The agony of India's daughters There have been demands from Right-wing Hindu nationalists for the culprits to be hung, while others have called for chemical castration for rapists. But gradually the chants of young, mainly male protesters have given way to a wider discussion of why so many women in India - the world's largest democracy and a polity with powerful women leaders - live in fear of violence and under restrictions that would not offend a Taliban mullah in Kandahar. India has seen the number of reported rapes rise from 2,487 in 1971 to 24,206 in 2011. In that year, 35,565 women and girls were kidnapped, 42,968 were molested, 8,570 were sexually harassed and 99,135 suffered cruelty at the hands of their husbands or relatives. There were 8,618 "dowry deaths," in which brides were murdered by their husbands or in-laws, often because their fathers had failed to meet increasingly extravagant demands for dowry gifts for the honour of landing a sought-after son. Last October, 25-year-old Pravartika Gupta and her 13-month-old daughter were set on fire as they slept, following a dispute with her in-laws who had demanded £15,000 and a Honda City car. Last year, there were 754 arrests for rape in New Delhi, but according to the home ministry only one of those accused has so far been convicted. Campaigners say that these figures barely scratch the surface - fewer than one in 10 rapes are said to be reported because women fear the public shame and the treatment they will receive from the city's notoriously insensitive and hostile police. An Indian news magazine last year spoke to 30 of New Delhi's most senior police officers and found that half of them believed that many of the city's rape victims were either willing victims or prostitutes who complained after not getting paid. Sunil Kumar, a senior officer in Ghazipur, told one of Tehelka's reporters: "Go to a pub in Greater Kailash, South Delhi, where there's free entry for girls. You'll find those who want to do it for a thousand rupees [£12]. They'll drink and also have sex with you. But the day someone uses force, it's rape. Rajpal Yadav, a senior officer in Gurgaon, home to many of the country's top call centres and their many women staff, told the magazine that "Girls from Darjeeling and Nepal have come here for business purposes. They go with men for money, but if the money isn't enough, it becomes rape. Attitudes like these have intensified fears among women that reporting attacks to the police will make matters worse. If they do come forward, many victims are subjected to a demeaning "two-finger" test to assess whether or not they are virgins, and therefore more or less credible witnesses. Delhi Police have now called in leading women's rights campaigners and policy analysts to "sensitise" them to women's concerns during rape and sexual assault investigations. Ranjana Kumari of the Centre for Social Research, who is leading the programme, says the growing number of rapes and the low conviction rates have left women feeling unprotected, while many men see themselves as beyond the law: only 28 per cent of rape cases and 20 per cent of cruelty cases against husbands are followed by convictions. "There is no fear of being punished," she says. Because of the [police] approach, it is not considered serious crime. That's why they need a lot more sensitivity, to see it as a serious crime. Women report only one in 10 rapes, not only because of the policing, but also the huge social shame. They fear they will be identified and their families will be stigmatised; finding a prospective husband in a wedding-obsessed society then becomes almost impossible, and the prospects of the victim's siblings are similarly blighted. The stark truth is that the chances of a girl living a happy and fulfilled life of her own choosing in India are poor from the outset. A United Nations report last year said India was the world's most dangerous country in which to be born a girl - almost twice as many girls die between the ages of one and five as boys; 100 girls for every 56 boys. Campaigners say the figures reflect the killing of unwanted girls by families who fear the financial cost of their weddings and neglect girls in favour of brothers. They also believe up to eight million female foetuses have been aborted in the last 10 years by women under pressure from their in-laws to deliver a son. Nilanjana Roy, a widely respected novelist and commentator, says the growing violence against women reflects not only traditional discrimination but also a "punitive" response to the new independence increasingly demanded and enjoyed by women in India's cities, as new jobs and opportunities emerge. "The reality of what's happening is that women are doing pretty well in terms of work opportunities, but dreadfully when it comes to sexual violence," she says. Violence against women is embedded in India's families, she believes, and there is an indifference to it - 90 per cent of rapes are committed by family members or acquaintances and the remainder by gangs of young men seeking to punish women for leaving their homes and traditional roles. What finally sparked anger over last month's rape and murder was the intensity of the violence and the fact that so many women were able to identify with the victim - a young woman, training for a good job, out to see a film with a friend with the support of her parents. This girl was blameless. She was not dancing in a club, she had gone to a movie and was coming back at a reasonable time, and the identification was huge," says Roy. Brinda Karat, a veteran Communist MP and women's rights campaigner, agrees that a new generation of women is facing a male backlash for claiming freedoms at work and in their social lives. The kind of protests we've seen show that Indian women are not going to tolerate this kind of violence. There's an assertion of independent identity and there is a backlash against that. It requires dealing with son preference, the education of boys and understanding masculinity, which is currently in contempt of women," she says. "India's daughter," at just 23, had gone too far for many men, but not nearly far enough for the country's women. The stage is set for a long confrontation between India's past and its future.