Brain of ampelosaur from Cuenca (Spain) revealed Jan. 23, 2013 - Scientists have made a 3D reconstruction of the remains of ampelosaur, found in 2007 in the site of Lo Hueco (Cuenca). The fossils are about 70 million years old (Late Cretaceous). Up to now, only one species of the genus was known, Ampelosaurus atacis, which was discovered in France. The differences between the Spanish and the French fossils do not rule out that they could represent distinct species. The researcher from the National Museum of Natural Sciences (CSIC) Fabien Knoll, who has conducted the investigation, considers that "more fossils are necessary to establish that we are dealing with a new species." For this reason, the team has identified the specimen as Ampelosaurus sp., which leaves open its specific identity. Little evolved brain The ampelosaur pertains to the sauropod group, large-sized dinosaurs that settled widely during the Mesozoic Era (which began 253 million years ago and ended 66 million years ago). More precisely, it is a titanosaur, a group of plant eating animals that were dominant during the last half of the Cretaceous (last period of the Mesozoic). The first sauropods appeared about 160 million years earlier than the ampelosaur. However, despite being the product of a long evolution, the brain of the ampelosaur does not show any notable development. Knoll explains: "This saurian may have reached 15 m in length; nonetheless its brain was not in excess of 8 cm." According to the CSIC researcher: "Increase in brain size was not favored in the course of sauropod evolution." Another of the characteristics yielded by the reconstruction of the Cuenca ampelosaur brain is the small size of the inner ear. According to Knoll: "This may suggest that the ampelosaur would not have been adapted to quickly move either its eyes or its head and neck." In January of 2012, Knoll conducted the investigation that led to the reconstruction of another sauropod, Spinophorosaurus nigeriensis. The simulation in 3D of its brain revealed that that species, in contrast to what the study of the ampelosaur braincase demonstrated, presented a fairly well-developed inner ear. According to the one of the researchers, "It is quite enigmatic that sauropods show such a diverse inner ear morphology whereas they have a very homogenous body shape; more investigation is definitely required." The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS. Fabien Knoll, Ryan C. Ridgely, Francisco Ortega, Jose Luis Sanz, Lawrence M. Witmer. Neurocranial Osteology and Neuroanatomy of a Late Cretaceous Titanosaurian Sauropod from Spain (Ampelosaurus sp.). PLoS ONE, 2013; 8 (1): e54991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054991