches are searing enough: the university's leaders did nothing for nearly a decade and half - from the late-1990s until just recently - while a predator trawled for children in their midst, using the school's football program as a lure. Worse than that, the report says, the school's leaders worked diligently to conceal significant facts about the case from the authorities, the board of trustees, the university community and the broader public. But the exhaustive investigation by Louis J. Freeh, a former federal judge and F.B.I. director, goes much further. It shows how slavish devotion to some institutional imperative can trump everything, including the law, basic human decency and the bedrock obligation we all have to protect defenseless children from harm. At Penn State, the imperative was protecting a storied football program and its legendary coach. In another huge institution betraying children under its protection, the Roman Catholic Church, it was the sanctity of the priesthood. Last month, Jerry Sandusky, a former assistant football coach at Penn State, was convicted of sexually assaulting 10 boys over a period of many years. All of the boys had come from disadvantaged homes and had been drawn to Mr. Sandusky because of his access to the football program, which dominates society in central Pennsylvania. Penn State fired its longtime president, Graham Spanier, and head football coach, Joe Paterno, who died in January before Mr. Freeh's investigators could speak with him. Criminal charges are still pending against Gary Schultz, who was in charge of campus police, and Tim Curley, who was athletic director at the time. The seven-and-a-half-month investigation, which involved more than 400 interviews and 3.5 million documents, described a disturbing pattern of communication among the four leaders dating as far back as 1998, when Mr. Sandusky had inappropriate contact with an 11-year-old boy in the showers at the football building on campus. The victim's mother reported that to the campus police. Mr. Schultz reported an investigation to Mr. Spanier and Mr. Curley. Mr. Schultz, who appears to have understood that a crime may have been committed, wrote in his confidential notes at the time that Mr. Sandusky's behavior was "at best inappropriate" and at "worst sexual improprieties" further noting concern about "other children?" The district attorney declined to bring charges, even after Mr. Sandusky admitted that he had showered with the boy and "had done this with other children in the past." Mr. Sandusky was allowed to continue coaching and received a generous retirement package the following year. This included an unusual "emeritus" rank, which carried several privileges, including access to university recreational facilities. In 1999, he is said to have assaulted another young victim at the Alamo Bowl in Texas. A year later, in 2000, the report says a janitor saw him assaulting a child in the football building shower but failed to report it out of fear that he would be fired, not an irrational fear. In 2001, the pattern repeated itself and a graduate assistant, Mike McQueary, witnessed another assault on a boy in the showers. He reported it to Mr. Paterno, who failed to call the police. According to the Freeh report, Mr. Spanier, Mr. Curley and Mr. Schultz then concocted a plan that involved encouraging Mr. Sandusky to seek professional help and barring him from bringing children alone to the football building. They incongruously described this as "humane." Later that same year, Mr. Sandusky is said to have assaulted yet another victim in the football building showers. As Mr. Freeh noted on Thursday: "The most powerful men at Penn State failed to take any steps for 14 years to protect the children Sandusky victimized." He said they "never demonstrated, through actions or words, any concern for the safety and well-being of Sandusky's victims" until after he was arrested in 2011. Penn State's leaders bear most of the blame for giving the university's imprimatur to the body-and-soul-damaging abuse that Mr. Sandusky committed. But the report shows that the entire university system - the police, the trustees, the athletic department - failed at just about every level. As the assaults were taking place in 2001, for example, Penn State was out of compliance with the federal Clery Act of 1990, which requires the college to compile and report crime statistics related to specific offenses, including sexual offenses. The university's Clery Act policy was still in draft form in 2011 and had never been implemented. The Freeh report lays out more than 100 recommendations for what the university needs to do to prevent anything like this from happening again - essentially requiring the university to rebuild its leadership system from the ground up. There should also be substantial penalties imposed under the Clery Act and state law. Laws without consequence are not laws at all.