<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML+RDFa 1.1//EN">




<html class="no-js not-oldie" lang="en" dir="ltr" version="HTML+RDFa 1.1">
  <meta charset="utf-8" />

<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/sites/all/themes/epa/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />
<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
<meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" />
<meta http-equiv="ImageToolbar" content="false" />
<meta http-equiv="cleartype" content="on" />


<meta name="keywords" content="climate change; global warming; science; indicator; data; ecosystem; bird; range; migration" />
<link rel="canonical" href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-bird-wintering-ranges" />
<link rel="shortlink" href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-bird-wintering-ranges" />







<meta name="WebArea" content="Climate Change Indicators" />
<meta name="WebAreaType" content="Microsite" />
<meta name="ContentType" content="page" />
  <title>Climate Change Indicators: Bird Wintering Ranges | Climate Change Indicators in the United States | US EPA</title>
  
  <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/production/files/css/css_3h5HfPyG4w0xmgk_oaLP90_rUIs7Xmed0sNIfCxGAyg.css" media="all" />
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/production/files/css/css_NFNG4tEiKv-n_hlnQ4iBNlFbb-9XRaRVA9wRk6nUPHY.css" media="all" />
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/production/files/css/css_Pvo-DHIdW2Qn9LljtH2R1QKqzm8QoJ18zl6wR9Dk-Ak.css" media="all" />
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/production/files/css/css_28CvFue6tf4M8aL9zid2j2W58Z6HleySMQyNH35QhI0.css" media="all" />

<!--[if lt IE 9]>
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/production/files/css/css_H7Qs31C_4pOAKdUe1sAA01nOyZTqO_KOIt1uDr0iKB4.css" media="all" />
<![endif]-->
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/production/files/css/css_68w49Vk1SYPj8EPx2iW8fUagDJ4xc2WJQO7Dn7aLNaU.css" media="all" />
  <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="EPA.gov All Press Releases" href="/newsreleases/search/rss" />
  <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="EPA.gov Headquarters Press Releases" href="/newsreleases/search/rss/field_press_office/headquarters" />
  <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Greenversations, EPA's Blog" href="https://blog.epa.gov/blog/feed/" />
  <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Climate Change Indicators" href="/feed/125251/rss.xml" />    </head>
<body class="html not-front not-logged-in one-sidebar sidebar-first page-node page-node-154079 node-type-page og-context og-context-node og-context-node-125251 section-climate-indicators microsite" >
  <div class="skip-links"><a href="#main-content" class="skip-link element-invisible element-focusable">Jump to main content</a></div>
      
  
  <div class="region-alert">  <div id="block-pane-epa-admin-public-alert-message" class="block block-pane  block-pane-epa-admin-public-alert-message block-alert">
  
  
  
  
      
</div>
<div id="block-pane-epa-gtm" class="block block-pane  block-pane-epa-gtm">
  
  
  
  
    

  
</div>
  </div>
<div id="brand-header"></div>
<header class="masthead clearfix" role="banner">

      <img class="site-logo" src="/sites/all/themes/epa/logo.png" alt="" />
  
  
  <hgroup class="site-name-and-slogan">
      <h1 class="site-name">

      
      <a href="/" title="Go to the home page" rel="home">      <span>US EPA</span>
      </a>
    </h1>
  
      <div class="site-slogan">United States Environmental Protection Agency</div>
  
  </hgroup>
  
  

</header>
<div id="brand-menu"></div>
<section id="main-content" class="main-content clearfix" role="main" lang="en">
  <h2 class="microsite-name">Climate Change Indicators</h2>  
  
  <div class="region-preface clearfix">   
 
  </div>
    <div class="main-column clearfix">
            
          
      <h1  class="page-title">Climate Change Indicators: Bird Wintering Ranges</h1>
      
    
            
    
    
    
  
    



<div class="panel-pane pane-node-content" >

  
  
  
  
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class="node node-page clearfix view-mode-full ">

  
  <div id="social-icons" style="display:none">
	<div><span class="twitter"><a href="http://twitter.com/home?status=Climate%20Change%20Indicators:%20Bird%20Wintering%20Ranges:%20/climate-indicators/bird-wintering-ranges"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-thumbnail" style="width:32px;"><img alt="Share Icon" title="Twitter" height="32" width="32" class="inline media-element file-thumbnail inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/thumbnail/public/2016-01/twitter31.png" /></span></a></span></div>

	<div><span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=/climate-indicators/bird-wintering-ranges"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-thumbnail" style="width:32px;"><img alt="Share Icon" title="Facebook" height="32" width="32" class="inline media-element file-thumbnail inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/thumbnail/public/2016-01/facebook6.png" /></span></a></span></div>

	<div><span><a href="http://reddit.com/submit?url=/climate-indicators/bird-wintering-ranges&amp;title=Climate%20Change%20Indicators:Bird%20Wintering%20Ranges"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-full" style="width:32px;"><img alt="Reddit Share Icon" title="Reddit Share Icon" height="32" width="32" class="media-element file-full" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/large/public/2016-03/reddit-new.png" /></span></a></span></div>
</div>

<p>This indicator examines changes in the winter ranges of North American birds.</p>

<div class="box" id="indicator-container">
	<div class="pane-content">
		<ul id="slideshow"><li><label for="img1"><strong>Figure 1.</strong> Change in Latitude of Bird Center of Abundance, 1966â€“2013</label> <span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png view-mode-full" style="width:100%px;"><img alt="Line graph showing the extent to which bird populations shifted northward from 1966 to 2013." title="Change in Latitude of Bird Center of Abundance, 1966â€“2013" height="591" width="100%" class="media-element file-full" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/large/public/2016-07/bird-ranges-figure1-2016.png" /></span>
				<div class="row cols-3">
					<div class="col"><span><a href="/sites/production/files/2016-08/bird-ranges_fig-1.csv"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-teaser" style="width:32px;"><img alt="Download Data" title="Download Data" height="32" width="32" class="inline media-element file-teaser inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2015-12/spreadsheet4.png" /></span></a></span>Â  <span><a href="/sites/production/files/styles/large/public/2016-07/bird-ranges-download1-2016.png"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-teaser" style="width:32px;"><img alt="Download Image" title="Download Image" height="32" width="32" class="inline media-element file-teaser inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2015-12/images11.png" /></span></a></span>Â </div>

					<div class="col">Â </div>

					<div class="col">Â </div>
				</div>

				<div id="caption1">
					<p>This figure shows annual change in latitude of bird center of abundance for 305 widespread bird species in North America from 1966 to 2013. Each winter is represented by the year in which it began (for example, winter 2013â€“2014 is shown as 2013). The shaded band shows the likely range of values, based on the number of measurements collected and the precision of the methods used.</p>

					<p>Data source: National Audubon Society, 2014<a href="#ref4"><sup>4</sup></a><br /><em>Web update: May 2014</em></p>
				</div>
			</li>
			<li><label for="img2"><strong>Figure 2.</strong> Change in Distance to Coast of Bird Center of Abundance, 1966â€“2013</label> <span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png view-mode-full" style="width:100%px;"><img alt="Line graph showing the extent to which bird populations shifted inland from the coast from 1966 to 2013." title="Change in Distance to Coast of Bird Center of Abundance, 1966â€“2013" height="591" width="100%" class="media-element file-full" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/large/public/2016-07/bird-ranges-figure2-2016.png" /></span>
				<div class="row cols-3">
					<div class="col"><span><a href="/sites/production/files/2016-08/bird-ranges_fig-2.csv"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-teaser" style="width:32px;"><img alt="Download Data" title="Download Data" height="32" width="32" class="inline media-element file-teaser inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2015-12/spreadsheet4.png" /></span></a></span>Â  <span><a href="/sites/production/files/styles/large/public/2016-07/bird-ranges-download2-2016.png"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-teaser" style="width:32px;"><img alt="Download Image" title="Download Image" height="32" width="32" class="inline media-element file-teaser inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2015-12/images11.png" /></span></a></span></div>

					<div class="col">Â </div>

					<div class="col">Â </div>
				</div>

				<div id="caption2">
					<p>This figure shows annual change in distance to the coast of bird center of abundance for 272 widespread bird species in North America from 1966 to 2013. This figure covers 272 species instead of the 305 species shown in Figure 1 because 33 of the species in Figure 1 need access to salt water, which means they cannot move inland. Each winter is represented by the year in which it began (for example, winter 2013â€“2014 is shown as 2013). The shaded band shows the likely range of values, based on the number of measurements collected and the precision of the methods used.</p>

					<p>Data source: National Audubon Society, 2014<a href="#ref5"><sup>5</sup></a><br /><em>Web update: May 2014</em></p>
				</div>
			</li>
		</ul></div>
</div>

<div class="row cols-2" id="navigation">
	<div class="col">
		<table class="nostyle"><thead><tr><th>Â </th>
				</tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="# " id="nav1-tmb"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png center view-mode-teaser" style="width:160px;"><img alt="Line graph showing the extent to which bird populations shifted northward from 1966 to 2013." title="Change in Latitude of Bird Center of Abundance, 1966â€“2013" height="112" width="160" class="center media-element file-teaser center" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2016-07/bird-ranges-thumb1-2016.png" /></span></a></td>
				</tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="# " id="nav1"><small><b>Figure 1.</b> Change in Latitude of Bird Center of Abundance, 1966â€“2013</small></a></td>
				</tr></tbody></table></div>

	<div class="col">
		<table class="nostyle"><thead><tr><th>Â </th>
				</tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="# " id="nav2-tmb"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png center view-mode-teaser" style="width:160px;"><img alt="Line graph showing the extent to which bird populations shifted inland from the coast from 1966 to 2013." title="Change in Distance to Coast of Bird Center of Abundance, 1966â€“2013" height="112" width="160" class="center media-element file-teaser center" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2016-07/bird-ranges-thumb2-2016.png" /></span></a></td>
				</tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="# " id="nav2"><small><b>Figure 2.</b> Change in Distance to Coast of Bird Center of Abundance, 1966â€“2013</small></a></td>
				</tr></tbody></table></div>
</div>
</div>
  </div>

  
  
</div>


<div class="panel-pane pane-fieldable-panels-pane pane-vid-121693 pane-bundle-fieldable-panels-pane pane-fpid-9429" >

  
  
  
  
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div id="tabs">
	<ul class="tabs" id="tabsnav"><li><a class="menu-internal" href="#tab-1"><small>Â <br />
			Key Points</small></a></li>
		<li><a class="menu-internal" href="#tab-2"><small>Â <br />
			Background</small></a></li>
		<li><a class="menu-internal" href="#tab-3"><small>About the<br />
			Indicator</small></a></li>
		<li><a class="menu-internal" href="#tab-4"><small>Â <br />
			Indicator Notes</small></a></li>
		<li><a class="menu-internal" href="#tab-5"><small>Â <br />
			Data Sources</small></a></li>
		<li><a class="menu-internal" href="#tab-6"><small>Technical<br />
			Documentation</small></a></li>
	</ul><div id="tab-1">
		<h3>Key Points</h3>

		<ul class="roomy"><li>Among 305 widespread North American bird species, the average mid-December to early January center of abundance moved northward by more than 40 miles between 1966 and 2013 (see Figure 1). Trends in the center of abundance moving northward can be closely related to increasing winter temperatures.<a href="#ref2"><sup>2</sup></a></li>
			<li>On average, bird species have also moved their wintering grounds farther from the coast since the 1960s (see Figure 2). A shift away from the coasts can also relate to changes in winter temperatures. Inland areas tend to experience more extreme cold than coastal areas, but those extremes are becoming less severe as the climate warms overall.<a href="#ref3"><sup>3</sup></a></li>
			<li>Some species have moved farther than others. A total of 48 species have moved northward by more than 200 miles. Of the 305 species studied, 186 (61 percent) have shifted their wintering grounds northward since the 1960s, while 82 (27 percent) have shifted southward. Some others have not moved at all.</li>
		</ul></div>

	<div id="tab-2">
		<h3>Background</h3>

		<p>Changes in climate can affect ecosystems by influencing animal behavior and ranges. Birds are a particularly good indicator of environmental change for several reasons:</p>

		<ul class="roomy"><li>Each species of bird has adapted or evolved to favor certain habitat types, food sources, and temperature ranges. In addition, the timing of certain events in their life cyclesâ€”such as migration and reproductionâ€”is driven by cues from the environment. For example, many North American birds follow a regular seasonal migration pattern, moving north to feed and breed in the summer, then moving south to spend the winter in warmer areas. Changing conditions can influence the distribution of both migratory and non-migratory birds as well as the timing of important life cycle events.<sup><a href="#ref1">1</a></sup></li>
			<li>Birds are easy to identify and count, and thus there is a wealth of scientific knowledge about their distribution and abundance. People have kept detailed records of bird observations for more than a century.</li>
			<li>There are many different species of birds living in a variety of habitats, including water birds, coastal birds, and land birds. If a change in behavior or range occurs across a range of bird types, it suggests that a common external factor might be the cause.</li>
		</ul><p>Temperature and precipitation patterns are changing across the United States (see the <a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-us-and-global-temperature">U.S. and Global Temperature</a> indicator and the <a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-us-and-global-precipitation">U.S. and Global Precipitation</a> indicator). Some bird species can adapt to generally warmer temperatures by changing where they liveâ€”for example, by migrating farther north in the summer but not as far south in the winter, or by shifting inland as winter temperature extremes grow less severe. Non-migratory species might shift as well, expanding into newly suitable habitats while moving out of areas that become less suitable. Other types of birds might not adapt to changing conditions and could experience a population decline as a result. Climate change can also alter the timing of events that are based on temperature cues, such as migration and breeding (especially egg-laying).</p>
	</div>

	<div id="tab-3">
		<h3>About the Indicator</h3>

		<p>This indicator looks collectively at the â€œcenter of abundanceâ€? of hundreds of widespread North American bird species over a 48-year period. The center of abundance is a point on the map that represents the middle of each speciesâ€™ distribution. If a whole population of birds were to shift generally northward, one would see the center of abundance shift northward as well.</p>

		<p>For year-to-year consistency, this indicator uses observations from the National Audubon Societyâ€™s Christmas Bird Count, which takes place every year in early winter. The Christmas Bird Count is a long-running citizen-science program in which individuals are organized by the National Audubon Society, Bird Studies Canada, local Audubon chapters, and other bird clubs to identify and count bird species. The data presented in this indicator were collected from more than 2,000 locations throughout the United States and parts of Canada. At each location, skilled observers follow a standard counting procedure to estimate the number of birds within a 15-mile diameter â€œcount circleâ€? over a 24-hour period. Study methods remain generally consistent from year to year. Data produced by the Christmas Bird Count go through several levels of review before Audubon scientists analyze the final data, which have been used to support a wide variety of peer-reviewed studies.</p>
	</div>

	<div id="tab-4">
		<h3>Indicator Notes</h3>

		<p>Many factors can influence bird ranges, including food availability, habitat alteration, and interactions with other species. As a result, some of the birds included in this indicator might have moved north for reasons other than changing temperatures. This indicator does not show how responses to climate change vary among different types of birds. For example, a more detailed National Audubon Society analysis found large differences among coastal birds, grassland birds, and birds adapted to feeders, which all have different abilities to adapt to temperature changes.<a href="#ref6"><sup>6</sup></a></p>

		<p>Some data variations can be caused by differences among count circles, such as inconsistent level of effort by volunteer observers, but these differences are carefully corrected in Audubonâ€™s statistical analysis.</p>
	</div>

	<div id="tab-5">
		<h3>Data Sources</h3>

		<p>Bird center-of-abundance data were collected by the annual Christmas Bird Count organized by the National Audubon Society and Bird Studies Canada. Recent and historical Christmas Bird Count data are available at: <a href="http://www.audubon.org/conservation/science/christmas-bird-count">www.audubon.org/conservation/science/christmas-bird-count</a>. The National Audubon Society published a previous version of this analysis in 2009,<a href="#ref7"><sup>7</sup></a>Â available at: <a href="http://web4.audubon.org/bird/bacc/index.html">http://web4.audubon.org/bird/bacc/index.html</a>.</p>
	</div>

	<div id="tab-6">
		<h3>Technical Documentation</h3>

		<ul><li><a href="/climate-indicators/downloads-indicators-technical-documentation">Download related technical information PDF</a></li>
		</ul></div>
</div>

<hr /><h3>References</h3>

<p><small><sup><a id="ref1" name="ref1"></a>1</sup> La Sorte, F.A., and F.R. Thompson III. 2007. Poleward shifts in winter ranges of North American birds. Ecology 88(7):1803â€“1812.</small></p>

<p><small><sup><a id="ref2" name="ref2"></a>2</sup> National Audubon Society. 2009. Northward shifts in the abundance of North American birds in early winter: A response to warmer winter temperatures? <a href="http://web4.audubon.org/bird/bacc/techreport.html">http://web4.audubon.org/bird/bacc/techreport.html</a>.</small></p>

<p><small><sup><a id="ref3" name="ref3"></a>3</sup> National Audubon Society. 2009. Northward shifts in the abundance of North American birds in early winter: A response to warmer winter temperatures? <a href="http://web4.audubon.org/bird/bacc/techreport.html">http://web4.audubon.org/bird/bacc/techreport.html</a>.</small></p>

<p><small><sup><a id="ref4" name="ref4"></a>4</sup> National Audubon Society. 2014 update to data originally published in: National Audubon Society. 2009. Northward shifts in the abundance of North American birds in early winter: A response to warmer winter temperatures? <a href="http://web4.audubon.org/bird/bacc/techreport.html">http://web4.audubon.org/bird/bacc/techreport.html</a>.</small></p>

<p><small><sup><a id="ref5" name="ref5"></a>5</sup> National Audubon Society. 2014 update to data originally published in: National Audubon Society. 2009. Northward shifts in the abundance of North American birds in early winter: A response to warmer winter temperatures? <a href="http://web4.audubon.org/bird/bacc/techreport.html">http://web4.audubon.org/bird/bacc/techreport.html</a>.</small></p>

<p><small><sup><a id="ref6" name="ref6"></a>6</sup> National Audubon Society. 2009. Northward shifts in the abundance of North American birds in early winter: A response to warmer winter temperatures? <a href="http://web4.audubon.org/bird/bacc/techreport.html">http://web4.audubon.org/bird/bacc/techreport.html</a>.</small></p>

<p><small><sup><a id="ref7" name="ref7"></a>7</sup> National Audubon Society. 2009. Northward shifts in the abundance of North American birds in early winter: A response to warmer winter temperatures? <a href="http://web4.audubon.org/bird/bacc/techreport.html">http://web4.audubon.org/bird/bacc/techreport.html</a>.</small></p>

<hr /><p><a href="/climate-indicators/printer-friendly-pdf-downloads-indicator-text-and-figures">Printer-friendly PDF of all text and figures</a></p>
  </div>

  
  
</div>


<div class="panel-pane pane-fieldable-panels-pane pane-fpid-13545 pane-bundle-fieldable-panels-pane" >

  
  
  
  
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <h3>Learn about other indicators in this section</h3>

<p><a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-wildfires"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-teaser" style="width:160px;"><img alt="Wildfires" height="130" width="160" class="inline media-element file-teaser inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2016-07/wildfires-landing-thumb-2016.png" title="" /></span></a>Â <a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-streamflow"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-teaser" style="width:160px;"><img alt="Streamflow" height="130" width="160" class="inline media-element file-teaser inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2016-07/streamflow-landing-thumb-2016.png" title="" /></span></a>Â <a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-stream-temperature"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-teaser" style="width:160px;"><img alt="Stream Water Temperature" height="130" width="160" class="inline media-element file-teaser inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2016-07/stream-temperature-landing-thumb-2016.png" title="" /></span></a>Â <a href="/climate-indicators/snake-river"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-teaser" style="width:160px;"><img alt="Water Temperature in the Snake River" height="130" width="160" class="inline media-element file-teaser inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2016-07/snake-river-landing-thumb-2016.png" title="" /></span></a>Â <a href="/climate-indicators/great-lakes"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-teaser" style="width:160px;"><img alt="Great Lakes Water Levels and Temperatures" height="130" width="160" class="inline media-element file-teaser inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2016-07/great-lakes-landing-thumb-2016.png" title="" /></span></a>Â <a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-bird-wintering-ranges"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-teaser" style="width:160px;"><img alt="Bird Wintering Ranges" height="130" width="160" class="inline media-element file-teaser inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2016-07/bird-ranges-landing-thumb-2016.png" title="" /></span></a>Â <a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-marine-species-distribution"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-teaser" style="width:160px;"><img alt="Marine Species Distribution" height="130" width="160" class="inline media-element file-teaser inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2016-07/marine-species-landing-thumb-2016.png" title="" /></span></a>Â <a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-leaf-and-bloom-dates"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-teaser" style="width:160px;"><img alt="Leaf and Bloom Dates" height="130" width="160" class="inline media-element file-teaser inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2016-07/leaf-bloom-dates-landing-thumb-2016.png" title="" /></span></a>Â <a href="/climate-indicators/cherry-blossoms"><span
    class="figure image file file-image file-image-png inline view-mode-teaser" style="width:160px;"><img alt="Cherry Blossom Bloom Dates in Washington, D.C." height="130" width="160" class="inline media-element file-teaser inline" typeof="foaf:Image" src="/sites/production/files/styles/small/public/2016-07/cherry-blossoms-landing-thumb-2016.png" title="" /></span></a></p>
  </div>

  
  
</div>

<div id="block-pane-epa-web-area-footer" class="block block-pane  block-pane-epa-web-area-footer">
  
  
  
  
    
</div>
  
    
      </div>
  
  
  <div class="region-sidebar-first region-sidebar">  <div id="block-og-menu-og-single-menu-block" class="block block-og-menu  block-og-menu-og-single-menu-block">

      <h2 class="element-invisible">Climate Indicators</h2>
  
  
    <ul class="menu"><li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators" title="" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Climate Change Indicators</a></li>
<li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Greenhouse Gases</a></li>
<li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/weather-climate" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Weather and Climate</a></li>
<li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/oceans" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Oceans</a></li>
<li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/snow-ice" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Snow and Ice</a></li>
<li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/health-society" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Health and Society</a></li>
<li class="active-trail menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/ecosystems" class="menu-node-unpublished active-trail menu-link">Ecosystems</a><ul class="menu"><li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-wildfires" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Wildfires</a></li>
<li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-streamflow" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Streamflow</a></li>
<li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-stream-temperature" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Stream Temperature</a></li>
<li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/snake-river" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Tribal Connection: Trends in Stream Temperature in the Snake River</a></li>
<li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/great-lakes" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Great Lakes Water Levels and Temperatures</a></li>
<li class="active-trail menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-bird-wintering-ranges" class="menu-node-unpublished active-trail menu-link active">Bird Wintering Ranges</a></li>
<li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-marine-species-distribution" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Marine Species Distribution</a></li>
<li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-leaf-and-bloom-dates" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Leaf and Bloom Dates</a></li>
<li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/cherry-blossoms" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Community Connection: Cherry Blossom Bloom Dates in Washington, D.C.</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="menu-item"><a href="/climate-indicators/frequent-questions-about-climate-change-indicators" class="menu-node-unpublished menu-link">Frequent Questions</a></li>
</ul>  
</div>
  </div>
</section>




 
  <div id="brand-footer"></div>
 <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/production/files/js/js_LcFRnnSHVah-Aw_WQ8aVLXhp3HPJvrOe4h6YEXA5BT8.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/production/files/js/js_oZD9-WvfiElJ5KPavqu9ZAQiZcfWlzNCzxFHpedR9dI.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/production/files/js/js_slEmfY49PYt03JJafrjvmxmEfVQE7vqI-454V7NM5ys.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/all/modules/custom/epa_core/js/alert.js?ok0rem"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/production/files/js/js_cjmkhjdYj9qyv8rH-ylGyD-SIMacZ-dzdqW9m8x_TEc.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/production/files/js/js_UG00nMwTXcewn_yu8c3s7Bgbxmhbdk0BE1GwQLAuoQU.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/production/files/js/js_CaVFOiO3QpcJYEzSDhR3RmEeSnMbgnImgh5uEDkDD_0.js"></script>

<script src="/sites/all/libraries/cycle/jquery.cycle2.min.js"></script>
<script>var indicatorIndex = 5;</script>
<style>
#social-icons {
  float: right;
  width: 9%;
  padding-left: 2em;
}
#indicator-container {
  width: 90%;
}
#navigation {
  width: 94%;
}
#navigation td {
  padding:2px;
  margin:0px !important;
}
#navigation td small {
  padding:2px;
}
#active-indicator span {
  display: inline-block;
  position: relative;
  width: 24%;
  vertical-align: top;
}
#active-indicator img {
  width: 100%;
  vertical-align: top;
}
#active-indicator span:after {
  content:'\A';
  position:absolute;
  width:100%;
  height:100%;
  top:0;
  left:0;
  background:rgba(0,0,0,0.6);
  opacity:1;
  transition: all 0.5s;;
  -webkit-transition: all 0.5s;
}
#active-indicator span:hover:after {
  opacity:0.5;
}
#slideshow { 
  height: 800px; 
}
</style>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function() {

  // Tabs
  jQuery('#tabs > div').hide(); // hide all child divs
  jQuery('#tabs div:first').show(); // show first child dive
  jQuery('#tabsnav li:first').addClass('active');

  jQuery('.menu-internal').click(function(){
    jQuery('#tabsnav li').removeClass('active');
    var currentTab = jQuery(this).attr('href');
    jQuery('#tabsnav li a[href="' + currentTab + '" ]').parent().addClass('active');
    jQuery('#tabs > div').hide();
    jQuery(currentTab).show();
    return false;
  });

  // Create a bookmarkable tab link
  hash = window.location.hash;
  elements = jQuery('a[href="' + hash + '"]');
  // if there aren't any, then show the first tab;
  // Otherwise, scroll back to top (if needed) and open the tab in the hash
  if (elements.length === 0) { 
    jQuery("ul.tabs li:first").addClass("active").show(); //   
  } else { 
    jQuery('html,body').scrollTop(200); elements.click(); 
  } 


  // Slideshow
  var slideshow = jQuery("#slideshow"),
      navBtns       = ['nav1','nav2','nav3'],
      activeStyle   = {'border':'1px solid black'},
      inactiveStyle = {'border':'none'},
      $table;
        
  slideshow.cycle({
    loader: 'wait',
    paused: true,
    slides: 'li',
    fx: 'none',
    autoHeight: 'container',
    updateView: 1,
    log: false,
    height: '900px',
    timeout:0,
    speed:1
  });

  navBtns.forEach(function (element, index) {
    jQuery('a[id^=' + element + ']').click(function (e) {
      e.preventDefault();
      resetBorder(navBtns, inactiveStyle);
      $table = jQuery(this).closest('tbody');
      $table.css(activeStyle);
      slideshow.cycle('goto',index);
      console.log(element,index)
    });
  });

  jQuery('#nav1').trigger('click');

  // Overlay
  var $otherIndicatorsSection = jQuery('h3:contains("Learn about other indicators in this section")').parent();
  var $otherIndicatorsLinks = $otherIndicatorsSection.find('a');
  if(typeof indicatorIndex !== 'undefined') jQuery($otherIndicatorsLinks[indicatorIndex]).attr('id','active-indicator');        
});

function resetBorder(target,style){
  target.forEach(function (element, index) {
    $table = jQuery("a[id^=" + element + "]").closest('tbody');
    $table.css(style);
  });
}
</script>    </body>
</html>

