Peru struggles to keep outsiders away from isolated Indians Mr Cortijo, a member of the Spanish Geographical Society, was visiting Flores while on an expedition in search of petroglyphs and said clan members appeared across the river from Flores' house, calling for him by name. Flores could communicate with the Mashco-Piro because he spoke two related dialects, said Mr Cortijo, who added that Mr Flores had previously provided clan members with machetes and cooking pots. The Mashco-Piro tribe is believed to number in the hundreds and lives in the Manu National Park that borders Diamante, a community of more than 200 people where Flores lived. Although it's not known what provoked the Mashco-Piro clan to leave the relative safety of their tribe's jungle home, Beatriz Huerta, an anthropologist who works with Peru's agency for indigenous affairs, speculated their habitat is becoming increasingly less isolated. The upper Madre de Dios region where the tribe lives has been affected by logging, she said. They are removing wood very close. Meanwhile, Ms Huerta said, naturalists in the area and Manu National Park officials told her during a recent visit that a rise in air traffic related to natural gas and oil exploration in the region is adversely affecting native hunting grounds, forcing increasing migration by nomadic tribes. The clan that showed up at the river is believed to number about 60, including some 25 adults, said Carlos Soria, a professor at Lima's Catholic University who ran Peru's park protection agency last year. "It seemed like they wanted to draw a bit of attention, which is a bit strange because I know that on other occasions they had attacked people," Mr Cortijo said. It seemed they didn't want us to go near them, but I also know that the only thing that they wanted was machetes and cooking pots. Mr Cortijo said the group lingered by the river a few minutes, apparently to see if a boat would pass by so they could ask for some tools, something authorities say they had done in the past. "The place where they are seen is one of heavy transit" of river cargo and tourist passage, and so the potential for more violent encounters remains high, Prof Soria said. That is compounded by culture clash. The Mashco-Piro live by their own social code, which Prof Soria said includes the practice of kidnapping other tribes' women and children. He said the Mashco-Piro are one of about 15 "uncontacted" tribes in Peru that together are estimated to number between 12,000 and 15,000 people living in jungles east of the Andes. "The situation is incredibly delicate," said Ms Huerta, the government anthropologist. "It's very clear that they don't want people there," she said of the area where the clan has been loitering, noting that it had ransacked a jungle ranger's post that authorities later removed. One of the clan's likely fears is being decimated by disease borne by outsiders, as has occurred with other uncontacted peoples, Huerta said. But its also a mystery why they have appeared in an area so heavily trafficked, she added. After the first sightings, and after tourists left clothing for the Mashco-Piro, state authorities issued a directive in August barring all boats from going ashore in the area. But enforcing it has been difficult as there are few trained and willing local officials. Authorities say they aren't sure why Flores was killed. It could be that the Mashco-Piro were angry because he hadn't provided them with more machetes and cooking pots. Or perhaps it was because they considered the farming plot where he was killed too close to what they considered their territory. Mr Cortijo, the Spanish archaeologist, said the loss of Flores makes reaching any understanding with the Mashco-Piro very complicated. "The problem is that 'Shaco' was the only person who could talk to them," he said. Now that he's dead it's impossible to make contact.