<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML+RDFa 1.1//EN">




<html class="no-js not-oldie" lang="en" dir="ltr" version="HTML+RDFa 1.1">
  <meta charset="utf-8" />

<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/sites/all/themes/epa/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />
<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
<meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" />
<meta http-equiv="ImageToolbar" content="false" />
<meta http-equiv="cleartype" content="on" />


<meta name="keywords" content="climate change; global warming; science; indicator; data; society; health; West Nile; mosquito;" />
<link rel="canonical" href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-west-nile-virus" />
<link rel="shortlink" href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-west-nile-virus" />







<meta name="WebArea" content="Climate Change Indicators" />
<meta name="WebAreaType" content="Microsite" />
<meta name="ContentType" content="page" />
  <title>Climate Change Indicators: West Nile Virus | Climate Change Indicators in the United States | US EPA</title>
  
  <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/production/files/css/css_3h5HfPyG4w0xmgk_oaLP90_rUIs7Xmed0sNIfCxGAyg.css" media="all" />
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/production/files/css/css_NFNG4tEiKv-n_hlnQ4iBNlFbb-9XRaRVA9wRk6nUPHY.css" media="all" />
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/production/files/css/css_Pvo-DHIdW2Qn9LljtH2R1QKqzm8QoJ18zl6wR9Dk-Ak.css" media="all" />
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/production/files/css/css_28CvFue6tf4M8aL9zid2j2W58Z6HleySMQyNH35QhI0.css" media="all" />

<!--[if lt IE 9]>
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/production/files/css/css_H7Qs31C_4pOAKdUe1sAA01nOyZTqO_KOIt1uDr0iKB4.css" media="all" />
<![endif]-->
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/production/files/css/css_68w49Vk1SYPj8EPx2iW8fUagDJ4xc2WJQO7Dn7aLNaU.css" media="all" />
  <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="EPA.gov All Press Releases" href="/newsreleases/search/rss" />
  <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="EPA.gov Headquarters Press Releases" href="/newsreleases/search/rss/field_press_office/headquarters" />
  <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Greenversations, EPA's Blog" href="https://blog.epa.gov/blog/feed/" />
  <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Climate Change Indicators" href="/feed/125251/rss.xml" />    </head>
<body class="html not-front not-logged-in one-sidebar sidebar-first page-node page-node-154099 node-type-page og-context og-context-node og-context-node-125251 section-climate-indicators microsite" >
  <div class="skip-links"><a href="#main-content" class="skip-link element-invisible element-focusable">Jump to main content</a></div>
      
  
  <div class="region-alert">  <div id="block-pane-epa-admin-public-alert-message" class="block block-pane  block-pane-epa-admin-public-alert-message block-alert">
  
  
  
  
      
</div>
<div id="block-pane-epa-gtm" class="block block-pane  block-pane-epa-gtm">
  
  
  
  
    

  
</div>
  </div>
<div id="brand-header"></div>
<header class="masthead clearfix" role="banner">

      <img class="site-logo" src="/sites/all/themes/epa/logo.png" alt="" />
  
  
  <hgroup class="site-name-and-slogan">
      <h1 class="site-name">

      
      <a href="/" title="Go to the home page" rel="home">      <span>US EPA</span>
      </a>
    </h1>
  
      <div class="site-slogan">United States Environmental Protection Agency</div>
  
  </hgroup>
  
  

</header>
<div id="brand-menu"></div>
<section id="main-content" class="main-content clearfix" role="main" lang="en">
  <h2 class="microsite-name">Climate Change Indicators</h2>  
  
  <div class="region-preface clearfix">   
 
  </div>
    <div class="main-column clearfix">
            
          
      <h1  class="page-title">Climate Change Indicators: West Nile Virus</h1>
      
    
            
    
    
    
  
    



<div class="panel-pane pane-node-content" >

  
  
  
  
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class="node node-page clearfix view-mode-full ">

  
  <div id="social-icons" style="display:none">
	<div><span class="twitter"><a href="http://twitter.com/home?status=Climate%20Change%20Indicators:%20West%20Nile%20Virus:%20/climate-indicators/west-nile-virus"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-thumbnail" style="width:32px;"><img alt="Share Icon" title="Twitter" height="32" width="32" class="inline media-element file-thumbnail inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/thumbnail/public/2016-01/twitter31.png" /></span></a></span></div>

	<div><span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=/climate-indicators/west-nile-virus"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-thumbnail" style="width:32px;"><img alt="Share Icon" title="Facebook" height="32" width="32" class="inline media-element file-thumbnail inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/thumbnail/public/2016-01/facebook6.png" /></span></a></span></div>

	<div><span><a href="http://reddit.com/submit?url=/climate-indicators/west-nile-virus&amp;title=Climate%20Change%20Indicators:West%20Nile%20Virus"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-full" style="width:32px;"><img alt="Reddit Share Icon" title="Reddit Share Icon" height="32" width="32" class="media-element file-full" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/large/public/2016-03/reddit-new.png" /></span></a></span></div>
</div>

<p>This indicator tracks the rate of reported West Nile virus disease cases across the United States.</p>

<div class="box" id="indicator-container">
	<div class="pane-content">
		<ul id="slideshow"><li><label for="img1"><strong>Figure 1.</strong> Reported Neuroinvasive Cases of West Nile Virus Disease in the United States, 2002-2014</label> <span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png view-mode-full" style="width:100%px;"><img alt="Stacked area graph showing the annual incidence of neuroinvasive West Nile virus disease, which is calculated as the number of new reported cases in the United States per 100,000 people, from 2002 to 2014." title="Reported Neuroinvasive Cases of West Nile Virus Disease in the United States, 2002–2014" height="580" width="100%" class="media-element file-full" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/large/public/2016-07/west-nile-figure1-2016.png" /></span>
				<div class="row cols-3">
					<div class="col"><span><a href="/sites/production/files/2016-08/west-nile_fig-1.csv"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-teaser" style="width:32px;"><img alt="Download Data" title="Download Data" height="32" width="32" class="inline media-element file-teaser inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2015-12/spreadsheet4.png" /></span></a></span>  <span><a href="/sites/production/files/styles/large/public/2016-07/west-nile-download1-2016.png"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-teaser" style="width:32px;"><img alt="Download Image" title="Download Image" height="32" width="32" class="inline media-element file-teaser inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2015-12/images11.png" /></span></a></span> </div>

					<div class="col"> </div>

					<div class="col"> </div>
				</div>

				<div id="caption1">
					<p>This figure shows the annual incidence of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease, which is calculated as the number of new cases per 100,000 people. The graph is based on cases that local and state health departments report to CDC’s national disease tracking system. Neuroinvasive cases, which occur for less than 1 percent of people infected with West Nile virus, are those that affect the brain or cause neurologic dysfunction.</p>

					<p>Data source: CDC, 2016<a href="#ref8"><sup>8</sup></a><br /><em>Web update: </em><em>August </em><em>2016</em></p>

					
				</div>
			</li>
			<li><label for="img2"><strong>Figure 2.</strong> Reported Neuroinvasive Cases of West Nile Virus Disease by State, 2002-2014</label> <span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png view-mode-full" style="width:100%px;"><img alt="Color-coded map showing the average number of annual cases of neuroinvasive West Nile virus disease by state from 2002 to 2014." title="Reported Neuroinvasive Cases of West Nile Virus Disease by State, 2002–2014" height="798" width="100%" class="media-element file-full" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/large/public/2016-07/west-nile-figure2-2016.png" /></span>
				<div class="row cols-3">
					<div class="col"><span><a href="/sites/production/files/2016-08/west-nile_fig-2.csv"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-teaser" style="width:32px;"><img alt="Download Data" title="Download Data" height="32" width="32" class="inline media-element file-teaser inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2015-12/spreadsheet4.png" /></span></a></span>  <span><a href="/sites/production/files/styles/large/public/2016-07/west-nile-download2-2016.png"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-teaser" style="width:32px;"><img alt="Download Image" title="Download Image" height="32" width="32" class="inline media-element file-teaser inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2015-12/images11.png" /></span></a></span>  <span><a href="http://arcg.is/2epA5B8 "><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-thumbnail" style="width:32px;"><img alt="KMZ Icon" title="View Interactive Map" height="32" width="32" class="inline media-element file-thumbnail inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/thumbnail/public/2016-01/location73.png" /></span></a></span></div>

					<div class="col"> </div>

					<div class="col"> </div>
				</div>

				<div id="caption2">
					<p>This map shows the average annual incidence of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease in each state, which is calculated as the average number of new cases per 100,000 people per year from 2002 to 2014. The map is based on cases that local and state health departments report to CDC’s national disease tracking system. Neuroinvasive cases, which occur for less than 1 percent of people infected with West Nile virus, are those that affect the brain or cause neurologic dysfunction.</p>

					<p>Data source: CDC, 2016<a href="#ref9"><sup>9</sup></a><br /><em>Web update: </em><em>August </em><em>2016</em></p>
				</div>
			</li>
		</ul></div>
</div>

<div class="row cols-2" id="navigation">
	<div class="col">
		<table class="nostyle"><thead><tr><th> </th>
				</tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="# " id="nav1-tmb"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png center view-mode-teaser" style="width:160px;"><img alt="Stacked area graph showing the annual incidence of neuroinvasive West Nile virus disease, which is calculated as the number of new reported cases in the United States per 100,000 people, from 2002 to 2014." title="Reported Neuroinvasive Cases of West Nile Virus Disease in the United States, 2002–2014" height="112" width="160" class="center media-element file-teaser center" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2016-07/west-nile-thumb1-2016.png" /></span></a></td>
				</tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="# " id="nav1"><small><b>Figure 1.</b> Reported Neuroinvasive Cases of West Nile Virus Disease in the United States, 2002-2014</small></a> </td>
				</tr></tbody></table></div>

	<div class="col">
		<table class="nostyle"><thead><tr><th> </th>
				</tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="# " id="nav2-tmb"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png center view-mode-teaser" style="width:160px;"><img alt="Color-coded map showing the average number of annual cases of neuroinvasive West Nile virus disease by state from 2002 to 2014." title="Reported Neuroinvasive Cases of West Nile Virus Disease by State, 2002–2014" height="112" width="160" class="center media-element file-teaser center" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2016-07/west-nile-thumb2-2016.png" /></span></a></td>
				</tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="# " id="nav2"><small><b>Figure 2.</b> Reported Neuroinvasive Cases of West Nile Virus Disease by State, 2002–2014</small></a></td>
				</tr></tbody></table></div>
</div>
</div>
  </div>

  
  
</div>


<div class="panel-pane pane-fieldable-panels-pane pane-vid-121677 pane-bundle-fieldable-panels-pane pane-fpid-9429" >

  
  
  
  
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div id="tabs">
	<ul class="tabs" id="tabsnav"><li><a class="menu-internal" href="#tab-1"><small> <br />Key Points</small></a></li>
		<li><a class="menu-internal" href="#tab-2"><small> <br />Background</small></a></li>
		<li><a class="menu-internal" href="#tab-3"><small>About the<br />Indicator</small></a></li>
		<li><a class="menu-internal" href="#tab-4"><small> <br />Indicator Notes</small></a></li>
		<li><a class="menu-internal" href="#tab-5"><small> <br />Data Sources</small></a></li>
		<li><a class="menu-internal" href="#tab-6"><small>Technical<br />Documentation</small></a></li>
	</ul><div id="tab-1">
		<h3>Key Points</h3>

		<ul><li>The incidence of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease in the United States has varied widely from year to year (see Figure 1). No obvious long-term trend can be detected yet through this limited data set.<br />
				 </li>
			<li>The years 2002, 2003, and 2012 had the highest reported incidence rates, around one case per 100,000 people (see Figure 1).<br />
				 </li>
			<li>West Nile virus occurs throughout the contiguous 48 states. Average annual incidence is highest in parts of the Southwest, the Mississippi Delta region, the Great Plains, and the Rocky Mountain region (see Figure 2). </li>
		</ul></div>

	<div id="tab-2">
		<h3>Background</h3>

		<p>Climate change is expected to affect the geographic and seasonal patterns of vector-borne diseases (that is, diseases caused by pathogens transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, or other arthropods) in the United States.<a href="#ref1"><sup>1</sup></a> West Nile virus was first detected in the United States in 1999 and is now the most common cause of mosquito-borne disease in the United States in most years. While many infected people feel no symptoms, others can experience symptoms such as headache, body aches, joint pains, vomiting, diarrhea, and rash, as well as more severe damage to the central nervous system in some patients, causing encephalitis, meningitis, and occasionally death.<a href="#ref2"><sup>2</sup></a> From 1999 to 2014, a total of 41,762 cases of West Nile virus disease were reported in to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Nearly half of the reported cases of people infected with West Nile virus were neuroinvasive—that is, affecting the brain or causing neurologic dysfunction.<a href="#ref3"><sup>3</sup></a> Mosquitoes acquire the virus by biting infected birds, which are the main hosts of the virus. People are then infected when they are bitten by these virus-carrying mosquitoes.</p>

		<p>Climate change may raise the risk of human exposure to West Nile virus. Studies show that warmer temperatures associated with climate change can speed up mosquito development, biting rates, and the incubation of the disease within a mosquito.<a href="#ref4"><sup>4</sup></a> Climate change’s effects on birds may also contribute to changes in long-range virus movement, as the timing of migration and breeding patterns are driven by climate. Mild winters and drought have been associated with West Nile virus disease outbreaks,<a href="#ref5"><sup>5</sup></a><sup>,<a href="#ref6">6</a></sup> while rainfall can also contribute by creating breeding sites for mosquitoes.<a href="#ref7"><sup>7</sup></a></p>

		<p>Climate is just one of many important factors that influence the transmission, distribution, and incidence of West Nile virus disease. Human exposure to infected mosquitoes is also influenced by multiple factors, including changes in the proximity of human populations to mosquitoes and host bird species, increased awareness of West Nile virus, and modified behaviors, such as spending less time outdoors during peak mosquito-biting times and taking precautions to avoid being bitten.</p>

	</div>

	<div id="tab-3">
		<h3>About the Indicator</h3>

		<p>This indicator looks at the incidence of human cases of West Nile virus disease, which reflects the rate of new cases contracted in a given geographic area and time period. Incidence is typically calculated as the number of cases per 100,000 people per year. This indicator focuses on neuroinvasive cases, as the symptoms are noticeable and typically require medical care. The indicator summarizes surveillance data reported to the CDC. West Nile is a nationally notifiable disease, which means health care providers are required to report confirmed cases to their local or state health departments. CDC compiles these reported data and calculates national totals and rates. Figure 1 shows national incidence by year since 2002, when West Nile first became notifiable. Figure 2 shows the incidence for each state, averaged over the period from 2002 to 2014. </p>
	</div>

	<div id="tab-4">
		<h3>Indicator Notes</h3>

		<p>This indicator depends on clinicians making the correct diagnosis and reporting laboratory-confirmed cases to public health authorities. Changes in diagnosing practices, awareness of the virus, and mosquito control efforts over time can affect trends. Cases are reported based on the patient’s state of residence, which is not necessarily the place where they were infected. Non-neuroinvasive cases of West Nile virus disease have been tracked since 2005, but because the symptoms may be mild or undetected, non-neuroinvasive cases are significantly underreported.<a href="#ref9"><sup>10</sup></a> Thus this indicator only focuses on neuroinvasive cases.</p>

		<p>Because of the many factors affecting mosquito populations and reporting of West Nile virus disease and the fact that data have only been collected for a little more than a decade, this indicator does not provide sufficient information to determine what proportion of the observed changes in incidence is directly driven by climate change. Further study is critical to improving the usefulness of this indicator and informing decisions affecting public health. For information on prevention, symptoms, and treatment of West Nile virus disease, see: <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/westnile/index.html">www.cdc.gov/westnile/index.html</a>.</p>
	</div>

	<div id="tab-5">
		<h3>Data Sources</h3>

		<p>This indicator is based on publicly available West Nile virus disease data compiled by CDC at: <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/westnile/statsmaps/cummapsdata.html">www.cdc.gov/westnile/statsmaps/cummapsdata.html</a>.</p>
	</div>

	<div id="tab-6">
		<h3>Technical Documentation</h3>

		<ul><li><a href="/climate-indicators/downloads-indicators-technical-documentation">Download related technical information PDF</a></li>
		</ul></div>
</div>

<hr /><h3>References</h3>

<p><small><sup><a id="ref1" name="ref1"></a>1</sup> Beard, C.B., R.J. Eisen, C.M. Barker, J.F. Garofalo, M. Hahn, M. Hayden, A.J. Monaghan, N.H. Ogden, and P.J. Schramm. 2016. Chapter 5: Vector-borne diseases. The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: A scientific assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program. <a href="https://health2016.globalchange.gov/">https://health2016.globalchange.gov</a>.</small></p>

<p><small><sup><a id="ref2" name="ref2"></a>2</sup> CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2016. West Nile virus symptoms and treatment. <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/westnile/symptoms/index.html">www.cdc.gov/westnile/symptoms/index.html</a>. Accessed January 2016.</small></p>

<p><small><sup><a id="ref3" name="ref3"></a>3</sup> CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2016. West Nile virus statistics and maps. <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/westnile/statsmaps/index.html">www.cdc.gov/westnile/statsmaps/index.html</a>. Accessed January 2016.</small></p>

<p><small><sup><a id="ref4" name="ref4"></a>4</sup> Beard, C.B., R.J. Eisen, C.M. Barker, J.F. Garofalo, M. Hahn, M. Hayden, A.J. Monaghan, N.H. Ogden, and P.J. Schramm. 2016. Chapter 5: Vector-borne diseases. The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: A scientific assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program. <a href="https://health2016.globalchange.gov/">https://health2016.globalchange.gov</a>.</small></p>

<p><small><sup><a id="ref5" name="ref5"></a>5</sup> Beard, C.B., R.J. Eisen, C.M. Barker, J.F. Garofalo, M. Hahn, M. Hayden, A.J. Monaghan, N.H. Ogden, and P.J. Schramm. 2016. Chapter 5: Vector-borne diseases. The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: A scientific assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program. <a href="https://health2016.globalchange.gov/">https://health2016.globalchange.gov</a>.</small></p>

<p><small><sup><a id="ref6" name="ref6"></a>6</sup> Hahn, M.B., A.J. Monaghan, M.H. Hayden, R.J. Eisen, M.J. Delorey, N.P. Lindsey, R.S. Nasci, and M. Fischer. 2015. Meteorological conditions associated with increased incidence of West Nile virus disease in the United States, 2004–2012. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25802435" title="The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.">Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.</a> 92(5):1013–1022.</small></p>

<p><small><sup><a id="ref7" name="ref7"></a>7</sup> Beard, C.B., R.J. Eisen, C.M. Barker, J.F. Garofalo, M. Hahn, M. Hayden, A.J. Monaghan, N.H. Ogden, and P.J. Schramm. 2016. Chapter 5: Vector-borne diseases. The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: A scientific assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program. <a href="https://health2016.globalchange.gov/">https://health2016.globalchange.gov</a>.</small></p>

<p><small><sup><a id="ref8" name="ref8"></a>8</sup> CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2016. West Nile virus statistics and maps. <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/westnile/statsmaps/index.html">www.cdc.gov/westnile/statsmaps/index.html</a>. Accessed January 2016.</small></p>

<p><small><sup><a id="ref9" name="ref9"></a>9</sup> CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2016. West Nile virus statistics and maps. <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/westnile/statsmaps/index.html">www.cdc.gov/westnile/statsmaps/index.html</a>. Accessed January 2016.</small></p>

<p><small><sup><a id="ref10" name="ref10"></a>10</sup> CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2016. West Nile virus surveillance resources. <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/westnile/resourcepages/survresources.html">www.cdc.gov/westnile/resourcepages/survresources.html</a>. Accessed January 2016.</small></p>

<hr /><p><a href="/climate-indicators/printer-friendly-pdf-downloads-indicator-text-and-figures">Printer-friendly PDF of all text and figures</a></p>
  </div>

  
  
</div>


<div class="panel-pane pane-fieldable-panels-pane pane-fpid-13539 pane-bundle-fieldable-panels-pane" >

  
  
  
  
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <h3>Learn about other indicators in this section</h3>

<p><a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-related-deaths"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-teaser" style="width:160px;"><img alt="Heat-Related Deaths" height="130" width="160" class="inline media-element file-teaser inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2016-07/heat-deaths-landing-thumb-2016.png" title="" /></span></a> <a href="/climate-indicators/heat-related-illnesses"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-teaser" style="width:160px;"><img alt="Heat-Related Illnesses" height="130" width="160" class="inline media-element file-teaser inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2016-07/heat-illness-landing-thumb-2016.png" title="" /></span></a> <a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heating-and-cooling-degree-days"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-teaser" style="width:160px;"><img alt="Heating and Cooling Degree Days" height="130" width="160" class="inline media-element file-teaser inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2016-07/heating-cooling-landing-thumb-2016.png" title="" /></span></a> <a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-lyme-disease"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-teaser" style="width:160px;"><img alt="Lyme Disease" height="130" width="160" class="inline media-element file-teaser inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2016-07/lyme-landing-thumb-2016.png" title="" /></span></a> <a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-west-nile-virus"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-teaser" style="width:160px;"><img alt="West Nile Virus" height="130" width="160" class="inline media-element file-teaser inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2016-07/west-nile-landing-thumb-2016.png" title="" /></span></a> <a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-length-growing-season"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-teaser" style="width:160px;"><img alt="Length of Growing Season" height="130" width="160" class="inline media-element file-teaser inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2016-07/growing-season-landing-thumb-2016.png" title="" /></span></a> <a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-ragweed-pollen-season"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-teaser" style="width:160px;"><img alt="Ragweed Pollen Season" height="130" width="160" class="inline media-element file-teaser inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2016-07/ragweed-landing-thumb-2016.png" title="" /></span></a></p>
  </div>

  
  
</div>

<div id="block-pane-epa-web-area-footer" class="block block-pane  block-pane-epa-web-area-footer">
  
  
  
  
    
</div>
  
    
      </div>
  
  
  <div class="region-sidebar-first region-sidebar">  <div id="block-og-menu-og-single-menu-block" class="block block-og-menu  block-og-menu-og-single-menu-block">

      <h2 class="element-invisible">Climate Indicators</h2>
  
  
    <ul class="menu"><li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators" title="" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Climate Change Indicators</a></li>
<li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Greenhouse Gases</a></li>
<li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/weather-climate" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Weather and Climate</a></li>
<li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/oceans" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Oceans</a></li>
<li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/snow-ice" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Snow and Ice</a></li>
<li class="active-trail menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/health-society" class="menu-node-unpublished active-trail menu-link">Health and Society</a><ul class="menu"><li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-related-deaths" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Heat-Related Deaths</a></li>
<li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/heat-related-illnesses" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Heat-Related Illnesses</a></li>
<li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heating-and-cooling-degree-days" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Heating and Cooling Degree Days</a></li>
<li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-lyme-disease" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Lyme Disease</a></li>
<li class="active-trail menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-west-nile-virus" class="menu-node-unpublished active-trail menu-link active">West Nile Virus</a></li>
<li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-length-growing-season" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Length of Growing Season</a></li>
<li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-ragweed-pollen-season" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Ragweed Pollen Season</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/ecosystems" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Ecosystems</a></li>
<li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/frequent-questions-about-climate-change-indicators" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Frequent Questions</a></li>
</ul>  
</div>
  </div>
</section>




 
  <div id="brand-footer"></div>
 <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/production/files/js/js_LcFRnnSHVah-Aw_WQ8aVLXhp3HPJvrOe4h6YEXA5BT8.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/production/files/js/js_oZD9-WvfiElJ5KPavqu9ZAQiZcfWlzNCzxFHpedR9dI.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/production/files/js/js_slEmfY49PYt03JJafrjvmxmEfVQE7vqI-454V7NM5ys.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/all/modules/custom/epa_core/js/alert.js?ok0rem"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/production/files/js/js_cjmkhjdYj9qyv8rH-ylGyD-SIMacZ-dzdqW9m8x_TEc.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/production/files/js/js_UG00nMwTXcewn_yu8c3s7Bgbxmhbdk0BE1GwQLAuoQU.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/production/files/js/js_CaVFOiO3QpcJYEzSDhR3RmEeSnMbgnImgh5uEDkDD_0.js"></script>

<script src="/sites/all/libraries/cycle/jquery.cycle2.min.js"></script>
<script>var indicatorIndex = 4;</script>
<style>
#social-icons {
  float: right;
  width: 9%;
  padding-left: 2em;
}
#indicator-container {
  width: 90%;
}
#navigation {
  width: 94%;
}
#navigation td {
  padding:2px;
  margin:0px !important;
}
#navigation td small {
  padding:2px;
}
#active-indicator span {
  display: inline-block;
  position: relative;
  width: 24%;
  vertical-align: top;
}
#active-indicator img {
  width: 100%;
  vertical-align: top;
}
#active-indicator span:after {
  content:'\A';
  position:absolute;
  width:100%;
  height:100%;
  top:0;
  left:0;
  background:rgba(0,0,0,0.6);
  opacity:1;
  transition: all 0.5s;;
  -webkit-transition: all 0.5s;
}
#active-indicator span:hover:after {
  opacity:0.5;
}
#slideshow { 
  height: 800px; 
}
</style>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function() {

  // Tabs
  jQuery('#tabs > div').hide(); // hide all child divs
  jQuery('#tabs div:first').show(); // show first child dive
  jQuery('#tabsnav li:first').addClass('active');

  jQuery('.menu-internal').click(function(){
    jQuery('#tabsnav li').removeClass('active');
    var currentTab = jQuery(this).attr('href');
    jQuery('#tabsnav li a[href="' + currentTab + '" ]').parent().addClass('active');
    jQuery('#tabs > div').hide();
    jQuery(currentTab).show();
    return false;
  });

  // Create a bookmarkable tab link
  hash = window.location.hash;
  elements = jQuery('a[href="' + hash + '"]');
  // if there aren't any, then show the first tab;
  // Otherwise, scroll back to top (if needed) and open the tab in the hash
  if (elements.length === 0) { 
    jQuery("ul.tabs li:first").addClass("active").show(); //   
  } else { 
    jQuery('html,body').scrollTop(200); elements.click(); 
  } 


  // Slideshow
  var slideshow = jQuery("#slideshow"),
      navBtns       = ['nav1','nav2','nav3'],
      activeStyle   = {'border':'1px solid black'},
      inactiveStyle = {'border':'none'},
      $table;
        
  slideshow.cycle({
    loader: 'wait',
    paused: true,
    slides: 'li',
    fx: 'none',
    autoHeight: 'container',
    updateView: 1,
    log: false,
    height: '900px',
    timeout:0,
    speed:1
  });

  navBtns.forEach(function (element, index) {
    jQuery('a[id^=' + element + ']').click(function (e) {
      e.preventDefault();
      resetBorder(navBtns, inactiveStyle);
      $table = jQuery(this).closest('tbody');
      $table.css(activeStyle);
      slideshow.cycle('goto',index);
      console.log(element,index)
    });
  });

  jQuery('#nav1').trigger('click');

  // Overlay
  var $otherIndicatorsSection = jQuery('h3:contains("Learn about other indicators in this section")').parent();
  var $otherIndicatorsLinks = $otherIndicatorsSection.find('a');
  if(typeof indicatorIndex !== 'undefined') jQuery($otherIndicatorsLinks[indicatorIndex]).attr('id','active-indicator');        
});

function resetBorder(target,style){
  target.forEach(function (element, index) {
    $table = jQuery("a[id^=" + element + "]").closest('tbody');
    $table.css(style);
  });
}
</script>    </body>
</html>

