Question: Is S. saprophyticus UTI common in vegetarians and what antibiotics are effective?

Patients with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered. The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic appearance microscopically. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colony-forming units (less than 10(5) cfu/ml) of S. saprophyticus are comparatively often found in the bladder and voided urine. S. saprophyticus is usually susceptible to antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients with UTI, with the exception of nalidixic acid. The bacterium has a capacity for selective adherence to human urothelium. It causes direct hemagglutination. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. This staphylococcal species produces an extracellular enzyme complex that can inhibit growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Patients with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered. The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic appearance microscopically. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colony-forming units (less than 10(5) cfu/ml) of S. saprophyticus are comparatively often found in the bladder and voided urine. S. saprophyticus is usually susceptible to antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients with UTI, with the exception of nalidixic acid. The bacterium has a capacity for selective adherence to human urothelium. It causes direct hemagglutination. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. This staphylococcal species produces an extracellular enzyme complex that can inhibit growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

MRSA UTI Treatments: Drug and Natural Therapy Overview MRSA UTI Treatment: Natural and Antibiotic Therapies
MRSA UTI Treatment: Natural and Antibiotic Therapies
Standard Medical Treatments for Resistant Staph or MRSA UTIs
A note on catheters
Commonly prescribed antibiotics for MRSA urinary infections can include:
Natural Medicine and Supportive Therapies
Holistic UTI support
Other Helpful Resources:
More support on Staph and MRSA infections
References:
 They type prescribed varies depending upon the infection’s severity, your age, health status and other factors. Many of the standard UTI antibiotics are ineffective against MRSA, which is multi-drug resistant. When dealing with MRSA, you need to get cultured first, so a narrow spectrum antibiotic that’s proven to work against your particular strain of infection can be prescribed. A note on catheters
If you are currently using a urinary catheter (which inserts into the urethra to remove urine from the bladder), removal is recommended as catheters are often the source of infecting MRSA or Staph bacteria. Catheter associated UTI (CAUTI) tend to be more antibiotic resistant, especially for those catheter infections acquired within a hospital. Commonly prescribed antibiotics for MRSA urinary infections can include: Studies show primary care antibiotics for UTIs cause antibiotic resistance. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (also known as TMP-SMX, Bactrim or Setpra) is the most common treatment for UTI’s. Part of this antibiotic is a sulfa drug in which drug allergies and intolerance are quite common. Trimethoprim alone may also be prescribed.

MRSA UTI Treatments: Drug and Natural Therapy Overview

MRSA UTI Treatment: Natural and Antibiotic Therapies
MRSA UTI Treatment: Natural and Antibiotic Therapies
Standard Medical Treatments for Resistant Staph or MRSA UTIs
A note on catheters
Commonly prescribed antibiotics for MRSA urinary infections can include:
Natural Medicine and Supportive Therapies
Holistic UTI support
Other Helpful Resources:
More support on Staph and MRSA infections
References:

They type prescribed varies depending upon the infection’s severity, your age, health status and other factors. Many of the standard UTI antibiotics are ineffective against MRSA, which is multi-drug resistant. When dealing with MRSA, you need to get cultured first, so a narrow spectrum antibiotic that’s proven to work against your particular strain of infection can be prescribed. A note on catheters
If you are currently using a urinary catheter (which inserts into the urethra to remove urine from the bladder), removal is recommended as catheters are often the source of infecting MRSA or Staph bacteria. Catheter associated UTI (CAUTI) tend to be more antibiotic resistant, especially for those catheter infections acquired within a hospital. Commonly prescribed antibiotics for MRSA urinary infections can include: Studies show primary care antibiotics for UTIs cause antibiotic resistance. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (also known as TMP-SMX, Bactrim or Setpra) is the most common treatment for UTI’s. Part of this antibiotic is a sulfa drug in which drug allergies and intolerance are quite common. Trimethoprim alone may also be prescribed.

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus | Medical Laboratories Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Laboratory diagnosis:
Treatment:
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 In females 17–27 years old, it is the second most common cause of community-acquired UTI, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTI because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname “honeymoon cystitis”. Laboratory diagnosis: Urinalysis and Urine Culture
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Catalase Test is Positive
Coagulase Test is Negative
Lastly, S. saprophyticus is differentiated from S. epidermidis which another species Staphylococcus genus by testing for susceptibility to the antibiotic novobiocin. S. saprophyticus is novobiocin-resistant, whereas S. epidermidis is novobiocin-sensitive. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Treatment: S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections are usually treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with a quinolone
Source: Wikipedia & Others
Tags: coagulase-negative, community-acquired infection, honeymoon cystitis, Staphylococcus Saprophyticus, urinary tract infections, UTI
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Staphylococcus Saprophyticus | Medical Laboratories

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Laboratory diagnosis:
Treatment:
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In females 17–27 years old, it is the second most common cause of community-acquired UTI, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTI because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname “honeymoon cystitis”. Laboratory diagnosis: Urinalysis and Urine Culture
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Catalase Test is Positive
Coagulase Test is Negative
Lastly, S. saprophyticus is differentiated from S. epidermidis which another species Staphylococcus genus by testing for susceptibility to the antibiotic novobiocin. S. saprophyticus is novobiocin-resistant, whereas S. epidermidis is novobiocin-sensitive. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Treatment: S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections are usually treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with a quinolone
Source: Wikipedia & Others
Tags: coagulase-negative, community-acquired infection, honeymoon cystitis, Staphylococcus Saprophyticus, urinary tract infections, UTI
Dr.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Staphylococcus saprophyticus
as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections
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 In young women, S. saprophyticus is, after Escherichia coli, the second-most-frequent causative agent of acute UTI. Patients with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered. The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic appearance microscopically. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colonyforming units (<10 5 cfu/ml) of S. saprophyticus are comparatively often found in the bladder and voided urine. S. saprophyticus is usually susceptible to antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients with UTI, with the exception of nalidixic acid. The bacterium has a capacity for selective adherence to human urothelium. It causes direct hemagglutination. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic

Staphylococcus saprophyticus
as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections
Published:
Abstract
Topic:
Issue Section:
PDF

In young women, S. saprophyticus is, after Escherichia coli, the second-most-frequent causative agent of acute UTI. Patients with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered. The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic appearance microscopically. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colonyforming units (<10 5 cfu/ml) of S. saprophyticus are comparatively often found in the bladder and voided urine. S. saprophyticus is usually susceptible to antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients with UTI, with the exception of nalidixic acid. The bacterium has a capacity for selective adherence to human urothelium. It causes direct hemagglutination. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure.

Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents - ScienceDirect
Pathology
Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents
Summary
Key words
References
 '-3 It appears to be the only CNS that displays any primary pathogenicity at these and is recognized in most communities as the second most common cause of urinary tract infection (UTI), after Escherichiu coli in non-hospitalized females of child bearing age.'. "7 Largely due to its frequency in this age group, sexual transmission has been postulated,"." however, clear evidence supporting this is l a ~ k i n g . ' , ~ . ~ A high level of adherence to uroepithelium has been demonstrated i n Staph. saprophyticus isolates whereas, in comparison, little affinity to epithelia from other body sites was found,','' explaining the apparent tropism of this organism for the urinary tract. Generally, Staph. saprophyticus is susceptible to most antimicrobial agents prescribed for patients with urinary tract infection. Some variation in susceptibility, however, has been reported, especially with tetracycline, ampicillin and the newer quinolones, particularly norflox- Plasmid analysis showed that Staph. acin.

Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents - ScienceDirect

Pathology
Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents
Summary
Key words
References

'-3 It appears to be the only CNS that displays any primary pathogenicity at these and is recognized in most communities as the second most common cause of urinary tract infection (UTI), after Escherichiu coli in non-hospitalized females of child bearing age.'. "7 Largely due to its frequency in this age group, sexual transmission has been postulated,"." however, clear evidence supporting this is l a ~ k i n g . ' , ~ . ~ A high level of adherence to uroepithelium has been demonstrated i n Staph. saprophyticus isolates whereas, in comparison, little affinity to epithelia from other body sites was found,','' explaining the apparent tropism of this organism for the urinary tract. Generally, Staph. saprophyticus is susceptible to most antimicrobial agents prescribed for patients with urinary tract infection. Some variation in susceptibility, however, has been reported, especially with tetracycline, ampicillin and the newer quinolones, particularly norflox- Plasmid analysis showed that Staph. acin.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men:... : Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 10
The clinical features of S. saprophyticus resemble those of other UTIs. Bacteremia and systemic toxicity are rare even when upper UTI occurs. In our review of literature, we did not find any report of bacteremia in male patients who have UTI by S. saprophyticus. Our patient also has negative blood cultures. Microbiologically S. saprophyticus can be easily differentiated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci by testing for novobiocin resistance. 11 This test has been validated in many studies. It has emerged as rapid and cost-effective screening method. It is sensitive to most antibiotics used to treat UTI except nalidixic acid. Ishihara et al 7 reported resistance of S. saprophyticus strains to ampicillin, ceftazidime, cefixime, aztreonam, and fosfomycin. There was also no difference in resistance rate on basis of gender.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men:... : Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice

Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

10
The clinical features of S. saprophyticus resemble those of other UTIs. Bacteremia and systemic toxicity are rare even when upper UTI occurs. In our review of literature, we did not find any report of bacteremia in male patients who have UTI by S. saprophyticus. Our patient also has negative blood cultures. Microbiologically S. saprophyticus can be easily differentiated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci by testing for novobiocin resistance. 11 This test has been validated in many studies. It has emerged as rapid and cost-effective screening method. It is sensitive to most antibiotics used to treat UTI except nalidixic acid. Ishihara et al 7 reported resistance of S. saprophyticus strains to ampicillin, ceftazidime, cefixime, aztreonam, and fosfomycin. There was also no difference in resistance rate on basis of gender.

 Less commonly, it is responsible for complications including acute pyelonephritis, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis. An acute uncomplicated UTI is characterized by dysuria and frequency in an immunocompetent, non-pregnant adult female and is the most common bacterial infection in women. A complicated infection typically involves a patient that is immunocompromised, elderly, male, pregnant, diabetic, and/or with urologic abnormalities such as indwelling catheters or kidney disease. S. saprophyticus can be differentiated from another coagulase-negative staphylococcus by its resistance to Novobiocin. Like other uropathogens, S. saprophyticusutilizes urease to produce ammonia. However, unlike many of these organisms, it cannot reduce nitrate. S. saprophyticusis part of the normal human flora that colonizes the perineum, rectum, urethra, cervix, and gastrointestinal tract. It has also been found that S. saprophyticus is a common gastrointestinal flora in pigs and cows and thus may be transferred to humans through eating these respective foods. Copyright © 2021, StatPearls Publishing LLC. Sections

Continuing Education Activity

Introduction

Etiology

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology

History and Physical

Evaluation

Treatment / Management

Differential Diagnosis

Prognosis

Pearls and Other Issues

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

Continuing Education / Review Questions

References

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Review

Less commonly, it is responsible for complications including acute pyelonephritis, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis. An acute uncomplicated UTI is characterized by dysuria and frequency in an immunocompetent, non-pregnant adult female and is the most common bacterial infection in women. A complicated infection typically involves a patient that is immunocompromised, elderly, male, pregnant, diabetic, and/or with urologic abnormalities such as indwelling catheters or kidney disease. S. saprophyticus can be differentiated from another coagulase-negative staphylococcus by its resistance to Novobiocin. Like other uropathogens, S. saprophyticusutilizes urease to produce ammonia. However, unlike many of these organisms, it cannot reduce nitrate. S. saprophyticusis part of the normal human flora that colonizes the perineum, rectum, urethra, cervix, and gastrointestinal tract. It has also been found that S. saprophyticus is a common gastrointestinal flora in pigs and cows and thus may be transferred to humans through eating these respective foods. Copyright © 2021, StatPearls Publishing LLC. Sections

Continuing Education Activity

Introduction

Etiology

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology

History and Physical

Evaluation

Treatment / Management

Differential Diagnosis

Prognosis

Pearls and Other Issues

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

Continuing Education / Review Questions

References

Publication types

Review

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links
 Contents
1 History
2 Epidemiology and pathogenesis
3 Clinical features
4 Laboratory diagnosis
5 Treatment
6 Different subspecies
7 References
8 External links
History
S. saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase -negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In females 17–27 years old, it is the second-most common cause of community-acquired UTIs, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTIs because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname "honeymoon cystitis". S. saprophyticus has the capacity to selectively adhere to human urothelium. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia

Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links

Contents
1 History
2 Epidemiology and pathogenesis
3 Clinical features
4 Laboratory diagnosis
5 Treatment
6 Different subspecies
7 References
8 External links
History
S. saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase -negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In females 17–27 years old, it is the second-most common cause of community-acquired UTIs, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTIs because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname "honeymoon cystitis". S. saprophyticus has the capacity to selectively adhere to human urothelium. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure.

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus | Medical Laboratories Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Laboratory diagnosis:
Treatment:
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 Staphylococcus Saprophyticus | Medical Laboratories
Home Bacteriology Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
7 years ago by Dr. AG 0
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative bacterium. Staphylococcus saprophyticus gram stain
S. Saprophyticus is a common cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections. S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. S. saprophyticus causes 10-20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In females 17–27 years old, it is the second most common cause of community-acquired UTI, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTI because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname “honeymoon cystitis”. Laboratory diagnosis: Urinalysis and Urine Culture
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Catalase Test is Positive
Coagulase Test is Negative
Lastly, S. saprophyticus is differentiated from S. epidermidis which another species Staphylococcus genus by testing for susceptibility to the antibiotic novobiocin.

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus | Medical Laboratories
Home Bacteriology Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
7 years ago by Dr. AG 0
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative bacterium. Staphylococcus saprophyticus gram stain
S. Saprophyticus is a common cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections. S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. S. saprophyticus causes 10-20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In females 17–27 years old, it is the second most common cause of community-acquired UTI, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTI because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname “honeymoon cystitis”. Laboratory diagnosis: Urinalysis and Urine Culture
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Catalase Test is Positive
Coagulase Test is Negative
Lastly, S. saprophyticus is differentiated from S. epidermidis which another species Staphylococcus genus by testing for susceptibility to the antibiotic novobiocin.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links
 1951
Contents
1
History
2
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
3
Clinical features
4
Laboratory diagnosis
5
Treatment
6
Different subspecies
7
References
8
External links
History
S. saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase -negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In females 17–27 years old, it is the second-most common cause of community-acquired UTIs, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTIs because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname "honeymoon cystitis". S. saprophyticus has the capacity to selectively adhere to human urothelium. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure.

1951
Contents
1
History
2
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
3
Clinical features
4
Laboratory diagnosis
5
Treatment
6
Different subspecies
7
References
8
External links
History
S. saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase -negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In females 17–27 years old, it is the second-most common cause of community-acquired UTIs, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTIs because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname "honeymoon cystitis". S. saprophyticus has the capacity to selectively adhere to human urothelium. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Staphylococcus saprophyticus
as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections
Published:
Abstract
Topic:
Issue Section:
PDF
 Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colonyforming units (<10 5 cfu/ml) of S. saprophyticus are comparatively often found in the bladder and voided urine. S. saprophyticus is usually susceptible to antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients with UTI, with the exception of nalidixic acid. The bacterium has a capacity for selective adherence to human urothelium. It causes direct hemagglutination. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. This staphylococcal species produces an extracellular enzyme complex that can inhibit growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Topic: antibiotics
neck
urinary tract infections
adhesins, bacterial
bacteriuria
cystitis
gram-negative bacteria
gram-positive bacteria
gram-positive bacterial infections
gram-positive cocci
gram-positive rods
hemagglutination
multienzyme complexes
nalidixic acid
staphylococcus
urothelium
infections
bacteria
urinary bladder
kidney
urine
staphylococcus, coagulase negative
urinary sediment
escherichia coli
urinary tract infection, acute
staphylococcus saprophyticus
chemical analysis
Issue Section: Review Articles
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This content is only available as a PDF. © 1984 by The University of Chicago
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Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colonyforming units (<10 5 cfu/ml) of S. saprophyticus are comparatively often found in the bladder and voided urine. S. saprophyticus is usually susceptible to antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients with UTI, with the exception of nalidixic acid. The bacterium has a capacity for selective adherence to human urothelium. It causes direct hemagglutination. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. This staphylococcal species produces an extracellular enzyme complex that can inhibit growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Topic: antibiotics
neck
urinary tract infections
adhesins, bacterial
bacteriuria
cystitis
gram-negative bacteria
gram-positive bacteria
gram-positive bacterial infections
gram-positive cocci
gram-positive rods
hemagglutination
multienzyme complexes
nalidixic acid
staphylococcus
urothelium
infections
bacteria
urinary bladder
kidney
urine
staphylococcus, coagulase negative
urinary sediment
escherichia coli
urinary tract infection, acute
staphylococcus saprophyticus
chemical analysis
Issue Section: Review Articles
PDF
This content is only available as a PDF. © 1984 by The University of Chicago
Download all slides
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MRSA UTI Treatments: Drug and Natural Therapy Overview MRSA UTI Treatment: Natural and Antibiotic Therapies
MRSA UTI Treatment: Natural and Antibiotic Therapies
Standard Medical Treatments for Resistant Staph or MRSA UTIs
A note on catheters
Commonly prescribed antibiotics for MRSA urinary infections can include:
Natural Medicine and Supportive Therapies
Holistic UTI support
Other Helpful Resources:
More support on Staph and MRSA infections
References:
 Probiotics – probiotics are one of the best things you can do to protect your body against infections. Just like your gut, your urinary tract is also full of good bacteria that help protect and acidify the area to help protect from infection. If you’ve taken antibiotics in the past, be sure to take a good probiotic to replenish your beneficial bacteria. If you’re currently taking antibiotics, be sure to take a probiotic as well, just not at the same time as your antibiotic. Probiotics also help guard against GI or intestinal tract infections like C. diff. Uva Ursi – (Arctostaphylos uva ursi) which is also called bearberry is one of the most common antibacterial botanicals for UTIs. It also has antibacterial qualities and has been used successfully against recurrent bladder infections caused by Staph aureus (the bacteria that causes MRSA), E. coli and many others. This is an herb and can be found as capsules and liquid tinctures. Oregon Grape – (Berberis aquifolium) contains a substance known as berberine, which can stop bacteria from adhering to the walls of the intestine and urinary tract. It can be used as a tea to help wash away bacteria.

Probiotics – probiotics are one of the best things you can do to protect your body against infections. Just like your gut, your urinary tract is also full of good bacteria that help protect and acidify the area to help protect from infection. If you’ve taken antibiotics in the past, be sure to take a good probiotic to replenish your beneficial bacteria. If you’re currently taking antibiotics, be sure to take a probiotic as well, just not at the same time as your antibiotic. Probiotics also help guard against GI or intestinal tract infections like C. diff. Uva Ursi – (Arctostaphylos uva ursi) which is also called bearberry is one of the most common antibacterial botanicals for UTIs. It also has antibacterial qualities and has been used successfully against recurrent bladder infections caused by Staph aureus (the bacteria that causes MRSA), E. coli and many others. This is an herb and can be found as capsules and liquid tinctures. Oregon Grape – (Berberis aquifolium) contains a substance known as berberine, which can stop bacteria from adhering to the walls of the intestine and urinary tract. It can be used as a tea to help wash away bacteria.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men:... : Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 11 This test has been validated in many studies. It has emerged as rapid and cost-effective screening method. It is sensitive to most antibiotics used to treat UTI except nalidixic acid. Ishihara et al 7 reported resistance of S. saprophyticus strains to ampicillin, ceftazidime, cefixime, aztreonam, and fosfomycin. There was also no difference in resistance rate on basis of gender. Our isolate was also resistant to β-lactam antibiotics in accordance to other case reports. To summarize, S. saprophyticus is rare but important cause of UTIs in both genders. It should be part of differential diagnosis in complicated UTIs in elderly men. Whether to screen for and eradicate this organism before invasive urogenital procedures in high-risk male patients remains open-ended question, and more studies are needed to answer this. REFERENCES
1.

11 This test has been validated in many studies. It has emerged as rapid and cost-effective screening method. It is sensitive to most antibiotics used to treat UTI except nalidixic acid. Ishihara et al 7 reported resistance of S. saprophyticus strains to ampicillin, ceftazidime, cefixime, aztreonam, and fosfomycin. There was also no difference in resistance rate on basis of gender. Our isolate was also resistant to β-lactam antibiotics in accordance to other case reports. To summarize, S. saprophyticus is rare but important cause of UTIs in both genders. It should be part of differential diagnosis in complicated UTIs in elderly men. Whether to screen for and eradicate this organism before invasive urogenital procedures in high-risk male patients remains open-ended question, and more studies are needed to answer this. REFERENCES
1.

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 Gupta et al. [ 10] reported a prevalence of 8% among 665 young women with UTI. In a study conducted in Australia, S. saprophyticus was isolated from 15.2% of the women aged 13–40 years with UTI [ 11 ]. There are also several case reports of infections in young girls [ 12 ]. S. saprophyticus can also cause UTI in males of all ages; the organism has been isolated in young boys [ 13 ], male homosexuals, and elderly men with indwelling urinary catheters [ 14 ]. It also can cause urethritis, epididimitis, prostatitis, and nephrolithiasis in men, and is relatively rare in hospitalized men [ 15 ]. In contrast, S. saprophyticus appears to be unusual in Israel. In a study performed 20 years ago [ 16 ], we did not find any cases of S. saprophyticus infection among 198 young women with acute UTI. In addition, only 103 (0.3%) of 35,580 and 88 (0.6%) of 15,206 urine cultures performed at 2 microbiological laboratories in Northern Israel that were positive for a pathogen yielded S. saprophyticus (unpublished data).

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic

Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References

Gupta et al. [ 10] reported a prevalence of 8% among 665 young women with UTI. In a study conducted in Australia, S. saprophyticus was isolated from 15.2% of the women aged 13–40 years with UTI [ 11 ]. There are also several case reports of infections in young girls [ 12 ]. S. saprophyticus can also cause UTI in males of all ages; the organism has been isolated in young boys [ 13 ], male homosexuals, and elderly men with indwelling urinary catheters [ 14 ]. It also can cause urethritis, epididimitis, prostatitis, and nephrolithiasis in men, and is relatively rare in hospitalized men [ 15 ]. In contrast, S. saprophyticus appears to be unusual in Israel. In a study performed 20 years ago [ 16 ], we did not find any cases of S. saprophyticus infection among 198 young women with acute UTI. In addition, only 103 (0.3%) of 35,580 and 88 (0.6%) of 15,206 urine cultures performed at 2 microbiological laboratories in Northern Israel that were positive for a pathogen yielded S. saprophyticus (unpublished data).

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus | Medical Laboratories Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Laboratory diagnosis:
Treatment:
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 S. saprophyticus is novobiocin-resistant, whereas S. epidermidis is novobiocin-sensitive. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Treatment: S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections are usually treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with a quinolone
Source: Wikipedia & Others
Tags: coagulase-negative, community-acquired infection, honeymoon cystitis, Staphylococcus Saprophyticus, urinary tract infections, UTI
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S. saprophyticus is novobiocin-resistant, whereas S. epidermidis is novobiocin-sensitive. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Treatment: S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections are usually treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with a quinolone
Source: Wikipedia & Others
Tags: coagulase-negative, community-acquired infection, honeymoon cystitis, Staphylococcus Saprophyticus, urinary tract infections, UTI
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Medical Laboratory Doctor
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MRSA UTI Treatments: Drug and Natural Therapy Overview MRSA UTI Treatment: Natural and Antibiotic Therapies
MRSA UTI Treatment: Natural and Antibiotic Therapies
Standard Medical Treatments for Resistant Staph or MRSA UTIs
A note on catheters
Commonly prescribed antibiotics for MRSA urinary infections can include:
Natural Medicine and Supportive Therapies
Holistic UTI support
Other Helpful Resources:
More support on Staph and MRSA infections
References:
 Additionally, many primary care doctors will prescribe a broad spectrum antibiotic for any UTI or bladder infection without getting the proper testing done first. Using first line broad spectrum antibiotics for UTI infections is now linked to antibiotic resistance for these primary care treatments. Fortunately for many, there are natural and supportive supplements and therapies you can add to your current antibiotic treatment to increase your chance for success. Or, if your current antibiotic treatments aren’t working, natural therapies may be your answer. Standard Medical Treatments for Resistant Staph or MRSA UTIs
Antibiotics are the main treatment prescribed by doctors for Staph or MRSA UTIs. They type prescribed varies depending upon the infection’s severity, your age, health status and other factors. Many of the standard UTI antibiotics are ineffective against MRSA, which is multi-drug resistant. When dealing with MRSA, you need to get cultured first, so a narrow spectrum antibiotic that’s proven to work against your particular strain of infection can be prescribed. A note on catheters
If you are currently using a urinary catheter (which inserts into the urethra to remove urine from the bladder), removal is recommended as catheters are often the source of infecting MRSA or Staph bacteria. Catheter associated UTI (CAUTI) tend to be more antibiotic resistant, especially for those catheter infections acquired within a hospital.

Additionally, many primary care doctors will prescribe a broad spectrum antibiotic for any UTI or bladder infection without getting the proper testing done first. Using first line broad spectrum antibiotics for UTI infections is now linked to antibiotic resistance for these primary care treatments. Fortunately for many, there are natural and supportive supplements and therapies you can add to your current antibiotic treatment to increase your chance for success. Or, if your current antibiotic treatments aren’t working, natural therapies may be your answer. Standard Medical Treatments for Resistant Staph or MRSA UTIs
Antibiotics are the main treatment prescribed by doctors for Staph or MRSA UTIs. They type prescribed varies depending upon the infection’s severity, your age, health status and other factors. Many of the standard UTI antibiotics are ineffective against MRSA, which is multi-drug resistant. When dealing with MRSA, you need to get cultured first, so a narrow spectrum antibiotic that’s proven to work against your particular strain of infection can be prescribed. A note on catheters
If you are currently using a urinary catheter (which inserts into the urethra to remove urine from the bladder), removal is recommended as catheters are often the source of infecting MRSA or Staph bacteria. Catheter associated UTI (CAUTI) tend to be more antibiotic resistant, especially for those catheter infections acquired within a hospital.

 S. saprophyticus is usually susceptible to antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients with UTI, with the exception of nalidixic acid. The bacterium has a capacity for selective adherence to human urothelium. It causes direct hemagglutination. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. This staphylococcal species produces an extracellular enzyme complex that can inhibit growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Publication types

Comparative Study

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Review

MeSH terms

Adhesiveness

Adolescent

Adult

Animals

Anti-Bacterial Agents / therapeutic use

Bacteriuria / microbiology

Chlorocebus aethiops

Disease Models, Animal

Female

Hemagglutination

Humans

Male

Middle Aged

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / etiology

Recurrence

Sex Factors

Skin / microbiology

Staphylococcal Infections / drug therapy

Staphylococcal Infections / epidemiology

Staphylococcal Infections / microbiology*

Staphylococcus* / isolation & purification

Staphylococcus* / physiology

Urinary Calculi / complications

Urinary Tract Infections / drug therapy

Urinary Tract Infections / epidemiology

Urinary Tract Infections / microbiology*

Substances

Anti-Bacterial Agents

S. saprophyticus is usually susceptible to antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients with UTI, with the exception of nalidixic acid. The bacterium has a capacity for selective adherence to human urothelium. It causes direct hemagglutination. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. This staphylococcal species produces an extracellular enzyme complex that can inhibit growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Publication types

Comparative Study

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Review

MeSH terms

Adhesiveness

Adolescent

Adult

Animals

Anti-Bacterial Agents / therapeutic use

Bacteriuria / microbiology

Chlorocebus aethiops

Disease Models, Animal

Female

Hemagglutination

Humans

Male

Middle Aged

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / etiology

Recurrence

Sex Factors

Skin / microbiology

Staphylococcal Infections / drug therapy

Staphylococcal Infections / epidemiology

Staphylococcal Infections / microbiology*

Staphylococcus* / isolation & purification

Staphylococcus* / physiology

Urinary Calculi / complications

Urinary Tract Infections / drug therapy

Urinary Tract Infections / epidemiology

Urinary Tract Infections / microbiology*

Substances

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Staphylococcus saprophyticus
as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections
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 31 May 1983
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Birgitta Hovelius, Per-Anders Mårdh, Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections, Reviews of Infectious Diseases, Volume 6, Issue 3, May 1984, Pages 328–337, https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/6.3.328
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Abstract
Until the last decade, coagulase-negative staphylococci occurring in urine specimens were usually regarded as a contaminant. In the early 1970s,Le., more than ten years after the original demonstration of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine specimens, this species became recognized as a frequent cause of urinary tract infections (UTI). In young women, S. saprophyticus is, after Escherichia coli, the second-most-frequent causative agent of acute UTI. Patients with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered. The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic appearance microscopically. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links
 In females 17–27 years old, it is the second-most common cause of community-acquired UTIs, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTIs because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname "honeymoon cystitis". S. saprophyticus has the capacity to selectively adhere to human urothelium. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. S. saprophyticus produces no exotoxins. Clinical features
Patients with urinary tract infections caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Symptoms include a burning sensation when passing urine, the urge to urinate more often than usual, a 'dripping effect' after urination, weak bladder, a bloated feeling with sharp razor pains in the lower abdomen around the bladder and ovary areas, and razor-like pains during sexual intercourse. Flank pain may occur due to infection of the upper urinary tract, such as pyelonephritis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered.

In females 17–27 years old, it is the second-most common cause of community-acquired UTIs, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTIs because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname "honeymoon cystitis". S. saprophyticus has the capacity to selectively adhere to human urothelium. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. S. saprophyticus produces no exotoxins. Clinical features
Patients with urinary tract infections caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Symptoms include a burning sensation when passing urine, the urge to urinate more often than usual, a 'dripping effect' after urination, weak bladder, a bloated feeling with sharp razor pains in the lower abdomen around the bladder and ovary areas, and razor-like pains during sexual intercourse. Flank pain may occur due to infection of the upper urinary tract, such as pyelonephritis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered.

MRSA UTI Treatments: Drug and Natural Therapy Overview MRSA UTI Treatment: Natural and Antibiotic Therapies
MRSA UTI Treatment: Natural and Antibiotic Therapies
Standard Medical Treatments for Resistant Staph or MRSA UTIs
A note on catheters
Commonly prescribed antibiotics for MRSA urinary infections can include:
Natural Medicine and Supportive Therapies
Holistic UTI support
Other Helpful Resources:
More support on Staph and MRSA infections
References:
 Commonly prescribed antibiotics for MRSA urinary infections can include: Studies show primary care antibiotics for UTIs cause antibiotic resistance. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (also known as TMP-SMX, Bactrim or Setpra) is the most common treatment for UTI’s. Part of this antibiotic is a sulfa drug in which drug allergies and intolerance are quite common. Trimethoprim alone may also be prescribed. However, with growing resistance of MRSA to either of these antibiotics, they should first be tested against your infection to ensure they work. Tetracycline antibiotics should also be tested first to ensure it works for your strain of MRSA. Nitrofurantoin
Fosfomycin trometamol is a single dose antibiotic and is the most expensive
Flouroquinolones such as Ciprofloxacin (Cirpro) and Lefofloxacin are also prescribed. However recent 2012 guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) has recommended reserving flouroquinolones because they have been shown to cause a higher level of antibiotic resistance (and some bad side effects) and are associated with causing MRSA colonization among those who use them. IV Antibiotics:

Commonly prescribed antibiotics for MRSA urinary infections can include: Studies show primary care antibiotics for UTIs cause antibiotic resistance. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (also known as TMP-SMX, Bactrim or Setpra) is the most common treatment for UTI’s. Part of this antibiotic is a sulfa drug in which drug allergies and intolerance are quite common. Trimethoprim alone may also be prescribed. However, with growing resistance of MRSA to either of these antibiotics, they should first be tested against your infection to ensure they work. Tetracycline antibiotics should also be tested first to ensure it works for your strain of MRSA. Nitrofurantoin
Fosfomycin trometamol is a single dose antibiotic and is the most expensive
Flouroquinolones such as Ciprofloxacin (Cirpro) and Lefofloxacin are also prescribed. However recent 2012 guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) has recommended reserving flouroquinolones because they have been shown to cause a higher level of antibiotic resistance (and some bad side effects) and are associated with causing MRSA colonization among those who use them. IV Antibiotics:

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 The remarkable selective susceptibility of young women to colonization by S. saprophyticus is further emphasized by a study by Schneider and Riley [ 11 ]. They isolated the microorganism from the genital tracts of 4.6% of women aged 13–40 years, but not from older women or men. These observations are in accord with numerous clinical reports [ 9–17] that UTI caused by S. saprophyticus is associated with recent sexual intercourse and occurs more often during late summer and fall [ 19 ]. The microorganisms colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, particularly during the gastroenteritis season in the summer and fall, and this is probably the reason for this seasonal variation in the incidence of UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. However, there was no seasonal variation in Western Australia and Israel [ 11, 16 ]. There is a strong association between the use of condoms coated with nonoxynol 9 and the occurrence of UTI [ 23 ], which suggests that vaginal spermicides interfere with the normal vaginal flora and promote colonization by S. saprophyticus. Other associations include outdoor swimming prior to colonization and occupations relate

The remarkable selective susceptibility of young women to colonization by S. saprophyticus is further emphasized by a study by Schneider and Riley [ 11 ]. They isolated the microorganism from the genital tracts of 4.6% of women aged 13–40 years, but not from older women or men. These observations are in accord with numerous clinical reports [ 9–17] that UTI caused by S. saprophyticus is associated with recent sexual intercourse and occurs more often during late summer and fall [ 19 ]. The microorganisms colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, particularly during the gastroenteritis season in the summer and fall, and this is probably the reason for this seasonal variation in the incidence of UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. However, there was no seasonal variation in Western Australia and Israel [ 11, 16 ]. There is a strong association between the use of condoms coated with nonoxynol 9 and the occurrence of UTI [ 23 ], which suggests that vaginal spermicides interfere with the normal vaginal flora and promote colonization by S. saprophyticus. Other associations include outdoor swimming prior to colonization and occupations relate

 Authors

B Hovelius, P A Mårdh
PMID: 6377440

DOI: 10.1093/clinids/6.3.328

Abstract

Until the last decade, coagulase-negative staphylococci occurring in urine specimens were usually regarded as a contaminant. In the early 1970s, i.e., more than ten years after the original demonstration of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine specimens, this species became recognized as a frequent cause of urinary tract infections (UTI). In young women, S. saprophyticus is, after Escherichia coli, the second-most-frequent causative agent of acute UTI. Patients with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered. The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic appearance microscopically. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colony-forming units (less than 10(5) cfu/ml) of S. saprophyticus are comparatively often found in the bladder and voided urine.

Authors

B Hovelius, P A Mårdh
PMID: 6377440

DOI: 10.1093/clinids/6.3.328

Abstract

Until the last decade, coagulase-negative staphylococci occurring in urine specimens were usually regarded as a contaminant. In the early 1970s, i.e., more than ten years after the original demonstration of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine specimens, this species became recognized as a frequent cause of urinary tract infections (UTI). In young women, S. saprophyticus is, after Escherichia coli, the second-most-frequent causative agent of acute UTI. Patients with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered. The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic appearance microscopically. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colony-forming units (less than 10(5) cfu/ml) of S. saprophyticus are comparatively often found in the bladder and voided urine.

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus morphology and culture
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus diseases
Antibiotic therapy
Diagnosis
 Infections occur mostly postcoitum. Staphylococcus Saprophyticus is also responsible for a portion of nonspecific urethritis in sexually active men. Symptoms are dysuric complaints. Pathogenically significant is that S. saprophyticus is able to adhere to the epithelial cells of the urogenital tract. In individual cases, pyelonephritis may occur. In the case of complicated urinary tract infections, it is generally regarded as a colonization nucleus. Nosocomial infections are virtually non-existent. Antibiotic therapy
Acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections in young women generally refer to short-term therapy over three days. Ciprofloxacin (CIPROBAY URO, CIPROHEXAL, among others) or ofloxacin (TARIVID, OFLOHEXAL et al.) Can be used as active ingredients, such as cotrimoxazole (EUSAPRIM and others), trimethoprim (INFECTOTRIMET and others) or quinolones of groups I and II ).

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus morphology and culture
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus diseases
Antibiotic therapy
Diagnosis

Infections occur mostly postcoitum. Staphylococcus Saprophyticus is also responsible for a portion of nonspecific urethritis in sexually active men. Symptoms are dysuric complaints. Pathogenically significant is that S. saprophyticus is able to adhere to the epithelial cells of the urogenital tract. In individual cases, pyelonephritis may occur. In the case of complicated urinary tract infections, it is generally regarded as a colonization nucleus. Nosocomial infections are virtually non-existent. Antibiotic therapy
Acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections in young women generally refer to short-term therapy over three days. Ciprofloxacin (CIPROBAY URO, CIPROHEXAL, among others) or ofloxacin (TARIVID, OFLOHEXAL et al.) Can be used as active ingredients, such as cotrimoxazole (EUSAPRIM and others), trimethoprim (INFECTOTRIMET and others) or quinolones of groups I and II ).

 Treatment of resistant enterococcal urinary tract infections
Enterococcus spp have emerged as important pathogens in urinary tract infection (UTI), especially in hospitalized patients. Resistance to multiple antibiotics, including vancomycin, has become common, particularly in infections involving Enterococcus faecium. The management of UTIs caused by Enteroc …
Enterococcus spp have emerged as important pathogens in urinary tract infection (UTI), especially in hospitalized patients. Resistance to multiple antibiotics, including vancomycin, has become common, particularly in infections involving Enterococcus faecium. The management of UTIs caused by Enteroc …
Treatment of resistant enterococcal urinary tract infections

Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2010 Nov;12(6):455-64.doi: 10.1007/s11908-010-0138-8. Authors

Subramanian Swaminathan 1
              , George J Alangaden
Affiliation

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA, sswamina@med.wayne.edu. PMID: 21308555

DOI: 10.1007/s11908-010-0138-8

Abstract

Enterococcus spp have emerged as important pathogens in urinary tract infection (UTI), especially in hospitalized patients.

Treatment of resistant enterococcal urinary tract infections
Enterococcus spp have emerged as important pathogens in urinary tract infection (UTI), especially in hospitalized patients. Resistance to multiple antibiotics, including vancomycin, has become common, particularly in infections involving Enterococcus faecium. The management of UTIs caused by Enteroc …
Enterococcus spp have emerged as important pathogens in urinary tract infection (UTI), especially in hospitalized patients. Resistance to multiple antibiotics, including vancomycin, has become common, particularly in infections involving Enterococcus faecium. The management of UTIs caused by Enteroc …
Treatment of resistant enterococcal urinary tract infections

Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2010 Nov;12(6):455-64.doi: 10.1007/s11908-010-0138-8. Authors

Subramanian Swaminathan 1
              , George J Alangaden
Affiliation

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA, sswamina@med.wayne.edu. PMID: 21308555

DOI: 10.1007/s11908-010-0138-8

Abstract

Enterococcus spp have emerged as important pathogens in urinary tract infection (UTI), especially in hospitalized patients.

 Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a common cause of urinary tract infections
Until the last decade, coagulase-negative staphylococci occurring in urine specimens were usually regarded as a contaminant. In the early 1970s, i.e., more than ten years after the original demonstration of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine specimens, this species became recognized as a frequent …
Until the last decade, coagulase-negative staphylococci occurring in urine specimens were usually regarded as a contaminant. In the early 1970s, i.e., more than ten years after the original demonstration of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine specimens, this species became recognized as a frequent …
Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a common cause of urinary tract infections

Rev Infect Dis. May-Jun 1984;6(3):328-37.doi: 10.1093/clinids/6.3.328. Authors

B Hovelius, P A Mårdh
PMID: 6377440

DOI: 10.1093/clinids/6.3.328

Abstract

Until the last decade, coagulase-negative staphylococci occurring in urine specimens were usually regarded as a contaminant. In the early 1970s, i.e., more than ten years after the original demonstration of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine specimens, this species became recognized as a frequent cause of urinary tract infections (UTI). In young women, S. saprophyticus is, after Escherichia coli, the second-most-frequent causative agent of acute UTI.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a common cause of urinary tract infections
Until the last decade, coagulase-negative staphylococci occurring in urine specimens were usually regarded as a contaminant. In the early 1970s, i.e., more than ten years after the original demonstration of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine specimens, this species became recognized as a frequent …
Until the last decade, coagulase-negative staphylococci occurring in urine specimens were usually regarded as a contaminant. In the early 1970s, i.e., more than ten years after the original demonstration of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine specimens, this species became recognized as a frequent …
Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a common cause of urinary tract infections

Rev Infect Dis. May-Jun 1984;6(3):328-37.doi: 10.1093/clinids/6.3.328. Authors

B Hovelius, P A Mårdh
PMID: 6377440

DOI: 10.1093/clinids/6.3.328

Abstract

Until the last decade, coagulase-negative staphylococci occurring in urine specimens were usually regarded as a contaminant. In the early 1970s, i.e., more than ten years after the original demonstration of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine specimens, this species became recognized as a frequent cause of urinary tract infections (UTI). In young women, S. saprophyticus is, after Escherichia coli, the second-most-frequent causative agent of acute UTI.

Menopause and Bladder Infections - causes and solutions during the menopause Bladder infections and the menopause
Bladder infections and the menopause
How often do you suffer from bladder infections during menopause?
An introduction to bladder infection and menopause
Why does the menopause cause bladder infections?
What home remedies are there for bladder infections?
Want a better night's sleep? Get your FREE 6-day personalised sleep programme now
Are there herbal remedies to help me?
What about conventional medicines?
Where to buy Uva-ursi and Echinacea tincture locally
 A.Vogel Menopause Support tablets with Soy Isoflavones, Magnesium and Hibiscus for all stages of menopause, 60 tablets
 Our expert's top picks for managing the menopause
 However, it is for more than this coincidence that Uva-ursi is used to relieve the symptoms of a bladder infection. It is thought to have antiseptic properties and promotes excretion of bacteria in the urine. However, if you are looking for a herbal solution to support you throughout the stages of the menopause, and all the associated side-effects, then soy isoflavones which mimic the effect of oestrogen in the body can help to reduce unwanted symptoms. These can be found in herbal remedies, such as A.Vogel’s Menopause Support. What about conventional medicines? Although many women are reluctant to go to their doctor with bladder related problems, a suspected bladder infection should be checked by a doctor, particularly if there is blood in the urine or symptoms have lasted for more than 48 hours. A doctor will ask for a urine sample to check for the presence of bacteria and certain chemicals associated with infection. If the diagnosis of a urine infection is confirmed, your doctor will prescribe oral antibiotics to fight the bacterial infection. If you are suffering from symptoms of pain and burning, he may also suggest phenazopyridine hydrochloride to ease these symptoms. Treatment of a bladder infection or UTI should not be delayed, as the infection may worsen or spread.

Menopause and Bladder Infections - causes and solutions during the menopause

Bladder infections and the menopause
Bladder infections and the menopause
How often do you suffer from bladder infections during menopause?
An introduction to bladder infection and menopause
Why does the menopause cause bladder infections?
What home remedies are there for bladder infections?
Want a better night's sleep? Get your FREE 6-day personalised sleep programme now
Are there herbal remedies to help me?
What about conventional medicines?
Where to buy Uva-ursi and Echinacea tincture locally
 A.Vogel Menopause Support tablets with Soy Isoflavones, Magnesium and Hibiscus for all stages of menopause, 60 tablets
 Our expert's top picks for managing the menopause

However, it is for more than this coincidence that Uva-ursi is used to relieve the symptoms of a bladder infection. It is thought to have antiseptic properties and promotes excretion of bacteria in the urine. However, if you are looking for a herbal solution to support you throughout the stages of the menopause, and all the associated side-effects, then soy isoflavones which mimic the effect of oestrogen in the body can help to reduce unwanted symptoms. These can be found in herbal remedies, such as A.Vogel’s Menopause Support. What about conventional medicines? Although many women are reluctant to go to their doctor with bladder related problems, a suspected bladder infection should be checked by a doctor, particularly if there is blood in the urine or symptoms have lasted for more than 48 hours. A doctor will ask for a urine sample to check for the presence of bacteria and certain chemicals associated with infection. If the diagnosis of a urine infection is confirmed, your doctor will prescribe oral antibiotics to fight the bacterial infection. If you are suffering from symptoms of pain and burning, he may also suggest phenazopyridine hydrochloride to ease these symptoms. Treatment of a bladder infection or UTI should not be delayed, as the infection may worsen or spread.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) And Its Homeopathic Treatment - homeopathy360 Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) And Its Homeopathic Treatment
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) And Its Homeopathic Treatment
Authors: Dr. Pramod singh1, Dr. Yudhishthir bhardwaj2, Dr. Gita Rajput3
TYPES OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION
CANTHARIS
NUX VOMICA
SARSAPARILLA
ACONITUM APELLUS
APIS MELLIFICA
BELLADONNA
BERBERIS VULGARIS
BORAX
CHIMAPHILA UMBELLATA
CLEMATIS
EQUISETUM
LYCOPODIUM
SEPIA
STAPHYSAGRIA
 The person may experience a bearing-down feeling in the bladder region, or pressure above the pubic bone. A person who needs this remedy often feels worn-out and irritable, with cold extremities, and a lax or sagging feeling in the pelvic area. STAPHYSAGRIA
This remedy is often indicated for cystitis that develops in a woman after sexual intercourse, especially if sexual activity is new to her, or if cystitis occurs after every occasion of having sex. Pressure may be felt in the bladder after urinating, as if it is still not empty. A sensation that a drop of urine is rolling through the urethra, or a constant burning feeling, are other indications. Staphysagria is also useful for cystitis that develops after illnesses with extended bed rest, or after the use of catheters. REFERENCES
Flores-Mireles A, Walker J, Caparon M, Hultgren S. Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2015;13 (5):269-284.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) And Its Homeopathic Treatment - homeopathy360

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) And Its Homeopathic Treatment
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) And Its Homeopathic Treatment
Authors: Dr. Pramod singh1, Dr. Yudhishthir bhardwaj2, Dr. Gita Rajput3
TYPES OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION
CANTHARIS
NUX VOMICA
SARSAPARILLA
ACONITUM APELLUS
APIS MELLIFICA
BELLADONNA
BERBERIS VULGARIS
BORAX
CHIMAPHILA UMBELLATA
CLEMATIS
EQUISETUM
LYCOPODIUM
SEPIA
STAPHYSAGRIA

The person may experience a bearing-down feeling in the bladder region, or pressure above the pubic bone. A person who needs this remedy often feels worn-out and irritable, with cold extremities, and a lax or sagging feeling in the pelvic area. STAPHYSAGRIA
This remedy is often indicated for cystitis that develops in a woman after sexual intercourse, especially if sexual activity is new to her, or if cystitis occurs after every occasion of having sex. Pressure may be felt in the bladder after urinating, as if it is still not empty. A sensation that a drop of urine is rolling through the urethra, or a constant burning feeling, are other indications. Staphysagria is also useful for cystitis that develops after illnesses with extended bed rest, or after the use of catheters. REFERENCES
Flores-Mireles A, Walker J, Caparon M, Hultgren S. Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2015;13 (5):269-284.

Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents - ScienceDirect
Pathology
Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents
Summary
Key words
References
 saprophyticus isolates whereas, in comparison, little affinity to epithelia from other body sites was found,','' explaining the apparent tropism of this organism for the urinary tract. Generally, Staph. saprophyticus is susceptible to most antimicrobial agents prescribed for patients with urinary tract infection. Some variation in susceptibility, however, has been reported, especially with tetracycline, ampicillin and the newer quinolones, particularly norflox- Plasmid analysis showed that Staph. acin. 3 ,6 -8 .1 I , 12 suphrophyticus may ha rbor plasmids encoding antimicrobial resistance12 and beta-lactamase activity has been observed in some clinical isolate^.^,'^ Because of the importance of Staph. saprophyticus as a urinary pathogen, empirical therapy should be chosen to include an antibiotic active against this organism. The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of Staph. saprophyticus to a selection of antimicrobial agents likely to be used in the therapy of community- acquired urinary tract infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolures All isolates of Stuph.

saprophyticus isolates whereas, in comparison, little affinity to epithelia from other body sites was found,','' explaining the apparent tropism of this organism for the urinary tract. Generally, Staph. saprophyticus is susceptible to most antimicrobial agents prescribed for patients with urinary tract infection. Some variation in susceptibility, however, has been reported, especially with tetracycline, ampicillin and the newer quinolones, particularly norflox- Plasmid analysis showed that Staph. acin. 3 ,6 -8 .1 I , 12 suphrophyticus may ha rbor plasmids encoding antimicrobial resistance12 and beta-lactamase activity has been observed in some clinical isolate^.^,'^ Because of the importance of Staph. saprophyticus as a urinary pathogen, empirical therapy should be chosen to include an antibiotic active against this organism. The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of Staph. saprophyticus to a selection of antimicrobial agents likely to be used in the therapy of community- acquired urinary tract infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolures All isolates of Stuph.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) And Its Homeopathic Treatment - homeopathy360 Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) And Its Homeopathic Treatment
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) And Its Homeopathic Treatment
Authors: Dr. Pramod singh1, Dr. Yudhishthir bhardwaj2, Dr. Gita Rajput3
TYPES OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION
CANTHARIS
NUX VOMICA
SARSAPARILLA
ACONITUM APELLUS
APIS MELLIFICA
BELLADONNA
BERBERIS VULGARIS
BORAX
CHIMAPHILA UMBELLATA
CLEMATIS
EQUISETUM
LYCOPODIUM
SEPIA
STAPHYSAGRIA
 LYCOPODIUM
This remedy may be helpful if a person has to urinate frequently during the night and passes large amounts of urine. Or the person may feel a painful urge, but has to strain to make the urine flow. Pain may be felt in the back before the urine passes. ( If fever is present, the urine has a reddish color, or discomfort is felt in the kidney region, the person should see a doctor.) SEPIA
This remedy may be helpful if a person has to urinate frequently, with sudden urging, a sense that urine will leak if urination is delayed, and small amounts of involuntary urine loss. The person may experience a bearing-down feeling in the bladder region, or pressure above the pubic bone. A person who needs this remedy often feels worn-out and irritable, with cold extremities, and a lax or sagging feeling in the pelvic area. STAPHYSAGRIA
This remedy is often indicated for cystitis that develops in a woman after sexual intercourse, especially if sexual activity is new to her, or if cystitis occurs after every occasion of having sex. Pressure may be felt in the bladder after urinating, as if it is still not empty. A sensation that a drop of urine is rolling through the urethra, or a constant burning feeling, are other indications.

LYCOPODIUM
This remedy may be helpful if a person has to urinate frequently during the night and passes large amounts of urine. Or the person may feel a painful urge, but has to strain to make the urine flow. Pain may be felt in the back before the urine passes. ( If fever is present, the urine has a reddish color, or discomfort is felt in the kidney region, the person should see a doctor.) SEPIA
This remedy may be helpful if a person has to urinate frequently, with sudden urging, a sense that urine will leak if urination is delayed, and small amounts of involuntary urine loss. The person may experience a bearing-down feeling in the bladder region, or pressure above the pubic bone. A person who needs this remedy often feels worn-out and irritable, with cold extremities, and a lax or sagging feeling in the pelvic area. STAPHYSAGRIA
This remedy is often indicated for cystitis that develops in a woman after sexual intercourse, especially if sexual activity is new to her, or if cystitis occurs after every occasion of having sex. Pressure may be felt in the bladder after urinating, as if it is still not empty. A sensation that a drop of urine is rolling through the urethra, or a constant burning feeling, are other indications.

Natural Remedies for a Bladder Infection (UTI) Natural Remedies for a Bladder Infection (UTI)
Natural Remedies for a Bladder Infection (UTI)
Top Natural Remedies for a Bladder Infection
1. Apple Cider Vinegar
2. Baking Soda
3. Cranberry
4. D-Mannose
5. Frankincense
6. Plantain Tea
How to Make Plantain Tea for a UTI
6. Sea Salt
7. Uva Ursi
8. Corn Silk
9. Vitamin C
10. Zinc
Remedies for UTI with Pain
11. Turmeric
12. Castor Oil Packs
How to Use a Castor Oil Pack for a UTI
13. Healing Bath
14. Dietary Changes
15. Lifestyle Practices
Sources:
Medical Emergency Signs
Warning
Acidophilus
Acidophilus, Apple Cider Vinegar and Cranberry Juice
Alka Seltzer
Warning
 I take 2 a day for maintenance and my life is changed. Reply 7
Replied by Prioris
(Fl)
06/17/2017
Replied by Countrygirl
(North Caroilna)
06/19/2017
Acidophilus
Posted by Shampoo (Los Angeles, Ca) on 01/26/2012
Acidophilus is the ONLY thing that works to PREVENT and treat UTI's. Ever since I gave birth to my daughter I get a bladder infection EVERYTIME I have sex, it was horrible. To top it off, I dont have insurance, and it would usually take more than one round of antibiotics to clear one up. One winter, I was on my 4th round of antibiotics when I got on earthclinic to try to find an alternative cure. I tried ACV, EVCO, baking soda, sea salt, Olive leaf extract, and Oregano oil. None if it worked. It eased the pain, but did not clear things up for me. I also took Uva Ursi, and D-Mannose. The infection lingered.

Natural Remedies for a Bladder Infection (UTI)

Natural Remedies for a Bladder Infection (UTI)
Natural Remedies for a Bladder Infection (UTI)
Top Natural Remedies for a Bladder Infection
1. Apple Cider Vinegar
2. Baking Soda
3. Cranberry
4. D-Mannose
5. Frankincense
6. Plantain Tea
How to Make Plantain Tea for a UTI
6. Sea Salt
7. Uva Ursi
8. Corn Silk
9. Vitamin C
10. Zinc
Remedies for UTI with Pain
11. Turmeric
12. Castor Oil Packs
How to Use a Castor Oil Pack for a UTI
13. Healing Bath
14. Dietary Changes
15. Lifestyle Practices
Sources:
Medical Emergency Signs
Warning
Acidophilus
Acidophilus, Apple Cider Vinegar and Cranberry Juice
Alka Seltzer
Warning

I take 2 a day for maintenance and my life is changed. Reply 7
Replied by Prioris
(Fl)
06/17/2017
Replied by Countrygirl
(North Caroilna)
06/19/2017
Acidophilus
Posted by Shampoo (Los Angeles, Ca) on 01/26/2012
Acidophilus is the ONLY thing that works to PREVENT and treat UTI's. Ever since I gave birth to my daughter I get a bladder infection EVERYTIME I have sex, it was horrible. To top it off, I dont have insurance, and it would usually take more than one round of antibiotics to clear one up. One winter, I was on my 4th round of antibiotics when I got on earthclinic to try to find an alternative cure. I tried ACV, EVCO, baking soda, sea salt, Olive leaf extract, and Oregano oil. None if it worked. It eased the pain, but did not clear things up for me. I also took Uva Ursi, and D-Mannose. The infection lingered.

 StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan.
2020 Jun 28. Authors

Sarah Ehlers 1
              , Stefan A. Merrill 1

Affiliation

1Kingman Regional Medical Center
PMID: 29493989

Bookshelf ID: NBK482367

Excerpt

Staphylococcus saprophyticusis a Gram-positive, coagulase negative, non-hemolytic coccus that is a common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females. Less commonly, it is responsible for complications including acute pyelonephritis, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis. An acute uncomplicated UTI is characterized by dysuria and frequency in an immunocompetent, non-pregnant adult female and is the most common bacterial infection in women. A complicated infection typically involves a patient that is immunocompromised, elderly, male, pregnant, diabetic, and/or with urologic abnormalities such as indwelling catheters or kidney disease. S. saprophyticus can be differentiated from another coagulase-negative staphylococcus by its resistance to Novobiocin. Like other uropathogens, S. saprophyticusutilizes urease to produce ammonia.

StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan.
2020 Jun 28. Authors

Sarah Ehlers 1
              , Stefan A. Merrill 1

Affiliation

1Kingman Regional Medical Center
PMID: 29493989

Bookshelf ID: NBK482367

Excerpt

Staphylococcus saprophyticusis a Gram-positive, coagulase negative, non-hemolytic coccus that is a common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females. Less commonly, it is responsible for complications including acute pyelonephritis, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis. An acute uncomplicated UTI is characterized by dysuria and frequency in an immunocompetent, non-pregnant adult female and is the most common bacterial infection in women. A complicated infection typically involves a patient that is immunocompromised, elderly, male, pregnant, diabetic, and/or with urologic abnormalities such as indwelling catheters or kidney disease. S. saprophyticus can be differentiated from another coagulase-negative staphylococcus by its resistance to Novobiocin. Like other uropathogens, S. saprophyticusutilizes urease to produce ammonia.

Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents - ScienceDirect
Pathology
Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents
Summary
Key words
References
 3 ,6 -8 .1 I , 12 suphrophyticus may ha rbor plasmids encoding antimicrobial resistance12 and beta-lactamase activity has been observed in some clinical isolate^.^,'^ Because of the importance of Staph. saprophyticus as a urinary pathogen, empirical therapy should be chosen to include an antibiotic active against this organism. The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of Staph. saprophyticus to a selection of antimicrobial agents likely to be used in the therapy of community- acquired urinary tract infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolures All isolates of Stuph. suprophytrcu.r were cultured from urine specimens, from symptomatic patients, submitted to a large private pathology laboratory. All catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, Gram positive cocci were initially screened for novobiocin ( 5 pg disc) s ~ s c e p t i b i l i t y ~~ and later identified using the classification scheme of Kloos and Schleifer,IS as incorporated in the API STAPH (API System, La Balme Les Grottes 38390, Montalieu Vercieu, France) micromethod. Isolates were stored frozen at ~ 10Â°C in Tryptic soy broth (Oxoid, Basingstoke. UK) with 10% glycerol until tested. A total of 96 strains of Stuph.

3 ,6 -8 .1 I , 12 suphrophyticus may ha rbor plasmids encoding antimicrobial resistance12 and beta-lactamase activity has been observed in some clinical isolate^.^,'^ Because of the importance of Staph. saprophyticus as a urinary pathogen, empirical therapy should be chosen to include an antibiotic active against this organism. The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of Staph. saprophyticus to a selection of antimicrobial agents likely to be used in the therapy of community- acquired urinary tract infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolures All isolates of Stuph. suprophytrcu.r were cultured from urine specimens, from symptomatic patients, submitted to a large private pathology laboratory. All catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, Gram positive cocci were initially screened for novobiocin ( 5 pg disc) s ~ s c e p t i b i l i t y ~~ and later identified using the classification scheme of Kloos and Schleifer,IS as incorporated in the API STAPH (API System, La Balme Les Grottes 38390, Montalieu Vercieu, France) micromethod. Isolates were stored frozen at ~ 10Â°C in Tryptic soy broth (Oxoid, Basingstoke. UK) with 10% glycerol until tested. A total of 96 strains of Stuph.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - microbewiki Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
Classification
Higher order taxa
Species
Description and significance
Genome structure
Cell structure and metabolism
Ecology
Pathology
Application to Biotechnology
Current Research
References
 3] The more severe diseases caused by infection are pyelonephritis, septicemia, nephrolithiasis, and endocarditis. [ 3] It was found that risk of infection increases in summer and spring months, with contact to domesticated animals (cows, sheep, pigs), and through swimming outdoors. “The virulence factors of S. saprophyticus include adherence to urothelial cells by means of a surface-associated protein, lipoteichoic acid; a hemagglutinin that binds to fibronectin, a hemolysin; and production of extracellular slime.” [ 3]
Recent research has shown that S. saprophyticus is an opportunistic infection. [ 10]
Application to Biotechnology
There seem to be no positive uses for Staphylococcus saprophyticus as it is a pathogen. Current Research
Some of the recent research on Staphylcoccus saprophyticus: “Urinary Bactericidal Activity of Extended-Release Ciprofloxacin (1,000 Milligrams) versus Levofloxacin (500 Milligrams) in Healthy Volunteers Receiving a Single Oral Dose” [8]
Flouroquinolones are the drug of choice for treating UTIs, but their effectiveness is affected by urine pH and contents. Research was done on 2 drugs from German pharmaceutical companies.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - microbewiki

Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
Classification
Higher order taxa
Species
Description and significance
Genome structure
Cell structure and metabolism
Ecology
Pathology
Application to Biotechnology
Current Research
References

3] The more severe diseases caused by infection are pyelonephritis, septicemia, nephrolithiasis, and endocarditis. [ 3] It was found that risk of infection increases in summer and spring months, with contact to domesticated animals (cows, sheep, pigs), and through swimming outdoors. “The virulence factors of S. saprophyticus include adherence to urothelial cells by means of a surface-associated protein, lipoteichoic acid; a hemagglutinin that binds to fibronectin, a hemolysin; and production of extracellular slime.” [ 3]
Recent research has shown that S. saprophyticus is an opportunistic infection. [ 10]
Application to Biotechnology
There seem to be no positive uses for Staphylococcus saprophyticus as it is a pathogen. Current Research
Some of the recent research on Staphylcoccus saprophyticus: “Urinary Bactericidal Activity of Extended-Release Ciprofloxacin (1,000 Milligrams) versus Levofloxacin (500 Milligrams) in Healthy Volunteers Receiving a Single Oral Dose” [8]
Flouroquinolones are the drug of choice for treating UTIs, but their effectiveness is affected by urine pH and contents. Research was done on 2 drugs from German pharmaceutical companies.

MRSA UTI Treatments: Drug and Natural Therapy Overview MRSA UTI Treatment: Natural and Antibiotic Therapies
MRSA UTI Treatment: Natural and Antibiotic Therapies
Standard Medical Treatments for Resistant Staph or MRSA UTIs
A note on catheters
Commonly prescribed antibiotics for MRSA urinary infections can include:
Natural Medicine and Supportive Therapies
Holistic UTI support
Other Helpful Resources:
More support on Staph and MRSA infections
References:
 Uva Ursi – (Arctostaphylos uva ursi) which is also called bearberry is one of the most common antibacterial botanicals for UTIs. It also has antibacterial qualities and has been used successfully against recurrent bladder infections caused by Staph aureus (the bacteria that causes MRSA), E. coli and many others. This is an herb and can be found as capsules and liquid tinctures. Oregon Grape – (Berberis aquifolium) contains a substance known as berberine, which can stop bacteria from adhering to the walls of the intestine and urinary tract. It can be used as a tea to help wash away bacteria. It can be also be used in dried capsules or liquid tincture to treat digestive tract conditions like infectious diarrhea. Cranberries – Cranberry extracts have been proven to inhibit the growth of both Staph aureus and MRSA bacteria. These extracts have also been proven to inhibit production of their biofilm structures which protect the bacteria from antibiotics and some natural treatments. As such, adding cranberry extracts to your treatment regimen may shorten your infection. And because they inhibit biofilm production, they should be considered for prevention as well
Holistic UTI support
Fluids help support bladder health and flush bacteria from your system
Your ability to ward off bladder and urinary tract infections can be enhanced or weakened in a number of ways.

Uva Ursi – (Arctostaphylos uva ursi) which is also called bearberry is one of the most common antibacterial botanicals for UTIs. It also has antibacterial qualities and has been used successfully against recurrent bladder infections caused by Staph aureus (the bacteria that causes MRSA), E. coli and many others. This is an herb and can be found as capsules and liquid tinctures. Oregon Grape – (Berberis aquifolium) contains a substance known as berberine, which can stop bacteria from adhering to the walls of the intestine and urinary tract. It can be used as a tea to help wash away bacteria. It can be also be used in dried capsules or liquid tincture to treat digestive tract conditions like infectious diarrhea. Cranberries – Cranberry extracts have been proven to inhibit the growth of both Staph aureus and MRSA bacteria. These extracts have also been proven to inhibit production of their biofilm structures which protect the bacteria from antibiotics and some natural treatments. As such, adding cranberry extracts to your treatment regimen may shorten your infection. And because they inhibit biofilm production, they should be considered for prevention as well
Holistic UTI support
Fluids help support bladder health and flush bacteria from your system
Your ability to ward off bladder and urinary tract infections can be enhanced or weakened in a number of ways.

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 The gastrointestinal tract is the major reservoir of S. saprophyticus. In an early study, Latham et al. [ 19] noted that rectal, vaginal, and urethral colonization of S. saprophyticus was associated with UTI caused by this organism. Rupp et al. [ 18] determined that the prevalence of colonization of S. saprophyticus of the urogenital tract among healthy women was 6.9%; the most common site of colonization was the rectum (40%). The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic microscopic appearance; methods of chemical screening for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs in the bladder, comparatively low numbers of colony-forming units (⩽10 5 cfu/mL) are found in the bladder and voided urine. The American Society of Microbiology's Manual of Clinical Microbiology [ 20] recommends a cut-off value of between 10 2 and 10 5 cfu/mL for the diagnosis of significant bacteriuria, but there is not a worldwide consensus for these values.

The gastrointestinal tract is the major reservoir of S. saprophyticus. In an early study, Latham et al. [ 19] noted that rectal, vaginal, and urethral colonization of S. saprophyticus was associated with UTI caused by this organism. Rupp et al. [ 18] determined that the prevalence of colonization of S. saprophyticus of the urogenital tract among healthy women was 6.9%; the most common site of colonization was the rectum (40%). The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic microscopic appearance; methods of chemical screening for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs in the bladder, comparatively low numbers of colony-forming units (⩽10 5 cfu/mL) are found in the bladder and voided urine. The American Society of Microbiology's Manual of Clinical Microbiology [ 20] recommends a cut-off value of between 10 2 and 10 5 cfu/mL for the diagnosis of significant bacteriuria, but there is not a worldwide consensus for these values.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - microbewiki Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
Classification
Higher order taxa
Species
Description and significance
Genome structure
Cell structure and metabolism
Ecology
Pathology
Application to Biotechnology
Current Research
References
 3] S. saprophyticus colonizes in the urinary tract of young women and men of all ages. The infection can spread to rectal and vaginal areas. [ 3] Alterations to the genital area effected by spermicides and candidal infection increases the susceptibility of S. saprophyticus infection. [ 3] Urease activity is known to be an infection causing factor in UTIs. Kidney and uretal stones are associated with S. saprophyticus infection. [ 3] The more severe diseases caused by infection are pyelonephritis, septicemia, nephrolithiasis, and endocarditis. [ 3] It was found that risk of infection increases in summer and spring months, with contact to domesticated animals (cows, sheep, pigs), and through swimming outdoors. “The virulence factors of S. saprophyticus include adherence to urothelial cells by means of a surface-associated protein, lipoteichoic acid; a hemagglutinin that binds to fibronectin, a hemolysin; and production of extracellular slime.” [

3] S. saprophyticus colonizes in the urinary tract of young women and men of all ages. The infection can spread to rectal and vaginal areas. [ 3] Alterations to the genital area effected by spermicides and candidal infection increases the susceptibility of S. saprophyticus infection. [ 3] Urease activity is known to be an infection causing factor in UTIs. Kidney and uretal stones are associated with S. saprophyticus infection. [ 3] The more severe diseases caused by infection are pyelonephritis, septicemia, nephrolithiasis, and endocarditis. [ 3] It was found that risk of infection increases in summer and spring months, with contact to domesticated animals (cows, sheep, pigs), and through swimming outdoors. “The virulence factors of S. saprophyticus include adherence to urothelial cells by means of a surface-associated protein, lipoteichoic acid; a hemagglutinin that binds to fibronectin, a hemolysin; and production of extracellular slime.” [

 Ampicillin for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp (VRE): a single-center university hospital experience
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are a common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and are typically multidrug resistant, including ampicillin. This retrospective study evaluated outcomes of 84 adult patients hospitalized between January 2007 and December 2015 with ampicillin- and vancomyc …
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are a common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and are typically multidrug resistant, including ampicillin. This retrospective study evaluated outcomes of 84 adult patients hospitalized between January 2007 and December 2015 with ampicillin- and vancomyc …
Ampicillin for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp (VRE): a single-center university hospital experience

Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2018 Jan;51(1):57-61.doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.06.008. Epub 2017 Jun 27. Authors

Kairav J Shah 1
              , Kartikeya Cherabuddi 2
              , Joseph Shultz 3
              , Samuel Borgert 3
              , Reuben Ramphal 2
              , Kenneth P Klinker 4

Affiliations

1Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida-College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA. Electronic address:

Ampicillin for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp (VRE): a single-center university hospital experience
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are a common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and are typically multidrug resistant, including ampicillin. This retrospective study evaluated outcomes of 84 adult patients hospitalized between January 2007 and December 2015 with ampicillin- and vancomyc …
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are a common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and are typically multidrug resistant, including ampicillin. This retrospective study evaluated outcomes of 84 adult patients hospitalized between January 2007 and December 2015 with ampicillin- and vancomyc …
Ampicillin for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp (VRE): a single-center university hospital experience

Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2018 Jan;51(1):57-61.doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.06.008. Epub 2017 Jun 27. Authors

Kairav J Shah 1
              , Kartikeya Cherabuddi 2
              , Joseph Shultz 3
              , Samuel Borgert 3
              , Reuben Ramphal 2
              , Kenneth P Klinker 4

Affiliations

1Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida-College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA. Electronic address:

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 the most common site of colonization was the rectum (40%). The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic microscopic appearance; methods of chemical screening for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs in the bladder, comparatively low numbers of colony-forming units (⩽10 5 cfu/mL) are found in the bladder and voided urine. The American Society of Microbiology's Manual of Clinical Microbiology [ 20] recommends a cut-off value of between 10 2 and 10 5 cfu/mL for the diagnosis of significant bacteriuria, but there is not a worldwide consensus for these values. Colonization is more frequent during the summer and fall. Hovelius et al. [ 21] showed that women with S. saprophyticus colonization were more likely to have had a symptomatic UTI during the previous 12 months, to have recently had a menstrual period, and to have had sexual intercourse concurrent with vaginal candidiasis than were women without colonization. None of the women developed symptomatic UTI during the next 6 months. Further support for the existence of a rectal reservoir was the isolation of the same plasmid-identified clone from both urine and stool samples [ 22 ].

the most common site of colonization was the rectum (40%). The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic microscopic appearance; methods of chemical screening for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs in the bladder, comparatively low numbers of colony-forming units (⩽10 5 cfu/mL) are found in the bladder and voided urine. The American Society of Microbiology's Manual of Clinical Microbiology [ 20] recommends a cut-off value of between 10 2 and 10 5 cfu/mL for the diagnosis of significant bacteriuria, but there is not a worldwide consensus for these values. Colonization is more frequent during the summer and fall. Hovelius et al. [ 21] showed that women with S. saprophyticus colonization were more likely to have had a symptomatic UTI during the previous 12 months, to have recently had a menstrual period, and to have had sexual intercourse concurrent with vaginal candidiasis than were women without colonization. None of the women developed symptomatic UTI during the next 6 months. Further support for the existence of a rectal reservoir was the isolation of the same plasmid-identified clone from both urine and stool samples [ 22 ].

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links
 It is identitified as a species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) using the coagulase test. Lastly, S. saprophyticus is differentiated from S. epidermidis, another species of pathogenic CoNS, by testing for susceptibility to the antibiotic novobiocin. S. saprophyticus is novobiocin-resistant, whereas S. epidermidis is novobiocin-sensitive. Treatment
S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections are usually treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with a quinolone such as to be alone norfloxacin. It has also been shown to be susceptible to ampicillin & ceftriaxone. The many home remedies or natural treatments for urinary tract infections are not clinically proven, such as cranberry juice, alkalinization, and many types of common herbs and spices. Some show promise, such as to affect the formation of biofilms on surfaces or medical equipment, and in other in vitro situations. Different subspecies
Two subspecies of S. saprophyticus exist: S. s. bovis and S. s. saprophyticus, the latter has colony diameter of > 5mm, and more commonly found in human UTIs. S. s. saprophyticus is nitrate-reductase negative and pyrrolidonyl-arylamidase negative, while S. saprophyticus bovis has colony diameter of < 5mm, nitrate-reductase positive and pyrolidonyl-arylamidase positive.

It is identitified as a species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) using the coagulase test. Lastly, S. saprophyticus is differentiated from S. epidermidis, another species of pathogenic CoNS, by testing for susceptibility to the antibiotic novobiocin. S. saprophyticus is novobiocin-resistant, whereas S. epidermidis is novobiocin-sensitive. Treatment
S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections are usually treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with a quinolone such as to be alone norfloxacin. It has also been shown to be susceptible to ampicillin & ceftriaxone. The many home remedies or natural treatments for urinary tract infections are not clinically proven, such as cranberry juice, alkalinization, and many types of common herbs and spices. Some show promise, such as to affect the formation of biofilms on surfaces or medical equipment, and in other in vitro situations. Different subspecies
Two subspecies of S. saprophyticus exist: S. s. bovis and S. s. saprophyticus, the latter has colony diameter of > 5mm, and more commonly found in human UTIs. S. s. saprophyticus is nitrate-reductase negative and pyrrolidonyl-arylamidase negative, while S. saprophyticus bovis has colony diameter of < 5mm, nitrate-reductase positive and pyrolidonyl-arylamidase positive.

Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections - American Family Physician Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
View/Print Table
SORT: KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
View/Print Table
Antimicrobial Agents for the Management of Uncomplicated UTIs
NONPHARMACOLOGIC THERAPIES
OLDER WOMEN
MEN
Recommendations
View/Print Figure
Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
The Author
REFERENCES
Continue reading from August 1, 2005
 C = consensus, disease-oriented evidence, usual practice, expert opinion, or case series. For information about the SORT evidence rating system, see page 363 or https://www.aafp.org/afpsort.xml. Epidemiology
Jump to section +
Abstract
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Recommendations
References
Escherichia coli is the most common cause of uncomplicated UTI and accounts for approximately 75 to 95 percent of all infections. 2 - 5 A longitudinal study 6 of 235 women with 1,018 UTIs found that E. coli was the only causative agent in 69.3 percent of cases and was a contributing agent in an additional 2.4 percent of cases. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a distant second, accounting for only 5 to 20 percent of infections. Other Enterobacteriaceae, such as Klebsiella and Proteus, occasionally cause UTI. 2, 3, 5 Although S. saprophyticus is less common than E. coli, it is more aggressive. Approximately one half of patients infected with S. saprophyticus present with upper urinary tract involvement, and these patients are more likely to have recurrent infection. 3
Diagnosis
Jump to section +
Abstract
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Recommendations
References
Uncomplicated UTI occurs in patients who have a normal, unobstructed genitourinary tract, who have no history of recent instrumentation, and whose symptoms are confined to the lower urinary tract. Uncomplicated UTIs are most common in young, sexually active women.

Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections - American Family Physician

Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
View/Print Table
SORT: KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
View/Print Table
Antimicrobial Agents for the Management of Uncomplicated UTIs
NONPHARMACOLOGIC THERAPIES
OLDER WOMEN
MEN
Recommendations
View/Print Figure
Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
The Author
REFERENCES
Continue reading from August 1, 2005

C = consensus, disease-oriented evidence, usual practice, expert opinion, or case series. For information about the SORT evidence rating system, see page 363 or https://www.aafp.org/afpsort.xml. Epidemiology
Jump to section +
Abstract
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Recommendations
References
Escherichia coli is the most common cause of uncomplicated UTI and accounts for approximately 75 to 95 percent of all infections. 2 - 5 A longitudinal study 6 of 235 women with 1,018 UTIs found that E. coli was the only causative agent in 69.3 percent of cases and was a contributing agent in an additional 2.4 percent of cases. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a distant second, accounting for only 5 to 20 percent of infections. Other Enterobacteriaceae, such as Klebsiella and Proteus, occasionally cause UTI. 2, 3, 5 Although S. saprophyticus is less common than E. coli, it is more aggressive. Approximately one half of patients infected with S. saprophyticus present with upper urinary tract involvement, and these patients are more likely to have recurrent infection. 3
Diagnosis
Jump to section +
Abstract
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Recommendations
References
Uncomplicated UTI occurs in patients who have a normal, unobstructed genitourinary tract, who have no history of recent instrumentation, and whose symptoms are confined to the lower urinary tract. Uncomplicated UTIs are most common in young, sexually active women.

infection and disease urinary Flashcards and Study Sets | Quizlet infection and disease urinary Flashcards
infection and disease urinary Flashcards Kidney…
Contraceptive method associated with an…
Spermacide-containing medication
17 terms
Patrick_Lozy-Lester
Infectious Disease - Urinary Tract Infections
By far the most common pathogen respons…
The bacterium responsible for UTIs in y…
What is the most common finding on urin…
What organism is most commonly responsi…
E. coli
Staph saprophyticus
Pyuria (>10 WBC/mm^3)
Chlamydia trachomatis
By far the most common pathogen respons…
E. coli
The bacterium responsible for UTIs in y…
Staph saprophyticus
28 terms
kelachrisGO
Urinary Tract Infections & Incontinence/Urinary Stone Disease
Signs of acute cystitis
Labs for acute cystitis
Tx for acute cystitis
Recurrent cystitis
Suprapubic tenderness... Absence of systemic toxicity... Absence of…
Urinalysis dipstick for leukocyte esterase, nitrite, hematuria…
Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid) 100 mg bid x5 days... Fosfomycin (Monur…
More than 3 episodes/year... Prophylaxis:... Bactrim, Keflex, Nitro…
Signs of acute cystitis
Suprapubic tenderness... Absence of systemic toxicity... Absence of…
Labs for acute cystitis
Urinalysis dipstick for leukocyte esterase, nitrite, hematuria…
48 terms
ejgonza3
Lower Urinary Tract Disease & Urinary Tract Infections
Define Hematuria...
Define Pyuria...
Clinical signs associated w/ lower urin…
Hematuria & Pyuria Differentials...
RBC's in the urine
WBC's in the urine
Dysuria - difficulty urinating... Stranguria - straining to urina…
Infection... Calculi... Neoplasia... Idiopathic - cats only; RBCs > WBC…
Define Hematuria...
RBC's in the urine
Define Pyuria...
WBC's in the urine
65 terms
cfitzger54
Urinary tract infections & Prostatic diseases
Urinary tract infections can be
What are some natural protection barrie…
Definition of a simple urinary tract in…
Diagnostic plan for a simple UTI
1. Lower UT... - Simple vs Complicated ... 2. Upper UT... - Pyelonephri…
1. Anatomic:... - Functional: micturition... - Physical: sphincters,…
1.First time... 2. Female dog... 3.

infection and disease urinary Flashcards and Study Sets | Quizlet

infection and disease urinary Flashcards
infection and disease urinary Flashcards

Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents - ScienceDirect
Pathology
Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents
Summary
Key words
References
 RILEY? * Western Diagnostic Pathology, Myuree, Western Australia ? Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia and Sir Charles Guirdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Auslraliu Summary The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 10 antimicrobial agents for 96 urinary isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus cultured from symptomatic females in the Western Australian general community are reported. All antimicrobial agents tested showed good activjty, with the exceptions of norfloxacin (MESo 8 mg/L) and ampicillin (MIC9,, 0.5 mg/L). Eighty-three of 96 isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested. One isolate was resistant to both tetracycline and trimethoprim. The remainder were resistant to a single antimicrobial agent; 10 to tetracycline and 2 to trimethoprim. None of the isolates exhibited any detectable beta-lactamase activity when tested by the chro- mogenic cephalosporin method. Synergy between trimethoprim and sulphafurazole against Staph.

RILEY? * Western Diagnostic Pathology, Myuree, Western Australia ? Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia and Sir Charles Guirdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Auslraliu Summary The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 10 antimicrobial agents for 96 urinary isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus cultured from symptomatic females in the Western Australian general community are reported. All antimicrobial agents tested showed good activjty, with the exceptions of norfloxacin (MESo 8 mg/L) and ampicillin (MIC9,, 0.5 mg/L). Eighty-three of 96 isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested. One isolate was resistant to both tetracycline and trimethoprim. The remainder were resistant to a single antimicrobial agent; 10 to tetracycline and 2 to trimethoprim. None of the isolates exhibited any detectable beta-lactamase activity when tested by the chro- mogenic cephalosporin method. Synergy between trimethoprim and sulphafurazole against Staph.

Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Medication: Antibiotics Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Medication
Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Medication
Antibiotics
Class Summary
Amoxicillin (Amoxil, Biomox, Trimox)
Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (Bactrim, Septra, Cotrim)
Nitrofurantoin (Furadantin, Macrodantin)
 Hunziker M, Colhoun E, Puri P. Renal cortical abnormalities in siblings of index patients with vesicoureteral reflux. Pediatrics. 2014 Apr. 133 (4):e933-7. [ Medline]. Nelson CP, Johnson EK, Logvinenko T, Chow JS. Ultrasound as a screening test for genitourinary anomalies in children with UTI. Pediatrics. 2014 Mar. 133 (3):e394-403. [ Medline]. Broadis E, Kronfli R, Flett ME, Cascio S, O'Toole SJ. '

Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Medication: Antibiotics

Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Medication
Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Medication
Antibiotics
Class Summary
Amoxicillin (Amoxil, Biomox, Trimox)
Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (Bactrim, Septra, Cotrim)
Nitrofurantoin (Furadantin, Macrodantin)

Hunziker M, Colhoun E, Puri P. Renal cortical abnormalities in siblings of index patients with vesicoureteral reflux. Pediatrics. 2014 Apr. 133 (4):e933-7. [ Medline]. Nelson CP, Johnson EK, Logvinenko T, Chow JS. Ultrasound as a screening test for genitourinary anomalies in children with UTI. Pediatrics. 2014 Mar. 133 (3):e394-403. [ Medline]. Broadis E, Kronfli R, Flett ME, Cascio S, O'Toole SJ. '

Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents - ScienceDirect
Pathology
Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents
Summary
Key words
References
 suprophytrcu.r were cultured from urine specimens, from symptomatic patients, submitted to a large private pathology laboratory. All catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, Gram positive cocci were initially screened for novobiocin ( 5 pg disc) s ~ s c e p t i b i l i t y ~~ and later identified using the classification scheme of Kloos and Schleifer,IS as incorporated in the API STAPH (API System, La Balme Les Grottes 38390, Montalieu Vercieu, France) micromethod. Isolates were stored frozen at ~ 10Â°C in Tryptic soy broth (Oxoid, Basingstoke. UK) with 10% glycerol until tested. A total of 96 strains of Stuph. suprophyricus wa5 available for testing. Aiirrttircrobiul Agenls The following antimicrobial agents were tested: ampicillin (Wrechams Research Laboratories, Dandenong, Vic), sulphamethoxaiole (Burroughs Wellcome Co, North Carolina, US), nitrofurantoin (Ma\t Laboratories Ltd. L iverpool, UK). norfloxacin (Merck, Sharp Ci: Dohme (Australia) Pty Ltd, Granville NSW), trirnethoprim (Burrough\ U'ell- come), ciprofloxacin (Bayer Australia Lid, Botany, NSW), gentamicin (Rousrel Pharmaceutical Pty Lid, Castle Hill, NSW), Augmentin (Beechanis), cephalothin (Eli Lilly (Australia) Co, We,t Ryde, NSW), and tetracycline (Lederle Laboratories, Baulkhani Hill$, NSW).

suprophytrcu.r were cultured from urine specimens, from symptomatic patients, submitted to a large private pathology laboratory. All catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, Gram positive cocci were initially screened for novobiocin ( 5 pg disc) s ~ s c e p t i b i l i t y ~~ and later identified using the classification scheme of Kloos and Schleifer,IS as incorporated in the API STAPH (API System, La Balme Les Grottes 38390, Montalieu Vercieu, France) micromethod. Isolates were stored frozen at ~ 10Â°C in Tryptic soy broth (Oxoid, Basingstoke. UK) with 10% glycerol until tested. A total of 96 strains of Stuph. suprophyricus wa5 available for testing. Aiirrttircrobiul Agenls The following antimicrobial agents were tested: ampicillin (Wrechams Research Laboratories, Dandenong, Vic), sulphamethoxaiole (Burroughs Wellcome Co, North Carolina, US), nitrofurantoin (Ma\t Laboratories Ltd. L iverpool, UK). norfloxacin (Merck, Sharp Ci: Dohme (Australia) Pty Ltd, Granville NSW), trirnethoprim (Burrough\ U'ell- come), ciprofloxacin (Bayer Australia Lid, Botany, NSW), gentamicin (Rousrel Pharmaceutical Pty Lid, Castle Hill, NSW), Augmentin (Beechanis), cephalothin (Eli Lilly (Australia) Co, We,t Ryde, NSW), and tetracycline (Lederle Laboratories, Baulkhani Hill$, NSW).

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 The more severe complications include acute pyelonephritis [ 6 ], septicemia [ 7 ], nephrolithiasis [ 5 ], and endocarditis [ 8 ]. The vast majority of infections occur in young sexually active women. Wallmark et al. [ 9] isolated S. saprophyticus from the urine of 173 of 787 (22%) consecutive female patients found to have bacteriuria. The highest rate of S. saprophyticus infection was 42.3%, among women aged 16–25 years included in the study. Gupta et al. [ 10] reported a prevalence of 8% among 665 young women with UTI. In a study conducted in Australia, S. saprophyticus was isolated from 15.2% of the women aged 13–40 years with UTI [ 11 ]. There are also several case reports of infections in young girls [ 12 ]. S. saprophyticus can also cause UTI in males of all ages;

The more severe complications include acute pyelonephritis [ 6 ], septicemia [ 7 ], nephrolithiasis [ 5 ], and endocarditis [ 8 ]. The vast majority of infections occur in young sexually active women. Wallmark et al. [ 9] isolated S. saprophyticus from the urine of 173 of 787 (22%) consecutive female patients found to have bacteriuria. The highest rate of S. saprophyticus infection was 42.3%, among women aged 16–25 years included in the study. Gupta et al. [ 10] reported a prevalence of 8% among 665 young women with UTI. In a study conducted in Australia, S. saprophyticus was isolated from 15.2% of the women aged 13–40 years with UTI [ 11 ]. There are also several case reports of infections in young girls [ 12 ]. S. saprophyticus can also cause UTI in males of all ages;

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - microbewiki Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
Classification
Higher order taxa
Species
Description and significance
Genome structure
Cell structure and metabolism
Ecology
Pathology
Application to Biotechnology
Current Research
References
 Bacilli; Bacillales; Staphylococcaceae
Species
NCBI: Taxonomy
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Description and significance
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative facultative species of Staphylococcus, which is a leading cause of cystisis in women and is associated with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) in humans. [ 3] It is the second most common pathogen associated with UTIs [5], causing 10-20% of all UTIs in sexually active young women. Like other Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is globular and resembles clusters of grapes. S. saprophyticus colonizes in the urinary tract of humans and is isolated from urine samples. Young women are more susceptible to colonization in the urinary tracts and sexual intercourse promotes its spread. [ 3] S. saprophyticus is not normally present in the body. [ 5] It is also isolated from the carcasses of dead animals. [

Bacilli; Bacillales; Staphylococcaceae
Species
NCBI: Taxonomy
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Description and significance
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative facultative species of Staphylococcus, which is a leading cause of cystisis in women and is associated with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) in humans. [ 3] It is the second most common pathogen associated with UTIs [5], causing 10-20% of all UTIs in sexually active young women. Like other Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is globular and resembles clusters of grapes. S. saprophyticus colonizes in the urinary tract of humans and is isolated from urine samples. Young women are more susceptible to colonization in the urinary tracts and sexual intercourse promotes its spread. [ 3] S. saprophyticus is not normally present in the body. [ 5] It is also isolated from the carcasses of dead animals. [

Causative agents and antimicrobial susceptibilities of urinary tract infections in the northwest of Iran - ScienceDirect Causative agents and antimicrobial susceptibilities of urinary tract infections in the northwest of Iran
International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Causative agents and antimicrobial susceptibilities of urinary tract infections in the northwest of Iran
Summary
Background
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Keywords
Introduction
Methods
Study design
Isolation and identification of organisms
Susceptibility testing
Statistical analysis
Results
Isolation and identification of bacteria
Antimicrobial susceptibility
Discussion
References
 Results of antimicrobial susceptibility analysis for E. coli, as the most prevalent cause of UTI, to commonly used antibiotics are as follows: amikacin (97.8%), gentamicin (97%), ciprofloxacin (94%), nitrofurantoin (87.1%), nalidixic acid (93.7%), trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (48.2%), cephalexin (76%), and ampicillin (6.9%). Conclusions
The results show that the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the causes of UTI are highly variable and continuous surveillance of trends in resistance patterns of uropathogens is important. Previous article
in issue
Next article
in issue
Keywords
Urinary tract infection
UTI
Causative agents
Antimicrobial resistance
Introduction
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common infectious diseases, and nearly 10% of people will experience a UTI during their lifetime. 1, 2 UTIs are the most common infections after upper respiratory tract infections.3 The infections may be symptomatic or asymptomatic, and either type of infection can result in serious sequelae if left untreated.4 Although several different microorganisms can cause UTIs, including fungi and viruses, bacteria are the major causative organisms and are responsible for more than 95% of UTI cases.5 Escherichia coli is the most prevalent causative organism of UTI and is solely responsible for more than 80% of these infections. An accurate and prompt diagnosis of UTI is important in shortening the disease course and for preventing the ascent of the infection to the upper urinary tract and renal failure.6
Treatment of UTI cases is often started empirically. Therapy is based on information determined from the antimicrobial resistance pattern of the urinary pathogens. However, because of the evolving and continuing antibiotic resistance phenomenon, regular monitoring of resistance patterns is necessary to improve guidelines for empirical antibiotic therapy. 6, 7, 8 The aim of this study was to determine the causative agents of UTIs and their susceptibility patterns to commonly used antibiotics in patients from the East Azerbaijan province of Iran. Methods
Study design
This study was conducted in the microbiology section of the Central Laboratory of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.

Causative agents and antimicrobial susceptibilities of urinary tract infections in the northwest of Iran - ScienceDirect

Causative agents and antimicrobial susceptibilities of urinary tract infections in the northwest of Iran
International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Causative agents and antimicrobial susceptibilities of urinary tract infections in the northwest of Iran
Summary
Background
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Keywords
Introduction
Methods
Study design
Isolation and identification of organisms
Susceptibility testing
Statistical analysis
Results
Isolation and identification of bacteria
Antimicrobial susceptibility
Discussion
References

Natural Remedies for a Bladder Infection (UTI) Natural Remedies for a Bladder Infection (UTI)
Natural Remedies for a Bladder Infection (UTI)
Top Natural Remedies for a Bladder Infection
1. Apple Cider Vinegar
2. Baking Soda
3. Cranberry
4. D-Mannose
5. Frankincense
6. Plantain Tea
How to Make Plantain Tea for a UTI
6. Sea Salt
7. Uva Ursi
8. Corn Silk
9. Vitamin C
10. Zinc
Remedies for UTI with Pain
11. Turmeric
12. Castor Oil Packs
How to Use a Castor Oil Pack for a UTI
13. Healing Bath
14. Dietary Changes
15. Lifestyle Practices
Sources:
Medical Emergency Signs
Warning
Acidophilus
Acidophilus, Apple Cider Vinegar and Cranberry Juice
Alka Seltzer
Warning
 I got on antibotic and it came back. I then cured it naturally and sure enough a month later it came back. I tried to take it out again naturally but nothing worked. I was ready to get back on antibodics and a friend gave me a box of suppositories yeast arrest. It worked in 15 minutes and has changed my life along with acidophilus. I take 2 a day for maintenance and my life is changed. Reply 7
Replied by Prioris
(Fl)
06/17/2017
Replied by Countrygirl
(North Caroilna)
06/19/2017
Acidophilus
Posted by Shampoo (Los Angeles, Ca) on 01/26/2012
Acidophilus is the ONLY thing that works to PREVENT and treat UTI's. Ever since I gave birth to my daughter I get a bladder infection EVERYTIME I have sex, it was horrible. To top it off, I dont have insurance, and it would usually take more than one round of antibiotics to clear one up. One winter, I was on my 4th round of antibiotics when I got on earthclinic to try to find an alternative cure.

I got on antibotic and it came back. I then cured it naturally and sure enough a month later it came back. I tried to take it out again naturally but nothing worked. I was ready to get back on antibodics and a friend gave me a box of suppositories yeast arrest. It worked in 15 minutes and has changed my life along with acidophilus. I take 2 a day for maintenance and my life is changed. Reply 7
Replied by Prioris
(Fl)
06/17/2017
Replied by Countrygirl
(North Caroilna)
06/19/2017
Acidophilus
Posted by Shampoo (Los Angeles, Ca) on 01/26/2012
Acidophilus is the ONLY thing that works to PREVENT and treat UTI's. Ever since I gave birth to my daughter I get a bladder infection EVERYTIME I have sex, it was horrible. To top it off, I dont have insurance, and it would usually take more than one round of antibiotics to clear one up. One winter, I was on my 4th round of antibiotics when I got on earthclinic to try to find an alternative cure.

Menopause and Bladder Infections - causes and solutions during the menopause Bladder infections and the menopause
Bladder infections and the menopause
How often do you suffer from bladder infections during menopause?
An introduction to bladder infection and menopause
Why does the menopause cause bladder infections?
What home remedies are there for bladder infections?
Want a better night's sleep? Get your FREE 6-day personalised sleep programme now
Are there herbal remedies to help me?
What about conventional medicines?
Where to buy Uva-ursi and Echinacea tincture locally
 A.Vogel Menopause Support tablets with Soy Isoflavones, Magnesium and Hibiscus for all stages of menopause, 60 tablets
 Our expert's top picks for managing the menopause
 Although many women are reluctant to go to their doctor with bladder related problems, a suspected bladder infection should be checked by a doctor, particularly if there is blood in the urine or symptoms have lasted for more than 48 hours. A doctor will ask for a urine sample to check for the presence of bacteria and certain chemicals associated with infection. If the diagnosis of a urine infection is confirmed, your doctor will prescribe oral antibiotics to fight the bacterial infection. If you are suffering from symptoms of pain and burning, he may also suggest phenazopyridine hydrochloride to ease these symptoms. Treatment of a bladder infection or UTI should not be delayed, as the infection may worsen or spread. Where to buy Uva-ursi and Echinacea tincture locally
20587 3
 A.Vogel Menopause Support tablets with Soy Isoflavones, Magnesium and Hibiscus for all stages of menopause, 60 tablets
60 tablets
£ 14.99
find your local stockist
Menopause Support can be used to help you through all stages of the menopause. More info
 Our expert's top picks for managing the menopause
The perfect choice for tackling your menopause symptoms: Menoforce® Sage tablets and Menopause …
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Although many women are reluctant to go to their doctor with bladder related problems, a suspected bladder infection should be checked by a doctor, particularly if there is blood in the urine or symptoms have lasted for more than 48 hours. A doctor will ask for a urine sample to check for the presence of bacteria and certain chemicals associated with infection. If the diagnosis of a urine infection is confirmed, your doctor will prescribe oral antibiotics to fight the bacterial infection. If you are suffering from symptoms of pain and burning, he may also suggest phenazopyridine hydrochloride to ease these symptoms. Treatment of a bladder infection or UTI should not be delayed, as the infection may worsen or spread. Where to buy Uva-ursi and Echinacea tincture locally
20587 3
 A.Vogel Menopause Support tablets with Soy Isoflavones, Magnesium and Hibiscus for all stages of menopause, 60 tablets
60 tablets
£ 14.99
find your local stockist
Menopause Support can be used to help you through all stages of the menopause. More info
 Our expert's top picks for managing the menopause
The perfect choice for tackling your menopause symptoms: Menoforce® Sage tablets and Menopause …
More info

Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections - Pharmacology - Merck Veterinary Manual Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections
Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections
By
Drugs Commonly Used to Treat Urinary Tract Infections in Small Animals
Antimicrobial Therapy:
Dosage Regimens for UTI:
Managing Multiple Episodes of UTI:
Therapeutic Failures:
Antimicrobial Resistance in Uropathogens:
Was This Page Helpful?
Also of Interest
 Because of the blood-prostate barrier, it is difficult to eradicate bacteria from the prostate, and the urinary tract may be reinfected after appropriate treatment, causing a systemic bacteremia, infecting the rest of the reproductive tract, or causing an abscess within the prostate. Large, retrospective studies have documented the most common species of uropathogens in dogs and cats, with Escherichia coli being the single most common pathogen in both acute and recurrent UTIs. The other common pathogens include Staphylococcus, Proteus, Streptococcus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas spp. In UTIs in horses, E coli, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus spp predominate, whereas Corynebacterium renale and E coli are the most common pathogens in ruminants. In immunocompromised animals, funguria from Candida spp may occur. Antimicrobials are the cornerstone of UTI therapy, and many animals with recurring UTIs are managed empirically with repeated courses (see Table: Drugs Commonly Used to Treat Urinary Tract Infections in Small Animals ). This approach fails if the underlying pathophysiology predisposing the animal to the UTI is not addressed; as well, it encourages emergence of resistant bacteria. With chronic UTI from highly resistant bacteria, therapeutic options are extremely limited.

Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections - Pharmacology - Merck Veterinary Manual

Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections
Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections
By
Drugs Commonly Used to Treat Urinary Tract Infections in Small Animals
Antimicrobial Therapy:
Dosage Regimens for UTI:
Managing Multiple Episodes of UTI:
Therapeutic Failures:
Antimicrobial Resistance in Uropathogens:
Was This Page Helpful?
Also of Interest

Because of the blood-prostate barrier, it is difficult to eradicate bacteria from the prostate, and the urinary tract may be reinfected after appropriate treatment, causing a systemic bacteremia, infecting the rest of the reproductive tract, or causing an abscess within the prostate. Large, retrospective studies have documented the most common species of uropathogens in dogs and cats, with Escherichia coli being the single most common pathogen in both acute and recurrent UTIs. The other common pathogens include Staphylococcus, Proteus, Streptococcus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas spp. In UTIs in horses, E coli, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus spp predominate, whereas Corynebacterium renale and E coli are the most common pathogens in ruminants. In immunocompromised animals, funguria from Candida spp may occur. Antimicrobials are the cornerstone of UTI therapy, and many animals with recurring UTIs are managed empirically with repeated courses (see Table: Drugs Commonly Used to Treat Urinary Tract Infections in Small Animals ). This approach fails if the underlying pathophysiology predisposing the animal to the UTI is not addressed; as well, it encourages emergence of resistant bacteria. With chronic UTI from highly resistant bacteria, therapeutic options are extremely limited.

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 Colonization is more frequent during the summer and fall. Hovelius et al. [ 21] showed that women with S. saprophyticus colonization were more likely to have had a symptomatic UTI during the previous 12 months, to have recently had a menstrual period, and to have had sexual intercourse concurrent with vaginal candidiasis than were women without colonization. None of the women developed symptomatic UTI during the next 6 months. Further support for the existence of a rectal reservoir was the isolation of the same plasmid-identified clone from both urine and stool samples [ 22 ]. The remarkable selective susceptibility of young women to colonization by S. saprophyticus is further emphasized by a study by Schneider and Riley [ 11 ]. They isolated the microorganism from the genital tracts of 4.6% of women aged 13–40 years, but not from older women or men. These observations are in accord with numerous clinical reports [ 9–17] that UTI caused by S. saprophyticus is associated with recent sexual intercourse and occurs more often during late summer and fall [ 19 ]. The microorganisms colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, particularly during the gastroenteritis season in the summer and fall, and this is probably the reason for this seasonal variation in the incidence of UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. However, there was no seasonal variation in Western Australia and Israel [ 11, 16 ].

Colonization is more frequent during the summer and fall. Hovelius et al. [ 21] showed that women with S. saprophyticus colonization were more likely to have had a symptomatic UTI during the previous 12 months, to have recently had a menstrual period, and to have had sexual intercourse concurrent with vaginal candidiasis than were women without colonization. None of the women developed symptomatic UTI during the next 6 months. Further support for the existence of a rectal reservoir was the isolation of the same plasmid-identified clone from both urine and stool samples [ 22 ]. The remarkable selective susceptibility of young women to colonization by S. saprophyticus is further emphasized by a study by Schneider and Riley [ 11 ]. They isolated the microorganism from the genital tracts of 4.6% of women aged 13–40 years, but not from older women or men. These observations are in accord with numerous clinical reports [ 9–17] that UTI caused by S. saprophyticus is associated with recent sexual intercourse and occurs more often during late summer and fall [ 19 ]. The microorganisms colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, particularly during the gastroenteritis season in the summer and fall, and this is probably the reason for this seasonal variation in the incidence of UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. However, there was no seasonal variation in Western Australia and Israel [ 11, 16 ].

Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections - Pharmacology - Merck Veterinary Manual Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections
Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections
By
Drugs Commonly Used to Treat Urinary Tract Infections in Small Animals
Antimicrobial Therapy:
Dosage Regimens for UTI:
Managing Multiple Episodes of UTI:
Therapeutic Failures:
Antimicrobial Resistance in Uropathogens:
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 Antimicrobials are the cornerstone of UTI therapy, and many animals with recurring UTIs are managed empirically with repeated courses (see Table: Drugs Commonly Used to Treat Urinary Tract Infections in Small Animals ). This approach fails if the underlying pathophysiology predisposing the animal to the UTI is not addressed; as well, it encourages emergence of resistant bacteria. With chronic UTI from highly resistant bacteria, therapeutic options are extremely limited. Table
Drugs Commonly Used to Treat Urinary Tract Infections in Small Animals
Drugs Commonly Used to Treat Urinary Tract Infections in Small Animals
Drug
Suggested Dosage
Typical Antimicrobial Activity
Amoxicillin
11 mg/kg, PO, bid-tid
Staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci, Proteus, some E coli
Ampicillin
25 mg/kg, PO, tid
Staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci, Proteus, some E coli
Amoxicillin -clavulanic acid
25 mg/kg, PO, tid
Staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci, Proteus, some E coli
Cephalexin / cefadroxil
20–30 mg/kg, PO, bid-tid
Staphylococci, streptococci, Proteus, E coli, Klebsiella
Cefovecin
8 mg/kg, SC, every 14 days
Proteus, E coli
Cefpodoxime
5–10 mg/kg/day, PO
Proteus, E coli
Ceftiofur
2 mg/kg/day, SC
Proteus, E coli
Choramphenicol
Dogs: 25–50 mg/kg, PO, bid-tid
Cats: 50 mg/kg, PO, bid
Staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci, E coli
Doxycycline
5 mg/kg, PO, bid
Streptococci, some activity against E coli, staphylococci, and enterococci at high urine concentrations
Enrofloxacin, orbifloxacin, marbofloxacin, pradofloxacin (cats only)
2.5–10 mg/kg/day, PO
Staphylococci, E coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter
Gentamicin
4–6 mg/kg/day, SC
Staphylococci, some streptococci, some enterococci, E coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter
Nitrofurantoin
5 mg/kg, PO, tid
Staphylococci, some streptococci, enterococci, E coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter
Tetracycline
18 mg/kg, PO, tid
Streptococci, some activity against E coli, staphylococci, and enterococci at high urine concentrations
Trimethoprim -sulfa
15 mg/kg, PO, bid
Streptococci, staphylococci, E coli, Proteus, some activity against Klebsiella
Antimicrobial Therapy: Urine culture is the “gold standard” for diagnosis of UTI. Indications to perform urine culture include visualization of bacteria during urine sediment examination, evidence of pyuria, dilute urine (<1.013 SG), immunosuppression, and diabetes mellitus or hyperadrenocorticism.

Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents - ScienceDirect
Pathology
Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents
Summary
Key words
References
 10 to tetracycline and 2 to trimethoprim. None of the isolates exhibited any detectable beta-lactamase activity when tested by the chro-mogenic cephalosporin method. Synergy between trimethoprim and sulphafurazole against Staph, saprophyticus was demonstrated in only 2 of 5 strains having an increased MIC of one or both of these agents. Previous article
in issue
Next article
in issue
Key words
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
urinary iraci infection
antimicrobial agents
susceptibility testing
Pathology (1991), 23, pp. 135-138 SUSCEPTIBILITY OF URINE ISOLATES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS SAPROPHYTlCUS TO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS PAUL F. SCHNEIDER* AND THOMAS V . RILEY? * Western Diagnostic Pathology, Myuree, Western Australia ? Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia and Sir Charles Guirdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Auslraliu Summary The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 10 antimicrobial agents for 96 urinary isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus cultured from symptomatic females in the Western Australian general community are reported. All antimicrobial agents tested showed good activjty, with the exceptions of norfloxacin (MESo 8 mg/L) and ampicillin (MIC9,, 0.5 mg/L). Eighty-three of 96 isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested.

10 to tetracycline and 2 to trimethoprim. None of the isolates exhibited any detectable beta-lactamase activity when tested by the chro-mogenic cephalosporin method. Synergy between trimethoprim and sulphafurazole against Staph, saprophyticus was demonstrated in only 2 of 5 strains having an increased MIC of one or both of these agents. Previous article
in issue
Next article
in issue
Key words
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
urinary iraci infection
antimicrobial agents
susceptibility testing
Pathology (1991), 23, pp. 135-138 SUSCEPTIBILITY OF URINE ISOLATES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS SAPROPHYTlCUS TO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS PAUL F. SCHNEIDER* AND THOMAS V . RILEY? * Western Diagnostic Pathology, Myuree, Western Australia ? Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia and Sir Charles Guirdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Auslraliu Summary The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 10 antimicrobial agents for 96 urinary isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus cultured from symptomatic females in the Western Australian general community are reported. All antimicrobial agents tested showed good activjty, with the exceptions of norfloxacin (MESo 8 mg/L) and ampicillin (MIC9,, 0.5 mg/L). Eighty-three of 96 isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested.

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 Topic: urinary tract infections
cystitis
signs and symptoms
escherichia coli
microorganisms
staphylococcus saprophyticus
seasonal variation
Issue Section: BRIEF REPORTS
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is uniquely associated with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) in humans. It has special urotropic and ecologic features that are distinctly different from other staphylococci and from Escherichia coli. This article will consider the epidemiology, ecology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of infections caused by this microorganism. Much more needs to be learned about the epidemiology and natural history of UTI caused by S. saprophyticus as well as the role of S. saprophyticus in human and animal health and disease. A series of research questions are offered to address these issues. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were considered to be urinary contaminants prior to the 1960s. In 1962, Torres Pereira [ 1] reported the isolation of coagulase-negative staphylococci possessing antigen 51 from the urine of women with acute UTI. In subsequent years, additional reports supported this concept [ 2 ].

Topic: urinary tract infections
cystitis
signs and symptoms
escherichia coli
microorganisms
staphylococcus saprophyticus
seasonal variation
Issue Section: BRIEF REPORTS
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is uniquely associated with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) in humans. It has special urotropic and ecologic features that are distinctly different from other staphylococci and from Escherichia coli. This article will consider the epidemiology, ecology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of infections caused by this microorganism. Much more needs to be learned about the epidemiology and natural history of UTI caused by S. saprophyticus as well as the role of S. saprophyticus in human and animal health and disease. A series of research questions are offered to address these issues. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were considered to be urinary contaminants prior to the 1960s. In 1962, Torres Pereira [ 1] reported the isolation of coagulase-negative staphylococci possessing antigen 51 from the urine of women with acute UTI. In subsequent years, additional reports supported this concept [ 2 ].

Proteus - Infectious Disease and Antimicrobial Agents Proteus
species

Proteus species
MICROBIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
PATHOGENESIS
SUSCEPTIBILITY IN VITRO AND IN VIVO
Single Drug
In Vivo Experiments
ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY
General
Special Infections
Meningitis:
Endocarditis:
Underlying Diseases
Alternate Therapy
ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY
ENDPOINTS FOR MONITORING THERAPY
VACCINES
INFECTION CONTROL MEASURES
RFERENCES
 >
P. myxofaciens was originally isolated from a gypsy moth and has been isolated from UTIs in India ( 129 ). P. hauseri, previously considered biogroup 3, has not been associated with infections in humans. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
The clinical manifestations of infections with Proteus spp. are, in the main, non-specific. However, urinary tract infections involving struvite stones are characteristic. By producing urease, Proteus spp. can hydrolyze urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide, and therefore raise urinary pH. Alkalinization of urine promotes precipitation of magnesium-ammonium phosphate salts leading to the formation of struvite stones, which may serve as a nidus for the persistence of infection or may directly obstruct the urinary tract, thereby promoting infection. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
The members of the genus Proteus are Gram negative, motile facultative anaerobic rods. On culture plates, Proteus species are distinguished by their ability to swarm. Proteus spp.

Proteus - Infectious Disease and Antimicrobial Agents

Proteus
species

Proteus species
MICROBIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
PATHOGENESIS
SUSCEPTIBILITY IN VITRO AND IN VIVO
Single Drug
In Vivo Experiments
ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY
General
Special Infections
Meningitis:
Endocarditis:
Underlying Diseases
Alternate Therapy
ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY
ENDPOINTS FOR MONITORING THERAPY
VACCINES
INFECTION CONTROL MEASURES
RFERENCES

>
P. myxofaciens was originally isolated from a gypsy moth and has been isolated from UTIs in India ( 129 ). P. hauseri, previously considered biogroup 3, has not been associated with infections in humans. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
The clinical manifestations of infections with Proteus spp. are, in the main, non-specific. However, urinary tract infections involving struvite stones are characteristic. By producing urease, Proteus spp. can hydrolyze urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide, and therefore raise urinary pH. Alkalinization of urine promotes precipitation of magnesium-ammonium phosphate salts leading to the formation of struvite stones, which may serve as a nidus for the persistence of infection or may directly obstruct the urinary tract, thereby promoting infection. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
The members of the genus Proteus are Gram negative, motile facultative anaerobic rods. On culture plates, Proteus species are distinguished by their ability to swarm. Proteus spp.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links
 Staphylococcaceae
Genus: Staphylococcus
Species: S. saprophyticus
Binomial name
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
(Fairbrother 1940) Shaw et al. 1951
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive coccus belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. S. saprophyticus is a common cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections. Contents
1 History
2 Epidemiology and pathogenesis
3 Clinical features
4 Laboratory diagnosis
5 Treatment
6 Different subspecies
7 References
8 External links
History
S. saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase -negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Staphylococcaceae
Genus: Staphylococcus
Species: S. saprophyticus
Binomial name
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
(Fairbrother 1940) Shaw et al. 1951
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive coccus belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. S. saprophyticus is a common cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections. Contents
1 History
2 Epidemiology and pathogenesis
3 Clinical features
4 Laboratory diagnosis
5 Treatment
6 Different subspecies
7 References
8 External links
History
S. saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase -negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs).

 Antibiotics currently used in the treatment of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcal infections are a common and significant clinical problem in medical practice. Most strains of Staphylococcus aureus are now resistant to penicillin, and methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA) are common in hospitals and are emerging in the community. Penicillinase-resistant …
Staphylococcal infections are a common and significant clinical problem in medical practice. Most strains of Staphylococcus aureus are now resistant to penicillin, and methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA) are common in hospitals and are emerging in the community. Penicillinase-resistant …
Antibiotics currently used in the treatment of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus

Intern Med J. 2005 Dec;35 Suppl 2: S3-16.doi: 10.1111/j.1444-0903.2005.00976.x. Authors

C Rayner 1
              , W J Munckhof
Affiliation

1Facility for Anti-infective Drug Development and Innovation, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. PMID: 16271060

DOI:

Antibiotics currently used in the treatment of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcal infections are a common and significant clinical problem in medical practice. Most strains of Staphylococcus aureus are now resistant to penicillin, and methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA) are common in hospitals and are emerging in the community. Penicillinase-resistant …
Staphylococcal infections are a common and significant clinical problem in medical practice. Most strains of Staphylococcus aureus are now resistant to penicillin, and methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA) are common in hospitals and are emerging in the community. Penicillinase-resistant …
Antibiotics currently used in the treatment of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus

Intern Med J. 2005 Dec;35 Suppl 2: S3-16.doi: 10.1111/j.1444-0903.2005.00976.x. Authors

C Rayner 1
              , W J Munckhof
Affiliation

1Facility for Anti-infective Drug Development and Innovation, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. PMID: 16271060

DOI:

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections - a cause of UTI — My Vagina Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections – a cause of UTI
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections – a cause of UTI
About Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Antibiotic treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa urinary tract infections
Jessica Lloyd - Naturopathic Practitioner, BHSc (N)
Latest posts by Jessica Lloyd - Naturopathic Practitioner, BHSc (N)
( see all)
 P. aeruginosa can tolerate a wide variety of living conditions. First the bacteria attaches to the epithelium to colonise, causes a local infection, then finds its way into the bloodstream to spread. Antibiotic treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa urinary tract infections
The typical treatment is with antibiotics, however antibiotic resistance remains an issue. Combination therapy may be used in severe infections, with UTIs typically treated with parenteral aminoglycosides, quinolones, antipseudomonal penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems and aztreonam. Ciprofloxacin the preferred oral treatment. Infected medical devices should be removed, which could include an intrauterine device (IUD). Posted on August 24, 2017
September 4, 2020
Last reviewed September 4, 2020
Bio
Latest Posts
Jessica Lloyd - Naturopathic Practitioner, BHSc (N)
Jessica is a degree-qualified naturopath (BHSc) specialising in vulvovaginal health and disease, based in Melbourne, Australia. Jessica is the owner and lead naturopath of My Vagina, and is a member of the: International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease (ISSVD)
International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health (ISSWSH)
National Vulvodynia Association (NVA) Australia
New Zealand Vulvovaginal Society (ANZVS)
Australian Traditional Medicine Society (ATMS)
Latest posts by Jessica Lloyd - Naturopathic Practitioner, BHSc (N)
( see all)
How to take liquid herbal extracts orally - May 6, 2021
The low-histamine experiment - May 5, 2021
Using Chanel – penises (Killing BV) - April 21, 2021

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections - a cause of UTI — My Vagina

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections – a cause of UTI
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections – a cause of UTI
About Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Antibiotic treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa urinary tract infections
Jessica Lloyd - Naturopathic Practitioner, BHSc (N)
Latest posts by Jessica Lloyd - Naturopathic Practitioner, BHSc (N)
( see all)

Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Medication: Antibiotics Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Medication
Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Medication
Antibiotics
Class Summary
Amoxicillin (Amoxil, Biomox, Trimox)
Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (Bactrim, Septra, Cotrim)
Nitrofurantoin (Furadantin, Macrodantin)
 Edmondson JD, Maizels M, Alpert SA, Kirsch AJ, Hanna MK, Weiser AC, et al. Multi-institutional experience with PIC cystography--incidence of occult vesicoureteral reflux in children with febrile urinary tract infections. Urology. 2006 Mar. 67 (3):608-11. [ Medline]. Guidos PJ, Arlen AM, Leong T, Bonnett MA, Cooper CS. Impact of continuous low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis on growth in children with vesicoureteral reflux. J Pediatr Urol. 2018 Jul 23. [ Medline].

Edmondson JD, Maizels M, Alpert SA, Kirsch AJ, Hanna MK, Weiser AC, et al. Multi-institutional experience with PIC cystography--incidence of occult vesicoureteral reflux in children with febrile urinary tract infections. Urology. 2006 Mar. 67 (3):608-11. [ Medline]. Guidos PJ, Arlen AM, Leong T, Bonnett MA, Cooper CS. Impact of continuous low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis on growth in children with vesicoureteral reflux. J Pediatr Urol. 2018 Jul 23. [ Medline].

Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Medication: Antibiotics Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Medication
Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Medication
Antibiotics
Class Summary
Amoxicillin (Amoxil, Biomox, Trimox)
Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (Bactrim, Septra, Cotrim)
Nitrofurantoin (Furadantin, Macrodantin)
 Ultrasound as a screening test for genitourinary anomalies in children with UTI. Pediatrics. 2014 Mar. 133 (3):e394-403. [ Medline]. Broadis E, Kronfli R, Flett ME, Cascio S, O'Toole SJ. ' Targeted top down' approach for the investigation of UTI: A 10-year follow-up study in a cohort of 1000 children. J Pediatr Urol. 2016 Feb. 12 (1):39.e1-6. [ Medline].

Ultrasound as a screening test for genitourinary anomalies in children with UTI. Pediatrics. 2014 Mar. 133 (3):e394-403. [ Medline]. Broadis E, Kronfli R, Flett ME, Cascio S, O'Toole SJ. ' Targeted top down' approach for the investigation of UTI: A 10-year follow-up study in a cohort of 1000 children. J Pediatr Urol. 2016 Feb. 12 (1):39.e1-6. [ Medline].

 Detects GNB, but not all uropathogens can do this (ex. S. saprophyticus and Enterococcus)
Culturing
Culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing important for complicated infections to be sure of eradication
Escherichia coli - cause of UTI
Most common agent of all UTI's
Predominate species of GNB in the colonic flora
Escherichia coli: virulence
Virulence of Uropathogenic Strains (UPEC)
- Type 1 fimbriae (cystitis), P fimbriae (pyelonephritis)
- hemolysins, aerobactin (siderophore)
- Resistance to serum killing, capsule, IBC formation
- Antibiotic resistance a problem (MDR GNB; ESBL)
Escherichia coli: dipsticks
Urine dipsticks positive for nitrites, Gram (-) rod, lactose (+), indole (+), oxidase (-)
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
*Causes 5-15% of community acquired UTI's in newly sexually active women ("honeymoon cystitis")*
Infection usually symptomatic
*Always nitrate negative* on urine dipsticks, low CFU's on culture, sensitive to antibiotics
Proteus mirabilis - UTIs
GI tract of mammals
Urinary tract most common site of infection. Infections in community, hospitals and LTCF
*Most common in patients with structural abnormalities and catheters& esp. long term indwelling catheters*
Proteus mirabilis - virulence
Biofilms and encrustations on catheters *urease*→ ↑ pH → renal calculi, catheter obstruction
Urine with *pH > 7* → culture for Proteus, check for *calculi (urolithiasis) *
Proteus: General Characteristics
Gram (-) rod, lactose (-), Indole (-), H2S (+), oxidase (-)
*Urease (6-10X's more potent as that produced by other bacteria)*
*swarming mobility*
Klebsiella pneumoniae - UTIs
GI tract of humans
1-2% of community acquired UTI's, 5-17% of complicated UTI's
Klebsiella pneumoniae - abx resistance
Antibiotic resistance a problem (MDR, ESBL, carbapenemases)
Klebsiella pneumoniae - culture
*Copious capsule*, Urease (+), Lactose (+), Indole (-)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - UTIs
Ubiquitous in the health-care environment
Associated with foreign body in urinary tract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - abx resistance
Antibiotic resistance a problem. * Treat as a complicated infection. Remove obstruction to prevent relapse.*

MRSA UTI Treatments: Drug and Natural Therapy Overview MRSA UTI Treatment: Natural and Antibiotic Therapies
MRSA UTI Treatment: Natural and Antibiotic Therapies
Standard Medical Treatments for Resistant Staph or MRSA UTIs
A note on catheters
Commonly prescribed antibiotics for MRSA urinary infections can include:
Natural Medicine and Supportive Therapies
Holistic UTI support
Other Helpful Resources:
More support on Staph and MRSA infections
References:
 Oral antibiotics are commonly used for MRSA urinary tract infections. However, for severe or complicated UTI infections (or where resistance to the oral antibiotics is shown upon urine culture testing), IV antibiotics such as Vancomycin will be used. Note: Linezolid or Zyvox is sometimes used as a last resort drug for MRSA, but it does not get eliminated through the kidneys and bladder in high enough concentrations and thus is not a good choice for UTIs. The list of antibiotics is changing as antibiotic resistance in MRSA grows . Natural Medicine and Supportive Therapies
Remedies are a very effective alternative when it comes to treating MRSA and Staph. Many people report failure of antibiotics to work, especially for recurrent infections. Frequent use of antibiotics also can create more resistant strains of MRSA bacteria. As such, many people need another option. Some treatment and supportive options to consider are:

MRSA UTI Treatments: Drug and Natural Therapy Overview

MRSA UTI Treatment: Natural and Antibiotic Therapies
MRSA UTI Treatment: Natural and Antibiotic Therapies
Standard Medical Treatments for Resistant Staph or MRSA UTIs
A note on catheters
Commonly prescribed antibiotics for MRSA urinary infections can include:
Natural Medicine and Supportive Therapies
Holistic UTI support
Other Helpful Resources:
More support on Staph and MRSA infections
References:

Oral antibiotics are commonly used for MRSA urinary tract infections. However, for severe or complicated UTI infections (or where resistance to the oral antibiotics is shown upon urine culture testing), IV antibiotics such as Vancomycin will be used. Note: Linezolid or Zyvox is sometimes used as a last resort drug for MRSA, but it does not get eliminated through the kidneys and bladder in high enough concentrations and thus is not a good choice for UTIs. The list of antibiotics is changing as antibiotic resistance in MRSA grows . Natural Medicine and Supportive Therapies
Remedies are a very effective alternative when it comes to treating MRSA and Staph. Many people report failure of antibiotics to work, especially for recurrent infections. Frequent use of antibiotics also can create more resistant strains of MRSA bacteria. As such, many people need another option. Some treatment and supportive options to consider are:

Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux
Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux
Practice Essentials
Signs and symptoms
Diagnosis
Management
 antibiotic prophylaxis is usually well tolerated, and there are medicolegal concerns regarding the risk of kidney damage while on surveillance
Antibiotic prophylaxis
Started once a child has completed treatment of the initial UTI
Discontinued if no VUR is seen on imaging studies
If VUR is present, prophylactic antibiotics are continued until the VUR resolves or is surgically corrected, or the child grows old enough that prophylaxis is deemed no longer necessary
The 2011 AAP guidelines argued that antimicrobial prophylaxis is not effective at preventing UTI in children with VUR and that there is little value in diagnosing UTI because little can be done about it, short of surgery [ 1] ; however, data from the RIVUR trial called these assumptions into question [ 5]
Antibiotics are used as follows: The typical dose is one fourth of the therapeutic dose
Antibiotics are usually administered as suspensions once daily, typically in the evening to maximize overnight drug levels in the bladder
In neonates with antenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis and in infants younger than 8 weeks who have been treated for UTI, the agent of choice is amoxicillin
For older children, the most common antibiotics used are trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, and penicillins
Cephalosporins are used less often
The prophylactic regimen also includes regular follow-up care and imaging (eg, renal ultrasonography and VCUG or nuclear cystography every 12-18 months). Children with dysfunctional elimination require aggressive bladder and bowel management. In toilet-trained children with recurrent UTI, voiding postponement behaviors, incomplete emptying, and constipation are extremely common and may be much more important etiologic factors than the reflux itself. Anticholinergic medication, in conjunction with timed voiding, may improve symptoms of dysfunctional voiding and reduces the risk of infection in select patients. Surgical care
Accepted indications for surgical treatment include the following: Breakthrough febrile UTIs despite adequate antibiotic prophylaxis
Severe reflux (grade V or bilateral grade IV) that is unlikely to spontaneously resolve, especially if renal scarring is present
Mild or moderate reflux in females that persists as the patient approaches puberty, despite several years of observation
Poor compliance with medications or surveillance programs
Poor renal growth or function or appearance of new scars
Virtually all open antireflux operations involve reconstruction of the ureterovesical junction to create a lengthened submucosal tunnel for the ureter, which functions as a one-way valve as the bladder fills. Dozens of procedures have been described. Options include open ant

Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux
Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux
Practice Essentials
Signs and symptoms
Diagnosis
Management

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links
 Laboratory diagnosis
The urine sediment of a patient with a S. saprophyticus urinary tract infection has a characteristic appearance under the microscope manifesting leukocytes, erythrocytes, and clumping due to cocci adhering to cellular elements. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria, such as, urine nitrate and glucose do not always detect S. saprophyticus infection. This is because unlike Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae urinary tract infections, S. saprophyticus does not reduce nitrate and has a longer generation time, thus does not consume glucose as rapidly. Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colony-forming units (less than 10 5 cfu/ml) are often present. S. saprophyticus is identified as belonging to the genus Staphylococcus using the Gram stain and catalase test. It is identitified as a species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) using the coagulase test. Lastly, S. saprophyticus is differentiated from S. epidermidis, another species of pathogenic CoNS, by testing for susceptibility to the antibiotic novobiocin. S. saprophyticus is novobiocin-resistant, whereas S. epidermidis is novobiocin-sensitive. Treatment
S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections are usually treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with a quinolone such as to be alone norfloxacin. It has also been shown to be susceptible to ampicillin & ceftriaxone.

Laboratory diagnosis
The urine sediment of a patient with a S. saprophyticus urinary tract infection has a characteristic appearance under the microscope manifesting leukocytes, erythrocytes, and clumping due to cocci adhering to cellular elements. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria, such as, urine nitrate and glucose do not always detect S. saprophyticus infection. This is because unlike Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae urinary tract infections, S. saprophyticus does not reduce nitrate and has a longer generation time, thus does not consume glucose as rapidly. Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colony-forming units (less than 10 5 cfu/ml) are often present. S. saprophyticus is identified as belonging to the genus Staphylococcus using the Gram stain and catalase test. It is identitified as a species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) using the coagulase test. Lastly, S. saprophyticus is differentiated from S. epidermidis, another species of pathogenic CoNS, by testing for susceptibility to the antibiotic novobiocin. S. saprophyticus is novobiocin-resistant, whereas S. epidermidis is novobiocin-sensitive. Treatment
S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections are usually treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with a quinolone such as to be alone norfloxacin. It has also been shown to be susceptible to ampicillin & ceftriaxone.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) And Its Homeopathic Treatment - homeopathy360 Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) And Its Homeopathic Treatment
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) And Its Homeopathic Treatment
Authors: Dr. Pramod singh1, Dr. Yudhishthir bhardwaj2, Dr. Gita Rajput3
TYPES OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION
CANTHARIS
NUX VOMICA
SARSAPARILLA
ACONITUM APELLUS
APIS MELLIFICA
BELLADONNA
BERBERIS VULGARIS
BORAX
CHIMAPHILA UMBELLATA
CLEMATIS
EQUISETUM
LYCOPODIUM
SEPIA
STAPHYSAGRIA
 The person may feel as if the bladder has not been emptied, still feeling a constant urge to urinate. NUX VOMICA
Irritable bladder with a constant need to urinate, passing only small amounts, suggests a need for this remedy. Burning or cramping pain may be felt in the bladder area, with an itching sensation in the urethra while the urine passes. The person may feel very irritable, impatient, and chilly. Symptoms may be relieved by hot baths or other forms of warmth. SARSAPARILLA
This remedy is often useful in cystitis and often helps when symptoms are unclear, or if other remedies have not been effective. Frequent urging is felt, with burning pain at the end of urination. Urine passes when the person is standing up, but only dribbling occurs while sitting. Flakes or sediment are sometimes seen in the urine. ( Sarsaparilla is sometimes helpful when stones are forming or the kidneys are involved;

The person may feel as if the bladder has not been emptied, still feeling a constant urge to urinate. NUX VOMICA
Irritable bladder with a constant need to urinate, passing only small amounts, suggests a need for this remedy. Burning or cramping pain may be felt in the bladder area, with an itching sensation in the urethra while the urine passes. The person may feel very irritable, impatient, and chilly. Symptoms may be relieved by hot baths or other forms of warmth. SARSAPARILLA
This remedy is often useful in cystitis and often helps when symptoms are unclear, or if other remedies have not been effective. Frequent urging is felt, with burning pain at the end of urination. Urine passes when the person is standing up, but only dribbling occurs while sitting. Flakes or sediment are sometimes seen in the urine. ( Sarsaparilla is sometimes helpful when stones are forming or the kidneys are involved;

 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- culture
Gram (-), motile, oxidase (+), urease (+), lactose (-), produces a capsule
Serratia marcescens
Healthy rarely colonized; causes mostly
hospital associated infections
Found in moist environments and liquid products
-Food, blood products, IV soln., milk, lotions..
Antibiotic resistance, not currently a major problem. Serratia marcescens - culture
*GNB, some strains red pigmented (prodigiosin)*, lactose (-), Indole (-)
Enterococcus faecalis & E. faecium - UTIs
Normal flora of GI tract
Nosocomial pathogen, *esp. those treated with broad spectrum antibiotics*
Significant % of UTI's asymptomatic; cause of chronic prostatitis
Enterococcus faecalis & E. faecium - risks
catheterization, UT instrument., anatomic abnormality. Enterococcus faecalis & E. faecium - virulence
*intrinsic resistance to antibiotics (VRE)*
Enterococcus faecalis & E. faecium - culture
Gram (+) cocci, catalase (-)
Grows in 6.5% NaCl and at 45°C
Grows in the presence of 40% bile salts and hydrolyzes esculin and N-pyrrolidonyl-2-naphthylamide (PYR)
S. epidermidis - UTIs
Most abundant species on skin, also in nasopharynx and vagina
Common cause of catheter-associated UTI's
S. epidermidis - virulence
Forms protective biofilm on devices
S. epidermidis - culture
novobiocin sensitive, antibiotic resistance a problem
S. aureus - UTIs
Healthy adults (30%) colonized in anterior nares, transiently on skin, perineal colonization common
Associated with ~2.2 % of CAUTI's
Presence of S. aureus in urine should prompt evaluation for bacteremia
Antibiotic resistance a problem (MRSA)
Enterobacter cloacae and E. aerogenes - UTIs
Healthy rarely colonized
Source: hospital equipment, foods
Causes particularly catheter-related UTI's
Enterobacter cloacae and E. aerogenes - abx resistance
Prominent nosocomial pathogen may be due to *significant resistance to antibiotics*
Enterobacter cloacae and E. aerogenes: risk factors
antibiotic treatment, co-morbid disease, treatment in ICU
Enterobacter cloacae and E. aerogenes - culture
Gram (-) rods, lactose (+), indole (-)
Providencia and Morganella spp. -

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - microbewiki Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
Classification
Higher order taxa
Species
Description and significance
Genome structure
Cell structure and metabolism
Ecology
Pathology
Application to Biotechnology
Current Research
References
 1] S. saprophyticus is an opportunistic infection [9] and is rarely present in normal humans with a healthy immune system. Spermicides and candidal infections affect the vaginal flora, increasing the risk of infection. [ 3] Staphylococcus cannot survive outside of a host animal. Pathology
Staphylcoccus saprophyticus is not naturally found in healthy humans. It infects humans through sexual intercourse or through contact with animals. [ 3] S. saprophyticus colonizes in the urinary tract of young women and men of all ages. The infection can spread to rectal and vaginal areas. [ 3] Alterations to the genital area effected by spermicides and candidal infection increases the susceptibility of S. saprophyticus infection. [ 3] Urease activity is known to be an infection causing factor in UTIs. Kidney and uretal stones are associated with S. saprophyticus infection. [

1] S. saprophyticus is an opportunistic infection [9] and is rarely present in normal humans with a healthy immune system. Spermicides and candidal infections affect the vaginal flora, increasing the risk of infection. [ 3] Staphylococcus cannot survive outside of a host animal. Pathology
Staphylcoccus saprophyticus is not naturally found in healthy humans. It infects humans through sexual intercourse or through contact with animals. [ 3] S. saprophyticus colonizes in the urinary tract of young women and men of all ages. The infection can spread to rectal and vaginal areas. [ 3] Alterations to the genital area effected by spermicides and candidal infection increases the susceptibility of S. saprophyticus infection. [ 3] Urease activity is known to be an infection causing factor in UTIs. Kidney and uretal stones are associated with S. saprophyticus infection. [

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men:... : Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 Our isolate was also resistant to β-lactam antibiotics in accordance to other case reports. To summarize, S. saprophyticus is rare but important cause of UTIs in both genders. It should be part of differential diagnosis in complicated UTIs in elderly men. Whether to screen for and eradicate this organism before invasive urogenital procedures in high-risk male patients remains open-ended question, and more studies are needed to answer this. REFERENCES
1. Pereira AT. Coagulase-negative strains of staphylococcus possessing antigen 51 as agents of urinary infection. J Clin Pathol. 1962;15: 252-253.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

Our isolate was also resistant to β-lactam antibiotics in accordance to other case reports. To summarize, S. saprophyticus is rare but important cause of UTIs in both genders. It should be part of differential diagnosis in complicated UTIs in elderly men. Whether to screen for and eradicate this organism before invasive urogenital procedures in high-risk male patients remains open-ended question, and more studies are needed to answer this. REFERENCES
1. Pereira AT. Coagulase-negative strains of staphylococcus possessing antigen 51 as agents of urinary infection. J Clin Pathol. 1962;15: 252-253.

Natural Remedies for a Bladder Infection (UTI) Natural Remedies for a Bladder Infection (UTI)
Natural Remedies for a Bladder Infection (UTI)
Top Natural Remedies for a Bladder Infection
1. Apple Cider Vinegar
2. Baking Soda
3. Cranberry
4. D-Mannose
5. Frankincense
6. Plantain Tea
How to Make Plantain Tea for a UTI
6. Sea Salt
7. Uva Ursi
8. Corn Silk
9. Vitamin C
10. Zinc
Remedies for UTI with Pain
11. Turmeric
12. Castor Oil Packs
How to Use a Castor Oil Pack for a UTI
13. Healing Bath
14. Dietary Changes
15. Lifestyle Practices
Sources:
Medical Emergency Signs
Warning
Acidophilus
Acidophilus, Apple Cider Vinegar and Cranberry Juice
Alka Seltzer
Warning
 I tried ACV, EVCO, baking soda, sea salt, Olive leaf extract, and Oregano oil. None if it worked. It eased the pain, but did not clear things up for me. I also took Uva Ursi, and D-Mannose. The infection lingered. I still had painful pee, and sex! I drank ACV by the bottle, it was disgusting, but I was desperate!! I drank that and took coconut oil like it was my job. Because, I am also prone to yeast infections, I tried several different kinds of Acidophilus, and I noticed a real improvem

I tried ACV, EVCO, baking soda, sea salt, Olive leaf extract, and Oregano oil. None if it worked. It eased the pain, but did not clear things up for me. I also took Uva Ursi, and D-Mannose. The infection lingered. I still had painful pee, and sex! I drank ACV by the bottle, it was disgusting, but I was desperate!! I drank that and took coconut oil like it was my job. Because, I am also prone to yeast infections, I tried several different kinds of Acidophilus, and I noticed a real improvem

Diet and UTIs: All You Need to Know Can Your Diet Affect Your Chances of Getting a UTI?
Nutrition
Can Your Diet Affect Your Chances of Getting a UTI?
Can your diet prevent or treat UTIs?
Do certain foods increase or decrease your chances of UTIs?
Plant-based diets
Beverages that may increase or reduce UTI risk
Potential bladder irritants
Lifestyle tips
The bottom line
 Researchers have suggested that certain foods, including poultry and pork, act as “food reservoirs” for bacterial strains of E. coli called extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), which account for 65–75% of all UTIs ( 2
Trusted Source
). This means that food reservoirs may be a vehicle for transmission of ExPEC. The researchers in the 2020 study suggested that because vegetarians avoid common food reservoirs of ExPEC, vegetarian dietary patterns may help protect against UTIs ( 2
Trusted Source
). Another way that vegetarian diets may help protect against UTIs is that they make urine less acidic. Research has shown that when urine is less acidic and more neutral, it helps prevent the growth of bacteria associated with UTIs ( 3
Trusted Source
). Red meat and other animal proteins have high potential renal acid loads (PRALs), meaning that they make urine more acidic. Conversely, fruits and vegetables have low PRALs, making urine less acidic ( 4
Trusted Source
, 5
Trusted Source
, 6
Trusted Source
). These factors could explain why vegetarian diets may help protect against UTIs. Still, more research on this potential protective effect is needed. Summary
Some evidence suggests that vegetarian diets may protect against UTIs.

Diet and UTIs: All You Need to Know

Can Your Diet Affect Your Chances of Getting a UTI?
Nutrition
Can Your Diet Affect Your Chances of Getting a UTI?
Can your diet prevent or treat UTIs?
Do certain foods increase or decrease your chances of UTIs?
Plant-based diets
Beverages that may increase or reduce UTI risk
Potential bladder irritants
Lifestyle tips
The bottom line

Researchers have suggested that certain foods, including poultry and pork, act as “food reservoirs” for bacterial strains of E. coli called extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), which account for 65–75% of all UTIs ( 2
Trusted Source
). This means that food reservoirs may be a vehicle for transmission of ExPEC. The researchers in the 2020 study suggested that because vegetarians avoid common food reservoirs of ExPEC, vegetarian dietary patterns may help protect against UTIs ( 2
Trusted Source
). Another way that vegetarian diets may help protect against UTIs is that they make urine less acidic. Research has shown that when urine is less acidic and more neutral, it helps prevent the growth of bacteria associated with UTIs ( 3
Trusted Source
). Red meat and other animal proteins have high potential renal acid loads (PRALs), meaning that they make urine more acidic. Conversely, fruits and vegetables have low PRALs, making urine less acidic ( 4
Trusted Source
, 5
Trusted Source
, 6
Trusted Source
). These factors could explain why vegetarian diets may help protect against UTIs. Still, more research on this potential protective effect is needed. Summary
Some evidence suggests that vegetarian diets may protect against UTIs.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) And Its Homeopathic Treatment - homeopathy360 Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) And Its Homeopathic Treatment
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) And Its Homeopathic Treatment
Authors: Dr. Pramod singh1, Dr. Yudhishthir bhardwaj2, Dr. Gita Rajput3
TYPES OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION
CANTHARIS
NUX VOMICA
SARSAPARILLA
ACONITUM APELLUS
APIS MELLIFICA
BELLADONNA
BERBERIS VULGARIS
BORAX
CHIMAPHILA UMBELLATA
CLEMATIS
EQUISETUM
LYCOPODIUM
SEPIA
STAPHYSAGRIA
 SARSAPARILLA
This remedy is often useful in cystitis and often helps when symptoms are unclear, or if other remedies have not been effective. Frequent urging is felt, with burning pain at the end of urination. Urine passes when the person is standing up, but only dribbling occurs while sitting. Flakes or sediment are sometimes seen in the urine. ( Sarsaparilla is sometimes helpful when stones are forming or the kidneys are involved; however, these conditions need a doctor’s care). OTHER REMEDIES
ACONITUM APELLUS
This remedy is often useful when a person feels anxious both before and during urination, with hot, scanty urine, and a burning or spasmodic feeling in the outlet of the bladder. It can also be helpful if retention of urine occurs after a person has been very cold and chilled, or after a shaking experience. APIS MELLIFICA
This remedy is indicated when the person frequently needs to urinate, but only small quantities are passed. Stinging and burning sensations are felt (especially with the last few drops) and the person may also experience soreness in the abdomen.

SARSAPARILLA
This remedy is often useful in cystitis and often helps when symptoms are unclear, or if other remedies have not been effective. Frequent urging is felt, with burning pain at the end of urination. Urine passes when the person is standing up, but only dribbling occurs while sitting. Flakes or sediment are sometimes seen in the urine. ( Sarsaparilla is sometimes helpful when stones are forming or the kidneys are involved; however, these conditions need a doctor’s care). OTHER REMEDIES
ACONITUM APELLUS
This remedy is often useful when a person feels anxious both before and during urination, with hot, scanty urine, and a burning or spasmodic feeling in the outlet of the bladder. It can also be helpful if retention of urine occurs after a person has been very cold and chilled, or after a shaking experience. APIS MELLIFICA
This remedy is indicated when the person frequently needs to urinate, but only small quantities are passed. Stinging and burning sensations are felt (especially with the last few drops) and the person may also experience soreness in the abdomen.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links
 Bacilli
Order: Bacillales
Family: Staphylococcaceae
Genus: Staphylococcus
Species: S. saprophyticus
Binomial name
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
(Fairbrother 1940) Shaw et al. 1951
Contents
1
History
2
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
3
Clinical features
4
Laboratory diagnosis
5
Treatment
6
Different subspecies
7
References
8
External links
History
S. saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase -negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links

Bacilli
Order: Bacillales
Family: Staphylococcaceae
Genus: Staphylococcus
Species: S. saprophyticus
Binomial name
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
(Fairbrother 1940) Shaw et al. 1951
Contents
1
History
2
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
3
Clinical features
4
Laboratory diagnosis
5
Treatment
6
Different subspecies
7
References
8
External links
History
S. saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase -negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs).

MRSA UTI Treatments: Drug and Natural Therapy Overview MRSA UTI Treatment: Natural and Antibiotic Therapies
MRSA UTI Treatment: Natural and Antibiotic Therapies
Standard Medical Treatments for Resistant Staph or MRSA UTIs
A note on catheters
Commonly prescribed antibiotics for MRSA urinary infections can include:
Natural Medicine and Supportive Therapies
Holistic UTI support
Other Helpful Resources:
More support on Staph and MRSA infections
References:
 MRSA UTI Treatments: Drug and Natural Therapy Overview
Treatments > MRSA Urinary Tract Treatment
MRSA UTI Treatment: Natural and Antibiotic Therapies
Cranberry extracts have been proven to inhibit Staph aureus and MRSA, and may speed MRSA UTI recovery when combined with either antibiotics or natural remedies. Antibiotic treatments are the norm when dealing with MRSA urinary tract infections. However, many people find that antibiotics do not help, and they need a different kind of MRSA UTI treatment in order to get better. Additionally, many primary care doctors will prescribe a broad spectrum antibiotic for any UTI or bladder infection without getting the proper testing done first. Using first line broad spectrum antibiotics for UTI infections is now linked to antibiotic resistance for these primary care treatments. Fortunately for many, there are natural and supportive supplements and therapies you can add to your current antibiotic treatment to increase your chance for success. Or, if your current antibiotic treatments aren’t working, natural therapies may be your answer. Standard Medical Treatments for Resistant Staph or MRSA UTIs
Antibiotics are the main treatment prescribed by doctors for Staph or MRSA UTIs.

MRSA UTI Treatments: Drug and Natural Therapy Overview
Treatments > MRSA Urinary Tract Treatment
MRSA UTI Treatment: Natural and Antibiotic Therapies
Cranberry extracts have been proven to inhibit Staph aureus and MRSA, and may speed MRSA UTI recovery when combined with either antibiotics or natural remedies. Antibiotic treatments are the norm when dealing with MRSA urinary tract infections. However, many people find that antibiotics do not help, and they need a different kind of MRSA UTI treatment in order to get better. Additionally, many primary care doctors will prescribe a broad spectrum antibiotic for any UTI or bladder infection without getting the proper testing done first. Using first line broad spectrum antibiotics for UTI infections is now linked to antibiotic resistance for these primary care treatments. Fortunately for many, there are natural and supportive supplements and therapies you can add to your current antibiotic treatment to increase your chance for success. Or, if your current antibiotic treatments aren’t working, natural therapies may be your answer. Standard Medical Treatments for Resistant Staph or MRSA UTIs
Antibiotics are the main treatment prescribed by doctors for Staph or MRSA UTIs.

Management of Staphylococcus aureus Infections - American Family Physician Management of
Staphylococcus aureus
Infections

Management of Staphylococcus aureus Infections
View/Print Table
SORT: KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Antimicrobial Therapy
Cost of Antibiotic Therapy for Staphylococcus aureus Infections
Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections
Antimicrobial Therapy for Staphylococcus aureus Infections
Bacteremia
View/Print Figure
Management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia
Osteomyelitis
Joint Infections
Pulmonary Infections
Central Nervous System Infections
Prevention
The Authors
REFERENCES
Continue reading from December 15, 2005
 Management of Staphylococcus aureus Infections - American Family Physician
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Dec 15, 2005 Issue
Management of Staphylococcus aureus Infections
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COMMENTS
DAVID M. BAMBERGER, M.D., and SARAH E. BOYD, M.D.
University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
Am Fam Physician. 2005 Dec 15;72 (12):2474-2481. Article Sections
Abstract
Antimicrobial Therapy
Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections
Bacteremia
Catheter-Related Infections
Osteomyelitis
Joint Infections
Pulmonary Infections
Central Nervous System Infections
Prevention
References
Because of high incidence, morbidity, and antimicrobial resistance, Staphylococcus aureus infections are a growing concern for family physicians. Strains of S. aureus that are resistant to vancomycin are now recognized. Increasing incidence of unrecognized community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections pose a high risk for morbidity and mortality. Although the incidence of complex S. aureus infections is rising, new antimicrobial agents, including daptomycin and linezolid, are available as treatment. S. aureus is a common pathogen in skin, soft-tissue, catheter-related, bone, joint, pulmonary, and central nervous system infections. S. aureus bacteremias are particularly problematic because of the high incidence of associated complicated infections, including infective endocarditis. Adherence to precautions recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, especially handwashing, is suboptimal. Approximately 20 percent of healthy persons are persistent carriers of Staphylococcus aureus, and 60 percent are intermittent carriers.

Management of Staphylococcus aureus Infections - American Family Physician

Management of
Staphylococcus aureus
Infections

Management of Staphylococcus aureus Infections
View/Print Table
SORT: KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Antimicrobial Therapy
Cost of Antibiotic Therapy for Staphylococcus aureus Infections
Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections
Antimicrobial Therapy for Staphylococcus aureus Infections
Bacteremia
View/Print Figure
Management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia
Osteomyelitis
Joint Infections
Pulmonary Infections
Central Nervous System Infections
Prevention
The Authors
REFERENCES
Continue reading from December 15, 2005

Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Medication: Antibiotics Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Medication
Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Medication
Antibiotics
Class Summary
Amoxicillin (Amoxil, Biomox, Trimox)
Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (Bactrim, Septra, Cotrim)
Nitrofurantoin (Furadantin, Macrodantin)
 Jul 09, 2020
Author: Caleb P Nelson, MD, MPH; Chief Editor: Marc Cendron, MD more...
Sections
Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux
Sections Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux
Overview
Practice Essentials
Background
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Epidemiology
Prognosis
Patient Education
Show All
Presentation
History
Physical Examination
Complications
Show All
DDx
Workup
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Other Tests
Procedures
Histologic Findings
Show All
Treatment
Approach Considerations
Medical Care
Endoscopic Injection Therapy
Surgical Care
Diet
Activity
Complications
Consultations
Long-Term Monitoring
Show All
Guidelines
Medication
References
Medication
Antibiotics
Class Summary
These are used for maintenance of sterile urine. Antibiotic agents used for prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) are chosen for their efficacy in the urinary tract, safety, and tolerability. The typical dose is one fourth of the therapeutic dose. They are usually administered as suspensions once daily, typically in the evening to maximize overnight drug levels in the bladder. In neonates with antenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis and in infants younger than 8 weeks who have been treated for urinary tract infection (UTI), the agent of choice is amoxicillin. For older children, the most common antibiotics used are trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, and penicillins. The cephalosporins are used less often.

Jul 09, 2020
Author: Caleb P Nelson, MD, MPH; Chief Editor: Marc Cendron, MD more...
Sections
Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux
Sections Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux
Overview
Practice Essentials
Background
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Epidemiology
Prognosis
Patient Education
Show All
Presentation
History
Physical Examination
Complications
Show All
DDx
Workup
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Other Tests
Procedures
Histologic Findings
Show All
Treatment
Approach Considerations
Medical Care
Endoscopic Injection Therapy
Surgical Care
Diet
Activity
Complications
Consultations
Long-Term Monitoring
Show All
Guidelines
Medication
References
Medication
Antibiotics
Class Summary
These are used for maintenance of sterile urine. Antibiotic agents used for prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) are chosen for their efficacy in the urinary tract, safety, and tolerability. The typical dose is one fourth of the therapeutic dose. They are usually administered as suspensions once daily, typically in the evening to maximize overnight drug levels in the bladder. In neonates with antenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis and in infants younger than 8 weeks who have been treated for urinary tract infection (UTI), the agent of choice is amoxicillin. For older children, the most common antibiotics used are trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, and penicillins. The cephalosporins are used less often.

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 the organism has been isolated in young boys [ 13 ], male homosexuals, and elderly men with indwelling urinary catheters [ 14 ]. It also can cause urethritis, epididimitis, prostatitis, and nephrolithiasis in men, and is relatively rare in hospitalized men [ 15 ]. In contrast, S. saprophyticus appears to be unusual in Israel. In a study performed 20 years ago [ 16 ], we did not find any cases of S. saprophyticus infection among 198 young women with acute UTI. In addition, only 103 (0.3%) of 35,580 and 88 (0.6%) of 15,206 urine cultures performed at 2 microbiological laboratories in Northern Israel that were positive for a pathogen yielded S. saprophyticus (unpublished data). There is one puzzling report of the recovery of coagulase-negative staphylococci in 15.6% of young Israeli women with UTI who have been recently sexually active [ 17 ]. Unfortunately, the bacterial isolates were not further identified. These significant differences in incidence could be attributed to different techniques of sampling, delivery, culture, and interpretation of cultures used by different authors. Although S. saprophyticus mainly infects young women, other coagulase-negative staphylococci are usually isolated from hospitalized elderly patients with urinary indwelling catheters or other manipulations of the urinary tract. The main reason for this difference is the capacity of S. saprophyticus to adhere to the uroepithelial cells, and other coagulase-negative staphylococci have the ability to colonize indwelling catheters.

Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References

Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents - ScienceDirect
Pathology
Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents
Summary
Key words
References
 saprophyticus was demon- strated in only 2 of 5 strains having an increased MIC of one or both of these agents. hey words: Sluph.vlococcu$ saprophyticus , iir i nar) t raci in t r c t ion, ai i i ini ICI-C hi21 I agents, wscep t i b i l i t y test ing. Accep ted Octobrt 18. 1990 INTRODUCTION Staphylococcus saprophyticus, unlike other coagulase- negative staphylococci (CNS), is well recognized as a pathogen of the female and, less frequently, male urinary tracts. '-3 It appears to be the only CNS that displays any primary pathogenicity at these and is recognized in most communities as the second most common cause of urinary tract infection (UTI), after Escherichiu coli in non-hospitalized females of child bearing age.'. "7 Largely due to its frequency in this age group, sexual transmission has been postulated,"." however, clear evidence supporting this is l a ~ k i n g . ' , ~ . ~ A high level of adherence to uroepithelium has been demonstrated i n Staph.

Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents - ScienceDirect

Pathology
Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents
Summary
Key words
References

saprophyticus was demon- strated in only 2 of 5 strains having an increased MIC of one or both of these agents. hey words: Sluph.vlococcu$ saprophyticus , iir i nar) t raci in t r c t ion, ai i i ini ICI-C hi21 I agents, wscep t i b i l i t y test ing. Accep ted Octobrt 18. 1990 INTRODUCTION Staphylococcus saprophyticus, unlike other coagulase- negative staphylococci (CNS), is well recognized as a pathogen of the female and, less frequently, male urinary tracts. '-3 It appears to be the only CNS that displays any primary pathogenicity at these and is recognized in most communities as the second most common cause of urinary tract infection (UTI), after Escherichiu coli in non-hospitalized females of child bearing age.'. "7 Largely due to its frequency in this age group, sexual transmission has been postulated,"." however, clear evidence supporting this is l a ~ k i n g . ' , ~ . ~ A high level of adherence to uroepithelium has been demonstrated i n Staph.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview | Microbe Notes Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview
Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview
Table of Contents
What is Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Classification of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Habitat of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Morphology of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Cultural Characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Nutrient Agar (NA)
2. Mannitol Agar
3. Blood agar (BA)
4. P agar
5. Thioglycolate medium
Biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Fermentation
Enzymatic Reactions
Virulence factors of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Surface proteins
2. Enzymes
3. Biofilm formation
Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Adhesion/ Attachment/ Colonization
2. Invasion
Catheters-related infections
Clinical manifestations of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Lab Diagnosis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Morphological characteristics and Biochemical tests
2. Rapid Identification kits
3. Molecular diagnosis
Treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
Prevention of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
References
Sources
 It is the second most common cause of UTIs in young and middle-aged women, next to Escherichia coli. Less commonly, it is also responsible for complications like acute pyelonephritis, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis. Among staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is the only species that is typically uropathogenic which is due to its ability to adhere to uroepithelial cells and persistently grow in the urinary tract. S. saprophyticus is different from S. aureus in that it is coagulase-negative, meaning it lacks the enzyme coagulase. It can be differentiated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci by its resistance to Novobiocin. It was first isolated from humans by Shaw in 1951, and Torres Pereira first identified its connection with UTIs in 1962. Classification of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Classification of different species of the genus Staphylococci is based on various factors ranging from morphology, chemical properties, amino acid sequences, biochemical characteristics, and nucleotide sequences. Staphylococcus spp. are primarily classified on the basis of DNA–DNA hybridization where members of the same species demonstrate relative DNA-binding values of generally 70 percent or greater. Staphylococcal subspecies, in turn, have been identified on the basis of phenotypic characters and DNA relatedness, and ribotyping.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview | Microbe Notes

Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview
Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview
Table of Contents
What is Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Classification of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Habitat of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Morphology of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Cultural Characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Nutrient Agar (NA)
2. Mannitol Agar
3. Blood agar (BA)
4. P agar
5. Thioglycolate medium
Biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Fermentation
Enzymatic Reactions
Virulence factors of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Surface proteins
2. Enzymes
3. Biofilm formation
Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Adhesion/ Attachment/ Colonization
2. Invasion
Catheters-related infections
Clinical manifestations of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Lab Diagnosis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Morphological characteristics and Biochemical tests
2. Rapid Identification kits
3. Molecular diagnosis
Treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
Prevention of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
References
Sources

It is the second most common cause of UTIs in young and middle-aged women, next to Escherichia coli. Less commonly, it is also responsible for complications like acute pyelonephritis, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis. Among staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is the only species that is typically uropathogenic which is due to its ability to adhere to uroepithelial cells and persistently grow in the urinary tract. S. saprophyticus is different from S. aureus in that it is coagulase-negative, meaning it lacks the enzyme coagulase. It can be differentiated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci by its resistance to Novobiocin. It was first isolated from humans by Shaw in 1951, and Torres Pereira first identified its connection with UTIs in 1962. Classification of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Classification of different species of the genus Staphylococci is based on various factors ranging from morphology, chemical properties, amino acid sequences, biochemical characteristics, and nucleotide sequences. Staphylococcus spp. are primarily classified on the basis of DNA–DNA hybridization where members of the same species demonstrate relative DNA-binding values of generally 70 percent or greater. Staphylococcal subspecies, in turn, have been identified on the basis of phenotypic characters and DNA relatedness, and ribotyping.

7 Unexpected Facts about Vaginal Discharge And UTI - Stop UTI forever 7 Unexpected Facts about Vaginal Discharge And UTI
7 Unexpected Facts about Vaginal Discharge And UTI
#1 Healthy vagina could prevent UTI
#2 Vaginal health is crucial in the post-antibiotic era
#3 The vagina as protector
#4 Our microbiome changes when we get a UTI
#5 Estrogen and the vaginal microbiome
#6 Antibiotics change the vaginal microbiome
#7 Contraceptives have a varying effect on vaginal microbiome and UTIs
Summary:
 This is a time in a woman’s life that she is more susceptible to UTIs; in fact, UTIs are so common that they are part of the syndrome of menopause (Stapleton, 2016). Studies show that E. coli colonization is more common in postmenopausal women who are not on estrogen replacement. A study of almost 500 post-menopausal women showed that vaginal estrogen use increases lactobacilli, decreases E. coli (Pabich, 2003) and improves vaginal acidity, all normalizing events in the vagina. Options for women include estrogen creams, suppositories and estradiol-releasing vaginal rings (Stapleton, 2016). #6 Antibiotics change the vaginal microbiome
Antibiotics alter the bacterial residents of the vagina. In fact, the use of antibiotics for any reason has been associated with an increased risk of UTI. The type of antibiotics used to treat UTIs also matter. Keflex and other beta-lactam antibiotics (such as cefpodoxime) are worse at resolving vaginal colonization of E.coli– even when the urine is clear of this bacteria. In a study of women treated with a beta-lactam antibiotic, 40% still had vaginal E.coli after treatment (Hooton, 2012).

7 Unexpected Facts about Vaginal Discharge And UTI - Stop UTI forever

7 Unexpected Facts about Vaginal Discharge And UTI
7 Unexpected Facts about Vaginal Discharge And UTI
#1 Healthy vagina could prevent UTI
#2 Vaginal health is crucial in the post-antibiotic era
#3 The vagina as protector
#4 Our microbiome changes when we get a UTI
#5 Estrogen and the vaginal microbiome
#6 Antibiotics change the vaginal microbiome
#7 Contraceptives have a varying effect on vaginal microbiome and UTIs
Summary:

This is a time in a woman’s life that she is more susceptible to UTIs; in fact, UTIs are so common that they are part of the syndrome of menopause (Stapleton, 2016). Studies show that E. coli colonization is more common in postmenopausal women who are not on estrogen replacement. A study of almost 500 post-menopausal women showed that vaginal estrogen use increases lactobacilli, decreases E. coli (Pabich, 2003) and improves vaginal acidity, all normalizing events in the vagina. Options for women include estrogen creams, suppositories and estradiol-releasing vaginal rings (Stapleton, 2016). #6 Antibiotics change the vaginal microbiome
Antibiotics alter the bacterial residents of the vagina. In fact, the use of antibiotics for any reason has been associated with an increased risk of UTI. The type of antibiotics used to treat UTIs also matter. Keflex and other beta-lactam antibiotics (such as cefpodoxime) are worse at resolving vaginal colonization of E.coli– even when the urine is clear of this bacteria. In a study of women treated with a beta-lactam antibiotic, 40% still had vaginal E.coli after treatment (Hooton, 2012).

Proteus - Infectious Disease and Antimicrobial Agents Proteus
species

Proteus species
MICROBIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
PATHOGENESIS
SUSCEPTIBILITY IN VITRO AND IN VIVO
Single Drug
In Vivo Experiments
ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY
General
Special Infections
Meningitis:
Endocarditis:
Underlying Diseases
Alternate Therapy
ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY
ENDPOINTS FOR MONITORING THERAPY
VACCINES
INFECTION CONTROL MEASURES
RFERENCES
 are urinary tract infections (UTIs). Proteus spp. can be found to colonize the vaginal introitus prior to onset of bacteruria. Therefore, like Escherichia coli, Proteus spp. causes urinary tract infections by ascending from the rectum to the periurethra and bladder. P. mirabilis is by far the most common species identified in clinical specimens. P. mirabilis is a common cause of both community-acquired and catheter-associated UTI, cystitis, pyelonephritis, prostatitis, wound infections, and burn infections, and occasionally causes respiratory tract infections, chronic suppurative otitis media, eye infections (endophthalmitis), meningitis, and meningoencephalitis ( 3, 4, 51, 81, 137 ). It is a common cause of bacteremia following catheter-associated UTI ( 90 ), and in rare cases has been reported to cause cellulitis, endocarditits, mastoiditis, empyema, and osteomyelitis ( 24, 61, 86, 137 ). It has also been suggested that P. mirabilis could have a role in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis ( 145 ). P. vulgaris, previously considered biogroup 2, has been reported to cause UTIs, wound infections, burn infections, bloodstream infections, and respiratory tract infections ( 71, 137 ).

are urinary tract infections (UTIs). Proteus spp. can be found to colonize the vaginal introitus prior to onset of bacteruria. Therefore, like Escherichia coli, Proteus spp. causes urinary tract infections by ascending from the rectum to the periurethra and bladder. P. mirabilis is by far the most common species identified in clinical specimens. P. mirabilis is a common cause of both community-acquired and catheter-associated UTI, cystitis, pyelonephritis, prostatitis, wound infections, and burn infections, and occasionally causes respiratory tract infections, chronic suppurative otitis media, eye infections (endophthalmitis), meningitis, and meningoencephalitis ( 3, 4, 51, 81, 137 ). It is a common cause of bacteremia following catheter-associated UTI ( 90 ), and in rare cases has been reported to cause cellulitis, endocarditits, mastoiditis, empyema, and osteomyelitis ( 24, 61, 86, 137 ). It has also been suggested that P. mirabilis could have a role in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis ( 145 ). P. vulgaris, previously considered biogroup 2, has been reported to cause UTIs, wound infections, burn infections, bloodstream infections, and respiratory tract infections ( 71, 137 ).

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 04 November 2004
Published: 15 March 2005
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Raul Raz, Raul Colodner, Calvin M. Kunin, Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 40, Issue 6, 15 March 2005, Pages 896–898, https://doi.org/10.1086/428353
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Abstract
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a leading cause of cystitis in young women. S. saprophyticus shares many clinical features of urinary tract infection caused by Escherichia coli, but differs in pathogenesis, seasonal variation, and geographic distribution. This review summarizes what is known and what still needs to be learned about this microorganism. Topic: urinary tract infections
cystitis
signs and symptoms
escherichia coli
microorganisms
staphylococcus saprophyticus
seasonal variation
Issue Section: BRIEF REPORTS
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is uniquely associated with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) in humans. It has special urotropic and ecologic features that are distinctly different from other staphylococci and from Escherichia coli. This article will consider the epidemiology, ecology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of infections caused by this microorganism.

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic

The 3 Most Powerful Natural Antibiotics for a UTI [Research-Based] The 3 Most Powerful Natural Antibiotics for a UTI
The 3 Most Powerful Natural Antibiotics for a UTI
What Your Doctor Won’t Tell You about UTIs
Why Women Suffer (more than men) From UTIs
What Causes Urinary Tract Infections?
What’s Wrong with Conventional Antibiotics?
The 3 Most Effective Natural Antibiotics for UTI
1. Cranberries / Blueberries
D-Mannose Dosage
2. Goldenseal / Oregon Grape
3. Horseradish
The BEST Natural Antibiotic for a UTI
Best Probiotics for Recurrent UTIs
About Meital James
 Warning: If you take any medication, consult with your doctor about possible counter interactions. Avoid if you are pregnant or nursing. Recommended – Herb Pharm Goldenseal Extract
On the other hand, using Oregon Grape (which also contains berberine) is not limited to 2 weeks. Oregon Grape can be taken via capsules, tablets, liquid tinctures or you can just make tea from it. 3. Horseradish
Horseradish is such a powerful natural antibiotic for bladder infections, that the German Commission E (The German equivalent of the FDA) has approved it as an adjunct natural treatment to prescription drugs for UTIs. In Japan, it’s called “wasabi” and if you’re like me, you can’t imagine sushi without it. The active ingredients in Horseradish concentrate in the urine and therefore deliver antibiotic effects to the bladder. These ingredients can also activate specific enzymes that help to keep toxins from accumulating in the bladder.

The 3 Most Powerful Natural Antibiotics for a UTI [Research-Based]

The 3 Most Powerful Natural Antibiotics for a UTI
The 3 Most Powerful Natural Antibiotics for a UTI
What Your Doctor Won’t Tell You about UTIs
Why Women Suffer (more than men) From UTIs
What Causes Urinary Tract Infections?
What’s Wrong with Conventional Antibiotics?
The 3 Most Effective Natural Antibiotics for UTI
1. Cranberries / Blueberries
D-Mannose Dosage
2. Goldenseal / Oregon Grape
3. Horseradish
The BEST Natural Antibiotic for a UTI
Best Probiotics for Recurrent UTIs
About Meital James

Warning: If you take any medication, consult with your doctor about possible counter interactions. Avoid if you are pregnant or nursing. Recommended – Herb Pharm Goldenseal Extract
On the other hand, using Oregon Grape (which also contains berberine) is not limited to 2 weeks. Oregon Grape can be taken via capsules, tablets, liquid tinctures or you can just make tea from it. 3. Horseradish
Horseradish is such a powerful natural antibiotic for bladder infections, that the German Commission E (The German equivalent of the FDA) has approved it as an adjunct natural treatment to prescription drugs for UTIs. In Japan, it’s called “wasabi” and if you’re like me, you can’t imagine sushi without it. The active ingredients in Horseradish concentrate in the urine and therefore deliver antibiotic effects to the bladder. These ingredients can also activate specific enzymes that help to keep toxins from accumulating in the bladder.

Menopause and Bladder Infections - causes and solutions during the menopause Bladder infections and the menopause
Bladder infections and the menopause
How often do you suffer from bladder infections during menopause?
An introduction to bladder infection and menopause
Why does the menopause cause bladder infections?
What home remedies are there for bladder infections?
Want a better night's sleep? Get your FREE 6-day personalised sleep programme now
Are there herbal remedies to help me?
What about conventional medicines?
Where to buy Uva-ursi and Echinacea tincture locally
 A.Vogel Menopause Support tablets with Soy Isoflavones, Magnesium and Hibiscus for all stages of menopause, 60 tablets
 Our expert's top picks for managing the menopause
 Want a better night's sleep? Get your FREE 6-day personalised sleep programme now
Simply answer 2 quick questions to receive personalised sleep tips straight to your email inbox. Join Now
Are there herbal remedies to help me? It is possible to take herbal remedies to support home measures while easing your symptoms of a bladder infection. Uva-ursi, also known as bearberry, is a small plant found in Europe, and has flowers of similar shape to a bladder. However, it is for more than this coincidence that Uva-ursi is used to relieve the symptoms of a bladder infection. It is thought to have antiseptic properties and promotes excretion of bacteria in the urine. However, if you are looking for a herbal solution to support you throughout the stages of the menopause, and all the associated side-effects, then soy isoflavones which mimic the effect of oestrogen in the body can help to reduce unwanted symptoms. These can be found in herbal remedies, such as A.Vogel’s Menopause Support. What about conventional medicines?

Menopause and Bladder Infections - causes and solutions during the menopause

Bladder infections and the menopause
Bladder infections and the menopause
How often do you suffer from bladder infections during menopause?
An introduction to bladder infection and menopause
Why does the menopause cause bladder infections?
What home remedies are there for bladder infections?
Want a better night's sleep? Get your FREE 6-day personalised sleep programme now
Are there herbal remedies to help me?
What about conventional medicines?
Where to buy Uva-ursi and Echinacea tincture locally
 A.Vogel Menopause Support tablets with Soy Isoflavones, Magnesium and Hibiscus for all stages of menopause, 60 tablets
 Our expert's top picks for managing the menopause

Want a better night's sleep? Get your FREE 6-day personalised sleep programme now
Simply answer 2 quick questions to receive personalised sleep tips straight to your email inbox. Join Now
Are there herbal remedies to help me? It is possible to take herbal remedies to support home measures while easing your symptoms of a bladder infection. Uva-ursi, also known as bearberry, is a small plant found in Europe, and has flowers of similar shape to a bladder. However, it is for more than this coincidence that Uva-ursi is used to relieve the symptoms of a bladder infection. It is thought to have antiseptic properties and promotes excretion of bacteria in the urine. However, if you are looking for a herbal solution to support you throughout the stages of the menopause, and all the associated side-effects, then soy isoflavones which mimic the effect of oestrogen in the body can help to reduce unwanted symptoms. These can be found in herbal remedies, such as A.Vogel’s Menopause Support. What about conventional medicines?

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase negative, non-hemolytic coccus that is a common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females. Less commonly, it is responsible for complications including acute pyelonephritis, …
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase negative, non-hemolytic coccus that is a common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females. Less commonly, it is responsible for complications including acute pyelonephritis, …
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus

Review
In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan.
2020 Jun 28. Authors

Sarah Ehlers 1
              , Stefan A. Merrill 1

Affiliation

1Kingman Regional Medical Center
PMID: 29493989

Bookshelf ID: NBK482367

Excerpt

Staphylococcus saprophyticusis a Gram-positive, coagulase negative, non-hemolytic coccus that is a common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females.

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase negative, non-hemolytic coccus that is a common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females. Less commonly, it is responsible for complications including acute pyelonephritis, …
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase negative, non-hemolytic coccus that is a common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females. Less commonly, it is responsible for complications including acute pyelonephritis, …
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus

Review
In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan.
2020 Jun 28. Authors

Sarah Ehlers 1
              , Stefan A. Merrill 1

Affiliation

1Kingman Regional Medical Center
PMID: 29493989

Bookshelf ID: NBK482367

Excerpt

Staphylococcus saprophyticusis a Gram-positive, coagulase negative, non-hemolytic coccus that is a common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females.

Urinary Tract Infections URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS (Urethritis, Cystitis, Pyelonephritis)
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS (Urethritis, Cystitis, Pyelonephritis)
Etiology
Manifestations
Epidemiology
Risk factors for UTI’s:
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Diagnosis should also involve the determination of the site of infection (i.e., kidney or bladder-urethra). This may be suggested by the clinical manifestations and preliminary lab tests.
Therapy and Prevention
A. The clinical manifestations determine the initial step in therapy.
B. General guidelines
 Strict anaerobic bacteria rarely cause UTI’s. 75-90% of acute UTI’s in patients with normal anatomic structure and function are caused by uropathogenic strains of E coli. Ten to 20% of acute UTI’s are caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young sexually active females) and 5% or less are caused by other gram negative rods (Klebsiella, Proteus, Citrobacter) or Enterococcus species. A high pH in the urine is indicative of a Proteus infection. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a common inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract. Young women are more susceptible than other ages of women. Sexual intercourse promotes colonization and infections are more common in the late summer to fall seasons. S saprophyticus is the second most common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI) in sexually active young (13-40 years of age) women following E coli. In complicated cases of UTI, such as UTI's resulting from anatomic obstructions, from catheterization, or diabetes the most common cause of UTI is E. coli. Klebsiella, Proteus, Citrobacter, Acinetobacter, Morganella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are less common causes of UTI in these patients.

Urinary Tract Infections

URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS (Urethritis, Cystitis, Pyelonephritis)
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS (Urethritis, Cystitis, Pyelonephritis)
Etiology
Manifestations
Epidemiology
Risk factors for UTI’s:
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Diagnosis should also involve the determination of the site of infection (i.e., kidney or bladder-urethra). This may be suggested by the clinical manifestations and preliminary lab tests.
Therapy and Prevention
A. The clinical manifestations determine the initial step in therapy.
B. General guidelines

Strict anaerobic bacteria rarely cause UTI’s. 75-90% of acute UTI’s in patients with normal anatomic structure and function are caused by uropathogenic strains of E coli. Ten to 20% of acute UTI’s are caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young sexually active females) and 5% or less are caused by other gram negative rods (Klebsiella, Proteus, Citrobacter) or Enterococcus species. A high pH in the urine is indicative of a Proteus infection. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a common inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract. Young women are more susceptible than other ages of women. Sexual intercourse promotes colonization and infections are more common in the late summer to fall seasons. S saprophyticus is the second most common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI) in sexually active young (13-40 years of age) women following E coli. In complicated cases of UTI, such as UTI's resulting from anatomic obstructions, from catheterization, or diabetes the most common cause of UTI is E. coli. Klebsiella, Proteus, Citrobacter, Acinetobacter, Morganella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are less common causes of UTI in these patients.

Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Medication: Antibiotics Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Medication
Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Medication
Antibiotics
Class Summary
Amoxicillin (Amoxil, Biomox, Trimox)
Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (Bactrim, Septra, Cotrim)
Nitrofurantoin (Furadantin, Macrodantin)
 Medline]. Elder JS, Diaz M, Caldamone AA, Cendron M, Greenfield S, Hurwitz R, et al. Endoscopic therapy for vesicoureteral reflux: a meta-analysis. I. Reflux resolution and urinary tract infection. J Urol. 2006 Feb. 175 (2):716-22. [ Medline]. Kocaoglu C. Endoscopic treatment of grades IV and V vesicoureteral reflux with two bulking substances: Dextranomer hyaluronic acid copolymer versus polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer in children.

Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Medication
Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Medication
Antibiotics
Class Summary
Amoxicillin (Amoxil, Biomox, Trimox)
Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (Bactrim, Septra, Cotrim)
Nitrofurantoin (Furadantin, Macrodantin)

Medline]. Elder JS, Diaz M, Caldamone AA, Cendron M, Greenfield S, Hurwitz R, et al. Endoscopic therapy for vesicoureteral reflux: a meta-analysis. I. Reflux resolution and urinary tract infection. J Urol. 2006 Feb. 175 (2):716-22. [ Medline]. Kocaoglu C. Endoscopic treatment of grades IV and V vesicoureteral reflux with two bulking substances: Dextranomer hyaluronic acid copolymer versus polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer in children.

infection and disease urinary Flashcards and Study Sets | Quizlet infection and disease urinary Flashcards
infection and disease urinary Flashcards Indwelling urinary catheter... 2. Neurogenic bladder... 3. Kidney…
Spermacide-containing medication
Cystitis
Pyuria defined as ≥4 leukocytes per high power field on micros…
Eight clinical conditions in which urin…
1. Indwelling urinary catheter... 2. Neurogenic bladder... 3. Kidney…
Contraceptive method associated with an…
Spermacide-containing medication
17 terms
Patrick_Lozy-Lester
Infectious Disease - Urinary Tract Infections
By far the most common pathogen respons…
The bacterium responsible for UTIs in y…
What is the most common finding on urin…
What organism is most commonly responsi…
E. coli
Staph saprophyticus
Pyuria (>10 WBC/mm^3)
Chlamydia trachomatis
By far the most common pathogen respons…
E. coli
The bacterium responsible for UTIs in y…
Staph saprophyticus
28 terms
kelachrisGO
Urinary Tract Infections & Incontinence/Urinary Stone Disease
Signs of acute cystitis
Labs for acute cystitis
Tx for acute cystitis
Recurrent cystitis
Suprapubic tenderness... Absence of systemic toxicity... Absence of…
Urinalysis dipstick for leukocyte esterase, nitrite, hematuria…
Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid) 100 mg bid x5 days... Fosfomycin (Monur…
More than 3 episodes/year... Prophylaxis:... Bactrim, Keflex, Nitro…
Signs of acute cystitis
Suprapubic tenderness... Absence of systemic toxicity... Absence of…
Labs for acute cystitis
Urinalysis dipstick for leukocyte esterase, nitrite, hematuria…
48 terms
ejgonza3
Lower Urinary Tract Disease & Urinary Tract Infections
Define Hematuria...
Define Pyuria...
Clinical signs associated w/ lower urin…
Hematuria & Pyuria Differentials...
RBC's in the urine
WBC's in the urine
Dysuria - difficulty urinating... Stranguria - straining to urina…
Infection... Calculi... Neoplasia... Idiopathic - cats only; RBCs > WBC…
Define Hematuria...
RBC's in the urine
Define Pyuria...
WBC's in the urine
65 terms
cfitzger54
Urinary tract infections & Prostatic diseases
Urinary tract infections can be
What are some natural protection barrie…
Definition of a simple urinary tract in…
Diagnostic plan for a simple UTI
1. Lower UT... - Simple vs Complicated ... 2. Upper UT... - Pyelonephri…
1.

infection and disease urinary Flashcards
infection and disease urinary Flashcards

Urinary tract infections, urinary incontinence and urinary retention Flashcards | Quizlet Urinary tract infections, urinary incontinence and urinary retention
Urinary tract infections, urinary incontinence and urinary retention
Terms in this set (92)
OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR
 - An abscess in the renal cortex caused by a blood borne Staph, usually from a boil or carbuncle in the skin
- Presents with high swinging fever, loin pain and tenderness and fullness of the loin
- Staph septicemia is common
What is xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis? - An uncommon interstitial infection of the kidney, most often due to proteus
- Presents with fever, weight loss, loin pain and a palpable large kidney
- Usually unilateral and is associated with Staghorn calculi and urinary tract infections
Microscopic examination of urine during a UTI
...
The presence of red and white blood cells, although abnormal, is not diagnostic for UTI. What other presentations may include hematuria? - Renal trauma
- Bacterial endocarditis
- Calculi
- Clotting disorders
- Contamination from menstruating women
Sterile pyuria is an important finding. What might this reflect? - Concurrent antibiotic therapy
- Other disease such as neoplasm or urinary calculi
- Infection with organisms not detected by routine urine culture
Treatment of uncomplicated UTI (cystitis)
...
Uncomplicated UTIs (cystitis) generally resolve within? 4 weeks in most patients, however treatment with antibacterial agents reduces the symptoms and ensures bacterial eradication
What are the most commonly prescribed oral antibacterials for uncomplicated UTI? - Trimethoprim
- Co-trimoxazole
- Ciprofloxacin
Treatment of UTI
...
What treatments are indicated for a single isolated attack of a UTI? Antibiotics: for 3-5 days with amoxicillin, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim or an oral cephalosporin
Resistant organisms:

Urinary tract infections, urinary incontinence and urinary retention Flashcards | Quizlet

Urinary tract infections, urinary incontinence and urinary retention
Urinary tract infections, urinary incontinence and urinary retention
Terms in this set (92)
OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR

Herbal Remedies for Urinary Tract Infections | HowStuffWorks Herbal Remedies for Urinary Tract Infections
Herbal Remedies for Urinary Tract Infections
Herbal Remedies for Urinary Tract Infections
For more information about the subjects covered in this article, try the following links:
 it also helps reduce inflammation. Horsetail is an astringent diuretic encouraging urine flow and halting bleeding from the urinary tract. Marshmallow soothes inflamed areas and enhances immune function to help fight off unwanted bacteria. Mullein also is known for reducing urinary tract inflammation. The leaves, flowers, and especially the seeds of nasturtium contain natural antibiotics that may be helpful in preventing UTIs. Horseradish root also contains an antibiotic substance along with a good dose of vitamin C, both of which may be helpful in treating this condition. Vitamins A and C, richly found in the produce from your healing garden, are good for preventing UTIs. The vitamin A, usually in the form of beta-carotene in plants, helps cells form properly and maintains their integrity, making them more resistant to invasion from unfriendly bacteria. Vitamin C not only helps the immune system with production of certain infection-fighters, but in large amounts it can increase urine's acidity. The bacteria that cause this infection do not survive well under acidic conditions, so vitamin C tends to inhibit them.

Herbal Remedies for Urinary Tract Infections | HowStuffWorks

Herbal Remedies for Urinary Tract Infections
Herbal Remedies for Urinary Tract Infections
Herbal Remedies for Urinary Tract Infections
For more information about the subjects covered in this article, try the following links:

it also helps reduce inflammation. Horsetail is an astringent diuretic encouraging urine flow and halting bleeding from the urinary tract. Marshmallow soothes inflamed areas and enhances immune function to help fight off unwanted bacteria. Mullein also is known for reducing urinary tract inflammation. The leaves, flowers, and especially the seeds of nasturtium contain natural antibiotics that may be helpful in preventing UTIs. Horseradish root also contains an antibiotic substance along with a good dose of vitamin C, both of which may be helpful in treating this condition. Vitamins A and C, richly found in the produce from your healing garden, are good for preventing UTIs. The vitamin A, usually in the form of beta-carotene in plants, helps cells form properly and maintains their integrity, making them more resistant to invasion from unfriendly bacteria. Vitamin C not only helps the immune system with production of certain infection-fighters, but in large amounts it can increase urine's acidity. The bacteria that cause this infection do not survive well under acidic conditions, so vitamin C tends to inhibit them.

Staphylococcus epidermidis Urinary Tract Infection in an Infant Staphylococcus epidermidis
Urinary Tract Infection in an Infant

Case Reports in Infectious Diseases
Staphylococcus epidermidis Urinary Tract Infection in an Infant
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Case Report
3. Discussion
4. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Disclosure
Conflict of Interests
References
Copyright
 His treatment was changed to intravenous TMP-SMX. Blood and CSF cultures were negative. An ultrasound scan of the kidneys showed mild distention of the right urinary collecting system and mild prominence of the left pelvicalyceal system. The bladder was distended and contained multiple scattered areas of internal echoes. A vesico cystourethrogram (VCUG) revealed bilateral vesicoureteral reflux, grade 5 on the right and grade 4 on the left. His fever resolved 36 hours after changing the antibiotic treatment. He was discharged to complete 10 more days of oral TMP-SMX treatment. Subsequently, he was maintained on prophylactic daily oral TMP-SMX. ( He has done well and was followed by the urology service.) 3.

Staphylococcus epidermidis Urinary Tract Infection in an Infant

Staphylococcus epidermidis
Urinary Tract Infection in an Infant

Case Reports in Infectious Diseases
Staphylococcus epidermidis Urinary Tract Infection in an Infant
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Case Report
3. Discussion
4. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Disclosure
Conflict of Interests
References
Copyright

His treatment was changed to intravenous TMP-SMX. Blood and CSF cultures were negative. An ultrasound scan of the kidneys showed mild distention of the right urinary collecting system and mild prominence of the left pelvicalyceal system. The bladder was distended and contained multiple scattered areas of internal echoes. A vesico cystourethrogram (VCUG) revealed bilateral vesicoureteral reflux, grade 5 on the right and grade 4 on the left. His fever resolved 36 hours after changing the antibiotic treatment. He was discharged to complete 10 more days of oral TMP-SMX treatment. Subsequently, he was maintained on prophylactic daily oral TMP-SMX. ( He has done well and was followed by the urology service.) 3.

Bladder | healthdirect
Bladder
Tips for a healthy bladder
Bladder problems symptoms
Loss of bladder control
Was this article helpful?
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 These principles can then be individually applied in practice to any person living in the community setting including the community home, primary practice and residential care. Read more on Ausmed Education website
Drugs for benign prostatic hypertrophy - NPS MedicineWise
Alpha1a adrenergic receptor inhibition with selective (tamsulosin, silodosin, terazosin, alfuzosin) or non-selective (prazosin) drugs treat the dynamic component of benign prostatic hyperplasia by relaxing smooth muscle in the prostate and bladder neck
Read more on Australian Prescriber website
Treating Urinary Tract Infections Without Antibiotics? Nearly one in two women and one in twenty men will suffer a urinary tract infection (UTI) in their lifetime (Kidney Health Australia 2016). Frequent use of antibiotics to (treat a UTI) has led to an increase in antibiotic-resistant organisms and bacteria, which are now gaining the upper hand. Read more on Ausmed Education website
Signs and Symptoms of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are some of the most common complaints seen in the community. They are also seen frequently in hospitals and long term care facilities. Preventing UTIs is a large part of infection control in facilities, and are tracked and monitored like any other infection. Read more on Ausmed Education website
Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections | Ausmed
Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most common hospital-acquired infection. About 75% of hospital-acquired UTIs are associated with indwelling urinary catheters (IDC). This is significant, given that there is a 15 to 25% chance of a hospitalised patient needing a catheter during their stay.

Bladder | healthdirect

Bladder
Tips for a healthy bladder
Bladder problems symptoms
Loss of bladder control
Was this article helpful?
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  Title -Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia Coli Urinary Isolates From Cases of UTI
August

2015,

PP

20-24

ISSN

2349-0357

(Print)

&

ISSN

2349-0365

(Online)

Title

-Multidrug-Resistant

Escherichia

Coli

Urinary

Isolates

From

Cases

of

UTI

Dr.

Krishna

Kumar

Patel

Dr.

Ramnesh

Murthy

Dr.

Sarita

Patel

Dr.

Madhumita

Murthy

1.

INTRODUCTION

2.

MATERIALS

AND

METHODS

2.1

Bacterial

Isolates

2.2

Susceptibility

Testing

3.

RESULTS

AND

DISCUSSION

4.

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

AUTHORS’

BIOGRAPHY

 The

predominant

phenotype

among

the

MDR

isolates

presented

is

ampicillin,

TMP/SMX

and

tetracycline

resistance. The

high

prevalence

of

drug

resistance

among

patients

with

UTI

calls

for

continuous

surveillance

to

assure

effective

control

of

this

infection. Keywords: Urinary

tract

infections,

Escherichia

coli,

Antimicrobial

susceptibility,

Multidrug-resistance. 1. INTRODUCTION

Urinary

tract

infections

(UTIs)

are

the

common

infections

with

an

estimated

annual

global

incidence

of

at

least

250

million

cases,

being

costly

to

both

patients

and

health

care

funding

system. Escherichia

coli

are

the

predominant

pathogen

implicated

in

UTI. [1]

Non-complicated

infections,

particularly

in

women,

account

for

the

highest

number

of

UTIs. Women

diagnosed

for

acute

uncomplicated

cystitis

are

usually

treated

as

outpatients. The

microbiologic

characteristics

of

this

infection

are

highly

predictable

even

in

otherwise

healthy

subjects.

 Title -Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia Coli Urinary Isolates From Cases of UTI
August

2015,

PP

20-24

ISSN

2349-0357

(Print)

&

ISSN

2349-0365

(Online)

Title

-Multidrug-Resistant

Escherichia

Coli

Urinary

Isolates

From

Cases

of

UTI

Dr.

Krishna

Kumar

Patel

Dr.

Ramnesh

Murthy

Dr.

Sarita

Patel

Dr.

Madhumita

Murthy

1.

INTRODUCTION

2.

MATERIALS

AND

METHODS

2.1

Bacterial

Isolates

2.2

Susceptibility

Testing

3.

RESULTS

AND

DISCUSSION

4.

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

AUTHORS’

BIOGRAPHY

The

predominant

phenotype

among

the

MDR

isolates

presented

is

ampicillin,

TMP/SMX

and

tetracycline

resistance. The

high

prevalence

of

drug

resistance

among

patients

with

UTI

calls

for

continuous

surveillance

to

assure

effective

control

of

this

infection. Keywords: Urinary

tract

infections,

Escherichia

coli,

Antimicrobial

susceptibility,

Multidrug-resistance. 1. INTRODUCTION

Urinary

tract

infections

(UTIs)

are

the

common

infections

with

an

estimated

annual

global

incidence

of

at

least

250

million

cases,

being

costly

to

both

patients

and

health

care

funding

system. Escherichia

coli

are

the

predominant

pathogen

implicated

in

UTI. [1]

Non-complicated

infections,

particularly

in

women,

account

for

the

highest

number

of

UTIs. Women

diagnosed

for

acute

uncomplicated

cystitis

are

usually

treated

as

outpatients. The

microbiologic

characteristics

of

this

infection

are

highly

predictable

even

in

otherwise

healthy

subjects.

Diet and UTIs: All You Need to Know Can Your Diet Affect Your Chances of Getting a UTI?
Nutrition
Can Your Diet Affect Your Chances of Getting a UTI?
Can your diet prevent or treat UTIs?
Do certain foods increase or decrease your chances of UTIs?
Plant-based diets
Beverages that may increase or reduce UTI risk
Potential bladder irritants
Lifestyle tips
The bottom line
 Some research suggests that certain dietary patterns may protect against UTIs. Plus, some foods and beverages have been associated with an increased risk of developing UTIs. Plant-based diets
Studies have linked vegetarian diets to a lower risk of developing a UTI. For example, a 2020 study that followed 9,724 Buddhists for 9 years found that a vegetarian dietary pattern was associated with a 16% reduced risk of developing a UTI. This protective effect was mainly seen in women ( 2
Trusted Source
). Researchers have suggested that certain foods, including poultry and pork, act as “food reservoirs” for bacterial strains of E. coli called extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), which account for 65–75% of all UTIs ( 2
Trusted Source
). This means that food reservoirs may be a vehicle for transmission of ExPEC. The researchers in the 2020 study suggested that because vegetarians avoid common food reservoirs of ExPEC, vegetarian dietary patterns may help protect against UTIs ( 2
Trusted Source
). Another way that vegetarian diets may help protect against UTIs is that they make urine less acidic. Research has shown that when urine is less acidic and more neutral, it helps prevent the growth of bacteria associated with UTIs ( 3
Trusted Source
).

Diet and UTIs: All You Need to Know

Can Your Diet Affect Your Chances of Getting a UTI?
Nutrition
Can Your Diet Affect Your Chances of Getting a UTI?
Can your diet prevent or treat UTIs?
Do certain foods increase or decrease your chances of UTIs?
Plant-based diets
Beverages that may increase or reduce UTI risk
Potential bladder irritants
Lifestyle tips
The bottom line

Some research suggests that certain dietary patterns may protect against UTIs. Plus, some foods and beverages have been associated with an increased risk of developing UTIs. Plant-based diets
Studies have linked vegetarian diets to a lower risk of developing a UTI. For example, a 2020 study that followed 9,724 Buddhists for 9 years found that a vegetarian dietary pattern was associated with a 16% reduced risk of developing a UTI. This protective effect was mainly seen in women ( 2
Trusted Source
). Researchers have suggested that certain foods, including poultry and pork, act as “food reservoirs” for bacterial strains of E. coli called extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), which account for 65–75% of all UTIs ( 2
Trusted Source
). This means that food reservoirs may be a vehicle for transmission of ExPEC. The researchers in the 2020 study suggested that because vegetarians avoid common food reservoirs of ExPEC, vegetarian dietary patterns may help protect against UTIs ( 2
Trusted Source
). Another way that vegetarian diets may help protect against UTIs is that they make urine less acidic. Research has shown that when urine is less acidic and more neutral, it helps prevent the growth of bacteria associated with UTIs ( 3
Trusted Source
).

MRSA UTI Treatments: Drug and Natural Therapy Overview MRSA UTI Treatment: Natural and Antibiotic Therapies
MRSA UTI Treatment: Natural and Antibiotic Therapies
Standard Medical Treatments for Resistant Staph or MRSA UTIs
A note on catheters
Commonly prescribed antibiotics for MRSA urinary infections can include:
Natural Medicine and Supportive Therapies
Holistic UTI support
Other Helpful Resources:
More support on Staph and MRSA infections
References:
 However, with growing resistance of MRSA to either of these antibiotics, they should first be tested against your infection to ensure they work. Tetracycline antibiotics should also be tested first to ensure it works for your strain of MRSA. Nitrofurantoin
Fosfomycin trometamol is a single dose antibiotic and is the most expensive
Flouroquinolones such as Ciprofloxacin (Cirpro) and Lefofloxacin are also prescribed. However recent 2012 guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) has recommended reserving flouroquinolones because they have been shown to cause a higher level of antibiotic resistance (and some bad side effects) and are associated with causing MRSA colonization among those who use them. IV Antibiotics: Oral antibiotics are commonly used for MRSA urinary tract infections. However, for severe or complicated UTI infections (or where resistance to the oral antibiotics is shown upon urine culture testing), IV antibiotics such as Vancomycin will be used. Note: Linezolid or Zyvox is sometimes used as a last resort drug for MRSA, but it does not get eliminated through the kidneys and bladder in high enough concentrations and thus is not a good choice for UTIs. The list of antibiotics is changing as antibiotic resistance in MRSA grows .

MRSA UTI Treatment: Natural and Antibiotic Therapies
MRSA UTI Treatment: Natural and Antibiotic Therapies
Standard Medical Treatments for Resistant Staph or MRSA UTIs
A note on catheters
Commonly prescribed antibiotics for MRSA urinary infections can include:
Natural Medicine and Supportive Therapies
Holistic UTI support
Other Helpful Resources:
More support on Staph and MRSA infections
References:

However, with growing resistance of MRSA to either of these antibiotics, they should first be tested against your infection to ensure they work. Tetracycline antibiotics should also be tested first to ensure it works for your strain of MRSA. Nitrofurantoin
Fosfomycin trometamol is a single dose antibiotic and is the most expensive
Flouroquinolones such as Ciprofloxacin (Cirpro) and Lefofloxacin are also prescribed. However recent 2012 guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) has recommended reserving flouroquinolones because they have been shown to cause a higher level of antibiotic resistance (and some bad side effects) and are associated with causing MRSA colonization among those who use them. IV Antibiotics: Oral antibiotics are commonly used for MRSA urinary tract infections. However, for severe or complicated UTI infections (or where resistance to the oral antibiotics is shown upon urine culture testing), IV antibiotics such as Vancomycin will be used. Note: Linezolid or Zyvox is sometimes used as a last resort drug for MRSA, but it does not get eliminated through the kidneys and bladder in high enough concentrations and thus is not a good choice for UTIs. The list of antibiotics is changing as antibiotic resistance in MRSA grows .

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) And Its Homeopathic Treatment - homeopathy360 Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) And Its Homeopathic Treatment
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) And Its Homeopathic Treatment
Authors: Dr. Pramod singh1, Dr. Yudhishthir bhardwaj2, Dr. Gita Rajput3
TYPES OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION
CANTHARIS
NUX VOMICA
SARSAPARILLA
ACONITUM APELLUS
APIS MELLIFICA
BELLADONNA
BERBERIS VULGARIS
BORAX
CHIMAPHILA UMBELLATA
CLEMATIS
EQUISETUM
LYCOPODIUM
SEPIA
STAPHYSAGRIA
 Sexual intercourse with patient of UTI may lead to cystitis. All women are at risk of cystitis because of their anatomy specifically, the short distance from the urethra to the anus and the urethral opening to the bladder. UTI is commonly caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli). PATHOGENESIS OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS: Pathogens that cause complicated UTIs follow the same initial steps as those described for uncomplicated infections, including periurethral colonization (step 1), progression to the urethra and migration to the bladder (step 2). However, in order for the pathogens to cause infection, the bladder must be compromised. The most common cause of a compromised bladder is catheterization. Owing to the robust immune response induced by catheterization (step 3), fibrinogen accumulates on the catheter, providing an ideal environment for the attachment of uropathogens that express fibrinogen-binding proteins. Infection induces neutrophil infiltration (step 4), but after their initial attachment to the fibrinogen-coated catheters, the bacteria multiply (step 5), form biofilms  (step 6), promote epithelial damage (step 7) and can seed infection of the kidneys (steps 8 and 9), where toxin production induces tissue damage (step 10). If left untreated, uropathogens that cause complicated UTIs can also progress to bacteraemia by crossing the tubular epithelial cell barrier (step 11).

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) And Its Homeopathic Treatment - homeopathy360

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) And Its Homeopathic Treatment
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) And Its Homeopathic Treatment
Authors: Dr. Pramod singh1, Dr. Yudhishthir bhardwaj2, Dr. Gita Rajput3
TYPES OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION
CANTHARIS
NUX VOMICA
SARSAPARILLA
ACONITUM APELLUS
APIS MELLIFICA
BELLADONNA
BERBERIS VULGARIS
BORAX
CHIMAPHILA UMBELLATA
CLEMATIS
EQUISETUM
LYCOPODIUM
SEPIA
STAPHYSAGRIA

Sexual intercourse with patient of UTI may lead to cystitis. All women are at risk of cystitis because of their anatomy specifically, the short distance from the urethra to the anus and the urethral opening to the bladder. UTI is commonly caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli). PATHOGENESIS OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS: Pathogens that cause complicated UTIs follow the same initial steps as those described for uncomplicated infections, including periurethral colonization (step 1), progression to the urethra and migration to the bladder (step 2). However, in order for the pathogens to cause infection, the bladder must be compromised. The most common cause of a compromised bladder is catheterization. Owing to the robust immune response induced by catheterization (step 3), fibrinogen accumulates on the catheter, providing an ideal environment for the attachment of uropathogens that express fibrinogen-binding proteins. Infection induces neutrophil infiltration (step 4), but after their initial attachment to the fibrinogen-coated catheters, the bacteria multiply (step 5), form biofilms  (step 6), promote epithelial damage (step 7) and can seed infection of the kidneys (steps 8 and 9), where toxin production induces tissue damage (step 10). If left untreated, uropathogens that cause complicated UTIs can also progress to bacteraemia by crossing the tubular epithelial cell barrier (step 11).

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infections
Bacteria
Non-Neoplastic Diseases of the Urinary Bladder
BACTERIAL CYSTITIS
Bacterial Infections
Infectious Agents
Urinary Tract Infections in Adults
Etiologic Agents
Urinary Tract Infection, Lower (Cystitis), Uncomplicated
What Not To Do:
Cystitis
Etiology
Cystitis and Urethral Syndromes
Infecting Organisms
Immuno-Biosensor
5.5 Urinary Tract Infection Diagnosis
Staphylococcal Infections
Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
Urinary Tract Infection, Pyelonephritis, and Reflux Nephropathy
Bacterial Pathogens
 In sexually active men, consider urethritis or prostatitis as the cause. In men who are older than 50 years of age, there is a rapid increase in UTI due to prostate hypertrophy, obstruction, and instrumentation. UTIs among pediatric patients are associated with significantly greater morbidity and long-term sequelae than UTIs among adults, including impaired renal function and end-stage renal disease. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole has been the standard therapy for UTI; however, E. coli is becoming increasingly resistant to this medication. Many experts support using ciprofloxacin as an alternative and, in some cases, as the preferred first-line agent. However, others caution that widespread use

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infections
Bacteria
Non-Neoplastic Diseases of the Urinary Bladder
BACTERIAL CYSTITIS
Bacterial Infections
Infectious Agents
Urinary Tract Infections in Adults
Etiologic Agents
Urinary Tract Infection, Lower (Cystitis), Uncomplicated
What Not To Do:
Cystitis
Etiology
Cystitis and Urethral Syndromes
Infecting Organisms
Immuno-Biosensor
5.5 Urinary Tract Infection Diagnosis
Staphylococcal Infections
Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
Urinary Tract Infection, Pyelonephritis, and Reflux Nephropathy
Bacterial Pathogens

In sexually active men, consider urethritis or prostatitis as the cause. In men who are older than 50 years of age, there is a rapid increase in UTI due to prostate hypertrophy, obstruction, and instrumentation. UTIs among pediatric patients are associated with significantly greater morbidity and long-term sequelae than UTIs among adults, including impaired renal function and end-stage renal disease. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole has been the standard therapy for UTI; however, E. coli is becoming increasingly resistant to this medication. Many experts support using ciprofloxacin as an alternative and, in some cases, as the preferred first-line agent. However, others caution that widespread use

Antibiotic Resistant UTI Information | Antibiotic Research UK About antibiotic-resistant urinary tract infections
About antibiotic-resistant urinary tract infections
Looking for patient support?
Who is at risk from antibiotic-resistant urinary tract infections?
What type of bacteria usually cause urinary tract infections?
What are the symptoms of an antibiotic-resistant urinary tract infection?
Are urinary tract infections contagious?
How are antibiotic-resistant urinary tract infections usually treated?
What is colonisation and biofilm?
What happens if I have a multidrug-resistant urinary tract infection?
Preventing UTIs using natural products
How quickly will the infection spread? Is there anything I can do to stop it getting worse?
What do I do if I have a question about antibiotic-resistant infections?
Find out more
Patient Stories
 What happens if I have a multidrug-resistant urinary tract infection? Some strains of bacteria are now resistant to all of the most commonly used antibiotics. When UTIs recur or don’t go away with treatment, urine samples are usually tested at a microbiology lab, and if resistant organisms are discovered they are often found to be ESBL E. coli or ESBL Klebsiella. If you have a UTI with either of these resistant bacteria, you will probably be treated in hospital by an infectious disease doctor and their team. They will often prescribe a specific antibiotic via an intravenous (IV) drip (or combination of antibiotics) known to be active against ESBL- producing bacteria – such as a carbapenem antibiotic. These are considered ‘last resort’ antibiotics which are kept especially for those highly resistant bacterial infections. If you have an antibiotic-resistant UTI, you’re not alone. There are many different support groups online where people suffering with resistant UTIs can help one another. Preventing UTIs using natural products
Many of those who suffer with recurring or resistant UTIs are keen to find ways of reducing the risk or occurrence by using natural products such as D-Mannose, cranberry products (like triple strength tablets or juice), Kefir /probiotics, manuka honey and so on. Anecdotally, many report finding some of these useful in the prevention of UTIs;

Antibiotic Resistant UTI Information | Antibiotic Research UK

About antibiotic-resistant urinary tract infections
About antibiotic-resistant urinary tract infections
Looking for patient support?
Who is at risk from antibiotic-resistant urinary tract infections?
What type of bacteria usually cause urinary tract infections?
What are the symptoms of an antibiotic-resistant urinary tract infection?
Are urinary tract infections contagious?
How are antibiotic-resistant urinary tract infections usually treated?
What is colonisation and biofilm?
What happens if I have a multidrug-resistant urinary tract infection?
Preventing UTIs using natural products
How quickly will the infection spread? Is there anything I can do to stop it getting worse?
What do I do if I have a question about antibiotic-resistant infections?
Find out more
Patient Stories

What happens if I have a multidrug-resistant urinary tract infection? Some strains of bacteria are now resistant to all of the most commonly used antibiotics. When UTIs recur or don’t go away with treatment, urine samples are usually tested at a microbiology lab, and if resistant organisms are discovered they are often found to be ESBL E. coli or ESBL Klebsiella. If you have a UTI with either of these resistant bacteria, you will probably be treated in hospital by an infectious disease doctor and their team. They will often prescribe a specific antibiotic via an intravenous (IV) drip (or combination of antibiotics) known to be active against ESBL- producing bacteria – such as a carbapenem antibiotic. These are considered ‘last resort’ antibiotics which are kept especially for those highly resistant bacterial infections. If you have an antibiotic-resistant UTI, you’re not alone. There are many different support groups online where people suffering with resistant UTIs can help one another. Preventing UTIs using natural products
Many of those who suffer with recurring or resistant UTIs are keen to find ways of reducing the risk or occurrence by using natural products such as D-Mannose, cranberry products (like triple strength tablets or juice), Kefir /probiotics, manuka honey and so on. Anecdotally, many report finding some of these useful in the prevention of UTIs;