PG-13: Some material may be appropriate for box-office success The most reliable predictor of box-office success these days may not be a marquee name or a masked superhero. It's thePG-13rating. Created in 1984 in the wake of the sometimes scary PG-rated movies "Gremlins" and "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom" to warn parents that some movies might be inappropriate for young kids, thePG-13 has become an inclusive Good Housekeeping seal of approval - an imprimatur that promises adults won't be offended and teens will still get plenty of combat, cleavage and cursing. The six highest-grossing movies of all time worldwide were all rated PG-13, and Marvel's "The Avengers," which also carries the rating, collected a record $207.4 million at the U.S. box office last weekend. The summer movie season is stuffed with PG-13 fare - not just popcorn films like "Battleship," "Men in Black 3," "Snow White and the Huntsman"and "The Dark Knight Rises," but older-skewing movies and genres once certain to get an R rating. That includes this summer's musical adaptation "Rock of Ages," the pregnancy comedy "What to Expect When You're Expecting," the family drama "People Like Us" and the horror movie "The Apparition." As studios pour bigger budgets into fewer films, executives are insisting that filmmakers deliver movies that won't be rated R. And when their films do get R ratings, more directors are launching appeals for the PG-13. Universal Studios last year postponed its plans to make the horror movie "At the Mountains of Madness" because director Guillermo del Toro could not promise that the film would be rated PG-13. The studio believed it might not recoup its planned investment of more than $100 million if the film received an R rating. But the filmmaker said his understanding of the ratings system was shaken when his production of"Don't Be Afraid of the Dark,"a 2011 release expressly designed as a PG-13 fright flick with limited gore and no sex or swearing, was rated R for its intensity. Once it was clear that "Don't Be Afraid of the Dark" was going to be stuck with an R rating, Del Toro and director Troy Nixey decided to go back and add some blood and gruesome sound effects in the hopes of making the film more appealing to adult horror fans. But the movie did mediocre business, grossing $24 million. "We had a really great PG-13 movie for younger audiences," Del Toro said. But it was too mellow for the hard-core R crowd. Even with raunchy R-rated comedies like"The Hangover Part II"and"Bridesmaids"turning into monster hits last year, R-rated films constituted only 21% of the overall U.S. box office, the lowest percentage in more than 30 years, according to Box Office Mojo. PG-13 films accounted for 35.1% of all movies rated in the U.S., but 54.4% of the box office. It isn't just that filmmakers are chasing after teen audiences: As recently as 2009, filmgoers ages 17 and younger accounted for 12% of U.S. theater attendance, according to the Motion Picture Assn. of America's annual survey of moviegoing. But last year that number dropped to 9.2%. Half the audience for"The Avengers"was older than 25. Though it's easy to assume that the PG-13 rating chiefly helps parents decide what their kids can - and can't - see, it now is used by some adults in choosing what they should see themselves, particularly those uncomfortable with graphic sex, violence and language. Sony Pictures Entertainment recently sought and received a PG-13 for "Hope Springs," starring Meryl Streep and Tommy Lee Jones as a couple struggling after 30 years of marriage - not a theme that would appeal to teens. This weekend's"The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel," about British retirees, is also PG-13, and roughly 90% of its audience in its American debut was 35 and older. "There is some hesitation with adults in their 40s, 50s and above about the R rating," said Jeff Blake, vice chairman of Sony Pictures Entertainment. Since the NC-17 rating hasn't caught on, the R has become an incredibly broad category that ranges from one bad word to many, or from Meryl Streep smoking marijuana with Steve Martin [in 2009's'It's Complicated'] all the way up to some pretty graphic stuff. At the same time that the R rating is falling out of favor, the PG-13 category has stretched to include material that might have earned the more restrictive mark just a few years ago, critics of the ratings system say. "Certainly, with violence, you can get away with a lot more," said Kevin Sandler, an associate professor at Arizona State University who specializes in movie ratings and censorship. As the recent battle over the R rating for the independently financed documentary"Bully"illustrated, it's not just big studios that are keen on landing PG-13s. The MPAA, which rates films, already has heard nine appeals for films scheduled for release this year, more than double the number it heard for movies that were released in 2011; six of the nine were films seeking to move from R to PG-13. Because the MPAA's ratings guidelines are more qualitative than quantitative, filmmakers say it's often not clear what triggers an R rating. The MPAA itself has been second-guessing some of its own decisions, concluding that its initial ratings were "clearly erroneous" in some cases. Two movies scheduled for release this year that were initially given R ratings for depictions of sex and teen drug and alcohol use - "The Good Doctor"and "The Perks of Being a Wallflower" - were changed to PG-13 marks on appeal without the filmmakers altering a frame. But the MPAA held firm on "Bully," saying several expletives had to be cut to get the rating lessened. After a public relations campaign failed to sway the MPAA, the film's distributor trimmed the offending language. Director Steven Soderbergh said he was surprised when the MPAA gave his January espionage thriller"Haywire" an R for violence, which includes an assassination committed by a female killer. Soderbergh believes he could put an uncut version of the film on network television without altering a frame. The filmmaker said he's unsure whether the R rating hurt "Haywire" at the box office, but the film, despite positive reviews, grossed just $18.9 million in domestic release. More than a decade ago, Soderbergh was a member of a Directors Guild of America committee that tried to get the MPAA to split the R into two ratings; the idea was to create one R category for language only (for films like"The King's Speech") and another, more restrictive R category for films with lots of sex or violence (such as "Saw"). "The last time they made any real adjustment [to the system] was the PG-13 rating in 1984, and a lot has changed since then," Soderbergh said. Some industry players doubt the R rating dooms a film. "One of the most common requests I get from distributors is, 'What do I need to do to avoid the R?'" said Ethan Noble, a consultant who assists filmmakers and studios with the MPAA ratings and appeals process. And what I counsel them is that it's not always a bad thing. "R-rated movies can do very well," Noble said. It's not this scarlet letter a lot of filmmakers fear it is. It can actually have a positive effect with a more limited release. "It signals to filmgoers that this is a movie for adults that should be taken seriously," said Tom Bernard, the co-president of Sony Pictures Classics. But Blake of Sony said that a big studio would always prefer to push the limit on the less restrictive PG-13 rating than deal with the R, which can indicate material as varied as bad language and extreme violence. "When you do have an R rating, you need to give some more explanation [to the moviegoer] about what it is," he said. Because these days, it could be anything.