Cern scientists discover two new particles by smashing protons together The Large Hadron Collider in Geneva has discovered two new particles Discovery was made by smashing protons at 99.9999% the speed of light This replicates the conditions of the Big Bang and creates new particles that do not naturally occur on Earth todayÂ The two new particles are calledÂ Xi_b'- and Xi_b* and are each six times more massive than a proton Finding new particles improves our knowledge of subatomic physics And it also reveals how the universe works beyond our models Scientists at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in Cern, Geneva say they have discovered two new subatomic particles by smashing protons together. The two new particles, called Xi_b'- and Xi_b*, were previously predicted to exist but had never been seen before. It's hoped the discovery could shed more light on how the universe works beyond the currently accepted models of physics. The Large Hadron Collider in Geneva has discovered two new particles. The discovery was made by smashing protons at 99.9999% the speed of light (illustration shown). The two new particles are called Xi_b'- and Xi_b* and are each six times more massive than a proton The new particles were created by firing protons around the 17-mile (27km) tube of the LHC, specifically the Large Hardon Collider Beauty (LHCb) experiment. They were then smashed together at 99.9999 per cent the speed of light, replicating the conditions at the Big Bang As the protons collide, huge energies are released and previously unseen particles can be created and detected for a fraction of a second. Discovering new particles isn't that rare at Cern - Dr Patrick Koppenburg from the Netherlandsâ€™ Nikhef Institute told the Wall Street Journal that three to five are discovered every year. Quarks are elementary particles, the smallest particles we know to exist. When they combine they form compound particles known as hadrons that are grouped in two families - baryons and mesons. Quarks are said to have six â€˜flavoursâ€™: Up, Down, Charm, Strange, Top and Bottom (also known as Beauty). Combinations of quarks within these flavours gives rise to the â€˜largerâ€™ particles. Groups of three quarks are known as baryons. An example of a baryon is a proton, which is made of two 'Up' quarks and a 'Down' quark. But, he added: 'Here we have two in one go, which is quite extraordinary.' The new particles discovered are known as baryons, and are made up of smaller subatomic particles called quarks. Quarks are among the smallest particles known to exist that make up all other particles, known as elementary particles. There are six different types of quark, and combining them together in different combinations produces larger particles. Baryons include some of the more massive subatomic particles, such as protons and neutrons, that make up most of the visible matter in the universe. But while particles like protons and neutrons are ever-present in the modern universe, other particles decay rapidly and are harder to spot. That is what scientists at Cern have been investigating - namely, over the past few years they have smashed particles together at close to light speed to simulate the conditions of the Big Bang. By creating a replica cosmic 'primordial soup' they are able to create some of the particles that were present at the Big Bang but do not exist today. A loose analogy would be smashing an apple and a pear together at the speed of light, and seeing a strawberry flash into existence for a tiny fraction of a second. This graph shows the results from the LHCb that confirmed the existence of the particles. Xi_b'- is the first peak and Xi_b*- is the second peak. The black points are the signal sample and the hatched red histogram is a control sample. The blue curve represents a model including the two new particles, fitted to the data The new particles were created by firing protons around the 17-mile (27km) tube of the LHC, specifically the Large Hardon Collider Beauty (LHCb) experiment, pictured Atoms are usually made of protons, neutrons and electrons These are made of even smaller elementary particles. Elementary particles, also known as fundamental particles, are the smallest particles we know to exist. They are subdivided into two groups, the first being fermions, which are said to be the particles that make up matter. The second are bosons, the force particles that hold the others together. Within the group of fermions are subatomic particles known as quarks. When quarks combine in threes, they form compound particles known as baryons. Protons are probably the best-known baryons. Sometimes, quarks interact with corresponding anti-particles (such as anti-quarks), which have the same mass but opposite charges. When this happens, they form mesons. Mesons often turn up in the decay of heavy man-made particles, such as those in particle accelerators, nuclear reactors and cosmic rays. Mesons, baryons, and other kinds of particles that take part in interactions like these are called hadrons. In this latest research the new X_iB particles are made of one 'strange', one 'down' and one 'bottom' (or beauty) quark. They were created by smashing together protons, but were found time be six times as massive as a proton. Each of the two new particles also had it's own 'spin', which basically explains how they interact with magnetic fields. It was found that the spin of the lighter strange and down quarks in the Xi_b*- particle were aligned, while in the Xi_b'- particle they pointed in opposite directions - making the former slightly heavier. Scientists hailed the discovery of the two particles as an important moment for physics that would help them further understand the universe at a subatomic level. 'Nature was kind and gave us two particles for the price of one,' said Dr Matthew Charles of the CNRS's LPNHE laboratory at Paris VI University. 'The Xi_b'- is very close in mass to the sum of its decay products: if it had been just a little lighter, we wouldn't have seen it at all using the decay signature that we were looking for.' Dr Steven Blusk from Syracuse University in New York added: 'This is a very exciting result. Thanks to LHCb's excellent hadron identification, which is unique among the LHC experiments, we were able to separate a very clean and strong signal from the background. It demonstrates once again the sensitivity and how precise the LHCb detector is. Subatomic particles can be largely classified in two groups (shown in graphic): Fermions, which include quarks and leptons, are those that make up matter, while bosons are said to be the 'force' particles Finding new particles improves our knowledge of subatomic physics (illustrated is an atom with eletrons), and it also reveals how the universe works beyond our models. The finding of two particles in one experiment was also described as being 'extraordinary' In addition to finding out the mass of the particles, the scientists also discovered how unstable the particles were. The results match up with predictions based on the theory of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). QCD is part of the Standard Model of particle physics, the theory that describes the fundamental particles of matter, how they interact and the forces between them. Testing QCD at high precision is key to refining our understanding of quark dynamics, models of which are tremendously difficult to calculate. 'If we want to find new physics beyond the Standard Model, we need first to have a sharp picture,' said Dr Koppenburg. Such high precision studies will help us to differentiate between Standard Model effects and anything new or unexpected in the future. The latest measurements were made with data taken at the LHC during 2011-2012. The LHC is currently being prepared - after its first long shutdown - to operate at higher energies and with more intense beams. It is scheduled to restart by spring 2015.