BP trial to shed light on company's struggle to plug Gulf oil spill Top kill. Junk shot. Cofferdam. Top hat. Capping stack. Those terms - obscure industry jargon before BP PLC's massive 2010 oil spill - became familiar buzzwords as the company scrambled to find a way to plug its blown-out well in the Gulf of Mexico. More than three years later, the methods that BP employed during its 86-day struggle to stop the gusher will be the focus of a trial resuming Monday in the high-stakes litigation spawned by the nation's worst offshore oil spill. BP insists it was properly prepared to respond to the disaster, but plaintiffs" attorneys will argue the London-based global oil company could have capped the well much sooner if it hadn't ignored decades of warnings about the risks of a deep-water blowout. The plaintiffs" lawyers, who are teaming up with attorneys for the five Gulf states and two of BP's contractors for the second phase of the trial, also say BP repeatedly lied to federal officials and withheld information about the volume of oil that was flowing from the well. It should pay the price for its choices. BP should be held accountable for the lengthy delay caused by its fraud," they wrote in a pretrial court filing. BP maintains that its spill preparations complied with every government requirement and met industry standards. But the April 20, 2010, blowout of its Macondo well a mile under the surface of the Gulf of Mexico, 50 miles off the Louisiana coast, presented "unforeseen challenges," the company's attorneys wrote. "With these uncertain and unique conditions, one overarching principle governed the team's work: "Don't make it worse,"" they wrote, saying BP deserved "recognition, not condemnation" for its spill response efforts. The federal judge presiding over the case without a jury has set aside exactly 120 hours over 16 days for the trial's second phase, which he divided into two segments. The first part, lasting four days, focuses on BP's efforts to seal the well. The second segment, lasting 12 days, is designed to help U.S. District Judge Carl Barbier determine exactly how much oil spilled into the Gulf. Under the Clean Water Act, a polluter can be forced to pay a maximum of either $1,100 (U.S.) or $4,300 per barrel of spilled oil. The higher maximum applies if the company is found grossly negligent, as the government argues BP should be. But the penalties can be assessed at amounts lower than those caps. Congress passed a law dictating that 80 per cent of the Clean Water Act penalties paid by BP must be divided among the Gulf states. Barbier has outlined a rigid schedule for attorneys to present their arguments and evidence - and a court reporter will use a chess clock to keep track of time. The judge set no strict time limits during the trial's first phase, which ended on April 17 after the judge heard eight weeks of testimony about the complex chain of mistakes and failures that caused the blowout. The first phase featured testimony from high-ranking company executives and rig workers who described their harrowing brush with death after an explosion on the rig Deepwater Horizon killed 11 of their colleagues. The second phase will consist almost entirely of technical testimony by duelling experts in several scientific disciplines. The Justice Department's experts estimate 4.2 million barrels, or 176 million gallons, spilled into the Gulf. BP has urged Barbier to use an estimate of 2.45 million barrels, or nearly 103 million gallons, in calculating any Clean Water Act fines. Both sides agree that 810,000 barrels, or 34 million gallons, escaped the well but was captured before it could pollute the Gulf. Government experts believe the oil was flowing from the well at a higher rate shortly after the blowout than it was when the well was sealed with a capping stack, which was equipped with a pressure gauge. BP's experts concluded that flow rates increased over time, due in part to the erosion of steel rams on the rig's blowout preventer. For the first phase, lawyers for Gulf Coast residents and businesses and for the Gulf states were adversaries with Deepwater Horizon owner Transocean Ltd. and cement contractor Halliburton. But they are aligned against BP and Anadarko Petroleum Corp., a minority owner of the Macondo well, for the second phase. Barbier ultimately could decide how much more money BP and its contractors owe for their roles in the deadly disaster. A "penalty phase" for the trial hasn't been scheduled yet. Transocean and Halliburton argue that their share of responsibility should be reduced as a result of BP's alleged misconduct in planning for and responding to the spill. In May, 2010, BP tried in vain to use the "top kill" method to stop the flow of oil by pumping mud and other material into the blowout preventer. Plaintiffs" lawyers claim BP knew the strategy was doomed to fail based on higher flow rate estimates that the company didn't share with federal officials at the time. "These lies and omissions delayed the capping of the well," they wrote. A capping stack ultimately sealed the well on July 15, 2010. BP said the device was specifically built for the "unique challenges" of the Macondo blowout. "Neither [federal] regulations nor industry standards required a capping device when responding to a deep-water blowout, and no deep-water blowout had been secured with such a device previously," company attorneys wrote. BP says it has already spent more than $26-billion on its Gulf restoration efforts, including more than $14-billion on spill response and cleanup costs and more than $11-billion to compensate businesses, residents and government entities. A company spokesman said in late August that BP has wrapped up "active clean-up activities" on 4,278 of 4,376 miles of shoreline in the response area. State and local officials say the London-based oil giant still has plenty left to do. "We still see a lot of oil out there," said P.J. Hahn, director of Plaquemines Parish's coast zone management department. BP has spent millions of dollars on TV ads promoting their efforts. We live here and see what's really going on.