To Stay Relevant in a Career, Workers Train Nonstop Bill Moss, whose repair business in Virginia focuses on European vehicles, said technology had pushed garages to specialize. Over the last decade, Ty Hallock has steered his business from Web site creation to social media to mobile apps. In three more years, he expects to be back at the drawing board again. Kunal Mehta, a Ph.D. student in bioengineering at Stanford University, said his field was changing so rapidly that there was little consensus on necessary skills. To prepare, Mr. Hallock, 29, spends an hour or two a day at his business, TopFloorStudio in Asheville, N.C., tracking venture capitalists and start-up news, trying to divine the next frontier. He created TopFloorUniversity, where experts teach his employees and clients the latest in app development. When he could not find a good curriculum for information architecture, he and a colleague developed one themselves. As a pretext to learn from the luminaries in his field, Mr. Hallock even produces his own podcast. "You're always reaching for something that's kind of like unknown, because you don't know what is really going to be the future," Mr. Hallock said. "I'm not in my 30s yet, and I'm sure at some point I'm going to be like, "Enough." " But exhaustion may be a luxury that Mr. Hallock can never afford. The need to constantly adapt is the new reality for many workers, well beyond the information technology business. Car mechanics, librarians, doctors, Hollywood special effects designers - virtually everyone whose job is touched by computing - are being forced to find new, more efficient ways to learn as retooling becomes increasingly important not just to change careers, but simply to stay competitive on their chosen path. Going back to school for months or years is not realistic for many workers, who are often left to figure out for themselves what new skills will make them more valuable, or just keep them from obsolescence. In their quest to occupy a useful niche, they are turning to bite-size instructional videos, peer-to-peer forums and virtual college courses. Lynda Gratton, a professor of management practice at the London Business School, has coined a term for this necessity: "serial mastery." "You can't expect that what you've become a master in will keep you valuable throughout the whole of your career, and you want to add to that the fact that most people are now going to be working into their 70s," she said, adding that workers must try to choose specialties that cannot be outsourced or automated. Being a generalist is, in my view, very unwise. Your major competitor is Wikipedia or Google. Businesses have responded by pouring more money into training, even in the current economic doldrums, according to several measures. They have experimented by paying employees to share their expertise in internal social networks, creating video games that teach and, human resources consultants say, enticing employees with tuition help even if they leave the company. Individuals have also shouldered a lot of responsibility for their own upgrades. Lynda.com, which charges $25 a month for access to training videos on topics like the latest version of Photoshop, says its base of individual customers has been growing 42 percent a year since 2008. Online universities like Udacity and Coursera are on pace to double in size in a year, according to Josh Bersin of Bersin & Associates, a consulting firm that specializes in learning and talent management. The number of doctors participating in continuing education programs has more than doubled in the last decade, with the vast majority of the growth stemming from the increased popularity of Internet-based activities, according to the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education in Chicago. The struggle is not just to keep up, but to anticipate a future of rapid change. When the Asheville-Buncombe Technical Community College in North Carolina wanted to start a program for developing smartphone and tablet apps, the faculty had to consider the name carefully. "We had this title Mobile Applications, and then we realized that it may not be apps in two years, it may be something else," said Pamela Silvers, the chairwoman of the business computer technologies department. So we changed it to Mobile Development. As the metadata and digital archivist at Emory University, Elizabeth Russey Roke, 35, has had to keep up with evolving standards that help different databases share information, learn how to archive "born digital" materials, and use computers to bring literary and social connections among different collections to life. The bulk of her learning has been on the job, supplemented by the occasional course or videos on Lynda.com.