Question: how is the oil pollution act of 1990 effect oil companies

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Oil Spill Pollution
Definition
The Oil Pollution Act
How Does Oil Spill Pollution Affect Us?
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How Does an Oil Spill Behave in the Environment?
 Other individual compounds that are present in crude oil and oil discharges include (apart from carbon and hydrogen) sulfur, nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms. The Oil Pollution Act
The Oil Spill Pollution Act - The Oil Pollution Act is an environmental regulation adopted in 1990 in the U.S. to prevent oil spill pollution. In 1990, the Oil Pollution Act was passed by U.S. Congress and amended the existing Clean Water Act, aiming to require oil storage facilities to prepare "Facility Response Plans". Various revisions to the Act have been made in 1994 by the EPA. The revised plan obliged facility owners and operators to prepare and submit plans addressing a "worst-case scenario" of oil discharge. This regulation was meant to prevent and prepare emergency responses to oil spills. The Oil Spill Pollution Act: established new requirements and amended the U.S. Federal Water Pollution Control Act in order to provide enhanced capabilities for oil spill response and natural resource damage assessment; required the Coast Guard to strengthen its regulations on oil tank vessels; included the specification that companies must have a cleanup plan in order to prevent spills that may occur and a detailed containment;

Oil Spill Pollution | Environmental Pollution Centers

Oil Spill Pollution
Oil Spill Pollution
Definition
The Oil Pollution Act
How Does Oil Spill Pollution Affect Us?
Directly
Indirectly
How Does an Oil Spill Behave in the Environment?

Other individual compounds that are present in crude oil and oil discharges include (apart from carbon and hydrogen) sulfur, nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms. The Oil Pollution Act
The Oil Spill Pollution Act - The Oil Pollution Act is an environmental regulation adopted in 1990 in the U.S. to prevent oil spill pollution. In 1990, the Oil Pollution Act was passed by U.S. Congress and amended the existing Clean Water Act, aiming to require oil storage facilities to prepare "Facility Response Plans". Various revisions to the Act have been made in 1994 by the EPA. The revised plan obliged facility owners and operators to prepare and submit plans addressing a "worst-case scenario" of oil discharge. This regulation was meant to prevent and prepare emergency responses to oil spills. The Oil Spill Pollution Act: established new requirements and amended the U.S. Federal Water Pollution Control Act in order to provide enhanced capabilities for oil spill response and natural resource damage assessment; required the Coast Guard to strengthen its regulations on oil tank vessels; included the specification that companies must have a cleanup plan in order to prevent spills that may occur and a detailed containment;

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
What Is the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Key Takeaways
Understanding the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Liability Under the OPA
 Broadened enforcement authority. Increased penalties for polluters. Further research and development programs for cleanup and storage technology. Increased potential liabilities. Increased financial responsibility requirements. Liability Under the OPA
A primary emphasis of the OPA is the liability, financial and otherwise, which the act imposes on any party found to be responsible for a destructive oil spill. Any firm identified as a responsible party is subject to virtually unlimited cleanup costs. However, any claimant seeking reimbursement for cleanup costs must first request it directly from the guilty party. If the responsible party refuses, a claimant can then take legal action against the firm or seek it directly from a federally established Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund. Establishment of the Liability Trust Fund came in 1986, before the Valdez incident.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
What Is the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Key Takeaways
Understanding the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Liability Under the OPA

Broadened enforcement authority. Increased penalties for polluters. Further research and development programs for cleanup and storage technology. Increased potential liabilities. Increased financial responsibility requirements. Liability Under the OPA
A primary emphasis of the OPA is the liability, financial and otherwise, which the act imposes on any party found to be responsible for a destructive oil spill. Any firm identified as a responsible party is subject to virtually unlimited cleanup costs. However, any claimant seeking reimbursement for cleanup costs must first request it directly from the guilty party. If the responsible party refuses, a claimant can then take legal action against the firm or seek it directly from a federally established Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund. Establishment of the Liability Trust Fund came in 1986, before the Valdez incident.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
What Is the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Key Takeaways
Understanding the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Liability Under the OPA
 Key Takeaways
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 expanded the power of federal agencies to prevent and punish mass oil spills. It was passed by the U.S. Congress in response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. The act was passed as an amendment to the Clean Water Act of 1972. Understanding the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The Oil Pollution Act was designed to establish a comprehensive federal framework that would prevent future spills and develop cleanup procedures in the case of a spill-related emergency. Primary enforcement and administration of the act are by the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Before passage of the OPA, federal pollution legislation had been an ineffective web of weak enforcement and insufficient liability for polluters. The OPA sought to solve this problem by establishing stricter standards for the maritime transportation of oil: New requirements for construction of vessels and training of personnel. Contingency planning requirements. Enhanced federal response capability.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Key Takeaways
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 expanded the power of federal agencies to prevent and punish mass oil spills. It was passed by the U.S. Congress in response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. The act was passed as an amendment to the Clean Water Act of 1972. Understanding the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The Oil Pollution Act was designed to establish a comprehensive federal framework that would prevent future spills and develop cleanup procedures in the case of a spill-related emergency. Primary enforcement and administration of the act are by the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Before passage of the OPA, federal pollution legislation had been an ineffective web of weak enforcement and insufficient liability for polluters. The OPA sought to solve this problem by establishing stricter standards for the maritime transportation of oil: New requirements for construction of vessels and training of personnel. Contingency planning requirements. Enhanced federal response capability.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
What Is the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Key Takeaways
Understanding the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Liability Under the OPA
 Oil Pollution Act of 1990
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Oil Pollution Act of 1990
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James Chen, CMT, is the former director of investing and trading content at Investopedia. He is an expert trader, investment adviser, and global market strategist. Learn about our editorial policies
James Chen
Updated Oct 8, 2019
What Is the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The U.S. Congress enacted the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) to streamline and strengthen the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) power to prevent oil spills. It was passed as an amendment to the Clean Water Act of 1972 following the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 is one of the most wide-reaching and critical pieces of environmental legislation ever passed. Key Takeaways
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 expanded the power of federal agencies to prevent and punish mass oil spills. It was passed by the U.S. Congress in response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. The act was passed as an amendment to the Clean Water Act of 1972. Understanding the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The Oil Pollution Act was designed to establish a comprehensive federal framework that would prevent future spills and develop cleanup procedures in the case of a spill-related emergency. Primary enforcement and administration of the act are by the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Oil Pollution Act of 1990
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Oil Pollution Act of 1990
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James Chen, CMT, is the former director of investing and trading content at Investopedia. He is an expert trader, investment adviser, and global market strategist. Learn about our editorial policies
James Chen
Updated Oct 8, 2019
What Is the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The U.S. Congress enacted the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) to streamline and strengthen the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) power to prevent oil spills. It was passed as an amendment to the Clean Water Act of 1972 following the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 is one of the most wide-reaching and critical pieces of environmental legislation ever passed. Key Takeaways
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 expanded the power of federal agencies to prevent and punish mass oil spills. It was passed by the U.S. Congress in response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. The act was passed as an amendment to the Clean Water Act of 1972. Understanding the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The Oil Pollution Act was designed to establish a comprehensive federal framework that would prevent future spills and develop cleanup procedures in the case of a spill-related emergency. Primary enforcement and administration of the act are by the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
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The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) (101 H.R.1465, P.L. 101-380) was passed by the 101st United States Congress and signed by President George H. W. Bush. It works to avoid oil spills from vessels and facilities by enforcing removal of spilled oil and assigning liability for the cost of cleanup and damage; requires specific operating procedures; defines responsible parties and financial liability; implements processes for measuring damages; specifies damages for which violators are liable; and establishes a fund for damages, cleanup, and removal costs. This statute has resulted in instrumental changes in the oil production, transportation, and distribution industries. Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Long title
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Public Law 101-380, August 18, 1990
Enacted by
the 101st United States Congress
Effective
August 18, 1990
Citations
Public law
101-380
Statutes at Large
104 Stat. 484
Codification
Titles amended
33 U.S.C.:

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
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Edit
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) (101 H.R.1465, P.L. 101-380) was passed by the 101st United States Congress and signed by President George H. W. Bush. It works to avoid oil spills from vessels and facilities by enforcing removal of spilled oil and assigning liability for the cost of cleanup and damage; requires specific operating procedures; defines responsible parties and financial liability; implements processes for measuring damages; specifies damages for which violators are liable; and establishes a fund for damages, cleanup, and removal costs. This statute has resulted in instrumental changes in the oil production, transportation, and distribution industries. Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Long title
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Public Law 101-380, August 18, 1990
Enacted by
the 101st United States Congress
Effective
August 18, 1990
Citations
Public law
101-380
Statutes at Large
104 Stat. 484
Codification
Titles amended
33 U.S.C.:

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 Oil Pollution Research and Development Program
Title VIII. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle A – Improvements to Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle B – Penalties
Subtitle C – Provisions Applicable to Alaska Natives
Title IX. Amendments to Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, Etc. Enforcement
A responsible party under the Oil Pollution Act is one who is found accountable for the discharge or substantial threat of discharge of oil from a vessel or facility into navigable waters, exclusive economic zones, or the shorelines of such covered waters. Responsible parties are strictly, jointly, and severally liable for the cost of removing the oil in addition to any damages linked to the discharge. Unlike the liability for removal costs which are uncapped, liability for damages is limited as discussed in further detail below. Furthermore, the Oil Pollution Act allows for additional liability enacted by other relevant state laws. Under the Oil Pollution Act, federal, tribal, state, and any other person can recover removal costs from a responsible party so long as such entity has incurred costs from carrying out oil removal activities in accordance with the Clean Water Act National Contingency Plan. Reimbursement claims must first be made to the responsible party. If the potentially responsible party refutes liability or fails to distribute the reimbursement within 90 days of the claim, the claimant may file suit in court or bring the claim to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund described below.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

Oil Pollution Research and Development Program
Title VIII. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle A – Improvements to Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle B – Penalties
Subtitle C – Provisions Applicable to Alaska Natives
Title IX. Amendments to Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, Etc. Enforcement
A responsible party under the Oil Pollution Act is one who is found accountable for the discharge or substantial threat of discharge of oil from a vessel or facility into navigable waters, exclusive economic zones, or the shorelines of such covered waters. Responsible parties are strictly, jointly, and severally liable for the cost of removing the oil in addition to any damages linked to the discharge. Unlike the liability for removal costs which are uncapped, liability for damages is limited as discussed in further detail below. Furthermore, the Oil Pollution Act allows for additional liability enacted by other relevant state laws. Under the Oil Pollution Act, federal, tribal, state, and any other person can recover removal costs from a responsible party so long as such entity has incurred costs from carrying out oil removal activities in accordance with the Clean Water Act National Contingency Plan. Reimbursement claims must first be made to the responsible party. If the potentially responsible party refutes liability or fails to distribute the reimbursement within 90 days of the claim, the claimant may file suit in court or bring the claim to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund described below.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 These categories include: natural resource damages, damages to real or personal property, loss of subsistence use, loss of government revenues, loss of profits or impaired earning capacity, damaged public services, and damage assessment costs. Additionally, some categories are recoverable for any person impacted by the incident while others are only recoverable by federal, tribal, and state governments. Furthermore, the Oil Pollution Act proscribes limits to liability for damages based on the responsible party, the particular incident, and the type of vessel or facility from which the discharge occurred. The Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund is a trust fund managed by the federal government and financed by a per-barrel tax on crude oil produced domestically in the United States and on petroleum products imported to the United States for consumption. The fund was created in 1986, but use of the fund was not authorized until the Oil Pollution Act's passage in 1990. The funds may be called upon to cover the cost of federal, tribal, state, and claimant oil spill removal actions and damage assessments as well as unpaid liability and damages claims. No more than one billion dollars may be withdrawn from the fund per spill incident. Over two decades of court cases have demonstrated that obtaining funding from the Oil Pollution Spill Liability Fund can be a difficult task. Concerns and reactions
President Bush acknowledged the changes the world would have to endure when signing the

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

These categories include: natural resource damages, damages to real or personal property, loss of subsistence use, loss of government revenues, loss of profits or impaired earning capacity, damaged public services, and damage assessment costs. Additionally, some categories are recoverable for any person impacted by the incident while others are only recoverable by federal, tribal, and state governments. Furthermore, the Oil Pollution Act proscribes limits to liability for damages based on the responsible party, the particular incident, and the type of vessel or facility from which the discharge occurred. The Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund is a trust fund managed by the federal government and financed by a per-barrel tax on crude oil produced domestically in the United States and on petroleum products imported to the United States for consumption. The fund was created in 1986, but use of the fund was not authorized until the Oil Pollution Act's passage in 1990. The funds may be called upon to cover the cost of federal, tribal, state, and claimant oil spill removal actions and damage assessments as well as unpaid liability and damages claims. No more than one billion dollars may be withdrawn from the fund per spill incident. Over two decades of court cases have demonstrated that obtaining funding from the Oil Pollution Spill Liability Fund can be a difficult task. Concerns and reactions
President Bush acknowledged the changes the world would have to endure when signing the

What is Oil Pollution Act of 1990? definition and meaning - BusinessDictionary.com Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Definition
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 What is Oil Pollution Act of 1990? definition and meaning - BusinessDictionary.com
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Definition
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A law enacted in 1990 by the U.S. ruling civil liability for removal costs or damages as a result of oil spills in waters of the United States caused by tank vessels or facilities used to explore, drill, produce, store, process, or transport oil. This definition includes motor vehicles, rolling stocks, and pipelines. The law also established provisions related to oil spill prevention, emergency response and cleanup efforts in the event of spills. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 limits the liability of companies for the economic damages caused by oil spills at 75 million dollars.

What is Oil Pollution Act of 1990? definition and meaning - BusinessDictionary.com

Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Definition
+ Create New Flashcard

What is Oil Pollution Act of 1990? definition and meaning - BusinessDictionary.com
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Definition
+ Create New Flashcard
Popular Terms
A law enacted in 1990 by the U.S. ruling civil liability for removal costs or damages as a result of oil spills in waters of the United States caused by tank vessels or facilities used to explore, drill, produce, store, process, or transport oil. This definition includes motor vehicles, rolling stocks, and pipelines. The law also established provisions related to oil spill prevention, emergency response and cleanup efforts in the event of spills. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 limits the liability of companies for the economic damages caused by oil spills at 75 million dollars.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 specifies damages for which violators are liable; and establishes a fund for damages, cleanup, and removal costs. This statute has resulted in instrumental changes in the oil production, transportation, and distribution industries. Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Long title
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Public Law 101-380, August 18, 1990
Enacted by
the 101st United States Congress
Effective
August 18, 1990
Citations
Public law
101-380
Statutes at Large
104 Stat. 484
Codification
Titles amended
33 U.S.C.: Navigable Waters
U.S.C. sections created
33 U.S.C. ch. 40 § 2701
Legislative history

Contents
1
History/Background
2
Enactment timeline
3
Key Content (Titles)[1]
4
Enforcement
5
Concerns and reactions
6
Long-term effects of OPA
7
International treaties
8
See also
9
References
10
External links
History/Background
Heavy sheens of oil as visible on the surface of the water in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Laws governing oil spills in the United States began in 1851 with the Limitation of Liability Act. This statue, in an attempt to protect the shipping industry, stated that vessel owners were liable for incident-related costs up to the post-incident value of their vessel. The shortcomings of this law were revealed in 1967 with the release of over 100,000 tons of crude oil into the English Channel from the Torrey Canyon.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

specifies damages for which violators are liable; and establishes a fund for damages, cleanup, and removal costs. This statute has resulted in instrumental changes in the oil production, transportation, and distribution industries. Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Long title
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Public Law 101-380, August 18, 1990
Enacted by
the 101st United States Congress
Effective
August 18, 1990
Citations
Public law
101-380
Statutes at Large
104 Stat. 484
Codification
Titles amended
33 U.S.C.: Navigable Waters
U.S.C. sections created
33 U.S.C. ch. 40 § 2701
Legislative history

Contents
1
History/Background
2
Enactment timeline
3
Key Content (Titles)[1]
4
Enforcement
5
Concerns and reactions
6
Long-term effects of OPA
7
International treaties
8
See also
9
References
10
External links
History/Background
Heavy sheens of oil as visible on the surface of the water in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Laws governing oil spills in the United States began in 1851 with the Limitation of Liability Act. This statue, in an attempt to protect the shipping industry, stated that vessel owners were liable for incident-related costs up to the post-incident value of their vessel. The shortcomings of this law were revealed in 1967 with the release of over 100,000 tons of crude oil into the English Channel from the Torrey Canyon.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 specifies damages for which violators are liable; and establishes a fund for damages, cleanup, and removal costs. This statute has resulted in instrumental changes in the oil production, transportation, and distribution industries. [ 3]
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
History/Background
Heavy sheens of oil as visible on the surface of the water in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Laws governing oil spills in the United States began in 1851 with the Limitation of Liability Act. This statue, in an attempt to protect the shipping industry, stated that vessel owners were liable for incident-related costs up to the post-incident value of their vessel. The shortcomings of this law were revealed in 1967 with the release of over 100,000 tons of crude oil into the English Channel from the Torrey Canyon. Of the $8 million of cleanup-related costs, the owners of the Torrey Canyon were held liable for only $50—the value of the only remaining Torrey Canyon lifeboat. In the meantime, the Oil Pollution Act of 1924 had passed, but this statue only limited liability for deliberate discharge of oil into marine waters. [ 4]
Two years following the Torrey Canyon spill, an oil platform eruption in the Santa Barbara Channel made national headlines and thrust oil pollution into the public spot light.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader

Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties

specifies damages for which violators are liable; and establishes a fund for damages, cleanup, and removal costs. This statute has resulted in instrumental changes in the oil production, transportation, and distribution industries. [ 3]
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
History/Background
Heavy sheens of oil as visible on the surface of the water in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Laws governing oil spills in the United States began in 1851 with the Limitation of Liability Act. This statue, in an attempt to protect the shipping industry, stated that vessel owners were liable for incident-related costs up to the post-incident value of their vessel. The shortcomings of this law were revealed in 1967 with the release of over 100,000 tons of crude oil into the English Channel from the Torrey Canyon. Of the $8 million of cleanup-related costs, the owners of the Torrey Canyon were held liable for only $50—the value of the only remaining Torrey Canyon lifeboat. In the meantime, the Oil Pollution Act of 1924 had passed, but this statue only limited liability for deliberate discharge of oil into marine waters. [ 4]
Two years following the Torrey Canyon spill, an oil platform eruption in the Santa Barbara Channel made national headlines and thrust oil pollution into the public spot light.

Oil Spill Pollution | Environmental Pollution Centers Oil Spill Pollution
Oil Spill Pollution
Definition
The Oil Pollution Act
How Does Oil Spill Pollution Affect Us?
Directly
Indirectly
How Does an Oil Spill Behave in the Environment?
 Oil Spill Pollution | Environmental Pollution Centers
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Contaminants »
Effects »
Oil Spill Pollution
Definition
Oil spills include any spill of crude oil or oil distilled products (e.g., gasoline, diesel fuels, jet fuels, kerosene, Stoddard solvent, hydraulic oils, lubricating oils) that can pollute the surface of the land, air, and water environments. Oil spill pollution may comprise a variety of amounts starting with one or more gallons of oil and up to millions or even hundreds of millions of gallons spilled. The term is usually associated with the oil spills in the ocean and coastal waters. Oil Spill Pollution refers to the negative polluting effects that oil spills have on the environments and living organisms, including humans, due to the environmental discharge of various organic compounds that make up crude oil and oil distillate products, the majority of which include various individual hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are made exclusively from carbon and hydrogen atoms which bind together in various ways, resulting in paraffins (or normal alkanes), isoparaffins (isoalkanes), aromatics (such as benzene or various PAHs), cycloalkanes and unsaturated alkanes (alkenes and alkynes). Other individual compounds that are present in crude oil and oil discharges include (apart from carbon and hydrogen) sulfur, nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms. The Oil Pollution Act
The Oil Spill Pollution Act - The Oil Pollution Act is an environmental regulation adopted in 1990 in the U.S. to prevent oil spill pollution. In 1990, the Oil Pollution Act was passed by U.S. Congress and amended the existing Clean Water Act, aiming to require oil storage facilities to prepare "Facility Response Plans". Various revisions to the Act have been made in 1994 by the EPA. The revised plan obliged facility owners and operators to prepare and submit plans addressing a "worst-case scenario" of oil discharge.

OCS Lands Act History | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management OCS Lands Act History
OCS Lands Act History
Overview
Origin
Today
 In the mid-1940s, major changes in the oil industry occurred as America was making its transition from a wartime- to postwar-economy. There was an enormous public demand for oil and gas, and offshore exploration encountered enormous challenges, such as underwater exploration, drilling location determination and offshore communications. By 1949, 11 fields and 44 exploratory wells were operating in the Gulf of Mexico. As the industry continued to evolve through the 1950s, oil production became the second-largest revenue generator for the country, after income taxes. The U.S. government passed the U.S. Submerged Lands Act in 1953, which set the federal government's title and ownership of submerged lands at three miles from a state’s coastline. The OCSLA was also passed which provided for federal jurisdiction over submerged lands of the OCS and authorized the Secretary of the Interior to lease those lands for mineral development. After the Santa Barbara Oil Spill in 1969, Congress passed several acts which spurred the development of oil spill regulation and research. They included the National Environmental Policy Act, which mandates a detailed environmental review before any major or controversial federal action, the Clean Air Act, which regulates the emission of air pollutants from industrial activities, and the Coastal Zone Management Act, which requires state review of federal action that would affect land and water use of the coastal zone. In 1977, the Clean Water Act passed. The Act regulates the discharge of pollutants into surface waters.

OCS Lands Act History | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management

OCS Lands Act History
OCS Lands Act History
Overview
Origin
Today

In the mid-1940s, major changes in the oil industry occurred as America was making its transition from a wartime- to postwar-economy. There was an enormous public demand for oil and gas, and offshore exploration encountered enormous challenges, such as underwater exploration, drilling location determination and offshore communications. By 1949, 11 fields and 44 exploratory wells were operating in the Gulf of Mexico. As the industry continued to evolve through the 1950s, oil production became the second-largest revenue generator for the country, after income taxes. The U.S. government passed the U.S. Submerged Lands Act in 1953, which set the federal government's title and ownership of submerged lands at three miles from a state’s coastline. The OCSLA was also passed which provided for federal jurisdiction over submerged lands of the OCS and authorized the Secretary of the Interior to lease those lands for mineral development. After the Santa Barbara Oil Spill in 1969, Congress passed several acts which spurred the development of oil spill regulation and research. They included the National Environmental Policy Act, which mandates a detailed environmental review before any major or controversial federal action, the Clean Air Act, which regulates the emission of air pollutants from industrial activities, and the Coastal Zone Management Act, which requires state review of federal action that would affect land and water use of the coastal zone. In 1977, the Clean Water Act passed. The Act regulates the discharge of pollutants into surface waters.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 United States Coast Guard
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA)
OPA Overview
Title I of OPA
NPFC Created to Implement OPA, Title I
 OPA Overview
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 ( 33 U.S.C. 2701-2761) amended the Clean Water Act and addressed the wide range of problems associated with preventing, responding to, and paying for oil pollution incidents in navigable waters of the United States. It created a comprehensive prevention, response, liability, and compensation regime to deal with vessel- and facility-caused oil pollution to U.S. navigable waters. OPA greatly increased federal oversight of maritime oil transportation, while providing greater environmental safeguards by: Setting new requirements for vessel construction and crew licensing and manning,
Mandating contingency planning,
Enhancing federal response capability,
Broadening enforcement authority,
Increasing penalties,
Creating new research and development programs,
Increasing potential liabilities, and
Significantly broadening financial responsibility requirements. Title I of OPA
Title I of OPA established new and higher liability limits for oil spills, with commensurate changes to financial responsibility requirements. It substantially broadened the scope of damages, including natural resource damages (NRDs), for which polluters are liable. It also authorized the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) up to $1 billion to pay for expeditious oil removal and uncompensated damagesup to $1 billion per incident. The Delaware River Protection Act of 2006, title VI of the Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Act of 2006, increased the limits of liability. NPFC Created to Implement OPA, Title I
OSLTF administration was delegated to the U.S. Coast Guard by Executive Order; and on February 20, 1991, the National Pollution Funds Center (NPFC) was commissioned to:

Oil Pollution Act of 1990

United States Coast Guard
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA)
OPA Overview
Title I of OPA
NPFC Created to Implement OPA, Title I

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 Navigable Waters
U.S.C. sections created
33 U.S.C. ch. 40 § 2701
Legislative history

Contents
1
History/Background
2
Enactment timeline
3
Key Content (Titles)[1]
4
Enforcement
5
Concerns and reactions
6
Long-term effects of OPA
7
International treaties
8
See also
9
References
10
External links
History/Background
Heavy sheens of oil as visible on the surface of the water in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Laws governing oil spills in the United States began in 1851 with the Limitation of Liability Act. This statue, in an attempt to protect the shipping industry, stated that vessel owners were liable for incident-related costs up to the post-incident value of their vessel. The shortcomings of this law were revealed in 1967 with the release of over 100,000 tons of crude oil into the English Channel from the Torrey Canyon. Of the $8 million of cleanup-related costs, the owners of the Torrey Canyon were held liable for only $50—the value of the only remaining Torrey Canyon lifeboat. In the meantime, the Oil Pollution Act of 1924 had passed, but this statue only limited liability for deliberate discharge of oil into marine waters. Two years following the Torrey Canyon spill, an oil platform eruption in the Santa Barbara Channel made national headlines and thrust oil pollution into the public spot light. As a result, in 1970, Congress placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the Clean Water Act of 1972 and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability limitations.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

Navigable Waters
U.S.C. sections created
33 U.S.C. ch. 40 § 2701
Legislative history

Contents
1
History/Background
2
Enactment timeline
3
Key Content (Titles)[1]
4
Enforcement
5
Concerns and reactions
6
Long-term effects of OPA
7
International treaties
8
See also
9
References
10
External links
History/Background
Heavy sheens of oil as visible on the surface of the water in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Laws governing oil spills in the United States began in 1851 with the Limitation of Liability Act. This statue, in an attempt to protect the shipping industry, stated that vessel owners were liable for incident-related costs up to the post-incident value of their vessel. The shortcomings of this law were revealed in 1967 with the release of over 100,000 tons of crude oil into the English Channel from the Torrey Canyon. Of the $8 million of cleanup-related costs, the owners of the Torrey Canyon were held liable for only $50—the value of the only remaining Torrey Canyon lifeboat. In the meantime, the Oil Pollution Act of 1924 had passed, but this statue only limited liability for deliberate discharge of oil into marine waters. Two years following the Torrey Canyon spill, an oil platform eruption in the Santa Barbara Channel made national headlines and thrust oil pollution into the public spot light. As a result, in 1970, Congress placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the Clean Water Act of 1972 and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability limitations.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 As a result, in 1970, Congress placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the Clean Water Act of 1972 and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability limitations. For example, vessels transporting oil were liable only up to $250,000 or $150 per gross ton. These limitations rarely covered the cost of removal and cleanup, let alone damages. [ 4]
In the decades to follow, several other laws that dealt with oil spill liability and compensation were passed. These statues include: the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973, the Deep Water Port Act of 1974, the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1978, and the Alaska Oil Spill Commission of 1990. However, this fragmented collection of federal and state laws provided only limited safeguards against the hazards of oils spills. In 1976, a bill to create a cohesive safe measure for oil pollution was introduced to Congress. Neither the House of Representatives nor the Senate could agree on a single statue and the bill fell out of consideration numerous times. [

As a result, in 1970, Congress placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the Clean Water Act of 1972 and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability limitations. For example, vessels transporting oil were liable only up to $250,000 or $150 per gross ton. These limitations rarely covered the cost of removal and cleanup, let alone damages. [ 4]
In the decades to follow, several other laws that dealt with oil spill liability and compensation were passed. These statues include: the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973, the Deep Water Port Act of 1974, the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1978, and the Alaska Oil Spill Commission of 1990. However, this fragmented collection of federal and state laws provided only limited safeguards against the hazards of oils spills. In 1976, a bill to create a cohesive safe measure for oil pollution was introduced to Congress. Neither the House of Representatives nor the Senate could agree on a single statue and the bill fell out of consideration numerous times. [

 The plaintiffs were ultimately awarded $287 million in compensatory damages and $380.6 million in punitive damages. This same incident also derailed the plans to build a facility to remove oil from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Opponents worried about the possible effects of an oil spill on land in a protected habitat. In addition, the 1969 oil spill in Santa Barbara, Calif., caused many laws to be placed on the oil companies operating in and around the United States. It placed a moratorium on the building of new oil refineries and also a number of rules regarding the transport of oil. Related Articles
How Does an Oil Spill Affect The Environment? Oil Spill Information for Kids
How to Remove Oil from Sea Water
What Are the Causes of Animals Becoming Endangered? Oil Drilling Benefits
Environmental Impacts of Oil Extraction
Facts About Oil Rigs
Pollution's Effects on Animals
Types of Oil Pollution
What Chemicals Break Down Oil? The Disadvantages of Oil Drilling in Alaska
Difference Between Hydraulic Fluid & Oil
How to Separate Oil & Water Layers
What Happens After a Tsunami Occurs? The Effects of Water Pollution Around the World
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List of Missouri's Natural Resources
Hazards of Breathing Oil Smoke
The Effects of Oil Pollution on Aquatic Ecosystems
References
The Lasting Legacy of Offshore Drilling
Behavior and Effects of Oil Spills
NOAA:

The plaintiffs were ultimately awarded $287 million in compensatory damages and $380.6 million in punitive damages. This same incident also derailed the plans to build a facility to remove oil from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Opponents worried about the possible effects of an oil spill on land in a protected habitat. In addition, the 1969 oil spill in Santa Barbara, Calif., caused many laws to be placed on the oil companies operating in and around the United States. It placed a moratorium on the building of new oil refineries and also a number of rules regarding the transport of oil. Related Articles
How Does an Oil Spill Affect The Environment? Oil Spill Information for Kids
How to Remove Oil from Sea Water
What Are the Causes of Animals Becoming Endangered? Oil Drilling Benefits
Environmental Impacts of Oil Extraction
Facts About Oil Rigs
Pollution's Effects on Animals
Types of Oil Pollution
What Chemicals Break Down Oil? The Disadvantages of Oil Drilling in Alaska
Difference Between Hydraulic Fluid & Oil
How to Separate Oil & Water Layers
What Happens After a Tsunami Occurs? The Effects of Water Pollution Around the World
The Oily Truth About Palm Oil
Pros & Cons of Drilling for Oil in the U.S.
List of Missouri's Natural Resources
Hazards of Breathing Oil Smoke
The Effects of Oil Pollution on Aquatic Ecosystems
References
The Lasting Legacy of Offshore Drilling
Behavior and Effects of Oil Spills
NOAA:

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 agreed to by the Senate on August 2, 1990 ( 99-0) and by the House on August 4, 1990 ( 360-0)
Signed into law by President George H. W. Bush on August 18, 1990
Part of a series on
Environmental law

Pollution control law
Environmental impact assessment
Air quality law
Water quality law
Waste management law
Environmental cleanup law
Natural resources law
Species protection
Water resources law
Mining law
Forestry law
Fisheries law
Game law
Reference materials
Environmental journals
International environmental agreements
Environmental laws by country
Environmental lawsuits
Environmental ministries
Supranational environmental agencies
Related topics
Administrative law
Bankruptcy law
Earth jurisprudence
Ecocide
Energy law
Environmental crime
poaching
Environmental justice
Insurance law
International law
Land law
Land use
Law of the sea
Property law
Public trust doctrine
Rights of nature
Wild law
v
t
e
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) (101 H.R.1465, P.L. 101-380) [1] was passed by the 101st United States Congress and signed by President George H. W. Bush. [ 2] It works to avoid oil spills from vessels and facilities by enforcing removal of spilled oil and assigning liability for the cost of cleanup and damage; requires specific operating procedures; defines responsible parties and financial liability; implements processes for measuring damages; specifies damages for which violators are liable; and establishes a fund for damages, cleanup, and removal costs. This statute has resulted in instrumental changes in the oil production, transportation, and distribution industries. [ 3]
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
History/Background
Heavy sheens of oil as visible on the surface of the water in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Laws governing oil spills in the United States began in 1851 with the Limitation of Liability Act.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Last updated November 17, 2020 • 14 min read
From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Long title
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Public Law 101-380, August 18, 1990
Enacted by
the 101st United States Congress
Effective
August 18, 1990
Citations
Public law
101-380
Statutes at Large
104 Stat. 484
Codification
Titles amended
33 U.S.C.: Navigable Waters
U.S.C. sections created
33 U.S.C. ch. 40 § 2701
Legislative history
Introduced in the Houseas H.R. 1465 by Walter B. Jones, Sr. ( D - NC) on March 16, 1989
Committee consideration by House Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House Public Works and Transportation, House Interior and Insular Affairs, House Foreign Affairs, House Science, Space and Technology
Passed the House on November 9, 1989 ( 375-5)
Passed the Senate on November 19, 1989 (passed voice vote)
Reported by the joint conference committee on August 1, 1990; agreed to by the Senate on August 2, 1990 ( 99-0) and by the House on August 4, 1990 ( 360-0)
Signed into law by President George H. W. Bush on August 18, 1990
Part of a series on
Environmental law

Pollution control law
Environmental impact assessment
Air quality law
Water quality law
Waste management law
Environmental cleanup law
Natural resources law
Species protection
Water resources law
Mining law
Forestry law
Fisheries law
Game law
Reference materials
Environmental journals
International environmental agreements
Environmental laws by country
Environmental lawsuits
Environmental ministries
Supranational environmental agencies
Related topics
Administrative law
Bankruptcy law
Earth jurisprudence
Ecocide
Energy law
Environmental crime
poaching
Environmental justice
Insurance law
International law
Land law
Land use
Law of the sea
Property law
Public trust doctrine
Rights of nature
Wild law
v
t
e
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) (101 H.R.1465, P.L. 101-380) [1] was passed by the 101st United States Congress and signed by President George H. W. Bush. [ 2] It works to avoid oil spills from vessels and facilities by enforcing removal of spilled oil and assigning liability for the cost of cleanup and damage; requires specific operating procedures; defines responsible parties and financial liability; implements processes for measuring damages;

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Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA)
On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez spilled over 11 million gallons of Alaskan crude into the water of Prince William Sound. There were many lessons learned the aftermath of the Valdez oil spill. Two of the most obvious were: The United States lacked adequate resources, particularly Federal funds, to respond to spills, and
The scope of damages compensable under federal law to those impacted by a spill was fairly narrow. Although the environmental damage and massive cleanup efforts were the most visible effects of this casualty, one of the most important outcomes was the enactment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA), which addressed both these deficiencies. OPA Overview
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 ( 33 U.S.C. 2701-2761) amended the Clean Water Act and addressed the wide range of problems associated with preventing, responding to, and paying for oil pollution incidents in navigable waters of the United States. It created a comprehensive prevention, response, liability, and compensation regime to deal with vessel- and facility-caused oil pollution to U.S. navigable waters. OPA greatly increased federal oversight of maritime oil transportation, while providing greater environmental safeguards by: Setting new requirements for vessel construction and crew licensing and manning,
Mandating contingency planning,
Enhancing federal response capability,
Broadening enforcement authority,
Increasing penalties,
Creating new research and development programs,
Increasing potential liabilities, and
Significantly broadening financial responsibility requirements. Title I of OPA
Title I of OPA established new and higher liability limits for oil spills, with commensurate changes to financial responsibility requirements.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Oil Pollution Act Overview | US Environmental Protection Agency Oil Pollution Act Overview
Oil Pollution Act Overview
Overview
Key Provisions of the Oil Pollution Act
For More Information
 Oil Pollution Act Overview | US Environmental Protection Agency
Oil Pollution Act Overview
Overview
Key provisions of Oil Pollution Act
Full Text
For More Information
Overview
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) was signed into law in August 1990, largely in response to rising public concern following the Exxon Valdez incident. The OPA improved the nation's ability to prevent and respond to oil spills by establishing provisions that expand the federal government's ability, and provide the money and resources necessary, to respond to oil spills. The OPA also created the national Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, which is available to provide up to one billion dollars per spill incident. In addition, the OPA provided new requirements for contingency planning both by government and industry. The National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) has been expanded in a three-tiered approach: the Federal government is required to direct all public and private response efforts for certain types of spill events; Area Committees -- composed of federal, state, and local government officials -- must develop detailed, location-specific Area Contingency Plans; and owners or operators of vessels and certain facilities that pose a serious threat to the environment must prepare their own Facility Response Plans. Finally, the OPA increased penalties for regulatory noncompliance, broadened the response and enforcement authorities of the Federal government, and preserved State authority to establish law governing oil spill prevention and response. Key Provisions of the Oil Pollution Act
§1002 (a) Provides that the responsible party for a vessel or facility from which oil is discharged, or which poses a substantial threat of a discharge, is liable for: (

Oil Pollution Act Overview | US Environmental Protection Agency

Oil Pollution Act Overview
Oil Pollution Act Overview
Overview
Key Provisions of the Oil Pollution Act
For More Information

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 August 4 of 1990: both chambers of Congress had passed the bill in identical form. The final step in the legislative process was for the bill to go to the President to either approve and sign or veto it. August 18 of 1990: the bill was signed by the President and the Oil Pollution Act was officially enacted. Key Content (Titles)
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV. Prevention and Removal
Subtitle A – Prevention
Subtitle B – Removal
Subtitle C – Penalties and Miscellaneous
Title V. Prince William Sound Provisions
Title VI. Miscellaneous
Title VII.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

August 4 of 1990: both chambers of Congress had passed the bill in identical form. The final step in the legislative process was for the bill to go to the President to either approve and sign or veto it. August 18 of 1990: the bill was signed by the President and the Oil Pollution Act was officially enacted. Key Content (Titles)
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV. Prevention and Removal
Subtitle A – Prevention
Subtitle B – Removal
Subtitle C – Penalties and Miscellaneous
Title V. Prince William Sound Provisions
Title VI. Miscellaneous
Title VII.

Exxon Valdez 25th Anniversary: 5 Facts About the Historic Spill | Live Science Exxon Valdez 25th Anniversary: 5 Facts About the Historic Spill
Exxon Valdez 25th Anniversary: 5 Facts About the Historic Spill
1. The ship went back to work
2. Wildlife suffered
3. Cleanup measures were scrutinized
4. Oil still lingers
5. It prompted the Oil Pollution Act
 Along the Shelikof Strait coastline southwest of the spill site, researchers recently found pockets of oil from the Exxon Valdez accident. The oil was hardly weathered, as it had been sheltered behind stable boulders, the scientists said in a presentation at the American Geophysical Union's annual Ocean Sciences Meeting. 5. It prompted the Oil Pollution Act
Largely in response to the Exxon Valdez spill, the Oil Pollution Act became law in 1990. The move required oil companies to make contingency plans to prevent future spills and contain them should a spill occur. It also created the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund to help pay for the cleanup of future disasters, granting up to $1 billion per spill. Follow Megan Gannon on Twitter and Google+. Follow us @livescience, Facebook & Google+. Original article on Live Science.

Exxon Valdez 25th Anniversary: 5 Facts About the Historic Spill | Live Science

Exxon Valdez 25th Anniversary: 5 Facts About the Historic Spill
Exxon Valdez 25th Anniversary: 5 Facts About the Historic Spill
1. The ship went back to work
2. Wildlife suffered
3. Cleanup measures were scrutinized
4. Oil still lingers
5. It prompted the Oil Pollution Act

Along the Shelikof Strait coastline southwest of the spill site, researchers recently found pockets of oil from the Exxon Valdez accident. The oil was hardly weathered, as it had been sheltered behind stable boulders, the scientists said in a presentation at the American Geophysical Union's annual Ocean Sciences Meeting. 5. It prompted the Oil Pollution Act
Largely in response to the Exxon Valdez spill, the Oil Pollution Act became law in 1990. The move required oil companies to make contingency plans to prevent future spills and contain them should a spill occur. It also created the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund to help pay for the cleanup of future disasters, granting up to $1 billion per spill. Follow Megan Gannon on Twitter and Google+. Follow us @livescience, Facebook & Google+. Original article on Live Science.

Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill | Accurate Essays Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill
Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill
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 One such law is the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990 (Riesel, 2007). This law was passed in 1990 after Exxon Valdez was found responsible for a similar oil spill. This law is the principal governing act on matters related to oil spills in the United States. This law gives a clear guideline on how to deal with oil spillage into the country’s waterways. According to this act, a person or company responsible for oil spillage has the sole responsibility for cleanup and containment of the oil spill. Even when the government intervenes, the company must cater for all costs for the clean up. This law does not put a limit to the amount of money that a company can pay for the cleanup of the oil spill. In this perspective, BP and its partners have been legally held responsible for the cleanup (Bowman, 2010). Under this law, if the persons or companies responsible for oil spills do not meet the financial responsibilities for the cleanup, additional penalties may be imposed on them. This shows the extent to which a company can be held responsible for the oil cleanup.

Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill | Accurate Essays

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Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill
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One such law is the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990 (Riesel, 2007). This law was passed in 1990 after Exxon Valdez was found responsible for a similar oil spill. This law is the principal governing act on matters related to oil spills in the United States. This law gives a clear guideline on how to deal with oil spillage into the country’s waterways. According to this act, a person or company responsible for oil spillage has the sole responsibility for cleanup and containment of the oil spill. Even when the government intervenes, the company must cater for all costs for the clean up. This law does not put a limit to the amount of money that a company can pay for the cleanup of the oil spill. In this perspective, BP and its partners have been legally held responsible for the cleanup (Bowman, 2010). Under this law, if the persons or companies responsible for oil spills do not meet the financial responsibilities for the cleanup, additional penalties may be imposed on them. This shows the extent to which a company can be held responsible for the oil cleanup.

Oil Pollution Act of 1973 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1973
Oil Pollution Act of 1973
Contents
History of OILPOL
Provisions of the Act
Definitions
Tank Ship Construction Standards
Zone Prohibitions
Oil Record Book
Repeal of Oil Pollution Act of 1973
See also
References
External links
 Oil Pollution Act of 1973 - Wikipedia
Oil Pollution Act of 1973
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Oil Pollution Act of 1973

Long title
An Act to amend the Oil Pollution Act, 1961 (75 Stat. 402), as amended, to implement the 1969 and 1971 amendments to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954, as amended; and for other purposes. Nicknames
Oil Pollution Act Amendments of 1973
Enacted by
the 93rd United States Congress
Effective
October 4, 1973
Citations
Public law
93-119
Statutes at Large
87 Stat. 424-2
Codification
Acts amended
Oil Pollution Act of 1961
Titles amended
33 U.S.C.: Navigable Waters
U.S.C. sections amended
33 U.S.C. ch. 20 §§ 1001-1016
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 5451 by Leonor Sullivan ( D - MO) on March 8, 1973
Committee consideration by House Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Senate Commerce
Passed the House on May 8, 1973 ( 370-1)
Passed the Senate on September 24, 1973 (passed)
Signed into law by President Richard Nixon on October 4, 1973
The Oil Pollution Act of 1973 or Oil Pollution Act Amendments of 1973, 33 U.S.C. Chapter 20 §§ 1001-1011, was a United States federal law which amended the United States Statute 75 Stat. 402. The Act of Congress sustained the United States commitment to control the discharge of fossil fuel pollutants from nautical vessels and to acknowledge the embargo of coastal zones in trans-boundary waters . The H.R. 5451 legislation was passed by the United States 93rd Congressional session and enacted by the 37th President of the United States Richard Nixon on October 4, 1973.

Oil Pollution Act of 1973 - Wikipedia

Oil Pollution Act of 1973
Oil Pollution Act of 1973
Contents
History of OILPOL
Provisions of the Act
Definitions
Tank Ship Construction Standards
Zone Prohibitions
Oil Record Book
Repeal of Oil Pollution Act of 1973
See also
References
External links

Oil Pollution Act of 1973 - Wikipedia
Oil Pollution Act of 1973
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Oil Pollution Act of 1973

Long title
An Act to amend the Oil Pollution Act, 1961 (75 Stat. 402), as amended, to implement the 1969 and 1971 amendments to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954, as amended; and for other purposes. Nicknames
Oil Pollution Act Amendments of 1973
Enacted by
the 93rd United States Congress
Effective
October 4, 1973
Citations
Public law
93-119
Statutes at Large
87 Stat. 424-2
Codification
Acts amended
Oil Pollution Act of 1961
Titles amended
33 U.S.C.: Navigable Waters
U.S.C. sections amended
33 U.S.C. ch. 20 §§ 1001-1016
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 5451 by Leonor Sullivan ( D - MO) on March 8, 1973
Committee consideration by House Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Senate Commerce
Passed the House on May 8, 1973 ( 370-1)
Passed the Senate on September 24, 1973 (passed)
Signed into law by President Richard Nixon on October 4, 1973
The Oil Pollution Act of 1973 or Oil Pollution Act Amendments of 1973, 33 U.S.C. Chapter 20 §§ 1001-1011, was a United States federal law which amended the United States Statute 75 Stat. 402. The Act of Congress sustained the United States commitment to control the discharge of fossil fuel pollutants from nautical vessels and to acknowledge the embargo of coastal zones in trans-boundary waters . The H.R. 5451 legislation was passed by the United States 93rd Congressional session and enacted by the 37th President of the United States Richard Nixon on October 4, 1973.

H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990
101st Congress (1989-1990)

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
Law
Tracker:
Summary (6)
Text (7)
Actions (178)
Titles (11)
Amendments (33)
Cosponsors (79)
Committees (5)
Related Bills (25)
Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Shown Here:
Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)
 Summary (6) Text (7) Actions (178) Titles (11) Amendments (33) Cosponsors (79) Committees (5) Related Bills (25)
Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Listen to this page
There are 6 summaries for H.R.1465. Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990) Passed Senate amended (11/19/1989) Reported to House amended, Part III (09/20/1989) Reported to House amended, Part II (09/18/1989) Reported to House amended, Part I (09/18/1989) Introduced in House (03/16/1989)
Bill summaries are authored by CRS. Shown Here: Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Title I: Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation - Establishes the Oil Spill Compensation Fund. Makes the responsible party for a vessel or facility from which oil is discharged (or which poses a substantial threat of discharge) liable for removal costs and for economic or natural resource damages, including: ( 1) injury or loss of real or personal property or natural resources; ( 2) loss of use (including subsistence use) of natural resources; ( 3) loss or impairment of income, profits, or earning capacity; (

H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990
101st Congress (1989-1990)

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
Law
Tracker:
Summary (6)
Text (7)
Actions (178)
Titles (11)
Amendments (33)
Cosponsors (79)
Committees (5)
Related Bills (25)
Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Shown Here:
Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)

Summary (6) Text (7) Actions (178) Titles (11) Amendments (33) Cosponsors (79) Committees (5) Related Bills (25)
Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Listen to this page
There are 6 summaries for H.R.1465. Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990) Passed Senate amended (11/19/1989) Reported to House amended, Part III (09/20/1989) Reported to House amended, Part II (09/18/1989) Reported to House amended, Part I (09/18/1989) Introduced in House (03/16/1989)
Bill summaries are authored by CRS. Shown Here: Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Title I: Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation - Establishes the Oil Spill Compensation Fund. Makes the responsible party for a vessel or facility from which oil is discharged (or which poses a substantial threat of discharge) liable for removal costs and for economic or natural resource damages, including: ( 1) injury or loss of real or personal property or natural resources; ( 2) loss of use (including subsistence use) of natural resources; ( 3) loss or impairment of income, profits, or earning capacity; (

Oil Pollution Act of 1973 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1973
Oil Pollution Act of 1973
Contents
History of OILPOL
Provisions of the Act
Definitions
Tank Ship Construction Standards
Zone Prohibitions
Oil Record Book
Repeal of Oil Pollution Act of 1973
See also
References
External links
 Navigable Waters
U.S.C. sections amended
33 U.S.C. ch. 20 §§ 1001-1016
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 5451 by Leonor Sullivan ( D - MO) on March 8, 1973
Committee consideration by House Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Senate Commerce
Passed the House on May 8, 1973 ( 370-1)
Passed the Senate on September 24, 1973 (passed)
Signed into law by President Richard Nixon on October 4, 1973
The Oil Pollution Act of 1973 or Oil Pollution Act Amendments of 1973, 33 U.S.C. Chapter 20 §§ 1001-1011, was a United States federal law which amended the United States Statute 75 Stat. 402. The Act of Congress sustained the United States commitment to control the discharge of fossil fuel pollutants from nautical vessels and to acknowledge the embargo of coastal zones in trans-boundary waters . The H.R. 5451 legislation was passed by the United States 93rd Congressional session and enacted by the 37th President of the United States Richard Nixon on October 4, 1973. Contents
1 History of OILPOL
2 Provisions of the Act
2.1 Definitions
2.2 Tank Ship Construction Standards
2.3 Zone Prohibitions
2.4 Oil Record Book
3 Repeal of Oil Pollution Act of 1973
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History of OILPOL
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil (OILPOL) was an international convention organized by the United Kingdom in 1954. The convention was held in London, England from April 26, 1954 to May 12, 1954. The international meeting was convened to recognize the disposal of hazardous waste which could potentially yield toxic contamination to the marine ecosystems. The International Convention for the Prevention of the Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954 original text was authored in English and French. The environmental protocol was amended in 1962, 1969, and 1971.

Oil Pollution Act of 1973 - Wikipedia

Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Understanding Oil Spills
How to Report
EPA Oil Spill Program Contacts
How Reports Are Handled
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Discharge of Oil Regulation (40 CFR 110)
Oil Spill Reporting Exemptions
Properly Functioning Vessel Engines
Research and Development Releases
NPDES-Permitted Releases
Discharges Permitted Under MARPOL
More links
 After receiving a report of an oil or hazardous substance release, the federal OSC evaluates the situation and, if the OSC decides that a federal emergency response action is necessary, the National Response System will be activated. Otherwise, the OSC will monitor the clean up activities of the responsible party and the local and state governments, and will assist in the clean up as warranted. This link provides an overview of the National Response Center. Follow this link to visit the National Response Center Web Site . For information on EPA's Oil Spill Program, call the Oil Spill Program Information Line (800)424-9346 or request information via email
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) was signed into law in August 1990, largely in response to rising public concern following the Exxon Valdez incident. The OPA improved the nation's ability to prevent and respond to oil spills by establishing provisions that expand the federal government's ability, and provide the money and people necessary, to respond to oil spills. The OPA also created the national Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, which is available to provide up to one billion dollars per spill incident. In addition, the OPA provided new requirements for contingency planning both by government and industry. The National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) has been expanded in a three-tiered approach: the Federal government is required to direct all public and private response efforts for certain types of spill events;

Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know

Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Understanding Oil Spills
How to Report
EPA Oil Spill Program Contacts
How Reports Are Handled
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Discharge of Oil Regulation (40 CFR 110)
Oil Spill Reporting Exemptions
Properly Functioning Vessel Engines
Research and Development Releases
NPDES-Permitted Releases
Discharges Permitted Under MARPOL
More links

After receiving a report of an oil or hazardous substance release, the federal OSC evaluates the situation and, if the OSC decides that a federal emergency response action is necessary, the National Response System will be activated. Otherwise, the OSC will monitor the clean up activities of the responsible party and the local and state governments, and will assist in the clean up as warranted. This link provides an overview of the National Response Center. Follow this link to visit the National Response Center Web Site . For information on EPA's Oil Spill Program, call the Oil Spill Program Information Line (800)424-9346 or request information via email
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) was signed into law in August 1990, largely in response to rising public concern following the Exxon Valdez incident. The OPA improved the nation's ability to prevent and respond to oil spills by establishing provisions that expand the federal government's ability, and provide the money and people necessary, to respond to oil spills. The OPA also created the national Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, which is available to provide up to one billion dollars per spill incident. In addition, the OPA provided new requirements for contingency planning both by government and industry. The National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) has been expanded in a three-tiered approach: the Federal government is required to direct all public and private response efforts for certain types of spill events;

Summary of the Oil Pollution Act | Laws & Regulations | US EPA Summary of the Oil Pollution Act
Summary of the Oil Pollution Act
33 U.S.C. §2701 et seq. (1990)
 Summary of the Oil Pollution Act | Laws & Regulations | US EPA
Summary of the Oil Pollution Act
Quick Links
The official text of OPA is available in the United States Code, from the U.S. Government Printing Office
33 U.S.C. §2701 et seq. ( 1990)
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990 streamlined and strengthened EPA's ability to prevent and respond to catastrophic oil spills. A trust fund financed by a tax on oil is available to clean up spills when the responsible party is incapable or unwilling to do so. The OPA requires oil storage facilities and vessels to submit to the Federal government plans detailing how they will respond to large discharges. EPA has published regulations for aboveground storage facilities; the Coast Guard has done so for oil tankers. The OPA also requires the development of Area Contingency Plans to prepare and plan for oil spill response on a regional scale. The Office of Emergency Management (OEM) works with other federal partners to prevent accidents as well as to maintain superior response capabilities. Oil Spills Prevention and Preparedness Regulations covers contingency plans in more depth
Contact Us to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem.

Summary of the Oil Pollution Act | Laws & Regulations | US EPA

Summary of the Oil Pollution Act
Summary of the Oil Pollution Act
33 U.S.C. §2701 et seq. (1990)

Summary of the Oil Pollution Act | Laws & Regulations | US EPA
Summary of the Oil Pollution Act
Quick Links
The official text of OPA is available in the United States Code, from the U.S. Government Printing Office
33 U.S.C. §2701 et seq. ( 1990)
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990 streamlined and strengthened EPA's ability to prevent and respond to catastrophic oil spills. A trust fund financed by a tax on oil is available to clean up spills when the responsible party is incapable or unwilling to do so. The OPA requires oil storage facilities and vessels to submit to the Federal government plans detailing how they will respond to large discharges. EPA has published regulations for aboveground storage facilities; the Coast Guard has done so for oil tankers. The OPA also requires the development of Area Contingency Plans to prepare and plan for oil spill response on a regional scale. The Office of Emergency Management (OEM) works with other federal partners to prevent accidents as well as to maintain superior response capabilities. Oil Spills Prevention and Preparedness Regulations covers contingency plans in more depth
Contact Us to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem.

Exxon Valdez 25th Anniversary: 5 Facts About the Historic Spill | Live Science Exxon Valdez 25th Anniversary: 5 Facts About the Historic Spill
Exxon Valdez 25th Anniversary: 5 Facts About the Historic Spill
1. The ship went back to work
2. Wildlife suffered
3. Cleanup measures were scrutinized
4. Oil still lingers
5. It prompted the Oil Pollution Act
 Cleanup measures were scrutinized
Some small areas of the Prince William Sound were intentionally not cleaned because the oil spill offered environmental officials a chance to study cleanup measures, comparing how untreated areas fared against regions cleaned with high-pressure, hot water washing hoses. This type of aggressive washing works, but it can kill plants and animals in the long term and short term, officials confirmed after the Exxon Valdez spill, according to NOAA. Cleanup workers often combine this technique with other methods like containing and collecting oil so that it doesn't disperse elsewhere. 4. Oil still lingers
More than two decades after the spill, oil pockets are still found below the surface of beaches, often in places protected from winds and waves, which would help to break down and remove remaining crude. Along the Shelikof Strait coastline southwest of the spill site, researchers recently found pockets of oil from the Exxon Valdez accident. The oil was hardly weathered, as it had been sheltered behind stable boulders, the scientists said in a presentation at the American Geophysical Union's annual Ocean Sciences Meeting. 5. It prompted the Oil Pollution Act
Largely in response to the Exxon Valdez spill, the Oil Pollution Act became law in 1990. The move required oil companies to make contingency plans to prevent future spills and contain them should a spill occur.

Cleanup measures were scrutinized
Some small areas of the Prince William Sound were intentionally not cleaned because the oil spill offered environmental officials a chance to study cleanup measures, comparing how untreated areas fared against regions cleaned with high-pressure, hot water washing hoses. This type of aggressive washing works, but it can kill plants and animals in the long term and short term, officials confirmed after the Exxon Valdez spill, according to NOAA. Cleanup workers often combine this technique with other methods like containing and collecting oil so that it doesn't disperse elsewhere. 4. Oil still lingers
More than two decades after the spill, oil pockets are still found below the surface of beaches, often in places protected from winds and waves, which would help to break down and remove remaining crude. Along the Shelikof Strait coastline southwest of the spill site, researchers recently found pockets of oil from the Exxon Valdez accident. The oil was hardly weathered, as it had been sheltered behind stable boulders, the scientists said in a presentation at the American Geophysical Union's annual Ocean Sciences Meeting. 5. It prompted the Oil Pollution Act
Largely in response to the Exxon Valdez spill, the Oil Pollution Act became law in 1990. The move required oil companies to make contingency plans to prevent future spills and contain them should a spill occur.

BP Oil Spill Damages to Stretch Insurance Coverage | OilPrice.com BP Oil Spill Damages to Stretch Insurance Coverage
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 I guarantee those numbers are going to continue to go up,” said John O’Brien, president of insurer Ironshore Environmental. “ I would expect the number of firms involved in paying for the loss will also go up.” Rates for insurance coverage in the oil and gas sector will increase, perhaps 10-20%, and insurers are already introducing exclusions when firms are renewing their policies, he added. But the insurance industry’s exposure is limited by policy terms and reinsurance, said Curtis Porterfield, a Los Angeles-based partner with law firm Howrey who represents policyholders against insurance companies. “ I don’t think it’s going to burden the global market,” he said. Claims related to environmental damage comprise of the vast majority of complaints in the Advisen database at 62%, but 9% of the lawsuits are claiming that the companies violated securities laws and regulations, Bradford said. “This just isn’t an environmental and property damage liability situation,” he added. “ It’s also a management liability situation. A lot of these companies are being sued for basically failing to report to shareholders the extent of their exposure to financial loss from a situation such as this.” Violations of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 will be the basis for many claims, including the cost of removing oil and economic losses related to property damage, but there is uncertainty about the scope of the law, said Stuart Smith, a partner with New Orleans environmental law firm Stag Smith representing the United Commercial Fisherman’s Association and independent fishermen.

BP Oil Spill Damages to Stretch Insurance Coverage | OilPrice.com

BP Oil Spill Damages to Stretch Insurance Coverage
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I guarantee those numbers are going to continue to go up,” said John O’Brien, president of insurer Ironshore Environmental. “ I would expect the number of firms involved in paying for the loss will also go up.” Rates for insurance coverage in the oil and gas sector will increase, perhaps 10-20%, and insurers are already introducing exclusions when firms are renewing their policies, he added. But the insurance industry’s exposure is limited by policy terms and reinsurance, said Curtis Porterfield, a Los Angeles-based partner with law firm Howrey who represents policyholders against insurance companies. “ I don’t think it’s going to burden the global market,” he said. Claims related to environmental damage comprise of the vast majority of complaints in the Advisen database at 62%, but 9% of the lawsuits are claiming that the companies violated securities laws and regulations, Bradford said. “This just isn’t an environmental and property damage liability situation,” he added. “ It’s also a management liability situation. A lot of these companies are being sued for basically failing to report to shareholders the extent of their exposure to financial loss from a situation such as this.” Violations of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 will be the basis for many claims, including the cost of removing oil and economic losses related to property damage, but there is uncertainty about the scope of the law, said Stuart Smith, a partner with New Orleans environmental law firm Stag Smith representing the United Commercial Fisherman’s Association and independent fishermen.

 In the 1980's the United States Congress created a law known as "Superfund," which allocated money for what pressing issue? hazardous waste

Also known as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, "Superfund" allocated money for the clean up of hazardous waste sites throughout the United States. In 1990, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act to establish policies regarding the prevention, containment, and cleanup of oil spills. Which event provided the basis for this legislation? the Exxon Valdez accident

The Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989 was the primary factor behind the unanimous passage of the Oil Pollution Act through both houses of Congress in 1990. The Act established detailed guidelines to prevent oil spills and provide federal support for cleanup efforts. Which is the BEST example of a negative consequence of human modification of the environment in the United States? strip mining and air pollution in Pennsylvania and West Virginia

The BEST example of a negative effect of human modification of the e

In the 1980's the United States Congress created a law known as "Superfund," which allocated money for what pressing issue? hazardous waste

Also known as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, "Superfund" allocated money for the clean up of hazardous waste sites throughout the United States. In 1990, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act to establish policies regarding the prevention, containment, and cleanup of oil spills. Which event provided the basis for this legislation? the Exxon Valdez accident

The Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989 was the primary factor behind the unanimous passage of the Oil Pollution Act through both houses of Congress in 1990. The Act established detailed guidelines to prevent oil spills and provide federal support for cleanup efforts. Which is the BEST example of a negative consequence of human modification of the environment in the United States? strip mining and air pollution in Pennsylvania and West Virginia

The BEST example of a negative effect of human modification of the e

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 August 18 of 1990: the bill was signed by the President and the Oil Pollution Act was officially enacted. [ 9]
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV. Prevention and Removal
Subtitle A – Prevention
Subtitle B – Removal
Subtitle C – Penalties and Miscellaneous
Title V. Prince William Sound Provisions
Title VI. Miscellaneous
Title VII. Oil Pollution Research and Development Program
Title VIII. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle A – Improvements to Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle B – Penalties
Subtitle C – Provisions Applicable to Alaska Natives
Title IX. Amendments to Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, Etc.

August 18 of 1990: the bill was signed by the President and the Oil Pollution Act was officially enacted. [ 9]
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV. Prevention and Removal
Subtitle A – Prevention
Subtitle B – Removal
Subtitle C – Penalties and Miscellaneous
Title V. Prince William Sound Provisions
Title VI. Miscellaneous
Title VII. Oil Pollution Research and Development Program
Title VIII. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle A – Improvements to Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle B – Penalties
Subtitle C – Provisions Applicable to Alaska Natives
Title IX. Amendments to Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, Etc.

OCS Lands Act History | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management OCS Lands Act History
OCS Lands Act History
Overview
Origin
Today
 In the mid-1940s, major changes in the oil industry occurred as America was making its transition from a wartime- to postwar-economy. There was an enormous public demand for oil and gas, and offshore exploration encountered enormous challenges, such as underwater exploration, drilling location determination and offshore communications. By 1949, 11 fields and 44 exploratory wells were operating in the Gulf of Mexico. As the industry continued to evolve through the 1950s, oil production became the second-largest revenue generator for the country, after income taxes. The U.S. government passed the U.S. Submerged Lands Act in 1953, which set the federal government's title and ownership of submerged lands at three miles from a state’s coastline. The OCSLA was also passed which provided for federal jurisdiction over submerged lands of the OCS and authorized the Secretary of the Interior to lease those lands for mineral development. After the Santa Barbara Oil Spill in 1969, Congress passed several acts which spurred the development of oil spill regulation and research. They included the National Environmental Policy Act, which mandates a detailed environmental review before any major or controversial federal action, the Clean Air Act, which regulates the emission of air pollutants from industrial activities, and the Coastal Zone Management Act, which requires state review of federal action that would affect land and water use of the coastal zone. In 1977, the Clean Water Act passed. The Act regulates the discharge of pollutants into surface waters.

In the mid-1940s, major changes in the oil industry occurred as America was making its transition from a wartime- to postwar-economy. There was an enormous public demand for oil and gas, and offshore exploration encountered enormous challenges, such as underwater exploration, drilling location determination and offshore communications. By 1949, 11 fields and 44 exploratory wells were operating in the Gulf of Mexico. As the industry continued to evolve through the 1950s, oil production became the second-largest revenue generator for the country, after income taxes. The U.S. government passed the U.S. Submerged Lands Act in 1953, which set the federal government's title and ownership of submerged lands at three miles from a state’s coastline. The OCSLA was also passed which provided for federal jurisdiction over submerged lands of the OCS and authorized the Secretary of the Interior to lease those lands for mineral development. After the Santa Barbara Oil Spill in 1969, Congress passed several acts which spurred the development of oil spill regulation and research. They included the National Environmental Policy Act, which mandates a detailed environmental review before any major or controversial federal action, the Clean Air Act, which regulates the emission of air pollutants from industrial activities, and the Coastal Zone Management Act, which requires state review of federal action that would affect land and water use of the coastal zone. In 1977, the Clean Water Act passed. The Act regulates the discharge of pollutants into surface waters.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

Navigable Waters
U.S.C. sections created
33 U.S.C. ch. 40 § 2701
Legislative history

Contents
1
History/Background
2
Enactment timeline
3
Key Content (Titles)[1]
4
Enforcement
5
Concerns and reactions
6
Long-term effects of OPA
7
International treaties
8
See also
9
References
10
External links
History/Background
Heavy sheens of oil as visible on the surface of the water in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Laws governing oil spills in the United States began in 1851 with the Limitation of Liability Act. This statue, in an attempt to protect the shipping industry, stated that vessel owners were liable for incident-related costs up to the post-incident value of their vessel. The shortcomings of this law were revealed in 1967 with the release of over 100,000 tons of crude oil into the English Channel from the Torrey Canyon. Of the $8 million of cleanup-related costs, the owners of the Torrey Canyon were held liable for only $50—the value of the only remaining Torrey Canyon lifeboat. In the meantime, the Oil Pollution Act of 1924 had passed, but this statue only limited liability for deliberate discharge of oil into marine waters. Two years following the Torrey Canyon spill, an oil platform eruption in the Santa Barbara Channel made national headlines and thrust oil pollution into the public spot light. As a result, in 1970, Congress placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the Clean Water Act of 1972 and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability limitations.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 As a result, in 1970, Congress placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the Clean Water Act of 1972 and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability limitations. For example, vessels transporting oil were liable only up to $250,000 or $150 per gross ton. These limitations rarely covered the cost of removal and cleanup, let alone damages. [ 4]
In the decades to follow, several other laws that dealt with oil spill liability and compensation were passed. These statues include: the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973, the Deep Water Port Act of 1974, the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1978, and the Alaska Oil Spill Commission of 1990. However, this fragmented collection of federal and state laws provided only limited safeguards against the hazards of oils spills. In 1976, a bill to create a cohesive safe measure for oil pollution was introduced to Congress. Neither the House of Representatives nor the Senate could agree on a single statue and the bill fell out of consideration numerous times. [

As a result, in 1970, Congress placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the Clean Water Act of 1972 and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability limitations. For example, vessels transporting oil were liable only up to $250,000 or $150 per gross ton. These limitations rarely covered the cost of removal and cleanup, let alone damages. [ 4]
In the decades to follow, several other laws that dealt with oil spill liability and compensation were passed. These statues include: the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973, the Deep Water Port Act of 1974, the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1978, and the Alaska Oil Spill Commission of 1990. However, this fragmented collection of federal and state laws provided only limited safeguards against the hazards of oils spills. In 1976, a bill to create a cohesive safe measure for oil pollution was introduced to Congress. Neither the House of Representatives nor the Senate could agree on a single statue and the bill fell out of consideration numerous times. [

 The plaintiffs were ultimately awarded $287 million in compensatory damages and $380.6 million in punitive damages. This same incident also derailed the plans to build a facility to remove oil from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Opponents worried about the possible effects of an oil spill on land in a protected habitat. In addition, the 1969 oil spill in Santa Barbara, Calif., caused many laws to be placed on the oil companies operating in and around the United States. It placed a moratorium on the building of new oil refineries and also a number of rules regarding the transport of oil. Related Articles
How Does an Oil Spill Affect The Environment? Oil Spill Information for Kids
How to Remove Oil from Sea Water
What Are the Causes of Animals Becoming Endangered? Oil Drilling Benefits
Environmental Impacts of Oil Extraction
Facts About Oil Rigs
Pollution's Effects on Animals
Types of Oil Pollution
What Chemicals Break Down Oil? The Disadvantages of Oil Drilling in Alaska
Difference Between Hydraulic Fluid & Oil
How to Separate Oil & Water Layers
What Happens After a Tsunami Occurs? The Effects of Water Pollution Around the World
The Oily Truth About Palm Oil
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List of Missouri's Natural Resources
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The Effects of Oil Pollution on Aquatic Ecosystems
References
The Lasting Legacy of Offshore Drilling
Behavior and Effects of Oil Spills
NOAA:

The plaintiffs were ultimately awarded $287 million in compensatory damages and $380.6 million in punitive damages. This same incident also derailed the plans to build a facility to remove oil from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Opponents worried about the possible effects of an oil spill on land in a protected habitat. In addition, the 1969 oil spill in Santa Barbara, Calif., caused many laws to be placed on the oil companies operating in and around the United States. It placed a moratorium on the building of new oil refineries and also a number of rules regarding the transport of oil. Related Articles
How Does an Oil Spill Affect The Environment? Oil Spill Information for Kids
How to Remove Oil from Sea Water
What Are the Causes of Animals Becoming Endangered? Oil Drilling Benefits
Environmental Impacts of Oil Extraction
Facts About Oil Rigs
Pollution's Effects on Animals
Types of Oil Pollution
What Chemicals Break Down Oil? The Disadvantages of Oil Drilling in Alaska
Difference Between Hydraulic Fluid & Oil
How to Separate Oil & Water Layers
What Happens After a Tsunami Occurs? The Effects of Water Pollution Around the World
The Oily Truth About Palm Oil
Pros & Cons of Drilling for Oil in the U.S.
List of Missouri's Natural Resources
Hazards of Breathing Oil Smoke
The Effects of Oil Pollution on Aquatic Ecosystems
References
The Lasting Legacy of Offshore Drilling
Behavior and Effects of Oil Spills
NOAA:

Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Understanding Oil Spills
How to Report
EPA Oil Spill Program Contacts
How Reports Are Handled
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Discharge of Oil Regulation (40 CFR 110)
Oil Spill Reporting Exemptions
Properly Functioning Vessel Engines
Research and Development Releases
NPDES-Permitted Releases
Discharges Permitted Under MARPOL
More links
 The OPA improved the nation's ability to prevent and respond to oil spills by establishing provisions that expand the federal government's ability, and provide the money and people necessary, to respond to oil spills. The OPA also created the national Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, which is available to provide up to one billion dollars per spill incident. In addition, the OPA provided new requirements for contingency planning both by government and industry. The National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) has been expanded in a three-tiered approach: the Federal government is required to direct all public and private response efforts for certain types of spill events; Area Committees -- composed of federal, state, and local government officials -- must develop detailed, location-specific Area Contingency Plans; and owners or operators of vessels and certain facilities that pose a serious threat to the environment must prepare their own facility response plans. Finally, the OPA increased penalties for regulatory noncompliance, broadened the response and enforcement authorities of the Federal government, and preserved State authority to establish law governing oil spill prevention and response. In 1973, EPA issued the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation, which is codified at 40 CFR Part 112, to address the oil spill prevention provisions contained in the Clean Water Act of 1972. The regulation forms the basis of EPA's oil spill prevention, control, and countermeasures, or SPCC, program, which seeks to prevent oil spills from certain aboveground and underground storage tanks.

The OPA improved the nation's ability to prevent and respond to oil spills by establishing provisions that expand the federal government's ability, and provide the money and people necessary, to respond to oil spills. The OPA also created the national Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, which is available to provide up to one billion dollars per spill incident. In addition, the OPA provided new requirements for contingency planning both by government and industry. The National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) has been expanded in a three-tiered approach: the Federal government is required to direct all public and private response efforts for certain types of spill events; Area Committees -- composed of federal, state, and local government officials -- must develop detailed, location-specific Area Contingency Plans; and owners or operators of vessels and certain facilities that pose a serious threat to the environment must prepare their own facility response plans. Finally, the OPA increased penalties for regulatory noncompliance, broadened the response and enforcement authorities of the Federal government, and preserved State authority to establish law governing oil spill prevention and response. In 1973, EPA issued the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation, which is codified at 40 CFR Part 112, to address the oil spill prevention provisions contained in the Clean Water Act of 1972. The regulation forms the basis of EPA's oil spill prevention, control, and countermeasures, or SPCC, program, which seeks to prevent oil spills from certain aboveground and underground storage tanks.

7 Strange and Sad Facts About the Gulf Oil Spill | Live Science 7 Strange and Sad Facts About the Gulf Oil Spill
7 Strange and Sad Facts About the Gulf Oil Spill
1. Engineers contemplated stuffing the leak with golf balls and old tires.
2. Human and animal hair stuffed into nylon stockings can contain and soak up the oil spill.
3. Unlike the oil gusher, any lawsuits against BP would be capped.
4. Insurance industry will ultimately pay the price.
5. The containment dome failed because it floated.
6. Natural gas is also spilling out of the pipe, along with the oil.
7. Cleaning up is dangerous work.
The rig tapped a finite source of oil and gas.
The oil will not stay in the environment indefinitely.
 The 1990 Oil Pollution Act ensures that a civil suit cannot find BP liable formore than $75 million, excluding the cost of the cleanup. However, on May 5, Representative Rush Holt (D-NJ) introduced a bill to the House of Representatives that would raise the maximum penalty for an oil spill to $10 billion. As of now, the bill remains in committee. 4. Insurance industry will ultimately pay the price. BP, and Transocean, which owned the downed oil rig, possessed insurance that largely protects them from any losses resulting from the spill, the Associated Press and Reuters reported. That payout will negatively affect the insurance industry, though, which may face record losses as a result of the spill, Bloomberg News reported. 5. The containment dome failed because it floated. It filled up with slushy-like crystals, Doug Shuttles, a chief operating officer with BP, said in May 12 press conference.

7 Strange and Sad Facts About the Gulf Oil Spill | Live Science

7 Strange and Sad Facts About the Gulf Oil Spill
7 Strange and Sad Facts About the Gulf Oil Spill
1. Engineers contemplated stuffing the leak with golf balls and old tires.
2. Human and animal hair stuffed into nylon stockings can contain and soak up the oil spill.
3. Unlike the oil gusher, any lawsuits against BP would be capped.
4. Insurance industry will ultimately pay the price.
5. The containment dome failed because it floated.
6. Natural gas is also spilling out of the pipe, along with the oil.
7. Cleaning up is dangerous work.
The rig tapped a finite source of oil and gas.
The oil will not stay in the environment indefinitely.

The 1990 Oil Pollution Act ensures that a civil suit cannot find BP liable formore than $75 million, excluding the cost of the cleanup. However, on May 5, Representative Rush Holt (D-NJ) introduced a bill to the House of Representatives that would raise the maximum penalty for an oil spill to $10 billion. As of now, the bill remains in committee. 4. Insurance industry will ultimately pay the price. BP, and Transocean, which owned the downed oil rig, possessed insurance that largely protects them from any losses resulting from the spill, the Associated Press and Reuters reported. That payout will negatively affect the insurance industry, though, which may face record losses as a result of the spill, Bloomberg News reported. 5. The containment dome failed because it floated. It filled up with slushy-like crystals, Doug Shuttles, a chief operating officer with BP, said in May 12 press conference.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 Of the $8 million of cleanup-related costs, the owners of the Torrey Canyon were held liable for only $50—the value of the only remaining Torrey Canyon lifeboat. In the meantime, the Oil Pollution Act of 1924 had passed, but this statue only limited liability for deliberate discharge of oil into marine waters. Two years following the Torrey Canyon spill, an oil platform eruption in the Santa Barbara Channel made national headlines and thrust oil pollution into the public spot light. As a result, in 1970, Congress placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the Clean Water Act of 1972 and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability limitations. For example, vessels transporting oil were liable only up to $250,000 or $150 per gross ton. These limitations rarely covered the cost of removal and cleanup, let alone damages. In the decades to follow, several other laws that dealt with oil spill liability and compensation were passed. These statues include: the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973, the Deep Water Port Act of 1974, the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1978, and the Alaska Oil Spill Commission of 1990.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

Of the $8 million of cleanup-related costs, the owners of the Torrey Canyon were held liable for only $50—the value of the only remaining Torrey Canyon lifeboat. In the meantime, the Oil Pollution Act of 1924 had passed, but this statue only limited liability for deliberate discharge of oil into marine waters. Two years following the Torrey Canyon spill, an oil platform eruption in the Santa Barbara Channel made national headlines and thrust oil pollution into the public spot light. As a result, in 1970, Congress placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the Clean Water Act of 1972 and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability limitations. For example, vessels transporting oil were liable only up to $250,000 or $150 per gross ton. These limitations rarely covered the cost of removal and cleanup, let alone damages. In the decades to follow, several other laws that dealt with oil spill liability and compensation were passed. These statues include: the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973, the Deep Water Port Act of 1974, the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1978, and the Alaska Oil Spill Commission of 1990.

Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill | Accurate Essays Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill
Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill
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Ethical and Legal Effects of the Gulf Oil Spill
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 Additionally, the company has an ethical responsibility of cleaning the waters to make them safe for people and animals. The environmental impact of the oil spill is both an ethical and legal issue. Companies hold a responsibility of protecting the environment by ensuring that their operations are in line with the environment protection systems. In this view, the gulf oil spill, presents an ethical responsibility to the companies concerned especially BP. On the legal side, there are several laws that are relevant for this case and may be used against the companies responsible for the spill. One such law is the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990 (Riesel, 2007). This law was passed in 1990 after Exxon Valdez was found responsible for a similar oil spill. This law is the principal governing act on matters related to oil spills in the United States. This law gives a clear guideline on how to deal with oil spillage into the country’s waterways. According to this act, a person or company responsible for oil spillage has the sole responsibility for cleanup and containment of the oil spill.

Additionally, the company has an ethical responsibility of cleaning the waters to make them safe for people and animals. The environmental impact of the oil spill is both an ethical and legal issue. Companies hold a responsibility of protecting the environment by ensuring that their operations are in line with the environment protection systems. In this view, the gulf oil spill, presents an ethical responsibility to the companies concerned especially BP. On the legal side, there are several laws that are relevant for this case and may be used against the companies responsible for the spill. One such law is the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990 (Riesel, 2007). This law was passed in 1990 after Exxon Valdez was found responsible for a similar oil spill. This law is the principal governing act on matters related to oil spills in the United States. This law gives a clear guideline on how to deal with oil spillage into the country’s waterways. According to this act, a person or company responsible for oil spillage has the sole responsibility for cleanup and containment of the oil spill.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 August 4 of 1990: both chambers of Congress had passed the bill in identical form. The final step in the legislative process was for the bill to go to the President to either approve and sign or veto it. August 18 of 1990: the bill was signed by the President and the Oil Pollution Act was officially enacted. Key Content (Titles)
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV. Prevention and Removal
Subtitle A – Prevention
Subtitle B – Removal
Subtitle C – Penalties and Miscellaneous
Title V. Prince William Sound Provisions
Title VI. Miscellaneous
Title VII.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

August 4 of 1990: both chambers of Congress had passed the bill in identical form. The final step in the legislative process was for the bill to go to the President to either approve and sign or veto it. August 18 of 1990: the bill was signed by the President and the Oil Pollution Act was officially enacted. Key Content (Titles)
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV. Prevention and Removal
Subtitle A – Prevention
Subtitle B – Removal
Subtitle C – Penalties and Miscellaneous
Title V. Prince William Sound Provisions
Title VI. Miscellaneous
Title VII.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 Enforcement
A responsible party under the Oil Pollution Act is one who is found accountable for the discharge or substantial threat of discharge of oil from a vessel or facility into navigable waters, exclusive economic zones, or the shorelines of such covered waters. Responsible parties are strictly, jointly, and severally liable for the cost of removing the oil in addition to any damages linked to the discharge. Unlike the liability for removal costs which are uncapped, liability for damages is limited as discussed in further detail below. Furthermore, the Oil Pollution Act allows for additional liability enacted by other relevant state laws. [ 10]
Under the Oil Pollution Act, federal, tribal, state, and any other person can recover removal costs from a responsible party so long as such entity has incurred costs from carrying out oil removal activities in accordance with the Clean Water Act National Contingency Plan. Reimbursement claims must first be made to the responsible party. If the potentially responsible party refutes liability or fails to distribute the reimbursement within 90 days of the claim, the claimant may file suit in court or bring the claim to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund described below. In some instances, claims for removal cost reimbursement can be initially brought to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund thus sidestepping the responsible party. For example, claimants advised by the EPA, governors of affected states, and American claimants for incidents involving foreign vessels or facilities may initially present their claims to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund. When claims for removal cost reimbursement are brought to the fund, the claimant must prove that removal costs were sustained from activities required to avoid or alleviate effects of the incident and that such actions were approved or directed by the federal on-scene coordinator. [

Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill | Accurate Essays Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill
Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill
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Ethical and Legal Effects of the Gulf Oil Spill
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 The government determines the amount of money that is used in the cleanup and the companies responsible meet this cost. Secondly, under this Act, persons and companies responsible for oil spillage have the responsibility of paying damages for the losses incurred by people or businesses affected by the oil spill. Additionally, the companies are also liable to paying damages to the government for its loss in tax revenues due to the spill (Bowman, 2010). The destruction of natural resources is also a liability that the companies have to meet by paying the government any outstanding amounts lost due to the damage to natural resources. The effects of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill are already visible from the numerous cases that have been filed against BP and its partners. Fishermen, hotel owners and operators of tourism businesses, have filed cases that demand for the payment of different amounts in damages due to the losses incurred after the spill. The companies are expected to pay huge amounts in terms of damage costs in the legal cases presented. However, the OPA gives a limit of $75 million as the maximum amount that a company can pay in damages for oil spillage (Bowman, 2010). As an effect of the spill, this law has been under review by the Congress as some people think that this is too lenient considering the effects of the spill. In this perspective, the OPA holds BP, Transocean and the other companies responsible for the payment of the damages caused to people and business.

The government determines the amount of money that is used in the cleanup and the companies responsible meet this cost. Secondly, under this Act, persons and companies responsible for oil spillage have the responsibility of paying damages for the losses incurred by people or businesses affected by the oil spill. Additionally, the companies are also liable to paying damages to the government for its loss in tax revenues due to the spill (Bowman, 2010). The destruction of natural resources is also a liability that the companies have to meet by paying the government any outstanding amounts lost due to the damage to natural resources. The effects of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill are already visible from the numerous cases that have been filed against BP and its partners. Fishermen, hotel owners and operators of tourism businesses, have filed cases that demand for the payment of different amounts in damages due to the losses incurred after the spill. The companies are expected to pay huge amounts in terms of damage costs in the legal cases presented. However, the OPA gives a limit of $75 million as the maximum amount that a company can pay in damages for oil spillage (Bowman, 2010). As an effect of the spill, this law has been under review by the Congress as some people think that this is too lenient considering the effects of the spill. In this perspective, the OPA holds BP, Transocean and the other companies responsible for the payment of the damages caused to people and business.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 6] [7] Under Parker, the Commission issued 52 recommendations for improvements to industry, state, and federal regulations. [ 6] 50 of these recommendations were worked into the Oil Pollution Act bill [8] that was introduced into legislation on March 16, 1989 by Walter B. Jones, Sr., a Democratic Party congressman from North Carolina's 1st congressional district. [ 6]
Enactment timeline
March 16, 1989: the Oil Pollution Act was introduced into the legislative process for enactment. June 21 of 1989: a committee reported and recommended that both chambers of Congress should consider the bill further. Only about 1 in 4 bills are reported out of committee. November 9, 1989: the bill was passed by a vote in the House of Representatives.

6] [7] Under Parker, the Commission issued 52 recommendations for improvements to industry, state, and federal regulations. [ 6] 50 of these recommendations were worked into the Oil Pollution Act bill [8] that was introduced into legislation on March 16, 1989 by Walter B. Jones, Sr., a Democratic Party congressman from North Carolina's 1st congressional district. [ 6]
Enactment timeline
March 16, 1989: the Oil Pollution Act was introduced into the legislative process for enactment. June 21 of 1989: a committee reported and recommended that both chambers of Congress should consider the bill further. Only about 1 in 4 bills are reported out of committee. November 9, 1989: the bill was passed by a vote in the House of Representatives.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 Prevention and Removal
Subtitle A – Prevention
Subtitle B – Removal
Subtitle C – Penalties and Miscellaneous
Title V. Prince William Sound Provisions
Title VI. Miscellaneous
Title VII. Oil Pollution Research and Development Program
Title VIII. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle A – Improvements to Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle B – Penalties
Subtitle C – Provisions Applicable to Alaska Natives
Title IX. Amendments to Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, Etc. Enforcement
A responsible party under the Oil Pollution Act is one who is found accountable for the discharge or substantial threat of discharge of oil from a vessel or facility into navigable waters, exclusive economic zones, or the shorelines of such covered waters. Responsible parties are strictly, jointly, and severally liable for the cost of removing the oil in addition to any damages linked to the discharge. Unlike the liability for removal costs which are uncapped, liability for damages is limited as discussed in further detail below. Furthermore, the Oil Pollution Act allows for additional liability enacted by other relevant state laws. [ 10]
Under the Oil Pollution Act, federal, tribal, state, and any other person can recover removal costs from a responsible party so long as such entity has incurred costs from carrying out oil removal activities in accordance with the Clean Water Act National Contingency Plan.

Prevention and Removal
Subtitle A – Prevention
Subtitle B – Removal
Subtitle C – Penalties and Miscellaneous
Title V. Prince William Sound Provisions
Title VI. Miscellaneous
Title VII. Oil Pollution Research and Development Program
Title VIII. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle A – Improvements to Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle B – Penalties
Subtitle C – Provisions Applicable to Alaska Natives
Title IX. Amendments to Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, Etc. Enforcement
A responsible party under the Oil Pollution Act is one who is found accountable for the discharge or substantial threat of discharge of oil from a vessel or facility into navigable waters, exclusive economic zones, or the shorelines of such covered waters. Responsible parties are strictly, jointly, and severally liable for the cost of removing the oil in addition to any damages linked to the discharge. Unlike the liability for removal costs which are uncapped, liability for damages is limited as discussed in further detail below. Furthermore, the Oil Pollution Act allows for additional liability enacted by other relevant state laws. [ 10]
Under the Oil Pollution Act, federal, tribal, state, and any other person can recover removal costs from a responsible party so long as such entity has incurred costs from carrying out oil removal activities in accordance with the Clean Water Act National Contingency Plan.

Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Understanding Oil Spills
How to Report
EPA Oil Spill Program Contacts
How Reports Are Handled
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Discharge of Oil Regulation (40 CFR 110)
Oil Spill Reporting Exemptions
Properly Functioning Vessel Engines
Research and Development Releases
NPDES-Permitted Releases
Discharges Permitted Under MARPOL
More links
 These proposed revisions, in addition to strengthening and clarifying previous regulatory language, outline the additional requirements for regulated oil storage and handling facilities. On July 1, 1994, EPA finalized a second set of revisions to the Oil Pollution Prevention regulations. The revisions incorporate the new requirements added by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 that direct facility owners or operators to prepare, and in some cases submit to the federal government, plans for responding to a worst-case discharge of oil. Discharge of Oil Regulation (40 CFR 110)
Under the legal authority of the Clean Water Act, the Discharge of Oil regulation, more commonly known as the "sheen rule", provides the framework for determining whether an oil spill to inland and coastal waters and/or their adjoining shorelines should be reported to the federal government. In particular, the regulation requires the person in charge of a facility or vessel responsible for discharging oil that may be "harmful to the public health or welfare" to report the spill to the federal government. The regulation establishes the criteria for determining whether an oil spill may be harmful to public health or welfare, thereby triggering the reporting requirements, as follows: Discharges that cause a sheen or discoloration on the surface of a body of water; Discharges that violate applicable water quality standards; and
Discharges that cause a sludge or emulsion to be deposited beneath the surface of the water or on adjoining shorelines. Because the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which amended the Clean Water Act, broadly defines the term "oil," the sheen rule applies to both petroleum and non-petroleum oils (e.g., vegetable oil).

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 Key Content (Titles)
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV. Prevention and Removal
Subtitle A – Prevention
Subtitle B – Removal
Subtitle C – Penalties and Miscellaneous
Title V. Prince William Sound Provisions
Title VI. Miscellaneous
Title VII. Oil Pollution Research and Development Program
Title VIII. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle A – Improvements to Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle B – Penalties
Subtitle C – Provisions Applicable to Alaska Natives
Title IX. Amendments to Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, Etc. Enforcement
A responsible party under the Oil Pollution Act is one who is found accountable for the discharge or substantial threat of discharge of oil from a vessel or facility into navigable waters, exclusive economic zones, or the shorelines of such covered waters. Responsible parties are strictly, jointly, and severally liable for the cost of removing the oil in addition to any damages linked to the discharge.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

Key Content (Titles)
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV. Prevention and Removal
Subtitle A – Prevention
Subtitle B – Removal
Subtitle C – Penalties and Miscellaneous
Title V. Prince William Sound Provisions
Title VI. Miscellaneous
Title VII. Oil Pollution Research and Development Program
Title VIII. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle A – Improvements to Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle B – Penalties
Subtitle C – Provisions Applicable to Alaska Natives
Title IX. Amendments to Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, Etc. Enforcement
A responsible party under the Oil Pollution Act is one who is found accountable for the discharge or substantial threat of discharge of oil from a vessel or facility into navigable waters, exclusive economic zones, or the shorelines of such covered waters. Responsible parties are strictly, jointly, and severally liable for the cost of removing the oil in addition to any damages linked to the discharge.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 4] [5]
On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit aground in the Prince Williams Sound and spilled nearly 11 million gallons of crude oil—the largest marine oil spill in recorded history up to that point. [ 5] Soon afterward, in June 1989, three smaller spills occurred within coastal waters of the United States. This was timely evidence that oil spills were not uncommon. [ 4]
Alaska Governor Steve Cowper authorized the creation of the Alaska Oil Spill Commission in 1989 to examine the causes of the Exxon Valdez oil spill and issue recommendations on potential policy changes. Cowper appointed Walter B. Parker, a longtime transportation consultant and public official, as the chairman of the commission. [ 6] [7] Under Parker, the Commission issued 52 recommendations for improvements to industry, state, and federal regulations. [ 6] 50 of these recommendations were worked into the Oil Pollution Act bill [8] that was introduced into legislation on March 16, 1989 by Walter B. Jones, Sr., a Democratic Party congressman from North Carolina's 1st congressional district. [ 6]
Enactment timeline
March 16, 1989: the Oil Pollution Act was introduced into the legislative process for enactment.

4] [5]
On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit aground in the Prince Williams Sound and spilled nearly 11 million gallons of crude oil—the largest marine oil spill in recorded history up to that point. [ 5] Soon afterward, in June 1989, three smaller spills occurred within coastal waters of the United States. This was timely evidence that oil spills were not uncommon. [ 4]
Alaska Governor Steve Cowper authorized the creation of the Alaska Oil Spill Commission in 1989 to examine the causes of the Exxon Valdez oil spill and issue recommendations on potential policy changes. Cowper appointed Walter B. Parker, a longtime transportation consultant and public official, as the chairman of the commission. [ 6] [7] Under Parker, the Commission issued 52 recommendations for improvements to industry, state, and federal regulations. [ 6] 50 of these recommendations were worked into the Oil Pollution Act bill [8] that was introduced into legislation on March 16, 1989 by Walter B. Jones, Sr., a Democratic Party congressman from North Carolina's 1st congressional district. [ 6]
Enactment timeline
March 16, 1989: the Oil Pollution Act was introduced into the legislative process for enactment.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 This statue, in an attempt to protect the shipping industry, stated that vessel owners were liable for incident-related costs up to the post-incident value of their vessel. The shortcomings of this law were revealed in 1967 with the release of over 100,000 tons of crude oil into the English Channel from the Torrey Canyon. Of the $8 million of cleanup-related costs, the owners of the Torrey Canyon were held liable for only $50—the value of the only remaining Torrey Canyon lifeboat. In the meantime, the Oil Pollution Act of 1924 had passed, but this statue only limited liability for deliberate discharge of oil into marine waters. [ 4]
Two years following the Torrey Canyon spill, an oil platform eruption in the Santa Barbara Channel made national headlines and thrust oil pollution into the public spot light. As a result, in 1970, Congress placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the Clean Water Act of 1972 and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability limitations. For example, vessels transporting oil were liable only up to $250,000 or $150 per gross ton. These limitations rarely covered the cost of removal and cleanup, let alone damages. [ 4]
In the decades to follow, several other laws that dealt with oil spill liability and compensation were passed.

This statue, in an attempt to protect the shipping industry, stated that vessel owners were liable for incident-related costs up to the post-incident value of their vessel. The shortcomings of this law were revealed in 1967 with the release of over 100,000 tons of crude oil into the English Channel from the Torrey Canyon. Of the $8 million of cleanup-related costs, the owners of the Torrey Canyon were held liable for only $50—the value of the only remaining Torrey Canyon lifeboat. In the meantime, the Oil Pollution Act of 1924 had passed, but this statue only limited liability for deliberate discharge of oil into marine waters. [ 4]
Two years following the Torrey Canyon spill, an oil platform eruption in the Santa Barbara Channel made national headlines and thrust oil pollution into the public spot light. As a result, in 1970, Congress placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the Clean Water Act of 1972 and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability limitations. For example, vessels transporting oil were liable only up to $250,000 or $150 per gross ton. These limitations rarely covered the cost of removal and cleanup, let alone damages. [ 4]
In the decades to follow, several other laws that dealt with oil spill liability and compensation were passed.

Serious Effects of Oil Spill on Environment and the Wildlife - Conserve Energy Future What is the Oil Spill?
What is the Oil Spill?
Serious Effects of Oil Spill on Environment and the Wildlife
1. Environmental Effects
2. Effects on Wildlife
3. Impact on Humans
4. Effect on Economy
5. Effect on Tourism Industry
6. Social Effects
About Rinkesh
 6. Social Effects
There is a public outcry against the practice of shipping oil, and the company responsible in almost every incident of an oil spill. In the Exxon Valdez oil spill, 38,000 people sued the company over the environmental damage. The plaintiffs were ultimately awarded $287 million in compensatory damages and $380.6 million in punitive damages. This same incident also derailed the plans to build a facility to remove oil from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Opponents worried about the possible effects of an oil spill on land in a protected habitat. In addition, the 1969 oil spill in Santa Barbara, Calif ., caused many laws to be placed on the oil companies operating in and around the United States. It placed a moratorium on the building of new oil refineries and also a number of rules regarding the transport of oil. One of the biggest oil spills seen in history happened during the Gulf war when app

Serious Effects of Oil Spill on Environment and the Wildlife - Conserve Energy Future

What is the Oil Spill?
What is the Oil Spill?
Serious Effects of Oil Spill on Environment and the Wildlife
1. Environmental Effects
2. Effects on Wildlife
3. Impact on Humans
4. Effect on Economy
5. Effect on Tourism Industry
6. Social Effects
About Rinkesh

6. Social Effects
There is a public outcry against the practice of shipping oil, and the company responsible in almost every incident of an oil spill. In the Exxon Valdez oil spill, 38,000 people sued the company over the environmental damage. The plaintiffs were ultimately awarded $287 million in compensatory damages and $380.6 million in punitive damages. This same incident also derailed the plans to build a facility to remove oil from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Opponents worried about the possible effects of an oil spill on land in a protected habitat. In addition, the 1969 oil spill in Santa Barbara, Calif ., caused many laws to be placed on the oil companies operating in and around the United States. It placed a moratorium on the building of new oil refineries and also a number of rules regarding the transport of oil. One of the biggest oil spills seen in history happened during the Gulf war when app

 In the 1980's the United States Congress created a law known as "Superfund," which allocated money for what pressing issue? hazardous waste

Also known as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, "Superfund" allocated money for the clean up of hazardous waste sites throughout the United States. In 1990, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act to establish policies regarding the prevention, containment, and cleanup of oil spills. Which event provided the basis for this legislation? the Exxon Valdez accident

The Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989 was the primary factor behind the unanimous passage of the Oil Pollution Act through both houses of Congress in 1990. The Act established detailed guidelines to prevent oil spills and provide federal support for cleanup efforts. Which is the BEST example of a negative consequence of human modification of the environment in the United States? strip mining and air pollution in Pennsylvania and West Virginia

The BEST example of a negative effect of human modification of the e

In the 1980's the United States Congress created a law known as "Superfund," which allocated money for what pressing issue? hazardous waste

Also known as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, "Superfund" allocated money for the clean up of hazardous waste sites throughout the United States. In 1990, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act to establish policies regarding the prevention, containment, and cleanup of oil spills. Which event provided the basis for this legislation? the Exxon Valdez accident

The Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989 was the primary factor behind the unanimous passage of the Oil Pollution Act through both houses of Congress in 1990. The Act established detailed guidelines to prevent oil spills and provide federal support for cleanup efforts. Which is the BEST example of a negative consequence of human modification of the environment in the United States? strip mining and air pollution in Pennsylvania and West Virginia

The BEST example of a negative effect of human modification of the e

 Detergents are also beneficial in fighting an oil slick. But like the microorganisms, these have long-term effects on the ecosystems. According to NOAA, detergents kill coral reefs. Social Effects
In nearly every incident of an oil spill, there is a public outcry against the practice of shipping oil and the company responsible. In the Exxon Valdez oil spill, 38,000 people sued the company over the environmental damage. The plaintiffs were ultimately awarded $287 million in compensatory damages and $380.6 million in punitive damages. This same incident also derailed the plans to build a facility to remove oil from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Opponents worried about the possible effects of an oil spill on land in a protected habitat. In addition, the 1969 oil spill in Santa Barbara, Calif., caused many laws to be placed on the oil companies operating in and around the United States. It placed a moratorium on the building of new oil refineries and also a number of rules regarding the transport of oil.

Detergents are also beneficial in fighting an oil slick. But like the microorganisms, these have long-term effects on the ecosystems. According to NOAA, detergents kill coral reefs. Social Effects
In nearly every incident of an oil spill, there is a public outcry against the practice of shipping oil and the company responsible. In the Exxon Valdez oil spill, 38,000 people sued the company over the environmental damage. The plaintiffs were ultimately awarded $287 million in compensatory damages and $380.6 million in punitive damages. This same incident also derailed the plans to build a facility to remove oil from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Opponents worried about the possible effects of an oil spill on land in a protected habitat. In addition, the 1969 oil spill in Santa Barbara, Calif., caused many laws to be placed on the oil companies operating in and around the United States. It placed a moratorium on the building of new oil refineries and also a number of rules regarding the transport of oil.

Oil Spill Pollution | Environmental Pollution Centers Oil Spill Pollution
Oil Spill Pollution
Definition
The Oil Pollution Act
How Does Oil Spill Pollution Affect Us?
Directly
Indirectly
How Does an Oil Spill Behave in the Environment?
 This regulation was meant to prevent and prepare emergency responses to oil spills. The Oil Spill Pollution Act: established new requirements and amended the U.S. Federal Water Pollution Control Act in order to provide enhanced capabilities for oil spill response and natural resource damage assessment; required the Coast Guard to strengthen its regulations on oil tank vessels; included the specification that companies must have a cleanup plan in order to prevent spills that may occur and a detailed containment; imposed liability for injuries, removal costs, and damages from incidents involving the discharge of oil into navigable waters or adjoining shorelines. How Does Oil Spill Pollution Affect Us? These organic compounds may affect the wildlife (including fish and birds) and humans in various ways: Directly
by direct contact with the skin - some of the oil components could be irritants to the skin and may also penetrate into our bodies via skin absorption
through inhalation - many individual components of oil are volatile and thus may easily evaporate and while breathing can enter our bodies. Some less volatile compounds (such as PAHs) may adsorb on dust and other small particulate matter suspended in the breathing air and may get into our bodies through inhalation of small particulate matter from the air
through ingestion of contaminated water and/or particles
through emitted odors - How many of us have smelled gasoline or diesel/fuel oil and noticed the strong unpleasant smell?

Oil Spill Pollution
Oil Spill Pollution
Definition
The Oil Pollution Act
How Does Oil Spill Pollution Affect Us?
Directly
Indirectly
How Does an Oil Spill Behave in the Environment?

This regulation was meant to prevent and prepare emergency responses to oil spills. The Oil Spill Pollution Act: established new requirements and amended the U.S. Federal Water Pollution Control Act in order to provide enhanced capabilities for oil spill response and natural resource damage assessment; required the Coast Guard to strengthen its regulations on oil tank vessels; included the specification that companies must have a cleanup plan in order to prevent spills that may occur and a detailed containment; imposed liability for injuries, removal costs, and damages from incidents involving the discharge of oil into navigable waters or adjoining shorelines. How Does Oil Spill Pollution Affect Us? These organic compounds may affect the wildlife (including fish and birds) and humans in various ways: Directly
by direct contact with the skin - some of the oil components could be irritants to the skin and may also penetrate into our bodies via skin absorption
through inhalation - many individual components of oil are volatile and thus may easily evaporate and while breathing can enter our bodies. Some less volatile compounds (such as PAHs) may adsorb on dust and other small particulate matter suspended in the breathing air and may get into our bodies through inhalation of small particulate matter from the air
through ingestion of contaminated water and/or particles
through emitted odors - How many of us have smelled gasoline or diesel/fuel oil and noticed the strong unpleasant smell?

Oil Pollution Act of 1990

California Coastal Commission
Why is oil harmful to the environment?
What is the government doing to prevent oil spills?
What can you do to protect the Bay and the ocean?
Classroom activities about oil spills
Oil Spill Glossary
 Many other animals were likely affected but not recovered. Dolphin health was still being impacted years after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon explosion that spilled more than 130 million gallons into Gulf of Mexico waters. More information on the effects of oil on wildlife: International Bird Rescue Research Center
Oiled Wildlife Care Network
NOAA Office of Response and Restoration
What is the government doing to prevent oil spills? After the large Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska in 1989, both the United States and California governments enacted laws to help prevent oil spills. The International Safety Management Code, enforced since 1998, requires ships entering U.S. ports to meet certain standards, including procedures for reporting accidents and requiring qualified crew. In 1990, the U.S. enacted the Oil Pollution Act (OPA). One of the things OPA did was require that oil tankers be double-hulled, and requires the phase out of existing single-hull tankers. A double-hull further protects a ship from damage to its cargo tank, reducing the risk of oil spilling during an accident. California enacted the Oil Spill Prevention and Response Act in 1990, which established the Office of Oil Spill Prevention and Response within the Department of Fish and Game, which is authorized to direct spill response, cleanup, and natural resource damage assessment activities, as well as regulate all private vessels over 300 gross tons (672,000 pounds) that enter California ports.

California Coastal Commission

Why is oil harmful to the environment?
What is the government doing to prevent oil spills?
What can you do to protect the Bay and the ocean?
Classroom activities about oil spills
Oil Spill Glossary

Many other animals were likely affected but not recovered. Dolphin health was still being impacted years after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon explosion that spilled more than 130 million gallons into Gulf of Mexico waters. More information on the effects of oil on wildlife: International Bird Rescue Research Center
Oiled Wildlife Care Network
NOAA Office of Response and Restoration
What is the government doing to prevent oil spills? After the large Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska in 1989, both the United States and California governments enacted laws to help prevent oil spills. The International Safety Management Code, enforced since 1998, requires ships entering U.S. ports to meet certain standards, including procedures for reporting accidents and requiring qualified crew. In 1990, the U.S. enacted the Oil Pollution Act (OPA). One of the things OPA did was require that oil tankers be double-hulled, and requires the phase out of existing single-hull tankers. A double-hull further protects a ship from damage to its cargo tank, reducing the risk of oil spilling during an accident. California enacted the Oil Spill Prevention and Response Act in 1990, which established the Office of Oil Spill Prevention and Response within the Department of Fish and Game, which is authorized to direct spill response, cleanup, and natural resource damage assessment activities, as well as regulate all private vessels over 300 gross tons (672,000 pounds) that enter California ports.

H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990
101st Congress (1989-1990)

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
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Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
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 H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress
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H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
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Introduced Date: 03/16/1989
Committees: House - Merchant Marine and Fisheries; Public Works and Transportation; Foreign Affairs; Interior and Insular Affairs; Science, Space and Technology
Committee Reports: H.Rept 101-242 Part 2; H.Rept 101-242 Part 3;

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H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
Law
Hide Overview
Introduced Date: 03/16/1989
Committees: House - Merchant Marine and Fisheries; Public Works and Transportation; Foreign Affairs; Interior and Insular Affairs; Science, Space and Technology
Committee Reports: H.Rept 101-242 Part 2; H.Rept 101-242 Part 3;

Liability for Environmental Contamination Liability for Environmental Contamination
Liability for Environmental Contamination
Liability Under CERCLA
Defenses to Liability Under CERCLA
Recoverable Costs Under CERCLA
RCRA Cleanup Authorities
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Financial Responsibility Requirements
State Cleanup Laws
 42 U.S.C. sec. 6924 (u). See also Section 12.2: Hazardous Wastes. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The OPA establishes a comprehensive liability scheme similar to CERCLA but applicable to discharges of oil. Any owner or operator (or other responsible party) of a vessel or facility from which oil is discharged, or which poses the substantial threat of a discharge of oil, into or upon navigable waters adjoining shorelines or the exclusive economic zone is liable up to a certain limit for certain specified removal costs and damages. 33 U.S.C. sec. 2702 (a). " Removal costs" mean any costs incurred by the federal, tribal, or state government under the CWA's oil spill response provisions, 33 U.S.C. sec. 1321, or under state law;

Liability for Environmental Contamination

Liability for Environmental Contamination
Liability for Environmental Contamination
Liability Under CERCLA
Defenses to Liability Under CERCLA
Recoverable Costs Under CERCLA
RCRA Cleanup Authorities
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Financial Responsibility Requirements
State Cleanup Laws

42 U.S.C. sec. 6924 (u). See also Section 12.2: Hazardous Wastes. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The OPA establishes a comprehensive liability scheme similar to CERCLA but applicable to discharges of oil. Any owner or operator (or other responsible party) of a vessel or facility from which oil is discharged, or which poses the substantial threat of a discharge of oil, into or upon navigable waters adjoining shorelines or the exclusive economic zone is liable up to a certain limit for certain specified removal costs and damages. 33 U.S.C. sec. 2702 (a). " Removal costs" mean any costs incurred by the federal, tribal, or state government under the CWA's oil spill response provisions, 33 U.S.C. sec. 1321, or under state law;

The OPA improved the nation's ability to prevent and respond to oil spills by establishing provisions that expand the federal government's ability, and provide the money and people necessary, to respond to oil spills. The OPA also created the national Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, which is available to provide up to one billion dollars per spill incident. In addition, the OPA provided new requirements for contingency planning both by government and industry. The National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) has been expanded in a three-tiered approach: the Federal government is required to direct all public and private response efforts for certain types of spill events; Area Committees -- composed of federal, state, and local government officials -- must develop detailed, location-specific Area Contingency Plans; and owners or operators of vessels and certain facilities that pose a serious threat to the environment must prepare their own facility response plans. Finally, the OPA increased penalties for regulatory noncompliance, broadened the response and enforcement authorities of the Federal government, and preserved State authority to establish law governing oil spill prevention and response. In 1973, EPA issued the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation, which is codified at 40 CFR Part 112, to address the oil spill prevention provisions contained in the Clean Water Act of 1972. The regulation forms the basis of EPA's oil spill prevention, control, and countermeasures, or SPCC, program, which seeks to prevent oil spills from certain aboveground and underground storage tanks.

Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill | Accurate Essays Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill
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 Even when the government intervenes, the company must cater for all costs for the clean up. This law does not put a limit to the amount of money that a company can pay for the cleanup of the oil spill. In this perspective, BP and its partners have been legally held responsible for the cleanup (Bowman, 2010). Under this law, if the persons or companies responsible for oil spills do not meet the financial responsibilities for the cleanup, additional penalties may be imposed on them. This shows the extent to which a company can be held responsible for the oil cleanup. The government determines the amount of money that is used in the cleanup and the companies responsible meet this cost. Secondly, under this Act, persons and companies responsible for oil spillage have the responsibility of paying damages for the losses incurred by people or businesses affected by the oil spill. Additionally, the companies are also liable to paying damages to the government for its loss in tax revenues due to the spill (Bowman, 2010). The destruction of natural resources is also a liability that the companies have to meet by paying the government any outstanding amounts lost due to the damage to natural resources. The effects of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill are already visible from the numerous cases that have been filed against BP and its partners.

Even when the government intervenes, the company must cater for all costs for the clean up. This law does not put a limit to the amount of money that a company can pay for the cleanup of the oil spill. In this perspective, BP and its partners have been legally held responsible for the cleanup (Bowman, 2010). Under this law, if the persons or companies responsible for oil spills do not meet the financial responsibilities for the cleanup, additional penalties may be imposed on them. This shows the extent to which a company can be held responsible for the oil cleanup. The government determines the amount of money that is used in the cleanup and the companies responsible meet this cost. Secondly, under this Act, persons and companies responsible for oil spillage have the responsibility of paying damages for the losses incurred by people or businesses affected by the oil spill. Additionally, the companies are also liable to paying damages to the government for its loss in tax revenues due to the spill (Bowman, 2010). The destruction of natural resources is also a liability that the companies have to meet by paying the government any outstanding amounts lost due to the damage to natural resources. The effects of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill are already visible from the numerous cases that have been filed against BP and its partners.

Exxon Valdez Spill Profile | Emergency Response | US EPA Exxon Valdez Spill Profile
Exxon Valdez Spill Profile Alyeska had less than 4,000 gallons of dispersant available in its terminal in Valdez, and no application equipment or aircraft. A private company applied dispersants on March 24, with a helicopter and dispersant bucket. Because there was not enough wave action to mix the dispersant with the oil in the water, the Coast Guard representatives at the site concluded that the dispersants were not working and so their use was discontinued. Efforts to save sensitive areas were begun early in the cleanup. Sensitive environments were identified, defined according to degree of cleanup, and then ranked for their priority for cleanup. Seal pupping locations and fish hatcheries were given the highest importance, and for these areas special cleaning techniques were approved. Despite the identification of sensitive areas and the rapid start-up of shoreline cleaning, however, wildlife rescue was slow. Adequate resources for this task did not reach the accident scene quickly enough. Through direct contact with oil or because of a loss of food resources, many birds and mammals died. In the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez incident, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which required the Coast Guard to strengthen its regulations on oil tank vessels and oil tank owners and operators.

Exxon Valdez Spill Profile | Emergency Response | US EPA

Exxon Valdez Spill Profile
Exxon Valdez Spill Profile

Alyeska had less than 4,000 gallons of dispersant available in its terminal in Valdez, and no application equipment or aircraft. A private company applied dispersants on March 24, with a helicopter and dispersant bucket. Because there was not enough wave action to mix the dispersant with the oil in the water, the Coast Guard representatives at the site concluded that the dispersants were not working and so their use was discontinued. Efforts to save sensitive areas were begun early in the cleanup. Sensitive environments were identified, defined according to degree of cleanup, and then ranked for their priority for cleanup. Seal pupping locations and fish hatcheries were given the highest importance, and for these areas special cleaning techniques were approved. Despite the identification of sensitive areas and the rapid start-up of shoreline cleaning, however, wildlife rescue was slow. Adequate resources for this task did not reach the accident scene quickly enough. Through direct contact with oil or because of a loss of food resources, many birds and mammals died. In the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez incident, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which required the Coast Guard to strengthen its regulations on oil tank vessels and oil tank owners and operators.

Spill containment - Wikipedia Spill containment
Spill containment
Contents
Regulation
Advantages
Technology
References
External links
 Oils spills, when they occur, are detrimental to the surrounding environment, humans, and native wildlife. This type of spill is statistically rare, given how much oil is pumped, refined, transported, and stored each day. In 1999, according to US Coast Guard data, of over 3.2 billion barrels of oil transported by oil tanker in the US, fewer than 200 barrels were spilled. The occurrence of oil spills has decreased in the current decades, with approximately 77% less oil spilled since the 1970s. This is due to increased awareness and improved technology. Contents
1 Regulation
2 Advantages
3 Technology
4 References
5 External links
Regulation
In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates the preparations and response to oil spills in inland waters, with the United States Coast Guard responding to spills in coastal waters. The EPA oil spill program is further broken down into two segments with different responsibilities. The Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure works with facilities that may leak oil into local rivers, streams, or other bodies of water to prevent said leakage. The Facility Response Plan requires at-risk facilities to have a plan to follow in the event of an oil spill. Both were created to plug holes left in the Clean Water Act, in an amendment called the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 .

Spill containment - Wikipedia

Spill containment
Spill containment
Contents
Regulation
Advantages
Technology
References
External links

Oils spills, when they occur, are detrimental to the surrounding environment, humans, and native wildlife. This type of spill is statistically rare, given how much oil is pumped, refined, transported, and stored each day. In 1999, according to US Coast Guard data, of over 3.2 billion barrels of oil transported by oil tanker in the US, fewer than 200 barrels were spilled. The occurrence of oil spills has decreased in the current decades, with approximately 77% less oil spilled since the 1970s. This is due to increased awareness and improved technology. Contents
1 Regulation
2 Advantages
3 Technology
4 References
5 External links
Regulation
In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates the preparations and response to oil spills in inland waters, with the United States Coast Guard responding to spills in coastal waters. The EPA oil spill program is further broken down into two segments with different responsibilities. The Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure works with facilities that may leak oil into local rivers, streams, or other bodies of water to prevent said leakage. The Facility Response Plan requires at-risk facilities to have a plan to follow in the event of an oil spill. Both were created to plug holes left in the Clean Water Act, in an amendment called the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 .

Oil Pollution Act Overview | US Environmental Protection Agency Oil Pollution Act Overview
Oil Pollution Act Overview
Overview
Key Provisions of the Oil Pollution Act
For More Information
 the Federal government is required to direct all public and private response efforts for certain types of spill events; Area Committees -- composed of federal, state, and local government officials -- must develop detailed, location-specific Area Contingency Plans; and owners or operators of vessels and certain facilities that pose a serious threat to the environment must prepare their own Facility Response Plans. Finally, the OPA increased penalties for regulatory noncompliance, broadened the response and enforcement authorities of the Federal government, and preserved State authority to establish law governing oil spill prevention and response. Key Provisions of the Oil Pollution Act
§1002 (a) Provides that the responsible party for a vessel or facility from which oil is discharged, or which poses a substantial threat of a discharge, is liable for: ( 1) certain specified damages resulting from the discharged oil; and (2) removal costs incurred in a manner consistent with the National Contingency Plan (NCP). §1002 (c) Exceptions to the Clean Water Act (CWA) liability provisions include: ( 1) discharges of oil authorized by a permit under Federal, State, or local law; ( 2) discharges of oil from a public vessel;

the Federal government is required to direct all public and private response efforts for certain types of spill events; Area Committees -- composed of federal, state, and local government officials -- must develop detailed, location-specific Area Contingency Plans; and owners or operators of vessels and certain facilities that pose a serious threat to the environment must prepare their own Facility Response Plans. Finally, the OPA increased penalties for regulatory noncompliance, broadened the response and enforcement authorities of the Federal government, and preserved State authority to establish law governing oil spill prevention and response. Key Provisions of the Oil Pollution Act
§1002 (a) Provides that the responsible party for a vessel or facility from which oil is discharged, or which poses a substantial threat of a discharge, is liable for: ( 1) certain specified damages resulting from the discharged oil; and (2) removal costs incurred in a manner consistent with the National Contingency Plan (NCP). §1002 (c) Exceptions to the Clean Water Act (CWA) liability provisions include: ( 1) discharges of oil authorized by a permit under Federal, State, or local law; ( 2) discharges of oil from a public vessel;

Clean Water Act (CWA) | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Clean Water Act (CWA)
Clean Water Act (CWA)
CWA - Legal Responsibility and Regulatory Enforcement
CWA - Guidelines and Standards
Technology-Based Effluent Limitations Guidelines
New Source Performance Standards
Oil Pollution Prevention
Cooling Water Intake
CWA – Permitting
Status of Current NPDES Permits:
EPA Region 4
EPA Region 6
EPA Region 9
EPA Region 10
 NSPS are based upon the best available demonstrated control technology and are at least as stringent as best available technology. The NPDES guidelines define a new source as any area in which significant site preparation work is done. EPA interprets "significant site preparation" for offshore effluent guidelines as "the process of clearing and preparing an area of the ocean floor for purposes of constructing or placing a development or production facility on or over the site." Thus, development and production facilities at a new site would be new sources. Development and production facilities are existing sources if significant site preparation work took place before NSPS became effective. Exploratory wells are not considered new sources because site preparation is not considered significant. Oil Pollution Prevention
Originally published in 1973 under the authority of Section 311 of the CWA, the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation sets forth requirements for prevention of, preparedness for, and response to oil discharges at specific non-transportation-related facilities. To prevent oil from reaching navigable waters and adjoining shorelines, and to contain discharges of oil, the regulation requires these facilities to develop and implement Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) Plans and establishes procedures, methods, and equipment requirements (Subparts A, B, and C). The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) amended the CWA, and provided new requirements for contingency planning by government and industry under the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan. OPA 90 also increased penalties for regulatory noncompliance, broadened the response and enforcement authorities of the federal government, and preserved state authority to establish laws governing oil spill prevention and response.

Clean Water Act (CWA) | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management

Clean Water Act (CWA)
Clean Water Act (CWA)
CWA - Legal Responsibility and Regulatory Enforcement
CWA - Guidelines and Standards
Technology-Based Effluent Limitations Guidelines
New Source Performance Standards
Oil Pollution Prevention
Cooling Water Intake
CWA – Permitting
Status of Current NPDES Permits:
EPA Region 4
EPA Region 6
EPA Region 9
EPA Region 10

Clean Water Act (CWA) | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Clean Water Act (CWA)
Clean Water Act (CWA)
CWA - Legal Responsibility and Regulatory Enforcement
CWA - Guidelines and Standards
Technology-Based Effluent Limitations Guidelines
New Source Performance Standards
Oil Pollution Prevention
Cooling Water Intake
CWA – Permitting
Status of Current NPDES Permits:
EPA Region 4
EPA Region 6
EPA Region 9
EPA Region 10
 Exploratory wells are not considered new sources because site preparation is not considered significant. Oil Pollution Prevention
Originally published in 1973 under the authority of Section 311 of the CWA, the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation sets forth requirements for prevention of, preparedness for, and response to oil discharges at specific non-transportation-related facilities. To prevent oil from reaching navigable waters and adjoining shorelines, and to contain discharges of oil, the regulation requires these facilities to develop and implement Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) Plans and establishes procedures, methods, and equipment requirements (Subparts A, B, and C). The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) amended the CWA, and provided new requirements for contingency planning by government and industry under the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan. OPA 90 also increased penalties for regulatory noncompliance, broadened the response and enforcement authorities of the federal government, and preserved state authority to establish laws governing oil spill prevention and response. On July 1, 1994, EPA finalized the revisions that direct facility owners or operators to prepare and submit plans for responding to a worst-case discharge of oil (Subpart D). OPA 90 gave the Secretary of the Interior authority over offshore facilities and associated pipelines, with the exception of deepwater ports, for State and Federal offshore waters. The Secretary in turn delegated this OPA 90 authority to BOEM or BSEE. The resulting tasks for BOEM include the following: reviewing exploration and development plans, reviewing spill financial liability limits, and certifying spill financial responsibility.

 The Department of the Interior was created in 1849 after decades of consideration by the Federal government. Rachel Carson's 1962 Silent Spring was a groundbreaking work regarding what topic? the environment

'Silent Spring' looked at the detrimental effects pesticides had on the environment. She criticized the chemical industry for deceiving the public as to the safety of the pesticides. Her work, along with later efforts by consumer advocate Ralph Nader, hankers back to the 'Muckraker' era of the early 1900;s, when journalists worked to uncover the gross negligence of certain industries. In the 1980's the United States Congress created a law known as "Superfund," which allocated money for what pressing issue? hazardous waste

Also known as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, "Superfund" allocated money for the clean up of hazardous waste sites throughout the United States. In 1990, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act to establish policies regarding the prevention, containment, and cleanup of oil spills. Which event provided the basis for this legislation? the Exxon Valdez accident

The Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989 was the primary factor behind the unanimous passage of the Oil Pollution Act through both houses of Congress in 1990.

The Department of the Interior was created in 1849 after decades of consideration by the Federal government. Rachel Carson's 1962 Silent Spring was a groundbreaking work regarding what topic? the environment

'Silent Spring' looked at the detrimental effects pesticides had on the environment. She criticized the chemical industry for deceiving the public as to the safety of the pesticides. Her work, along with later efforts by consumer advocate Ralph Nader, hankers back to the 'Muckraker' era of the early 1900;s, when journalists worked to uncover the gross negligence of certain industries. In the 1980's the United States Congress created a law known as "Superfund," which allocated money for what pressing issue? hazardous waste

Also known as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, "Superfund" allocated money for the clean up of hazardous waste sites throughout the United States. In 1990, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act to establish policies regarding the prevention, containment, and cleanup of oil spills. Which event provided the basis for this legislation? the Exxon Valdez accident

The Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989 was the primary factor behind the unanimous passage of the Oil Pollution Act through both houses of Congress in 1990.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 a conference committee was created, including members of both the House of Representatives and Senate, in order to resolve differences and propose a final bill for approval. Initially, the Senate agreed to the committee's final proposed report. August 4 of 1990: both chambers of Congress had passed the bill in identical form. The final step in the legislative process was for the bill to go to the President to either approve and sign or veto it. August 18 of 1990: the bill was signed by the President and the Oil Pollution Act was officially enacted. [ 9]
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties

a conference committee was created, including members of both the House of Representatives and Senate, in order to resolve differences and propose a final bill for approval. Initially, the Senate agreed to the committee's final proposed report. August 4 of 1990: both chambers of Congress had passed the bill in identical form. The final step in the legislative process was for the bill to go to the President to either approve and sign or veto it. August 18 of 1990: the bill was signed by the President and the Oil Pollution Act was officially enacted. [ 9]
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 Unlike the liability for removal costs which are uncapped, liability for damages is limited as discussed in further detail below. Furthermore, the Oil Pollution Act allows for additional liability enacted by other relevant state laws. Under the Oil Pollution Act, federal, tribal, state, and any other person can recover removal costs from a responsible party so long as such entity has incurred costs from carrying out oil removal activities in accordance with the Clean Water Act National Contingency Plan. Reimbursement claims must first be made to the responsible party. If the potentially responsible party refutes liability or fails to distribute the reimbursement within 90 days of the claim, the claimant may file suit in court or bring the claim to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund described below. In some instances, claims for removal cost reimbursement can be initially brought to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund thus sidestepping the responsible party. For example, claimants advised by the EPA, governors of affected states, and American claimants for incidents involving foreign vessels or facilities may initially present their claims to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund. When claims for removal cost reimbursement are brought to the fund, the claimant must prove that removal costs were sustained from activities required to avoid or alleviate effects of the incident and that such actions were approved or directed by the federal on-scene coordinator. In a manner similar to that described above, costs for damages can be recovered from a responsible party. However, the Oil Pollution Act only covers certain categories of damages.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links

Unlike the liability for removal costs which are uncapped, liability for damages is limited as discussed in further detail below. Furthermore, the Oil Pollution Act allows for additional liability enacted by other relevant state laws. Under the Oil Pollution Act, federal, tribal, state, and any other person can recover removal costs from a responsible party so long as such entity has incurred costs from carrying out oil removal activities in accordance with the Clean Water Act National Contingency Plan. Reimbursement claims must first be made to the responsible party. If the potentially responsible party refutes liability or fails to distribute the reimbursement within 90 days of the claim, the claimant may file suit in court or bring the claim to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund described below. In some instances, claims for removal cost reimbursement can be initially brought to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund thus sidestepping the responsible party. For example, claimants advised by the EPA, governors of affected states, and American claimants for incidents involving foreign vessels or facilities may initially present their claims to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund. When claims for removal cost reimbursement are brought to the fund, the claimant must prove that removal costs were sustained from activities required to avoid or alleviate effects of the incident and that such actions were approved or directed by the federal on-scene coordinator. In a manner similar to that described above, costs for damages can be recovered from a responsible party. However, the Oil Pollution Act only covers certain categories of damages.

 photo © Gary Braasch/Wheeler Pictures, Woodfin Camp & Associates
NOAA scientist collects samples from a rock sole after an oil
spill, 1989
Even if oil exposure isn't immediately lethal, it can cause long-term harm. Bottom-dwelling fish exposed to compounds released after oil spills may develop
liver disease and reproductive and growth problems. photo Northwest Fisheries Science Center/National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration
Mangroves stand in oil from a ruptured refinery tank, Panama,
1986
Smithsonian Institution scientists monitored effects of this 1986 spill,
one of the largest in tropical North America. Five years later, mangrove
sediments still held fairly fresh, toxic oil. It may take the mangroves fifty
years to recover fully. photo © Carl C. Hansen
Cleanups
Treaty treats pollution
problems
International cooperation has greatly reduced accidental and
operational oil discharges from tankers. MARPOL (for MARine
POLlution) is shorthand for a United Nations treaty (the
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) that
became effective in 1983. MARPOL is largely credited for
reducing oil pollution from shipping by about 60 percent
worldwide during the 1980s §. Workers install a machine for cleaning waste oil off the sides of
the ship's cargo tanks
MARPOL requires installation and use of oil-pollution prevention
equipment on tankers and other ships, and prohibits discharges
within certain distances of land §. photo © International Maritime Organization
More
do-it-yourselfers are doing it right
More than half of all Americans change their own oil, but only
about one-third of the used oil from do-it-yourself oil changes
is collected and recycled. §

photo © Gary Braasch/Wheeler Pictures, Woodfin Camp & Associates
NOAA scientist collects samples from a rock sole after an oil
spill, 1989
Even if oil exposure isn't immediately lethal, it can cause long-term harm. Bottom-dwelling fish exposed to compounds released after oil spills may develop
liver disease and reproductive and growth problems. photo Northwest Fisheries Science Center/National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration
Mangroves stand in oil from a ruptured refinery tank, Panama,
1986
Smithsonian Institution scientists monitored effects of this 1986 spill,
one of the largest in tropical North America. Five years later, mangrove
sediments still held fairly fresh, toxic oil. It may take the mangroves fifty
years to recover fully. photo © Carl C. Hansen
Cleanups
Treaty treats pollution
problems
International cooperation has greatly reduced accidental and
operational oil discharges from tankers. MARPOL (for MARine
POLlution) is shorthand for a United Nations treaty (the
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) that
became effective in 1983. MARPOL is largely credited for
reducing oil pollution from shipping by about 60 percent
worldwide during the 1980s §. Workers install a machine for cleaning waste oil off the sides of
the ship's cargo tanks
MARPOL requires installation and use of oil-pollution prevention
equipment on tankers and other ships, and prohibits discharges
within certain distances of land §. photo © International Maritime Organization
More
do-it-yourselfers are doing it right
More than half of all Americans change their own oil, but only
about one-third of the used oil from do-it-yourself oil changes
is collected and recycled. §

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 a Democratic Party congressman from North Carolina's 1st congressional district. Enactment timeline
March 16, 1989: the Oil Pollution Act was introduced into the legislative process for enactment. June 21 of 1989: a committee reported and recommended that both chambers of Congress should consider the bill further. Only about 1 in 4 bills are reported out of committee. November 9, 1989: the bill was passed by a vote in the House of Representatives. November 19, 1989: the bill was passed by the Senate, with revisions.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

a Democratic Party congressman from North Carolina's 1st congressional district. Enactment timeline
March 16, 1989: the Oil Pollution Act was introduced into the legislative process for enactment. June 21 of 1989: a committee reported and recommended that both chambers of Congress should consider the bill further. Only about 1 in 4 bills are reported out of committee. November 9, 1989: the bill was passed by a vote in the House of Representatives. November 19, 1989: the bill was passed by the Senate, with revisions.

BP Oil Spill Damages to Stretch Insurance Coverage | OilPrice.com BP Oil Spill Damages to Stretch Insurance Coverage
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 Claims related to environmental damage comprise of the vast majority of complaints in the Advisen database at 62%, but 9% of the lawsuits are claiming that the companies violated securities laws and regulations, Bradford said. “This just isn’t an environmental and property damage liability situation,” he added. “ It’s also a management liability situation. A lot of these companies are being sued for basically failing to report to shareholders the extent of their exposure to financial loss from a situation such as this.” Violations of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 will be the basis for many claims, including the cost of removing oil and economic losses related to property damage, but there is uncertainty about the scope of the law, said Stuart Smith, a partner with New Orleans environmental law firm Stag Smith representing the United Commercial Fisherman’s Association and independent fishermen. “The statute itself is very poorly drafted and that’s going to be a big problem in this case because the interpretations of this statute are all over the place,” he said. “ It has not been decided by the Supreme Court as to where the line is going to be drawn and how far removed from the oil are you going to be able to be and still make a claim. There’s going to be a lot of litigation and that’s going to take a long time I’m afraid.” By. Gloria Gonzalez
Source:

Claims related to environmental damage comprise of the vast majority of complaints in the Advisen database at 62%, but 9% of the lawsuits are claiming that the companies violated securities laws and regulations, Bradford said. “This just isn’t an environmental and property damage liability situation,” he added. “ It’s also a management liability situation. A lot of these companies are being sued for basically failing to report to shareholders the extent of their exposure to financial loss from a situation such as this.” Violations of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 will be the basis for many claims, including the cost of removing oil and economic losses related to property damage, but there is uncertainty about the scope of the law, said Stuart Smith, a partner with New Orleans environmental law firm Stag Smith representing the United Commercial Fisherman’s Association and independent fishermen. “The statute itself is very poorly drafted and that’s going to be a big problem in this case because the interpretations of this statute are all over the place,” he said. “ It has not been decided by the Supreme Court as to where the line is going to be drawn and how far removed from the oil are you going to be able to be and still make a claim. There’s going to be a lot of litigation and that’s going to take a long time I’m afraid.” By. Gloria Gonzalez
Source:

Marpol Annex 1 | Prevention of Pollution From Oil At Sea - ShipFever Marpol Annex 1 | Prevention of Pollution From Oil At Sea
Marpol Annex 1 | Prevention of Pollution From Oil At Sea
Table of content – Marpol Annex 1
Why Do We Need Law’s Such As Marpol Annex 1 In First Place?
The 7 Chapter Dealing With Different Aspects of Oil Pollution
1 ) Chapter One – Definition, Application & Exceptions
Application & Exceptions
2 ) Chapter Two – Surveys & Certification
International Oil Prevention Certificate
3 ) Chapter Three – Requirements For Machinery Space of Ships
Control of Discharge of Oil Under Marpol Annex 1
Discharge of Oil From Cargo Space
4 ) Chapter Four – Requirements For The Cargo Area Of The Oil Tanker
Oil Discharge Monitoring & Control System
5 ) Chapter Five – Prevention of Oil Pollution After An Accident
SOPEP Equipment’s
6 ) Chapter Six – Reception Facilities
7 ) Chapter Seven – Special Requirements For Fixed/Floating Platforms
Role of The Crew Under Marpol Annex 1
Record Keeping : Oil Record Book
Content’s of Oil Record Book As Per Marpol Annex 1 – Part I
Content’s of Oil Record Book As Per Marpol Annex 1- Part II
Also Read:
Do You Know We Write Post On Your Request?
 it was first such law effective worldwide. Unlike any other thing, oil spreads quickly floating on top of water due to a lack of density and immersible nature. Once it gets into the water it spread more and more with passing time. Thus negatively affecting the ecology of the reason. Since the majority of oil carried are quite toxic and vicious; there is an even greater effect on the food chain and coastal plains. That is why such major international law was required to reduce and contain the damage done to the environment. Onboard, it is the responsibility of the fellow seafarer to follow the rules described under Marpol Annex 1. It came into effect on 2nd October 1983 containing 7 chapters dealing with the aspects of oil pollution. These laws and definition under different chapters are amended from time to time;

Marpol Annex 1 | Prevention of Pollution From Oil At Sea - ShipFever

Marpol Annex 1 | Prevention of Pollution From Oil At Sea
Marpol Annex 1 | Prevention of Pollution From Oil At Sea
Table of content – Marpol Annex 1
Why Do We Need Law’s Such As Marpol Annex 1 In First Place?
The 7 Chapter Dealing With Different Aspects of Oil Pollution
1 ) Chapter One – Definition, Application & Exceptions
Application & Exceptions
2 ) Chapter Two – Surveys & Certification
International Oil Prevention Certificate
3 ) Chapter Three – Requirements For Machinery Space of Ships
Control of Discharge of Oil Under Marpol Annex 1
Discharge of Oil From Cargo Space
4 ) Chapter Four – Requirements For The Cargo Area Of The Oil Tanker
Oil Discharge Monitoring & Control System
5 ) Chapter Five – Prevention of Oil Pollution After An Accident
SOPEP Equipment’s
6 ) Chapter Six – Reception Facilities
7 ) Chapter Seven – Special Requirements For Fixed/Floating Platforms
Role of The Crew Under Marpol Annex 1
Record Keeping : Oil Record Book
Content’s of Oil Record Book As Per Marpol Annex 1 – Part I
Content’s of Oil Record Book As Per Marpol Annex 1- Part II
Also Read:
Do You Know We Write Post On Your Request?

it was first such law effective worldwide. Unlike any other thing, oil spreads quickly floating on top of water due to a lack of density and immersible nature. Once it gets into the water it spread more and more with passing time. Thus negatively affecting the ecology of the reason. Since the majority of oil carried are quite toxic and vicious; there is an even greater effect on the food chain and coastal plains. That is why such major international law was required to reduce and contain the damage done to the environment. Onboard, it is the responsibility of the fellow seafarer to follow the rules described under Marpol Annex 1. It came into effect on 2nd October 1983 containing 7 chapters dealing with the aspects of oil pollution. These laws and definition under different chapters are amended from time to time;

Exxon Valdez Spill Profile | Emergency Response | US EPA Exxon Valdez Spill Profile
Exxon Valdez Spill Profile Seal pupping locations and fish hatcheries were given the highest importance, and for these areas special cleaning techniques were approved. Despite the identification of sensitive areas and the rapid start-up of shoreline cleaning, however, wildlife rescue was slow. Adequate resources for this task did not reach the accident scene quickly enough. Through direct contact with oil or because of a loss of food resources, many birds and mammals died. In the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez incident, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which required the Coast Guard to strengthen its regulations on oil tank vessels and oil tank owners and operators. Today, tank hulls provide better protection against spills resulting from a similar accident, and communications between vessel captains and vessel traffic centers have improved to make for safer sailing. For more information, please see Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. Contact Us to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem.

Seal pupping locations and fish hatcheries were given the highest importance, and for these areas special cleaning techniques were approved. Despite the identification of sensitive areas and the rapid start-up of shoreline cleaning, however, wildlife rescue was slow. Adequate resources for this task did not reach the accident scene quickly enough. Through direct contact with oil or because of a loss of food resources, many birds and mammals died. In the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez incident, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which required the Coast Guard to strengthen its regulations on oil tank vessels and oil tank owners and operators. Today, tank hulls provide better protection against spills resulting from a similar accident, and communications between vessel captains and vessel traffic centers have improved to make for safer sailing. For more information, please see Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. Contact Us to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem.

The Cleanup The CLEANUP: Containing the mess
The CLEANUP: Containing the mess
Cleaning up a spill
Cleanup Strategies & Methods: An Overview
Cleanup Methods: The Details
Natural Breakdown
Using Booms & Skimmers
Chemical Dispersants
Adding Biological Agents
Controlled Burns
Drilling Relief Wells
New Techniques Used in Deepwater Horizon
 Exxon Valdez in Prince William Sound. Source: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration
In 1989, the Exxon Valdez tanker ran aground, dumping 11 million gallons of oil on an Alaskian shoreline and awakening the world to the catastrophic impact of a major oil spill. Although spills affecting land and water had occurred since the oil industry began, the Exxon Valdez spill resulted in legislation that changed cleanup procedures in three significant ways: 1) Owners of the vessel or rig causing the spill became responsible for paying for cleanup; 2) The U.S. Coast Guard became responsible for overseeing cleanup; and 3) Companies leasing rigs had to file extensive plans for cleanup before they were issued permits to begin drilling. Top of Page
Cleanup Methods: The Details
Several methods using various technologies have been developed through the years to cleanup oil spills. These methods include:

The Cleanup

The CLEANUP: Containing the mess
The CLEANUP: Containing the mess
Cleaning up a spill
Cleanup Strategies & Methods: An Overview
Cleanup Methods: The Details
Natural Breakdown
Using Booms & Skimmers
Chemical Dispersants
Adding Biological Agents
Controlled Burns
Drilling Relief Wells
New Techniques Used in Deepwater Horizon

Exxon Valdez in Prince William Sound. Source: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration
In 1989, the Exxon Valdez tanker ran aground, dumping 11 million gallons of oil on an Alaskian shoreline and awakening the world to the catastrophic impact of a major oil spill. Although spills affecting land and water had occurred since the oil industry began, the Exxon Valdez spill resulted in legislation that changed cleanup procedures in three significant ways: 1) Owners of the vessel or rig causing the spill became responsible for paying for cleanup; 2) The U.S. Coast Guard became responsible for overseeing cleanup; and 3) Companies leasing rigs had to file extensive plans for cleanup before they were issued permits to begin drilling. Top of Page
Cleanup Methods: The Details
Several methods using various technologies have been developed through the years to cleanup oil spills. These methods include:

Oil Spill Effects on Humans | Environmental Pollution Centers Oil Spills' Effects on Human Life
Oil Spills' Effects on Human Life
Effects on the General Population
Effects on Local Fishermen, Seamen and Ship Workers
 gasoline, diesel products, jet fuels, kerosene, fuel oil, as well as heavy distillates like hydraulic and lubricating oils) and the aesthetic issues that affect the residents of the affected areas in multiple ways. The negative economic impact is a major effect of oil spill pollution. It can affect the community where the oil spill occurred in a number of ways, among which the following are the most important: Long-term ceasing of activities such as fishing in the polluted waters that affects fishermen and fisheries if a very large amount of oil is spilled; for example, the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico had already impacted many local fishermen's and fisheries' normal activity, and this looks like a long-term effect due to the very large amount of spilled oil. Effects on local fishermen are detailed below. Property value reduction depends on the magnitude of the oil spill and affects all the properties in a certain area exposed to oil spill pollution; this negative effect on property value applies not only to those properties directly affected by the oil spill, but to all the properties in a certain area exposed to oil spill pollution or at risk of becoming polluted at some point in time
The reduction of tourism in the affected areas; The disturbance of land and sea traffic, which affects import-export activities; The aesthetic and recreational impact is related to the visible effects of oil spill pollution (oil slick, sheens) appearing on coast waters, shoreline, and beaches, wetlands, etc.

Oil Spill Effects on Humans | Environmental Pollution Centers

Oil Spills' Effects on Human Life
Oil Spills' Effects on Human Life
Effects on the General Population
Effects on Local Fishermen, Seamen and Ship Workers

gasoline, diesel products, jet fuels, kerosene, fuel oil, as well as heavy distillates like hydraulic and lubricating oils) and the aesthetic issues that affect the residents of the affected areas in multiple ways. The negative economic impact is a major effect of oil spill pollution. It can affect the community where the oil spill occurred in a number of ways, among which the following are the most important: Long-term ceasing of activities such as fishing in the polluted waters that affects fishermen and fisheries if a very large amount of oil is spilled; for example, the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico had already impacted many local fishermen's and fisheries' normal activity, and this looks like a long-term effect due to the very large amount of spilled oil. Effects on local fishermen are detailed below. Property value reduction depends on the magnitude of the oil spill and affects all the properties in a certain area exposed to oil spill pollution; this negative effect on property value applies not only to those properties directly affected by the oil spill, but to all the properties in a certain area exposed to oil spill pollution or at risk of becoming polluted at some point in time
The reduction of tourism in the affected areas; The disturbance of land and sea traffic, which affects import-export activities; The aesthetic and recreational impact is related to the visible effects of oil spill pollution (oil slick, sheens) appearing on coast waters, shoreline, and beaches, wetlands, etc.

Conservation, biodiversity sustainability environment issues, automated lobbying database at Information for Action
Oil Pollution Any oil pollution can be traced back to the carrier, in order that the polluter can be specifically targeted. The intention is to make transporters have ownership for the safety of their vessel, and held responsible for their own pollution thus reducing the chance of spills. These types of schemes need to be expanded and funded. The figures show that increased and better enforcement of legislation does work. Between 1981 and 1990 oil pollution from shipping fell from 3.2 million tons to 2.35 million tonnes mainly due to stricter regulations. Optimistic as these figures seem, certain areas still have a very high level of pollution, for example the Caribbean basin and the Northern part of the Indian Ocean due to a high intensity of shipping in those areas. Figures used are only levels of pollution reported and it is though that in actuality the level is much higher. People need to be educated that every time oil pollutes the waterways it has an effect on the complex eco-structure, no matter how small. Return to Oil Pollution Topic

Conservation, biodiversity sustainability environment issues, automated lobbying database at Information for Action

Any oil pollution can be traced back to the carrier, in order that the polluter can be specifically targeted. The intention is to make transporters have ownership for the safety of their vessel, and held responsible for their own pollution thus reducing the chance of spills. These types of schemes need to be expanded and funded. The figures show that increased and better enforcement of legislation does work. Between 1981 and 1990 oil pollution from shipping fell from 3.2 million tons to 2.35 million tonnes mainly due to stricter regulations. Optimistic as these figures seem, certain areas still have a very high level of pollution, for example the Caribbean basin and the Northern part of the Indian Ocean due to a high intensity of shipping in those areas. Figures used are only levels of pollution reported and it is though that in actuality the level is much higher. People need to be educated that every time oil pollutes the waterways it has an effect on the complex eco-structure, no matter how small. Return to Oil Pollution Topic

Exxon Valdez Oil Spill - HISTORY Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Contents
Oil Spill Cleanup
Environmental And Economic Impacts
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Fate of Exxon Valdez
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
 A 2001 study found oil contamination remaining at more than half of the 91 beach sites tested in Prince William Sound. The spill had killed an estimated 40 percent of all sea otters living in the Sound. The sea otter population didn’t recover to its pre-spill levels until 2014, twenty-five years after the spill. Stocks of herring, once a lucrative source of income for Prince William Sound fisherman, have never fully rebounded. READ MORE: Water and Air Pollution
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
In the wake of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the U.S. Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which President George H.W. Bush signed into law that year. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 increased penalties for companies responsible for oil spills and required that all oil tankers in United States waters have a double hull. Exxon Valdez was a single-hulled tanker; a double-hull design, by making it less likely that a collision would have spilled oil, might have prevented the Exxon Valdez disaster. Fate of Exxon Valdez
The ship, Exxon Valdez —first commissioned in 1986—was repaired and returned to service a year after the spill in a different ocean and under a different name.

Exxon Valdez Oil Spill - HISTORY

Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Contents
Oil Spill Cleanup
Environmental And Economic Impacts
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Fate of Exxon Valdez
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT

A 2001 study found oil contamination remaining at more than half of the 91 beach sites tested in Prince William Sound. The spill had killed an estimated 40 percent of all sea otters living in the Sound. The sea otter population didn’t recover to its pre-spill levels until 2014, twenty-five years after the spill. Stocks of herring, once a lucrative source of income for Prince William Sound fisherman, have never fully rebounded. READ MORE: Water and Air Pollution
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
In the wake of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the U.S. Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which President George H.W. Bush signed into law that year. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 increased penalties for companies responsible for oil spills and required that all oil tankers in United States waters have a double hull. Exxon Valdez was a single-hulled tanker; a double-hull design, by making it less likely that a collision would have spilled oil, might have prevented the Exxon Valdez disaster. Fate of Exxon Valdez
The ship, Exxon Valdez —first commissioned in 1986—was repaired and returned to service a year after the spill in a different ocean and under a different name.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 This was timely evidence that oil spills were not uncommon. Alaska Governor Steve Cowper authorized the creation of the Alaska Oil Spill Commission in 1989 to examine the causes of the Exxon Valdez oil spill and issue recommendations on potential policy changes. Cowper appointed Walter B. Parker, a longtime transportation consultant and public official, as the chairman of the commission. Under Parker, the Commission issued 52 recommendations for improvements to industry, state, and federal regulations. 50 of these recommendations were worked into the Oil Pollution Act bill that was introduced into legislation on March 16, 1989 by Walter B. Jones, Sr., a Democratic Party congressman from North Carolina's 1st congressional district. Enactment timeline
March 16, 1989: the Oil Pollution Act was introduced into the legislative process for enactment. June 21 of 1989: a committee reported and recommended that both chambers of Congress should consider the bill further.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

This was timely evidence that oil spills were not uncommon. Alaska Governor Steve Cowper authorized the creation of the Alaska Oil Spill Commission in 1989 to examine the causes of the Exxon Valdez oil spill and issue recommendations on potential policy changes. Cowper appointed Walter B. Parker, a longtime transportation consultant and public official, as the chairman of the commission. Under Parker, the Commission issued 52 recommendations for improvements to industry, state, and federal regulations. 50 of these recommendations were worked into the Oil Pollution Act bill that was introduced into legislation on March 16, 1989 by Walter B. Jones, Sr., a Democratic Party congressman from North Carolina's 1st congressional district. Enactment timeline
March 16, 1989: the Oil Pollution Act was introduced into the legislative process for enactment. June 21 of 1989: a committee reported and recommended that both chambers of Congress should consider the bill further.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Oil – Cons Disregarded by Powerful Lobbies | Green World Investor OIL
Advantages and Disadvantages of Oil – Cons Disregarded by Powerful Lobbies
OIL
Advantages of Oil
Disadvantages of Oil
Questions arising from the BP Oil Spill
Contempt Towards Environment by Big Oil
Abhishek Shah
 4) Emission of Harmful Substances like Sulfur Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Acid Rain – Oil Plants emit harmful substances such as Sulfur Dioxide which cause health hazards among the surrounding population and Acid Rain. While modern equipment has reduced the emission of these harmful substances, it is still very harmful to humans. 5) Leads to production of very harmful and toxic materials during refining, Plastic is one of the most harmful substances – Oil exists as a mixture of hydrocarbons with traces of sulfur and other compounds. Refining of Oil leads to production of harmful gases and solids like Carbon Monoxide and Plastic. Questions arising from the BP Oil Spill
Oil Companies are coming under increasing fire in the aftermath of the BP Oil Spill which has exposed a lot of skeletons in the Fossil Fuel Closet. British Petroleum has already been exposed for the lies and deception with even the US regulators coming under criticism for lax regulation. The Oil Industry instead of owning responsibility has acted in a most shocking manner with Drilling Operator Transocean trying to escape responsibility behind a 150 year old law which caps liabilities at a measly $27 million. Even Oil Companies unrelated to the disaster, Exxon and Chevron are facing tough questions about the validity and morality of their Billions of Dollars in Windfall Profits. The super rich Oil Lobby seems quite helpless in the face of the public anger generated against the roughshod environmental treatment by Big Oil. Contempt Towards Environment by Big Oil
These companies will find out that trying to fight back (like the Financial Industry) against public opinion might backfire for them.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Oil – Cons Disregarded by Powerful Lobbies | Green World Investor

OIL
Advantages and Disadvantages of Oil – Cons Disregarded by Powerful Lobbies
OIL
Advantages of Oil
Disadvantages of Oil
Questions arising from the BP Oil Spill
Contempt Towards Environment by Big Oil
Abhishek Shah

4) Emission of Harmful Substances like Sulfur Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Acid Rain – Oil Plants emit harmful substances such as Sulfur Dioxide which cause health hazards among the surrounding population and Acid Rain. While modern equipment has reduced the emission of these harmful substances, it is still very harmful to humans. 5) Leads to production of very harmful and toxic materials during refining, Plastic is one of the most harmful substances – Oil exists as a mixture of hydrocarbons with traces of sulfur and other compounds. Refining of Oil leads to production of harmful gases and solids like Carbon Monoxide and Plastic. Questions arising from the BP Oil Spill
Oil Companies are coming under increasing fire in the aftermath of the BP Oil Spill which has exposed a lot of skeletons in the Fossil Fuel Closet. British Petroleum has already been exposed for the lies and deception with even the US regulators coming under criticism for lax regulation. The Oil Industry instead of owning responsibility has acted in a most shocking manner with Drilling Operator Transocean trying to escape responsibility behind a 150 year old law which caps liabilities at a measly $27 million. Even Oil Companies unrelated to the disaster, Exxon and Chevron are facing tough questions about the validity and morality of their Billions of Dollars in Windfall Profits. The super rich Oil Lobby seems quite helpless in the face of the public anger generated against the roughshod environmental treatment by Big Oil. Contempt Towards Environment by Big Oil
These companies will find out that trying to fight back (like the Financial Industry) against public opinion might backfire for them.

United States v. Standard Oil | Encyclopedia.com United States v. Standard Oil
United States v. Standard Oil
United States v. Standard Oil
Document
INTRODUCTION
PRIMARY SOURCE
UNITED STATES V. STANDARD OIL CO.
SIGNIFICANCE
FURTHER RESOURCES
Web sites
 It endeavors to provide equal justice under law for the American people. INTRODUCTION
In the early days of industrialization in the United States, all kinds of waste oil would be discharged into rivers and streams with impunity. There was a general lack of awareness about water pollution control. Various oil companies were engaged in oil exploration in the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century. Due to the rapid increase in the demand for petroleum as fuel, there was a massive increase in the production of oil for use as gasoline. Issues such as short-term economic gains, and beliefs like rapid economic and technical progress shared by industrialists and the government alike, took precedence over pollution and other environmental concerns. Discharge of waste and oil upstream became a major concern for fishing and other maritime activities downstream and in the coastal areas. Further, the use of petroleum additives also increased the risk of poisoning in rivers and other waters. Consequently, the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, one of the earliest environmental legislations, was enacted to prevent and make the discharge of any waste or refuse matter into rivers an unlawful act. Standard Oil, a conglomerate trust of companies formed in 1863 by enterprising American tycoon J. D. Rockefeller, was one such entity that came under the scanner for disposing oil in river waters.

United States v. Standard Oil | Encyclopedia.com

United States v. Standard Oil
United States v. Standard Oil
United States v. Standard Oil
Document
INTRODUCTION
PRIMARY SOURCE
UNITED STATES V. STANDARD OIL CO.
SIGNIFICANCE
FURTHER RESOURCES
Web sites

It endeavors to provide equal justice under law for the American people. INTRODUCTION
In the early days of industrialization in the United States, all kinds of waste oil would be discharged into rivers and streams with impunity. There was a general lack of awareness about water pollution control. Various oil companies were engaged in oil exploration in the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century. Due to the rapid increase in the demand for petroleum as fuel, there was a massive increase in the production of oil for use as gasoline. Issues such as short-term economic gains, and beliefs like rapid economic and technical progress shared by industrialists and the government alike, took precedence over pollution and other environmental concerns. Discharge of waste and oil upstream became a major concern for fishing and other maritime activities downstream and in the coastal areas. Further, the use of petroleum additives also increased the risk of poisoning in rivers and other waters. Consequently, the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, one of the earliest environmental legislations, was enacted to prevent and make the discharge of any waste or refuse matter into rivers an unlawful act. Standard Oil, a conglomerate trust of companies formed in 1863 by enterprising American tycoon J. D. Rockefeller, was one such entity that came under the scanner for disposing oil in river waters.

Oil Spills; Causes, Effects, Solutions | Environment Buddy Oil Spills; Causes, Effects and Solutions
Oil Spills; Causes, Effects and Solutions
Table of Contents
What are Oil Spills?
Causes of Oil spills
Natural causes
1. Natural events
Anthropogenic causes
2. Human errors
3. Transportation incidents
4. Storage Issues
5. Accidents during Consumption
6. Wars
7. Off-shore Drilling
Effects of Oil spills
1. Damage to Aquatic Life
2. Decreased Photosynthesis
3. Easy Targets for Predators
4. Ingestion
5. Economic Losses
6. Losses to fishing industry
7. Losses to tourism industry
Solutions to Oil Spills
One liter of oil spill contaminates a million liters of water.
“an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.”
Preventive Solutions to Oil Spills
Containment Solutions for Oil Spills
1. Oil Booms
2. Skimmers
3. Sorbents
4. Burning
5. Applying Dispersants
6. Hot Water and High-Pressure Washing
7. Using Manual labor to Clean Contaminated Shores
8. Bioremediation
9. Chemical Stabilization of Oil by Polymeric Agents
10. Role of NOAA after an Oil spill
Ahsen Soomro
 This proposal opens 90% of the pristine Outer Continental Shelf to new offshore drilling operations. This proposal has also been estimated to increase major oil spills frequency by 10 times. Just imagine the rise in oil pollution as a result of these decisions. Meanwhile, Oil companies are enjoying this proposal since it opens up new avenues for them. Effects of Oil spills
Since the industrial revolution, oil spills have been happening due to the above reasons. However, the large-scale problems that follow these spills and their effects have just begun to appear. Oil spills can take anywhere from a few days to decades in recovery. 1. Damage to Aquatic Life
The biggest victims of these spills are the marine animals that live in the water or near shores. Marine Oil spill is incredibly harmful to the poor species that come into direct contact with spilled oil.

Oil Spills; Causes, Effects, Solutions | Environment Buddy

Oil Spills; Causes, Effects and Solutions
Oil Spills; Causes, Effects and Solutions
Table of Contents
What are Oil Spills?
Causes of Oil spills
Natural causes
1. Natural events
Anthropogenic causes
2. Human errors
3. Transportation incidents
4. Storage Issues
5. Accidents during Consumption
6. Wars
7. Off-shore Drilling
Effects of Oil spills
1. Damage to Aquatic Life
2. Decreased Photosynthesis
3. Easy Targets for Predators
4. Ingestion
5. Economic Losses
6. Losses to fishing industry
7. Losses to tourism industry
Solutions to Oil Spills
One liter of oil spill contaminates a million liters of water.
“an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.”
Preventive Solutions to Oil Spills
Containment Solutions for Oil Spills
1. Oil Booms
2. Skimmers
3. Sorbents
4. Burning
5. Applying Dispersants
6. Hot Water and High-Pressure Washing
7. Using Manual labor to Clean Contaminated Shores
8. Bioremediation
9. Chemical Stabilization of Oil by Polymeric Agents
10. Role of NOAA after an Oil spill
Ahsen Soomro

This proposal opens 90% of the pristine Outer Continental Shelf to new offshore drilling operations. This proposal has also been estimated to increase major oil spills frequency by 10 times. Just imagine the rise in oil pollution as a result of these decisions. Meanwhile, Oil companies are enjoying this proposal since it opens up new avenues for them. Effects of Oil spills
Since the industrial revolution, oil spills have been happening due to the above reasons. However, the large-scale problems that follow these spills and their effects have just begun to appear. Oil spills can take anywhere from a few days to decades in recovery. 1. Damage to Aquatic Life
The biggest victims of these spills are the marine animals that live in the water or near shores. Marine Oil spill is incredibly harmful to the poor species that come into direct contact with spilled oil.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 In some instances, claims for removal cost reimbursement can be initially brought to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund thus sidestepping the responsible party. For example, claimants advised by the EPA, governors of affected states, and American claimants for incidents involving foreign vessels or facilities may initially present their claims to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund. When claims for removal cost reimbursement are brought to the fund, the claimant must prove that removal costs were sustained from activities required to avoid or alleviate effects of the incident and that such actions were approved or directed by the federal on-scene coordinator. In a manner similar to that described above, costs for damages can be recovered from a responsible party. However, the Oil Pollution Act only covers certain categories of damages. These categories include: natural resource damages, damages to real or personal property, loss of subsistence use, loss of government revenues, loss of profits or impaired earning capacity, damaged public services, and damage assessment costs. Additionally, some categories are recoverable for any person impacted by the incident while others are only recoverable by federal, tribal, and state governments. Furthermore, the Oil Pollution Act proscribes limits to liability for damages based on the responsible party, the particular incident, and the type of vessel or facility from which the discharge occurred. The Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund is a trust fund managed by the federal government and financed by a per-barrel tax on crude oil produced domestically in the United States and on petroleum products imported to the United States for consumption.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990
101st Congress (1989-1990)

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
Law
Tracker:
Summary (6)
Text (7)
Actions (178)
Titles (11)
Amendments (33)
Cosponsors (79)
Committees (5)
Related Bills (25)
Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Shown Here:
Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)
 Permits the States to impose additional liability or requirements regarding oil discharges within their borders. Retains the rights of the States to maintain a fund for oil pollution compensation. Authorizes States to enforce the financial responsibility requirements of this Act. Title II: Conforming Amendments - Amends the Intervention on the High Seas Act, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Deepwater Port Act, and the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments of 1978 to reflect the provisions of this Act. Title III: International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal - Expresses the sense of the Congress that it is in the best interests of the United States to participate in an international oil pollution liability and compensation scheme that is at least as effective as Federal and State laws in preventing incidents and in guaranteeing compensation for damages resulting from incidents. Directs the Secretary of State to report to the Congress the results of a review of international treaties and agreements with the Government of Canada regarding: ( 1) oil discharge prevention in the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain; ( 2) effective oil and removal;

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990
101st Congress (1989-1990)

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
Law
Tracker:
Summary (6)
Text (7)
Actions (178)
Titles (11)
Amendments (33)
Cosponsors (79)
Committees (5)
Related Bills (25)
Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Shown Here:
Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)

Permits the States to impose additional liability or requirements regarding oil discharges within their borders. Retains the rights of the States to maintain a fund for oil pollution compensation. Authorizes States to enforce the financial responsibility requirements of this Act. Title II: Conforming Amendments - Amends the Intervention on the High Seas Act, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Deepwater Port Act, and the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments of 1978 to reflect the provisions of this Act. Title III: International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal - Expresses the sense of the Congress that it is in the best interests of the United States to participate in an international oil pollution liability and compensation scheme that is at least as effective as Federal and State laws in preventing incidents and in guaranteeing compensation for damages resulting from incidents. Directs the Secretary of State to report to the Congress the results of a review of international treaties and agreements with the Government of Canada regarding: ( 1) oil discharge prevention in the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain; ( 2) effective oil and removal;

Pollution - Great Barrier Reef Pollution
Pollution
Shipping accidents
Oil Spills
Tourism and Pollution
 Oil Spills
An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment and commonly happens in marine areas, with the main cause being human activity. They are a form of pollution and may happen due to releases of crude oil from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells, as well as spills of refined petroleum products like diesel and their by-products, heavier fuels used by large ships such as bunker fuel, or the spill of any oily refuse or waste oil. Despite the best efforts of government agencies to keep the Great Barrier Reef in the best condition possible, there have been a huge number of oil spills over the last few decades that have directly affected the reef and its marine life. While the act of oil drilling is banned on the reef, spills caused by passing oil container ships have still continued to occur, with the most recently recorded happening in 2010 as the Chinese bulk coal carrier Shen Neng 1 – travelling 10 kilometres outside the regulation shipping lane – struck the reef, scraping along its surface for a substantial length and creating a massive grounding scar over 3 kilometres in length, which was the longest in recorded history. As a result, some of the damaged areas have become uninhabitable for marine life and there are estimates from experts that the reef may take up to 10 to 20 years to recover from the incident. Agencies increased the maximum allowable fine for shipping companies that damage the Great Barrier Reef in response to the incident. To date, 283 total oil spills have occurred over the waters of the Great Barrier Reef since 1987. Oil spills have a detrimental effect on the surrounding environment of the Great Barrier Reef. The oil has various harmful effects on the wildlife in the area. The oil that the tankers carry can easily penetrate into the structure of the feathers of birds and the fur of mammals, reducing their insulating ability causing them to be more susceptible to temperature changes and causing them to be less buoyant in water.

Pollution - Great Barrier Reef

Pollution
Pollution
Shipping accidents
Oil Spills
Tourism and Pollution

Chemical Pollution : Ocean Health Index Chemical Pollution
Chemical Pollution
Overview
How Was It Measured?
Chemical Pollution Infographic
Oil
What Are The Impacts?
ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
HUMAN HEALTH IMPACT
ECONOMIC IMPACT
Get More Information
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution [WHOI]
U.S. Senate Committee on Environment & Public Works
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA]
Toxic Metals
What Are The Impacts?
Mercury Pollution Cycle
ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
HUMAN HEALTH IMPACT
ECONOMIC IMPACT
What Has Been Done?
Get More Information
United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]
Turtle Island Restoration Network
European Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL)
Persistent Organic Pollutants [POPs]
What Are The Impacts?
ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
HUMAN HEALTH IMPACT
ECONOMIC IMPACT
Blue Voice
Webpage for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
World Bank
References
 Oil pollution can have long-term effects on spawning grounds and recovery of fish stocks and populations of most other marine animals. . HUMAN HEALTH IMPACT
Oil pollution can harm those who consume contaminated water or seafood or have contact with polluted waters through recreation and clean-up activities. Symptoms can include chest pain, coughing, dizziness, headaches, respiratory distress and vomiting. ECONOMIC IMPACT
Responding to the ecological impacts of oil pollution can result in significant economic costs. Response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill cost BP US $13 billion dollars. Litigation and compensation for claims cost BP an additional US $15 billion (Telegraph 2011). The company recently agreed to a claims settlement totalling $18.7 billion. ( New York Times 2015)
Local economies have to deal with costs resulting from contaminated or diminished fish stocks. The BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill caused Louisiana to lose 50 percent of its seafood production, a US $2.4 billion dollar industry in Louisiana that supplied as much as 30 percent of the domestic seafood for the continental U.S.  (Nawaguna-Clemente 2011). Get More Information
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution [WHOI]
A diagram detailing the route of oil as it travels from the seafloor through the water column.

Chemical Pollution : Ocean Health Index

Chemical Pollution
Chemical Pollution
Overview
How Was It Measured?
Chemical Pollution Infographic
Oil
What Are The Impacts?
ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
HUMAN HEALTH IMPACT
ECONOMIC IMPACT
Get More Information
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution [WHOI]
U.S. Senate Committee on Environment & Public Works
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA]
Toxic Metals
What Are The Impacts?
Mercury Pollution Cycle
ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
HUMAN HEALTH IMPACT
ECONOMIC IMPACT
What Has Been Done?
Get More Information
United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]
Turtle Island Restoration Network
European Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL)
Persistent Organic Pollutants [POPs]
What Are The Impacts?
ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
HUMAN HEALTH IMPACT
ECONOMIC IMPACT
Blue Voice
Webpage for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
World Bank
References

Oil pollution can have long-term effects on spawning grounds and recovery of fish stocks and populations of most other marine animals. . HUMAN HEALTH IMPACT
Oil pollution can harm those who consume contaminated water or seafood or have contact with polluted waters through recreation and clean-up activities. Symptoms can include chest pain, coughing, dizziness, headaches, respiratory distress and vomiting. ECONOMIC IMPACT
Responding to the ecological impacts of oil pollution can result in significant economic costs. Response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill cost BP US $13 billion dollars. Litigation and compensation for claims cost BP an additional US $15 billion (Telegraph 2011). The company recently agreed to a claims settlement totalling $18.7 billion. ( New York Times 2015)
Local economies have to deal with costs resulting from contaminated or diminished fish stocks. The BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill caused Louisiana to lose 50 percent of its seafood production, a US $2.4 billion dollar industry in Louisiana that supplied as much as 30 percent of the domestic seafood for the continental U.S.  (Nawaguna-Clemente 2011). Get More Information
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution [WHOI]
A diagram detailing the route of oil as it travels from the seafloor through the water column.

Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill | Accurate Essays Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill
Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill
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Ethical and Legal Effects of the Gulf Oil Spill
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 Fishermen, hotel owners and operators of tourism businesses, have filed cases that demand for the payment of different amounts in damages due to the losses incurred after the spill. The companies are expected to pay huge amounts in terms of damage costs in the legal cases presented. However, the OPA gives a limit of $75 million as the maximum amount that a company can pay in damages for oil spillage (Bowman, 2010). As an effect of the spill, this law has been under review by the Congress as some people think that this is too lenient considering the effects of the spill. In this perspective, the OPA holds BP, Transocean and the other companies responsible for the payment of the damages caused to people and business. Another law that is applicable to this case is the Clean Water Act (CWA), which protects the American waters from contamination of any kind (Riesel, 2007). This act recognizes the negligent release of oil into American waters as a criminal activity. The CWA also recognizes as criminal, any act meant to withhold information about oil spillage from the government. For example, BP has been accused of withholding specific information that defines the amount of oil that has been spilled into the water. Apart from spilling the oil, withholding information is a crime in itself.

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Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill
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Fishermen, hotel owners and operators of tourism businesses, have filed cases that demand for the payment of different amounts in damages due to the losses incurred after the spill. The companies are expected to pay huge amounts in terms of damage costs in the legal cases presented. However, the OPA gives a limit of $75 million as the maximum amount that a company can pay in damages for oil spillage (Bowman, 2010). As an effect of the spill, this law has been under review by the Congress as some people think that this is too lenient considering the effects of the spill. In this perspective, the OPA holds BP, Transocean and the other companies responsible for the payment of the damages caused to people and business. Another law that is applicable to this case is the Clean Water Act (CWA), which protects the American waters from contamination of any kind (Riesel, 2007). This act recognizes the negligent release of oil into American waters as a criminal activity. The CWA also recognizes as criminal, any act meant to withhold information about oil spillage from the government. For example, BP has been accused of withholding specific information that defines the amount of oil that has been spilled into the water. Apart from spilling the oil, withholding information is a crime in itself.

Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Understanding Oil Spills
How to Report
EPA Oil Spill Program Contacts
How Reports Are Handled
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Discharge of Oil Regulation (40 CFR 110)
Oil Spill Reporting Exemptions
Properly Functioning Vessel Engines
Research and Development Releases
NPDES-Permitted Releases
Discharges Permitted Under MARPOL
More links
 EPA Oil Spill Program Contacts
If you need contact information for a specific person in the EPA Oil Spill Program, you can search for his or her contact information in the EPA Employee Directory. How Reports Are Handled
All reports of hazardous substance releases and oil spills made to the federal government are maintained by the National Response Center or NRC. The NRC records and maintains all reports in a computer database called the Emergency Response Notification System, which is available to the public. The NRC relays the release information to an EPA or U.S. Coast Guard On Scene Coordinator (OSC), depending on the location of the incident. In every area of the country, OSCs are on-call and ready to respond to an oil or hazardous substance release at any time of the day. After receiving a report of an oil or hazardous substance release, the federal OSC evaluates the situation and, if the OSC decides that a federal emergency response action is necessary, the National Response System will be activated. Otherwise, the OSC will monitor the clean up activities of the responsible party and the local and state governments, and will assist in the clean up as warranted. This link provides an overview of the National Response Center. Follow this link to visit the National Response Center Web Site . For information on EPA's Oil Spill Program, call the Oil Spill Program Information Line (800)424-9346 or request information via email
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) was signed into law in August 1990, largely in response to rising public concern following the Exxon Valdez incident.

Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Understanding Oil Spills
How to Report
EPA Oil Spill Program Contacts
How Reports Are Handled
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Discharge of Oil Regulation (40 CFR 110)
Oil Spill Reporting Exemptions
Properly Functioning Vessel Engines
Research and Development Releases
NPDES-Permitted Releases
Discharges Permitted Under MARPOL
More links

EPA Oil Spill Program Contacts
If you need contact information for a specific person in the EPA Oil Spill Program, you can search for his or her contact information in the EPA Employee Directory. How Reports Are Handled
All reports of hazardous substance releases and oil spills made to the federal government are maintained by the National Response Center or NRC. The NRC records and maintains all reports in a computer database called the Emergency Response Notification System, which is available to the public. The NRC relays the release information to an EPA or U.S. Coast Guard On Scene Coordinator (OSC), depending on the location of the incident. In every area of the country, OSCs are on-call and ready to respond to an oil or hazardous substance release at any time of the day. After receiving a report of an oil or hazardous substance release, the federal OSC evaluates the situation and, if the OSC decides that a federal emergency response action is necessary, the National Response System will be activated. Otherwise, the OSC will monitor the clean up activities of the responsible party and the local and state governments, and will assist in the clean up as warranted. This link provides an overview of the National Response Center. Follow this link to visit the National Response Center Web Site . For information on EPA's Oil Spill Program, call the Oil Spill Program Information Line (800)424-9346 or request information via email
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) was signed into law in August 1990, largely in response to rising public concern following the Exxon Valdez incident.

Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Understanding Oil Spills
How to Report
EPA Oil Spill Program Contacts
How Reports Are Handled
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Discharge of Oil Regulation (40 CFR 110)
Oil Spill Reporting Exemptions
Properly Functioning Vessel Engines
Research and Development Releases
NPDES-Permitted Releases
Discharges Permitted Under MARPOL
More links
 In particular, the regulation applies to non-transportation-related facilities that: Have an aboveground storage capacity of more than 660 gallons in a single tank, an aggregate aboveground storage capacity of more than 1,320 gallons, or a total underground storage capacity of 42,000 gallons; and
Could reasonably be expected to discharge oil in harmful quantities into navigable waters of the United States. The regulation requires each owner or operator of a regulated facility to prepare an SPCC Plan. The Plan is required to address the facility's design, operation, and maintenance procedures established to prevent spills from occurring, as well as countermeasures to control, contain, clean up, and mitigate the effects of an oil spill that could affect navigable waters. Following the massive Ashland oil spill in 1988, EPA formed the SPCC Task Force to examine federal regulations governing oil spills from aboveground storage tanks. The SPCC Task Force recommended that EPA clarify certain provisions in the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation, establish additional technical requirements for regulated facilities, and require the preparation of facility-specific response plans. In 1990, Congress enacted the Oil Pollution Act which, among other things, required certain oil storage facilities to prepare facility response plans. In response, EPA proposed revisions to the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation in two phases. EPA proposed its first set of revisions to the regulation on October 22, 1991.

In particular, the regulation applies to non-transportation-related facilities that: Have an aboveground storage capacity of more than 660 gallons in a single tank, an aggregate aboveground storage capacity of more than 1,320 gallons, or a total underground storage capacity of 42,000 gallons; and
Could reasonably be expected to discharge oil in harmful quantities into navigable waters of the United States. The regulation requires each owner or operator of a regulated facility to prepare an SPCC Plan. The Plan is required to address the facility's design, operation, and maintenance procedures established to prevent spills from occurring, as well as countermeasures to control, contain, clean up, and mitigate the effects of an oil spill that could affect navigable waters. Following the massive Ashland oil spill in 1988, EPA formed the SPCC Task Force to examine federal regulations governing oil spills from aboveground storage tanks. The SPCC Task Force recommended that EPA clarify certain provisions in the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation, establish additional technical requirements for regulated facilities, and require the preparation of facility-specific response plans. In 1990, Congress enacted the Oil Pollution Act which, among other things, required certain oil storage facilities to prepare facility response plans. In response, EPA proposed revisions to the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation in two phases. EPA proposed its first set of revisions to the regulation on October 22, 1991.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 For example, vessels transporting oil were liable only up to $250,000 or $150 per gross ton. These limitations rarely covered the cost of removal and cleanup, let alone damages. In the decades to follow, several other laws that dealt with oil spill liability and compensation were passed. These statues include: the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973, the Deep Water Port Act of 1974, the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1978, and the Alaska Oil Spill Commission of 1990. However, this fragmented collection of federal and state laws provided only limited safeguards against the hazards of oils spills. In 1976, a bill to create a cohesive safe measure for oil pollution was introduced to Congress. Neither the House of Representatives nor the Senate could agree on a single statue and the bill fell out of consideration numerous times. On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit aground in the Prince Williams Sound and spilled nearly 11 million gallons of crude oil—the largest marine oil spill in recorded history up to that point. Soon afterward, in June 1989, three smaller spills occurred within coastal waters of the United States.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

For example, vessels transporting oil were liable only up to $250,000 or $150 per gross ton. These limitations rarely covered the cost of removal and cleanup, let alone damages. In the decades to follow, several other laws that dealt with oil spill liability and compensation were passed. These statues include: the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973, the Deep Water Port Act of 1974, the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1978, and the Alaska Oil Spill Commission of 1990. However, this fragmented collection of federal and state laws provided only limited safeguards against the hazards of oils spills. In 1976, a bill to create a cohesive safe measure for oil pollution was introduced to Congress. Neither the House of Representatives nor the Senate could agree on a single statue and the bill fell out of consideration numerous times. On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit aground in the Prince Williams Sound and spilled nearly 11 million gallons of crude oil—the largest marine oil spill in recorded history up to that point. Soon afterward, in June 1989, three smaller spills occurred within coastal waters of the United States.

Oil spills | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Oil spills
Oil spills
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What is oil?
How do oil spills happen?
Where do oil spills happen?
How do oil spills harm or kill ocean life?
Who cleans up an oil spill — and how?
Who pays for oil spill cleanup and restoration?
How does NOAA help after an oil spill?
What are the largest marine oil spills in American history?
EDUCATION CONNECTION
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 Booms are floating physical barriers to oil, which help keep it contained and away from sensitive areas, like beaches, mangroves, and wetlands. Skimmers are used off of boats and can “skim” oil from the sea surface. In situ burning, or setting fire to an oil slick, can burn the oil away at sea, and chemical dispersants can break up oil slicks from the surface. However, cleanup activities can never remove 100% of the oil spilled, and scientists have to be careful that their actions don’t cause additional harm. After the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989, scientists learned that high-pressure, hot-water hoses used to clean up beaches caused more damage than the oil alone. Sensitive habitats need extra consideration during oil spill cleanup. Who pays for oil spill cleanup and restoration? The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 established (among other things) that those responsible for oil spills can be held responsible to pay for cleanup and restoration. This process of assessing the impacts of a spill and reaching a settlement to fund restoration projects is called Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA). Federal, state, and tribal agencies work together with the party responsible for the oil spill throughout NRDA and select restoration projects with help from the public.

Oil spills | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Oil spills
Oil spills
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What is oil?
How do oil spills happen?
Where do oil spills happen?
How do oil spills harm or kill ocean life?
Who cleans up an oil spill — and how?
Who pays for oil spill cleanup and restoration?
How does NOAA help after an oil spill?
What are the largest marine oil spills in American history?
EDUCATION CONNECTION
SHARE

Booms are floating physical barriers to oil, which help keep it contained and away from sensitive areas, like beaches, mangroves, and wetlands. Skimmers are used off of boats and can “skim” oil from the sea surface. In situ burning, or setting fire to an oil slick, can burn the oil away at sea, and chemical dispersants can break up oil slicks from the surface. However, cleanup activities can never remove 100% of the oil spilled, and scientists have to be careful that their actions don’t cause additional harm. After the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989, scientists learned that high-pressure, hot-water hoses used to clean up beaches caused more damage than the oil alone. Sensitive habitats need extra consideration during oil spill cleanup. Who pays for oil spill cleanup and restoration? The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 established (among other things) that those responsible for oil spills can be held responsible to pay for cleanup and restoration. This process of assessing the impacts of a spill and reaching a settlement to fund restoration projects is called Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA). Federal, state, and tribal agencies work together with the party responsible for the oil spill throughout NRDA and select restoration projects with help from the public.

Oil spill - Wikipedia Oil spill
Oil spill
Contents
Largest oil spills
Largest oil spills
Human impact
Environmental effects
Sources and rate of occurrence
Cleanup and recovery
Prevention
Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) mapping
Shoreline type
Biological resources
Human-use resources
Estimating the volume of a spill
See also
References
Further reading
 Oil spill - Wikipedia
Oil spill
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity
Kelp after an oil spill
Oil slick from the Montara oil spill in the Timor Sea, September 2009
An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially the marine ecosystem, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution. The term is usually given to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters, but spills may also occur on land. Oil spills may be due to releases of crude oil from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells, as well as spills of refined petroleum products (such as gasoline, diesel) and their by-products, heavier fuels used by large ships such as bunker fuel, or the spill of any oily refuse or waste oil . Oil spills penetrate into the structure of the plumage of birds and the fur of mammals, reducing its insulating ability, and making them more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations and much less buoyant in the water. Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and depends upon many factors, including the type of oil spilled, the temperature of the water (affecting evaporation and biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and beaches involved. Spills may take weeks, months or even years to clean up. Oil spills can have disastrous consequences for society; economically, environmentally, and socially. As a result, oil spill accidents have initiated intense media attention and political uproar, bringing many together in a political struggle concerning government response to oil spills and what actions can best prevent them from happening. Contents
1 Largest oil spills
2 Human impact
3 Environmental effects
4 Sources and rate of occurrence
5 Cleanup and recovery
5.1 Prevention
6 Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) mapping
6.1 Shoreline type
6.2 Biological resources
6.3 Human-use resources
7 Estimating the volume of a spill
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
Largest oil spills
Main article:

Oil spill - Wikipedia

Oil spill
Oil spill
Contents
Largest oil spills
Largest oil spills
Human impact
Environmental effects
Sources and rate of occurrence
Cleanup and recovery
Prevention
Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) mapping
Shoreline type
Biological resources
Human-use resources
Estimating the volume of a spill
See also
References
Further reading

Marpol Annex 1 | Prevention of Pollution From Oil At Sea - ShipFever Marpol Annex 1 | Prevention of Pollution From Oil At Sea
Marpol Annex 1 | Prevention of Pollution From Oil At Sea
Table of content – Marpol Annex 1
Why Do We Need Law’s Such As Marpol Annex 1 In First Place?
The 7 Chapter Dealing With Different Aspects of Oil Pollution
1 ) Chapter One – Definition, Application & Exceptions
Application & Exceptions
2 ) Chapter Two – Surveys & Certification
International Oil Prevention Certificate
3 ) Chapter Three – Requirements For Machinery Space of Ships
Control of Discharge of Oil Under Marpol Annex 1
Discharge of Oil From Cargo Space
4 ) Chapter Four – Requirements For The Cargo Area Of The Oil Tanker
Oil Discharge Monitoring & Control System
5 ) Chapter Five – Prevention of Oil Pollution After An Accident
SOPEP Equipment’s
6 ) Chapter Six – Reception Facilities
7 ) Chapter Seven – Special Requirements For Fixed/Floating Platforms
Role of The Crew Under Marpol Annex 1
Record Keeping : Oil Record Book
Content’s of Oil Record Book As Per Marpol Annex 1 – Part I
Content’s of Oil Record Book As Per Marpol Annex 1- Part II
Also Read:
Do You Know We Write Post On Your Request?
 For example, the Amoco Cadiz oil spill that took place on 16 March 1979; leads to an oil spill of over 70 million barrels across the coast of Brittany in France. Accidents such as these and their after effects in form of damage to marine environment and cost of cleaning; it was decided to make stricter law governing oil discharge at sea. The Marpol bring in rules that lead to structural and equipment change on board ship; in order to reduce such incident and accidental discharge. Furthermore, it was made sure that the crew must be trained in hand to deal with such a situation; containing the spill and damage due to the oil spill. Important steeps such as the introduction of the double hull, oily water separator, SOPEP, mandatory traffic separation, and segregated blast tanks; was possible thanks to the stricter laws under Marpol.

For example, the Amoco Cadiz oil spill that took place on 16 March 1979; leads to an oil spill of over 70 million barrels across the coast of Brittany in France. Accidents such as these and their after effects in form of damage to marine environment and cost of cleaning; it was decided to make stricter law governing oil discharge at sea. The Marpol bring in rules that lead to structural and equipment change on board ship; in order to reduce such incident and accidental discharge. Furthermore, it was made sure that the crew must be trained in hand to deal with such a situation; containing the spill and damage due to the oil spill. Important steeps such as the introduction of the double hull, oily water separator, SOPEP, mandatory traffic separation, and segregated blast tanks; was possible thanks to the stricter laws under Marpol.

What Are the Causes and Negative Effects of Oil Pollution? | Education - Seattle PI What Are the Causes and Negative Effects of Oil Pollution?
What Are the Causes and Negative Effects of Oil Pollution?
Major Causes
Effects on Wildlife
Impact on Habitats
Recovery and Remediation
 Local communities impacted by pollutants must frequently request federal assistance with cleanup efforts, Even then, oil residues can linger for years to come after a cleanup is complete. Major Causes
Oil pollution is most commonly associated with tanker breakups or disasters at offshore production sites. However, such accidents account for less than 10 percent of global marine oil pollution problems. The largest source of oil pollution is runoff from land -- used engine oil and municipal and industrial wastes, according to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Other sources include offshore drilling discharges, tank cleanups and traffic, particulate oil in air pollution, and natural seepage from the ocean bottom. Effects on Wildlife
Oil pollutants threaten birds, fish and marine mammals that absorb, eat or inhale them. For example, birds risk drowning or hypothermia by absorbing oil through their feathers, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS, notes. Ingesting or inhaling oil can result in lung, liver and kidney damage that ends in death, as well as a weakened immune system that compromises an animal's ability to find food and protect itself against predators. These toxic effects also spread through the local ecosystem as larger animals and humans eat contaminated birds and fish. Impact on Habitats
The negative environmental effects of oil spills often persist for lengthy periods.

What Are the Causes and Negative Effects of Oil Pollution? | Education - Seattle PI

What Are the Causes and Negative Effects of Oil Pollution?
What Are the Causes and Negative Effects of Oil Pollution?
Major Causes
Effects on Wildlife
Impact on Habitats
Recovery and Remediation

Local communities impacted by pollutants must frequently request federal assistance with cleanup efforts, Even then, oil residues can linger for years to come after a cleanup is complete. Major Causes
Oil pollution is most commonly associated with tanker breakups or disasters at offshore production sites. However, such accidents account for less than 10 percent of global marine oil pollution problems. The largest source of oil pollution is runoff from land -- used engine oil and municipal and industrial wastes, according to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Other sources include offshore drilling discharges, tank cleanups and traffic, particulate oil in air pollution, and natural seepage from the ocean bottom. Effects on Wildlife
Oil pollutants threaten birds, fish and marine mammals that absorb, eat or inhale them. For example, birds risk drowning or hypothermia by absorbing oil through their feathers, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS, notes. Ingesting or inhaling oil can result in lung, liver and kidney damage that ends in death, as well as a weakened immune system that compromises an animal's ability to find food and protect itself against predators. These toxic effects also spread through the local ecosystem as larger animals and humans eat contaminated birds and fish. Impact on Habitats
The negative environmental effects of oil spills often persist for lengthy periods.

 THE NEW YORK OIL SPILL LAW Navigation Law Article 12
THE

NEW

YORK

OIL

SPILL

LAW

Navigation

Law

Article

12

KNAUF

SHAW

LLP

Liability

II.

Cleanups.

III.

Oil

Spill

Fund

IV.

Liens

V.

“Dischargers”

VI.

Private

Right

of

Action

VII.

Insurer

of

a

Discharger

VIII.

Defenses

IX.

Remedies.

B.

Property

Damages.

3.

Temporary

Property

Damages.

In

Putnam

v.

Stateof

New

York,

223

 It

follows

the

same

basic

pattern

as

the

later

federal

and

state

Superfund

statutes,

creating

strict

liability

for

“[a]ny

person

who

has

discharged

petroleum”

(a

“discharger”),

and

providing

for

cleanup

financed

by

a

government

fund. The

law

generally

prohibits

the

“discharge

of

petroleum,”

but

does

not

apply

to

discharges

“in

compliance

with

the

conditions

of

a

federal

or

state

permit.” Navigation

Law

§173. Special

provisions

relate

to

“major

facilities”

(including

refineries,

pipelines,

and

other

facilities

with

a

capacity

greater

than

400,000

gallons,

Navigation

Law

§172(11),

and

coordination

with

the

federal

Oil

Pollution

Act

of

1990. The

statute

is

“liberally

construed

to

effect

its

purposes.” Navigation

Law

§195; State

v.

Green,

96

N.Y.2d

403,

729

N.Y.S.2d

420

(2001); Henning

v.

Rando

Machine

Corp.,

207

A.D.2d

106,

620

N.Y.S.2d

867

(4th

Dep’t

1994). The

Oil

Spill

Law

applies

to

spills

which

occurred

before

the

statute

was

enacted

in

1977. Navigation

Law

§190-a;

THE NEW YORK OIL SPILL LAW Navigation Law Article 12
THE

NEW

YORK

OIL

SPILL

LAW

Navigation

Law

Article

12

KNAUF

SHAW

LLP

Liability

II.

Cleanups.

III.

Oil

Spill

Fund

IV.

Liens

V.

“Dischargers”

VI.

Private

Right

of

Action

VII.

Insurer

of

a

Discharger

VIII.

Defenses

IX.

Remedies.

B.

Property

Damages.

3.

Temporary

Property

Damages.

In

Putnam

v.

Stateof

New

York,

223

It

follows

the

same

basic

pattern

as

the

later

federal

and

state

Superfund

statutes,

creating

strict

liability

for

“[a]ny

person

who

has

discharged

petroleum”

(a

“discharger”),

and

providing

for

cleanup

financed

by

a

government

fund. The

law

generally

prohibits

the

“discharge

of

petroleum,”

but

does

not

apply

to

discharges

“in

compliance

with

the

conditions

of

a

federal

or

state

permit.” Navigation

Law

§173. Special

provisions

relate

to

“major

facilities”

(including

refineries,

pipelines,

and

other

facilities

with

a

capacity

greater

than

400,000

gallons,

Navigation

Law

§172(11),

and

coordination

with

the

federal

Oil

Pollution

Act

of

1990. The

statute

is

“liberally

construed

to

effect

its

purposes.” Navigation

Law

§195; State

v.

Green,

96

N.Y.2d

403,

729

N.Y.S.2d

420

(2001); Henning

v.

Rando

Machine

Corp.,

207

A.D.2d

106,

620

N.Y.S.2d

867

(4th

Dep’t

1994). The

Oil

Spill

Law

applies

to

spills

which

occurred

before

the

statute

was

enacted

in

1977. Navigation

Law

§190-a;

Oil Spill Prevention: Solutions and Challenges - FutureBridge Oil Spill Prevention: Solutions and Challenges
Oil Spill Prevention: Solutions and Challenges
What is an oil spill, and why are companies so gung-ho about it?
Who regulates and controls if there is a spill?
How is oil spill controlled?
Oil booms:
Skimmers:
Sorbents:
Burning:
Dispersants:
Which players are involved?
Overall challenges
 for example, from the improper disposal of used motor oil. Offshore drilling and production operations and oil spills or leaks from ships or tankers typically contribute less than 8 percent of the total oil spill. The remainder comes from routine maintenance of ships (nearly 20 percent), hydrocarbon particles from onshore air pollution (about 13 percent), and natural seepage from the seafloor (over 8 percent). Who regulates and controls if there is a spill? Each country has a government agency that takes care of stringent practices, which need to be followed to avoid oil spills and to support immediate action in case of any spill. The key international bodies are International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund (IOPC), United Nations Environment Program World Conservation Monitoring Cent er (UNEP-WCMC), and World Bank Oil, Gas, Mining and Chemicals. Apart from this, there are several oil industry associations listed below: Association of Petroleum Industry Cooperative Managers (APICOM)
Regional Association of Oil and Natural Gas Companies in Latin America and the Caribbean (ARPEL)
UK Spill, British Oil Spill Industry Association
Conservation of Clean Air and Water in Europe (CONCAWE)
The Global Oil and Gas Industry Association for Environmental and Social Issues (IPIECA)
Mediterranean Oil Industry Group (MOIG)
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (OGP)
Petroleum Association of Japan (PAJ)
Regional Clean Sea Organization (RECSO)
Spill Control Association of America (SCAA)
Oil Spill Control Association of France (SYCOPOL)
The Great Lakes Spill Protection Initiative
Environmental Protection Agency is the principal federal response agency regulating the oil spill management market to prevent, prepare for, and respond to oil spillage occurring in the inland waters of the United States. The US Coast Guard is the lead response agency for spills in coastal waters and deepwater ports. EPA’s Oil Spill Prevention Program includes the Facility Response Plan (FRP) and the Spill Prevention, Control, and Counter (SPCC) measure rules.

Oil Spill Prevention: Solutions and Challenges - FutureBridge

Oil Spill Prevention: Solutions and Challenges
Oil Spill Prevention: Solutions and Challenges
What is an oil spill, and why are companies so gung-ho about it?
Who regulates and controls if there is a spill?
How is oil spill controlled?
Oil booms:
Skimmers:
Sorbents:
Burning:
Dispersants:
Which players are involved?
Overall challenges

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader

Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties

Chemical Pollution : Ocean Health Index Chemical Pollution
Chemical Pollution
Overview
How Was It Measured?
Chemical Pollution Infographic
Oil
What Are The Impacts?
ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
HUMAN HEALTH IMPACT
ECONOMIC IMPACT
Get More Information
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution [WHOI]
U.S. Senate Committee on Environment & Public Works
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA]
Toxic Metals
What Are The Impacts?
Mercury Pollution Cycle
ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
HUMAN HEALTH IMPACT
ECONOMIC IMPACT
What Has Been Done?
Get More Information
United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]
Turtle Island Restoration Network
European Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL)
Persistent Organic Pollutants [POPs]
What Are The Impacts?
ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
HUMAN HEALTH IMPACT
ECONOMIC IMPACT
Blue Voice
Webpage for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
World Bank
References
 Litigation and compensation for claims cost BP an additional US $15 billion (Telegraph 2011). The company recently agreed to a claims settlement totalling $18.7 billion. ( New York Times 2015)
Local economies have to deal with costs resulting from contaminated or diminished fish stocks. The BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill caused Louisiana to lose 50 percent of its seafood production, a US $2.4 billion dollar industry in Louisiana that supplied as much as 30 percent of the domestic seafood for the continental U.S.  (Nawaguna-Clemente 2011). Get More Information
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution [WHOI]
A diagram detailing the route of oil as it travels from the seafloor through the water column. Learn More
U.S. Senate Committee on Environment & Public Works
A policy brief on the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 by David Lungren
Learn More
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA]
Six fact sheets

Chemical Pollution : Ocean Health Index

Litigation and compensation for claims cost BP an additional US $15 billion (Telegraph 2011). The company recently agreed to a claims settlement totalling $18.7 billion. ( New York Times 2015)
Local economies have to deal with costs resulting from contaminated or diminished fish stocks. The BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill caused Louisiana to lose 50 percent of its seafood production, a US $2.4 billion dollar industry in Louisiana that supplied as much as 30 percent of the domestic seafood for the continental U.S.  (Nawaguna-Clemente 2011). Get More Information
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution [WHOI]
A diagram detailing the route of oil as it travels from the seafloor through the water column. Learn More
U.S. Senate Committee on Environment & Public Works
A policy brief on the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 by David Lungren
Learn More
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA]
Six fact sheets

Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Understanding Oil Spills
How to Report
EPA Oil Spill Program Contacts
How Reports Are Handled
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Discharge of Oil Regulation (40 CFR 110)
Oil Spill Reporting Exemptions
Properly Functioning Vessel Engines
Research and Development Releases
NPDES-Permitted Releases
Discharges Permitted Under MARPOL
More links
 Area Committees -- composed of federal, state, and local government officials -- must develop detailed, location-specific Area Contingency Plans; and owners or operators of vessels and certain facilities that pose a serious threat to the environment must prepare their own facility response plans. Finally, the OPA increased penalties for regulatory noncompliance, broadened the response and enforcement authorities of the Federal government, and preserved State authority to establish law governing oil spill prevention and response. In 1973, EPA issued the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation, which is codified at 40 CFR Part 112, to address the oil spill prevention provisions contained in the Clean Water Act of 1972. The regulation forms the basis of EPA's oil spill prevention, control, and countermeasures, or SPCC, program, which seeks to prevent oil spills from certain aboveground and underground storage tanks. In particular, the regulation applies to non-transportation-related facilities that: Have an aboveground storage capacity of more than 660 gallons in a single tank, an aggregate aboveground storage capacity of more than 1,320 gallons, or a total underground storage capacity of 42,000 gallons; and
Could reasonably be expected to discharge oil in harmful quantities into navigable waters of the United States. The regulation requires each owner or operator of a regulated facility to prepare an SPCC Plan. The Plan is required to address the facility's design, operation, and maintenance procedures established to prevent spills from occurring, as well as countermeasures to control, contain, clean up, and mitigate the effects of an oil spill that could affect navigable waters.

Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know

H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990
101st Congress (1989-1990)

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
Law
Tracker:
Summary (6)
Text (7)
Actions (178)
Titles (11)
Amendments (33)
Cosponsors (79)
Committees (5)
Related Bills (25)
Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Shown Here:
Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)
 Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation - Establishes the Oil Spill Compensation Fund. Makes the responsible party for a vessel or facility from which oil is discharged (or which poses a substantial threat of discharge) liable for removal costs and for economic or natural resource damages, including: ( 1) injury or loss of real or personal property or natural resources; ( 2) loss of use (including subsistence use) of natural resources; ( 3) loss or impairment of income, profits, or earning capacity; ( 4) loss of Federal and State tax, royalty, rental, or net profits share revenue; and (5) net costs of increased public services as a result of the discharge. Sets forth defenses to liability. Establishes liability limits for: ( 1) tankers; (

H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress

Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation - Establishes the Oil Spill Compensation Fund. Makes the responsible party for a vessel or facility from which oil is discharged (or which poses a substantial threat of discharge) liable for removal costs and for economic or natural resource damages, including: ( 1) injury or loss of real or personal property or natural resources; ( 2) loss of use (including subsistence use) of natural resources; ( 3) loss or impairment of income, profits, or earning capacity; ( 4) loss of Federal and State tax, royalty, rental, or net profits share revenue; and (5) net costs of increased public services as a result of the discharge. Sets forth defenses to liability. Establishes liability limits for: ( 1) tankers; (

The Exxon Valdez, 25 Years Later The
Exxon Valdez
, 25 Years Later

The Exxon Valdez, 25 Years Later
Making Waves: Episode 122
Recovery Timeline
Listen:
Transcript
 The Exxon Valdez was his first introduction to working on a big oil spill for NOAA. [GARY SHIGENAKA] "It changed the course of my career and possibly even my life and it really defined the challenges of understanding environmental disturbance in a complex setting like Prince William Sound." [NARRATOR] That's Gary, and he's with us today by phone from his Seattle office where he works as a biologist in NOAA's Response and Restoration office. He said that part of what made this spill unique was not only its size, but that it happened in such a remote place. There just weren't any response assets that could quickly be called up to go clean up the oil: [GARY SHIGENAKA] "... like vessels, airplanes, and people and specialized pieces of gear like containment boom. Prior to that other recent spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the Deepwater Horizon, it was the largest spill to occur in U.S. waters and it was a benchmark in a lot of ways. The shortcomings that were identified during the initial and longer-term response resulted in major changes to U.S. law, primarily expressed in a piece of legislation known as the Oil Pollution Act of 1990." [NARRATOR] That law led to things like making sure we were more prepared and better trained to deal with spills, prepositioning equipment around the nation, and requiring all oil tankers in the U.S. to have double hulls -- but these changes only tell part of the story. The kind of change we're going to talk about for the rest of the show doesn't involve improvements in ship hull design, new laws, or better training ... it involves nature.

The Exxon Valdez, 25 Years Later

The
Exxon Valdez
, 25 Years Later

The Exxon Valdez, 25 Years Later
Making Waves: Episode 122
Recovery Timeline
Listen:
Transcript

The Exxon Valdez was his first introduction to working on a big oil spill for NOAA. [GARY SHIGENAKA] "It changed the course of my career and possibly even my life and it really defined the challenges of understanding environmental disturbance in a complex setting like Prince William Sound." [NARRATOR] That's Gary, and he's with us today by phone from his Seattle office where he works as a biologist in NOAA's Response and Restoration office. He said that part of what made this spill unique was not only its size, but that it happened in such a remote place. There just weren't any response assets that could quickly be called up to go clean up the oil: [GARY SHIGENAKA] "... like vessels, airplanes, and people and specialized pieces of gear like containment boom. Prior to that other recent spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the Deepwater Horizon, it was the largest spill to occur in U.S. waters and it was a benchmark in a lot of ways. The shortcomings that were identified during the initial and longer-term response resulted in major changes to U.S. law, primarily expressed in a piece of legislation known as the Oil Pollution Act of 1990." [NARRATOR] That law led to things like making sure we were more prepared and better trained to deal with spills, prepositioning equipment around the nation, and requiring all oil tankers in the U.S. to have double hulls -- but these changes only tell part of the story. The kind of change we're going to talk about for the rest of the show doesn't involve improvements in ship hull design, new laws, or better training ... it involves nature.