The relaxation of China's One Child Policy is necessary, and long overdue China was opening up to global trade and dismantling Chairman Mao's command economy. But the Chinese were "too many" insisted the leaders of Beijing and the paramount leader Deng Xiaoping. The country's massive population would hold back growth and keep China trapped in the net of degrading poverty. So one more mechanism of social control was needed: Chinese couples were to be forbidden from having more than one child. China, of course, went on to enjoy three decades of stellar growth and rising living standards after its introduction. The cadres and officials of Beijing claimed vindication for the policy. Would that take-off have happened, they ask, if population growth had not been curbed? We cannot know the answer. But I suspect the answer is "yes." China would still have grown without the policy. And people would probably have opted for smaller families out of choice as their incomes rose. In any case, it is now clear that the restriction has become an economic curse for China. The share of the population aged over 65 in the country is set to explode from around 10 per cent today to 40 per cent by the middle of the century, thanks largely to the abnormally and socially enforced low birth rate. That raises the nightmare that China will "grow old before it grows rich." What now threatens to impede the country's economic advance is not too many people, but too few of a working age. Spurred by this demographic threat, the Beijing leadership today announced that the One Child Policy will be relaxed. From now on if one parent is themselves an only child the couple will be allowed to have two babies. The news does not come as great surprise to China watchers; such a move had been mooted for some time and the policy had already been partially relaxed. But it is a significant moment nonetheless. The One Child Policy has been responsible for terrible horrors in China - including forced abortions - and it implanted a dull ache of economic insecurity in the hearts of millions. The hope must be that this decision by the leadership in Beijing is merely a prelude to the full reversal of a well-meaning but inhumane policy. Ben Chu is the author of Chinese Whispers: Why Everything You've Heard About China is Wrong.