Question: definition secondary trauma

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
 Similar concepts
Secondary trauma is often used interchangeably with several terms that have similar meanings including compassion fatigue, vicarious trauma, second victim syndrome, and job burnout. Although there is an overlap in terminology, there are nuanced differences. Compassion fatigue
Compassion fatigue refers to a reduced capacity to help as a health care professional after being exposed to the suffering and distress of their patients. Secondary traumatic stress was later renamed compassion fatigue in 1995 by Charles Figley who described compassion fatigue as the natural emotions that arise as a result of learning about a significant others' experience with a traumatic event. Overall, compassion fatigue is often used interchangeably with secondary traumatic stress but the difference between the two is that STS is specific to individuals who treat traumatized populations whereas CF generalizes to individuals who treat an array of other populations. Vicarious trauma
Vicarious traumatization (VT) is defined as a transformation of a helper's inner experience that is a result of empathic engagement with a client's traumatic experiences. This engagement with the client results in a shift in the cognitive schemas about oneself

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia

Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References

Similar concepts
Secondary trauma is often used interchangeably with several terms that have similar meanings including compassion fatigue, vicarious trauma, second victim syndrome, and job burnout. Although there is an overlap in terminology, there are nuanced differences. Compassion fatigue
Compassion fatigue refers to a reduced capacity to help as a health care professional after being exposed to the suffering and distress of their patients. Secondary traumatic stress was later renamed compassion fatigue in 1995 by Charles Figley who described compassion fatigue as the natural emotions that arise as a result of learning about a significant others' experience with a traumatic event. Overall, compassion fatigue is often used interchangeably with secondary traumatic stress but the difference between the two is that STS is specific to individuals who treat traumatized populations whereas CF generalizes to individuals who treat an array of other populations. Vicarious trauma
Vicarious traumatization (VT) is defined as a transformation of a helper's inner experience that is a result of empathic engagement with a client's traumatic experiences. This engagement with the client results in a shift in the cognitive schemas about oneself

 Unlike vicarious trauma, which accumulates over time, secondary trauma can occur unexpectedly and suddenly (Sudden 2019). Secondary trauma is the sometimes sudden development of PTSD-like symptoms without directly witnessing or having being involved in a traumatic event. Compassion Fatigue
Compassion fatigue is a type of indirect trauma specific to healthcare professionals, caused by the emotional ‘residue’ of working with those who have experienced trauma. It may cause emotional exhaustion and lack of empathy towards clients (Sudden 2019; AIS 2017). Burnout
Burnout is motivation-based, causing emotional and psychological exhaustion related to an individual’s work. It is not a form of trauma (Sudden 2019; The Lookout 2017). Traumatic Countertransference
Traumatic countertransference is when a healthcare worker relates to a patient in such a way that they unconsciously connect the patient with an existing relationship in their own life. This can occur in many situations (not just in a medical setting) where there is a connection between people based on empathy (Good Therapy 2019).

Unlike vicarious trauma, which accumulates over time, secondary trauma can occur unexpectedly and suddenly (Sudden 2019). Secondary trauma is the sometimes sudden development of PTSD-like symptoms without directly witnessing or having being involved in a traumatic event. Compassion Fatigue
Compassion fatigue is a type of indirect trauma specific to healthcare professionals, caused by the emotional ‘residue’ of working with those who have experienced trauma. It may cause emotional exhaustion and lack of empathy towards clients (Sudden 2019; AIS 2017). Burnout
Burnout is motivation-based, causing emotional and psychological exhaustion related to an individual’s work. It is not a form of trauma (Sudden 2019; The Lookout 2017). Traumatic Countertransference
Traumatic countertransference is when a healthcare worker relates to a patient in such a way that they unconsciously connect the patient with an existing relationship in their own life. This can occur in many situations (not just in a medical setting) where there is a connection between people based on empathy (Good Therapy 2019).

 Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

 Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions: Secondary

Traumatic

Stress/Vicarious

Trauma

(STS/VT): STS

is

a

secondary

trauma

which

results

from

indirect

exposure

to

trauma. Defined

by

Dr.

Charles

Figley,

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Disorder

is

“the

natural

consequent

behaviors

resulting

from

knowledge

about

a

traumatizing

event

experienced

by

a

significant

other. It

is

the

stress

resulting

from

helping

or

wanting

to

help

a

traumatized

or

suffering

person”

(Figley,

1995). Burnout: Although

burnout

has

many

of

the

same

causes

and

symptoms

of

secondary

trauma,

burnout

results

from

long

term

non-supportive

work

environments. It

differs

from

secondary

trauma

in

that

exposure

to

clients’

trauma

is

not

the

precipitating

factor

(Siegfried,

2008). Post

Traumatic

Stress

Disorder

(PTSD): PTSD

is

a

primary

trauma

which

results

from

direct

exposure

to

the

traumatic

experience.

Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions: Secondary

Traumatic

Stress/Vicarious

Trauma

(STS/VT): STS

is

a

secondary

trauma

which

results

from

indirect

exposure

to

trauma. Defined

by

Dr.

Charles

Figley,

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Disorder

is

“the

natural

consequent

behaviors

resulting

from

knowledge

about

a

traumatizing

event

experienced

by

a

significant

other. It

is

the

stress

resulting

from

helping

or

wanting

to

help

a

traumatized

or

suffering

person”

(Figley,

1995). Burnout: Although

burnout

has

many

of

the

same

causes

and

symptoms

of

secondary

trauma,

burnout

results

from

long

term

non-supportive

work

environments. It

differs

from

secondary

trauma

in

that

exposure

to

clients’

trauma

is

not

the

precipitating

factor

(Siegfried,

2008). Post

Traumatic

Stress

Disorder

(PTSD): PTSD

is

a

primary

trauma

which

results

from

direct

exposure

to

the

traumatic

experience.

Vicarious Victimization and Related Forms of Secondary Traumatization - Criminology - Oxford Bibliographies
by
Kelly E. Knight, Colter Ellis, Samuel T. Murphy, Heather Olson, Greer Wagner, Terra Dion, Rachel Gemar
LAST MODIFIED: 26 April 2018
DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780195396607-0242
Introduction
Definitions
How to Subscribe
 Sidran. In this book chapter, Figley defines secondary traumatic stress as the behaviors and emotions that result from knowing about a significant other’s traumatic experience. Figley describes the context in which secondary traumatic stress can arise and contrasts it with other related concepts to help provide conceptual clarity. Figley, C. R. 2002. Compassion fatigue: Psychotherapists’ chronic lack of self care. Journal of Clinical Psychology 58.11: 1433–1441. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.10090
In this essay, Figley defines compassion fatigue as a state of tension and preoccupation associated with traumatized patients and discusses an etiological model linking empathetic ability and compassion fatigue.

Vicarious Victimization and Related Forms of Secondary Traumatization - Criminology - Oxford Bibliographies

by
Kelly E. Knight, Colter Ellis, Samuel T. Murphy, Heather Olson, Greer Wagner, Terra Dion, Rachel Gemar
LAST MODIFIED: 26 April 2018
DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780195396607-0242
Introduction
Definitions
How to Subscribe

Sidran. In this book chapter, Figley defines secondary traumatic stress as the behaviors and emotions that result from knowing about a significant other’s traumatic experience. Figley describes the context in which secondary traumatic stress can arise and contrasts it with other related concepts to help provide conceptual clarity. Figley, C. R. 2002. Compassion fatigue: Psychotherapists’ chronic lack of self care. Journal of Clinical Psychology 58.11: 1433–1441. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.10090
In this essay, Figley defines compassion fatigue as a state of tension and preoccupation associated with traumatized patients and discusses an etiological model linking empathetic ability and compassion fatigue.

 Vicarious trauma can be described as a cumulative ‘negative transformation’ that impacts the physical and mental health of a healthcare worker, permeating all aspects of work and home life. It builds up over time, intruding on everyday life, and has the potential to drastically alter an individual’s character and belief systems (The Lookout 2017; Dragon 2019). Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary trauma is the development of PTSD-like symptoms without directly witnessing or having being involved in a traumatic event. In healthcare, the traumatising event of a patient can become a traumatising event for the healthcare worker (Sudden 2019). Unlike vicarious trauma, which accumulates over time, secondary trauma can occur unexpectedly and suddenly (Sudden 2019). Secondary trauma is the sometimes sudden development of PTSD-like symptoms without directly witnessing or having being involved in a traumatic event. Compassion Fatigue
Compassion fatigue is a type of indirect trauma specific to healthcare professionals, caused by the emotional ‘residue’ of working with those who have experienced trauma. It may cause emotional exhaustion and lack of empathy towards clients (Sudden 2019; AIS 2017).

Vicarious trauma can be described as a cumulative ‘negative transformation’ that impacts the physical and mental health of a healthcare worker, permeating all aspects of work and home life. It builds up over time, intruding on everyday life, and has the potential to drastically alter an individual’s character and belief systems (The Lookout 2017; Dragon 2019). Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary trauma is the development of PTSD-like symptoms without directly witnessing or having being involved in a traumatic event. In healthcare, the traumatising event of a patient can become a traumatising event for the healthcare worker (Sudden 2019). Unlike vicarious trauma, which accumulates over time, secondary trauma can occur unexpectedly and suddenly (Sudden 2019). Secondary trauma is the sometimes sudden development of PTSD-like symptoms without directly witnessing or having being involved in a traumatic event. Compassion Fatigue
Compassion fatigue is a type of indirect trauma specific to healthcare professionals, caused by the emotional ‘residue’ of working with those who have experienced trauma. It may cause emotional exhaustion and lack of empathy towards clients (Sudden 2019; AIS 2017).

Vicarious Victimization and Related Forms of Secondary Traumatization - Criminology - Oxford Bibliographies
by
Kelly E. Knight, Colter Ellis, Samuel T. Murphy, Heather Olson, Greer Wagner, Terra Dion, Rachel Gemar
LAST MODIFIED: 26 April 2018
DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780195396607-0242
Introduction
Definitions
How to Subscribe
 In Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators. 2d ed. Edited by B. H. Stamm, 3–28. Baltimore: Sidran. In this book chapter, Figley defines secondary traumatic stress as the behaviors and emotions that result from knowing about a significant other’s traumatic experience. Figley describes the context in which secondary traumatic stress can arise and contrasts it with other related concepts to help provide conceptual clarity. Figley, C. R. 2002. Compassion fatigue:

In Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators. 2d ed. Edited by B. H. Stamm, 3–28. Baltimore: Sidran. In this book chapter, Figley defines secondary traumatic stress as the behaviors and emotions that result from knowing about a significant other’s traumatic experience. Figley describes the context in which secondary traumatic stress can arise and contrasts it with other related concepts to help provide conceptual clarity. Figley, C. R. 2002. Compassion fatigue:

Secondary Traumatic Stress | The National Child Traumatic Stress Network Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Introduction
NCTSN Resources
 Secondary Traumatic Stress | The National Child Traumatic Stress Network
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Back to top
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary traumatic stress is the emotional duress that results when an individual hears about the firsthand trauma experiences of another. Each year more than 10 million children in the United States endure the trauma of abuse, violence, natural disasters, and other adverse events. These experiences can give rise to significant emotional and behavioral problems that can profoundly disrupt the children’s lives and bring them in contact with child-serving professionals. For therapists, child welfare workers, case managers, and other helping professionals involved in the care of traumatized children and their families, the essential act of listening to trauma stories may take an emotional toll that compromises professional functioning and diminishes quality of life. Individual and supervisory awareness of the effects of this indirect trauma exposure is a basic part of protecting the health of the worker and ensuring that children consistently receive the best possible care from those who are committed to helping them. Introduction
The development of secondary traumatic stress is recognized as a common occupational hazard for professionals working with traumatized children. view
NCTSN Resources
The following resources on Secondary Traumatic Stress were developed by the NCTSN. view

Secondary Traumatic Stress | The National Child Traumatic Stress Network

Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Introduction
NCTSN Resources

Secondary Traumatic Stress | The National Child Traumatic Stress Network
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Back to top
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary traumatic stress is the emotional duress that results when an individual hears about the firsthand trauma experiences of another. Each year more than 10 million children in the United States endure the trauma of abuse, violence, natural disasters, and other adverse events. These experiences can give rise to significant emotional and behavioral problems that can profoundly disrupt the children’s lives and bring them in contact with child-serving professionals. For therapists, child welfare workers, case managers, and other helping professionals involved in the care of traumatized children and their families, the essential act of listening to trauma stories may take an emotional toll that compromises professional functioning and diminishes quality of life. Individual and supervisory awareness of the effects of this indirect trauma exposure is a basic part of protecting the health of the worker and ensuring that children consistently receive the best possible care from those who are committed to helping them. Introduction
The development of secondary traumatic stress is recognized as a common occupational hazard for professionals working with traumatized children. view
NCTSN Resources
The following resources on Secondary Traumatic Stress were developed by the NCTSN. view

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
 Services similar to the ones listed above for the first responder population were valuable for reducing secondary traumatic stress symptoms amongst medical staff working with traumatic populations in hospital settings. Children of traumatized parents
Van Ijzendoorn et al. ( 2003) conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies with 4,418 participants in which they explored secondary trauma in children of Holocaust survivors. The authors found that in non-clinical studies no evidence of secondary traumatization, while clinical studies only showed evidence for secondary traumatization when additional stressors were also present. Intergenerational trauma or transgenerational trauma is also applied to describe the process by which parental traumatic experiences may lead to secondary trauma symptoms in their offspring, when additional stressors, such as war, famine, or displacement are present. Refugee children who are exposed to these additional stressors display heightened anxiety levels, and have an increased likelihood of experiencing traumatic life events, compared with non-refugee children in the United States. Sex differences
There are also gender differences in the prevalence and vulnerability of secondary trauma. Research suggests that women are more likely than men to develop secondary traumatization. Additionally, not only are women more susceptible to experience the symptoms of STS, but they experience symptoms of STS at a greater intensity compared to men. It is theorized that this discrepancy may be due to women being more empathetic, more reactive to other people's emotions and are more likely to have caretaker burden.

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
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In this section...
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress?
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Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress?
 What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? Secondary traumatic stress disorder can occur in anyone who hears the firsthand account of a trauma experienced by another person. That trauma experienced by the individual then affects the second individual intensely, causing symptoms that mimic PTSD or post-traumatic stress disorder, a psychological disorder that affects survivors of a traumatic incident. Secondary Traumatic Stress may also be referred to as compassion fatigue or vicarious trauma. We can help you find treatment for secondary trauma. Call toll free today. In this section...
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress? Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress? Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress?

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
We can help you find treatment for secondary trauma. Call toll free today.
In this section...
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress?
You don’t have to struggle with secondary traumatic stress alone. Call toll free to find help today.
Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress?

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? Secondary traumatic stress disorder can occur in anyone who hears the firsthand account of a trauma experienced by another person. That trauma experienced by the individual then affects the second individual intensely, causing symptoms that mimic PTSD or post-traumatic stress disorder, a psychological disorder that affects survivors of a traumatic incident. Secondary Traumatic Stress may also be referred to as compassion fatigue or vicarious trauma. We can help you find treatment for secondary trauma. Call toll free today. In this section...
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress? Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress? Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress?

Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress - Tend Academy Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress
Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Vicarious Trauma? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
 This can occur by viewing graphic news reports, gruesome or frightening television shows and various other media, hearing a detailed traumatic story from another person, viewing crime scene evidence, working in a court room, attending a debriefing or a conference where disturbing images are described or shown, and many other ways in which we can be indirectly affected by the content or visuals of some other living creature’s suffering. The term Vicarious traumatization (VT) was coined by Pearlman & Saakvitne (1995) to describe the profound shift in world view that occurs in helping professionals when they work with individuals who have experienced trauma: helpers notice that their fundamental beliefs about the world are altered and possibly damaged by being repeatedly exposed to traumatic material. A domestic violence shelter worker may stop being able to believe that any relationship can be healthy. A child abuse investigator may lose trust in anyone who approaches their child. Again, examples of this abound and vary based on the type of work that we do. Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) is a concept that was developed by trauma specialists Beth Stamm, Charles Figley and others in the early 1990s as they sought to understand why service providers seemed to be exhibiting symptoms similar to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) without having necessarily been exposed to direct trauma themselves. VT/STS can occur in professionals who work in high-stress and trauma-exposed fields (child abuse investigators, prosecutors, judges, therapists, health care professionals, animal shelter workers and many others) but it can also affect civilians who do not work in high-trauma fields but are deeply impacted by stories that they are exposed to (maybe graphic news accounts, a friend sharing details of a traumatic event they experienced, again, there are many examples of ways in which this may occur.) Direct trauma, in contrast, refers to a traumatic event that occurs directly to us. A paramedic who is called to a catastrophic car accident may have direct trauma as a result of what he/she sees at the crash site.

Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress - Tend Academy

Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress
Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Vicarious Trauma? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?

Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
How is Compassion Fatigue Different?
12 Therapeutic Strategies for Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress
Self-Care is an Essential
 Sometimes the terms Secondary Traumatic Stress and Compassion Fatigue are used interchangeably. Some professionals agree however, that the two terms should be separated based on the severity and varying degrees of stress symptoms. This article is not meant to diagnose or treat symptoms. Please contact a licensed mental healthcare professional with concerns about diagnosis. What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? Secondary Traumatic Stress is a lasting or even recurring emotional anguish that results when an individual learns about the firsthand experiences of another person or animal’s traumatic experience. The experience of stress, trauma or an onset of PTSD symptoms can be triggered from: indirect exposure to traumatic material. empathetic engagement with someone who has been traumatized. repeated exposure to either of the above.

Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue

Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
How is Compassion Fatigue Different?
12 Therapeutic Strategies for Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress
Self-Care is an Essential

Sometimes the terms Secondary Traumatic Stress and Compassion Fatigue are used interchangeably. Some professionals agree however, that the two terms should be separated based on the severity and varying degrees of stress symptoms. This article is not meant to diagnose or treat symptoms. Please contact a licensed mental healthcare professional with concerns about diagnosis. What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? Secondary Traumatic Stress is a lasting or even recurring emotional anguish that results when an individual learns about the firsthand experiences of another person or animal’s traumatic experience. The experience of stress, trauma or an onset of PTSD symptoms can be triggered from: indirect exposure to traumatic material. empathetic engagement with someone who has been traumatized. repeated exposure to either of the above.

The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference?
Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
When Social Workers Experience Trauma
Signs of Secondary and Vicarious Trauma in Social Work
How to Manage, Treat, and Prevent Vicarious and Secondary Trauma
References:
Last Update: 02-12-2020
 It can happen suddenly, after a single exposure. Vicarious trauma happens when a person is exposed to the trauma of others on an ongoing basis. Over time, both secondary and vicarious trauma can cause compassion fatigue. People with compassion fatigue may feel numb and disconnected, struggle to empathize, and be less effective at supporting their clients. Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
Secondary trauma appears suddenly. Anyone can experience it. For example, a person who witnesses a natural disaster or who sees someone else get into a car wreck can face secondary trauma. In a social work context, a single session with a traumatized person may trigger symptoms of secondary trauma. This might happen when: A social worker listens to a client’s story of being raped, assaulted, or abused.

The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma

The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference?
Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
When Social Workers Experience Trauma
Signs of Secondary and Vicarious Trauma in Social Work
How to Manage, Treat, and Prevent Vicarious and Secondary Trauma
References:
Last Update: 02-12-2020

It can happen suddenly, after a single exposure. Vicarious trauma happens when a person is exposed to the trauma of others on an ongoing basis. Over time, both secondary and vicarious trauma can cause compassion fatigue. People with compassion fatigue may feel numb and disconnected, struggle to empathize, and be less effective at supporting their clients. Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
Secondary trauma appears suddenly. Anyone can experience it. For example, a person who witnesses a natural disaster or who sees someone else get into a car wreck can face secondary trauma. In a social work context, a single session with a traumatized person may trigger symptoms of secondary trauma. This might happen when: A social worker listens to a client’s story of being raped, assaulted, or abused.

 Although there is some discrepancy in the definitions, and these feelings may co-exist, it is important to be able to differentiate between the terms (Blue Knot Foundation 2018). This will help how we identify, respond and prevent the emotional impact of stress and trauma at work. Vicarious Trauma
Vicarious trauma occurs from repeated exposure to other people’s trauma. Over time, workers begin to mirror the bio-psychosocial effects shown by the victims of trauma (Tabor 2011; The Lookout 2017). Vicarious trauma can be described as a cumulative ‘negative transformation’ that impacts the physical and mental health of a healthcare worker, permeating all aspects of work and home life. It builds up over time, intruding on everyday life, and has the potential to drastically alter an individual’s character and belief systems (The Lookout 2017; Dragon 2019). Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary trauma is the development of PTSD-like symptoms without directly witnessing or having being involved in a traumatic event. In healthcare, the traumatising event of a patient can become a traumatising event for the healthcare worker (Sudden 2019).

Although there is some discrepancy in the definitions, and these feelings may co-exist, it is important to be able to differentiate between the terms (Blue Knot Foundation 2018). This will help how we identify, respond and prevent the emotional impact of stress and trauma at work. Vicarious Trauma
Vicarious trauma occurs from repeated exposure to other people’s trauma. Over time, workers begin to mirror the bio-psychosocial effects shown by the victims of trauma (Tabor 2011; The Lookout 2017). Vicarious trauma can be described as a cumulative ‘negative transformation’ that impacts the physical and mental health of a healthcare worker, permeating all aspects of work and home life. It builds up over time, intruding on everyday life, and has the potential to drastically alter an individual’s character and belief systems (The Lookout 2017; Dragon 2019). Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary trauma is the development of PTSD-like symptoms without directly witnessing or having being involved in a traumatic event. In healthcare, the traumatising event of a patient can become a traumatising event for the healthcare worker (Sudden 2019).

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
 Secondary trauma - Wikipedia
Secondary trauma
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Secondary trauma can be incurred when an individual is exposed to people who have been traumatized themselves, disturbing descriptions of traumatic events by a survivor, or others inflicting cruelty on one another. Symptoms of secondary trauma are similar to those of PTSD (e.g. intrusive re-experiencing of the traumatic material, avoidance of trauma triggers /emotions, negative changes in beliefs and feelings and hyperarousal). Secondary trauma has been researched in first responders, nurses and physicians, mental health care workers, and children of traumatized parents. Contents
1 Affected populations
1.1 Mental health care workers/social workers
1.2 First responders
1.3 Nurses and physicians
1.4 Children of traumatized parents
2 Sex differences
3 Measurements
4 Interventions
5 Similar concepts
5.1 Compassion fatigue
5.2 Vicarious trauma
5.3 Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
5.4 Job burnout
6 References
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) impacts many individuals in the mental health field and as of 2013 the prevalence rates for STS amongst different professions is as follows: 15.2% among social workers, 16.3% in oncology staff, 19% in substance abuse counselors, 32.8% in emergency nurses, 34% in child protective services workers, and 39% in juvenile justice education workers There is a strong correlation between burnout and secondary traumatic stress among mental health care professionals who are indirectly exposed to trauma and there are a multitude of different risk factors that contribute to the likelihood of developing secondary traumatic stress amongst individuals who conduct therapy with trauma victims. Workers who have had a history of trauma are more likely to develop STS. Additionally, individuals who have less work support as well as less social support are at higher risk for developing STS. Lastly, as the number of patients seen by these workers increases, so do the chances of developing STS. Some of the protective factors for mental health care workers include years of experience in the profession, more time spent in self-care activities and high self-efficacy. First responders
Studies explain how secondary traumatic stress can negatively impact job performance in first responders which can lead to adverse outcomes not only for the first responders, but for the victims they seek to help.

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia

The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference?
Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
When Social Workers Experience Trauma
Signs of Secondary and Vicarious Trauma in Social Work
How to Manage, Treat, and Prevent Vicarious and Secondary Trauma
References:
Last Update: 02-12-2020
 Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference? Social workers inevitably work with people who have experienced trauma such as the death of a loved one, surviving a natural disaster, being in combat, living in an abusive marriage or family, or surviving a sexual assault. Over time, this traumatic exposure can cause social workers to experience symptoms of trauma such as anxiety, depression, and even posttraumatic stress (PTSD) . Secondary trauma is a traumatized reaction to another person’s experience. It can happen suddenly, after a single exposure. Vicarious trauma happens when a person is exposed to the trauma of others on an ongoing basis. Over time, both secondary and vicarious trauma can cause compassion fatigue. People with compassion fatigue may feel numb and disconnected, struggle to empathize, and be less effective at supporting their clients. Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
Secondary trauma appears suddenly.

Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference? Social workers inevitably work with people who have experienced trauma such as the death of a loved one, surviving a natural disaster, being in combat, living in an abusive marriage or family, or surviving a sexual assault. Over time, this traumatic exposure can cause social workers to experience symptoms of trauma such as anxiety, depression, and even posttraumatic stress (PTSD) . Secondary trauma is a traumatized reaction to another person’s experience. It can happen suddenly, after a single exposure. Vicarious trauma happens when a person is exposed to the trauma of others on an ongoing basis. Over time, both secondary and vicarious trauma can cause compassion fatigue. People with compassion fatigue may feel numb and disconnected, struggle to empathize, and be less effective at supporting their clients. Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
Secondary trauma appears suddenly.

Preventing Retraumatization: A Macro Social Work Approach to Trauma-Informed Practices & Policies - SocialWorker.com Preventing Retraumatization: A Macro Social Work Approach to Trauma-Informed Practices & Policies
Preventing Retraumatization: A Macro Social Work Approach to Trauma-Informed Practices & Policies
by Patricia Shelly, MSW, Shelley Hitzel, MSW, and Karen Zgoda, MSW, LCSW
Defining Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) and Retraumatization
How Systems Can Be Traumatizing
Elements in Building Systems To Prevent Retraumatization
Specific Examples of Trauma-Informed Policy by Area:
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 All social workers and other professionals who work with people who have experienced trauma are at risk of being personally affected by that trauma. Secondary traumatic stress (STS) -- sometimes called compassion fatigue -- and retraumatization are common among helping professionals. We typically think about how to avoid retraumatizing our clients. But what about considering a trauma-informed approach to the systems in which we work? How can we build system-wide policies and practices that minimize retraumatization? For social work practice and systems policy-setting, we propose a macro approach to preventing re-traumatization. Defining Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) and Retraumatization
Secondary traumatic stress can follow exposure to another’s experience of trauma, resulting in emotional distress and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is as if we take in a portion of the trauma that the other has survived. Unlike burnout, which is a gradual process, STS can result from a single exposure to another’s trauma. Retraumatization is a conscious or unconscious reminder of past trauma that results in a re-experiencing of the initial trauma event.

Preventing Retraumatization: A Macro Social Work Approach to Trauma-Informed Practices & Policies - SocialWorker.com

Preventing Retraumatization: A Macro Social Work Approach to Trauma-Informed Practices & Policies
Preventing Retraumatization: A Macro Social Work Approach to Trauma-Informed Practices & Policies
by Patricia Shelly, MSW, Shelley Hitzel, MSW, and Karen Zgoda, MSW, LCSW
Defining Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) and Retraumatization
How Systems Can Be Traumatizing
Elements in Building Systems To Prevent Retraumatization
Specific Examples of Trauma-Informed Policy by Area:
Tags

All social workers and other professionals who work with people who have experienced trauma are at risk of being personally affected by that trauma. Secondary traumatic stress (STS) -- sometimes called compassion fatigue -- and retraumatization are common among helping professionals. We typically think about how to avoid retraumatizing our clients. But what about considering a trauma-informed approach to the systems in which we work? How can we build system-wide policies and practices that minimize retraumatization? For social work practice and systems policy-setting, we propose a macro approach to preventing re-traumatization. Defining Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) and Retraumatization
Secondary traumatic stress can follow exposure to another’s experience of trauma, resulting in emotional distress and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is as if we take in a portion of the trauma that the other has survived. Unlike burnout, which is a gradual process, STS can result from a single exposure to another’s trauma. Retraumatization is a conscious or unconscious reminder of past trauma that results in a re-experiencing of the initial trauma event.

What is trauma? Types, symptoms, and treatments What is trauma? What to know
What is trauma? What to know
What is trauma?
Symptoms
Emotional and psychological responses
Physical responses
Traumatic experiences
PTSD
Childhood trauma
Treatment
Therapy
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
Somatic therapies
Medications
Self-care
Exercise
Mindfulness
Connection with others
A balanced lifestyle
Support
When to seek help
Summary
 Acute trauma: This results from a single stressful or dangerous event. Chronic trauma: This results from repeated and prolonged exposure to highly stressful events. Examples include cases of child abuse, bullying, or domestic violence. Complex trauma: This results from exposure to multiple traumatic events. Secondary trauma, or vicarious trauma, is another form of trauma. With this form of trauma, a person develops trauma symptoms from close contact with someone who has experienced a traumatic event. Family members, mental health professionals, and others who care for those who have experienced a traumatic event are at risk of vicarious trauma.

What is trauma? Types, symptoms, and treatments

What is trauma? What to know
What is trauma? What to know
What is trauma?
Symptoms
Emotional and psychological responses
Physical responses
Traumatic experiences
PTSD
Childhood trauma
Treatment
Therapy
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
Somatic therapies
Medications
Self-care
Exercise
Mindfulness
Connection with others
A balanced lifestyle
Support
When to seek help
Summary

Acute trauma: This results from a single stressful or dangerous event. Chronic trauma: This results from repeated and prolonged exposure to highly stressful events. Examples include cases of child abuse, bullying, or domestic violence. Complex trauma: This results from exposure to multiple traumatic events. Secondary trauma, or vicarious trauma, is another form of trauma. With this form of trauma, a person develops trauma symptoms from close contact with someone who has experienced a traumatic event. Family members, mental health professionals, and others who care for those who have experienced a traumatic event are at risk of vicarious trauma.

Secondary Traumatic Stress | The Administration for Children and Families Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Common Compassion Fatigue Symptoms
Why Secondary Traumatic Stress is Important for Human Services Agencies
Relevant Interventions and Approaches
Individual Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Organizational Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Resources for Further Learning
References
 Secondary Traumatic Stress | The Administration for Children and Families
Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? Compassion fatigue, or secondary traumatic stress disorder, is a natural but disruptive by-product of working with traumatized clients. It is a set of observable reactions to working with people who have been traumatized and mirrors the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Osofsky, Putnam & Lederman, 2008; Figley, 1995). Many types of professionals, such as physicians, psychotherapists, human service workers and emergency workers, are vulnerable to developing this type of stress, though only a subset of such workers experience it. The symptoms of compassion fatigue may include feelings of isolation, anxiety, dissociation, physical ailments, and sleep disturbances. Additionally, compassion fatigue is associated with a sense of confusion, helplessness, and a greater sense of isolation from supporters than is seen with burnout. ( Figley, 1995, 2002). It is preventable and treatable, however, if unaddressed, the symptoms can result in problems with mental and physical health, strained personal relationships, and poor work performance Pryce, Shackelford, & Pryce, 2007). Evidence of compassion fatigue can be difficult to recognize in oneself or even in others.

Secondary Traumatic Stress | The Administration for Children and Families

Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Common Compassion Fatigue Symptoms
Why Secondary Traumatic Stress is Important for Human Services Agencies
Relevant Interventions and Approaches
Individual Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Organizational Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Resources for Further Learning
References

Secondary Traumatic Stress | The Administration for Children and Families
Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? Compassion fatigue, or secondary traumatic stress disorder, is a natural but disruptive by-product of working with traumatized clients. It is a set of observable reactions to working with people who have been traumatized and mirrors the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Osofsky, Putnam & Lederman, 2008; Figley, 1995). Many types of professionals, such as physicians, psychotherapists, human service workers and emergency workers, are vulnerable to developing this type of stress, though only a subset of such workers experience it. The symptoms of compassion fatigue may include feelings of isolation, anxiety, dissociation, physical ailments, and sleep disturbances. Additionally, compassion fatigue is associated with a sense of confusion, helplessness, and a greater sense of isolation from supporters than is seen with burnout. ( Figley, 1995, 2002). It is preventable and treatable, however, if unaddressed, the symptoms can result in problems with mental and physical health, strained personal relationships, and poor work performance Pryce, Shackelford, & Pryce, 2007). Evidence of compassion fatigue can be difficult to recognize in oneself or even in others.

Types Of Trauma | The Trauma Practice Types of trauma
Types of trauma
Type 1 Trauma
Type 2 Trauma
Historical, Collective or Intergenerational Trauma
Vicarious or Secondary Trauma
Little t trauma
 Severe illness or injury
Violent assault
Sexual assault
Traumatic loss
Mugging or robbery
Being a victim of or witness to violence
Witnessing a terrorist attack
Witnessing a natural disaster
Road accident
Military combat incident
Hospitalisation
Psychiatric hospitalisation
Childbirth
Medical trauma
Post suicide attempt trauma
Life threatening illness or diagnosis
Type 2 Trauma
Complex trauma describes trauma which may have been experienced as part of childhood or early stages of development. Repetitive trauma refers to trauma which has been repeated over a period of time and is often part of an interpersonal relationship where someone might feel trapped emotionally or physically. They may also feel as if they have been coerced or powerless to prevent the trauma. A condition related to type 2 trauma is Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Examples of type 2 trauma include: Sibling abuse
Childhood emotional abuse
Domestic violence
Emotional neglect and attachment trauma
Abandonment
Verbal abuse
Coercion
Domestic physical abuse
Long term misdiagnosis of a health problem
Bullying at home at school or in a work setting
Sexual abuse
Emotional abuse
Physical neglect
Overly strict upbringing sometimes religious
Historical, Collective or Intergenerational Trauma
This trauma is characterized by psychological or emotional difficulties which can affect different communities, cultural groups and generations. Adaptive coping patterns can be passed intergenerationally. Examples might include: Racism
Slavery
Forcible removal from a family or community
Genocide
War
Vicarious or Secondary Trauma
This type of trauma can occur when someone speaks to someone who has experienced a trauma or witnessed a trauma first hand. The person listening can experience secondary trauma and experience symptoms experienced by the person explaining the trauma.

Types Of Trauma | The Trauma Practice

Types of trauma
Types of trauma
Type 1 Trauma
Type 2 Trauma
Historical, Collective or Intergenerational Trauma
Vicarious or Secondary Trauma
Little t trauma

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures) What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
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 February 20, 2021
Secondary PTSD often occurs after a traumatic event. Post- traumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that can arise after a person has been through a traumatic experience. Symptoms include emotional detachment from normal life and an abnormal sense of fear or alertness. Often, those in familiar contact with people suffering from PTSD become stressed from the actions or the knowledge of the person's trauma. Sometimes, if the family, friends or health-care workers involved with this person become seriously emotionally altered by the situation, they too can suffer from PTSD symptoms, in a related condition known as secondary PTSD. Secondary PTSD may affect the close relatives of the individual who is suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Normally, PTSD or secondary PTSD diagnoses require the person to display serious psychological symptoms. These symptoms are usually severe enough to affect the person's normal way of living and interacting with others. Secondary PTSD, however, is not as well recognized as PTSD, and the diagnosis may also go by other names. Examples of these include secondary trauma, compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma.

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
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February 20, 2021
Secondary PTSD often occurs after a traumatic event. Post- traumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that can arise after a person has been through a traumatic experience. Symptoms include emotional detachment from normal life and an abnormal sense of fear or alertness. Often, those in familiar contact with people suffering from PTSD become stressed from the actions or the knowledge of the person's trauma. Sometimes, if the family, friends or health-care workers involved with this person become seriously emotionally altered by the situation, they too can suffer from PTSD symptoms, in a related condition known as secondary PTSD. Secondary PTSD may affect the close relatives of the individual who is suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Normally, PTSD or secondary PTSD diagnoses require the person to display serious psychological symptoms. These symptoms are usually severe enough to affect the person's normal way of living and interacting with others. Secondary PTSD, however, is not as well recognized as PTSD, and the diagnosis may also go by other names. Examples of these include secondary trauma, compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma.

Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
How is Compassion Fatigue Different?
12 Therapeutic Strategies for Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress
Self-Care is an Essential
 Secondary Traumatic Stress is a lasting or even recurring emotional anguish that results when an individual learns about the firsthand experiences of another person or animal’s traumatic experience. The experience of stress, trauma or an onset of PTSD symptoms can be triggered from: indirect exposure to traumatic material. empathetic engagement with someone who has been traumatized. repeated exposure to either of the above. Symptoms can also be triggered from exposure to violence in entertainment. For example, exposure to successive images of violence and victimization from incidents happening in the news media, and from experiencing traumatic scenes in TV shows, movies and videos. You do not have to be working in a particular industry to experience symptoms. However, the following people can potentially be at higher risk for developing them: Nurses, emergency hotline workers, child welfare workers, abuse counselors, animal welfare activists, journalists, photographers, Highly Sensitive Persons (HSP’s), energy healers, mediums and animal communicators and especially empaths.

Secondary Traumatic Stress is a lasting or even recurring emotional anguish that results when an individual learns about the firsthand experiences of another person or animal’s traumatic experience. The experience of stress, trauma or an onset of PTSD symptoms can be triggered from: indirect exposure to traumatic material. empathetic engagement with someone who has been traumatized. repeated exposure to either of the above. Symptoms can also be triggered from exposure to violence in entertainment. For example, exposure to successive images of violence and victimization from incidents happening in the news media, and from experiencing traumatic scenes in TV shows, movies and videos. You do not have to be working in a particular industry to experience symptoms. However, the following people can potentially be at higher risk for developing them: Nurses, emergency hotline workers, child welfare workers, abuse counselors, animal welfare activists, journalists, photographers, Highly Sensitive Persons (HSP’s), energy healers, mediums and animal communicators and especially empaths.

The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference?
Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
When Social Workers Experience Trauma
Signs of Secondary and Vicarious Trauma in Social Work
How to Manage, Treat, and Prevent Vicarious and Secondary Trauma
References:
Last Update: 02-12-2020
 The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
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The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
More than half of Americans report experiencing trauma, and 90% of people seeking mental health care have a trauma history. Social workers are on the front lines of the trauma fight. Their support can help survivors live meaningful lives after catastrophic events. But chronic exposure to other people’s suffering is itself a form of trauma. Social workers can suffer secondary or vicarious trauma, which may trigger burnout, stymie their ability to support clients, and trigger chronic mental health issues. Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference? Social workers inevitably work with people who have experienced trauma such as the death of a loved one, surviving a natural disaster, being in combat, living in an abusive marriage or family, or surviving a sexual assault. Over time, this traumatic exposure can cause social workers to experience symptoms of trauma such as anxiety, depression, and even posttraumatic stress (PTSD) . Secondary trauma is a traumatized reaction to another person’s experience.

The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
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Social Work and Secondary Trauma
The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
More than half of Americans report experiencing trauma, and 90% of people seeking mental health care have a trauma history. Social workers are on the front lines of the trauma fight. Their support can help survivors live meaningful lives after catastrophic events. But chronic exposure to other people’s suffering is itself a form of trauma. Social workers can suffer secondary or vicarious trauma, which may trigger burnout, stymie their ability to support clients, and trigger chronic mental health issues. Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference? Social workers inevitably work with people who have experienced trauma such as the death of a loved one, surviving a natural disaster, being in combat, living in an abusive marriage or family, or surviving a sexual assault. Over time, this traumatic exposure can cause social workers to experience symptoms of trauma such as anxiety, depression, and even posttraumatic stress (PTSD) . Secondary trauma is a traumatized reaction to another person’s experience.

General - Secondary PTSD - An Overview | My PTSD Forum General
Secondary PTSD - An Overview

General Secondary PTSD - An Overview
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Exposure Therapy Advice/ Tips?
My new partner did not respond well AT ALL when I opened up about past sexual abuse and assault. He is a CSA survivor, so I'm confused
Trauma or just an 'unfortunate event'?
Sufferer New and hoping I'm not alone - PTSD & ED
Other Everything filtered through trauma lens, getting past it? Suggestions?
 It is within the domain of interacting with someone affected by trauma that the concept of secondary stress remains applicable. Since parents may both learn of a trauma to a loved one and subsequently interact with the survivor, they are subject to both direct and secondary exposure. The professional helper, on the other hand, is usually not involved with the survivor until after the trauma has occurred. Thus, the professional helper’s experience is generally confined to secondary exposure. The exception is in the case of disasters, where helpers may be on the scene either while the disaster is still in progress or while victims are still being rescued. Secondary Exposure
The literature on secondary exposure has largely focused on the development of trauma symptoms. Several terms have been advanced to describe apparent cases of PTSD that do not qualify for the official PTSD diagnosis because the exposure was secondary rather than direct. Instead, the individual has been said to have a different disorder, usually called Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder (STSD), vicarious traumatization, compassion fatigue or empathic strain. Regardless of which term is used, there is evidence indicating that these cases do exist and have occurred among professional helpers. Although it is not yet clear how often secondary exposure leads to the development of trauma symptoms, it is probably safe to say that it is fairly infrequent that secondary exposure produces the complete PTSD syndrome.

General - Secondary PTSD - An Overview | My PTSD Forum

General
Secondary PTSD - An Overview

General Secondary PTSD - An Overview
Similar threads
Exposure Therapy Advice/ Tips?
My new partner did not respond well AT ALL when I opened up about past sexual abuse and assault. He is a CSA survivor, so I'm confused
Trauma or just an 'unfortunate event'?
Sufferer New and hoping I'm not alone - PTSD & ED
Other Everything filtered through trauma lens, getting past it? Suggestions?

It is within the domain of interacting with someone affected by trauma that the concept of secondary stress remains applicable. Since parents may both learn of a trauma to a loved one and subsequently interact with the survivor, they are subject to both direct and secondary exposure. The professional helper, on the other hand, is usually not involved with the survivor until after the trauma has occurred. Thus, the professional helper’s experience is generally confined to secondary exposure. The exception is in the case of disasters, where helpers may be on the scene either while the disaster is still in progress or while victims are still being rescued. Secondary Exposure
The literature on secondary exposure has largely focused on the development of trauma symptoms. Several terms have been advanced to describe apparent cases of PTSD that do not qualify for the official PTSD diagnosis because the exposure was secondary rather than direct. Instead, the individual has been said to have a different disorder, usually called Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder (STSD), vicarious traumatization, compassion fatigue or empathic strain. Regardless of which term is used, there is evidence indicating that these cases do exist and have occurred among professional helpers. Although it is not yet clear how often secondary exposure leads to the development of trauma symptoms, it is probably safe to say that it is fairly infrequent that secondary exposure produces the complete PTSD syndrome.

Preventing Retraumatization: A Macro Social Work Approach to Trauma-Informed Practices & Policies - SocialWorker.com Preventing Retraumatization: A Macro Social Work Approach to Trauma-Informed Practices & Policies
Preventing Retraumatization: A Macro Social Work Approach to Trauma-Informed Practices & Policies
by Patricia Shelly, MSW, Shelley Hitzel, MSW, and Karen Zgoda, MSW, LCSW
Defining Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) and Retraumatization
How Systems Can Be Traumatizing
Elements in Building Systems To Prevent Retraumatization
Specific Examples of Trauma-Informed Policy by Area:
Tags
 For social work practice and systems policy-setting, we propose a macro approach to preventing re-traumatization. Defining Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) and Retraumatization
Secondary traumatic stress can follow exposure to another’s experience of trauma, resulting in emotional distress and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is as if we take in a portion of the trauma that the other has survived. Unlike burnout, which is a gradual process, STS can result from a single exposure to another’s trauma. Retraumatization is a conscious or unconscious reminder of past trauma that results in a re-experiencing of the initial trauma event. It can be triggered by a situation, an attitude or expression, or by certain environments that replicate the dynamics (loss of power/control/safety) of the original trauma. ×
Expand
Impact of Retraumatization on Service Recipients
Smyth, N.J. (2015). Trauma-Informed Social Work: What is it, and Why Should We Care? [ PowerPoint slides].

For social work practice and systems policy-setting, we propose a macro approach to preventing re-traumatization. Defining Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) and Retraumatization
Secondary traumatic stress can follow exposure to another’s experience of trauma, resulting in emotional distress and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is as if we take in a portion of the trauma that the other has survived. Unlike burnout, which is a gradual process, STS can result from a single exposure to another’s trauma. Retraumatization is a conscious or unconscious reminder of past trauma that results in a re-experiencing of the initial trauma event. It can be triggered by a situation, an attitude or expression, or by certain environments that replicate the dynamics (loss of power/control/safety) of the original trauma. ×
Expand
Impact of Retraumatization on Service Recipients
Smyth, N.J. (2015). Trauma-Informed Social Work: What is it, and Why Should We Care? [ PowerPoint slides].

Emergency Responders: Tips for taking care of yourself Emergency Responders: Tips for taking care of yourself
Emergency Responders: Tips for taking care of yourself
Preparing for a Response:
During a Response: Understand and Identify Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress
Get support from team members: Develop a Buddy System
Responder Self-Care Techniques
It is important to remind yourself:
After the response: Family and Work-life
Additional Resources:
 Keep their expectations realistic, and take the pressure off yourself. Talk to your supervisor and establish a plan for who will fill any urgent ongoing work duties unrelated to the disaster while you are engaged in the response. Make plans for your household, childcare, and pet care needs if you will be away from home. During a Response: Understand and Identify Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress
Limit your time working alone by trying to work in teams. Responders experience stress during a crisis. When stress builds up it can cause: Burnout – feelings of extreme exhaustion and being overwhelmed. Secondary traumatic stress – stress reactions and symptoms resulting from exposure to another individual’s traumatic experiences, rather than from exposure directly to a traumatic event. Coping techniques like taking breaks, eating healthy foods, exercising, and using the buddy system can help prevent and reduce burnout and secondary traumatic stress.

Emergency Responders: Tips for taking care of yourself

Emergency Responders: Tips for taking care of yourself
Emergency Responders: Tips for taking care of yourself
Preparing for a Response:
During a Response: Understand and Identify Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress
Get support from team members: Develop a Buddy System
Responder Self-Care Techniques
It is important to remind yourself:
After the response: Family and Work-life
Additional Resources:

Keep their expectations realistic, and take the pressure off yourself. Talk to your supervisor and establish a plan for who will fill any urgent ongoing work duties unrelated to the disaster while you are engaged in the response. Make plans for your household, childcare, and pet care needs if you will be away from home. During a Response: Understand and Identify Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress
Limit your time working alone by trying to work in teams. Responders experience stress during a crisis. When stress builds up it can cause: Burnout – feelings of extreme exhaustion and being overwhelmed. Secondary traumatic stress – stress reactions and symptoms resulting from exposure to another individual’s traumatic experiences, rather than from exposure directly to a traumatic event. Coping techniques like taking breaks, eating healthy foods, exercising, and using the buddy system can help prevent and reduce burnout and secondary traumatic stress.

Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress - Tend Academy Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress
Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Vicarious Trauma? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
 Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress - Tend Academy
Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Vicarious Trauma? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? Adapted from “ The Compassion Fatigue Workbook ”
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This opens in a new window. What is Vicarious Trauma PDF? Vicarious trauma (VT) and Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) are frequently used interchangeably to refer to the indirect trauma that can occur when we are exposed to difficult or disturbing images and stories second-hand. This can occur by viewing graphic news reports, gruesome or frightening television shows and various other media, hearing a detailed traumatic story from another person, viewing crime scene evidence, working in a court room, attending a debriefing or a conference where disturbing images are described or shown, and many other ways in which we can be indirectly affected by the content or visuals of some other living creature’s suffering. The term Vicarious traumatization (VT) was coined by Pearlman & Saakvitne (1995) to describe the profound shift in world view that occurs in helping professionals when they work with individuals who have experienced trauma: helpers notice that their fundamental beliefs about the world are altered and possibly damaged by being repeatedly exposed to traumatic material. A domestic violence shelter worker may stop being able to believe that any relationship can be healthy. A child abuse investigator may lose trust in anyone who approaches their child.

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures) What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
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 Secondary PTSD may affect the close relatives of the individual who is suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Normally, PTSD or secondary PTSD diagnoses require the person to display serious psychological symptoms. These symptoms are usually severe enough to affect the person's normal way of living and interacting with others. Secondary PTSD, however, is not as well recognized as PTSD, and the diagnosis may also go by other names. Examples of these include secondary trauma, compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma. Military personnel are prone to developing secondary PTSD. Those who may experience secondary PTSD are those people who suffer emotionally through exposure to a traumatized person. Families and friends of some military veterans are one such group, as they have to deal both with the trauma their loved one went through, and the resultant stress of living with the person and trying to help. People who come into contact with PTSD sufferers through their work can also develop secondary trauma as a result. These include nurses, doctors and psychiatric personnel, who help the traumatized people after the event, and who may, over time, be exposed to many different people with PTSD.

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)

Secondary PTSD may affect the close relatives of the individual who is suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Normally, PTSD or secondary PTSD diagnoses require the person to display serious psychological symptoms. These symptoms are usually severe enough to affect the person's normal way of living and interacting with others. Secondary PTSD, however, is not as well recognized as PTSD, and the diagnosis may also go by other names. Examples of these include secondary trauma, compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma. Military personnel are prone to developing secondary PTSD. Those who may experience secondary PTSD are those people who suffer emotionally through exposure to a traumatized person. Families and friends of some military veterans are one such group, as they have to deal both with the trauma their loved one went through, and the resultant stress of living with the person and trying to help. People who come into contact with PTSD sufferers through their work can also develop secondary trauma as a result. These include nurses, doctors and psychiatric personnel, who help the traumatized people after the event, and who may, over time, be exposed to many different people with PTSD.

Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Definition
Changing One's Beliefs About Emotions
How Therapy Can Help
A Word From Verywell
 Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
PTSD
Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
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Matthew Tull, PhD
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Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial process
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Reviewed by David Susman, PhD on April 26, 2020
David Susman, PhD is a licensed clinical psychologist with experience providing treatment to individuals with mental illness and substance use concerns. Learn about our Review Board
David Susman, PhD
on April 26, 2020
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What is the definition of secondary emotions? Find out what these emotions are and why people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health problems are vulnerable to them. Definition
Secondary emotions are emotional reactions we have to other emotions. For example, a person may feel ashamed as a result of becoming anxious or sad. In this case, anxiety would be the primary emotion while shame would be the secondary emotion. Secondary emotions are often caused by the beliefs we have about experiencing certain emotions. Some people may believe that being anxious or sad is a sign of weakness or says something negative about them as people. Therefore, whenever these emotions are experienced, these thoughts come up, which trigger secondary emotions.

Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Definition
Changing One's Beliefs About Emotions
How Therapy Can Help
A Word From Verywell

Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
PTSD
Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
By
Matthew Tull, PhD
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Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial process
Matthew Tull, PhD
Reviewed by
Reviewed by David Susman, PhD on April 26, 2020
David Susman, PhD is a licensed clinical psychologist with experience providing treatment to individuals with mental illness and substance use concerns. Learn about our Review Board
David Susman, PhD
on April 26, 2020
sturti / Getty Images
What is the definition of secondary emotions? Find out what these emotions are and why people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health problems are vulnerable to them. Definition
Secondary emotions are emotional reactions we have to other emotions. For example, a person may feel ashamed as a result of becoming anxious or sad. In this case, anxiety would be the primary emotion while shame would be the secondary emotion. Secondary emotions are often caused by the beliefs we have about experiencing certain emotions. Some people may believe that being anxious or sad is a sign of weakness or says something negative about them as people. Therefore, whenever these emotions are experienced, these thoughts come up, which trigger secondary emotions.

Dealing With Crisis and Traumatic Events
Dealing With Crisis and Traumatic Events
Binghamton University Counseling Center
 Crisis intervention offers the immediate help that an individual in crisis needs in order to reestablish equilibrium. SECONDARY TRAUMA
People at risk for secondary traumatization are those other than the actual victims who are affected by the traumatic event. This may include friends, family and acquaintances of the victim, or people who have simply heard about the trauma or crisis. People who help trauma and crisis victims are sometimes at risk for secondary trauma as well. This may be because of consistent exposure to human suffering and possibly feeling responsible for the safety of the victim. SYMPTOMS AND REACTIONS
People whose normal lives are disturbed by a traumatic event find that their sense of security and safety is shattered. They also find that their responses to life and other people are either greatly exaggerated or no longer exist. The following are some of the symptoms one may encounter: EMOTIONAL REACTIONS
Intense emotion and reactivity: People may feel intense anxiety, pain, fear, shame, grief, horror, anger and shock.

Dealing With Crisis and Traumatic Events

Dealing With Crisis and Traumatic Events
Binghamton University Counseling Center

Crisis intervention offers the immediate help that an individual in crisis needs in order to reestablish equilibrium. SECONDARY TRAUMA
People at risk for secondary traumatization are those other than the actual victims who are affected by the traumatic event. This may include friends, family and acquaintances of the victim, or people who have simply heard about the trauma or crisis. People who help trauma and crisis victims are sometimes at risk for secondary trauma as well. This may be because of consistent exposure to human suffering and possibly feeling responsible for the safety of the victim. SYMPTOMS AND REACTIONS
People whose normal lives are disturbed by a traumatic event find that their sense of security and safety is shattered. They also find that their responses to life and other people are either greatly exaggerated or no longer exist. The following are some of the symptoms one may encounter: EMOTIONAL REACTIONS
Intense emotion and reactivity: People may feel intense anxiety, pain, fear, shame, grief, horror, anger and shock.

General - Secondary PTSD - An Overview | My PTSD Forum General
Secondary PTSD - An Overview

General Secondary PTSD - An Overview
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Exposure Therapy Advice/ Tips?
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General Secondary PTSD - An Overview
Thread starter
anthony
Start date
Dec 22, 2009
Status
Not open for further replies. Dec 22, 2009
#1
Secondary Stress and the Professional Helper
Don R. Catherall
For more than a decade, the field of traumatology has recognized that those who interact with trauma survivors are themselves exposed to a form of traumatic stress. Whereas the trauma survivor is exposed to a primary trauma and the accompanying traumatic stress, the helper is exposed to the trauma survivor and an accompanying secondary traumatic stress. This distinction between primary and secondary exposure is blurred somewhat by the evolution of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual’s definition of PTSD. DSM-IV now defines the stressor event to include learning of a trauma occurring to a loved one. Parents who are traumatized when they learn of their child’s trauma are classified as having PTSD. In the past, many theorists might have classified the parents as having secondary exposure because they were not directly exposed to the traumatic event. However, in the language of DSM-IV, the traumatic event is the discovery that a loved one has been in a trauma. This still differs from the experience of interacting with that trauma survivor.

General - Secondary PTSD - An Overview | My PTSD Forum
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Search
Everywhere Threads This forum This thread
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By: Search
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Supporters (Spouses, Friends & Family)
Supporter Discussion
General Secondary PTSD - An Overview
Thread starter
anthony
Start date
Dec 22, 2009
Status
Not open for further replies. Dec 22, 2009
#1
Secondary Stress and the Professional Helper
Don R. Catherall
For more than a decade, the field of traumatology has recognized that those who interact with trauma survivors are themselves exposed to a form of traumatic stress. Whereas the trauma survivor is exposed to a primary trauma and the accompanying traumatic stress, the helper is exposed to the trauma survivor and an accompanying secondary traumatic stress. This distinction between primary and secondary exposure is blurred somewhat by the evolution of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual’s definition of PTSD. DSM-IV now defines the stressor event to include learning of a trauma occurring to a loved one. Parents who are traumatized when they learn of their child’s trauma are classified as having PTSD. In the past, many theorists might have classified the parents as having secondary exposure because they were not directly exposed to the traumatic event. However, in the language of DSM-IV, the traumatic event is the discovery that a loved one has been in a trauma. This still differs from the experience of interacting with that trauma survivor.

 Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

 Burnout: Although

burnout

has

many

of

the

same

causes

and

symptoms

of

secondary

trauma,

burnout

results

from

long

term

non-supportive

work

environments. It

differs

from

secondary

trauma

in

that

exposure

to

clients’

trauma

is

not

the

precipitating

factor

(Siegfried,

2008). Post

Traumatic

Stress

Disorder

(PTSD): PTSD

is

a

primary

trauma

which

results

from

direct

exposure

to

the

traumatic

experience. The

symptoms

of

primary

and

secondary

trauma

can

be

similar

(Conrad). Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress: Secondary

Trauma

can

be

experienced

after

one

exposure

or

over

a

prolonged

period

of

time. Exposure

to

potentially

traumatic

sources

is

inherent

in

a

child

caseworker’s

job,

but

the

potential

for

STS

and

the

severity

of

symptoms

that

occur

can

be

mitigated. “Common

sources

of

secondary

trauma

in

social

workers

include:

Burnout: Although

burnout

has

many

of

the

same

causes

and

symptoms

of

secondary

trauma,

burnout

results

from

long

term

non-supportive

work

environments. It

differs

from

secondary

trauma

in

that

exposure

to

clients’

trauma

is

not

the

precipitating

factor

(Siegfried,

2008). Post

Traumatic

Stress

Disorder

(PTSD): PTSD

is

a

primary

trauma

which

results

from

direct

exposure

to

the

traumatic

experience. The

symptoms

of

primary

and

secondary

trauma

can

be

similar

(Conrad). Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress: Secondary

Trauma

can

be

experienced

after

one

exposure

or

over

a

prolonged

period

of

time. Exposure

to

potentially

traumatic

sources

is

inherent

in

a

child

caseworker’s

job,

but

the

potential

for

STS

and

the

severity

of

symptoms

that

occur

can

be

mitigated. “Common

sources

of

secondary

trauma

in

social

workers

include:

The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference?
Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
When Social Workers Experience Trauma
Signs of Secondary and Vicarious Trauma in Social Work
How to Manage, Treat, and Prevent Vicarious and Secondary Trauma
References:
Last Update: 02-12-2020
 It can happen suddenly, after a single exposure. Vicarious trauma happens when a person is exposed to the trauma of others on an ongoing basis. Over time, both secondary and vicarious trauma can cause compassion fatigue. People with compassion fatigue may feel numb and disconnected, struggle to empathize, and be less effective at supporting their clients. Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
Secondary trauma appears suddenly. Anyone can experience it. For example, a person who witnesses a natural disaster or who sees someone else get into a car wreck can face secondary trauma. In a social work context, a single session with a traumatized person may trigger symptoms of secondary trauma. This might happen when: A social worker listens to a client’s story of being raped, assaulted, or abused.

It can happen suddenly, after a single exposure. Vicarious trauma happens when a person is exposed to the trauma of others on an ongoing basis. Over time, both secondary and vicarious trauma can cause compassion fatigue. People with compassion fatigue may feel numb and disconnected, struggle to empathize, and be less effective at supporting their clients. Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
Secondary trauma appears suddenly. Anyone can experience it. For example, a person who witnesses a natural disaster or who sees someone else get into a car wreck can face secondary trauma. In a social work context, a single session with a traumatized person may trigger symptoms of secondary trauma. This might happen when: A social worker listens to a client’s story of being raped, assaulted, or abused.

 Although there is some discrepancy in the definitions, and these feelings may co-exist, it is important to be able to differentiate between the terms (Blue Knot Foundation 2018). This will help how we identify, respond and prevent the emotional impact of stress and trauma at work. Vicarious Trauma
Vicarious trauma occurs from repeated exposure to other people’s trauma. Over time, workers begin to mirror the bio-psychosocial effects shown by the victims of trauma (Tabor 2011; The Lookout 2017). Vicarious trauma can be described as a cumulative ‘negative transformation’ that impacts the physical and mental health of a healthcare worker, permeating all aspects of work and home life. It builds up over time, intruding on everyday life, and has the potential to drastically alter an individual’s character and belief systems (The Lookout 2017; Dragon 2019). Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary trauma is the development of PTSD-like symptoms without directly witnessing or having being involved in a traumatic event. In healthcare, the traumatising event of a patient can become a traumatising event for the healthcare worker (Sudden 2019).

Although there is some discrepancy in the definitions, and these feelings may co-exist, it is important to be able to differentiate between the terms (Blue Knot Foundation 2018). This will help how we identify, respond and prevent the emotional impact of stress and trauma at work. Vicarious Trauma
Vicarious trauma occurs from repeated exposure to other people’s trauma. Over time, workers begin to mirror the bio-psychosocial effects shown by the victims of trauma (Tabor 2011; The Lookout 2017). Vicarious trauma can be described as a cumulative ‘negative transformation’ that impacts the physical and mental health of a healthcare worker, permeating all aspects of work and home life. It builds up over time, intruding on everyday life, and has the potential to drastically alter an individual’s character and belief systems (The Lookout 2017; Dragon 2019). Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary trauma is the development of PTSD-like symptoms without directly witnessing or having being involved in a traumatic event. In healthcare, the traumatising event of a patient can become a traumatising event for the healthcare worker (Sudden 2019).

TSA | Managing secondary traumatic stress for educators Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Risk Factors & Causes of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Managing Secondary Traumatic Stress
 TSA | Managing secondary traumatic stress for educators
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Coping with the effects of others' trauma can be draining and can have lasting negative effects. It is not uncommon for educators who deal with traumatized children to develop their own symptoms of traumatic stress. This is known as secondary traumatic stress. In order to best serve their students and and maintain their own health, educators must be alert to the signs of secondary traumatic stress in themselves and their coworkers. In a trauma-informed school, staff should be encouraged to practice self-care along with other strategies to guard against or heal from the effects of secondary traumatic stress. Risk Factors & Causes of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Certain circumstances can cause you to be more susceptible to secondary traumatic stress. Seek support and practice self-care to manage the possible effects of these experiences: Personal exposure to a traumatic event (s) or to individuals who are coping with their own reactions to trauma
Direct contact with children’s traumatic stories
Helping others and neglecting yourself
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary traumatic stress can impact all areas of your life. The effects can range from mild to debilitating. If you think you might be at risk, be alert for any of the following symptoms:

TSA | Managing secondary traumatic stress for educators

Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Risk Factors & Causes of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Managing Secondary Traumatic Stress

TSA | Managing secondary traumatic stress for educators
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Coping with the effects of others' trauma can be draining and can have lasting negative effects. It is not uncommon for educators who deal with traumatized children to develop their own symptoms of traumatic stress. This is known as secondary traumatic stress. In order to best serve their students and and maintain their own health, educators must be alert to the signs of secondary traumatic stress in themselves and their coworkers. In a trauma-informed school, staff should be encouraged to practice self-care along with other strategies to guard against or heal from the effects of secondary traumatic stress. Risk Factors & Causes of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Certain circumstances can cause you to be more susceptible to secondary traumatic stress. Seek support and practice self-care to manage the possible effects of these experiences: Personal exposure to a traumatic event (s) or to individuals who are coping with their own reactions to trauma
Direct contact with children’s traumatic stories
Helping others and neglecting yourself
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary traumatic stress can impact all areas of your life. The effects can range from mild to debilitating. If you think you might be at risk, be alert for any of the following symptoms:

General - Secondary PTSD - An Overview | My PTSD Forum General
Secondary PTSD - An Overview

General Secondary PTSD - An Overview
Similar threads
Exposure Therapy Advice/ Tips?
My new partner did not respond well AT ALL when I opened up about past sexual abuse and assault. He is a CSA survivor, so I'm confused
Trauma or just an 'unfortunate event'?
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Other Everything filtered through trauma lens, getting past it? Suggestions?
 Secondary Exposure
The literature on secondary exposure has largely focused on the development of trauma symptoms. Several terms have been advanced to describe apparent cases of PTSD that do not qualify for the official PTSD diagnosis because the exposure was secondary rather than direct. Instead, the individual has been said to have a different disorder, usually called Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder (STSD), vicarious traumatization, compassion fatigue or empathic strain. Regardless of which term is used, there is evidence indicating that these cases do exist and have occurred among professional helpers. Although it is not yet clear how often secondary exposure leads to the development of trauma symptoms, it is probably safe to say that it is fairly infrequent that secondary exposure produces the complete PTSD syndrome. But does this mean that it is safe to say that professional helpers are only infrequently affected by their secondary exposure to trauma survivors? I believe the answer is no. The development of dramatic PTSD symptoms is only one of the ways in which professional helpers are affected by their exposure to secondary traumatic stress
The ways in which professional helpers are affected may not be as obvious only because we don't think of them as symptoms. For example, can you imagine a professional helper coming home from performing a critical incident debriefing and going right to bed? It's highly unlikely.

Secondary Exposure
The literature on secondary exposure has largely focused on the development of trauma symptoms. Several terms have been advanced to describe apparent cases of PTSD that do not qualify for the official PTSD diagnosis because the exposure was secondary rather than direct. Instead, the individual has been said to have a different disorder, usually called Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder (STSD), vicarious traumatization, compassion fatigue or empathic strain. Regardless of which term is used, there is evidence indicating that these cases do exist and have occurred among professional helpers. Although it is not yet clear how often secondary exposure leads to the development of trauma symptoms, it is probably safe to say that it is fairly infrequent that secondary exposure produces the complete PTSD syndrome. But does this mean that it is safe to say that professional helpers are only infrequently affected by their secondary exposure to trauma survivors? I believe the answer is no. The development of dramatic PTSD symptoms is only one of the ways in which professional helpers are affected by their exposure to secondary traumatic stress
The ways in which professional helpers are affected may not be as obvious only because we don't think of them as symptoms. For example, can you imagine a professional helper coming home from performing a critical incident debriefing and going right to bed? It's highly unlikely.

 Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

 The

symptoms

of

primary

and

secondary

trauma

can

be

similar

(Conrad). Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress: Secondary

Trauma

can

be

experienced

after

one

exposure

or

over

a

prolonged

period

of

time. Exposure

to

potentially

traumatic

sources

is

inherent

in

a

child

caseworker’s

job,

but

the

potential

for

STS

and

the

severity

of

symptoms

that

occur

can

be

mitigated. “Common

sources

of

secondary

trauma

in

social

workers

include: “Facing

the

death

of

a

child

or

adult

family

member

on

the

worker’s

caseload

Investigating

a

vicious

abuse/neglect

report

Frequent/chronic

exposure

to

emotional

and

detailed

accounts

by

children

of

traumatic

events

Photographic

images

of

horrific

injuries

or

scenes

of

a

recent

serious

injury

or

death

Continuing

work

with

families

in

which

serious

maltreatment,

domestic

violence,

or

sexual

abuse

is

occurring

Helping

support

grieving

family

members

following

a

child

abuse

death,

including

siblings

of

a

deceased

child”

(Siegfried,

2008). Statistics: In

a

study

done

among

child

protection

staff

in

Colorado,

approximately

50%

of

the

staff

was

found

to

be

suffering

from

“high

or

very

high

levels

of

compassion

fatigue,”

yet

70%

reported

“high

or

good

potential

for

compassion

satisfaction”

(DePanfilis,

2006). In

a

study

done

by

Bride

(2007),

“70.2%

of

workers

experienced

at

least

one

of

the

core

symptoms

of

STS

in

the

previous

week”

(Siegfried,

2008). How

to

recognize

it?

Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

The

symptoms

of

primary

and

secondary

trauma

can

be

similar

(Conrad). Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress: Secondary

Trauma

can

be

experienced

after

one

exposure

or

over

a

prolonged

period

of

time. Exposure

to

potentially

traumatic

sources

is

inherent

in

a

child

caseworker’s

job,

but

the

potential

for

STS

and

the

severity

of

symptoms

that

occur

can

be

mitigated. “Common

sources

of

secondary

trauma

in

social

workers

include: “Facing

the

death

of

a

child

or

adult

family

member

on

the

worker’s

caseload

Investigating

a

vicious

abuse/neglect

report

Frequent/chronic

exposure

to

emotional

and

detailed

accounts

by

children

of

traumatic

events

Photographic

images

of

horrific

injuries

or

scenes

of

a

recent

serious

injury

or

death

Continuing

work

with

families

in

which

serious

maltreatment,

domestic

violence,

or

sexual

abuse

is

occurring

Helping

support

grieving

family

members

following

a

child

abuse

death,

including

siblings

of

a

deceased

child”

(Siegfried,

2008). Statistics: In

a

study

done

among

child

protection

staff

in

Colorado,

approximately

50%

of

the

staff

was

found

to

be

suffering

from

“high

or

very

high

levels

of

compassion

fatigue,”

yet

70%

reported

“high

or

good

potential

for

compassion

satisfaction”

(DePanfilis,

2006). In

a

study

done

by

Bride

(2007),

“70.2%

of

workers

experienced

at

least

one

of

the

core

symptoms

of

STS

in

the

previous

week”

(Siegfried,

2008). How

to

recognize

it?

Blog Therapy, Therapy, Therapy Blog, Blogging Therapy, Therapy,.. Vicarious Trauma
Vicarious Trauma
Understanding Vicarious Trauma
Symptoms of Vicarious Trauma
Vicarious Trauma and Mental Health
Self-Care Practices to Reduce Risk of Vicarious Trauma
References:
Maryanne
The GoodTherapy.org Team
MissBea
Noah
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Vicarious Trauma
Vicarious Trauma
Vicarious trauma, also known as secondary trauma, can be described as indirect exposure to a traumatic event through first-hand account or narrative of that event. People in the helping professions—counselors and therapists, rescue workers, police officers, doctors, and lawyers—may be at risk of vicarious traumatization. Any person who has a significant relationship with a survivor of trauma may also come to experience secondary traumatization. Understanding Vicarious Trauma
Therapists and other helpers often hear stories of traumatic experiences in the course of their work. At times, hearing these stories may overwhelm them and lead them to experience, to a lesser extent, the same feelings faced by the trauma survivors in their care. Vicarious trauma typically involves a shift in the world view of the helper. The helper’s beliefs about the world may be altered and/or damaged by repeated exposure to traumatic material, for example. Compassion fatigue and burnout are related concepts that share some similarities with vicarious trauma, and a person might find themselves experiencing one or more of these states at the same time. Find a Therapist
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Compassion fatigue is the condition of emotional and physical fatigue that results when helpers feel compassion for those they help but do not have adequate time away from caring for others to refuel and care for themselves. It differs from vicarious trauma in that it is not typically characterized by the presence of trauma-related symptoms and does not necessarily involve a change in one’s world view.

Blog Therapy, Therapy, Therapy Blog, Blogging Therapy, Therapy,..

Vicarious Trauma
Vicarious Trauma
Understanding Vicarious Trauma
Symptoms of Vicarious Trauma
Vicarious Trauma and Mental Health
Self-Care Practices to Reduce Risk of Vicarious Trauma
References:
Maryanne
The GoodTherapy.org Team
MissBea
Noah

Vicarious trauma & burnout | The Lookout Vicarious trauma & burnout
Vicarious trauma & burnout
Impacts of responding to family violence
Recognising the signs and symptoms of vicarious trauma
Recognising the signs and symptoms of burnout
How to protect yourself
Preventing burnout
 Vicarious trauma & burnout | The Lookout
Vicarious trauma & burnout
For family violence workers
Vicarious trauma & burnout
Vicarious trauma & burnout
Working with people who have experienced and/or perpetrated family violence can be rewarding, but it is also challenging. In Victoria, we are working on the issue of family violence at an unprecedented rate and the demands on specialist family violence practitioners are particularly high. Impacts of responding to family violence
It’s important to be aware of how responding to family violence may have an effect on you. Three common impacts are vicarious trauma, secondary traumatic stress and burnout. Vicarious trauma is the experience of trauma symptoms that can result from being repeatedly exposed to other people’s trauma and their stories of traumatic events. A person’s world view (belief systems) can be significantly changed as a result of hearing those stories. Vicarious trauma is cumulative, building up over time. Secondary traumatic stress is the emotional duress that results when an individual hears about the firsthand trauma experiences of another. Its symptoms mimic those of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Burnout is the prolonged physical and psychological exhaustion related to a person’s work.

Vicarious trauma & burnout | The Lookout

Vicarious trauma & burnout
Vicarious trauma & burnout
Impacts of responding to family violence
Recognising the signs and symptoms of vicarious trauma
Recognising the signs and symptoms of burnout
How to protect yourself
Preventing burnout

Vicarious trauma & burnout | The Lookout
Vicarious trauma & burnout
For family violence workers
Vicarious trauma & burnout
Vicarious trauma & burnout
Working with people who have experienced and/or perpetrated family violence can be rewarding, but it is also challenging. In Victoria, we are working on the issue of family violence at an unprecedented rate and the demands on specialist family violence practitioners are particularly high. Impacts of responding to family violence
It’s important to be aware of how responding to family violence may have an effect on you. Three common impacts are vicarious trauma, secondary traumatic stress and burnout. Vicarious trauma is the experience of trauma symptoms that can result from being repeatedly exposed to other people’s trauma and their stories of traumatic events. A person’s world view (belief systems) can be significantly changed as a result of hearing those stories. Vicarious trauma is cumulative, building up over time. Secondary traumatic stress is the emotional duress that results when an individual hears about the firsthand trauma experiences of another. Its symptoms mimic those of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Burnout is the prolonged physical and psychological exhaustion related to a person’s work.

Secondary Traumatic Stress | The Administration for Children and Families
Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? Compassion fatigue, or secondary traumatic stress disorder, is a natural but disruptive by-product of working with traumatized clients. It is a set of observable reactions to working with people who have been traumatized and mirrors the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Osofsky, Putnam & Lederman, 2008; Figley, 1995). Many types of professionals, such as physicians, psychotherapists, human service workers and emergency workers, are vulnerable to developing this type of stress, though only a subset of such workers experience it. The symptoms of compassion fatigue may include feelings of isolation, anxiety, dissociation, physical ailments, and sleep disturbances. Additionally, compassion fatigue is associated with a sense of confusion, helplessness, and a greater sense of isolation from supporters than is seen with burnout. ( Figley, 1995, 2002). It is preventable and treatable, however, if unaddressed, the symptoms can result in problems with mental and physical health, strained personal relationships, and poor work performance Pryce, Shackelford, & Pryce, 2007). Evidence of compassion fatigue can be difficult to recognize in oneself or even in others.

Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
How is Compassion Fatigue Different?
12 Therapeutic Strategies for Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress
Self-Care is an Essential
 In fact, if you actively engage in activities promoting compassionate or heart-based living, or that encourages interaction with the sick, dying, the less fortunate, and victims of trauma (people and animals) even by way of healing and prayer, you are probably just as likely to develop symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress over time from repeated indirect exposure to violence and trauma as a healthcare worker is. What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress? Some symptoms include but are not limited to persistent feelings of the following, resulting from one or more of the triggers listed above: victimization/violation, heartbreak, restlessness, hopelessness, despair, anxiety, grief, shame, emptiness, survival guilt, hyper-vigilance, physical pain, heart palpitations, self-medicating with food/alcohol/other, emotional swings, emotional breakdowns, intrusive thoughts, irrational fear, ruminating or repeatedly re-living the story of the traumatic experience (s). It is common for people who are anguishing with Secondary Traumatic Stress to invalidate or hide their feelings because a traumatic incident affecting them didn’t happen directly to them. They can have anxiety about their feelings because their career is not related to healthcare or community service. A person can even become fixated on not wanting to forget the pain so that the trauma victim can. They can also feel embarrassed or ashamed to be “an emotional wreck over someone else’s problems.” How is Compassion Fatigue Different? Compassion Fatigue can arguably be described as a stage of trying to cope with repeated exposure to trauma.

In fact, if you actively engage in activities promoting compassionate or heart-based living, or that encourages interaction with the sick, dying, the less fortunate, and victims of trauma (people and animals) even by way of healing and prayer, you are probably just as likely to develop symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress over time from repeated indirect exposure to violence and trauma as a healthcare worker is. What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress? Some symptoms include but are not limited to persistent feelings of the following, resulting from one or more of the triggers listed above: victimization/violation, heartbreak, restlessness, hopelessness, despair, anxiety, grief, shame, emptiness, survival guilt, hyper-vigilance, physical pain, heart palpitations, self-medicating with food/alcohol/other, emotional swings, emotional breakdowns, intrusive thoughts, irrational fear, ruminating or repeatedly re-living the story of the traumatic experience (s). It is common for people who are anguishing with Secondary Traumatic Stress to invalidate or hide their feelings because a traumatic incident affecting them didn’t happen directly to them. They can have anxiety about their feelings because their career is not related to healthcare or community service. A person can even become fixated on not wanting to forget the pain so that the trauma victim can. They can also feel embarrassed or ashamed to be “an emotional wreck over someone else’s problems.” How is Compassion Fatigue Different? Compassion Fatigue can arguably be described as a stage of trying to cope with repeated exposure to trauma.

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
 Refugee children who are exposed to these additional stressors display heightened anxiety levels, and have an increased likelihood of experiencing traumatic life events, compared with non-refugee children in the United States. Sex differences
There are also gender differences in the prevalence and vulnerability of secondary trauma. Research suggests that women are more likely than men to develop secondary traumatization. Additionally, not only are women more susceptible to experience the symptoms of STS, but they experience symptoms of STS at a greater intensity compared to men. It is theorized that this discrepancy may be due to women being more empathetic, more reactive to other people's emotions and are more likely to have caretaker burden. The greater the connection is with another individual while hearing their traumatic experience, the greater the likelihood of developing STS. Lastly, STS symptoms are consistent with what previous research has shown to be true regarding gender differences in PTSD symptomology. Measurements
Secondary Trauma Self-Efficacy (STSE) Scale is a seven-item measure used to assess a person's beliefs about their ability to cope with barriers associated with secondary traumatic stress. The STSE measures one's "ability to cope with the challenging demands resulting from work with traumatized clients and perceived ability to deal with the secondary traumatic stress symptoms". In addition this the STSE, there is the STSS.

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia

Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References

Refugee children who are exposed to these additional stressors display heightened anxiety levels, and have an increased likelihood of experiencing traumatic life events, compared with non-refugee children in the United States. Sex differences
There are also gender differences in the prevalence and vulnerability of secondary trauma. Research suggests that women are more likely than men to develop secondary traumatization. Additionally, not only are women more susceptible to experience the symptoms of STS, but they experience symptoms of STS at a greater intensity compared to men. It is theorized that this discrepancy may be due to women being more empathetic, more reactive to other people's emotions and are more likely to have caretaker burden. The greater the connection is with another individual while hearing their traumatic experience, the greater the likelihood of developing STS. Lastly, STS symptoms are consistent with what previous research has shown to be true regarding gender differences in PTSD symptomology. Measurements
Secondary Trauma Self-Efficacy (STSE) Scale is a seven-item measure used to assess a person's beliefs about their ability to cope with barriers associated with secondary traumatic stress. The STSE measures one's "ability to cope with the challenging demands resulting from work with traumatized clients and perceived ability to deal with the secondary traumatic stress symptoms". In addition this the STSE, there is the STSS.

The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators — Page 2 of 3 — TTT4U The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators
The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators
Risk Factors and Causes
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Managing Secondary Traumatic Stress
Blog Posts
Archives
 The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators — Page 2 of 3 — TTT4U
The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators
Secondary traumatic stress is not uncommon for educators who work with traumatized children. Teachers, principals, and school staff members who deal with these children develop their own symptoms of traumatic stress. This is called secondary traumatic stress (STS). Other names for secondary traumatic stress are compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma. Per The National Child Traumatic Stress Network, secondary traumatic stress is the emotional duress that results when an individual hears about the first-hand trauma experiences of another. Most don’t know that about half of American school children suffer or experienced some form of trauma from abuse, neglect, or violence. This statistic crosses ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic lines. In response to the shock, educators take on the role of counselor or social worker to support the emotional healing of the students. Teachers are trained to help the academic growth of students, not necessarily their social-emotional needs. If we want success for our students and good health and success for our educators, we must begin to acknowledge the effects of secondary traumatic stress on our staff members.

The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators — Page 2 of 3 — TTT4U

The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators
The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators
Risk Factors and Causes
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Managing Secondary Traumatic Stress
Blog Posts
Archives

The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators — Page 2 of 3 — TTT4U
The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators
Secondary traumatic stress is not uncommon for educators who work with traumatized children. Teachers, principals, and school staff members who deal with these children develop their own symptoms of traumatic stress. This is called secondary traumatic stress (STS). Other names for secondary traumatic stress are compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma. Per The National Child Traumatic Stress Network, secondary traumatic stress is the emotional duress that results when an individual hears about the first-hand trauma experiences of another. Most don’t know that about half of American school children suffer or experienced some form of trauma from abuse, neglect, or violence. This statistic crosses ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic lines. In response to the shock, educators take on the role of counselor or social worker to support the emotional healing of the students. Teachers are trained to help the academic growth of students, not necessarily their social-emotional needs. If we want success for our students and good health and success for our educators, we must begin to acknowledge the effects of secondary traumatic stress on our staff members.

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
 Job context is a greater risk factor for developing STS in first responders compared to the job content. This highlights the need for strategies targeted toward the organizational and systemic level in addition to the individual level. Organizational changes that can be addressed include work culture, workload, group support, supervision and education, and the modification of the work environment. Changes in these areas would foster resiliency for developing STS. Nurses and physicians
Similarly, research highlights the importance of psychological services for nurses and medical professionals. Services similar to the ones listed above for the first responder population were valuable for reducing secondary traumatic stress symptoms amongst medical staff working with traumatic populations in hospital settings. Children of traumatized parents
Van Ijzendoorn et al. ( 2003) conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies with 4,418 participants in which they explored secondary trauma in children of Holocaust survivors. The authors found that in non-clinical studies no evidence of secondary traumatization, while clinical studies only showed evidence for secondary traumatization when additional stressors were also present. Intergenerational trauma or transgenerational trauma is also applied to describe the process by which parental traumatic experiences may lead to secondary trauma symptoms in their offspring, when additional stressors, such as war, famine, or displacement are present.

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia

Job context is a greater risk factor for developing STS in first responders compared to the job content. This highlights the need for strategies targeted toward the organizational and systemic level in addition to the individual level. Organizational changes that can be addressed include work culture, workload, group support, supervision and education, and the modification of the work environment. Changes in these areas would foster resiliency for developing STS. Nurses and physicians
Similarly, research highlights the importance of psychological services for nurses and medical professionals. Services similar to the ones listed above for the first responder population were valuable for reducing secondary traumatic stress symptoms amongst medical staff working with traumatic populations in hospital settings. Children of traumatized parents
Van Ijzendoorn et al. ( 2003) conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies with 4,418 participants in which they explored secondary trauma in children of Holocaust survivors. The authors found that in non-clinical studies no evidence of secondary traumatization, while clinical studies only showed evidence for secondary traumatization when additional stressors were also present. Intergenerational trauma or transgenerational trauma is also applied to describe the process by which parental traumatic experiences may lead to secondary trauma symptoms in their offspring, when additional stressors, such as war, famine, or displacement are present.

General - Secondary PTSD - An Overview | My PTSD Forum General
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 DSM-IV now defines the stressor event to include learning of a trauma occurring to a loved one. Parents who are traumatized when they learn of their child’s trauma are classified as having PTSD. In the past, many theorists might have classified the parents as having secondary exposure because they were not directly exposed to the traumatic event. However, in the language of DSM-IV, the traumatic event is the discovery that a loved one has been in a trauma. This still differs from the experience of interacting with that trauma survivor. It is within the domain of interacting with someone affected by trauma that the concept of secondary stress remains applicable. Since parents may both learn of a trauma to a loved one and subsequently interact with the survivor, they are subject to both direct and secondary exposure. The professional helper, on the other hand, is usually not involved with the survivor until after the trauma has occurred. Thus, the professional helper’s experience is generally confined to secondary exposure. The exception is in the case of disasters, where helpers may be on the scene either while the disaster is still in progress or while victims are still being rescued.

DSM-IV now defines the stressor event to include learning of a trauma occurring to a loved one. Parents who are traumatized when they learn of their child’s trauma are classified as having PTSD. In the past, many theorists might have classified the parents as having secondary exposure because they were not directly exposed to the traumatic event. However, in the language of DSM-IV, the traumatic event is the discovery that a loved one has been in a trauma. This still differs from the experience of interacting with that trauma survivor. It is within the domain of interacting with someone affected by trauma that the concept of secondary stress remains applicable. Since parents may both learn of a trauma to a loved one and subsequently interact with the survivor, they are subject to both direct and secondary exposure. The professional helper, on the other hand, is usually not involved with the survivor until after the trauma has occurred. Thus, the professional helper’s experience is generally confined to secondary exposure. The exception is in the case of disasters, where helpers may be on the scene either while the disaster is still in progress or while victims are still being rescued.

Inside the Book - The Trauma Stewardship Institute Trauma Stewardship: An Everyday Guide to Caring for Self While Caring for Others
Trauma Stewardship: An Everyday Guide to Caring for Self While Caring for Others
From the Introduction
Foreword
 Foreword
When my friend and colleague, Laura van Dernoot, first told me she was thinking of writing a book on secondary trauma, my first internal reaction went something like, “That is the last thing the world needs.” She will no doubt remind me if my internal reaction was actually externalized in words. ( You who are about to enjoy this book will get a glimpse into the tell-the-truth-with-loving-concern person that Laura is.) Whether I said it out aloud or only in my own head, my concern was that in many pieces of literature, notions of vicarious trauma (a.k.a. empathic strain, compassion fatigue, secondary trauma, burnout) are being thrown around with little appreciation for what they mean or what taking them seriously would require of us. ( The same is true for many other meaningful concepts, including evidence-based practice, cultural competence, and authenticity.) Poor practice, errors in practice, agency insensitivity to employees, rudeness among colleagues, tardiness, sloppiness, and other minor and major events taking place in practice today are excused as “secondary trauma.” All kinds of work-related stress, emotional or behavioral responses to the demands of the workplace, and other work-related conditions are also fluffed off as “secondary trauma.” You will find in the pages that follow that Laura has a keen understanding of trauma and the responses to it. This is a book written by someone who has walked the path and knows firsthand what trauma brings and demands of those who walk that path.

Inside the Book - The Trauma Stewardship Institute

Trauma Stewardship: An Everyday Guide to Caring for Self While Caring for Others
Trauma Stewardship: An Everyday Guide to Caring for Self While Caring for Others
From the Introduction
Foreword

Foreword
When my friend and colleague, Laura van Dernoot, first told me she was thinking of writing a book on secondary trauma, my first internal reaction went something like, “That is the last thing the world needs.” She will no doubt remind me if my internal reaction was actually externalized in words. ( You who are about to enjoy this book will get a glimpse into the tell-the-truth-with-loving-concern person that Laura is.) Whether I said it out aloud or only in my own head, my concern was that in many pieces of literature, notions of vicarious trauma (a.k.a. empathic strain, compassion fatigue, secondary trauma, burnout) are being thrown around with little appreciation for what they mean or what taking them seriously would require of us. ( The same is true for many other meaningful concepts, including evidence-based practice, cultural competence, and authenticity.) Poor practice, errors in practice, agency insensitivity to employees, rudeness among colleagues, tardiness, sloppiness, and other minor and major events taking place in practice today are excused as “secondary trauma.” All kinds of work-related stress, emotional or behavioral responses to the demands of the workplace, and other work-related conditions are also fluffed off as “secondary trauma.” You will find in the pages that follow that Laura has a keen understanding of trauma and the responses to it. This is a book written by someone who has walked the path and knows firsthand what trauma brings and demands of those who walk that path.

Emergency Responders: Tips for taking care of yourself Emergency Responders: Tips for taking care of yourself
Emergency Responders: Tips for taking care of yourself
Preparing for a Response:
During a Response: Understand and Identify Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress
Get support from team members: Develop a Buddy System
Responder Self-Care Techniques
It is important to remind yourself:
After the response: Family and Work-life
Additional Resources:
 Keep their expectations realistic, and take the pressure off yourself. Talk to your supervisor and establish a plan for who will fill any urgent ongoing work duties unrelated to the disaster while you are engaged in the response. Make plans for your household, childcare, and pet care needs if you will be away from home. During a Response: Understand and Identify Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress
Limit your time working alone by trying to work in teams. Responders experience stress during a crisis. When stress builds up it can cause: Burnout – feelings of extreme exhaustion and being overwhelmed. Secondary traumatic stress – stress reactions and symptoms resulting from exposure to another individual’s traumatic experiences, rather than from exposure directly to a traumatic event. Coping techniques like taking breaks, eating healthy foods, exercising, and using the buddy system can help prevent and reduce burnout and secondary traumatic stress.

Keep their expectations realistic, and take the pressure off yourself. Talk to your supervisor and establish a plan for who will fill any urgent ongoing work duties unrelated to the disaster while you are engaged in the response. Make plans for your household, childcare, and pet care needs if you will be away from home. During a Response: Understand and Identify Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress
Limit your time working alone by trying to work in teams. Responders experience stress during a crisis. When stress builds up it can cause: Burnout – feelings of extreme exhaustion and being overwhelmed. Secondary traumatic stress – stress reactions and symptoms resulting from exposure to another individual’s traumatic experiences, rather than from exposure directly to a traumatic event. Coping techniques like taking breaks, eating healthy foods, exercising, and using the buddy system can help prevent and reduce burnout and secondary traumatic stress.

Figley compassion fatigue: Definitions and Treatment Approach – Accelerated Recovery Program – Sviluppopsicosociale.com Figley compassion fatigue: Definitions and Treatment Approach – Accelerated Recovery Program
Posted on
October 6, 2018 by editor
Figley compassion fatigue: Definitions and Treatment Approach – Accelerated Recovery Program
Figley (1996) defines Compassion Fatigue as:
Some of the symptoms of compassion fatigue include:
Any of these symptoms could be signaling the presence of Compassion Fatigue.
Who is at-risk for Compassion Fatigue?
The Good News : Compassion Fatigue treatment approach based on Figley’s work
The Road Back Home
The Accelerated Recovery Program for Compassion Fatigue
a. Skills Acquisition
b. Self-Care
c. Connection with Others
d. Internal Conflicts
Program Protocol
Session One: Assessment/Evaluation
The following assessment tolls will be utilized in the Accelerated Recovery Program:
Compassion Fatigue Scale-Revised (Figley 1995; Baranowsky & Gentry, 1997)
Silencing Response Scale (Baranowsky, 1997)
Solution-Focused Trauma Recovery Scale (TRS) (Gentry, 1997)
Review of vicarious traumatic situations (triggers & catalysts)
Between-session Projects:
Session Four: SUPERVISING THE SELF: Externalization
Session Five: Closure and Aftercare
Options for Further Work:
Groups may be offered
More tips
Keep Balance in Your Life
Balancing Exercise
Find Your Passion
Balance For Your Soul
Conclusions
References
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Compassion fatigue (Figley, 1995) is the convergence primary traumatic stress, secondary traumatic stress (Stamm, 1995) and cumulative stress/burnout in the lives of supporting professionals and other care providers. When assisting others precipitates a bargain in our own well-being we are enduring Compassion fatigue. The manifestations often mirror, to a lesser degree, those of our clients. Vicarious traumatization (McCann & Pearlman, 1990) is an applicable term that also describes this tendency of the transmission of traumatic stress by observation and/or being a witness to the experiences of painful events. Secondary traumatic stress happens when one is subjected to intense events directly experienced by another and is overpowered by this secondary exposure to trauma (Figley & Kleber, 1995). More than a few theories have been offered but none have been able to effectively illustrate the system which accounts for the transmission of traumatic stress from one individual to another. Figley (1995) hypothesizes that the caregiver’s empathy level with the traumatized person has a vital role in this transmission.

Figley compassion fatigue: Definitions and Treatment Approach – Accelerated Recovery Program – Sviluppopsicosociale.com

Figley compassion fatigue: Definitions and Treatment Approach – Accelerated Recovery Program
Posted on
October 6, 2018 by editor
Figley compassion fatigue: Definitions and Treatment Approach – Accelerated Recovery Program
Figley (1996) defines Compassion Fatigue as:
Some of the symptoms of compassion fatigue include:
Any of these symptoms could be signaling the presence of Compassion Fatigue.
Who is at-risk for Compassion Fatigue?
The Good News : Compassion Fatigue treatment approach based on Figley’s work
The Road Back Home
The Accelerated Recovery Program for Compassion Fatigue
a. Skills Acquisition
b. Self-Care
c. Connection with Others
d. Internal Conflicts
Program Protocol
Session One: Assessment/Evaluation
The following assessment tolls will be utilized in the Accelerated Recovery Program:
Compassion Fatigue Scale-Revised (Figley 1995; Baranowsky & Gentry, 1997)
Silencing Response Scale (Baranowsky, 1997)
Solution-Focused Trauma Recovery Scale (TRS) (Gentry, 1997)
Review of vicarious traumatic situations (triggers & catalysts)
Between-session Projects:
Session Four: SUPERVISING THE SELF: Externalization
Session Five: Closure and Aftercare
Options for Further Work:
Groups may be offered
More tips
Keep Balance in Your Life
Balancing Exercise
Find Your Passion
Balance For Your Soul
Conclusions
References

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Compassion fatigue (Figley, 1995) is the convergence primary traumatic stress, secondary traumatic stress (Stamm, 1995) and cumulative stress/burnout in the lives of supporting professionals and other care providers. When assisting others precipitates a bargain in our own well-being we are enduring Compassion fatigue. The manifestations often mirror, to a lesser degree, those of our clients. Vicarious traumatization (McCann & Pearlman, 1990) is an applicable term that also describes this tendency of the transmission of traumatic stress by observation and/or being a witness to the experiences of painful events. Secondary traumatic stress happens when one is subjected to intense events directly experienced by another and is overpowered by this secondary exposure to trauma (Figley & Kleber, 1995). More than a few theories have been offered but none have been able to effectively illustrate the system which accounts for the transmission of traumatic stress from one individual to another. Figley (1995) hypothesizes that the caregiver’s empathy level with the traumatized person has a vital role in this transmission.

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures) What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
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Jillian O Keeffe
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 What Is Secondary PTSD? ( with pictures)
What Is Secondary PTSD? ( with pictures)
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Subscribe to our newsletter and learn something new every day. Jillian O Keeffe
Last Modified Date: February 20, 2021
Jillian O Keeffe
Date: February 20, 2021
Secondary PTSD often occurs after a traumatic event. Post- traumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that can arise after a person has been through a traumatic experience. Symptoms include emotional detachment from normal life and an abnormal sense of fear or alertness. Often, those in familiar contact with people suffering from PTSD become stressed from the actions or the knowledge of the person's trauma. Sometimes, if the family, friends or health-care workers involved with this person become seriously emotionally altered by the situation, they too can suffer from PTSD symptoms, in a related condition known as secondary PTSD.

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)

What Is Secondary PTSD? ( with pictures)
What Is Secondary PTSD? ( with pictures)
Join the Community
Subscribe to our newsletter and learn something new every day. Jillian O Keeffe
Last Modified Date: February 20, 2021
Jillian O Keeffe
Date: February 20, 2021
Secondary PTSD often occurs after a traumatic event. Post- traumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that can arise after a person has been through a traumatic experience. Symptoms include emotional detachment from normal life and an abnormal sense of fear or alertness. Often, those in familiar contact with people suffering from PTSD become stressed from the actions or the knowledge of the person's trauma. Sometimes, if the family, friends or health-care workers involved with this person become seriously emotionally altered by the situation, they too can suffer from PTSD symptoms, in a related condition known as secondary PTSD.

What is Vicarious Trauma | AHU Online Vicarious Trauma: Information, Prevention and Resources
Vicarious Trauma: Information, Prevention and Resources
What Is Vicarious Trauma?
Examples of Vicarious Trauma
How to Identify Vicarious Trauma
How to Address Vicarious Trauma
Vicarious Trauma and the AHU Bachelor of Science in Nursing
Recommended Readings
Sources
 At first, she responded by taking on even more work despite the toll it was taking on her mental health because she felt that taking a break from her work would be a sign of weakness and failure. Eventually, her doctor prescribed 30 days off from work. Only after that long break did she realize the devastating impact of the vicarious trauma she felt. The lesson Harvey-Rolfe learned from her experience with vicarious trauma was how important it is for people who care for victims of trauma to take care of themselves as well. Healthcare providers are particularly susceptible to vicarious trauma, which is also called secondary trauma and secondary traumatic stress because those who are affected frequently work with people who are experiencing or have recently gone through a traumatic event. Nurses and other healthcare professionals need to know what vicarious trauma is, how to identify vicarious trauma, and how to support themselves and their coworkers who are affected by the condition. What Is Vicarious Trauma? GoodTherapy defines vicarious trauma as “indirect exposure to a traumatic event through firsthand account or narrative of that event.” While emergency responders, healthcare workers, and people in law enforcement are at greatest risk of vicarious trauma, the condition can affect anyone who has a “significant relationship with a survivor of trauma,” according to the site. In the course of their work, therapists, nurses, and other healthcare professionals must ask patients to recount the traumatic events that caused their injuries.

What is Vicarious Trauma | AHU Online

Vicarious Trauma: Information, Prevention and Resources
Vicarious Trauma: Information, Prevention and Resources
What Is Vicarious Trauma?
Examples of Vicarious Trauma
How to Identify Vicarious Trauma
How to Address Vicarious Trauma
Vicarious Trauma and the AHU Bachelor of Science in Nursing
Recommended Readings
Sources

At first, she responded by taking on even more work despite the toll it was taking on her mental health because she felt that taking a break from her work would be a sign of weakness and failure. Eventually, her doctor prescribed 30 days off from work. Only after that long break did she realize the devastating impact of the vicarious trauma she felt. The lesson Harvey-Rolfe learned from her experience with vicarious trauma was how important it is for people who care for victims of trauma to take care of themselves as well. Healthcare providers are particularly susceptible to vicarious trauma, which is also called secondary trauma and secondary traumatic stress because those who are affected frequently work with people who are experiencing or have recently gone through a traumatic event. Nurses and other healthcare professionals need to know what vicarious trauma is, how to identify vicarious trauma, and how to support themselves and their coworkers who are affected by the condition. What Is Vicarious Trauma? GoodTherapy defines vicarious trauma as “indirect exposure to a traumatic event through firsthand account or narrative of that event.” While emergency responders, healthcare workers, and people in law enforcement are at greatest risk of vicarious trauma, the condition can affect anyone who has a “significant relationship with a survivor of trauma,” according to the site. In the course of their work, therapists, nurses, and other healthcare professionals must ask patients to recount the traumatic events that caused their injuries.

Inside the Book - The Trauma Stewardship Institute Trauma Stewardship: An Everyday Guide to Caring for Self While Caring for Others
Trauma Stewardship: An Everyday Guide to Caring for Self While Caring for Others
From the Introduction
Foreword
 The same is true for many other meaningful concepts, including evidence-based practice, cultural competence, and authenticity.) Poor practice, errors in practice, agency insensitivity to employees, rudeness among colleagues, tardiness, sloppiness, and other minor and major events taking place in practice today are excused as “secondary trauma.” All kinds of work-related stress, emotional or behavioral responses to the demands of the workplace, and other work-related conditions are also fluffed off as “secondary trauma.” You will find in the pages that follow that Laura has a keen understanding of trauma and the responses to it. This is a book written by someone who has walked the path and knows firsthand what trauma brings and demands of those who walk that path. Her honesty, humor, and no-nonsense approach make these vital topics accessible to all of us. Even the most experienced trauma worker will find a refreshing perspective here. Her idea of trauma stewardship is a great gift to our field. It erodes the artificial line between sufferer and helper. It recognizes that trauma has impacts that can be named and managed.

The same is true for many other meaningful concepts, including evidence-based practice, cultural competence, and authenticity.) Poor practice, errors in practice, agency insensitivity to employees, rudeness among colleagues, tardiness, sloppiness, and other minor and major events taking place in practice today are excused as “secondary trauma.” All kinds of work-related stress, emotional or behavioral responses to the demands of the workplace, and other work-related conditions are also fluffed off as “secondary trauma.” You will find in the pages that follow that Laura has a keen understanding of trauma and the responses to it. This is a book written by someone who has walked the path and knows firsthand what trauma brings and demands of those who walk that path. Her honesty, humor, and no-nonsense approach make these vital topics accessible to all of us. Even the most experienced trauma worker will find a refreshing perspective here. Her idea of trauma stewardship is a great gift to our field. It erodes the artificial line between sufferer and helper. It recognizes that trauma has impacts that can be named and managed.

Secondary Trait definition | Psychology Glossary | alleydog.com Secondary Trait
Secondary Trait Secondary Trait definition | Psychology Glossary | alleydog.com
Secondary Trait
Secondary Traits, as used in human physiology, refers to physical and mental traits that develop as a result of puberty. In males, some of these traits are the growth of heavy facial and body hair and increased musculature and aggression. In females, these are the growth of breasts and widening of hips. etc. Add flashcard Cite Random

Secondary Trait definition | Psychology Glossary | alleydog.com

Secondary Trait definition | Psychology Glossary | alleydog.com
Secondary Trait
Secondary Traits, as used in human physiology, refers to physical and mental traits that develop as a result of puberty. In males, some of these traits are the growth of heavy facial and body hair and increased musculature and aggression. In females, these are the growth of breasts and widening of hips. etc. Add flashcard Cite Random

Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress - Tend Academy Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress
Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Vicarious Trauma? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
 Again, examples of this abound and vary based on the type of work that we do. Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) is a concept that was developed by trauma specialists Beth Stamm, Charles Figley and others in the early 1990s as they sought to understand why service providers seemed to be exhibiting symptoms similar to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) without having necessarily been exposed to direct trauma themselves. VT/STS can occur in professionals who work in high-stress and trauma-exposed fields (child abuse investigators, prosecutors, judges, therapists, health care professionals, animal shelter workers and many others) but it can also affect civilians who do not work in high-trauma fields but are deeply impacted by stories that they are exposed to (maybe graphic news accounts, a friend sharing details of a traumatic event they experienced, again, there are many examples of ways in which this may occur.) Direct trauma, in contrast, refers to a traumatic event that occurs directly to us. A paramedic who is called to a catastrophic car accident may have direct trauma as a result of what he/she sees at the crash site. The person in the car may also experience a direct trauma experience. Individuals who hear details of the crash after the fact, or see it on the news may have indirect trauma exposure as a result. Whether someone will develop serious negative consequences as a result of VT/STS exposure depends on many factors which will we discuss below. When you look through the literature, you may see these terms used interchangeably, and sometimes they are referred to as “Compassion Fatigue” or “Burnout”. At TEND, we believe that Compassion Fatigue and Burnout are related phenomenon but do not necessarily always co-occur.

Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress - Tend Academy

Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress
Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Vicarious Trauma? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?

Types of Trauma Disorders | High Focus Centers Trauma Disorders: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment
Trauma Disorders: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Learn more about the signs, symptoms, and treatment for PTSD
Complex PTSD
Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
Secondhand Trauma
Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED)
Adjustment Disorders
Other and Unspecified Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders Treatment
 Learn more about the signs, symptoms, and treatment for PTSD
Complex PTSD
When individuals are exposed to repeated or prolonged trauma, such as childhood abuse, they develop a slightly different condition known as complex PTSD (C-PTSD). This shares many similarities to post-traumatic stress disorder, but also has some unique symptoms including: Poor emotional regulation, which manifests as outbursts of extreme emotions like rage and depression
Negative view of self
Trouble forming healthy relationships
Behavioral difficulties like substance abuse, impulsivity, and self-destructive actions
Detaching from self (depersonalization) or reality (derealization)
Forgetting the trauma
Losing core values and beliefs
Although some mental health professionals treat complex PTSD as a distinct condition, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) categorizes the symptoms under PTSD. Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
Acute stress disorder is very similar to PTSD, but is shorter in duration. ASD symptoms develop immediately after a traumatic event and last three days to one month. If symptoms persist beyond a month, the individual has developed PTSD. Secondhand Trauma
Secondhand trauma is also known as trauma exposure response or secondary traumatic stress disorder. It results from exposure to the firsthand trauma of other people. Symptoms of secondary traumatic stress include: A sense of hopelessness or helplessness
Feeling like you can never do enough to help
Hypervigilance
Guilt
Fear
Anger
Negativity/cynicism
Chronic fatigue
Secondhand trauma can happen to anyone, but it commonly affects professionals who work with trauma victims such as counselors, social workers, first responders, doctors, nurses and other healthcare workers.

Types of Trauma Disorders | High Focus Centers

Trauma Disorders: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment
Trauma Disorders: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Learn more about the signs, symptoms, and treatment for PTSD
Complex PTSD
Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
Secondhand Trauma
Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED)
Adjustment Disorders
Other and Unspecified Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders Treatment

How Social Workers Can Prioritize Self-Care in High-Stress Working Environments | USC Social Work How Social Workers Can Prioritize Self-Care in High-Stress Working Environments
News & Events
How Social Workers Can Prioritize Self-Care in High-Stress Working Environments
Understanding secondary trauma
Understanding burnout
Guidelines for practicing effective self-care
1. Practice self-awareness
2. Divide the mission of self-care into categories
3. Create a detailed self-care plan
4. Stay accountable
Creating increased awareness about the stress of social work
 Of course, many social work roles include a particular focus on addressing the needs of underserved populations. Since many professionals in these roles must help their clients grapple with trauma on a daily basis, they are often at high risk for experiencing stress and burnout. And yet, due to the service-minded nature of social work and mental health care, practitioners’ own mental health needs tend to go overlooked. Not only are organizational support systems often ill-equipped to meet social workers’ needs, but many social workers feel pressure to “always be on”—and as a result, may inadvertently neglect their own mental wellness. Steve Hydon, clinical professor in field education, explained the most common types and causes of stress social services professionals experience as a result of their work, and offered actionable tips for mitigating stress and promoting mental wellbeing. Understanding secondary trauma
“Among the most common negative mental health effects of dealing with others’ trauma every day is secondary trauma,” said Hydon, whose expertise in secondary traumatic stress has informed research and intervention strategies for K-12 teachers across Los Angeles County. Secondary trauma, also referred to as vicarious trauma or compassion fatigue, is the indirect exposure to trauma through the reception of a firsthand account of another’s traumatic experience. According to the American Counseling Association, care providers may experience secondary trauma as a result of becoming “witnesses to the pain, fear, and terror that trauma survivors have endured.” This phenomenon can lead to a symptomology comparable to that of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including reexperiencing, hyperarousal and avoidance. Clinicians who have experienced secondary trauma may find themselves unable to stop thinking about a certain client’s traumatic past, or alternatively, may find themselves purposefully avoiding the subject or even feeling numb toward it.

How Social Workers Can Prioritize Self-Care in High-Stress Working Environments | USC Social Work

How Social Workers Can Prioritize Self-Care in High-Stress Working Environments
News & Events
How Social Workers Can Prioritize Self-Care in High-Stress Working Environments
Understanding secondary trauma
Understanding burnout
Guidelines for practicing effective self-care
1. Practice self-awareness
2. Divide the mission of self-care into categories
3. Create a detailed self-care plan
4. Stay accountable
Creating increased awareness about the stress of social work

Types Of Trauma | The Trauma Practice Types of trauma
Types of trauma
Type 1 Trauma
Type 2 Trauma
Historical, Collective or Intergenerational Trauma
Vicarious or Secondary Trauma
Little t trauma
 Sibling abuse
Childhood emotional abuse
Domestic violence
Emotional neglect and attachment trauma
Abandonment
Verbal abuse
Coercion
Domestic physical abuse
Long term misdiagnosis of a health problem
Bullying at home at school or in a work setting
Sexual abuse
Emotional abuse
Physical neglect
Overly strict upbringing sometimes religious
Historical, Collective or Intergenerational Trauma
This trauma is characterized by psychological or emotional difficulties which can affect different communities, cultural groups and generations. Adaptive coping patterns can be passed intergenerationally. Examples might include: Racism
Slavery
Forcible removal from a family or community
Genocide
War
Vicarious or Secondary Trauma
This type of trauma can occur when someone speaks to someone who has experienced a trauma or witnessed a trauma first hand. The person listening can experience secondary trauma and experience symptoms experienced by the person explaining the trauma. Little t trauma
Little t trauma is less prominent and discussed less often. Little t traumas are experiences which are part of the everyday and are an expected part of life. They may however be very traumatic. Examples might include: Loss of a loved one (not traumatic bereavement)
Moving to a new house
Losing a job

Types Of Trauma | The Trauma Practice

Types of trauma
Types of trauma
Type 1 Trauma
Type 2 Trauma
Historical, Collective or Intergenerational Trauma
Vicarious or Secondary Trauma
Little t trauma

Sibling abuse
Childhood emotional abuse
Domestic violence
Emotional neglect and attachment trauma
Abandonment
Verbal abuse
Coercion
Domestic physical abuse
Long term misdiagnosis of a health problem
Bullying at home at school or in a work setting
Sexual abuse
Emotional abuse
Physical neglect
Overly strict upbringing sometimes religious
Historical, Collective or Intergenerational Trauma
This trauma is characterized by psychological or emotional difficulties which can affect different communities, cultural groups and generations. Adaptive coping patterns can be passed intergenerationally. Examples might include: Racism
Slavery
Forcible removal from a family or community
Genocide
War
Vicarious or Secondary Trauma
This type of trauma can occur when someone speaks to someone who has experienced a trauma or witnessed a trauma first hand. The person listening can experience secondary trauma and experience symptoms experienced by the person explaining the trauma. Little t trauma
Little t trauma is less prominent and discussed less often. Little t traumas are experiences which are part of the everyday and are an expected part of life. They may however be very traumatic. Examples might include: Loss of a loved one (not traumatic bereavement)
Moving to a new house
Losing a job

What is Vicarious Trauma | AHU Online Vicarious Trauma: Information, Prevention and Resources
Vicarious Trauma: Information, Prevention and Resources
What Is Vicarious Trauma?
Examples of Vicarious Trauma
How to Identify Vicarious Trauma
How to Address Vicarious Trauma
Vicarious Trauma and the AHU Bachelor of Science in Nursing
Recommended Readings
Sources
 Examples of Vicarious Trauma
A nurse educator observing interactions between patients and nurses in emergency rooms notices that new nurses are “excited, enthusiastic and engaged with patients,” as the Association of American Medical Colleges notes. By contrast, the nurses who have 20 to 30 years of work experience appear detached from their patients, as if they are “going through the motions” and “have built walls to avoid the hurt” of witnessing their suffering and trauma. The term “compassion fatigue” is ill suited to describe this situation because the veteran nurses haven’t lost their compassion or desire to help people. Instead, they are experiencing “professional emotional saturation,” which combines symptoms of burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Burnout originates externally: It is caused by working long hours and having too much work to do. Also contributing to burnout is the fact that nurses don’t have enough time to spend with each patient, in part because they are constantly entering data into computers and devices. In contrast, secondary traumatic stress originates within: It results from sharing the grief when a patient dies and from feeling overwhelmed by negative emotions. While all healthcare professionals must feel some detachment in their work, with secondary traumatic stress the detachment becomes extreme and leads to cynicism, jadedness, and depersonalization.

What is Vicarious Trauma | AHU Online

Examples of Vicarious Trauma
A nurse educator observing interactions between patients and nurses in emergency rooms notices that new nurses are “excited, enthusiastic and engaged with patients,” as the Association of American Medical Colleges notes. By contrast, the nurses who have 20 to 30 years of work experience appear detached from their patients, as if they are “going through the motions” and “have built walls to avoid the hurt” of witnessing their suffering and trauma. The term “compassion fatigue” is ill suited to describe this situation because the veteran nurses haven’t lost their compassion or desire to help people. Instead, they are experiencing “professional emotional saturation,” which combines symptoms of burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Burnout originates externally: It is caused by working long hours and having too much work to do. Also contributing to burnout is the fact that nurses don’t have enough time to spend with each patient, in part because they are constantly entering data into computers and devices. In contrast, secondary traumatic stress originates within: It results from sharing the grief when a patient dies and from feeling overwhelmed by negative emotions. While all healthcare professionals must feel some detachment in their work, with secondary traumatic stress the detachment becomes extreme and leads to cynicism, jadedness, and depersonalization.

The Impact of Second-Hand Trauma The Impact of Second-Hand Trauma
The Impact of Second-Hand Trauma
Treatment for Second-Hand Trauma:
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
Seek Professional Help
 The Impact of Second-Hand Trauma
The Impact of Second-Hand Trauma
July 6, 2016 by Susan Daniel
These days, there seems to be no escaping disturbing news coverage of shocking events around our nation. With increasing reports of mass shootings on school campuses, in movie theaters, and most recently, the Pulse Nightclub in Orlando, these tragedies not only affect the families and friends of the victims, first responders, hospital workers, and law enforcement, but also the general public who are reliving these horrific incidents vicariously through the media. Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) is a genuine disorder that affects individuals who did not witness the traumatic event first-hand, but was exposed to it in other ways such as their profession (clergy, counselor, emergency personnel, etc.), familiarity with someone who was impacted, or repeated exposure through the media. The symptoms are comparable to those of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) or other trauma disorders that may include: Agitation or irritability
Confusion
Intense fear
Hypervigilant
Angry outbursts
Sad or depressed
Feelings of guilt or hopelessness
Nightmares or sleeplessness
Constantly worried about death
Unable to focus or concentrate
Avoidance of public places
Chronic illness (i.e. headaches, stomach pain)
Socially withdrawn or dissociated
Insensitive to violence
Treatment for Second-Hand Trauma: Knowing and understanding that second-hand trauma is a real disorder that can affect daily lives is the first step to recovery. The second step is connecting with a qualified therapist who can provide counseling along with a treatment plan to bring balance back into everyday living. With treatment, symptoms can go away as early as a few weeks. However, without counseling the symptoms can last for months or years, and morph into other types of disorders and behaviors that may include the abuse of drugs or alcohol.

The Impact of Second-Hand Trauma

The Impact of Second-Hand Trauma
The Impact of Second-Hand Trauma
Treatment for Second-Hand Trauma:
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
Seek Professional Help

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures) What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
Join the Community
Jillian O Keeffe
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 Psychiatric diagnoses need specific symptoms and conditions to be present for the correct diagnosis and therefore the correct treatment. Although the use of the term "secondary PTSD" may be in common use for people who are suffering from psychological problems due to the trauma of a loved one or client, it may not always be an accurate diagnosis. Often, similar diagnoses such as "caretaker stress" display some of the same symptoms but requires different modes of treatment. 📦Amazon Doesn't Want You to Know About This Plugin
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Secondary PTSD often occurs after a traumatic event. Secondary PTSD may affect the close relatives of the individual who is suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Military personnel are prone to developing secondary PTSD.

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
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Jillian O Keeffe
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Psychiatric diagnoses need specific symptoms and conditions to be present for the correct diagnosis and therefore the correct treatment. Although the use of the term "secondary PTSD" may be in common use for people who are suffering from psychological problems due to the trauma of a loved one or client, it may not always be an accurate diagnosis. Often, similar diagnoses such as "caretaker stress" display some of the same symptoms but requires different modes of treatment. 📦Amazon Doesn't Want You to Know About This Plugin
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Secondary PTSD often occurs after a traumatic event. Secondary PTSD may affect the close relatives of the individual who is suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Military personnel are prone to developing secondary PTSD.

Vicarious trauma & burnout | The Lookout Vicarious trauma & burnout
Vicarious trauma & burnout
Impacts of responding to family violence
Recognising the signs and symptoms of vicarious trauma
Recognising the signs and symptoms of burnout
How to protect yourself
Preventing burnout
 Vicarious trauma & burnout | The Lookout
Vicarious trauma & burnout
For family violence workers
Vicarious trauma & burnout
Vicarious trauma & burnout
Working with people who have experienced and/or perpetrated family violence can be rewarding, but it is also challenging. In Victoria, we are working on the issue of family violence at an unprecedented rate and the demands on specialist family violence practitioners are particularly high. Impacts of responding to family violence
It’s important to be aware of how responding to family violence may have an effect on you. Three common impacts are vicarious trauma, secondary traumatic stress and burnout. Vicarious trauma is the experience of trauma symptoms that can result from being repeatedly exposed to other people’s trauma and their stories of traumatic events. A person’s world view (belief systems) can be significantly changed as a result of hearing those stories. Vicarious trauma is cumulative, building up over time. Secondary traumatic stress is the emotional duress that results when an individual hears about the firsthand trauma experiences of another. Its symptoms mimic those of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Burnout is the prolonged physical and psychological exhaustion related to a person’s work.

Vicarious trauma & burnout | The Lookout
Vicarious trauma & burnout
For family violence workers
Vicarious trauma & burnout
Vicarious trauma & burnout
Working with people who have experienced and/or perpetrated family violence can be rewarding, but it is also challenging. In Victoria, we are working on the issue of family violence at an unprecedented rate and the demands on specialist family violence practitioners are particularly high. Impacts of responding to family violence
It’s important to be aware of how responding to family violence may have an effect on you. Three common impacts are vicarious trauma, secondary traumatic stress and burnout. Vicarious trauma is the experience of trauma symptoms that can result from being repeatedly exposed to other people’s trauma and their stories of traumatic events. A person’s world view (belief systems) can be significantly changed as a result of hearing those stories. Vicarious trauma is cumulative, building up over time. Secondary traumatic stress is the emotional duress that results when an individual hears about the firsthand trauma experiences of another. Its symptoms mimic those of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Burnout is the prolonged physical and psychological exhaustion related to a person’s work.

TSA | Managing secondary traumatic stress for educators Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Risk Factors & Causes of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Managing Secondary Traumatic Stress
 Risk Factors & Causes of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Certain circumstances can cause you to be more susceptible to secondary traumatic stress. Seek support and practice self-care to manage the possible effects of these experiences: Personal exposure to a traumatic event (s) or to individuals who are coping with their own reactions to trauma
Direct contact with children’s traumatic stories
Helping others and neglecting yourself
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary traumatic stress can impact all areas of your life. The effects can range from mild to debilitating. If you think you might be at risk, be alert for any of the following symptoms: Emotional — feeling numb or detached; feeling overwhelmed or maybe even hopeless. Physical — having low energy or feeling fatigued. Behavioral — changing your routine or engaging in self-destructive coping mechanisms. Professional — experiencing low performance of job tasks and responsibilities;

Risk Factors & Causes of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Certain circumstances can cause you to be more susceptible to secondary traumatic stress. Seek support and practice self-care to manage the possible effects of these experiences: Personal exposure to a traumatic event (s) or to individuals who are coping with their own reactions to trauma
Direct contact with children’s traumatic stories
Helping others and neglecting yourself
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary traumatic stress can impact all areas of your life. The effects can range from mild to debilitating. If you think you might be at risk, be alert for any of the following symptoms: Emotional — feeling numb or detached; feeling overwhelmed or maybe even hopeless. Physical — having low energy or feeling fatigued. Behavioral — changing your routine or engaging in self-destructive coping mechanisms. Professional — experiencing low performance of job tasks and responsibilities;

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
 Although there is no empirical support for the efficacy of these interventions, there still are some interventions that are recommended for reducing symptoms of STS. Accelerated Recovery Program (ARP) has been specifically designed to treat symptoms of STS. ARP is a five-session program aimed to reduce negative arousal states that result from STS. Primary focus of STS symptom reduction has been at the individual level, but some interventions to reduce STS symptoms have been proposed at the organizational level. These organizational interventions include the provision of supervision, workshops and supportive organizational culture. Similar concepts
Secondary trauma is often used interchangeably with several terms that have similar meanings including compassion fatigue, vicarious trauma, second victim syndrome, and job burnout. Although there is an overlap in terminology, there are nuanced differences. Compassion fatigue
Compassion fatigue refers to a reduced capacity to help as a health care professional after being exposed to the suffering and distress of their patients. Secondary traumatic stress was later renamed compassion fatigue in 1995 by Charles Figley who described compassion fatigue as the natural emotions that arise as a result of learning about a significant others' experience with a traumatic event. Overall, compassion fatigue is often used interchangeably with secondary traumatic stress but the difference between the two is that STS is specific to individuals who treat traumatized populations whereas CF generalizes to individuals who treat an array of other populations.

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia

Although there is no empirical support for the efficacy of these interventions, there still are some interventions that are recommended for reducing symptoms of STS. Accelerated Recovery Program (ARP) has been specifically designed to treat symptoms of STS. ARP is a five-session program aimed to reduce negative arousal states that result from STS. Primary focus of STS symptom reduction has been at the individual level, but some interventions to reduce STS symptoms have been proposed at the organizational level. These organizational interventions include the provision of supervision, workshops and supportive organizational culture. Similar concepts
Secondary trauma is often used interchangeably with several terms that have similar meanings including compassion fatigue, vicarious trauma, second victim syndrome, and job burnout. Although there is an overlap in terminology, there are nuanced differences. Compassion fatigue
Compassion fatigue refers to a reduced capacity to help as a health care professional after being exposed to the suffering and distress of their patients. Secondary traumatic stress was later renamed compassion fatigue in 1995 by Charles Figley who described compassion fatigue as the natural emotions that arise as a result of learning about a significant others' experience with a traumatic event. Overall, compassion fatigue is often used interchangeably with secondary traumatic stress but the difference between the two is that STS is specific to individuals who treat traumatized populations whereas CF generalizes to individuals who treat an array of other populations.

The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators — Page 2 of 3 — TTT4U The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators
The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators
Risk Factors and Causes
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Managing Secondary Traumatic Stress
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 Let’s take a closer look at the risk factors, signs, and management of secondary traumatic stress. Risk Factors and Causes
School administrators, classroom teachers, and all staff members who work with traumatized students can benefit from learning the risk factors and causes of compassion fatigue. Depending on an individual’s circumstances, he or she may be more susceptible to secondary traumatic stress. Kindle Unlimited Membership Plans
The first personal exposure to a traumatic event may preclude one to suffering from secondary traumatic stress. How one reacts or copes with his own reaction to trauma. Many people have some type of traumatic experience that happened at some point in their lives. Frequently, many will not seek counseling or even recognize the extent of their personal or emotional wounds. Another risk factor or cause is direct contact with children’s traumatic stories. Every day, children enter school buildings with stories about neglect, violence, and other horrible things happening in their lives. School staff members must report any type of abuse, so there is a heightened alert among educators.

Let’s take a closer look at the risk factors, signs, and management of secondary traumatic stress. Risk Factors and Causes
School administrators, classroom teachers, and all staff members who work with traumatized students can benefit from learning the risk factors and causes of compassion fatigue. Depending on an individual’s circumstances, he or she may be more susceptible to secondary traumatic stress. Kindle Unlimited Membership Plans
The first personal exposure to a traumatic event may preclude one to suffering from secondary traumatic stress. How one reacts or copes with his own reaction to trauma. Many people have some type of traumatic experience that happened at some point in their lives. Frequently, many will not seek counseling or even recognize the extent of their personal or emotional wounds. Another risk factor or cause is direct contact with children’s traumatic stories. Every day, children enter school buildings with stories about neglect, violence, and other horrible things happening in their lives. School staff members must report any type of abuse, so there is a heightened alert among educators.

Secondary Traumatic Stress - Child Welfare Information Gateway Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Spotlight on Secondary Trauma and Professionals’ Well-Being
Episode 4: Secondary Traumatic Stress [Podcast]
 Secondary Traumatic Stress - Child Welfare Information Gateway
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Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary traumatic stress (STS) can occur when a professional experiences high stress or symptoms of trauma when working with people who have experienced trauma that mimic posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. People with careers in the helping professions, like child welfare workers and child welfare-related professionals, are particularly vulnerable to experiencing STS. The following resources provide further understanding of what STS is, its impact, how to identify symptoms, and how it can be prevented and mitigated on an individual and organizational level. The Cost of Caring: Secondary Traumatic Stress and the Impact of Working With High-Risk Children and Families (PDF - 894 KB)
Perry (2014)
ChildTrauma Academy
Presents an overview of secondary traumatic stress and teaches child welfare workers, as well as leaders, approaches and strategies to decrease risk and prepare for intervention of secondary traumatic stress. The resource utilizes case examples to describe secondary trauma and breaks down the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder that secondary traumatic stress can mimic. Reducing Burnout, Enhancing Resilience & Caring for Self/Others in Child Death Review (PDF - 866 KB) [Presentation Slides]
Klomp (2018)
National Center for Fatality Review and Prevention at the National Child Death Review Conference
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Discusses the impact of witnessing and hearing about trauma in the context of child death reviews and the importance of resilience and self-care. Various types of stressors and the human response to them are discussed. Additional resources are also provided. The Relationship Between Vicarious Trauma and Turnover Among Child Welfare Professionals (PDF - 526 KB)
Middleton & Potter (2015)
Journal of Public Child Welfare, 9 (2)
Explores the relationship between child welfare workers experiencing vicarious trauma and their intent to leave their job.

Secondary Traumatic Stress - Child Welfare Information Gateway

Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Spotlight on Secondary Trauma and Professionals’ Well-Being
Episode 4: Secondary Traumatic Stress [Podcast]

Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
How is Compassion Fatigue Different?
12 Therapeutic Strategies for Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress
Self-Care is an Essential
 Symptoms can also be triggered from exposure to violence in entertainment. For example, exposure to successive images of violence and victimization from incidents happening in the news media, and from experiencing traumatic scenes in TV shows, movies and videos. You do not have to be working in a particular industry to experience symptoms. However, the following people can potentially be at higher risk for developing them: Nurses, emergency hotline workers, child welfare workers, abuse counselors, animal welfare activists, journalists, photographers, Highly Sensitive Persons (HSP’s), energy healers, mediums and animal communicators and especially empaths. In fact, if you actively engage in activities promoting compassionate or heart-based living, or that encourages interaction with the sick, dying, the less fortunate, and victims of trauma (people and animals) even by way of healing and prayer, you are probably just as likely to develop symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress over time from repeated indirect exposure to violence and trauma as a healthcare worker is. What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress? Some symptoms include but are not limited to persistent feelings of the following, resulting from one or more of the triggers listed above: victimization/violation, heartbreak, restlessness, hopelessness, despair, anxiety, grief, shame, emptiness, survival guilt, hyper-vigilance, physical pain, heart palpitations, self-medicating with food/alcohol/other, emotional swings, emotional breakdowns, intrusive thoughts, irrational fear, ruminating or repeatedly re-living the story of the traumatic experience (s). It is common for people who are anguishing with Secondary Traumatic Stress to invalidate or hide their feelings because a traumatic incident affecting them didn’t happen directly to them.

Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue

Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
How is Compassion Fatigue Different?
12 Therapeutic Strategies for Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress
Self-Care is an Essential

Trauma & Spirituality: 4 Things You Need To Know - marthajhorn.com Trauma & Spirituality: 4 Things You Need To Know
Trauma & Spirituality: 4 Things You Need To Know
Introduction
Trauma Is A Real Thing
What is trauma?
What are the symptoms of trauma?
Vicarious Trauma Is Also A Real Thing
How Religion & Spirituality Can Make Trauma Worse
Religious Trauma Syndrome
How Religion & Spirituality Can Be Vehicles of Healing for Trauma Survivors
Conclusion
Resources
Related Posts & Pages
Notes & References
 There are a number of resources listed at the end of this post for more information. Vicarious Trauma Is Also A Real Thing
There is another kind of trauma that is not well-known outside of professional circles and that is “secondary traumatic stress” (STS), 1 also called “vicarious trauma.” STS can develop in individuals who work with trauma survivors on a regular basis: psychotherapists, healthcare professionals, social workers, and others who advocate for traumatized people. Professionals who develop STS often experience many of the same symptoms that their patients and clients experience. On a professional level, their work performance and effectiveness may dramatically suffer. On a personal level, they may also experience increases in anger, concerns about the nature and safety of other people, and concerns about the world in general. When these problems are denied or ignored, these professionals may experience “compassion fatigue” and “burnout.” Compassion fatigue is a kind of emotional exhaustion that can occur for anyone who works with traumatized individuals or for anyone who is a caregiver or direct service provider for individuals with any serious illness or chronic life problem. Individuals with compassion fatigue often feel like they’re “running on empty.”

Trauma & Spirituality: 4 Things You Need To Know - marthajhorn.com

Trauma & Spirituality: 4 Things You Need To Know
Trauma & Spirituality: 4 Things You Need To Know
Introduction
Trauma Is A Real Thing
What is trauma?
What are the symptoms of trauma?
Vicarious Trauma Is Also A Real Thing
How Religion & Spirituality Can Make Trauma Worse
Religious Trauma Syndrome
How Religion & Spirituality Can Be Vehicles of Healing for Trauma Survivors
Conclusion
Resources
Related Posts & Pages
Notes & References

There are a number of resources listed at the end of this post for more information. Vicarious Trauma Is Also A Real Thing
There is another kind of trauma that is not well-known outside of professional circles and that is “secondary traumatic stress” (STS), 1 also called “vicarious trauma.” STS can develop in individuals who work with trauma survivors on a regular basis: psychotherapists, healthcare professionals, social workers, and others who advocate for traumatized people. Professionals who develop STS often experience many of the same symptoms that their patients and clients experience. On a professional level, their work performance and effectiveness may dramatically suffer. On a personal level, they may also experience increases in anger, concerns about the nature and safety of other people, and concerns about the world in general. When these problems are denied or ignored, these professionals may experience “compassion fatigue” and “burnout.” Compassion fatigue is a kind of emotional exhaustion that can occur for anyone who works with traumatized individuals or for anyone who is a caregiver or direct service provider for individuals with any serious illness or chronic life problem. Individuals with compassion fatigue often feel like they’re “running on empty.”

How Social Workers Can Prioritize Self-Care in High-Stress Working Environments | USC Social Work How Social Workers Can Prioritize Self-Care in High-Stress Working Environments
News & Events
How Social Workers Can Prioritize Self-Care in High-Stress Working Environments
Understanding secondary trauma
Understanding burnout
Guidelines for practicing effective self-care
1. Practice self-awareness
2. Divide the mission of self-care into categories
3. Create a detailed self-care plan
4. Stay accountable
Creating increased awareness about the stress of social work
 Understanding secondary trauma
“Among the most common negative mental health effects of dealing with others’ trauma every day is secondary trauma,” said Hydon, whose expertise in secondary traumatic stress has informed research and intervention strategies for K-12 teachers across Los Angeles County. Secondary trauma, also referred to as vicarious trauma or compassion fatigue, is the indirect exposure to trauma through the reception of a firsthand account of another’s traumatic experience. According to the American Counseling Association, care providers may experience secondary trauma as a result of becoming “witnesses to the pain, fear, and terror that trauma survivors have endured.” This phenomenon can lead to a symptomology comparable to that of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including reexperiencing, hyperarousal and avoidance. Clinicians who have experienced secondary trauma may find themselves unable to stop thinking about a certain client’s traumatic past, or alternatively, may find themselves purposefully avoiding the subject or even feeling numb toward it. While there is a lack of consensus in the psychological community as to whether secondary traumatic stress can be fully pathologized or should be understood solely as a reaction, a small percentage of clinicians do develop fully diagnosable PTSD as a result of their work. Understanding burnout
Conversely, Hydon said, “burnout occurs over time, rather than in response to a singular narrative or experience.” According to the Mayo Clinic, work-related burnout is “a state of physical or emotional exhaustion that also involves a sense of reduced accomplishment and loss of personal identity.” Changes in somatic and behavioral functioning may also occur as a result of burnout, says Christina Maslach, a pioneering researcher of the phenomenon and creator of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (a scale for measuring burnout levels). As research published in the Journal of Mental Health points out, even within service-focused roles, social workers may experience higher levels of stress and burnout than those in comparable occupational jobs.

 Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

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Common

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How

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it?

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Current

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fatigue: Coping

with

secondary

traumatic

stress

in

those

who

treat

the

traumatized. New

York: Brunner/Mazel. Siegfried,

C.

B.,

(March

2008). Child

Welfare

Work

and

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress. Child

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Stress. The

National

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Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

Compassion

fatigue: Coping

with

secondary

traumatic

stress

in

those

who

treat

the

traumatized. New

York: Brunner/Mazel. Siegfried,

C.

B.,

(March

2008). Child

Welfare

Work

and

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress. Child

Welfare

Trauma

Training

Toolkit: Secondary

Traumatic

Stress. The

National

Child

Traumatic

Stress

Network. Module

6,

Activity

6c.

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Compassion fatigue (Figley, 1995) is the convergence primary traumatic stress, secondary traumatic stress (Stamm, 1995) and cumulative stress/burnout in the lives of supporting professionals and other care providers. When assisting others precipitates a bargain in our own well-being we are enduring Compassion fatigue. The manifestations often mirror, to a lesser degree, those of our clients. Vicarious traumatization (McCann & Pearlman, 1990) is an applicable term that also describes this tendency of the transmission of traumatic stress by observation and/or being a witness to the experiences of painful events. Secondary traumatic stress happens when one is subjected to intense events directly experienced by another and is overpowered by this secondary exposure to trauma (Figley & Kleber, 1995). More than a few theories have been offered but none have been able to effectively illustrate the system which accounts for the transmission of traumatic stress from one individual to another. Figley (1995) hypothesizes that the caregiver’s empathy level with the traumatized person has a vital role in this transmission.

The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference?
Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
When Social Workers Experience Trauma
Signs of Secondary and Vicarious Trauma in Social Work
How to Manage, Treat, and Prevent Vicarious and Secondary Trauma
References:
Last Update: 02-12-2020
 Anyone can experience it. For example, a person who witnesses a natural disaster or who sees someone else get into a car wreck can face secondary trauma. In a social work context, a single session with a traumatized person may trigger symptoms of secondary trauma. This might happen when: A social worker listens to a client’s story of being raped, assaulted, or abused. A client or a client’s close family member dies or suffers a serious injury. A social worker witnesses abuse in the context of social work, such as when a parent verbally abuses a child in family therapy. Vicarious trauma is a longer-term reaction to the accumulation of exposure to traumatic events. It happens when a person faces continuous exposure to trauma. Some examples might include:

The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma

The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference?
Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
When Social Workers Experience Trauma
Signs of Secondary and Vicarious Trauma in Social Work
How to Manage, Treat, and Prevent Vicarious and Secondary Trauma
References:
Last Update: 02-12-2020

Anyone can experience it. For example, a person who witnesses a natural disaster or who sees someone else get into a car wreck can face secondary trauma. In a social work context, a single session with a traumatized person may trigger symptoms of secondary trauma. This might happen when: A social worker listens to a client’s story of being raped, assaulted, or abused. A client or a client’s close family member dies or suffers a serious injury. A social worker witnesses abuse in the context of social work, such as when a parent verbally abuses a child in family therapy. Vicarious trauma is a longer-term reaction to the accumulation of exposure to traumatic events. It happens when a person faces continuous exposure to trauma. Some examples might include:

What is Vicarious Trauma | AHU Online

At first, she responded by taking on even more work despite the toll it was taking on her mental health because she felt that taking a break from her work would be a sign of weakness and failure. Eventually, her doctor prescribed 30 days off from work. Only after that long break did she realize the devastating impact of the vicarious trauma she felt. The lesson Harvey-Rolfe learned from her experience with vicarious trauma was how important it is for people who care for victims of trauma to take care of themselves as well. Healthcare providers are particularly susceptible to vicarious trauma, which is also called secondary trauma and secondary traumatic stress because those who are affected frequently work with people who are experiencing or have recently gone through a traumatic event. Nurses and other healthcare professionals need to know what vicarious trauma is, how to identify vicarious trauma, and how to support themselves and their coworkers who are affected by the condition. What Is Vicarious Trauma? GoodTherapy defines vicarious trauma as “indirect exposure to a traumatic event through firsthand account or narrative of that event.” While emergency responders, healthcare workers, and people in law enforcement are at greatest risk of vicarious trauma, the condition can affect anyone who has a “significant relationship with a survivor of trauma,” according to the site. In the course of their work, therapists, nurses, and other healthcare professionals must ask patients to recount the traumatic events that caused their injuries.

Trauma & Spirituality: 4 Things You Need To Know - marthajhorn.com Trauma & Spirituality: 4 Things You Need To Know
Trauma & Spirituality: 4 Things You Need To Know
Introduction
Trauma Is A Real Thing
What is trauma?
What are the symptoms of trauma?
Vicarious Trauma Is Also A Real Thing
How Religion & Spirituality Can Make Trauma Worse
Religious Trauma Syndrome
How Religion & Spirituality Can Be Vehicles of Healing for Trauma Survivors
Conclusion
Resources
Related Posts & Pages
Notes & References
 What are the symptoms of trauma? Trauma-related symptoms include: 1
Reoccurring, involuntary intrusive thoughts about the traumatic event. Flashbacks or re-experiencing the traumatic event (s) as if they were currently occurring
Hyperarousal when exposed to situations that seem similar in some way to the traumatic event (s)
Avoidance of situations, environments, or people who remind the individual of the traumatic event (s)
Difficulty concentrating
Vivid nightmares
Feeling detached from one’s sense of self, like observing someone else or like being in a dream
Feeling detached from one’s environment or surroundings, things may seem distorted or dream-like
There are other symptoms, but you probably get the idea. Maybe you’ve experienced some of these yourself or you know someone else who has. There are a number of resources listed at the end of this post for more information. Vicarious Trauma Is Also A Real Thing
There is another kind of trauma that is not well-known outside of professional circles and that is “secondary traumatic stress” (STS), 1 also called “vicarious trauma.” STS can develop in individuals who work with trauma survivors on a regular basis: psychotherapists, healthcare professionals, social workers, and others who advocate for traumatized people. Professionals who develop STS often experience many of the same symptoms that their patients and clients experience.

What are the symptoms of trauma? Trauma-related symptoms include: 1
Reoccurring, involuntary intrusive thoughts about the traumatic event. Flashbacks or re-experiencing the traumatic event (s) as if they were currently occurring
Hyperarousal when exposed to situations that seem similar in some way to the traumatic event (s)
Avoidance of situations, environments, or people who remind the individual of the traumatic event (s)
Difficulty concentrating
Vivid nightmares
Feeling detached from one’s sense of self, like observing someone else or like being in a dream
Feeling detached from one’s environment or surroundings, things may seem distorted or dream-like
There are other symptoms, but you probably get the idea. Maybe you’ve experienced some of these yourself or you know someone else who has. There are a number of resources listed at the end of this post for more information. Vicarious Trauma Is Also A Real Thing
There is another kind of trauma that is not well-known outside of professional circles and that is “secondary traumatic stress” (STS), 1 also called “vicarious trauma.” STS can develop in individuals who work with trauma survivors on a regular basis: psychotherapists, healthcare professionals, social workers, and others who advocate for traumatized people. Professionals who develop STS often experience many of the same symptoms that their patients and clients experience.

Secondary Trait definition | Psychology Glossary | alleydog.com Secondary Trait
Secondary Trait Secondary Trait definition | Psychology Glossary | alleydog.com
Secondary Trait
Secondary Traits, as used in human physiology, refers to physical and mental traits that develop as a result of puberty. In males, some of these traits are the growth of heavy facial and body hair and increased musculature and aggression. In females, these are the growth of breasts and widening of hips. etc. Add flashcard Cite Random

Secondary Trait definition | Psychology Glossary | alleydog.com
Secondary Trait
Secondary Traits, as used in human physiology, refers to physical and mental traits that develop as a result of puberty. In males, some of these traits are the growth of heavy facial and body hair and increased musculature and aggression. In females, these are the growth of breasts and widening of hips. etc. Add flashcard Cite Random

Stages Of Trauma Recovery | Shelemah Body-mind-spirit Stages of Trauma Recovery
Stages of Trauma Recovery
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Stages of Trauma Recovery
Stage 1: Safety and Stabilization
1st Goal: Basic Health Needs
2nd Goal: Basic Environment Needs
Stage 2: Trauma Processing
Stage 3: Consolidation and Resolution
For more on understanding trauma and trauma recovery:
Sharing is caring!
 This post may contain affiliate links. For full affiliate disclosure click here. One of the most puzzling things new clients will tell me is, “ Oh I haven’t experienced any trauma .” After they’ve listed all the things they are looking for help with — the relational issues, anxiety, crises of faith, and sleep disturbances, to a name a few, they somehow don’t understand that these symptoms came from somewhere. Often when we think of trauma we think capital T, big TRAUMA. Major life threatening situations. But trauma can be more widely defined as negative experiences that trigger our fight, flight, or freeze response. You can even experience trauma when you witness someone else experience a traumatic event. The danger with such secondary trauma is that since it didn’t happen to you personally, you don’t feel the freedom to react and process the trauma as needed. Everyone has experienced trauma to some degree and in those traumatic experiences we make nano-second decisions about how best to cope.

Stages Of Trauma Recovery | Shelemah Body-mind-spirit

Stages of Trauma Recovery
Stages of Trauma Recovery
Sharing is caring!
Stages of Trauma Recovery
Stage 1: Safety and Stabilization
1st Goal: Basic Health Needs
2nd Goal: Basic Environment Needs
Stage 2: Trauma Processing
Stage 3: Consolidation and Resolution
For more on understanding trauma and trauma recovery:
Sharing is caring!

This post may contain affiliate links. For full affiliate disclosure click here. One of the most puzzling things new clients will tell me is, “ Oh I haven’t experienced any trauma .” After they’ve listed all the things they are looking for help with — the relational issues, anxiety, crises of faith, and sleep disturbances, to a name a few, they somehow don’t understand that these symptoms came from somewhere. Often when we think of trauma we think capital T, big TRAUMA. Major life threatening situations. But trauma can be more widely defined as negative experiences that trigger our fight, flight, or freeze response. You can even experience trauma when you witness someone else experience a traumatic event. The danger with such secondary trauma is that since it didn’t happen to you personally, you don’t feel the freedom to react and process the trauma as needed. Everyone has experienced trauma to some degree and in those traumatic experiences we make nano-second decisions about how best to cope.

Dealing With Crisis and Traumatic Events
Dealing With Crisis and Traumatic Events
Binghamton University Counseling Center
 TYPES OF CRISES
People filter threatening experiences through their own unique ways of thinking and feeling. Depending on the trauma and one's "filter," some people may have less of a reaction while others may develop more severe symptoms. A number of crises may occur that can affect different groups of people, such as students, employees, or society as a whole. At one end of the continuum these crises could include a strike, assault, physical injury, accident, death, suicide, robbery, homicide or rape. Other events that affect a broader spectrum of people include fire, natural disasters, riots, terrorism, and racial incidents. Crisis intervention offers the immediate help that an individual in crisis needs in order to reestablish equilibrium. SECONDARY TRAUMA
People at risk for secondary traumatization are those other than the actual victims who are affected by the traumatic event. This may include friends, family and acquaintances of the victim, or people who have simply heard about the trauma or crisis. People who help trauma and crisis victims are sometimes at risk for secondary trauma as well. This may be because of consistent exposure to human suffering and possibly feeling responsible for the safety of the victim.

Dealing With Crisis and Traumatic Events
Binghamton University Counseling Center

TYPES OF CRISES
People filter threatening experiences through their own unique ways of thinking and feeling. Depending on the trauma and one's "filter," some people may have less of a reaction while others may develop more severe symptoms. A number of crises may occur that can affect different groups of people, such as students, employees, or society as a whole. At one end of the continuum these crises could include a strike, assault, physical injury, accident, death, suicide, robbery, homicide or rape. Other events that affect a broader spectrum of people include fire, natural disasters, riots, terrorism, and racial incidents. Crisis intervention offers the immediate help that an individual in crisis needs in order to reestablish equilibrium. SECONDARY TRAUMA
People at risk for secondary traumatization are those other than the actual victims who are affected by the traumatic event. This may include friends, family and acquaintances of the victim, or people who have simply heard about the trauma or crisis. People who help trauma and crisis victims are sometimes at risk for secondary trauma as well. This may be because of consistent exposure to human suffering and possibly feeling responsible for the safety of the victim.

 Burnout
Burnout is motivation-based, causing emotional and psychological exhaustion related to an individual’s work. It is not a form of trauma (Sudden 2019; The Lookout 2017). Traumatic Countertransference
Traumatic countertransference is when a healthcare worker relates to a patient in such a way that they unconsciously connect the patient with an existing relationship in their own life. This can occur in many situations (not just in a medical setting) where there is a connection between people based on empathy (Good Therapy 2019). This can be harmful in more ways than one because as a healthcare worker, the relationship should be professional and not because the patient reminds you of your mother, for example. Behaviour and Symptoms
The human response to stress and trauma is autonomic, but the chemical and biological process that causes a person to experience vicarious or secondary trauma are the same. This stress response is not subject to cognitive or rational processing, and therefore two individuals will likely perceive and react in a different manner to the same event. Healthcare workers who are experiencing vicarious or secondary trauma may experience: Headaches, heartburn or rashes;

Burnout
Burnout is motivation-based, causing emotional and psychological exhaustion related to an individual’s work. It is not a form of trauma (Sudden 2019; The Lookout 2017). Traumatic Countertransference
Traumatic countertransference is when a healthcare worker relates to a patient in such a way that they unconsciously connect the patient with an existing relationship in their own life. This can occur in many situations (not just in a medical setting) where there is a connection between people based on empathy (Good Therapy 2019). This can be harmful in more ways than one because as a healthcare worker, the relationship should be professional and not because the patient reminds you of your mother, for example. Behaviour and Symptoms
The human response to stress and trauma is autonomic, but the chemical and biological process that causes a person to experience vicarious or secondary trauma are the same. This stress response is not subject to cognitive or rational processing, and therefore two individuals will likely perceive and react in a different manner to the same event. Healthcare workers who are experiencing vicarious or secondary trauma may experience: Headaches, heartburn or rashes;

Vicarious trauma & burnout | The Lookout Vicarious trauma & burnout
Vicarious trauma & burnout
Impacts of responding to family violence
Recognising the signs and symptoms of vicarious trauma
Recognising the signs and symptoms of burnout
How to protect yourself
Preventing burnout
 A person’s world view (belief systems) can be significantly changed as a result of hearing those stories. Vicarious trauma is cumulative, building up over time. Secondary traumatic stress is the emotional duress that results when an individual hears about the firsthand trauma experiences of another. Its symptoms mimic those of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Burnout is the prolonged physical and psychological exhaustion related to a person’s work. It does not include traumatic elements or PTSD-like symptoms. While it can be helpful to have an understanding of what these terms mean, it’s also important to know that not everybody will identify these as distinct experiences. For example, you may find that you experience a little bit of each of these at different times. What can be most helpful is to have an understanding of the impacts so that you and your workplace can be proactive in preventing or minimising these impacts. Recognising the signs and symptoms of vicarious trauma
This is not an exhaustive list but it covers some of the common signs of vicarious trauma:

Vicarious trauma & burnout
Vicarious trauma & burnout
Impacts of responding to family violence
Recognising the signs and symptoms of vicarious trauma
Recognising the signs and symptoms of burnout
How to protect yourself
Preventing burnout

A person’s world view (belief systems) can be significantly changed as a result of hearing those stories. Vicarious trauma is cumulative, building up over time. Secondary traumatic stress is the emotional duress that results when an individual hears about the firsthand trauma experiences of another. Its symptoms mimic those of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Burnout is the prolonged physical and psychological exhaustion related to a person’s work. It does not include traumatic elements or PTSD-like symptoms. While it can be helpful to have an understanding of what these terms mean, it’s also important to know that not everybody will identify these as distinct experiences. For example, you may find that you experience a little bit of each of these at different times. What can be most helpful is to have an understanding of the impacts so that you and your workplace can be proactive in preventing or minimising these impacts. Recognising the signs and symptoms of vicarious trauma
This is not an exhaustive list but it covers some of the common signs of vicarious trauma:

The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference?
Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
When Social Workers Experience Trauma
Signs of Secondary and Vicarious Trauma in Social Work
How to Manage, Treat, and Prevent Vicarious and Secondary Trauma
References:
Last Update: 02-12-2020
 For example, a social worker with a history of domestic violence may experience secondary trauma when counseling domestic violence survivors. Providers with a personal history of trauma must identify their triggers, decide whether they can confidently work with populations that may activate those triggers, and be mindful of the role secondary trauma plays in their relationship with clients. Providers who do not think carefully about their connection to a client’s trauma may project their own desires and experiences onto a client or make invalid assumptions about a client’s reactions or feelings. Signs of Secondary and Vicarious Trauma in Social Work
Some signs of secondary and vicarious trauma include: Compassion fatigue, which can inhibit a provider’s ability to empathize with and support clients. Having nightmares about a client’s experiences. An increase in symptoms relating to a personal trauma, such as more flashbacks or anxiety. Feeling unable to support clients. Feeling exhausted, fatigued, overwhelmed, or burned out. Avoiding work or talking about work.

For example, a social worker with a history of domestic violence may experience secondary trauma when counseling domestic violence survivors. Providers with a personal history of trauma must identify their triggers, decide whether they can confidently work with populations that may activate those triggers, and be mindful of the role secondary trauma plays in their relationship with clients. Providers who do not think carefully about their connection to a client’s trauma may project their own desires and experiences onto a client or make invalid assumptions about a client’s reactions or feelings. Signs of Secondary and Vicarious Trauma in Social Work
Some signs of secondary and vicarious trauma include: Compassion fatigue, which can inhibit a provider’s ability to empathize with and support clients. Having nightmares about a client’s experiences. An increase in symptoms relating to a personal trauma, such as more flashbacks or anxiety. Feeling unable to support clients. Feeling exhausted, fatigued, overwhelmed, or burned out. Avoiding work or talking about work.

TSA | Managing secondary traumatic stress for educators Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Risk Factors & Causes of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Managing Secondary Traumatic Stress
 Individuals can protect against and manage secondary traumatic stress by practicing self-care through regular exercise, a healthy diet, and sufficient sleep. Activities such as yoga or meditation can be helpful in reducing general stress. It is important for staff to take time away from the stress-inducing situation. Spending time with family or friends, or focusing on a project or hobby can help. Secondary traumatic stress goes beyond regular stress. A counselor can be a resource for strategies to cope with the symptoms and to heal.

Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Risk Factors & Causes of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Managing Secondary Traumatic Stress

Individuals can protect against and manage secondary traumatic stress by practicing self-care through regular exercise, a healthy diet, and sufficient sleep. Activities such as yoga or meditation can be helpful in reducing general stress. It is important for staff to take time away from the stress-inducing situation. Spending time with family or friends, or focusing on a project or hobby can help. Secondary traumatic stress goes beyond regular stress. A counselor can be a resource for strategies to cope with the symptoms and to heal.

Traumatic synonyms, traumatic antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com traumatic
Synonyms for traumatic
adj shocking
Synonyms
Antonyms
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 + Add current page to bookmarks
Complete English Grammar Rules
is now available in paperback and eBook formats. Make it yours today! References in periodicals archive ? (71) Other licensed and trained professionals, like physicians, police officers, psychologists, social workers, child protective service workers, and ambulance personnel already have the benefit of research focused on how they manage emotionally while working closely with those exposed to traumatic events. The impact of secondary traumatic stress among family attorneys working with trauma-exposed clients: implications for practice and professional responsibility
Most research related to religion and trauma focuses on how religion is helpful for coping with a traumatic event. Counselling psychology quarterly
Therefore, when a child experiences a traumatic event, their mental recovery depends mainly on the mental state of their parents, especially if the parent was exposed to the same trauma. One in five Be'er Sheva children display post-traumatic symptoms after missile fire
* A snapshot of the global therapeutic scenario for Traumatic Brain Injury. Traumatic Brain Injury - Pipeline Review, H1 2013 - New Report Available
Medical traumatic stress is a well-substantiated area of research in pediatric medical populations focused mostly on acute-onset, distressing, life-threatening conditions (such as cancer) and emergent events (such as accidental injury) (Landolt, Vollrath, Gnehm, & Sennhauser, 2009; Marme et al.,

Traumatic synonyms, traumatic antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com

traumatic
Synonyms for traumatic
adj shocking
Synonyms
Antonyms
More results ►

+ Add current page to bookmarks
Complete English Grammar Rules
is now available in paperback and eBook formats. Make it yours today! References in periodicals archive ? (71) Other licensed and trained professionals, like physicians, police officers, psychologists, social workers, child protective service workers, and ambulance personnel already have the benefit of research focused on how they manage emotionally while working closely with those exposed to traumatic events. The impact of secondary traumatic stress among family attorneys working with trauma-exposed clients: implications for practice and professional responsibility
Most research related to religion and trauma focuses on how religion is helpful for coping with a traumatic event. Counselling psychology quarterly
Therefore, when a child experiences a traumatic event, their mental recovery depends mainly on the mental state of their parents, especially if the parent was exposed to the same trauma. One in five Be'er Sheva children display post-traumatic symptoms after missile fire
* A snapshot of the global therapeutic scenario for Traumatic Brain Injury. Traumatic Brain Injury - Pipeline Review, H1 2013 - New Report Available
Medical traumatic stress is a well-substantiated area of research in pediatric medical populations focused mostly on acute-onset, distressing, life-threatening conditions (such as cancer) and emergent events (such as accidental injury) (Landolt, Vollrath, Gnehm, & Sennhauser, 2009; Marme et al.,

(PDF) The Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS) The Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS)
The Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS)
Authors:
Sara Sanders
Abstract and Figures
Discover the world's research
The Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS):
Confirmatory Factor Analyses
with a National Sample
of Mental Health Social Workers
Laura Ting
Jodi M. Jacobson
Sara Sanders
Brian E. Bride
Donna Harrington
SUMMARY. The Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS; Bride,
Robinson, Yegidis, & Figley, 2004) is an easy to administer 17-item
Laura Ting, PhD, is Assistant Professor, University of Maryland, Baltimore County,
Department of Social Work.
Jodi M. Jacobson, PhD, is affiliated with Towson University, Family Studies Pro-
Sara Sanders, PhD, is affiliated with University of Iowa, School of Social Work.
Brian E. Bride, PhD, is affiliated with University of Georgia, School of Social
Donna Harrington, PhD, is affiliated with University of Maryland, Baltimore,
School of Social Work.
Address correspondence to: Laura Ting, PhD, Assistant Professor, University of
Maryland, Baltimore County, Department of Social Work, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Balti
more, MD 21250 (E-mail: LTing@umbc.edu).
[Haworth co-indexing entry note]: “The Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS): Confirmatory Factor
Analyses with a National Sample of Mental Health Social Workers.” Ting, Laura et al. Co-published simulta
neously in Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment (The Haworth Social Work Practice Press,
an imprint of The Haworth Press, Inc.) Vol. 11, No. 3/4, 2005, pp. 177-194; and: Approaches to Measuring
Human Behavior in the Social Environment (ed: William R. Nugent) The Haworth Social Work Practice
Press, an imprint of The Haworth Press, Inc., 2005, pp. 177-194. Single or multiple copies of this article are
available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service [1-800-HAWORTH, 9:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m.
(EST). E-mail address: docdelivery @haworthpress .com].
Available online at http://www.haworthpress.com/web/JHBSE
 2005 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
Citations (72)
References (39)
What Happens at Work Comes Home
Occupational-Induced Secondary Traumatic Stress and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Respiratory Therapists
Healing Our Protectors: Building Resilience Among Tribal Law Enforcement Officers Though Cultural Interventions Mountain Plains (HHS Region 8)
Incorporating compassion into compassion fatigue: The development of a new scale
The Mediating Role of Insomnia and Exhaustion in the Relationship between Secondary Traumatic Stress and Mental Health Complaints among Frontline Medical Staff during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Prevalence of Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL) and Its Influence on the Personal Distress of Doctors in Nepal
Latent structure of secondary traumatic stress, its precursors, and effects on people working with refugees
University of Health Sciences, Hamidiye Faculty of Nursing
Aggression toward teachers, interaction with school shooting media, and secondary trauma: Lockdown drills as moderator
Social Work Students in the Aftermath of the Great Flood of 2016: Mental Health, Substance Use, and Adaptive Coping
 <docdelivery@haworthpress.com> Website: <http://www.HaworthPress.com> © 2005 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights
reserved.] KEYWORDS. Secondary traumatic stress, confirmatory factor analysis
Mental health professionals, specifically therapists working directly
with clients and providing services to traumatized populations, are ex-
posed to experiences and events through the lives of their clients. As
many of these events are traumatic, the concern is that the therapists
themselves may have increasing difficulty, both personally and profes
-
sionally, in dealing with the accumulated trauma of such events. With
this awareness in the field regarding the potential effects of secondary
trauma, researchers and clinicians alike have become increasingly inter
-
ested in researching this topic of secondary traumatic stress. Research on the effects of secondary traumatic stress has been grow
-
ing. Past research has shown that secondary traumatic stress, similar to
vicarious trauma, compassion stress, or compassion fatigue (Figley,
1999, 2002; McCann & Pearlman, 1990), appears to be prevalent among
mental health professionals. Specific estimates of trauma therapists expe
-
rie nci ng post -tr aum ati c symp tom s are curr ent ly unknown;

(PDF) The Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS)

<docdelivery@haworthpress.com> Website: <http://www.HaworthPress.com> © 2005 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights
reserved.] KEYWORDS. Secondary traumatic stress, confirmatory factor analysis
Mental health professionals, specifically therapists working directly
with clients and providing services to traumatized populations, are ex-
posed to experiences and events through the lives of their clients. As
many of these events are traumatic, the concern is that the therapists
themselves may have increasing difficulty, both personally and profes
-
sionally, in dealing with the accumulated trauma of such events. With
this awareness in the field regarding the potential effects of secondary
trauma, researchers and clinicians alike have become increasingly inter
-
ested in researching this topic of secondary traumatic stress. Research on the effects of secondary traumatic stress has been grow
-
ing. Past research has shown that secondary traumatic stress, similar to
vicarious trauma, compassion stress, or compassion fatigue (Figley,
1999, 2002; McCann & Pearlman, 1990), appears to be prevalent among
mental health professionals. Specific estimates of trauma therapists expe
-
rie nci ng post -tr aum ati c symp tom s are curr ent ly unknown;

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures) What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
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 Is Amazon actually giving you the best price? This little known plugin reveals the answer. Shared characteristics between secondary PTSD and PTSD include increased alertness and jumpiness, along with nightmares and an increased tendency to avoid social situations. Like people who suffer from PTSD, those with secondary PTSD may feel less attached to their loved ones, and experience a reduced sense of purpose. As people with secondary PTSD have perhaps had their view of life and the ability of other people to inflict pain changed for the worse, they may also become judgmental and disillusioned, and experience anger at the world and the people in it. Psychiatric diagnoses need specific symptoms and conditions to be present for the correct diagnosis and therefore the correct treatment. Although the use of the term "secondary PTSD" may be in common use for people who are suffering from psychological problems due to the trauma of a loved one or client, it may not always be an accurate diagnosis. Often, similar diagnoses such as "caretaker stress" display some of the same symptoms but requires different modes of treatment. 📦Amazon Doesn't Want You to Know About This Plugin
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Secondary PTSD often occurs after a traumatic event.

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)

Is Amazon actually giving you the best price? This little known plugin reveals the answer. Shared characteristics between secondary PTSD and PTSD include increased alertness and jumpiness, along with nightmares and an increased tendency to avoid social situations. Like people who suffer from PTSD, those with secondary PTSD may feel less attached to their loved ones, and experience a reduced sense of purpose. As people with secondary PTSD have perhaps had their view of life and the ability of other people to inflict pain changed for the worse, they may also become judgmental and disillusioned, and experience anger at the world and the people in it. Psychiatric diagnoses need specific symptoms and conditions to be present for the correct diagnosis and therefore the correct treatment. Although the use of the term "secondary PTSD" may be in common use for people who are suffering from psychological problems due to the trauma of a loved one or client, it may not always be an accurate diagnosis. Often, similar diagnoses such as "caretaker stress" display some of the same symptoms but requires different modes of treatment. 📦Amazon Doesn't Want You to Know About This Plugin
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Secondary PTSD often occurs after a traumatic event.

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures) What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
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 Military personnel are prone to developing secondary PTSD. Those who may experience secondary PTSD are those people who suffer emotionally through exposure to a traumatized person. Families and friends of some military veterans are one such group, as they have to deal both with the trauma their loved one went through, and the resultant stress of living with the person and trying to help. People who come into contact with PTSD sufferers through their work can also develop secondary trauma as a result. These include nurses, doctors and psychiatric personnel, who help the traumatized people after the event, and who may, over time, be exposed to many different people with PTSD. Is Amazon actually giving you the best price? This little known plugin reveals the answer. Shared characteristics between secondary PTSD and PTSD include increased alertness and jumpiness, along with nightmares and an increased tendency to avoid social situations. Like people who suffer from PTSD, those with secondary PTSD may feel less attached to their loved ones, and experience a reduced sense of purpose. As people with secondary PTSD have perhaps had their view of life and the ability of other people to inflict pain changed for the worse, they may also become judgmental and disillusioned, and experience anger at the world and the people in it.

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)

Military personnel are prone to developing secondary PTSD. Those who may experience secondary PTSD are those people who suffer emotionally through exposure to a traumatized person. Families and friends of some military veterans are one such group, as they have to deal both with the trauma their loved one went through, and the resultant stress of living with the person and trying to help. People who come into contact with PTSD sufferers through their work can also develop secondary trauma as a result. These include nurses, doctors and psychiatric personnel, who help the traumatized people after the event, and who may, over time, be exposed to many different people with PTSD. Is Amazon actually giving you the best price? This little known plugin reveals the answer. Shared characteristics between secondary PTSD and PTSD include increased alertness and jumpiness, along with nightmares and an increased tendency to avoid social situations. Like people who suffer from PTSD, those with secondary PTSD may feel less attached to their loved ones, and experience a reduced sense of purpose. As people with secondary PTSD have perhaps had their view of life and the ability of other people to inflict pain changed for the worse, they may also become judgmental and disillusioned, and experience anger at the world and the people in it.

The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators — Page 2 of 3 — TTT4U The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators
The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators
Risk Factors and Causes
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Managing Secondary Traumatic Stress
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 Let’s take a closer look at the risk factors, signs, and management of secondary traumatic stress. Risk Factors and Causes
School administrators, classroom teachers, and all staff members who work with traumatized students can benefit from learning the risk factors and causes of compassion fatigue. Depending on an individual’s circumstances, he or she may be more susceptible to secondary traumatic stress. Kindle Unlimited Membership Plans
The first personal exposure to a traumatic event may preclude one to suffering from secondary traumatic stress. How one reacts or copes with his own reaction to trauma. Many people have some type of traumatic experience that happened at some point in their lives. Frequently, many will not seek counseling or even recognize the extent of their personal or emotional wounds. Another risk factor or cause is direct contact with children’s traumatic stories. Every day, children enter school buildings with stories about neglect, violence, and other horrible things happening in their lives. School staff members must report any type of abuse, so there is a heightened alert among educators.

The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators
The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators
Risk Factors and Causes
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Managing Secondary Traumatic Stress
Blog Posts
Archives

Let’s take a closer look at the risk factors, signs, and management of secondary traumatic stress. Risk Factors and Causes
School administrators, classroom teachers, and all staff members who work with traumatized students can benefit from learning the risk factors and causes of compassion fatigue. Depending on an individual’s circumstances, he or she may be more susceptible to secondary traumatic stress. Kindle Unlimited Membership Plans
The first personal exposure to a traumatic event may preclude one to suffering from secondary traumatic stress. How one reacts or copes with his own reaction to trauma. Many people have some type of traumatic experience that happened at some point in their lives. Frequently, many will not seek counseling or even recognize the extent of their personal or emotional wounds. Another risk factor or cause is direct contact with children’s traumatic stories. Every day, children enter school buildings with stories about neglect, violence, and other horrible things happening in their lives. School staff members must report any type of abuse, so there is a heightened alert among educators.

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
We can help you find treatment for secondary trauma. Call toll free today.
In this section...
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress?
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 These can include: Social discomfort and withdrawal
Fear
Exhaustion
Disconnection from others
Hopelessness
Guilt
Avoidance symptoms (such as avoiding the person who gave them the first-hand account of the trauma)
Sudden outbursts of anger
An inability to care for oneself or a disinterest in self-care
Insomnia
Hypersensitivity
Irritability
An inability to care for or help others
Intense nightmares
Problems focusing
Stress is another of the most intensive symptoms and that which may be noticed by other individuals. Secondary traumatic stress can cause its own set of symptoms that, while similar to those of PTSD, can often be more difficult for individuals to notice within themselves. Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress? This syndrome, according to the VA, is commonly experienced by “supporters/helpers of those experiencing PTSD.” This can include clinicians such as doctors and nurses, caseworkers, therapists, counselors, and other people who dedicate their lives to helping those who have been through terrible traumas. It is vey likely to occur in those who work with veterans, rape survivors, and children with histories of abuse. Though these individuals have taken jobs where they want to help others through these terrible events and the lasting impressions they have left, it can be extremely difficult to do it every day. Sometimes, a certain case may particularly affect an individual in this position, or this disorder may be caused by a long string of cases that eventually make the person feel miserable and burnt out. You don’t have to struggle with secondary traumatic stress alone.

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
We can help you find treatment for secondary trauma. Call toll free today.
In this section...
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress?
You don’t have to struggle with secondary traumatic stress alone. Call toll free to find help today.
Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress?

These can include: Social discomfort and withdrawal
Fear
Exhaustion
Disconnection from others
Hopelessness
Guilt
Avoidance symptoms (such as avoiding the person who gave them the first-hand account of the trauma)
Sudden outbursts of anger
An inability to care for oneself or a disinterest in self-care
Insomnia
Hypersensitivity
Irritability
An inability to care for or help others
Intense nightmares
Problems focusing
Stress is another of the most intensive symptoms and that which may be noticed by other individuals. Secondary traumatic stress can cause its own set of symptoms that, while similar to those of PTSD, can often be more difficult for individuals to notice within themselves. Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress? This syndrome, according to the VA, is commonly experienced by “supporters/helpers of those experiencing PTSD.” This can include clinicians such as doctors and nurses, caseworkers, therapists, counselors, and other people who dedicate their lives to helping those who have been through terrible traumas. It is vey likely to occur in those who work with veterans, rape survivors, and children with histories of abuse. Though these individuals have taken jobs where they want to help others through these terrible events and the lasting impressions they have left, it can be extremely difficult to do it every day. Sometimes, a certain case may particularly affect an individual in this position, or this disorder may be caused by a long string of cases that eventually make the person feel miserable and burnt out. You don’t have to struggle with secondary traumatic stress alone.

Professional Quality of Life Scale-5 | The National Child Traumatic Stress Network Professional Quality of Life Scale-5
Professional Quality of Life Scale-5
Overview
Administration
Training
Parallel or Alternate Forms
Psychometrics
Population Information
Pros & Cons/References
 2. Pearlman, L.A., & Saakvitne, K.W. (1995). Trauma and the therapist: Countertransference and vicarious traumatization in psychotherapy with incest survivors. New York: Norton. 3. Stamm, B.H. (Ed.). ( 1995). Secondary Traumantic Stress:

Professional Quality of Life Scale-5 | The National Child Traumatic Stress Network

Professional Quality of Life Scale-5
Professional Quality of Life Scale-5
Overview
Administration
Training
Parallel or Alternate Forms
Psychometrics
Population Information
Pros & Cons/References

2. Pearlman, L.A., & Saakvitne, K.W. (1995). Trauma and the therapist: Countertransference and vicarious traumatization in psychotherapy with incest survivors. New York: Norton. 3. Stamm, B.H. (Ed.). ( 1995). Secondary Traumantic Stress:

Secondary Traumatic Stress | The Administration for Children and Families Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Common Compassion Fatigue Symptoms
Why Secondary Traumatic Stress is Important for Human Services Agencies
Relevant Interventions and Approaches
Individual Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Organizational Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Resources for Further Learning
References
 Symptoms often include a combination of cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and physical features. They may also involve a spiritual component such as questioning meaning or loss of faith. Common examples include: Common Compassion Fatigue Symptoms
Cognitive
Lowered Concentration
Apathy
Rigid thinking
Perfectionism
Preoccupation with trauma
Emotional
Guilt
Anger
Numbness
Sadness
Helplessness
Behavioral
Withdrawal
Sleep disturbance
Appetite change
Hyper-vigilance
Elevated startle response
Physical
Increased heart rate
Difficulty breathing
Muscle and joint pain
Impaired immune system
Increased severity of medical concerns
These kinds of symptoms can be alarming and personally overwhelming to anyone experiencing them. However, once recognized, compassion fatigue can be addressed and resolved and the caregiver or helper can heal and even grow from the experience. Why Secondary Traumatic Stress is Important for Human Services Agencies
Understanding secondary traumatic stress (STS), its effects on staff, and how to alleviate its impact is of concern to agency and organizational leaders. Being exposed to traumatic and troubling events, sometimes on a daily basis, influences one’s personal and professional lives. Staff acquire different ways to cope – some are adaptive, others are not. STS can decrease staff functioning and create challenges in the working environment. Some of the documented negative organizational effects that can result from STS are increased absenteeism, impaired judgment, low productivity, poorer quality of work, higher staff turnover, and greater staff friction.

Secondary Traumatic Stress | The Administration for Children and Families

Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Common Compassion Fatigue Symptoms
Why Secondary Traumatic Stress is Important for Human Services Agencies
Relevant Interventions and Approaches
Individual Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Organizational Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Resources for Further Learning
References

Symptoms often include a combination of cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and physical features. They may also involve a spiritual component such as questioning meaning or loss of faith. Common examples include: Common Compassion Fatigue Symptoms
Cognitive
Lowered Concentration
Apathy
Rigid thinking
Perfectionism
Preoccupation with trauma
Emotional
Guilt
Anger
Numbness
Sadness
Helplessness
Behavioral
Withdrawal
Sleep disturbance
Appetite change
Hyper-vigilance
Elevated startle response
Physical
Increased heart rate
Difficulty breathing
Muscle and joint pain
Impaired immune system
Increased severity of medical concerns
These kinds of symptoms can be alarming and personally overwhelming to anyone experiencing them. However, once recognized, compassion fatigue can be addressed and resolved and the caregiver or helper can heal and even grow from the experience. Why Secondary Traumatic Stress is Important for Human Services Agencies
Understanding secondary traumatic stress (STS), its effects on staff, and how to alleviate its impact is of concern to agency and organizational leaders. Being exposed to traumatic and troubling events, sometimes on a daily basis, influences one’s personal and professional lives. Staff acquire different ways to cope – some are adaptive, others are not. STS can decrease staff functioning and create challenges in the working environment. Some of the documented negative organizational effects that can result from STS are increased absenteeism, impaired judgment, low productivity, poorer quality of work, higher staff turnover, and greater staff friction.

Secondary disease | definition of secondary disease by Medical dictionary secondary disease
secondary disease
secondary disease
sec·on·dar·y dis·ease
sec·on·dar·y dis·ease
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 2. A wasting disorder that follows successful transplantation of bone marrow into a lethally irradiated host; frequently severe and usually associated with fever, anorexia, diarrhea, dermatitis, and desquamation. See also: graft-versus-host disease
Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing © Farlex 2012
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Secondary disease | definition of secondary disease by Medical dictionary

secondary disease
secondary disease
secondary disease
sec·on·dar·y dis·ease
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Primary and secondary brain injury - Wikipedia Primary and secondary brain injury
Primary and secondary brain injury
Contents
Primary
Secondary
Prevention
See also
References
 Thus some tissues may experience more force and be more injured in the primary injury. The primary injury leads to the secondary injury. Secondary
Secondary injury is an indirect result of the injury. It results from processes initiated by the trauma. It occurs in the hours and days following the primary injury and plays a large role in the brain damage and death that results from TBI. Unlike in most forms of trauma a large percentage of the people killed by brain trauma do not die right away but rather days to weeks after the event. In addition, rather than improving after being hospitalized as most patients with other types of injuries do, about 40% of people with TBI deteriorate. This is often a result of secondary injury, which can damage neurons that were unharmed in the primary injury. It occurs after a variety of brain injury including subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, and traumatic brain injury and involves metabolic cascades. Secondary injury can result from complications of the injury.

Primary and secondary brain injury - Wikipedia

Primary and secondary brain injury
Primary and secondary brain injury
Contents
Primary
Secondary
Prevention
See also
References

Thus some tissues may experience more force and be more injured in the primary injury. The primary injury leads to the secondary injury. Secondary
Secondary injury is an indirect result of the injury. It results from processes initiated by the trauma. It occurs in the hours and days following the primary injury and plays a large role in the brain damage and death that results from TBI. Unlike in most forms of trauma a large percentage of the people killed by brain trauma do not die right away but rather days to weeks after the event. In addition, rather than improving after being hospitalized as most patients with other types of injuries do, about 40% of people with TBI deteriorate. This is often a result of secondary injury, which can damage neurons that were unharmed in the primary injury. It occurs after a variety of brain injury including subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, and traumatic brain injury and involves metabolic cascades. Secondary injury can result from complications of the injury.

Emergency Responders: Tips for taking care of yourself Emergency Responders: Tips for taking care of yourself
Emergency Responders: Tips for taking care of yourself
Preparing for a Response:
During a Response: Understand and Identify Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress
Get support from team members: Develop a Buddy System
Responder Self-Care Techniques
It is important to remind yourself:
After the response: Family and Work-life
Additional Resources:
 Responders experience stress during a crisis. When stress builds up it can cause: Burnout – feelings of extreme exhaustion and being overwhelmed. Secondary traumatic stress – stress reactions and symptoms resulting from exposure to another individual’s traumatic experiences, rather than from exposure directly to a traumatic event. Coping techniques like taking breaks, eating healthy foods, exercising, and using the buddy system can help prevent and reduce burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Recognize the signs of both of these conditions in yourself and other responders to be sure those who need a break or need help can address these needs. Signs Of Burnout: Sadness, depression, or apathy
Easily frustrated
Blaming of others, irritability
Lacking feelings, indifferent
Isolation or disconnection from others
Poor self-care (hygiene)
Tired, exhausted or overwhelmed
Feeling like: A failure
Nothing you can do will help
You are not doing your job well
You need alcohol/other drugs to cope
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Excessively worry or fear about something bad happening
Easily startled, or “on guard” all of the time
Physical signs of stress (e.g. racing heart)
Nightmares or recurrent thoughts about the traumatic situation
The feeling that others’ trauma is yours
Limit your time working alone by trying to work in teams. Get support from team members:

Emergency Responders: Tips for taking care of yourself

Emergency Responders: Tips for taking care of yourself
Emergency Responders: Tips for taking care of yourself
Preparing for a Response:
During a Response: Understand and Identify Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress
Get support from team members: Develop a Buddy System
Responder Self-Care Techniques
It is important to remind yourself:
After the response: Family and Work-life
Additional Resources:

Responders experience stress during a crisis. When stress builds up it can cause: Burnout – feelings of extreme exhaustion and being overwhelmed. Secondary traumatic stress – stress reactions and symptoms resulting from exposure to another individual’s traumatic experiences, rather than from exposure directly to a traumatic event. Coping techniques like taking breaks, eating healthy foods, exercising, and using the buddy system can help prevent and reduce burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Recognize the signs of both of these conditions in yourself and other responders to be sure those who need a break or need help can address these needs. Signs Of Burnout: Sadness, depression, or apathy
Easily frustrated
Blaming of others, irritability
Lacking feelings, indifferent
Isolation or disconnection from others
Poor self-care (hygiene)
Tired, exhausted or overwhelmed
Feeling like: A failure
Nothing you can do will help
You are not doing your job well
You need alcohol/other drugs to cope
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Excessively worry or fear about something bad happening
Easily startled, or “on guard” all of the time
Physical signs of stress (e.g. racing heart)
Nightmares or recurrent thoughts about the traumatic situation
The feeling that others’ trauma is yours
Limit your time working alone by trying to work in teams. Get support from team members:

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
We can help you find treatment for secondary trauma. Call toll free today.
In this section...
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress?
You don’t have to struggle with secondary traumatic stress alone. Call toll free to find help today.
Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress?
 800-598-5053 Who Answers? Caring specialists are available right now to help you find a treatment solution that’s right for you. Don’t wait... CALL NOW! What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress? The common symptoms of this disorder are similar to those experienced by those who have undergone the traumatic event or events themselves. These can include: Social discomfort and withdrawal
Fear
Exhaustion
Disconnection from others
Hopelessness
Guilt
Avoidance symptoms (such as avoiding the person who gave them the first-hand account of the trauma)
Sudden outbursts of anger
An inability to care for oneself or a disinterest in self-care
Insomnia
Hypersensitivity
Irritability
An inability to care for or help others
Intense nightmares
Problems focusing
Stress is another of the most intensive symptoms and that which may be noticed by other individuals. Secondary traumatic stress can cause its own set of symptoms that, while similar to those of PTSD, can often be more difficult for individuals to notice within themselves. Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress? This syndrome, according to the VA, is commonly experienced by “supporters/helpers of those experiencing PTSD.”

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?

800-598-5053 Who Answers? Caring specialists are available right now to help you find a treatment solution that’s right for you. Don’t wait... CALL NOW! What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress? The common symptoms of this disorder are similar to those experienced by those who have undergone the traumatic event or events themselves. These can include: Social discomfort and withdrawal
Fear
Exhaustion
Disconnection from others
Hopelessness
Guilt
Avoidance symptoms (such as avoiding the person who gave them the first-hand account of the trauma)
Sudden outbursts of anger
An inability to care for oneself or a disinterest in self-care
Insomnia
Hypersensitivity
Irritability
An inability to care for or help others
Intense nightmares
Problems focusing
Stress is another of the most intensive symptoms and that which may be noticed by other individuals. Secondary traumatic stress can cause its own set of symptoms that, while similar to those of PTSD, can often be more difficult for individuals to notice within themselves. Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress? This syndrome, according to the VA, is commonly experienced by “supporters/helpers of those experiencing PTSD.”

Secondary | definition of secondary by Medical dictionary secondary
secondary
secondary
sec′ond·ar′i·ness n.
secondary
secondary
sec·on·dar·y
secondary
sec·on·dary
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 Collins Dictionary of Medicine © Robert M. Youngson 2004, 2005
sec·on·dary
( sek'ŏn-dar-ē)
1. Second in order. 2. Caused by another condition (e.g., a secondary infection caused by antibiotic treatment for a primary infection). Medical Dictionary for the Dental Professions © Farlex 2012
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Secondary | definition of secondary by Medical dictionary

secondary
secondary
secondary
sec′ond·ar′i·ness n.
secondary
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What is Vicarious Trauma | AHU Online Vicarious Trauma: Information, Prevention and Resources
Vicarious Trauma: Information, Prevention and Resources
What Is Vicarious Trauma?
Examples of Vicarious Trauma
How to Identify Vicarious Trauma
How to Address Vicarious Trauma
Vicarious Trauma and the AHU Bachelor of Science in Nursing
Recommended Readings
Sources
 It is caused by working long hours and having too much work to do. Also contributing to burnout is the fact that nurses don’t have enough time to spend with each patient, in part because they are constantly entering data into computers and devices. In contrast, secondary traumatic stress originates within: It results from sharing the grief when a patient dies and from feeling overwhelmed by negative emotions. While all healthcare professionals must feel some detachment in their work, with secondary traumatic stress the detachment becomes extreme and leads to cynicism, jadedness, and depersonalization. In another example of the impact of vicarious trauma, a nurse with 22 years of experience left the profession with feelings of “turmoil, shame, and confusion,” as she describes in Reflections on Nursing Leadership. Not until much later did she realize that she was experiencing secondary traumatic stress. She found that she had become “hardened and cynical,” and she felt “crippled when confronted again by suffering,” which led to “feelings of hopelessness, withdrawal, and lack of self-esteem.” Her coping mechanisms included “going silent . . . redirecting, shutting down, minimizing, or ignoring the experiences of patients.”

What is Vicarious Trauma | AHU Online

Vicarious Trauma: Information, Prevention and Resources
Vicarious Trauma: Information, Prevention and Resources
What Is Vicarious Trauma?
Examples of Vicarious Trauma
How to Identify Vicarious Trauma
How to Address Vicarious Trauma
Vicarious Trauma and the AHU Bachelor of Science in Nursing
Recommended Readings
Sources

It is caused by working long hours and having too much work to do. Also contributing to burnout is the fact that nurses don’t have enough time to spend with each patient, in part because they are constantly entering data into computers and devices. In contrast, secondary traumatic stress originates within: It results from sharing the grief when a patient dies and from feeling overwhelmed by negative emotions. While all healthcare professionals must feel some detachment in their work, with secondary traumatic stress the detachment becomes extreme and leads to cynicism, jadedness, and depersonalization. In another example of the impact of vicarious trauma, a nurse with 22 years of experience left the profession with feelings of “turmoil, shame, and confusion,” as she describes in Reflections on Nursing Leadership. Not until much later did she realize that she was experiencing secondary traumatic stress. She found that she had become “hardened and cynical,” and she felt “crippled when confronted again by suffering,” which led to “feelings of hopelessness, withdrawal, and lack of self-esteem.” Her coping mechanisms included “going silent . . . redirecting, shutting down, minimizing, or ignoring the experiences of patients.”

General - Secondary PTSD - An Overview | My PTSD Forum General
Secondary PTSD - An Overview

General Secondary PTSD - An Overview
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Exposure Therapy Advice/ Tips?
My new partner did not respond well AT ALL when I opened up about past sexual abuse and assault. He is a CSA survivor, so I'm confused
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Other Everything filtered through trauma lens, getting past it? Suggestions?
 Most professional helpers recognize a need to limit the numbers of traumatized clients they see because they can become emotionally exhausted by the work. Ironically, working with trauma clients can cause us to feel emotionally drained even as we experience a heightened level of physiological arousal. Then, just as with trauma survivors themselves, we helpers can reach a state in which we're exhausted yet can't slow down our physiology. At such times, we're more vulnerable to the distressing thoughts and perceptions that can come from working with people whose sense of living in a safe and predictable world has been shattered. Thus, secondary exposure can lead to an extreme reaction, such as the development of the full PTSD syndrome, or it can lead to a less clearly symptomatic--yet perhaps chronic--condition in which our work seems to take over our life. In many respects, this is similar to the old concept of burnout (which some people consider to be an element of compassion fatigue). Burnout is not confined to professional helpers but it takes on a special quality when it is combined with exposure to secondary traumatic stress. Many jobs involve stress. Many jobs cause workers to maintain a high level of physiological arousal, with an accompanying need to unwind afterwards. Many jobs are emotionally draining, although the most emotionally draining tend to be those jobs that require us to deal with others' emotions.

General - Secondary PTSD - An Overview | My PTSD Forum

General
Secondary PTSD - An Overview

General Secondary PTSD - An Overview
Similar threads
Exposure Therapy Advice/ Tips?
My new partner did not respond well AT ALL when I opened up about past sexual abuse and assault. He is a CSA survivor, so I'm confused
Trauma or just an 'unfortunate event'?
Sufferer New and hoping I'm not alone - PTSD & ED
Other Everything filtered through trauma lens, getting past it? Suggestions?

Most professional helpers recognize a need to limit the numbers of traumatized clients they see because they can become emotionally exhausted by the work. Ironically, working with trauma clients can cause us to feel emotionally drained even as we experience a heightened level of physiological arousal. Then, just as with trauma survivors themselves, we helpers can reach a state in which we're exhausted yet can't slow down our physiology. At such times, we're more vulnerable to the distressing thoughts and perceptions that can come from working with people whose sense of living in a safe and predictable world has been shattered. Thus, secondary exposure can lead to an extreme reaction, such as the development of the full PTSD syndrome, or it can lead to a less clearly symptomatic--yet perhaps chronic--condition in which our work seems to take over our life. In many respects, this is similar to the old concept of burnout (which some people consider to be an element of compassion fatigue). Burnout is not confined to professional helpers but it takes on a special quality when it is combined with exposure to secondary traumatic stress. Many jobs involve stress. Many jobs cause workers to maintain a high level of physiological arousal, with an accompanying need to unwind afterwards. Many jobs are emotionally draining, although the most emotionally draining tend to be those jobs that require us to deal with others' emotions.

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(PDF) The Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS) The Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS)
The Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS)
Authors:
Sara Sanders
Abstract and Figures
Discover the world's research
The Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS):
Confirmatory Factor Analyses
with a National Sample
of Mental Health Social Workers
Laura Ting
Jodi M. Jacobson
Sara Sanders
Brian E. Bride
Donna Harrington
SUMMARY. The Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS; Bride,
Robinson, Yegidis, & Figley, 2004) is an easy to administer 17-item
Laura Ting, PhD, is Assistant Professor, University of Maryland, Baltimore County,
Department of Social Work.
Jodi M. Jacobson, PhD, is affiliated with Towson University, Family Studies Pro-
Sara Sanders, PhD, is affiliated with University of Iowa, School of Social Work.
Brian E. Bride, PhD, is affiliated with University of Georgia, School of Social
Donna Harrington, PhD, is affiliated with University of Maryland, Baltimore,
School of Social Work.
Address correspondence to: Laura Ting, PhD, Assistant Professor, University of
Maryland, Baltimore County, Department of Social Work, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Balti
more, MD 21250 (E-mail: LTing@umbc.edu).
[Haworth co-indexing entry note]: “The Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS): Confirmatory Factor
Analyses with a National Sample of Mental Health Social Workers.” Ting, Laura et al. Co-published simulta
neously in Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment (The Haworth Social Work Practice Press,
an imprint of The Haworth Press, Inc.) Vol. 11, No. 3/4, 2005, pp. 177-194; and: Approaches to Measuring
Human Behavior in the Social Environment (ed: William R. Nugent) The Haworth Social Work Practice
Press, an imprint of The Haworth Press, Inc., 2005, pp. 177-194. Single or multiple copies of this article are
available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service [1-800-HAWORTH, 9:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m.
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Available online at http://www.haworthpress.com/web/JHBSE
 2005 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
Citations (72)
References (39)
What Happens at Work Comes Home
Occupational-Induced Secondary Traumatic Stress and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Respiratory Therapists
Healing Our Protectors: Building Resilience Among Tribal Law Enforcement Officers Though Cultural Interventions Mountain Plains (HHS Region 8)
Incorporating compassion into compassion fatigue: The development of a new scale
The Mediating Role of Insomnia and Exhaustion in the Relationship between Secondary Traumatic Stress and Mental Health Complaints among Frontline Medical Staff during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Prevalence of Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL) and Its Influence on the Personal Distress of Doctors in Nepal
Latent structure of secondary traumatic stress, its precursors, and effects on people working with refugees
University of Health Sciences, Hamidiye Faculty of Nursing
Aggression toward teachers, interaction with school shooting media, and secondary trauma: Lockdown drills as moderator
Social Work Students in the Aftermath of the Great Flood of 2016: Mental Health, Substance Use, and Adaptive Coping
 Gentry, Baranowsky, and
Dunning (2002) note that all professional caregivers will at some point
in their professional lives be forced to confront secondary traumatic
stress and burnout. Working with traumatized clients indisputably has
negative effects upon the mental health professional, including social
workers. Short term reactions to exposure to clients’ traumatic materials include
countertransference, while long term reactions include transformations of
the professional’s own cognitive schemas and beliefs, alteration of one’s
sense of trust and expectations of the world, as well as negative modifica-
tions of one’s assumptions about others (McCann & Pearlman, 1990). Symptoms of vicarious traumatization include intrusive thoughts and im-
ages, avoidant behaviors and emotional numbing, withdrawal, fear, an-
ger, anxiety, and depression. Vicarious traumatization changes are
deemed to be permanent transformations within the therapist (McCann &
Pearlman). Figley (1999, 2002) notes that compassion fatigue is also a reaction
from indirect exposure to a traumatic event. However, compassion fa-
tigue develops as a result of the therapist’s own empathy towards a trau-
matized client in addition to the therapist’s own secondary experience
of the traumatic material. While those suffering from PTSD and com-
passion fatigue often have identical symptoms and distress, the devel-
opment of such empathetic reactions from the mere knowledge of or
“learning of” the trauma without actual experience of harm or threat of
harm is the hallmark of compassion fatigue ( Figley, 2002). Secondary traumatic stress also develops due to the secondary expo
-
sure to traumatic materials, but differs from compassion fatigue in
terms of being the result of the stress from helping or wanting to help the
traumatized client (Figley, 1999). Munroe (1999) has argued that due to
the long term exposure to traumatic material through their work with
clients, the resulting secondary reactions of compassion fatigue and
stress within the helping professionals are similar to primary traumatic
stress reactions from direct exposure.

Professional Quality of Life Scale-5 | The National Child Traumatic Stress Network Professional Quality of Life Scale-5
Professional Quality of Life Scale-5
Overview
Administration
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Pros & Cons/References
 Norton. 3. Stamm, B.H. (Ed.). ( 1995). Secondary Traumantic Stress: Self-care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators. Maryland: Sidran Press: Lutherville. 4.

Norton. 3. Stamm, B.H. (Ed.). ( 1995). Secondary Traumantic Stress: Self-care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators. Maryland: Sidran Press: Lutherville. 4.

The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators — Page 2 of 3 — TTT4U The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators
The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators
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 Many people have some type of traumatic experience that happened at some point in their lives. Frequently, many will not seek counseling or even recognize the extent of their personal or emotional wounds. Another risk factor or cause is direct contact with children’s traumatic stories. Every day, children enter school buildings with stories about neglect, violence, and other horrible things happening in their lives. School staff members must report any type of abuse, so there is a heightened alert among educators. They listen and observe what children live through and try to help with limited resources or training. A third risk factor of secondary traumatic stress is many educators help others and neglect themselves. This is prevalent among teachers. School employees are nurturers and caretakers for students, parents, and community members. At some point, educators have no time or energy to take care of themselves.

The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators — Page 2 of 3 — TTT4U

Many people have some type of traumatic experience that happened at some point in their lives. Frequently, many will not seek counseling or even recognize the extent of their personal or emotional wounds. Another risk factor or cause is direct contact with children’s traumatic stories. Every day, children enter school buildings with stories about neglect, violence, and other horrible things happening in their lives. School staff members must report any type of abuse, so there is a heightened alert among educators. They listen and observe what children live through and try to help with limited resources or training. A third risk factor of secondary traumatic stress is many educators help others and neglect themselves. This is prevalent among teachers. School employees are nurturers and caretakers for students, parents, and community members. At some point, educators have no time or energy to take care of themselves.

 Empathic behaviour is associated with the mirroring of emotions and body movements between people (e.g. how laughing and yawning is considered to be contagious). In cases of trauma, the result is the mirroring of negative psychological issues in the healthcare worker. Empathy can dramatically enhance the connection between patient and worker, but this connection may have a serious psychological impact on the worker, with long-term consequences if left untreated. Stress and Trauma Terminology
There is a great debate on the correct terminology for this type of trauma, with a range of descriptions that are often confused with each other. Vicarious trauma, secondary traumatic stress, compassion fatigue and burnoutare often used interchangeably (albeit incorrectly) (Tabor 2011). Although there is some discrepancy in the definitions, and these feelings may co-exist, it is important to be able to differentiate between the terms (Blue Knot Foundation 2018). This will help how we identify, respond and prevent the emotional impact of stress and trauma at work. Vicarious Trauma
Vicarious trauma occurs from repeated exposure to other people’s trauma. Over time, workers begin to mirror the bio-psychosocial effects shown by the victims of trauma (Tabor 2011; The Lookout 2017).

Empathic behaviour is associated with the mirroring of emotions and body movements between people (e.g. how laughing and yawning is considered to be contagious). In cases of trauma, the result is the mirroring of negative psychological issues in the healthcare worker. Empathy can dramatically enhance the connection between patient and worker, but this connection may have a serious psychological impact on the worker, with long-term consequences if left untreated. Stress and Trauma Terminology
There is a great debate on the correct terminology for this type of trauma, with a range of descriptions that are often confused with each other. Vicarious trauma, secondary traumatic stress, compassion fatigue and burnoutare often used interchangeably (albeit incorrectly) (Tabor 2011). Although there is some discrepancy in the definitions, and these feelings may co-exist, it is important to be able to differentiate between the terms (Blue Knot Foundation 2018). This will help how we identify, respond and prevent the emotional impact of stress and trauma at work. Vicarious Trauma
Vicarious trauma occurs from repeated exposure to other people’s trauma. Over time, workers begin to mirror the bio-psychosocial effects shown by the victims of trauma (Tabor 2011; The Lookout 2017).

Sexual Trauma | Military.com Sexual Trauma
Sexual Trauma
Sexual Trauma Defined
Compensation for Disabilities
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Secondary to Sexual Trauma
How the Application Process Works
Counseling Assistance and Other Information
Stay on Top of Your Military Benefits
 Sexual trauma is defined as any lingering physical, emotional, or psychological symptoms resulting from a physical assault of a sexual nature, or battery of a sexual nature. Examples of this are: Rape
Physical assault,
Domestic Battering, and
Stalking
Compensation for Disabilities
Disability Compensation is a monthly payment to a veteran disabled by an injury or a disease incurred or aggravated on active service. The veteran must have been discharged under other than dishonorable conditions to be eligible. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Secondary to Sexual Trauma
PTSD is a recurrent emotional reaction to a terrifying, uncontrollable or life-threatening event. The symptoms may develop immediately after the event or may be delayed for years. They include: Sleep disturbances and nightmares,
Emotional instability,
Feelings of fear and anxiety,
Impaired concentration,
Flash-backs, and
Problems in intimate and other interpersonal relations. How the Application Process Works
You can apply online at the VA eBenefits website. One of the VA counselors or the Women Veterans Coordinator can assist you.

Sexual Trauma | Military.com

Sexual Trauma
Sexual Trauma
Sexual Trauma Defined
Compensation for Disabilities
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Secondary to Sexual Trauma
How the Application Process Works
Counseling Assistance and Other Information
Stay on Top of Your Military Benefits

Sexual trauma is defined as any lingering physical, emotional, or psychological symptoms resulting from a physical assault of a sexual nature, or battery of a sexual nature. Examples of this are: Rape
Physical assault,
Domestic Battering, and
Stalking
Compensation for Disabilities
Disability Compensation is a monthly payment to a veteran disabled by an injury or a disease incurred or aggravated on active service. The veteran must have been discharged under other than dishonorable conditions to be eligible. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Secondary to Sexual Trauma
PTSD is a recurrent emotional reaction to a terrifying, uncontrollable or life-threatening event. The symptoms may develop immediately after the event or may be delayed for years. They include: Sleep disturbances and nightmares,
Emotional instability,
Feelings of fear and anxiety,
Impaired concentration,
Flash-backs, and
Problems in intimate and other interpersonal relations. How the Application Process Works
You can apply online at the VA eBenefits website. One of the VA counselors or the Women Veterans Coordinator can assist you.