Question: motivational theories

Motivation Theories [5 Famous Motivation Theories] Motivation Theories
Motivation Theories
1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
2. Hertzberg’s two factor theory
3. McClelland’s theory of needs
4. Vroom’s theory of expectancy
5. McGregor’s theory X and theory Y
Conclusion
Suggested Tutorials
 These motivation theories provide great understanding on how people behave and what motivates them. Motivation is a huge field of study. There are many theories of motivation. Some of the famous motivation theories include the following: 1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow postulated that a person will be motivated when his needs are fulfilled. The need starts from the lowest level basic needs and keeps moving up as a lower level need is fulfilled. Below is the hierarchy of needs: Physiological: Physical survival necessities such as food, water, and shelter.

Motivation Theories [5 Famous Motivation Theories]

Motivation Theories
Motivation Theories
1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
2. Hertzberg’s two factor theory
3. McClelland’s theory of needs
4. Vroom’s theory of expectancy
5. McGregor’s theory X and theory Y
Conclusion
Suggested Tutorials

These motivation theories provide great understanding on how people behave and what motivates them. Motivation is a huge field of study. There are many theories of motivation. Some of the famous motivation theories include the following: 1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow postulated that a person will be motivated when his needs are fulfilled. The need starts from the lowest level basic needs and keeps moving up as a lower level need is fulfilled. Below is the hierarchy of needs: Physiological: Physical survival necessities such as food, water, and shelter.

What are Motivational Theories? | HRZone What are Motivational Theories?
What are Motivational Theories? What are Motivational Theories? | HRZone
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Motivational Theories definition
Motivational theory is tasked with discovering what drives individuals to work towards a goal or outcome. Businesses are interested in motivational theory because motivated individuals are more productive, leading to more economic use of resources. Most motivational theories differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic factors: the former are concerned with an individual's interest, enjoyment and willingness to partake in an activity. People with higher self-confidence and beliefs that their own abilities will lead to success are more likely to have high levels of intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivations focus on the outcome of the activity i.e. individuals are driven by the outcome rather than the activity itself. Frequently-cited motivational theories include the escape-seeking dichotomy model, drive-reduction theory, cognitive dissonance theory, and motivations driven by Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Mono-motivational theories reduce the aspects that drive individuals to act into one term.

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What are Motivational Theories?
What are Motivational Theories?

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Motivational Theories definition
Motivational theory is tasked with discovering what drives individuals to work towards a goal or outcome. Businesses are interested in motivational theory because motivated individuals are more productive, leading to more economic use of resources. Most motivational theories differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic factors: the former are concerned with an individual's interest, enjoyment and willingness to partake in an activity. People with higher self-confidence and beliefs that their own abilities will lead to success are more likely to have high levels of intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivations focus on the outcome of the activity i.e. individuals are driven by the outcome rather than the activity itself. Frequently-cited motivational theories include the escape-seeking dichotomy model, drive-reduction theory, cognitive dissonance theory, and motivations driven by Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Mono-motivational theories reduce the aspects that drive individuals to act into one term.

Motivation Theories [5 Famous Motivation Theories] Motivation Theories
Motivation Theories
1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
2. Hertzberg’s two factor theory
3. McClelland’s theory of needs
4. Vroom’s theory of expectancy
5. McGregor’s theory X and theory Y
Conclusion
Suggested Tutorials
 Motivation Theories [5 Famous Motivation Theories]
Motivation Theories
Motivation is a state-of-mind, filled with energy and enthusiasm, which drives a person to work in a certain way to achieve desired goals. Motivation is a force which pushes a person to work with high level of commitment and focus even if things are against him. Motivation translates into a certain kind of human behaviour. It is important to ensure that every team member in an organization is motivated. Various psychologists have studied human behaviour and have formalized their findings in the form various motivation theories. These motivation theories provide great understanding on how people behave and what motivates them. Motivation is a huge field of study. There are many theories of motivation. Some of the famous motivation theories include the following: 1.

Motivation Theories [5 Famous Motivation Theories]
Motivation Theories
Motivation is a state-of-mind, filled with energy and enthusiasm, which drives a person to work in a certain way to achieve desired goals. Motivation is a force which pushes a person to work with high level of commitment and focus even if things are against him. Motivation translates into a certain kind of human behaviour. It is important to ensure that every team member in an organization is motivated. Various psychologists have studied human behaviour and have formalized their findings in the form various motivation theories. These motivation theories provide great understanding on how people behave and what motivates them. Motivation is a huge field of study. There are many theories of motivation. Some of the famous motivation theories include the following: 1.

Motivation theories Motivation Theories
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 Motivation theories

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Here are academic theories about motivation. Acquired Needs Theory: we seek power,  achievement or affiliation. Activation Theory: We have a need for arousal. Affect Perseverance: Preference persists after disconfirmation. Attitude-Behavior Consistency : factors that align attitude and behavior. Attribution Theory :

Motivation theories

Motivation Theories
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Motivation theories

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Motivation Theories
Explanations > Theories > Motivation Theories
Here are academic theories about motivation. Acquired Needs Theory: we seek power,  achievement or affiliation. Activation Theory: We have a need for arousal. Affect Perseverance: Preference persists after disconfirmation. Attitude-Behavior Consistency : factors that align attitude and behavior. Attribution Theory :

Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
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Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Table of Contents
Theories of Motivation
1. Content or Need Theories:
(i) Acquired – Needs Theory:
(ii) ERG theory:
(iii) Two-factor theory:
(iv) Need Hierarchy Theory:
2. Cognitive Theories:
(i) Expectancy Theory:
(ii) Goal-Setting Theory:
3. Reinforcement Theory:
4. Behavioral Theories:
(i) Theory X and Theory Y:
Theory X:
Theory Y:
(ii) Theory Z:
So, this is the full explanation on the topic of theories of motivation…
Comments (0)
 Cognitive Theories: (i) Expectancy Theory: This theory of motivation was written by Victor H. Vroom and later extended by Lyman Porter and Edward Lawler. Both theories are briefly discussed below: (a) Vroom’s expectancy theory: According to this motivational theory, individual expect to achieve some goals out of their actions and also feel motivated to perform those tasks and actions. Vroom’s theory explains that motivation is a product of expectancy and valence. Motivation or Force= Expectancy x Valence. Force indicates the term motivation that influences an individual to behave in a specific manner. Valence indicates the strength of an opinion that an individual holds about the outcome of his action.

Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management

Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Home → Fundamentals of Management
Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Table of Contents
Theories of Motivation
1. Content or Need Theories:
(i) Acquired – Needs Theory:
(ii) ERG theory:
(iii) Two-factor theory:
(iv) Need Hierarchy Theory:
2. Cognitive Theories:
(i) Expectancy Theory:
(ii) Goal-Setting Theory:
3. Reinforcement Theory:
4. Behavioral Theories:
(i) Theory X and Theory Y:
Theory X:
Theory Y:
(ii) Theory Z:
So, this is the full explanation on the topic of theories of motivation…
Comments (0)

Cognitive Theories: (i) Expectancy Theory: This theory of motivation was written by Victor H. Vroom and later extended by Lyman Porter and Edward Lawler. Both theories are briefly discussed below: (a) Vroom’s expectancy theory: According to this motivational theory, individual expect to achieve some goals out of their actions and also feel motivated to perform those tasks and actions. Vroom’s theory explains that motivation is a product of expectancy and valence. Motivation or Force= Expectancy x Valence. Force indicates the term motivation that influences an individual to behave in a specific manner. Valence indicates the strength of an opinion that an individual holds about the outcome of his action.

Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained! Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained!
Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained!
1. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory:
These are now discussed one by one:
1. Physiological Needs:
2. Safety Needs:
3. Social Needs:
4. Esteem Needs:
5. Self-Actualisation Needs:
The main criticisms of the theory include the following:
2. Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory:
He asked these people to describe two important incidents at their jobs:
However, Herzberg’s model is labeled with the following criticism also:
3. McClelland’s Need Theory:
They are defined as follows:
Need for Achievement:
Through his research, McClelland identified the following three characteristics of high-need achievers:
Need for Power:
People who have a high need for power are characterized by:
Need for Affiliation:
The people with high need for affiliation have these characteristics:
4. McGregor’s Participation Theory:
Theory X is based on the following assumptions:
On the contrary, Theory Y assumes that:
5. Urwick’s Theory Z:
The two propositions in Urwicks’s theory are that:
Theory Z is based on the following four postulates:
6. Argyris’s Theory:
7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory:
Thus, the key constructs in the expectancy theory of motivation are:
1. Valence:
2. Expectancy:
3. Instrumentality:
However, Vroom’s expectancy theory has its critics. The important ones are:
8. Porter and Lawler’s Expectancy Theory:
Effort:
Performance:
Satisfaction:
 Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained! Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained! Article shared by : ADVERTISEMENTS: Some of the most important theories of motivation are as follows: 1. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory 2. Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory 3.

Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained!

Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained!
Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained!
1. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory:
These are now discussed one by one:
1. Physiological Needs:
2. Safety Needs:
3. Social Needs:
4. Esteem Needs:
5. Self-Actualisation Needs:
The main criticisms of the theory include the following:
2. Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory:
He asked these people to describe two important incidents at their jobs:
However, Herzberg’s model is labeled with the following criticism also:
3. McClelland’s Need Theory:
They are defined as follows:
Need for Achievement:
Through his research, McClelland identified the following three characteristics of high-need achievers:
Need for Power:
People who have a high need for power are characterized by:
Need for Affiliation:
The people with high need for affiliation have these characteristics:
4. McGregor’s Participation Theory:
Theory X is based on the following assumptions:
On the contrary, Theory Y assumes that:
5. Urwick’s Theory Z:
The two propositions in Urwicks’s theory are that:
Theory Z is based on the following four postulates:
6. Argyris’s Theory:
7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory:
Thus, the key constructs in the expectancy theory of motivation are:
1. Valence:
2. Expectancy:
3. Instrumentality:
However, Vroom’s expectancy theory has its critics. The important ones are:
8. Porter and Lawler’s Expectancy Theory:
Effort:
Performance:
Satisfaction:

Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained! Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained! Article shared by : ADVERTISEMENTS: Some of the most important theories of motivation are as follows: 1. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory 2. Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory 3.

Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories | Bizfluent Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories
Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Incentive Theory
Self-Determination Theory
 Motivational theories try to explain why people make the decisions that they make, while providing some explanation for how they can motivate themselves and others to improve their behaviors. Each theory is unique. While there are many motivational theories, each having their pros and cons and their supporters and detractors, several are often named when the subject of motivational theories comes up. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Fredrick Herzberg's theory suggests that two motivating factors govern behavior: those that increase an individual’s overall satisfaction, and hygiene factors that provide no satisfaction, but create severe dissatisfaction if absent. This theory differentiates between behavioral needs, describing the reasons why employees need specific things and allowing a manager to better direct their motivation. The disadvantage of this theory is that factors that motivate can change during an individual's lifetime. A young employee, for example, sees job security as a hygiene factor, whereas an older employee who relies more on his job, sees it as a motivator. 00:00
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy suggests that every individual has levels of need, requiring lower, more fundamental, needs to be met before higher needs. The advantage of this theory is that it motivates individuals to move from fundamental needs toward higher needs, providing a clear map for personal growth.

Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories | Bizfluent

Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories
Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Incentive Theory
Self-Determination Theory

Motivational theories try to explain why people make the decisions that they make, while providing some explanation for how they can motivate themselves and others to improve their behaviors. Each theory is unique. While there are many motivational theories, each having their pros and cons and their supporters and detractors, several are often named when the subject of motivational theories comes up. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Fredrick Herzberg's theory suggests that two motivating factors govern behavior: those that increase an individual’s overall satisfaction, and hygiene factors that provide no satisfaction, but create severe dissatisfaction if absent. This theory differentiates between behavioral needs, describing the reasons why employees need specific things and allowing a manager to better direct their motivation. The disadvantage of this theory is that factors that motivate can change during an individual's lifetime. A young employee, for example, sees job security as a hygiene factor, whereas an older employee who relies more on his job, sees it as a motivator. 00:00
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy suggests that every individual has levels of need, requiring lower, more fundamental, needs to be met before higher needs. The advantage of this theory is that it motivates individuals to move from fundamental needs toward higher needs, providing a clear map for personal growth.

Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained! Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained!
Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained!
1. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory:
These are now discussed one by one:
1. Physiological Needs:
2. Safety Needs:
3. Social Needs:
4. Esteem Needs:
5. Self-Actualisation Needs:
The main criticisms of the theory include the following:
2. Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory:
He asked these people to describe two important incidents at their jobs:
However, Herzberg’s model is labeled with the following criticism also:
3. McClelland’s Need Theory:
They are defined as follows:
Need for Achievement:
Through his research, McClelland identified the following three characteristics of high-need achievers:
Need for Power:
People who have a high need for power are characterized by:
Need for Affiliation:
The people with high need for affiliation have these characteristics:
4. McGregor’s Participation Theory:
Theory X is based on the following assumptions:
On the contrary, Theory Y assumes that:
5. Urwick’s Theory Z:
The two propositions in Urwicks’s theory are that:
Theory Z is based on the following four postulates:
6. Argyris’s Theory:
7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory:
Thus, the key constructs in the expectancy theory of motivation are:
1. Valence:
2. Expectancy:
3. Instrumentality:
However, Vroom’s expectancy theory has its critics. The important ones are:
8. Porter and Lawler’s Expectancy Theory:
Effort:
Performance:
Satisfaction:
 ADVERTISEMENTS: Some of the most important theories of motivation are as follows: 1. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory 2. Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory 3. McClelland’s Need Theory 4. McGregor’s Participation Theory 5. Urwick’s Theory Z 6. Argyris’s Theory 7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory 8.

ADVERTISEMENTS: Some of the most important theories of motivation are as follows: 1. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory 2. Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory 3. McClelland’s Need Theory 4. McGregor’s Participation Theory 5. Urwick’s Theory Z 6. Argyris’s Theory 7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory 8.

Four Main Theories of Motivation | Bizfluent Four Main Theories of Motivation
Four Main Theories of Motivation
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Dual-Factor Theory
Need for Achievement
Expectancy Theory
 Four Main Theories of Motivation | Bizfluent
Four Main Theories of Motivation
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By: Emily Anderson
Updated September 26, 2017
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Motivation is the reason why human beings complete tasks. Motivation is a difficult quality to define as people seem to have many different reasons for doing the things they do. For hundreds of years, scientists have offered many theories from different perspectives (scientific, psychological, physiological, anthropological and sociological) to offer explanations for where motivation comes for and how to increase it. Motivation theory can be especially useful in a workplace setting. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that human beings are motivated to do things in a specific order required for survival. According to this theory, human beings cannot fulfill their needs in a higher category if they are not fulfilled in the lower categories first. The needs, in order, are: physiological, safety, love and affection, esteem and self-actualization (achievement of personal goals). Dual-Factor Theory
Frederick Herzberg's dual-factor theory, or two-factor theory, states that two consistent factors play into motivation, specifically in the workplace:

Four Main Theories of Motivation | Bizfluent

Four Main Theories of Motivation
Four Main Theories of Motivation
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Dual-Factor Theory
Need for Achievement
Expectancy Theory

Four Main Theories of Motivation | Bizfluent
Four Main Theories of Motivation
Jupiterimages/Creatas/Getty Images
By: Emily Anderson
Updated September 26, 2017
Share It
Share
Tweet
Post
Email
Print
Related
Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories
Learn More →
Motivation is the reason why human beings complete tasks. Motivation is a difficult quality to define as people seem to have many different reasons for doing the things they do. For hundreds of years, scientists have offered many theories from different perspectives (scientific, psychological, physiological, anthropological and sociological) to offer explanations for where motivation comes for and how to increase it. Motivation theory can be especially useful in a workplace setting. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that human beings are motivated to do things in a specific order required for survival. According to this theory, human beings cannot fulfill their needs in a higher category if they are not fulfilled in the lower categories first. The needs, in order, are: physiological, safety, love and affection, esteem and self-actualization (achievement of personal goals). Dual-Factor Theory
Frederick Herzberg's dual-factor theory, or two-factor theory, states that two consistent factors play into motivation, specifically in the workplace:

Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
11 Types of Theories of Motivation
4 Early Theories of Motivation
7 Modern or Contemporary Theories of Motivation
 Modern or contemporary motivation theories are; Acquired Needs Theory by McClelland’s. Goal Setting Theory by Edwin Locke. Theory of Self Efficacy by Albert Bandura. Reinforcement Theory by B.F. Skinner and his associates,
Cognitive Evaluation Theory,
Expectancy Theory by Victor H. Vroom,
Equity Theory of J. Stacy Adams. In a nutshell, we can say that motivation is a means of inspiring people to intensify their desire and willingness to discharge their duties efficiently and to co-operate for the achievement of common objectives. Understanding these motivation theories shows the motivation process in management and organizational behavior.

Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation

Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
11 Types of Theories of Motivation
4 Early Theories of Motivation
7 Modern or Contemporary Theories of Motivation

Modern or contemporary motivation theories are; Acquired Needs Theory by McClelland’s. Goal Setting Theory by Edwin Locke. Theory of Self Efficacy by Albert Bandura. Reinforcement Theory by B.F. Skinner and his associates,
Cognitive Evaluation Theory,
Expectancy Theory by Victor H. Vroom,
Equity Theory of J. Stacy Adams. In a nutshell, we can say that motivation is a means of inspiring people to intensify their desire and willingness to discharge their duties efficiently and to co-operate for the achievement of common objectives. Understanding these motivation theories shows the motivation process in management and organizational behavior.

Essay on Discuss Evolution of Motivation - 1367 Words Discuss Evolution of Motivation
Discuss Evolution of Motivation
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 1) The study was a joint undertaking between behavioral scientists and practicing managers. 2) The locale of study was the factory, not the psychological laboratory. 3) The problem studied was not staged; it consisted of real life. 4) The tools used for study were the analytical tools of the behavioral scientists, not the empiricism of the managers. Motivational Theories All behavioral scientists agree that human beings act in response to stimuli which appeal to their internal needs and drives. Obviously, it is important to understand just what kinds of stimuli are effective. While the behavioral scientists agree the needs are multiple and that they are unequal in importance,...
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...Theory SURYA Self-Efficacy Theory Reinforcement Theory R.ASWATH Equity Theory/Organizational Justice Expectancy Theory Viewpoint for Managers ESWAR KARTHIK The Job Characteristics Model Using Rewards to motivate employees MOTIVATION Some individuals are driven to succeed. A students who struggles to read a textbook for more than 20 minutes may devour Two States in a day. This document tries to put perspective into the reasons behind these varying degrees of motivation.

Essay on Discuss Evolution of Motivation - 1367 Words

Discuss Evolution of Motivation
Discuss Evolution of Motivation
You May Also Find These Documents Helpful
Popular Essays
Join millions of other students and start your research
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1) The study was a joint undertaking between behavioral scientists and practicing managers. 2) The locale of study was the factory, not the psychological laboratory. 3) The problem studied was not staged; it consisted of real life. 4) The tools used for study were the analytical tools of the behavioral scientists, not the empiricism of the managers. Motivational Theories All behavioral scientists agree that human beings act in response to stimuli which appeal to their internal needs and drives. Obviously, it is important to understand just what kinds of stimuli are effective. While the behavioral scientists agree the needs are multiple and that they are unequal in importance,...
Read More
1161 Words 5 Pages
Motivation Essay
...Theory SURYA Self-Efficacy Theory Reinforcement Theory R.ASWATH Equity Theory/Organizational Justice Expectancy Theory Viewpoint for Managers ESWAR KARTHIK The Job Characteristics Model Using Rewards to motivate employees MOTIVATION Some individuals are driven to succeed. A students who struggles to read a textbook for more than 20 minutes may devour Two States in a day. This document tries to put perspective into the reasons behind these varying degrees of motivation.

Theories on Motivation | Bizfluent Theories on Motivation
Theories on Motivation
Business Motivation Theories
Psychological Motivation Theories
Economic Motivation Theories
Biological Motivation Theories
 Business Motivation Theories
Business motivation theories are created to help managers motivate employees. Most of these theories are popular rather than academic. Some popular business motivation theories include "type theory," which states that type A personalities are self-motivated whereas type B personalities require extra guidance. Herzberg theory says that employees need to gradually be given a greater variety of tasks and more complex tasks to feel fulfilled at work. Psychological Motivation Theories
Psychological motivation theories are developed by psychologists to help better understand human nature. Psychological theories are abstract and may or may not be of value for practical purposes. Among the psychological motivation theories is the acquired needs theory, which states that people are motivated by the need to acquire power, accomplishments or social bonds. Another example is cognitive dissonance theory, which states that people are motivated by a desire to rationalize contradictory or hypocritical behavior. 00:00
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Economic Motivation Theories
Economics has its own set of ideas about human motivation. Economists believe that humans are naturally inclined to follow incentives and thus seek benefits and avoid costs.

Theories on Motivation | Bizfluent

Theories on Motivation
Theories on Motivation
Business Motivation Theories
Psychological Motivation Theories
Economic Motivation Theories
Biological Motivation Theories

Business Motivation Theories
Business motivation theories are created to help managers motivate employees. Most of these theories are popular rather than academic. Some popular business motivation theories include "type theory," which states that type A personalities are self-motivated whereas type B personalities require extra guidance. Herzberg theory says that employees need to gradually be given a greater variety of tasks and more complex tasks to feel fulfilled at work. Psychological Motivation Theories
Psychological motivation theories are developed by psychologists to help better understand human nature. Psychological theories are abstract and may or may not be of value for practical purposes. Among the psychological motivation theories is the acquired needs theory, which states that people are motivated by the need to acquire power, accomplishments or social bonds. Another example is cognitive dissonance theory, which states that people are motivated by a desire to rationalize contradictory or hypocritical behavior. 00:00
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Economic Motivation Theories
Economics has its own set of ideas about human motivation. Economists believe that humans are naturally inclined to follow incentives and thus seek benefits and avoid costs.

Content theory - Wikipedia Content theory
Content theory
Contents
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
ERG theory
Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene theory (Two-factor theory)
Need theory
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Sex, Hedonism, and Evolution
Self-determination theory
"16 basic desires" theory
Natural theories
Self-management through teamwork
Wage incentives
Autonomy: increased motivation for autonomous tasks
Rational motivations
Incentive theories: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation
Flow theory
Behaviorist theories
Classical and operant conditioning
Incentive motivation
Motivating operations
Motivation and psychotherapy
Socio-cultural theory
Push and pull
Push
Pull
Self-control
Drives
Drive-reduction theory
Cognitive dissonance theory
Temporal motivation theory
Achievement motivation
Cognitive theories
Goal-setting theory
Expectancy theory
Procrastination
Models of behavior change
Thematic apperception test
Attribution theory
Approach versus avoidance
Conditioned taste aversion.
Unconscious Motivation
Priming
Conscious Motivation
Mental Fatigue
Learned Industriousness
Reversal Theory
Sources
Notes
References
 Content theories of motivation often describe a system of needs that motivate peoples' actions. While process theories of motivation attempt to explain how and why our motivations affect our behaviors, content theories of motivation attempt to define what those motives or needs are. Content theory includes the work of David McClelland, Abraham Maslow and other psychologists. Contents
1 McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
2 ERG theory
3 Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene theory (Two-factor theory)
4 Need theory
5 Maslow's hierarchy of needs
6 Sex, Hedonism, and Evolution
7 Self-determination theory
8 "16 basic desires" theory
9 Natural theories
9.1 Self-management through teamwork
9.2 Wage incentives
9.3 Autonomy: increased motivation for autonomous tasks
10 Rational motivations
11 Incentive theories: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
11.1 Intrinsic motivation
11.2 Extrinsic motivation
12 Flow theory
13 Behaviorist theories
13.1 Classical and operant conditioning
13.1.1 Incentive motivation
13.2 Motivating operations
13.3 Motivation and psychotherapy
14 Socio-cultural theory
15 Push and pull
15.1 Push
15.2 Pull
16 Self-control
17 Drives
18 Drive-reduction theory
19 Cognitive dissonance theory
20 Temporal motivation theory
21 Achievement motivation
22 Cognitive theories
22.1 Goal-setting theory
22.2 Expectancy theory
23 Procrastination
24 Models of behavior change
25 Thematic apperception test
26 Attribution theory
27 Approach versus avoidance
28 Unconscious Motivation
28.1 Priming
28.2 Conscious Motivation
29 Mental Fatigue
30 Learned Industriousness
31 Reversal Theory
32 Sources
33 Notes
34 References
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
Douglas McGregor proposed two different motivational theories. Managers tend to believe one or the other and treat their employees accordingly. Theory X states that employees dislike and try to avoid work, so they must be coerced into doing it. Most workers do not want responsibilities, lack ambition, and value job security more than anything else. McGregor personally held that the more optimistic theory, Y, was more valid.

Content theory - Wikipedia

Content theory
Content theory
Contents
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
ERG theory
Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene theory (Two-factor theory)
Need theory
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Sex, Hedonism, and Evolution
Self-determination theory
"16 basic desires" theory
Natural theories
Self-management through teamwork
Wage incentives
Autonomy: increased motivation for autonomous tasks
Rational motivations
Incentive theories: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation
Flow theory
Behaviorist theories
Classical and operant conditioning
Incentive motivation
Motivating operations
Motivation and psychotherapy
Socio-cultural theory
Push and pull
Push
Pull
Self-control
Drives
Drive-reduction theory
Cognitive dissonance theory
Temporal motivation theory
Achievement motivation
Cognitive theories
Goal-setting theory
Expectancy theory
Procrastination
Models of behavior change
Thematic apperception test
Attribution theory
Approach versus avoidance
Conditioned taste aversion.
Unconscious Motivation
Priming
Conscious Motivation
Mental Fatigue
Learned Industriousness
Reversal Theory
Sources
Notes
References

Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
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Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Table of Contents
Theories of Motivation
1. Content or Need Theories:
(i) Acquired – Needs Theory:
(ii) ERG theory:
(iii) Two-factor theory:
(iv) Need Hierarchy Theory:
2. Cognitive Theories:
(i) Expectancy Theory:
(ii) Goal-Setting Theory:
3. Reinforcement Theory:
4. Behavioral Theories:
(i) Theory X and Theory Y:
Theory X:
Theory Y:
(ii) Theory Z:
So, this is the full explanation on the topic of theories of motivation…
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 Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Home → Fundamentals of Management
Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
In: Fundamentals of Management | Last Updated: July 15, 2019
Read this article to learn about the different theories of motivation in management or an organization like need or content theory, cognitive theory, reinforcement theory, and behavioral theory…
The motivational theories are very different from the perspective of human beings and their behaviors. Humans have different perceptions and needs about how they will satisfy those basic needs. All types of motivational theories focus on these relationships (individual needs and perceptions about how to satisfy them) but in another way. Some of the important theories of motivation are as follows:-
1. Content or Need Theories-
Acquired-Needs theory- By David C. McClelland
ERG theory- By Clayton Alderfer
Two-factor theory- By Frederick Herzberg
Need hierarchy theory- By Maslow
2. Cognitive Theories-
Expectancy theory- By Victor H. Vroom and Porter
Goal Setting theory- By Locke and Latham
3.

Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Home → Fundamentals of Management
Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
In: Fundamentals of Management | Last Updated: July 15, 2019
Read this article to learn about the different theories of motivation in management or an organization like need or content theory, cognitive theory, reinforcement theory, and behavioral theory…
The motivational theories are very different from the perspective of human beings and their behaviors. Humans have different perceptions and needs about how they will satisfy those basic needs. All types of motivational theories focus on these relationships (individual needs and perceptions about how to satisfy them) but in another way. Some of the important theories of motivation are as follows:-
1. Content or Need Theories-
Acquired-Needs theory- By David C. McClelland
ERG theory- By Clayton Alderfer
Two-factor theory- By Frederick Herzberg
Need hierarchy theory- By Maslow
2. Cognitive Theories-
Expectancy theory- By Victor H. Vroom and Porter
Goal Setting theory- By Locke and Latham
3.

Theories on Motivation | Bizfluent Theories on Motivation
Theories on Motivation
Business Motivation Theories
Psychological Motivation Theories
Economic Motivation Theories
Biological Motivation Theories
 Theories on Motivation | Bizfluent
Theories on Motivation
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By: Andrew Button
Updated September 26, 2017
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There are many well-known theories on motivation described in psychological textbooks. Many of these theories exist to help managers motivate their employees effectively; however, many others exist for purely academic reasons. Some of the most popular theories on motivation include business motivation theories, psychological motivation theories and economic motivation theories. Business Motivation Theories
Business motivation theories are created to help managers motivate employees. Most of these theories are popular rather than academic. Some popular business motivation theories include "type theory," which states that type A personalities are self-motivated whereas type B personalities require extra guidance. Herzberg theory says that employees need to gradually be given a greater variety of tasks and more complex tasks to feel fulfilled at work. Psychological Motivation Theories
Psychological motivation theories are developed by psychologists to help better understand human nature.

Theories on Motivation | Bizfluent

Theories on Motivation | Bizfluent
Theories on Motivation
Jupiterimages/PhotoObjects.net/Getty Images
By: Andrew Button
Updated September 26, 2017
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Organizational Behavior and Theories of Motivation
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There are many well-known theories on motivation described in psychological textbooks. Many of these theories exist to help managers motivate their employees effectively; however, many others exist for purely academic reasons. Some of the most popular theories on motivation include business motivation theories, psychological motivation theories and economic motivation theories. Business Motivation Theories
Business motivation theories are created to help managers motivate employees. Most of these theories are popular rather than academic. Some popular business motivation theories include "type theory," which states that type A personalities are self-motivated whereas type B personalities require extra guidance. Herzberg theory says that employees need to gradually be given a greater variety of tasks and more complex tasks to feel fulfilled at work. Psychological Motivation Theories
Psychological motivation theories are developed by psychologists to help better understand human nature.

Motivation and Motivation Theory | Encyclopedia.com Motivation and Motivation Theory
Motivation and Motivation Theory
Motivation and Motivation Theory
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
MAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR (MBTI)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Motivation and Motivation Theory | Encyclopedia.com
Management
Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps
Motivation and Motivation Theory
Motivation and Motivation Theory
gale
views 3,084,468 updated
Motivation and Motivation Theory
The term motivation is derived from the Latin word movere, meaning “ to move. ” Motivation can be broadly defined as the forces acting on or within a person that cause the arousal, direction, and persistence of goal-directed, voluntary effort. Motivation theory is thus concerned with the processes that explain why and how human behavior is activated. The broad rubric of motivation and motivation theory is one of the most frequently studied and written-about topics in the organizational sciences, and it is considered one of the most important areas of study in the field of organizational behavior. Despite the magnitude of the effort that has been devoted to the study of motivation, there is no single theory of motivation that is universally accepted. The lack of a unified theory of motivation reflects both the complexity of the construct and the diverse backgrounds and aims of those who study it. To delineate these crucial points, it is illuminating to consider the development of motivation and motivation theory as the objects of scientific inquiry. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Early explanations of motivation focused on instincts. Psychologists writing in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries suggested that human beings were basically programmed to behave in certain ways, depending upon the behavioral cues to which they were exposed. Sigmund Freud, for example, argued that the most powerful determinants of individual behavior were those of which the individual was not consciously aware.

Motivation and Motivation Theory | Encyclopedia.com

Motivation and Motivation Theory
Motivation and Motivation Theory
Motivation and Motivation Theory
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
MAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR (MBTI)
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Motivation and Motivation Theory | Encyclopedia.com
Management
Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps
Motivation and Motivation Theory
Motivation and Motivation Theory
gale
views 3,084,468 updated
Motivation and Motivation Theory
The term motivation is derived from the Latin word movere, meaning “ to move. ” Motivation can be broadly defined as the forces acting on or within a person that cause the arousal, direction, and persistence of goal-directed, voluntary effort. Motivation theory is thus concerned with the processes that explain why and how human behavior is activated. The broad rubric of motivation and motivation theory is one of the most frequently studied and written-about topics in the organizational sciences, and it is considered one of the most important areas of study in the field of organizational behavior. Despite the magnitude of the effort that has been devoted to the study of motivation, there is no single theory of motivation that is universally accepted. The lack of a unified theory of motivation reflects both the complexity of the construct and the diverse backgrounds and aims of those who study it. To delineate these crucial points, it is illuminating to consider the development of motivation and motivation theory as the objects of scientific inquiry. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Early explanations of motivation focused on instincts. Psychologists writing in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries suggested that human beings were basically programmed to behave in certain ways, depending upon the behavioral cues to which they were exposed. Sigmund Freud, for example, argued that the most powerful determinants of individual behavior were those of which the individual was not consciously aware.

How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation | Cleverism How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation
How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation
INTRODUCTION
What is Motivation?
Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation
Components of Motivation
Motivation and Morale: How Is Motivation Different from Morale?
The Importance of Motivation
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
Instincts – Evolutionary Theory of Motivation
Drive-Reduction Theory of Motivation
Temporal Motivation Theory (TMT)
Arousal Theory of Motivation
Incentive Theory of Motivation and Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation
Drives and Needs – Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
HOW TO MOTIVATE YOURSELF
The Scientific Ways of Motivation
 Temporal Motivation Theory (TMT)
Temporal motivation theory studies the impact of time (especially deadlines) on our motivation levels. This theory suggests that the more a job is near its deadline, the more its perceived importance increases. In other words, time plays a crucial role in motivating people to do certain jobs. Other important elements of this theory are procrastination and goal-setting. TMT was developed by Piers Steel and Cornelius J. König. A mathematical representation of the theory is as follows: Motivation = (Expectancy x Value) / (1 + Impulsiveness x Delay)
Here, motivation is the desire for a favorable outcome, expectancy is the probability of success, value is the expected reward, impulsiveness is the individual’s reaction to delay, and delay is the time taken for realization of the goal. Arousal Theory of Motivation
The arousal theory is an extension of the drive-reduction theory of motivation. This theory champions the motivational effect of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the human psyche. According to the arousal theory, the human psyche is reward-sensitive, and an individual gets motivated to carry out any activity that optimizes their level of arousal.

How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation | Cleverism

How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation
How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation
INTRODUCTION
What is Motivation?
Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation
Components of Motivation
Motivation and Morale: How Is Motivation Different from Morale?
The Importance of Motivation
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
Instincts – Evolutionary Theory of Motivation
Drive-Reduction Theory of Motivation
Temporal Motivation Theory (TMT)
Arousal Theory of Motivation
Incentive Theory of Motivation and Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation
Drives and Needs – Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
HOW TO MOTIVATE YOURSELF
The Scientific Ways of Motivation

Temporal Motivation Theory (TMT)
Temporal motivation theory studies the impact of time (especially deadlines) on our motivation levels. This theory suggests that the more a job is near its deadline, the more its perceived importance increases. In other words, time plays a crucial role in motivating people to do certain jobs. Other important elements of this theory are procrastination and goal-setting. TMT was developed by Piers Steel and Cornelius J. König. A mathematical representation of the theory is as follows: Motivation = (Expectancy x Value) / (1 + Impulsiveness x Delay)
Here, motivation is the desire for a favorable outcome, expectancy is the probability of success, value is the expected reward, impulsiveness is the individual’s reaction to delay, and delay is the time taken for realization of the goal. Arousal Theory of Motivation
The arousal theory is an extension of the drive-reduction theory of motivation. This theory champions the motivational effect of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the human psyche. According to the arousal theory, the human psyche is reward-sensitive, and an individual gets motivated to carry out any activity that optimizes their level of arousal.

Motivation Psychology Motivation Psychology
Motivation Psychology
Introduction
A Simple Understanding Of Motivation Psychology
Types of Motivation in Psychology
Theories of Motivation in Psychology
Motivation Psychology Articles
What Is Motivation Theory?
What Are the Different Theories of Motivation?
What Is the Humanistic Approach to Motivation?
What Is a Motivated Behavior?
What Is Physiological Motivation?
RESOURCES
 Different theories can highlight various components that become instrumental in understanding why a person acts, behaves, or does certain things he or she does. What Are the Different Theories of Motivation? Some of the theories of motivation include Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, Expectancy Theory, Three-Dimensional Theory of Attribution, and the Hawthorne Effect. We already discussed Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in short, and Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory differs in that it focuses on motivator factors and hygiene factors. Motivator factors are those that can lead to satisfaction, either internally or externally. Hygiene factors can lead to dissatisfaction, including poor salary, poor working conditions, relationship problems, and more. We also touched on Expectancy Theory briefly, but the Three-Dimensional Theory of Attribution focuses on how a person attributes success or a lack of success to various components or factors in their life, which can impact motivation moving forward. The Hawthorne Effect looks at how changes can affect a person’s motivational foundation. See: Motivational Theory
What Is the Humanistic Approach to Motivation?

Motivation Psychology

Motivation Psychology
Motivation Psychology
Introduction
A Simple Understanding Of Motivation Psychology
Types of Motivation in Psychology
Theories of Motivation in Psychology
Motivation Psychology Articles
What Is Motivation Theory?
What Are the Different Theories of Motivation?
What Is the Humanistic Approach to Motivation?
What Is a Motivated Behavior?
What Is Physiological Motivation?
RESOURCES

Different theories can highlight various components that become instrumental in understanding why a person acts, behaves, or does certain things he or she does. What Are the Different Theories of Motivation? Some of the theories of motivation include Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, Expectancy Theory, Three-Dimensional Theory of Attribution, and the Hawthorne Effect. We already discussed Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in short, and Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory differs in that it focuses on motivator factors and hygiene factors. Motivator factors are those that can lead to satisfaction, either internally or externally. Hygiene factors can lead to dissatisfaction, including poor salary, poor working conditions, relationship problems, and more. We also touched on Expectancy Theory briefly, but the Three-Dimensional Theory of Attribution focuses on how a person attributes success or a lack of success to various components or factors in their life, which can impact motivation moving forward. The Hawthorne Effect looks at how changes can affect a person’s motivational foundation. See: Motivational Theory
What Is the Humanistic Approach to Motivation?

20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology 20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
This Article Contains:
What is Motivation Psychology?
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG theory
McClelland’s achievement motivation theory
Immanuel Kant
Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
Process Theories of Motivation
Reinforcement theory
Adams’ equity theory of motivation
Vroom’s expectancy theory
Locke’s goal-setting theory
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Motivational Theories in Business
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory Z
The Hawthorne Effect
Motivational Theories in Sports Psychology
Optimal functioning hypothesis
Hull–Spence drive theory
Arousal-biased competition theory
Two memory systems theory
Processing efficiency theory
Textbooks on Motivation
1. Understanding Motivation and Emotion – Johnmarshall Reeve
2. Motivation: Theories and Principles – Robert C. Beck
3. Motivation – Lambert Deckers
4. Motivation and Emotion Evolutionary Physiological, Developmental, and Social Perspectives – Denys A. deCatanzaro
5. Motivation: A Biosocial and Cognitive Integration of Motivation and Emotion – Eva Dreikus Ferguson
6. Human Motivation – Robert E. Franken
7. The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior – Peter M. Gollwitzer and John Bargh
8. Motivation and Self-Regulation ccross the Life Span – Jutta Heckhausen and Carol S. Dweck
9. Reclaiming Cognition: The Primacy of Action, Intention, and Emotion (Journal of Consciousness Studies) – Rafael Nunez and Walter J. Freeman
10. Motivation: Theory, Research, and Applications – Herbert L. Petri and John M. Govern
11. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Search for Optimal Motivation and Performance – Carol Sansone and Judith M. Harackiewicz
12. Current Directions in Motivation and Emotion – Association for Psychological Science and Kennon Sheldon
13. The Psychobiology of Human Motivation (Psychology Focus) – Hugh Wagner
A Take-Home Message
References
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 See our discussion of the motivation cycle and process in the blog post entitled What is Motivation. Theories of Motivation
Theories of motivation are often separated into content theories and process theories. In short, content theories explain what motivation is, and process theories describe how motivation occurs. There are also a large number of cognitive theories that relate to motivation and explain how our way of thinking and perceiving ourselves and the world around us can influence our motives. From self-concept, dissonance and mindset to values, orientation and perceived control, these theories explain how our preference toward certain mental constructs can increase or impair our ability to take goal-directed action. Theories of motivation are also grouped by the field of human endeavor they apply to. Several theories relate to motivating employees where incentives and needs take a central stage as well as theories used in sports and performance psychology where affect is considered a more prominent driver of human behavior. Some of these theories are also applied to education and learning. Read our insightful post on motivation in education. Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs, Alderfer’s ERG theory, McClelland’s achievement motivation theory, and Herzberg’s two-factor theory focused on what motivates people and addressed specific factors like individual needs and goals.

20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology

See our discussion of the motivation cycle and process in the blog post entitled What is Motivation. Theories of Motivation
Theories of motivation are often separated into content theories and process theories. In short, content theories explain what motivation is, and process theories describe how motivation occurs. There are also a large number of cognitive theories that relate to motivation and explain how our way of thinking and perceiving ourselves and the world around us can influence our motives. From self-concept, dissonance and mindset to values, orientation and perceived control, these theories explain how our preference toward certain mental constructs can increase or impair our ability to take goal-directed action. Theories of motivation are also grouped by the field of human endeavor they apply to. Several theories relate to motivating employees where incentives and needs take a central stage as well as theories used in sports and performance psychology where affect is considered a more prominent driver of human behavior. Some of these theories are also applied to education and learning. Read our insightful post on motivation in education. Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs, Alderfer’s ERG theory, McClelland’s achievement motivation theory, and Herzberg’s two-factor theory focused on what motivates people and addressed specific factors like individual needs and goals.

Process Theories Of Motivation - How Personal Needs Drive Behaviour Process theories of motivation
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2. Leadership
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Process theories of motivation
Personal needs drive behaviour
Process theories of motivation - Adam's Equity Theory
Practical Application of Process Theories of Motivation to change leadership and management
Further Resources
 Process Theories Of Motivation - How Personal Needs Drive Behaviour

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Process theories of motivation
Personal needs drive behaviour
Process theories of motivation are about a cognitive rational process and concentrate on the psychological and behavioural processes that motivate an individual. Put simply, this is all about how people's needs influence and drive their behaviour. People need to see what is in it for them and to sense that "fair play" is being exercised to all concerned. Clearly a basic understanding of this is foundational to the psychological underpinning of successful change management and the strategies for managing change that will deliver that. These process theories of motivation also totally support and underpin the findings and practical observations of Goleman, Katzenbach, Pearson, Axelrod and others referred to in Inspirational Motivation and the research and thought leadership highlighted in
Leading Change.

Process Theories Of Motivation - How Personal Needs Drive Behaviour

Process theories of motivation
Index
Practitioners Masterclass Materials
Blog
Resources & Courses
On-Site Themes
1. Starting
2. Leadership
3. Practise
4. Process
5. Self Improve
About Me
Misc
Process theories of motivation
Personal needs drive behaviour
Process theories of motivation - Adam's Equity Theory
Practical Application of Process Theories of Motivation to change leadership and management
Further Resources

Process Theories Of Motivation - How Personal Needs Drive Behaviour

Home
Index
Site Map
Practitioners Masterclass Materials
E-Book Package
Self Study Series
Quick Guide
Testimonials
8 Free Lessons
Blog
Insights & News
Resources & Courses
Tools & Training
Featured Articles
On-Site Themes
1. Starting
Overview
Definition
Workplace
Starting
Assistance
2. Leadership
Leadership
Theory
Inspire
Motivate
MBTI
3. Practise
Strategy
Models
Readiness
Method
Mergers
Projects
Resistance
Discussion
Tao
4. Process
Six Sigma
Lean
Process Mapping
Quality
5. Self Improve
Personal Change
Resources
About Me
About Me
My Services
Donate
Contact Me
Misc
Legal
Subscribe To This Site
Process theories of motivation
Personal needs drive behaviour
Process theories of motivation are about a cognitive rational process and concentrate on the psychological and behavioural processes that motivate an individual. Put simply, this is all about how people's needs influence and drive their behaviour. People need to see what is in it for them and to sense that "fair play" is being exercised to all concerned. Clearly a basic understanding of this is foundational to the psychological underpinning of successful change management and the strategies for managing change that will deliver that. These process theories of motivation also totally support and underpin the findings and practical observations of Goleman, Katzenbach, Pearson, Axelrod and others referred to in Inspirational Motivation and the research and thought leadership highlighted in
Leading Change.

Motivation and Rewards – IspatGuru Motivation and Rewards
Motivation and Rewards
Motivation and Rewards
Fig 1 Process and type of motivation
Fig 2 Model of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Fig 3 Expectancy model for reward
Fig 4 Comprehensive model of rewards and incentives
Fig 5 Model for comprehensive reward system
 This type of motivation normally has an immediate and powerful effect, however it does not tend to last for long. Motivation theories try to explain why people at work behave the way they do in terms of their efforts and strive for achievement. The theories of motivation can be divided into the following two categories. Content theories – These theories of motivation are based on the needs of individuals. These theories try to explain why the needs of individuals keep changing with time and therefore focus on the specific factors which motivate them. These theories, in general, explain motivation as the product of internal drives that encourage the individual to move towards the satisfaction of his needs. Major content theories of motivation are (i) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (Fig 2) (ii) McClelland’s learned need theory and (iii) Alderfer’s ERG theory, and (iv) Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory. Process theories of motivation – These theories tries to explain how behaviour change occurs and why individuals act in different ways. These theories focus on how an individual needs influence his own behaviour. These theories originate from early cognitive theories, which state that behaviour is the result of conscious decision making processes.

Motivation and Rewards – IspatGuru

Motivation and Rewards
Motivation and Rewards
Motivation and Rewards
Fig 1 Process and type of motivation
Fig 2 Model of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Fig 3 Expectancy model for reward
Fig 4 Comprehensive model of rewards and incentives
Fig 5 Model for comprehensive reward system

This type of motivation normally has an immediate and powerful effect, however it does not tend to last for long. Motivation theories try to explain why people at work behave the way they do in terms of their efforts and strive for achievement. The theories of motivation can be divided into the following two categories. Content theories – These theories of motivation are based on the needs of individuals. These theories try to explain why the needs of individuals keep changing with time and therefore focus on the specific factors which motivate them. These theories, in general, explain motivation as the product of internal drives that encourage the individual to move towards the satisfaction of his needs. Major content theories of motivation are (i) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (Fig 2) (ii) McClelland’s learned need theory and (iii) Alderfer’s ERG theory, and (iv) Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory. Process theories of motivation – These theories tries to explain how behaviour change occurs and why individuals act in different ways. These theories focus on how an individual needs influence his own behaviour. These theories originate from early cognitive theories, which state that behaviour is the result of conscious decision making processes.

Motivation Management Theories | Bizfluent Motivation Management Theories
Motivation Management Theories
Acquired Needs Theory
Owen and Motivation in Management
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Two Factor Theory
The ERG Theory
 Motivation Management Theories | Bizfluent
Motivation Management Theories
motivation black image by pdesign from Fotolia.com
By: Nicole Papa
Reviewed by: Jayne Thompson, LLB, LLM
Updated January 22, 2019
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Motivation is the psychological process of providing purpose and intention to behavior – it explains why people behave the way they do. By using motivation theories, management can inspire customers to choose the brand and encourage employees to take action and become self-directed. Various theories of motivation in psychology exist that have been studied and implemented in management regarding motivation. Acquired Needs Theory
This theory states that every person has the same needs, but each individual prioritizes them differently. The theory identifies three needs: achievement, power and affiliation. The need for achievement is the desire to do well at a task, the need for power demonstrates itself through influence over other people, and the need for affiliation is the yearning for meaningful relationships. Management needs to identify each person's first priority need and adjust the working situation accordingly to optimize each person's performance.

Motivation Management Theories | Bizfluent

Motivation Management Theories
Motivation Management Theories
Acquired Needs Theory
Owen and Motivation in Management
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Two Factor Theory
The ERG Theory

Motivation Management Theories | Bizfluent
Motivation Management Theories
motivation black image by pdesign from Fotolia.com
By: Nicole Papa
Reviewed by: Jayne Thompson, LLB, LLM
Updated January 22, 2019
Share It
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Post
Email
Print
Related
Supervision Models & Theories
Learn More →
Motivation is the psychological process of providing purpose and intention to behavior – it explains why people behave the way they do. By using motivation theories, management can inspire customers to choose the brand and encourage employees to take action and become self-directed. Various theories of motivation in psychology exist that have been studied and implemented in management regarding motivation. Acquired Needs Theory
This theory states that every person has the same needs, but each individual prioritizes them differently. The theory identifies three needs: achievement, power and affiliation. The need for achievement is the desire to do well at a task, the need for power demonstrates itself through influence over other people, and the need for affiliation is the yearning for meaningful relationships. Management needs to identify each person's first priority need and adjust the working situation accordingly to optimize each person's performance.

Theories of Motivation in Management Theories of Motivation in Management
Theories of Motivation in Management
Theories of Motivation in Management. This article will help you to learn about:
Theories of Motivation in Management # Employee Motivation Theories:
1. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory:
Propositions:
Maslow put the following important propositions about human behaviour:
Categories of Needs:
He described five classes of needs as under:
1. Physiological Needs:
These needs have few common features:
2. Safety Needs:
3. Social or Love Needs:
4. Esteem Needs:
5. Self-Actualization Needs:
Evaluation of Maslow’s Theory:
It has the following merits:
Shortcomings:
Many researchers have pointed out some deficiencies in Maslow’s theory as follows:
2. Motivation—Hygiene Theory:
Hygiene Factors:
Motivators:
These maintenance and motivational factors are described in the following Table 12.1:
Features and Implications of Herzberg’s Theory:
Herzberg’s theory led to the following conclusions:
Critical Appraisal of Herzberg’s Theory:
Herzberg’s theory is important in the following way:
In spite of the seemingly value and importance, Herzberg’s theory has also been criticized by behavioural scientists on a number of points:
Theories of Motivation in Management # Work Motivation Theories:
Some of the important theories are explained as under:
(i) Monistic or Economic Theory of Motivation:
The theory assumes that:
(ii) Hierarchy of Needs Theory:
Maslow’s need hierarchy theory covers the following aspects:
According to Maslow, there are five general categories of needs given in an order:
I. Physiological Needs:
II. Security Needs:
III. Belongingness Needs or Social Needs:
IV. Esteem Needs:
Esteem needs are of two types:
V. Self-Actualization Needs:
Criticism of Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory:
Maslow’s need hierarchy theory is criticized on the following grounds:
(iii) Theory of Douglas McGregor:
I. Theory X’:
The important assumptions underlying this theory are as follows:
Conclusion of Theory X:
II. Theory Y:
The important assumptions of Theory Y, described by McGregor are:
Conclusion of Theory Y:
Theory X:
Theory Y:
Criticism:
(iv) Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory:
(A) Traditional:
(B) Herzberg’s Viewpoint:
He asked these people to describe two important incidents at their jobs:
(A) Motivational Factors or Satisfiers:
Some of these factors are:
(B) Hygiene Factors:
Some of the hygiene factors are:
Criticism:
Herzberg theory is criticized on the following reasons:
(v) Equity Theory of Motivation:
This theory of motivation is based on two assumptions about human behaviour:
Major Components of Equity Theory:
Other highlights of the theory are:
Criticism:
Adams theory is criticized on the following reasons:
Theories of Motivation in Management # Motivational Theories in the Workplace
There are many different motivation theories such as:
These all theories are broadly classified into three categories:
1. Theories Based on Human Needs:
(i) Maslow’s Theory:
The following important proposition has been advanced by Abraham Harold Maslow (April 1, 1908 – June 8, 1970) about human behaviour in analysing his model:
(a) Man is Wanting Animal:
(b) A Satisfied Need is No More a Motivator:
(c) Needs Have Hierarchy of Importance:
Maslow’s Need Hierarchy:
Maslow has suggested the following hierarchy of needs which an individual attempts to satisfy in an order:
Starting at the bottom and working upwards, the various needs can be understood as follows:
(a) Basic Physiological Needs:
(b) Safety and Security Needs:
(c) Belongingness, Social or Love Needs:
(d) Esteem and Status Needs:
(e) Self-Actualisation or Self-Realisation Needs:
The hierarchy of needs as given by A.H. Maslow and discussed above may be shown by the following diagram:
Lower Order and Higher Order Needs:
(i) Lower Order Needs:
(ii) Higher-Order Needs:
Critical Appraisal of the Model:
The criticisms of the theory include the following:
Extent of Application in Organizations:
(ii) Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory:
Frederick Herzberg- (Hygiene and Motivation Factors):
However, Herzberg’s model is labeled with the following criticism:
Distinction between Maslow’s and Herzberg’s Theories:
Comparison of Herzberg and Maslow Models:
(iii) McClelland’s Need Theory:
They are defined as follows:
a. Need for Achievement:
Through his research, McClelland identified the following three characteristics of high-need achievers:
b. Need for Power:
People who have a high need for power are characterized by:
c. Need for Affiliation:
The people with high need for affiliation have these characteristics:
2. Theories Based on Human Nature:
(i) McGregor’s Participation Theory:
Theory X is based on the following assumptions:
On the contrary, theory Y assumes that:
Comparison of Theories X and Y:
The difference between two sets of assumptions can be visualised as follows:
(ii) Urwick’s Theory Z:
The two propositions in Urwick’s theory are that:
History of Theory Z:
Further abstraction from the list above:
Performance-Related Pay (PRP):
An aside for those reading to understand how to motivate people at work:
Theory Z is based on the following four postulates:
(iii) Argyris’s Theory:
3. Theories Based on Expectancy of Human Beings:
(i) Vroom’s Expectancy Theory:
Thus, the key constructs in the expectancy theory of motivation are:
Thus, Vroom’s Motivation can also be expressed in the form of an equation as follows:
This is affected by such things as:
This is affected by such things as:
So, if he perceives that any one of these is true:
The important ones are:
The theory focuses on three things:
This leads us to a conclusion that:
(ii) The Porter and Lawler Model:
(iii) Clayton Alderfer’s ERG Theory:
The major conclusions of this theory are:
Process Theories of Motivation:
1. Needs-Goal Theory:
2. Vroom Expectancy Theory:
3. Equity Theory:
4. Porter-Lawler Theory:
Porter and Lawler Model of Motivation:
This model is based on four basic assumptions about human behaviour:
The Various Elements of Porter and Lawler Model:
Let us briefly discuss the main elements of the model:
1. Effort:
2. Performance:
3. Satisfaction:
Theories of Motivation in Management # Theories of Motivation:
The theories of motivation are broadly classified into two as content, and process:
1. Content Theories of Motivation:
These theories attempt to identify what things motivate people. Some of these theories are:
(i) Maslow’s Theory of Hierarchy of Needs:
(ii) McClelland’s Theory of Achievement, Power, and Affiliation Needs:
The three needs include:
(iii) Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Motivation:
He concluded that there were two types of motivation:
(iv) McGregor’s X and Y Theory of Motivation:
Theory X is the traditional view of direction and control, based on these assumptions:
Theory Y is based on the integration of individual and organisational goals, assumes:
2. Process Theories of Motivation:
Two major process theories are:
(i) Vroom’s Expectancy – Valence Theory of Motivation:
He explains that motivation depends on two things:
(ii) Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory of Motivation:
Consequences can be thought of as:
(a) Reinforcement:
(b) Punishment:
 Theories of Motivation in Management
Theories of Motivation in Management
Article shared by : ADVERTISEMENTS: Theories of Motivation in Management. This article will help you to learn about: Employee Motivation Theories
Work Motivation Theories
Motivational Theories in the Workplace
Herzberg Motivation Theory
Theories of Motivation in Management
Types of Motivational Theories
Motivational Theories in Organizational Behaviour
Prices Theories of Motivation
Application of motivation theories in organizations
Theories of Motivation in Management # Employee Motivation Theories: 1. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory: The best-known theory of motivation is probably Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. He proposed that people are motivated by a predictable five-step hierarchy of needs. According to Maslow, most individuals are not consciously aware of these needs;

Theories of Motivation in Management

Theories of Motivation in Management
Theories of Motivation in Management
Article shared by : ADVERTISEMENTS: Theories of Motivation in Management. This article will help you to learn about: Employee Motivation Theories
Work Motivation Theories
Motivational Theories in the Workplace
Herzberg Motivation Theory
Theories of Motivation in Management
Types of Motivational Theories
Motivational Theories in Organizational Behaviour
Prices Theories of Motivation
Application of motivation theories in organizations
Theories of Motivation in Management # Employee Motivation Theories: 1. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory: The best-known theory of motivation is probably Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. He proposed that people are motivated by a predictable five-step hierarchy of needs. According to Maslow, most individuals are not consciously aware of these needs;

Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
Hypotheses and theory
Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
Reuben M. Badubi
Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
1. Introduction
2. Motivation
2.1 Job Satisfaction
3. Theories of Motivation
3.1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
3.2. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory/Motivator-Hygiene
3.3. McGregor’s X and Y Theories
3.4. McClelland’s Need Achievement Theory
3.5. The Equity Theory
3.6. Value – Percept Theory
3.7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
3.8. Porter-Lawler Model
4. Risk Analysis of De-Motivated Employees in Organizations
4.1. Operational Risks
4.2. Personnel Risks
4.3. Reputational Risks
4.4. Environmental Risks
4.5. Health Risks
4.6. Financial Risks
5. Importance of Motivation in the Workplace
6. Conclusion
References
theories of motivation
 A qualitative approach and theory based application were considered for this study. theories of motivation
Keywords: Motivation, Job Satisfaction, Intrinsic, Extrinsic
Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
1. Introduction
In all enterprises whether private or state owned, motivation plays a key role in driving employees towards achieving their goals, organizational goals and to a certain extent the dreams of their nations. There are many theories of motivation, and they mostly give a relation or influence the outcomes of employee job satisfaction. There are three main theory categories, namely content theories, process theories and contemporary theories (Saif, Nawaz, Jan & Khan, 2012). Generally speaking, these theories include Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Herzberg’s motivator-hygiene (or two-factor) theory, Alderfer’s Existence, Relatedness and Growth theory, and McClelland’s needs theory. How motivation comes about and how it leads to satisfaction is explained by process theories; theories that fall into this category include Porter-Lawler’s model and expectancy theory by Vroom.

Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations

Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
Hypotheses and theory
Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
Reuben M. Badubi
Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
1. Introduction
2. Motivation
2.1 Job Satisfaction
3. Theories of Motivation
3.1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
3.2. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory/Motivator-Hygiene
3.3. McGregor’s X and Y Theories
3.4. McClelland’s Need Achievement Theory
3.5. The Equity Theory
3.6. Value – Percept Theory
3.7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
3.8. Porter-Lawler Model
4. Risk Analysis of De-Motivated Employees in Organizations
4.1. Operational Risks
4.2. Personnel Risks
4.3. Reputational Risks
4.4. Environmental Risks
4.5. Health Risks
4.6. Financial Risks
5. Importance of Motivation in the Workplace
6. Conclusion
References
theories of motivation

A qualitative approach and theory based application were considered for this study. theories of motivation
Keywords: Motivation, Job Satisfaction, Intrinsic, Extrinsic
Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
1. Introduction
In all enterprises whether private or state owned, motivation plays a key role in driving employees towards achieving their goals, organizational goals and to a certain extent the dreams of their nations. There are many theories of motivation, and they mostly give a relation or influence the outcomes of employee job satisfaction. There are three main theory categories, namely content theories, process theories and contemporary theories (Saif, Nawaz, Jan & Khan, 2012). Generally speaking, these theories include Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Herzberg’s motivator-hygiene (or two-factor) theory, Alderfer’s Existence, Relatedness and Growth theory, and McClelland’s needs theory. How motivation comes about and how it leads to satisfaction is explained by process theories; theories that fall into this category include Porter-Lawler’s model and expectancy theory by Vroom.

The five levels of employee motivation The five levels of employee motivation
The five levels of employee motivation
Title
Aim
Introduction
Get Help With Your Essay
Literature Review
Motivation
Levels of motivation
Theories of motivation
Motivation and Communication
Process of motivating employees
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Culture and leadership
Psychological contract levels and factors
Economic Circumstances
Perceptual Process
Conclusions
Bibliography
Cite This Work
DMCA / Removal Request
 Theories of motivation are categorized into four: Require based theories explains work motivation in terms of the level to which employees satisfy their necessary needs at the place of work. Job based theories rest the resource of motivation majorly in the content of jobs that employees execute. Cognitive procedure theories highlight the decisions and choices that employees make when they distribute their attempts. Lastly behavioral approach highlights principles of learning. These will be discussed in detail in the research dissertation. Mo

The five levels of employee motivation

The five levels of employee motivation
The five levels of employee motivation
Title
Aim
Introduction
Get Help With Your Essay
Literature Review
Motivation
Levels of motivation
Theories of motivation
Motivation and Communication
Process of motivating employees
Find out how UKEssays.com can help you!
Culture and leadership
Psychological contract levels and factors
Economic Circumstances
Perceptual Process
Conclusions
Bibliography
Cite This Work
DMCA / Removal Request

Theories of motivation are categorized into four: Require based theories explains work motivation in terms of the level to which employees satisfy their necessary needs at the place of work. Job based theories rest the resource of motivation majorly in the content of jobs that employees execute. Cognitive procedure theories highlight the decisions and choices that employees make when they distribute their attempts. Lastly behavioral approach highlights principles of learning. These will be discussed in detail in the research dissertation. Mo

Motivation Psychology Motivation Psychology
Motivation Psychology
Introduction
A Simple Understanding Of Motivation Psychology
Types of Motivation in Psychology
Theories of Motivation in Psychology
Motivation Psychology Articles
What Is Motivation Theory?
What Are the Different Theories of Motivation?
What Is the Humanistic Approach to Motivation?
What Is a Motivated Behavior?
What Is Physiological Motivation?
RESOURCES
 Motivational Theory
Motivation Psychology Articles
Motivation Techniques & Strategies
Motivation For Success In Life & Business
How To Get Motivated
Motivation to Work
Motivation to Clean Room or House
What Is Motivation Theory? Being that there are many different theories about motivation, a common question that is brought up is what, exactly, is a motivation theory? The human brain is a complicated organ. Scientists are still trying to figure out how everything works, and they may not have all the answers anytime in the near future. There are some people who may grow up in incredibly familiar environments and exposed to the same basic stimuli as one another but who have different motivating factors for their adult life. Different theories can highlight various components that become instrumental in understanding why a person acts, behaves, or does certain things he or she does. What Are the Different Theories of Motivation? Some of the theories of motivation include Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, Expectancy Theory, Three-Dimensional Theory of Attribution, and the Hawthorne Effect. We already discussed Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in short, and Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory differs in that it focuses on motivator factors and hygiene factors. Motivator factors are those that can lead to satisfaction, either internally or externally.

Motivation Psychology

Motivational Theory
Motivation Psychology Articles
Motivation Techniques & Strategies
Motivation For Success In Life & Business
How To Get Motivated
Motivation to Work
Motivation to Clean Room or House
What Is Motivation Theory? Being that there are many different theories about motivation, a common question that is brought up is what, exactly, is a motivation theory? The human brain is a complicated organ. Scientists are still trying to figure out how everything works, and they may not have all the answers anytime in the near future. There are some people who may grow up in incredibly familiar environments and exposed to the same basic stimuli as one another but who have different motivating factors for their adult life. Different theories can highlight various components that become instrumental in understanding why a person acts, behaves, or does certain things he or she does. What Are the Different Theories of Motivation? Some of the theories of motivation include Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, Expectancy Theory, Three-Dimensional Theory of Attribution, and the Hawthorne Effect. We already discussed Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in short, and Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory differs in that it focuses on motivator factors and hygiene factors. Motivator factors are those that can lead to satisfaction, either internally or externally.

Motivation Theories: Top 3 Theories of Motivation | Business Management Motivation Theories: Top 3 Theories of Motivation | Business Management
Motivation Theories: Top 3 Theories of Motivation | Business Management
This article throws light upon the top three theories of motivation. The three theories are: 1. Maslow’s Theory of Need Hierarchy 2. Herzberg’s Two Factors or Motivation-Hygiene Theory 3. Mc. Gregor’s Theory X and Theory Y.
Motivation Theory # 1. Maslow’s Theory of Need Hierarchy:
The basic human needs identified by Maslow in an ascending order of importance are as under:
1. Physiological Needs:
2. Safety Needs:
3. Social Needs:
4. Esteem Needs:
5. Self-actualization Needs:
All these observations in regard to motivation are based on the following propositions about human behaviour:
Criticism:
But the hierarchy of needs theory has been widely criticised in the following respects:
Motivation Theory # 2. Herzberg’s Two Factors or Motivation-Hygiene Theory:
(i) Hygiene Factors:
These factors are related to the work environment. According to Herzberg the following factors are included in this category:
(ii) Motivating Factors:
These are:
Criticism:
However, Herzberg’s model is not applied in all conditions. It has the following weaknesses:
Motivation Theory # 3. Mc. Gregor’s Theory X and Theory Y:
The basic assumptions about human nature and behaviour in working according to both these theories are given below:
Theory ‘X’:
According to the traditional view of human behaviour, the following assumptions hold good about the work behaviour of people:
Theory ‘Y’:
Theory ‘Y’ is based on the following assumptions:
 Motivation Theories: Top 3 Theories of Motivation | Business Management
Motivation Theories: Top 3 Theories of Motivation | Business Management
Article shared by : ADVERTISEMENTS: This article throws light upon the top three theories of motivation. The three theories are: 1. Maslow’s Theory of Need Hierarchy 2. Herzberg’s Two Factors or Motivation-Hygiene Theory 3. Mc.

Motivation Theories: Top 3 Theories of Motivation | Business Management

Motivation Theories: Top 3 Theories of Motivation | Business Management
Motivation Theories: Top 3 Theories of Motivation | Business Management
This article throws light upon the top three theories of motivation. The three theories are: 1. Maslow’s Theory of Need Hierarchy 2. Herzberg’s Two Factors or Motivation-Hygiene Theory 3. Mc. Gregor’s Theory X and Theory Y.
Motivation Theory # 1. Maslow’s Theory of Need Hierarchy:
The basic human needs identified by Maslow in an ascending order of importance are as under:
1. Physiological Needs:
2. Safety Needs:
3. Social Needs:
4. Esteem Needs:
5. Self-actualization Needs:
All these observations in regard to motivation are based on the following propositions about human behaviour:
Criticism:
But the hierarchy of needs theory has been widely criticised in the following respects:
Motivation Theory # 2. Herzberg’s Two Factors or Motivation-Hygiene Theory:
(i) Hygiene Factors:
These factors are related to the work environment. According to Herzberg the following factors are included in this category:
(ii) Motivating Factors:
These are:
Criticism:
However, Herzberg’s model is not applied in all conditions. It has the following weaknesses:
Motivation Theory # 3. Mc. Gregor’s Theory X and Theory Y:
The basic assumptions about human nature and behaviour in working according to both these theories are given below:
Theory ‘X’:
According to the traditional view of human behaviour, the following assumptions hold good about the work behaviour of people:
Theory ‘Y’:
Theory ‘Y’ is based on the following assumptions:

Motivation Theories: Top 3 Theories of Motivation | Business Management
Motivation Theories: Top 3 Theories of Motivation | Business Management
Article shared by : ADVERTISEMENTS: This article throws light upon the top three theories of motivation. The three theories are: 1. Maslow’s Theory of Need Hierarchy 2. Herzberg’s Two Factors or Motivation-Hygiene Theory 3. Mc.

Process Theories Of Motivation - How Personal Needs Drive Behaviour Process theories of motivation
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1. Starting
2. Leadership
3. Practise
4. Process
5. Self Improve
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Process theories of motivation
Personal needs drive behaviour
Process theories of motivation - Adam's Equity Theory
Practical Application of Process Theories of Motivation to change leadership and management
Further Resources
 When individuals believe that they have been treated unfairly in comparison with their coworkers, they will react in one of four ways: (1) Reduce their effort and productivity to better match the rewards they are receiving
(2) Ask for more money or maybe take legal action
(3) Change their own perception of the situation. (4) Resign and leave their job
So, in a nutshell, unequal treatment of staff leads to demotivation. Practical Application of Process Theories of Motivation to change leadership and management
Unlike the other theories of motivation that we have discussed on this site, process theories of motivation are to do with motivation that is rational and cognitive rather than emotional. In simple practical terms, these theories show the change leader that you have to appeal to people's heads as well as their hearts. People need to have the WIFM [what's in it for me] question answered. They need to see the steps and they need to believe that they can do it and that they want to. They also need to believe in the equity or fairness of what you tell you. Further Resources
Motivation in the workplace - People are motivated when they are inspired
Motivation Theories - Getting people to take action
Maslow's hierarchy of needs - A paradigm shift
ERG Theory - Practical application to leading change
Herzberg Motivation Theory - Satisfied and motivated
Acquired Needs Theory - Goal seeking achievers
Employee motivation techniques - How to achieve peak performance
Myers Briggs Personality Types - Why so important
Inspirational motivation - How to inspire your people in tough times
Return from Process Theories of Motivation - to Inspirational Motivation
Home Page
All Content Protected - Copyscape Online Plagiarism Scanner © Copyright 2009 - 2021 Stephen Warrilow

When individuals believe that they have been treated unfairly in comparison with their coworkers, they will react in one of four ways: (1) Reduce their effort and productivity to better match the rewards they are receiving
(2) Ask for more money or maybe take legal action
(3) Change their own perception of the situation. (4) Resign and leave their job
So, in a nutshell, unequal treatment of staff leads to demotivation. Practical Application of Process Theories of Motivation to change leadership and management
Unlike the other theories of motivation that we have discussed on this site, process theories of motivation are to do with motivation that is rational and cognitive rather than emotional. In simple practical terms, these theories show the change leader that you have to appeal to people's heads as well as their hearts. People need to have the WIFM [what's in it for me] question answered. They need to see the steps and they need to believe that they can do it and that they want to. They also need to believe in the equity or fairness of what you tell you. Further Resources
Motivation in the workplace - People are motivated when they are inspired
Motivation Theories - Getting people to take action
Maslow's hierarchy of needs - A paradigm shift
ERG Theory - Practical application to leading change
Herzberg Motivation Theory - Satisfied and motivated
Acquired Needs Theory - Goal seeking achievers
Employee motivation techniques - How to achieve peak performance
Myers Briggs Personality Types - Why so important
Inspirational motivation - How to inspire your people in tough times
Return from Process Theories of Motivation - to Inspirational Motivation
Home Page
All Content Protected - Copyscape Online Plagiarism Scanner © Copyright 2009 - 2021 Stephen Warrilow

What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
Instinct Theory of Motivation
Drive Theory
Arousal Theory
Humanistic Theory
Incentive Theory
Expectancy Theory
A Word From Verywell
 Arousal Theory
The arousal theory of motivation suggests that people take certain actions to either decrease or increase levels of arousal. When arousal levels get too low, for example, a person might watch an exciting movie or go for a jog. When arousal levels get too high, on the other hand, a person would probably look for ways to relax, such as meditating or reading a book. According to this theory, we are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, although this level can vary based on the individual or the situation. Humanistic Theory
Humanistic theories of motivation are based on the idea that people also have strong cognitive reasons to perform various actions. This is famously illustrated in Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which describes various levels of needs and motivations. Maslow's hierarchy suggests that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs. For example, people are first motivated to fulfill basic biological needs for food and shelter, then to progress through higher needs like safety, love, and esteem. Once these needs have been met, the primary motivator becomes the need for self-actualization, or the desire to fulfill one's individual potential. Maslow was interested in learning about what makes people happy and the things that they do to achieve that aim, rather than focusing on problematic behaviors.

What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior

What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
Instinct Theory of Motivation
Drive Theory
Arousal Theory
Humanistic Theory
Incentive Theory
Expectancy Theory
A Word From Verywell

Arousal Theory
The arousal theory of motivation suggests that people take certain actions to either decrease or increase levels of arousal. When arousal levels get too low, for example, a person might watch an exciting movie or go for a jog. When arousal levels get too high, on the other hand, a person would probably look for ways to relax, such as meditating or reading a book. According to this theory, we are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, although this level can vary based on the individual or the situation. Humanistic Theory
Humanistic theories of motivation are based on the idea that people also have strong cognitive reasons to perform various actions. This is famously illustrated in Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which describes various levels of needs and motivations. Maslow's hierarchy suggests that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs. For example, people are first motivated to fulfill basic biological needs for food and shelter, then to progress through higher needs like safety, love, and esteem. Once these needs have been met, the primary motivator becomes the need for self-actualization, or the desire to fulfill one's individual potential. Maslow was interested in learning about what makes people happy and the things that they do to achieve that aim, rather than focusing on problematic behaviors.

3 Main Theories of Motivation Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Three Main Theories on Motivation are 1. Optimal-level Theory, 2. Psychoanalytic Theory 3. Humanistic Theory!
1. Optimal-level Theory:
2. Psychoanalytic Theory:
There are two groups of instincts with opposite nature:
3. Humanistic Theory:
These are:
 3 Main Theories of Motivation
Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
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ADVERTISEMENTS: Three Main Theories on Motivation are 1. Optimal-level Theory, 2. Psychoanalytic Theory 3. Humanistic Theory! There are different views on motivation. These views are explained as theories of motivation. ADVERTISEMENTS: The theories of motivation, try to provide general sets of principles to guide our understanding of the urges, wants, needs, desires, strivings and goals that come under the heading motivation. 1.

3 Main Theories of Motivation

Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Three Main Theories on Motivation are 1. Optimal-level Theory, 2. Psychoanalytic Theory 3. Humanistic Theory!
1. Optimal-level Theory:
2. Psychoanalytic Theory:
There are two groups of instincts with opposite nature:
3. Humanistic Theory:
These are:

3 Main Theories of Motivation
Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Article Shared by
ADVERTISEMENTS: Three Main Theories on Motivation are 1. Optimal-level Theory, 2. Psychoanalytic Theory 3. Humanistic Theory! There are different views on motivation. These views are explained as theories of motivation. ADVERTISEMENTS: The theories of motivation, try to provide general sets of principles to guide our understanding of the urges, wants, needs, desires, strivings and goals that come under the heading motivation. 1.

A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory | A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory
A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory
What is Motivation?
1. Content Theories about Motivation
Incentive Theory
2. Process Theories about Motivation
Expectancy Theory
Goal Theory
Like this:
 A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory |
A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory
Management Theories > Motivation Theory
What is Motivation? Motivation is the answer to the question “ Why we do what we do ?”. The motivation theories try to figure out what the “ M ” is in the equation: “ M motivates P ” (Motivator motivates the Person). It is one of most important duty of an entrepreneur to motivate people. ( I strongly belive that motivating people with visionary and shared goals is more favorable than motivating through tactics, incentives or manipulation through simple carrot and stick approaches because motivating with vision is natural wheras the former is artificial and ephemeral). Now, lets rise on the shoulders of the giants : A Classification of Motivation Theories (Content vs. Process)
Motivation theories can be classified broadly into two different perspectives: Content and Process theories. Content Theories deal with “what” motivates people and it is concerned with individual needs and goals.

A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory |

A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory
A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory
What is Motivation?
1. Content Theories about Motivation
Incentive Theory
2. Process Theories about Motivation
Expectancy Theory
Goal Theory
Like this:

A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory |
A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory
Management Theories > Motivation Theory
What is Motivation? Motivation is the answer to the question “ Why we do what we do ?”. The motivation theories try to figure out what the “ M ” is in the equation: “ M motivates P ” (Motivator motivates the Person). It is one of most important duty of an entrepreneur to motivate people. ( I strongly belive that motivating people with visionary and shared goals is more favorable than motivating through tactics, incentives or manipulation through simple carrot and stick approaches because motivating with vision is natural wheras the former is artificial and ephemeral). Now, lets rise on the shoulders of the giants : A Classification of Motivation Theories (Content vs. Process)
Motivation theories can be classified broadly into two different perspectives: Content and Process theories. Content Theories deal with “what” motivates people and it is concerned with individual needs and goals.

Essay on Discuss Evolution of Motivation - 1367 Words Discuss Evolution of Motivation
Discuss Evolution of Motivation
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 1) The study was a joint undertaking between behavioral scientists and practicing managers. 2) The locale of study was the factory, not the psychological laboratory. 3) The problem studied was not staged; it consisted of real life. 4) The tools used for study were the analytical tools of the behavioral scientists, not the empiricism of the managers. Motivational Theories All behavioral scientists agree that human beings act in response to stimuli which appeal to their internal needs and drives. Obviously, it is important to understand just what kinds of stimuli are effective. While the behavioral scientists agree the needs are multiple and that they are unequal in importance,...
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Motivation Essay
...Theory SURYA Self-Efficacy Theory Reinforcement Theory R.ASWATH Equity Theory/Organizational Justice Expectancy Theory Viewpoint for Managers ESWAR KARTHIK The Job Characteristics Model Using Rewards to motivate employees MOTIVATION Some individuals are driven to succeed. A students who struggles to read a textbook for more than 20 minutes may devour Two States in a day. This document tries to put perspective into the reasons behind these varying degrees of motivation.

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1) The study was a joint undertaking between behavioral scientists and practicing managers. 2) The locale of study was the factory, not the psychological laboratory. 3) The problem studied was not staged; it consisted of real life. 4) The tools used for study were the analytical tools of the behavioral scientists, not the empiricism of the managers. Motivational Theories All behavioral scientists agree that human beings act in response to stimuli which appeal to their internal needs and drives. Obviously, it is important to understand just what kinds of stimuli are effective. While the behavioral scientists agree the needs are multiple and that they are unequal in importance,...
Read More
1161 Words 5 Pages
Motivation Essay
...Theory SURYA Self-Efficacy Theory Reinforcement Theory R.ASWATH Equity Theory/Organizational Justice Expectancy Theory Viewpoint for Managers ESWAR KARTHIK The Job Characteristics Model Using Rewards to motivate employees MOTIVATION Some individuals are driven to succeed. A students who struggles to read a textbook for more than 20 minutes may devour Two States in a day. This document tries to put perspective into the reasons behind these varying degrees of motivation.

Incentive Theory of Motivation Incentive Theory of Motivation
Incentive Theory of Motivation
Origin of the Theory
The Theory
Positive Incentives
Negative Incentives
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 Incentive Theory of Motivation

Incentive Theory of Motivation
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A theory that focuses on motivation and behaviour, the Incentive Theory of Motivation involves the concepts of conditioning, homeostasis and positive reinforcement. The theory is one of the motivation theories that are promoted by behaviourists. This article is a part of the guide: Select from one of the other courses available: Scientific Method Research Design Research Basics Experimental Research Sampling Validity and Reliability Write a Paper Biological Psychology Child Development Stress & Coping Motivation and Emotion Memory & Learning Personality Social Psychology Experiments Science Projects for Kids Survey Guide Philosophy of Science Reasoning Ethics in Research Ancient History Renaissance & Enlightenment Medical History Physics Experiments Biology Experiments Zoology Statistics Beginners Guide Statistical Conclusion Statistical Tests Distribution in Statistics
Discover 22 more articles on this topic
Don't miss these related articles: Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Instinct Theory Of Motivation
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Motivation and Emotion
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1 Motivation and Emotion
2 Biology of Emotion
2.1 Nature of Emotions
2.2 Categorization of Emotions
2.3 Measuring Emotions
2.4 The Sociology of Emotion
2.5 James-Lange Theory of Emotion
2.6 Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
2.7 Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion
3 Motivation
4 Motivation
4.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
4.2 Drive-Reduction Theory
4.3 Two-Factor Theory of Motivation
4.4 Incentive Theory of Motivation
4.5 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
4.6 Instinct Theory Of Motivation
4.7 Cognitive Theories of Motivation
4.8 16 Basic Desires Theory
5 Psychotherapy
5.1 Emotion in Psychotherapy
5.2 Motivation in Psychotherapy
1 Motivation and Emotion 2 Biology of Emotion 3 Motivation 4 Motivation 5 Psychotherapy 5.1 Emotion in Psychotherapy 5.2 Motivation in Psychotherapy
Origin of the Theory
The Incentive Theory of Motivation is a theory that is supported by many behavioural psychologists, the most distinguished one being B.F. Skinner. Skinner and other radical behaviourists believe that a person will more likely to do an action that is positively received, while he will more likely avoid an action that is negatively received (i.e. brings negative reinforcement). The Incentive Theory is said to be different from other theories of motivation in such a way that it views the stimulus as something that attracts a person towards it, rather than something that prompts a person to reduce it or totally eradicate it. The Theory
An incentive is either a promise or an act that is provided for the sake of greater action. In business, an incentive may be an additional benefit or remuneration or job promotion given to an employee either to recognize his achievements or encourage him to perform better.

Incentive Theory of Motivation

Incentive Theory of Motivation
Incentive Theory of Motivation
Origin of the Theory
The Theory
Positive Incentives
Negative Incentives
Application
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What Are Process Theories of Motivation? | Career Trend What Are Process Theories of Motivation?
What Are Process Theories of Motivation?
The Expectancy Theory
The Equity Theory
The Goal-Setting Theory
The Reinforcement Theory
 What Are Process Theories of Motivation? | Career Trend
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What Are Process Theories of Motivation? Michael Brent
Updated December 28, 2018
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The psychological and behavioral processes that motivate a person to act in a particular way are referred to as process theories of motivation. In essence, these theories examine how a person's needs will affect his behavior in order to achieve a goal related to those needs. These theories are typically used in a workplace context and there are several theories that examine how employees within an organization can be motivated. The Expectancy Theory
According to Yale business professor Victor Vroom, motivation is the result of conscious choices we make that will either maximize pleasure or minimize pain. Vroom theorized that even though the goals of individuals may differ, they can be motivated to act together toward a common goal if certain circumstances are put in place. For this to happen, there must be a positive correlation between an employee's efforts and his performance, and a positive performance must be rewarded in a way that will satisfy an important need. For the employee, the desire to satisfy this need is so strong that it makes the effort worthwhile; the expectation that the satisfaction of this need will occur upon successful completion of a task will drive performance.

What Are Process Theories of Motivation? | Career Trend

What Are Process Theories of Motivation?
What Are Process Theories of Motivation?
The Expectancy Theory
The Equity Theory
The Goal-Setting Theory
The Reinforcement Theory

What Are Process Theories of Motivation? | Career Trend
Tara Moore/DigitalVision/GettyImages
What Are Process Theories of Motivation? Michael Brent
Updated December 28, 2018
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Managing the Office
The psychological and behavioral processes that motivate a person to act in a particular way are referred to as process theories of motivation. In essence, these theories examine how a person's needs will affect his behavior in order to achieve a goal related to those needs. These theories are typically used in a workplace context and there are several theories that examine how employees within an organization can be motivated. The Expectancy Theory
According to Yale business professor Victor Vroom, motivation is the result of conscious choices we make that will either maximize pleasure or minimize pain. Vroom theorized that even though the goals of individuals may differ, they can be motivated to act together toward a common goal if certain circumstances are put in place. For this to happen, there must be a positive correlation between an employee's efforts and his performance, and a positive performance must be rewarded in a way that will satisfy an important need. For the employee, the desire to satisfy this need is so strong that it makes the effort worthwhile; the expectation that the satisfaction of this need will occur upon successful completion of a task will drive performance.

What are the Theories of Motivation? definition and meaning - Business Jargons Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation With the establishment of human organizations, people tried to find out the answer to, what motivates an employee in the organization the most. This gave birth to several content theories and process theories of motivation. The content theories deal with “what” motivates people, whereas the process theories deal with, “How” motivation occurs. Thus, theories of motivation can be broadly classified as: Content Theories: The content theories find the answer to what motivates an individual and is concerned with individual needs and wants. Following theorists have given their theories of motivation in content perspective: Maslow’s need Hierarchy
Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
McClelland’s Needs Theory
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
Process Theories: The process theories deal with “How” the motivation occurs, i.e. the process of motivation and following theories were given in this context: Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
Adam’s Equity Theory
Reinforcement Theory
Carrot and Stick Approach to Motivation
Thus, these theories posit that how an individual gets motivated to perform the task and what are the factors that contribute towards the motivation.

What are the Theories of Motivation? definition and meaning - Business Jargons

Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation

With the establishment of human organizations, people tried to find out the answer to, what motivates an employee in the organization the most. This gave birth to several content theories and process theories of motivation. The content theories deal with “what” motivates people, whereas the process theories deal with, “How” motivation occurs. Thus, theories of motivation can be broadly classified as: Content Theories: The content theories find the answer to what motivates an individual and is concerned with individual needs and wants. Following theorists have given their theories of motivation in content perspective: Maslow’s need Hierarchy
Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
McClelland’s Needs Theory
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
Process Theories: The process theories deal with “How” the motivation occurs, i.e. the process of motivation and following theories were given in this context: Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
Adam’s Equity Theory
Reinforcement Theory
Carrot and Stick Approach to Motivation
Thus, these theories posit that how an individual gets motivated to perform the task and what are the factors that contribute towards the motivation.

Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
11 Types of Theories of Motivation
4 Early Theories of Motivation
7 Modern or Contemporary Theories of Motivation
 Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
Motivation theories are used to understand, explain, and influence human behavior. Early and modern theories of motivation allow a manager to find the reasons for people’s actions, desires, and needs. Motivation theories also explain how to influence one’s direction to behavior that allows controlling and guiding employees’ actions. Many theories of motivation are developed by phycologists and human resources specialists. 11 Types of Theories of Motivation
4 Early Theories of Motivation
Early theories are important as they represent a foundation from which contemporary theories have grown. Practicing managers still regularly use these theories and their terminology in explaining employee motivation. Early theories of motivation are; Hierarchy of Needs Theory by Maslow,
ERG Theory, developed by Clayton Alderfer.

Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
11 Types of Theories of Motivation
4 Early Theories of Motivation
7 Modern or Contemporary Theories of Motivation

Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
Motivation theories are used to understand, explain, and influence human behavior. Early and modern theories of motivation allow a manager to find the reasons for people’s actions, desires, and needs. Motivation theories also explain how to influence one’s direction to behavior that allows controlling and guiding employees’ actions. Many theories of motivation are developed by phycologists and human resources specialists. 11 Types of Theories of Motivation
4 Early Theories of Motivation
Early theories are important as they represent a foundation from which contemporary theories have grown. Practicing managers still regularly use these theories and their terminology in explaining employee motivation. Early theories of motivation are; Hierarchy of Needs Theory by Maslow,
ERG Theory, developed by Clayton Alderfer.

Motivation and Motivation Theory
Motivation and Motivation Theory
Motivation and Motivation Theory
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
MAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR (MBTI)
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Motivation and Motivation Theory | Encyclopedia.com
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Motivation and Motivation Theory
Motivation and Motivation Theory
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Motivation and Motivation Theory
The term motivation is derived from the Latin word movere, meaning “ to move. ” Motivation can be broadly defined as the forces acting on or within a person that cause the arousal, direction, and persistence of goal-directed, voluntary effort. Motivation theory is thus concerned with the processes that explain why and how human behavior is activated. The broad rubric of motivation and motivation theory is one of the most frequently studied and written-about topics in the organizational sciences, and it is considered one of the most important areas of study in the field of organizational behavior. Despite the magnitude of the effort that has been devoted to the study of motivation, there is no single theory of motivation that is universally accepted. The lack of a unified theory of motivation reflects both the complexity of the construct and the diverse backgrounds and aims of those who study it. To delineate these crucial points, it is illuminating to consider the development of motivation and motivation theory as the objects of scientific inquiry. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Early explanations of motivation focused on instincts. Psychologists writing in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries suggested that human beings were basically programmed to behave in certain ways, depending upon the behavioral cues to which they were exposed. Sigmund Freud, for example, argued that the most powerful determinants of individual behavior were those of which the individual was not consciously aware.

Employee motivation - Wikipedia Employee motivation
Employee motivation
Contents
Motivational techniques
Taylorism
Hawthorne effect
Job design
Rewards
Intrinsic rewards: Job Characteristics Model
Employee participation
Quality-of-work-life programs
Employee Engagement
Motivational theories
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Herzberg's two-factor theory
Vroom's expectancy theory
Locke's goal theory
Locke and Latham's five goal setting principles
See also
References
 Contents
1 Motivational techniques
1.1 Taylorism
1.2 Hawthorne effect
2 Job design
2.1 Rewards
2.1.1 Intrinsic rewards: Job Characteristics Model
2.2 Employee participation
2.3 Quality-of-work-life programs
3 Motivational theories
3.1 Maslow's hierarchy of needs
3.2 Herzberg's two-factor theory
3.3 Vroom's expectancy theory
3.4 Locke's goal theory
3.5 Locke and Latham's five goal setting principles
4 See also
5 References
Motivational techniques

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Motivation is the impulse that an individual has in a job or activity to reaching an end goal. There are multiple theories of how best to motivate workers, but all agree that a well-motivated work force means a more productive work force. Taylorism
Fredrick Winslow Taylor was one of the first theorist to attempt to understand employee motivation. His theory of scientific management, also referred to as Taylorism, analyzes the productivity of the workforce. Taylor's basic theory of motivation, is that workers are motivated by money. He viewed employees not as individuals, but as pieces of a larger workforce;

Employee motivation - Wikipedia

Employee motivation
Employee motivation
Contents
Motivational techniques
Taylorism
Hawthorne effect
Job design
Rewards
Intrinsic rewards: Job Characteristics Model
Employee participation
Quality-of-work-life programs
Employee Engagement
Motivational theories
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Herzberg's two-factor theory
Vroom's expectancy theory
Locke's goal theory
Locke and Latham's five goal setting principles
See also
References

Contents
1 Motivational techniques
1.1 Taylorism
1.2 Hawthorne effect
2 Job design
2.1 Rewards
2.1.1 Intrinsic rewards: Job Characteristics Model
2.2 Employee participation
2.3 Quality-of-work-life programs
3 Motivational theories
3.1 Maslow's hierarchy of needs
3.2 Herzberg's two-factor theory
3.3 Vroom's expectancy theory
3.4 Locke's goal theory
3.5 Locke and Latham's five goal setting principles
4 See also
5 References
Motivational techniques

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Motivation is the impulse that an individual has in a job or activity to reaching an end goal. There are multiple theories of how best to motivate workers, but all agree that a well-motivated work force means a more productive work force. Taylorism
Fredrick Winslow Taylor was one of the first theorist to attempt to understand employee motivation. His theory of scientific management, also referred to as Taylorism, analyzes the productivity of the workforce. Taylor's basic theory of motivation, is that workers are motivated by money. He viewed employees not as individuals, but as pieces of a larger workforce;

Motivation Psychology Motivation Psychology
Motivation Psychology
Introduction
A Simple Understanding Of Motivation Psychology
Types of Motivation in Psychology
Theories of Motivation in Psychology
Motivation Psychology Articles
What Is Motivation Theory?
What Are the Different Theories of Motivation?
What Is the Humanistic Approach to Motivation?
What Is a Motivated Behavior?
What Is Physiological Motivation?
RESOURCES
 Different theories can highlight various components that become instrumental in understanding why a person acts, behaves, or does certain things he or she does. What Are the Different Theories of Motivation? Some of the theories of motivation include Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, Expectancy Theory, Three-Dimensional Theory of Attribution, and the Hawthorne Effect. We already discussed Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in short, and Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory differs in that it focuses on motivator factors and hygiene factors. Motivator factors are those that can lead to satisfaction, either internally or externally. Hygiene factors can lead to dissatisfaction, including poor salary, poor working conditions, relationship problems, and more. We also touched on Expectancy Theory briefly, but the Three-Dimensional Theory of Attribution focuses on how a person attributes success or a lack of success to various components or factors in their life, which can impact motivation moving forward. The Hawthorne Effect looks at how changes can affect a person’s motivational foundation. See: Motivational Theory
What Is the Humanistic Approach to Motivation?

Motivation Psychology

Motivation Psychology
Motivation Psychology
Introduction
A Simple Understanding Of Motivation Psychology
Types of Motivation in Psychology
Theories of Motivation in Psychology
Motivation Psychology Articles
What Is Motivation Theory?
What Are the Different Theories of Motivation?
What Is the Humanistic Approach to Motivation?
What Is a Motivated Behavior?
What Is Physiological Motivation?
RESOURCES

Different theories can highlight various components that become instrumental in understanding why a person acts, behaves, or does certain things he or she does. What Are the Different Theories of Motivation? Some of the theories of motivation include Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, Expectancy Theory, Three-Dimensional Theory of Attribution, and the Hawthorne Effect. We already discussed Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in short, and Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory differs in that it focuses on motivator factors and hygiene factors. Motivator factors are those that can lead to satisfaction, either internally or externally. Hygiene factors can lead to dissatisfaction, including poor salary, poor working conditions, relationship problems, and more. We also touched on Expectancy Theory briefly, but the Three-Dimensional Theory of Attribution focuses on how a person attributes success or a lack of success to various components or factors in their life, which can impact motivation moving forward. The Hawthorne Effect looks at how changes can affect a person’s motivational foundation. See: Motivational Theory
What Is the Humanistic Approach to Motivation?

Theories of Motivation | Motivation Training from EPM Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories vs. Process Theories
1. Content Theories
2. Process Theories
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
2. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
3. McClelland’s Three Needs Theory
4. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
a. Theory X
b. Theory Y
5. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
6. Adam’s Equity Theory
7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
8. Taylor’s Motivation Theory – Scientific Management
9. Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory of Motivation
10. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory of Motivation
11. Mayo’s Motivation Theory
12. Locke’s Goal Setting Theory
Theories of Motivation: Summary
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 Content Theories
Content theories are also sometimes called needs theories. They look at motivation from the perspective of our needs and aspirations. The theories then discuss motivation in terms of filling these needs. You can think of content theories of motivation as focusing on WHAT will motivate us. The main content theories of motivation are – Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Alderfer’s ERG Theory, McClelland’s Three Needs Theory, Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory, and McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y.
2. Process Theories
Process theories look at how people are motivated. They are concerned with the process by which motivation occurs, and how we can adjust our processes to alter motivation levels. You can think of process theories of motivation as focusing on HOW motivation occurs. The main process theories of motivation are – Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory, Vroom’s Expectancy Theory, Adam’s Equity Theory, and Locke’s Goal Setting Theory. The diagram below shows how the different motivation theories fit within the scheme of things.

Theories of Motivation | Motivation Training from EPM

Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories vs. Process Theories
1. Content Theories
2. Process Theories
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
2. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
3. McClelland’s Three Needs Theory
4. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
a. Theory X
b. Theory Y
5. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
6. Adam’s Equity Theory
7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
8. Taylor’s Motivation Theory – Scientific Management
9. Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory of Motivation
10. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory of Motivation
11. Mayo’s Motivation Theory
12. Locke’s Goal Setting Theory
Theories of Motivation: Summary
Ready to start your own business?

Content Theories
Content theories are also sometimes called needs theories. They look at motivation from the perspective of our needs and aspirations. The theories then discuss motivation in terms of filling these needs. You can think of content theories of motivation as focusing on WHAT will motivate us. The main content theories of motivation are – Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Alderfer’s ERG Theory, McClelland’s Three Needs Theory, Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory, and McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y.
2. Process Theories
Process theories look at how people are motivated. They are concerned with the process by which motivation occurs, and how we can adjust our processes to alter motivation levels. You can think of process theories of motivation as focusing on HOW motivation occurs. The main process theories of motivation are – Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory, Vroom’s Expectancy Theory, Adam’s Equity Theory, and Locke’s Goal Setting Theory. The diagram below shows how the different motivation theories fit within the scheme of things.

Key Elements of Leadership and Motivational Theory | Small Business - Chron.com Key Elements of Leadership and Motivational Theory
Key Elements of Leadership and Motivational Theory
Significance
Leadership Elements
Motivational Elements
Application
 If used effectively, leadership and motivational theories enable you to lead employees and the company toward success. You achieve this by understanding the key elements of basic leadership and motivational theories and applying them accordingly. Leadership Elements
Leadership theories are separated into four main groups: behavioral, trait, contingency, and power and influence. Under behavioral theory, autocratic leaders make decisions without consulting anyone else, democratic leaders consider the teams’ input when making decisions, and laissez-faire leaders practice noninterference, allowing the team to make many of the decisions. Under contingency theory, the situation dictates the leadership style that is used. The argument is that one leadership style doesn’t dictate the type of leadership that should be applied, but rather the situation itself does. Under trait theory, leaders have certain common attributes that they share and the style of leadership emerges from these characteristics. Power and influence theory is based on power and influence tactics leaders use to get things done. Motivational Elements
Famous psychologist Abraham Maslow's motivational theory has helped managers to conceive employee motivation.

Key Elements of Leadership and Motivational Theory | Small Business - Chron.com

Key Elements of Leadership and Motivational Theory
Key Elements of Leadership and Motivational Theory
Significance
Leadership Elements
Motivational Elements
Application

If used effectively, leadership and motivational theories enable you to lead employees and the company toward success. You achieve this by understanding the key elements of basic leadership and motivational theories and applying them accordingly. Leadership Elements
Leadership theories are separated into four main groups: behavioral, trait, contingency, and power and influence. Under behavioral theory, autocratic leaders make decisions without consulting anyone else, democratic leaders consider the teams’ input when making decisions, and laissez-faire leaders practice noninterference, allowing the team to make many of the decisions. Under contingency theory, the situation dictates the leadership style that is used. The argument is that one leadership style doesn’t dictate the type of leadership that should be applied, but rather the situation itself does. Under trait theory, leaders have certain common attributes that they share and the style of leadership emerges from these characteristics. Power and influence theory is based on power and influence tactics leaders use to get things done. Motivational Elements
Famous psychologist Abraham Maslow's motivational theory has helped managers to conceive employee motivation.

Process Theories Of Motivation - How Personal Needs Drive Behaviour Process theories of motivation
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1. Starting
2. Leadership
3. Practise
4. Process
5. Self Improve
About Me
Misc
Process theories of motivation
Personal needs drive behaviour
Process theories of motivation - Adam's Equity Theory
Practical Application of Process Theories of Motivation to change leadership and management
Further Resources
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Process theories of motivation
Personal needs drive behaviour
Process theories of motivation are about a cognitive rational process and concentrate on the psychological and behavioural processes that motivate an individual. Put simply, this is all about how people's needs influence and drive their behaviour. People need to see what is in it for them and to sense that "fair play" is being exercised to all concerned. Clearly a basic understanding of this is foundational to the psychological underpinning of successful change management and the strategies for managing change that will deliver that. These process theories of motivation also totally support and underpin the findings and practical observations of Goleman, Katzenbach, Pearson, Axelrod and others referred to in Inspirational Motivation and the research and thought leadership highlighted in
Leading Change. The two main process theories of motivation are Expectancy Theory and Equity Theory . Expectancy theory [also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory] is associated with Vroom, Porter and Lawler and it suggests that effort (a) is linked to the desire for a particular outcome, and (b)moderated by an evaluation of the likelihood of success. Expectancy Theory
This is a pragmatic perspective that assumes that as we are constantly trying to predict potential future outcomes, we attempt to create what we perceive to be as realistic expectations about future events. Thus if things look reasonably likely and attractive, and if we know what to do in order to get there, and we believe we can actually do it, then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true. According to Victor Vroom, individual motivation depends on three variables, namely:

Process theories of motivation
Index
Practitioners Masterclass Materials
Blog
Resources & Courses
On-Site Themes
1. Starting
2. Leadership
3. Practise
4. Process
5. Self Improve
About Me
Misc
Process theories of motivation
Personal needs drive behaviour
Process theories of motivation - Adam's Equity Theory
Practical Application of Process Theories of Motivation to change leadership and management
Further Resources

Work motivation - Wikipedia Work motivation
Work motivation
Contents
Theories
Need-based theories
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Need for achievement
Cognitive process theories
Equity theory
Expectancy theory
F = E (Σ I × V)
Goal-setting theory
Social cognitive theory
Behavioral approach to motivation
Job-based theories
Motivation–hygiene theory
Job characteristics theory
Self-regulation theory
Work engagement
Applications of motivation
Organizational reward systems
Motivation through design of work
Humanistic Approach
Job Characteristics Approach
Interdisciplinary Approach
Other factors affecting motivation
Creativity
Groups and teams
Culture
Strength
Strategic Appropriateness
Adaptability
Competing Values Framework
Personality Approach
See also
References
 These psychological processes result in four outcomes. First, motivation serves to direct attention, focusing on particular issues, people, tasks, etc. It also serves to stimulate an employee to put forth effort. Next, motivation results in persistence, preventing one from deviating from the goal-seeking behavior. Finally, motivation results in task strategies, which as defined by Mitchell & Daniels, are "patterns of behavior produced to reach a particular goal. Contents
1 Theories
1.1 Need-based theories
1.1.1 Maslow's hierarchy of needs
1.1.2 Need for achievement
1.2 Cognitive process theories
1.2.1 Equity theory
1.2.2 Expectancy theory
1.2.3 Goal-setting theory
1.2.4 Social cognitive theory
1.3 Behavioral approach to motivation
1.4 Job-based theories
1.4.1 Motivation–hygiene theory
1.4.2 Job characteristics theory
1.5 Self-regulation theory
1.6 Work engagement
2 Applications of motivation
2.1 Organizational reward systems
2.2 Motivation through design of work
3 Other factors affecting motivation
3.1 Creativity
3.2 Groups and teams
3.3 Culture
4 See also
5 References
Theories
A number of various theories attempt to describe employee motivation within the discipline of industrial and organizational psychology. At the macro level, work motivation can be categorized into two types, endogenous process (individual, cognitive) theories and exogenous cause (environmental) theories. Many theories fit simply into one type, but hybrid types such as self-determination theory attempt to account for both. It can be helpful to further divide theories into the four broad categories of need-based, cognitive process, behavioral, and job-based. Need-based theories
Need-based theories of motivation focus on an employee's drive to satisfy a variety of needs through their work.

Work motivation - Wikipedia

Work motivation
Work motivation
Contents
Theories
Need-based theories
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Need for achievement
Cognitive process theories
Equity theory
Expectancy theory
F = E (Σ I × V)
Goal-setting theory
Social cognitive theory
Behavioral approach to motivation
Job-based theories
Motivation–hygiene theory
Job characteristics theory
Self-regulation theory
Work engagement
Applications of motivation
Organizational reward systems
Motivation through design of work
Humanistic Approach
Job Characteristics Approach
Interdisciplinary Approach
Other factors affecting motivation
Creativity
Groups and teams
Culture
Strength
Strategic Appropriateness
Adaptability
Competing Values Framework
Personality Approach
See also
References

Motivation and Motivation Theory | Encyclopedia.com Motivation and Motivation Theory
Motivation and Motivation Theory
Motivation and Motivation Theory
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
MAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR (MBTI)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 According to Steers, Porter, and Bigley in Motivation and Leadership at Work, in the early twentieth century researchers began to examine other possible explanations for differences in individual motivation. Some researchers focused on internal drives as an explanation for motivated behavior. Others studied the effect of learning and how individuals base current behavior on the consequences of past behavior. Still others examined the influence of individuals' cognitive processes, such as the beliefs they have about future events. Over time, these major theoretical streams of research in motivation were classified into two major schools: the content theories of motivation and the process theories of motivation. MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
Content (or need) theories of motivation focus on factors internal to the individual that energize and direct behavior. In general, such theories regard motivation as the product of internal drives that compel an individual to act or move (hence, “ motivate ”) toward the satisfaction of individual needs. The content theories of motivation are based in large part on early theories of motivation that traced the paths of action backward to their perceived origin in internal drives. Major content theories of motivation are Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Alderfer's ERG theory, Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, and McClelland's learned needs or three-needs theory.

According to Steers, Porter, and Bigley in Motivation and Leadership at Work, in the early twentieth century researchers began to examine other possible explanations for differences in individual motivation. Some researchers focused on internal drives as an explanation for motivated behavior. Others studied the effect of learning and how individuals base current behavior on the consequences of past behavior. Still others examined the influence of individuals' cognitive processes, such as the beliefs they have about future events. Over time, these major theoretical streams of research in motivation were classified into two major schools: the content theories of motivation and the process theories of motivation. MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
Content (or need) theories of motivation focus on factors internal to the individual that energize and direct behavior. In general, such theories regard motivation as the product of internal drives that compel an individual to act or move (hence, “ motivate ”) toward the satisfaction of individual needs. The content theories of motivation are based in large part on early theories of motivation that traced the paths of action backward to their perceived origin in internal drives. Major content theories of motivation are Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Alderfer's ERG theory, Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, and McClelland's learned needs or three-needs theory.

Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
Hypotheses and theory
Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
Reuben M. Badubi
Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
1. Introduction
2. Motivation
2.1 Job Satisfaction
3. Theories of Motivation
3.1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
3.2. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory/Motivator-Hygiene
3.3. McGregor’s X and Y Theories
3.4. McClelland’s Need Achievement Theory
3.5. The Equity Theory
3.6. Value – Percept Theory
3.7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
3.8. Porter-Lawler Model
4. Risk Analysis of De-Motivated Employees in Organizations
4.1. Operational Risks
4.2. Personnel Risks
4.3. Reputational Risks
4.4. Environmental Risks
4.5. Health Risks
4.6. Financial Risks
5. Importance of Motivation in the Workplace
6. Conclusion
References
theories of motivation

A qualitative approach and theory based application were considered for this study. theories of motivation
Keywords: Motivation, Job Satisfaction, Intrinsic, Extrinsic
Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
1. Introduction
In all enterprises whether private or state owned, motivation plays a key role in driving employees towards achieving their goals, organizational goals and to a certain extent the dreams of their nations. There are many theories of motivation, and they mostly give a relation or influence the outcomes of employee job satisfaction. There are three main theory categories, namely content theories, process theories and contemporary theories (Saif, Nawaz, Jan & Khan, 2012). Generally speaking, these theories include Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Herzberg’s motivator-hygiene (or two-factor) theory, Alderfer’s Existence, Relatedness and Growth theory, and McClelland’s needs theory. How motivation comes about and how it leads to satisfaction is explained by process theories; theories that fall into this category include Porter-Lawler’s model and expectancy theory by Vroom.

Motivation and Motivation Theory - levels, system, model, hierarchy, workplace, business, system, Historical development, Major content theories MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION THEORY
MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION THEORY
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS.
ALDERFER'S ERG THEORY.
MOTIVATOR-HYGIENE THEORY.
MCCLELLAND'S LEARNED NEEDS THEORY.
MAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
EXPECTANCY THEORY.
EQUITY THEORY.
GOAL-SETTING THEORY.
REINFORCEMENT THEORY.
FURTHER READING:
 Motivation and Motivation Theory - levels, system, model, hierarchy, workplace, business, system, Historical development, Major content theories
Home
Encyclopedia of Management
Mar-No
Motivation and Motivation Theory
MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION THEORY
Photo by: Helder Almeida
The term motivation is derived from the Latin word movere, meaning "to move." Motivation can be broadly defined as the  forces acting on or within a person that cause the arousal, direction, and  persistence of goal-directed, voluntary effort. Motivation theory is thus  concerned with the processes that explain why and how human behavior is  activated. The broad rubric of motivation and motivation theory is one of the most  frequently studied and written-about topics in the organizational  sciences, and is considered one of the most important areas of study in  the field of organizational behavior. Despite the magnitude of the effort  that has been devoted to the study of motivation, there is no single  theory of motivation that is universally accepted. The lack of a unified  theory of motivation reflects both the complexity of the construct and the  diverse backgrounds and aims of those who study it. To delineate these  crucial points, it is illuminating to consider the development of  motivation and motivation theory as the objects of scientific inquiry. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Early explanations of motivation focused on instincts. Psychologists  writing in the late 19th and early twentieth centuries suggested that  human beings were basically programmed to behave in certain ways,  depending upon the behavioral cues to which they were exposed.

Motivation and Motivation Theory - levels, system, model, hierarchy, workplace, business, system, Historical development, Major content theories

MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION THEORY
MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION THEORY
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS.
ALDERFER'S ERG THEORY.
MOTIVATOR-HYGIENE THEORY.
MCCLELLAND'S LEARNED NEEDS THEORY.
MAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
EXPECTANCY THEORY.
EQUITY THEORY.
GOAL-SETTING THEORY.
REINFORCEMENT THEORY.
FURTHER READING:

Motivation and Motivation Theory - levels, system, model, hierarchy, workplace, business, system, Historical development, Major content theories
Home
Encyclopedia of Management
Mar-No
Motivation and Motivation Theory
MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION THEORY
Photo by: Helder Almeida
The term motivation is derived from the Latin word movere, meaning "to move." Motivation can be broadly defined as the  forces acting on or within a person that cause the arousal, direction, and  persistence of goal-directed, voluntary effort. Motivation theory is thus  concerned with the processes that explain why and how human behavior is  activated. The broad rubric of motivation and motivation theory is one of the most  frequently studied and written-about topics in the organizational  sciences, and is considered one of the most important areas of study in  the field of organizational behavior. Despite the magnitude of the effort  that has been devoted to the study of motivation, there is no single  theory of motivation that is universally accepted. The lack of a unified  theory of motivation reflects both the complexity of the construct and the  diverse backgrounds and aims of those who study it. To delineate these  crucial points, it is illuminating to consider the development of  motivation and motivation theory as the objects of scientific inquiry. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Early explanations of motivation focused on instincts. Psychologists  writing in the late 19th and early twentieth centuries suggested that  human beings were basically programmed to behave in certain ways,  depending upon the behavioral cues to which they were exposed.

What is Motivation? definition and theories - Business Jargons Motivation
Motivation
Theories of Motivation
 What is Motivation? definition and theories - Business Jargons
Motivation
Definition: Motivation is a driving force which affects the choice of alternatives in the behaviour of a person. It improves, stimulates and induces employees leading to goal-oriented behaviour. For example, promotion is a motivating factor as employees work to achieve preset targets for getting a promotion. Motivation can be monetary, e.g., rewards given in the form of a car or a hike in the salary or it can be non-monetary in the form of public appreciation. Theories of Motivation
There are two types of theories in motivation: content and process theories. Content theories of motivation
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: Maslow classified human needs into five basic categories as shown in the figure.

What is Motivation? definition and theories - Business Jargons

Motivation
Motivation
Theories of Motivation

What is Motivation? definition and theories - Business Jargons
Motivation
Definition: Motivation is a driving force which affects the choice of alternatives in the behaviour of a person. It improves, stimulates and induces employees leading to goal-oriented behaviour. For example, promotion is a motivating factor as employees work to achieve preset targets for getting a promotion. Motivation can be monetary, e.g., rewards given in the form of a car or a hike in the salary or it can be non-monetary in the form of public appreciation. Theories of Motivation
There are two types of theories in motivation: content and process theories. Content theories of motivation
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: Maslow classified human needs into five basic categories as shown in the figure.

The Pros And Cons Of Maslow's Theory - 1250 Words | Bartleby The Pros And Cons Of Maslow's Theory
The Pros And Cons Of Maslow's Theory
Maslow 's Hierarchy Of Needs Theory
Case Study on Google
Herzberg's Two Factor Theory On Genting Malaysia
Motivational Theories and Factors
Maslow Case Study Questions
The Theory Of Human Motivation
The Qualities Of An Ineffective Leader
Theory X Vs Theory Y : A Manager 's Choice
Examples Of Hierarchy Of Apple
Management And Team Skills ( Ilm ) : Improving Performance Of The Work Team
 Within Maslow’s theory, we can place monetary incentives in the “lower needs” category. This category must be satisfied before other needs can be satisfied. When employers
Read More
Case Study on Google
1510 Words | 7 Pages
Executive Summary  Google offers benefits and perks to its employees, this made the company known as “the best company to work for” for two years running, as named by Fortune Magazine. All these benefits were made by the Google executives so that employees would feel that they are valued, and focus more on their work. However, despite the many benefits, perks and amenities that the company provides, many people are still leaving. An example of this would be Sean Knapp and two of his colleagues
Read More
Herzberg's Two Factor Theory On Genting Malaysia
2900 Words | 12 Pages
awards and recognition to the excellent employees. For example, events such as Employee of the Month awards and Employees Appreciation Nights are held to recognise the outstanding employees. (“ Genting Malaysia Berhad – Sustainability”, n.d.). The theory is supported with considerable empirical data and is included in other research that is supportive of the original hypothesis. Furthermore, recognizes the fact that motivation comes from within the individual as opposed to any external factors, but
Read More
Motivational Theories and Factors
863 Words | 4 Pages
Motivational Theories and Factors According to DuBrin, “…motivation is an energizing force that stimulates arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior” (2004, p. 121).

The Pros And Cons Of Maslow's Theory - 1250 Words | Bartleby

The Pros And Cons Of Maslow's Theory
The Pros And Cons Of Maslow's Theory
Maslow 's Hierarchy Of Needs Theory
Case Study on Google
Herzberg's Two Factor Theory On Genting Malaysia
Motivational Theories and Factors
Maslow Case Study Questions
The Theory Of Human Motivation
The Qualities Of An Ineffective Leader
Theory X Vs Theory Y : A Manager 's Choice
Examples Of Hierarchy Of Apple
Management And Team Skills ( Ilm ) : Improving Performance Of The Work Team

Within Maslow’s theory, we can place monetary incentives in the “lower needs” category. This category must be satisfied before other needs can be satisfied. When employers
Read More
Case Study on Google
1510 Words | 7 Pages
Executive Summary  Google offers benefits and perks to its employees, this made the company known as “the best company to work for” for two years running, as named by Fortune Magazine. All these benefits were made by the Google executives so that employees would feel that they are valued, and focus more on their work. However, despite the many benefits, perks and amenities that the company provides, many people are still leaving. An example of this would be Sean Knapp and two of his colleagues
Read More
Herzberg's Two Factor Theory On Genting Malaysia
2900 Words | 12 Pages
awards and recognition to the excellent employees. For example, events such as Employee of the Month awards and Employees Appreciation Nights are held to recognise the outstanding employees. (“ Genting Malaysia Berhad – Sustainability”, n.d.). The theory is supported with considerable empirical data and is included in other research that is supportive of the original hypothesis. Furthermore, recognizes the fact that motivation comes from within the individual as opposed to any external factors, but
Read More
Motivational Theories and Factors
863 Words | 4 Pages
Motivational Theories and Factors According to DuBrin, “…motivation is an energizing force that stimulates arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior” (2004, p. 121).

Three Major Theories of Motivation | Your Business Three Major Theories of Motivation
Three Major Theories of Motivation
by Freddie Silver
What is Motivation?
Taylor's Theory of Scientifc Management
Mayo's Theory of Human Relations
Maslow and Herzberg's Theory of Human Needs
Expectancy Theory in Business Organizations
 A basic understanding of three major motivation theories helps us to see how motivation can be applied in the workplace. What is Motivation? Stated simply, motivation is the driving force behind all people's actions. Behavioral psychologists have conducted research investigating why people behave the way they do. Entrepreneurs who understand the theories that were developed from this research about what makes people tick learn how to motivate purchasers to buy their products and use their services. Employers also want to find the key that motivates workers to work diligently and productively. Taylor's Theory of Scientifc Management
Frederick Taylor's theory of motivation states that most workers are motivated solely by the pay they receive for the work they do. He postulated that most workers do not enjoy the work they do and only perform when given the direct reward of monetary payment. His ideas were adopted by Henry Ford and other industrialists who paid their factory workers according to the number of items produced. This theory lost favor as workers became frustrated and production was frequently halted due to strikes by disgruntled employees.

Three Major Theories of Motivation | Your Business

Three Major Theories of Motivation
Three Major Theories of Motivation
by Freddie Silver
What is Motivation?
Taylor's Theory of Scientifc Management
Mayo's Theory of Human Relations
Maslow and Herzberg's Theory of Human Needs
Expectancy Theory in Business Organizations

A basic understanding of three major motivation theories helps us to see how motivation can be applied in the workplace. What is Motivation? Stated simply, motivation is the driving force behind all people's actions. Behavioral psychologists have conducted research investigating why people behave the way they do. Entrepreneurs who understand the theories that were developed from this research about what makes people tick learn how to motivate purchasers to buy their products and use their services. Employers also want to find the key that motivates workers to work diligently and productively. Taylor's Theory of Scientifc Management
Frederick Taylor's theory of motivation states that most workers are motivated solely by the pay they receive for the work they do. He postulated that most workers do not enjoy the work they do and only perform when given the direct reward of monetary payment. His ideas were adopted by Henry Ford and other industrialists who paid their factory workers according to the number of items produced. This theory lost favor as workers became frustrated and production was frequently halted due to strikes by disgruntled employees.

Motivating an Organization | Boundless Management Motivating an Organization
Motivating an Organization
The Importance of Motivation
Learning Objectives
Key Takeaways
Key Points
Key Terms
Motivation in the Workplace
Internal and External Motivation
Perspectives on Motivation
Learning Objectives
Key Takeaways
Key Points
Key Terms
Needs-Oriented Theories
Hierarchy of Needs
Need for Achievement Theory
Cognition-Oriented Theories
Equity Theory
Expectancy Theory
Behavior-Oriented Theories
Job-Oriented Theories
Two-Factor Theory
Work Engagement Theory
 Motivation in the workplace is primarily concerned with improving employees’ focus, often through pursuing positive incentives and avoiding negative ones. Theories of motivation are of course rooted in psychology. An individual must direct their attention toward a task, generate the necessary effort to achieve that task, and persist in working toward it despite potential distractions. Various theories have attempted to identify the factors that contribute to effective employee motivation, most of which are easily divided into four broad categories: Needs-oriented theories
Cognition-oriented theories
Behavior-oriented theories
Job-oriented theories
Needs-Oriented Theories
At its most basic, motivation can be defined as the fulfillment of various human needs. These needs can encompass a range of human desires, from basic, tangible needs of survival to complex, emotional needs surrounding an individual’s psychological well-being. Hierarchy of Needs
The most well-known example of a needs-oriented theory of motivation is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow postulated that needs should be fulfilled in a particular scaffolded order, with food, water, and shelter in the bottom, most fundamental two tiers and intangible needs such as fulfillment, self-esteem, and a sense of belonging in the upper three tiers. While this framework makes a certain amount of logical sense, critics have noted that there have been minimal data that suggest employees strive to satisfy needs in the workplace in accordance with this hierarchical framework. But the fundamental idea behind Maslow’s model is that individuals have various tangible and intangible desires that can be leveraged in the use of motivational incentives.

Motivating an Organization | Boundless Management

Motivating an Organization
Motivating an Organization
The Importance of Motivation
Learning Objectives
Key Takeaways
Key Points
Key Terms
Motivation in the Workplace
Internal and External Motivation
Perspectives on Motivation
Learning Objectives
Key Takeaways
Key Points
Key Terms
Needs-Oriented Theories
Hierarchy of Needs
Need for Achievement Theory
Cognition-Oriented Theories
Equity Theory
Expectancy Theory
Behavior-Oriented Theories
Job-Oriented Theories
Two-Factor Theory
Work Engagement Theory

Motivation in the workplace is primarily concerned with improving employees’ focus, often through pursuing positive incentives and avoiding negative ones. Theories of motivation are of course rooted in psychology. An individual must direct their attention toward a task, generate the necessary effort to achieve that task, and persist in working toward it despite potential distractions. Various theories have attempted to identify the factors that contribute to effective employee motivation, most of which are easily divided into four broad categories: Needs-oriented theories
Cognition-oriented theories
Behavior-oriented theories
Job-oriented theories
Needs-Oriented Theories
At its most basic, motivation can be defined as the fulfillment of various human needs. These needs can encompass a range of human desires, from basic, tangible needs of survival to complex, emotional needs surrounding an individual’s psychological well-being. Hierarchy of Needs
The most well-known example of a needs-oriented theory of motivation is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow postulated that needs should be fulfilled in a particular scaffolded order, with food, water, and shelter in the bottom, most fundamental two tiers and intangible needs such as fulfillment, self-esteem, and a sense of belonging in the upper three tiers. While this framework makes a certain amount of logical sense, critics have noted that there have been minimal data that suggest employees strive to satisfy needs in the workplace in accordance with this hierarchical framework. But the fundamental idea behind Maslow’s model is that individuals have various tangible and intangible desires that can be leveraged in the use of motivational incentives.

Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Home → Fundamentals of Management
Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Table of Contents
Theories of Motivation
1. Content or Need Theories:
(i) Acquired – Needs Theory:
(ii) ERG theory:
(iii) Two-factor theory:
(iv) Need Hierarchy Theory:
2. Cognitive Theories:
(i) Expectancy Theory:
(ii) Goal-Setting Theory:
3. Reinforcement Theory:
4. Behavioral Theories:
(i) Theory X and Theory Y:
Theory X:
Theory Y:
(ii) Theory Z:
So, this is the full explanation on the topic of theories of motivation…
Comments (0)
 Humans have different perceptions and needs about how they will satisfy those basic needs. All types of motivational theories focus on these relationships (individual needs and perceptions about how to satisfy them) but in another way. Some of the important theories of motivation are as follows:-
1. Content or Need Theories-
Acquired-Needs theory- By David C. McClelland
ERG theory- By Clayton Alderfer
Two-factor theory- By Frederick Herzberg
Need hierarchy theory- By Maslow
2. Cognitive Theories-
Expectancy theory- By Victor H. Vroom and Porter
Goal Setting theory- By Locke and Latham
3. Reinforcement Theory-
4. Behavioral Theories-
Theory X and Theory Y- By McGregor
Theory Z- Ouchi
Table of Contents
Theories of Motivation
1. Content or Need Theories: (i) Acquired – Needs Theory: (ii) ERG theory:

Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management

Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Home → Fundamentals of Management
Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Table of Contents
Theories of Motivation
1. Content or Need Theories:
(i) Acquired – Needs Theory:
(ii) ERG theory:
(iii) Two-factor theory:
(iv) Need Hierarchy Theory:
2. Cognitive Theories:
(i) Expectancy Theory:
(ii) Goal-Setting Theory:
3. Reinforcement Theory:
4. Behavioral Theories:
(i) Theory X and Theory Y:
Theory X:
Theory Y:
(ii) Theory Z:
So, this is the full explanation on the topic of theories of motivation…
Comments (0)

Humans have different perceptions and needs about how they will satisfy those basic needs. All types of motivational theories focus on these relationships (individual needs and perceptions about how to satisfy them) but in another way. Some of the important theories of motivation are as follows:-
1. Content or Need Theories-
Acquired-Needs theory- By David C. McClelland
ERG theory- By Clayton Alderfer
Two-factor theory- By Frederick Herzberg
Need hierarchy theory- By Maslow
2. Cognitive Theories-
Expectancy theory- By Victor H. Vroom and Porter
Goal Setting theory- By Locke and Latham
3. Reinforcement Theory-
4. Behavioral Theories-
Theory X and Theory Y- By McGregor
Theory Z- Ouchi
Table of Contents
Theories of Motivation
1. Content or Need Theories: (i) Acquired – Needs Theory: (ii) ERG theory:

A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory | A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory
A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory
What is Motivation?
1. Content Theories about Motivation
Incentive Theory
2. Process Theories about Motivation
Expectancy Theory
Goal Theory
Like this:
 I strongly belive that motivating people with visionary and shared goals is more favorable than motivating through tactics, incentives or manipulation through simple carrot and stick approaches because motivating with vision is natural wheras the former is artificial and ephemeral). Now, lets rise on the shoulders of the giants : A Classification of Motivation Theories (Content vs. Process)
Motivation theories can be classified broadly into two different perspectives: Content and Process theories. Content Theories deal with “what” motivates people and it is concerned with individual needs and goals. Maslow, Alderfer, Herzberg and McCelland studied motivation from a “content” perspective. Process Theories deal with the “process” of motivation and is concerned with “how” motivation occurs. Vroom, Porter & Lawler, Adams and Locke studied motivation from a “process” perspective. 1. Content Theories about Motivation
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
When motivation theory is being considered the first theory that is being recalled is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs which he has introduced in his 1943 article named as “A Theory of Human Motivation”.

A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory
A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory
What is Motivation?
1. Content Theories about Motivation
Incentive Theory
2. Process Theories about Motivation
Expectancy Theory
Goal Theory
Like this:

I strongly belive that motivating people with visionary and shared goals is more favorable than motivating through tactics, incentives or manipulation through simple carrot and stick approaches because motivating with vision is natural wheras the former is artificial and ephemeral). Now, lets rise on the shoulders of the giants : A Classification of Motivation Theories (Content vs. Process)
Motivation theories can be classified broadly into two different perspectives: Content and Process theories. Content Theories deal with “what” motivates people and it is concerned with individual needs and goals. Maslow, Alderfer, Herzberg and McCelland studied motivation from a “content” perspective. Process Theories deal with the “process” of motivation and is concerned with “how” motivation occurs. Vroom, Porter & Lawler, Adams and Locke studied motivation from a “process” perspective. 1. Content Theories about Motivation
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
When motivation theory is being considered the first theory that is being recalled is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs which he has introduced in his 1943 article named as “A Theory of Human Motivation”.

Content theory - Wikipedia Content theory
Content theory
Contents
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
ERG theory
Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene theory (Two-factor theory)
Need theory
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Sex, Hedonism, and Evolution
Self-determination theory
"16 basic desires" theory
Natural theories
Self-management through teamwork
Wage incentives
Autonomy: increased motivation for autonomous tasks
Rational motivations
Incentive theories: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation
Flow theory
Behaviorist theories
Classical and operant conditioning
Incentive motivation
Motivating operations
Motivation and psychotherapy
Socio-cultural theory
Push and pull
Push
Pull
Self-control
Drives
Drive-reduction theory
Cognitive dissonance theory
Temporal motivation theory
Achievement motivation
Cognitive theories
Goal-setting theory
Expectancy theory
Procrastination
Models of behavior change
Thematic apperception test
Attribution theory
Approach versus avoidance
Conditioned taste aversion.
Unconscious Motivation
Priming
Conscious Motivation
Mental Fatigue
Learned Industriousness
Reversal Theory
Sources
Notes
References
 Find sources: " Content theory" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR
(January 2020)
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This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (March 2013)
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Content theory is a subset of motivational theories that try to define what motivates people. Content theories of motivation often describe a system of needs that motivate peoples' actions. While process theories of motivation attempt to explain how and why our motivations affect our behaviors, content theories of motivation attempt to define what those motives or needs are. Content theory includes the work of David McClelland, Abraham Maslow and other psychologists. Contents
1 McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
2 ERG theory
3 Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene theory (Two-factor theory)
4 Need theory
5 Maslow's hierarchy of needs
6 Sex, Hedonism, and Evolution
7 Self-determination theory
8 "16 basic desires" theory
9 Natural theories
9.1 Self-management through teamwork
9.2 Wage incentives
9.3 Autonomy: increased motivation for autonomous tasks
10 Rational motivations
11 Incentive theories:

Content theory - Wikipedia

Content theory
Content theory
Contents
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
ERG theory
Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene theory (Two-factor theory)
Need theory
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Sex, Hedonism, and Evolution
Self-determination theory
"16 basic desires" theory
Natural theories
Self-management through teamwork
Wage incentives
Autonomy: increased motivation for autonomous tasks
Rational motivations
Incentive theories: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation
Flow theory
Behaviorist theories
Classical and operant conditioning
Incentive motivation
Motivating operations
Motivation and psychotherapy
Socio-cultural theory
Push and pull
Push
Pull
Self-control
Drives
Drive-reduction theory
Cognitive dissonance theory
Temporal motivation theory
Achievement motivation
Cognitive theories
Goal-setting theory
Expectancy theory
Procrastination
Models of behavior change
Thematic apperception test
Attribution theory
Approach versus avoidance
Conditioned taste aversion.
Unconscious Motivation
Priming
Conscious Motivation
Mental Fatigue
Learned Industriousness
Reversal Theory
Sources
Notes
References

Find sources: " Content theory" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR
(January 2020)
( Learn how and when to remove this template message)

This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (March 2013)
( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Content theory is a subset of motivational theories that try to define what motivates people. Content theories of motivation often describe a system of needs that motivate peoples' actions. While process theories of motivation attempt to explain how and why our motivations affect our behaviors, content theories of motivation attempt to define what those motives or needs are. Content theory includes the work of David McClelland, Abraham Maslow and other psychologists. Contents
1 McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
2 ERG theory
3 Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene theory (Two-factor theory)
4 Need theory
5 Maslow's hierarchy of needs
6 Sex, Hedonism, and Evolution
7 Self-determination theory
8 "16 basic desires" theory
9 Natural theories
9.1 Self-management through teamwork
9.2 Wage incentives
9.3 Autonomy: increased motivation for autonomous tasks
10 Rational motivations
11 Incentive theories:

Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories | Bizfluent Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories
Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Incentive Theory
Self-Determination Theory
 Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories | Bizfluent
Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories
By: Kristyn Hammond
Reviewed by: Michelle Seidel, B.Sc., LL.B., MBA
Updated November 08, 2018
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Strengths & Weaknesses of the Expectancy Theory
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What makes people do what they do? What motivates them to make changes? Motivational theories try to explain why people make the decisions that they make, while providing some explanation for how they can motivate themselves and others to improve their behaviors. Each theory is unique. While there are many motivational theories, each having their pros and cons and their supporters and detractors, several are often named when the subject of motivational theories comes up. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Fredrick Herzberg's theory suggests that two motivating factors govern behavior: those that increase an individual’s overall satisfaction, and hygiene factors that provide no satisfaction, but create severe dissatisfaction if absent.

Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories | Bizfluent

Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories
Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Incentive Theory
Self-Determination Theory

Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories | Bizfluent
Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories
By: Kristyn Hammond
Reviewed by: Michelle Seidel, B.Sc., LL.B., MBA
Updated November 08, 2018
Share It
Share
Tweet
Post
Email
Print
Related
Strengths & Weaknesses of the Expectancy Theory
Learn More →
What makes people do what they do? What motivates them to make changes? Motivational theories try to explain why people make the decisions that they make, while providing some explanation for how they can motivate themselves and others to improve their behaviors. Each theory is unique. While there are many motivational theories, each having their pros and cons and their supporters and detractors, several are often named when the subject of motivational theories comes up. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Fredrick Herzberg's theory suggests that two motivating factors govern behavior: those that increase an individual’s overall satisfaction, and hygiene factors that provide no satisfaction, but create severe dissatisfaction if absent.

Content theory - Wikipedia Content theory
Content theory
Contents
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
ERG theory
Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene theory (Two-factor theory)
Need theory
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Sex, Hedonism, and Evolution
Self-determination theory
"16 basic desires" theory
Natural theories
Self-management through teamwork
Wage incentives
Autonomy: increased motivation for autonomous tasks
Rational motivations
Incentive theories: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation
Flow theory
Behaviorist theories
Classical and operant conditioning
Incentive motivation
Motivating operations
Motivation and psychotherapy
Socio-cultural theory
Push and pull
Push
Pull
Self-control
Drives
Drive-reduction theory
Cognitive dissonance theory
Temporal motivation theory
Achievement motivation
Cognitive theories
Goal-setting theory
Expectancy theory
Procrastination
Models of behavior change
Thematic apperception test
Attribution theory
Approach versus avoidance
Conditioned taste aversion.
Unconscious Motivation
Priming
Conscious Motivation
Mental Fatigue
Learned Industriousness
Reversal Theory
Sources
Notes
References
 intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
11.1 Intrinsic motivation
11.2 Extrinsic motivation
12 Flow theory
13 Behaviorist theories
13.1 Classical and operant conditioning
13.1.1 Incentive motivation
13.2 Motivating operations
13.3 Motivation and psychotherapy
14 Socio-cultural theory
15 Push and pull
15.1 Push
15.2 Pull
16 Self-control
17 Drives
18 Drive-reduction theory
19 Cognitive dissonance theory
20 Temporal motivation theory
21 Achievement motivation
22 Cognitive theories
22.1 Goal-setting theory
22.2 Expectancy theory
23 Procrastination
24 Models of behavior change
25 Thematic apperception test
26 Attribution theory
27 Approach versus avoidance
28 Unconscious Motivation
28.1 Priming
28.2 Conscious Motivation
29 Mental Fatigue
30 Learned Industriousness
31 Reversal Theory
32 Sources
33 Notes
34 References
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
Douglas McGregor proposed two different motivational theories. Managers tend to believe one or the other and treat their employees accordingly. Theory X states that employees dislike and try to avoid work, so they must be coerced into doing it. Most workers do not want responsibilities, lack ambition, and value job security more than anything else. McGregor personally held that the more optimistic theory, Y, was more valid. This theory holds that employees can view work as natural, are creative, can be self-motivated, and appreciate responsibility. This type of thinking is popular now, with people becoming more aware of the productivity of self-empowered work teams. ERG theory
ERG Theory was introduced by Clayton Alderfer as an extension to the famous Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. In this theory, the existence or physiological needs are at the base. These include the needs for things such as food, drink, shelter, and safety.

Content theory - Wikipedia

intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
11.1 Intrinsic motivation
11.2 Extrinsic motivation
12 Flow theory
13 Behaviorist theories
13.1 Classical and operant conditioning
13.1.1 Incentive motivation
13.2 Motivating operations
13.3 Motivation and psychotherapy
14 Socio-cultural theory
15 Push and pull
15.1 Push
15.2 Pull
16 Self-control
17 Drives
18 Drive-reduction theory
19 Cognitive dissonance theory
20 Temporal motivation theory
21 Achievement motivation
22 Cognitive theories
22.1 Goal-setting theory
22.2 Expectancy theory
23 Procrastination
24 Models of behavior change
25 Thematic apperception test
26 Attribution theory
27 Approach versus avoidance
28 Unconscious Motivation
28.1 Priming
28.2 Conscious Motivation
29 Mental Fatigue
30 Learned Industriousness
31 Reversal Theory
32 Sources
33 Notes
34 References
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
Douglas McGregor proposed two different motivational theories. Managers tend to believe one or the other and treat their employees accordingly. Theory X states that employees dislike and try to avoid work, so they must be coerced into doing it. Most workers do not want responsibilities, lack ambition, and value job security more than anything else. McGregor personally held that the more optimistic theory, Y, was more valid. This theory holds that employees can view work as natural, are creative, can be self-motivated, and appreciate responsibility. This type of thinking is popular now, with people becoming more aware of the productivity of self-empowered work teams. ERG theory
ERG Theory was introduced by Clayton Alderfer as an extension to the famous Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. In this theory, the existence or physiological needs are at the base. These include the needs for things such as food, drink, shelter, and safety.

The Arousal Theory of Motivation The Arousal Theory of Motivation
The Arousal Theory of Motivation
What Is Arousal Theory of Motivation?
Key Features
Arousal Levels Are Highly Individual
Behavior Is Motivated by Arousal Levels
Arousal Influences Performance
 The Arousal Theory of Motivation
Theories
The Arousal Theory of Motivation
By
Kendra Cherry
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Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial process
Kendra Cherry
Reviewed by
Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on May 15, 2020
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Amy Morin, LCSW, is the Editor-in-Chief of Verywell Mind. She's also a psychotherapist, the author of the bestselling book "13 Things Mentally Strong People Don't Do," and the host of The Verywell Mind Podcast. Learn about our Review Board
Amy Morin, LCSW
on May 15, 2020
Kevin Elvis King / Getty Images
Table of Contents
View All
Table of Contents
Definition
Key Features
What is it that motivates us to do the things we do? There are many theories of motivation, one of which focuses on arousal levels. The arousal theory of motivation suggests that people are driven to perform actions in order to maintain an optimum level of physiological arousal. What exactly is the optimal level of motivation? Well, it varies from one individual to the next. Some people may require a higher level of arousal, which might motivate them to seek out exciting and stimulating activities. Other people may do better with much lower arousal levels, so they might feel compelled to seek out soothing and relaxing activities.

The Arousal Theory of Motivation

The Arousal Theory of Motivation
The Arousal Theory of Motivation
What Is Arousal Theory of Motivation?
Key Features
Arousal Levels Are Highly Individual
Behavior Is Motivated by Arousal Levels
Arousal Influences Performance

The Arousal Theory of Motivation
Theories
The Arousal Theory of Motivation
By
Kendra Cherry
facebook
twitter
Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial process
Kendra Cherry
Reviewed by
Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on May 15, 2020
facebook
twitter
linkedin
instagram
Amy Morin, LCSW, is the Editor-in-Chief of Verywell Mind. She's also a psychotherapist, the author of the bestselling book "13 Things Mentally Strong People Don't Do," and the host of The Verywell Mind Podcast. Learn about our Review Board
Amy Morin, LCSW
on May 15, 2020
Kevin Elvis King / Getty Images
Table of Contents
View All
Table of Contents
Definition
Key Features
What is it that motivates us to do the things we do? There are many theories of motivation, one of which focuses on arousal levels. The arousal theory of motivation suggests that people are driven to perform actions in order to maintain an optimum level of physiological arousal. What exactly is the optimal level of motivation? Well, it varies from one individual to the next. Some people may require a higher level of arousal, which might motivate them to seek out exciting and stimulating activities. Other people may do better with much lower arousal levels, so they might feel compelled to seek out soothing and relaxing activities.

Reinforcement and Motivation | Boundless Management Reinforcement and Motivation
Reinforcement and Motivation
Reinforcement as a Management Tool
Learning Objectives
Key Takeaways
Key Points
Key Terms
Defining Reinforcement
Positive and Negative Reinforcement
Reinforcement as a Management Tool
Example of an Incentive Program
Features of a Successful Incentive Program
Punishment as a Management Tool
Learning Objectives
Key Takeaways
Key Points
Key Terms
Defining Punishment
Positive and Negative Punishment
Punishment as a Management Tool
Managerial Perspectives on Motivation
Learning Objectives
Key Takeaways
Key Points
Key Terms
Psychological Theories and Motivation
Need-based Theories
Equity Theory
Reinforcement and Punishment
 Psychological Theories and Motivation
Motivation is the psychological boost that helps people achieve high performance and reach goals. Motivating employees is a primary managerial responsibility of management, as motivational management enables higher outputs and job satisfaction from employees. While studies have produced a great deal of research on motivation, from the perspective of both management and psychology, a few psychological theories can be applied specifically to employee motivation. Using modern research and understanding what drives behavior are the focal points of organizational behavior study, and managers should actively apply these psychological frameworks to their everyday management strategies and considerations. These frameworks can be coupled with concepts of reinforcement and punishment as tools managers use to emphasize or discourage specific behaviors. Need-based Theories
Need-based theories of motivation focus on an employee’s drive to satisfy needs by working. Needs range from basic physiological needs for survival to higher-level emotional needs, like belonging and self-actualization. From the perspective of the manager, Maslo

Reinforcement and Motivation | Boundless Management

Reinforcement and Motivation
Reinforcement and Motivation
Reinforcement as a Management Tool
Learning Objectives
Key Takeaways
Key Points
Key Terms
Defining Reinforcement
Positive and Negative Reinforcement
Reinforcement as a Management Tool
Example of an Incentive Program
Features of a Successful Incentive Program
Punishment as a Management Tool
Learning Objectives
Key Takeaways
Key Points
Key Terms
Defining Punishment
Positive and Negative Punishment
Punishment as a Management Tool
Managerial Perspectives on Motivation
Learning Objectives
Key Takeaways
Key Points
Key Terms
Psychological Theories and Motivation
Need-based Theories
Equity Theory
Reinforcement and Punishment

Psychological Theories and Motivation
Motivation is the psychological boost that helps people achieve high performance and reach goals. Motivating employees is a primary managerial responsibility of management, as motivational management enables higher outputs and job satisfaction from employees. While studies have produced a great deal of research on motivation, from the perspective of both management and psychology, a few psychological theories can be applied specifically to employee motivation. Using modern research and understanding what drives behavior are the focal points of organizational behavior study, and managers should actively apply these psychological frameworks to their everyday management strategies and considerations. These frameworks can be coupled with concepts of reinforcement and punishment as tools managers use to emphasize or discourage specific behaviors. Need-based Theories
Need-based theories of motivation focus on an employee’s drive to satisfy needs by working. Needs range from basic physiological needs for survival to higher-level emotional needs, like belonging and self-actualization. From the perspective of the manager, Maslo

What are the Theories of Motivation? definition and meaning - Business Jargons Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation What are the Theories of Motivation? definition and meaning - Business Jargons
Theories of Motivation
Definition: There are several Theories of Motivation that are developed to explain the concept of “Motivation”. The motivation is a drive that forces an individual to work in a certain way. It is the energy that pushes us to work hard to accomplish the goals, even if the conditions are not going our way. With the establishment of human organizations, people tried to find out the answer to, what motivates an employee in the organization the most. This gave birth to several content theories and process theories of motivation. The content theories deal with “what” motivates people, whereas the process theories deal with, “How” motivation occurs. Thus, theories of motivation can be broadly classified as: Content Theories:

Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation

What are the Theories of Motivation? definition and meaning - Business Jargons
Theories of Motivation
Definition: There are several Theories of Motivation that are developed to explain the concept of “Motivation”. The motivation is a drive that forces an individual to work in a certain way. It is the energy that pushes us to work hard to accomplish the goals, even if the conditions are not going our way. With the establishment of human organizations, people tried to find out the answer to, what motivates an employee in the organization the most. This gave birth to several content theories and process theories of motivation. The content theories deal with “what” motivates people, whereas the process theories deal with, “How” motivation occurs. Thus, theories of motivation can be broadly classified as: Content Theories:

What Is Motivation? What Is Motivation?
What Is Motivation?
What Is Motivation?
Types of Motivation
Is It Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation?
Uses
Impact
Tips
Potential Pitfalls
History of Motivation
Instincts
Drives and Needs
Arousal Levels
A Word From Verywell
 The following are some of the major theories of motivation. Instincts
The instinct theory of motivation suggests that behaviors are motivated by instincts, which are fixed and inborn patterns of behavior. 5  Psychologists including William James, Sigmund Freud, and William McDougal have proposed a number of basic human drives that motivate behavior. Such instincts might include biological instincts that are important for an organism's survival such as fear, cleanliness, and love. Drives and Needs
Many of your behaviors such as eating, drinking, and sleeping are motivated by biology. You have a biological need for food, water, and sleep. Therefore, you are motivated to eat, drink, and sleep. Drive theory suggests that people have basic biological drives and that behaviors are motivated by the need to fulfill these drives. 6
Arousal Levels
The arousal theory of motivation suggests that people are motivated to engage in behaviors that help them maintain their optimal level of arousal. 3  A person with low arousal needs might pursue relaxing activities such as reading a book, while those with high arousal needs might be motivated to engage in exciting, thrill-seeking behaviors, such as motorcycle racing.

What Is Motivation?

What Is Motivation?
What Is Motivation?
What Is Motivation?
Types of Motivation
Is It Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation?
Uses
Impact
Tips
Potential Pitfalls
History of Motivation
Instincts
Drives and Needs
Arousal Levels
A Word From Verywell

The following are some of the major theories of motivation. Instincts
The instinct theory of motivation suggests that behaviors are motivated by instincts, which are fixed and inborn patterns of behavior. 5  Psychologists including William James, Sigmund Freud, and William McDougal have proposed a number of basic human drives that motivate behavior. Such instincts might include biological instincts that are important for an organism's survival such as fear, cleanliness, and love. Drives and Needs
Many of your behaviors such as eating, drinking, and sleeping are motivated by biology. You have a biological need for food, water, and sleep. Therefore, you are motivated to eat, drink, and sleep. Drive theory suggests that people have basic biological drives and that behaviors are motivated by the need to fulfill these drives. 6
Arousal Levels
The arousal theory of motivation suggests that people are motivated to engage in behaviors that help them maintain their optimal level of arousal. 3  A person with low arousal needs might pursue relaxing activities such as reading a book, while those with high arousal needs might be motivated to engage in exciting, thrill-seeking behaviors, such as motorcycle racing.

20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology 20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
This Article Contains:
What is Motivation Psychology?
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG theory
McClelland’s achievement motivation theory
Immanuel Kant
Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
Process Theories of Motivation
Reinforcement theory
Adams’ equity theory of motivation
Vroom’s expectancy theory
Locke’s goal-setting theory
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Motivational Theories in Business
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory Z
The Hawthorne Effect
Motivational Theories in Sports Psychology
Optimal functioning hypothesis
Hull–Spence drive theory
Arousal-biased competition theory
Two memory systems theory
Processing efficiency theory
Textbooks on Motivation
1. Understanding Motivation and Emotion – Johnmarshall Reeve
2. Motivation: Theories and Principles – Robert C. Beck
3. Motivation – Lambert Deckers
4. Motivation and Emotion Evolutionary Physiological, Developmental, and Social Perspectives – Denys A. deCatanzaro
5. Motivation: A Biosocial and Cognitive Integration of Motivation and Emotion – Eva Dreikus Ferguson
6. Human Motivation – Robert E. Franken
7. The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior – Peter M. Gollwitzer and John Bargh
8. Motivation and Self-Regulation ccross the Life Span – Jutta Heckhausen and Carol S. Dweck
9. Reclaiming Cognition: The Primacy of Action, Intention, and Emotion (Journal of Consciousness Studies) – Rafael Nunez and Walter J. Freeman
10. Motivation: Theory, Research, and Applications – Herbert L. Petri and John M. Govern
11. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Search for Optimal Motivation and Performance – Carol Sansone and Judith M. Harackiewicz
12. Current Directions in Motivation and Emotion – Association for Psychological Science and Kennon Sheldon
13. The Psychobiology of Human Motivation (Psychology Focus) – Hugh Wagner
A Take-Home Message
References
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 Theories of motivation are also grouped by the field of human endeavor they apply to. Several theories relate to motivating employees where incentives and needs take a central stage as well as theories used in sports and performance psychology where affect is considered a more prominent driver of human behavior. Some of these theories are also applied to education and learning. Read our insightful post on motivation in education. Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs, Alderfer’s ERG theory, McClelland’s achievement motivation theory, and Herzberg’s two-factor theory focused on what motivates people and addressed specific factors like individual needs and goals. Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
The most recognized content theory of motivation is that of Abraham Maslow, who explained motivation through the satisfaction of needs arranged in a hierarchical order. As satisfied needs do not motivate, it is the dissatisfaction that moves us in the direction of fulfillment. Needs are conditions within the individual that are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and the nurturance of growth and well-being. Hunger and thirst exemplify two biological needs that arise from the body’s requirement for food and water. These are required nutriments for the maintenance of life.

20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology

Theories of motivation are also grouped by the field of human endeavor they apply to. Several theories relate to motivating employees where incentives and needs take a central stage as well as theories used in sports and performance psychology where affect is considered a more prominent driver of human behavior. Some of these theories are also applied to education and learning. Read our insightful post on motivation in education. Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs, Alderfer’s ERG theory, McClelland’s achievement motivation theory, and Herzberg’s two-factor theory focused on what motivates people and addressed specific factors like individual needs and goals. Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
The most recognized content theory of motivation is that of Abraham Maslow, who explained motivation through the satisfaction of needs arranged in a hierarchical order. As satisfied needs do not motivate, it is the dissatisfaction that moves us in the direction of fulfillment. Needs are conditions within the individual that are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and the nurturance of growth and well-being. Hunger and thirst exemplify two biological needs that arise from the body’s requirement for food and water. These are required nutriments for the maintenance of life.

5 Motivational Theories That A Project Manager Must Know About! - 5 Motivational Theories That A Project Manager Must Know About!
5 Motivational Theories That A Project Manager Must Know About!
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological
Safety
Love and belonging
Esteem
Self-actualization
2. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
3. Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
4. McClelland’s Need Theory
5. Expectancy Theory
On a closing note,
Recommended by Google
 5 Motivational Theories That A Project Manager Must Know About! - 5 Motivational Theories That A Project Manager Must Know About! by Shiv Shenoy
Motivational theories are an important part of PMP exam syllabus. It is equally important that project managers understand the nuances of various motivational theories and reflect on them as applicable to their unique project scenarios. This will sure help manage team and other stakeholders better. When team members understand how their work is making a difference – to the customer, end users, company, as well as themselves – it motivates them. People have different personal and professional needs and goals, and they need to know how working on your project would help them achieve these goals. Some people may get motivation by getting good financial compensation, some may get it from a sense of accomplishment realized by doing challenging work, for some it could be promotion and for others it could be just getting recognized for their hard work. Knowing what motivates each of your team members and helping them get those things will keep the team motivated. Here are the 5 motivational theories brought about by the experts, that you may find useful in dealing with motivational issues of your team –
1.

5 Motivational Theories That A Project Manager Must Know About! -

5 Motivational Theories That A Project Manager Must Know About!
5 Motivational Theories That A Project Manager Must Know About!
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological
Safety
Love and belonging
Esteem
Self-actualization
2. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
3. Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
4. McClelland’s Need Theory
5. Expectancy Theory
On a closing note,
Recommended by Google

5 Motivational Theories That A Project Manager Must Know About! - 5 Motivational Theories That A Project Manager Must Know About! by Shiv Shenoy
Motivational theories are an important part of PMP exam syllabus. It is equally important that project managers understand the nuances of various motivational theories and reflect on them as applicable to their unique project scenarios. This will sure help manage team and other stakeholders better. When team members understand how their work is making a difference – to the customer, end users, company, as well as themselves – it motivates them. People have different personal and professional needs and goals, and they need to know how working on your project would help them achieve these goals. Some people may get motivation by getting good financial compensation, some may get it from a sense of accomplishment realized by doing challenging work, for some it could be promotion and for others it could be just getting recognized for their hard work. Knowing what motivates each of your team members and helping them get those things will keep the team motivated. Here are the 5 motivational theories brought about by the experts, that you may find useful in dealing with motivational issues of your team –
1.

A Biological Theory Of Motivation A Biological Theory Of Motivation
A Biological Theory Of Motivation A Biological Theory Of Motivation

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KNOW YOURSELF PODCAST Listen each week, to one podcast. Based on practical self improvement principles. From the insight of an engineer, back in 1989, about the data processing structure of the human mind, recognizing and filtering patterns, without stopping. Storing patterns of data. Of guilt, shame, fear. About silencing painful subconscious patterns, becoming self aware, strengthening common sense. ON YouTube Can Artificial Intelligence Replace Humans? Mind Control Tips
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A Biological Theory Of Motivation
This biological theory of motivation (The Intuition Theory), suggests that motivation levels are regulated by neural pattern recognition events. Subconscious drives impel people to achieve excellence, or to spend exceptional energies on services to humanity.

A Biological Theory Of Motivation

A Biological Theory Of Motivation
A Biological Theory Of Motivation

A Biological Theory Of Motivation

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KNOW YOURSELF PODCAST Listen each week, to one podcast. Based on practical self improvement principles. From the insight of an engineer, back in 1989, about the data processing structure of the human mind, recognizing and filtering patterns, without stopping. Storing patterns of data. Of guilt, shame, fear. About silencing painful subconscious patterns, becoming self aware, strengthening common sense. ON YouTube Can Artificial Intelligence Replace Humans? Mind Control Tips
Can
A Biological Theory Of Motivation
This biological theory of motivation (The Intuition Theory), suggests that motivation levels are regulated by neural pattern recognition events. Subconscious drives impel people to achieve excellence, or to spend exceptional energies on services to humanity.

Motivation Psychology Motivation Psychology
Motivation Psychology
Introduction
A Simple Understanding Of Motivation Psychology
Types of Motivation in Psychology
Theories of Motivation in Psychology
Motivation Psychology Articles
What Is Motivation Theory?
What Are the Different Theories of Motivation?
What Is the Humanistic Approach to Motivation?
What Is a Motivated Behavior?
What Is Physiological Motivation?
RESOURCES
 How to get motivated
Types of Motivation in Psychology
There are several different types of motivation to consider. The main types are internal (intrinsic) and external (extrinsic). Internal motivation is something that is driven by a desire within, whether that is a basic necessity to get food and shelter, social approval, acceptance, or a sense of accomplishment. External motivation is driven by what others may think of us or achieving a goal like earning a paycheck. There’s also activation, which involves finding the right drive to get started. Persistence is about continuing on a specific task until it is completed. It’s easy to become unmotivated in the middle of something, especially if there appears to be little or no internal or external rewards. Finally, intensity can be viewed as how much focus is being placed on the task at hand. Theories of Motivation in Psychology
There have been numerous theories of motivation in psychology, including Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, classical and operant conditioning, incentive motivation, and even Expectancy Theory. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs essentially focuses on a range of factors that may push somebody to pursue a certain task or goal, from physiological needs like basic food, water, and shelter, to social acceptance.

Motivation Psychology

Motivation Psychology
Motivation Psychology
Introduction
A Simple Understanding Of Motivation Psychology
Types of Motivation in Psychology
Theories of Motivation in Psychology
Motivation Psychology Articles
What Is Motivation Theory?
What Are the Different Theories of Motivation?
What Is the Humanistic Approach to Motivation?
What Is a Motivated Behavior?
What Is Physiological Motivation?
RESOURCES

How to get motivated
Types of Motivation in Psychology
There are several different types of motivation to consider. The main types are internal (intrinsic) and external (extrinsic). Internal motivation is something that is driven by a desire within, whether that is a basic necessity to get food and shelter, social approval, acceptance, or a sense of accomplishment. External motivation is driven by what others may think of us or achieving a goal like earning a paycheck. There’s also activation, which involves finding the right drive to get started. Persistence is about continuing on a specific task until it is completed. It’s easy to become unmotivated in the middle of something, especially if there appears to be little or no internal or external rewards. Finally, intensity can be viewed as how much focus is being placed on the task at hand. Theories of Motivation in Psychology
There have been numerous theories of motivation in psychology, including Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, classical and operant conditioning, incentive motivation, and even Expectancy Theory. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs essentially focuses on a range of factors that may push somebody to pursue a certain task or goal, from physiological needs like basic food, water, and shelter, to social acceptance.

Perspectives on Motivation Perspectives on Motivation
Perspectives on Motivation
Motivation in the workplace is primarily concerned with improving employees' focus through the use of incentives.
Learning Objective
Key Points
Terms
Full Text
Needs-Oriented Theories
Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Need for Achievement Theory
Cognition-Oriented Theories
Equity Theory
Expectancy Theory
Behavior-Oriented Theories
Job-Oriented Theories
Two-Factor Theory
Work Engagement Theory
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
 incentive
A reward used to motivate employees to perform better. Full Text
From a managerial perspective, very few ideas are more important than the dynamics of motivation. Understanding what moves employees toward efficiency and fulfillment is at the core of any manager's responsibilities. Motivation in the workplace is primarily concerned with improving employees' focus, often through pursuing positive incentives and avoiding negative ones. Theories of motivation are of course rooted in psychology. An individual must direct their attention toward a task, generate the necessary effort to achieve that task, and persist in working toward it despite potential distractions. Various theories have attempted to identify the factors that contribute to effective employee motivation, most of which are easily divided into four broad categories: Needs-oriented theories
Cognition-oriented theories
Behavior-oriented theories
Job-oriented theories
Needs-Oriented Theories
At its most basic, motivation can be defined as the fulfillment of various human needs. These needs can encompass a range of human desires, from basic, tangible needs of survival to complex, emotional needs surrounding an individual's psychological well-being. Hierarchy of Needs
The most well-known example of a needs-oriented theory of motivation is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.

Perspectives on Motivation

Perspectives on Motivation
Perspectives on Motivation
Motivation in the workplace is primarily concerned with improving employees' focus through the use of incentives.
Learning Objective
Key Points
Terms
Full Text
Needs-Oriented Theories
Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Need for Achievement Theory
Cognition-Oriented Theories
Equity Theory
Expectancy Theory
Behavior-Oriented Theories
Job-Oriented Theories
Two-Factor Theory
Work Engagement Theory
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

incentive
A reward used to motivate employees to perform better. Full Text
From a managerial perspective, very few ideas are more important than the dynamics of motivation. Understanding what moves employees toward efficiency and fulfillment is at the core of any manager's responsibilities. Motivation in the workplace is primarily concerned with improving employees' focus, often through pursuing positive incentives and avoiding negative ones. Theories of motivation are of course rooted in psychology. An individual must direct their attention toward a task, generate the necessary effort to achieve that task, and persist in working toward it despite potential distractions. Various theories have attempted to identify the factors that contribute to effective employee motivation, most of which are easily divided into four broad categories: Needs-oriented theories
Cognition-oriented theories
Behavior-oriented theories
Job-oriented theories
Needs-Oriented Theories
At its most basic, motivation can be defined as the fulfillment of various human needs. These needs can encompass a range of human desires, from basic, tangible needs of survival to complex, emotional needs surrounding an individual's psychological well-being. Hierarchy of Needs
The most well-known example of a needs-oriented theory of motivation is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.

What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
Instinct Theory of Motivation
Drive Theory
Arousal Theory
Humanistic Theory
Incentive Theory
Expectancy Theory
A Word From Verywell
 For example, you might be motivated to drink a glass of water in order to reduce the internal state of thirst. The drive theory is based on the concept of homeostasis, or the idea that the body actively works to maintain a certain state of balance or equilibrium. This theory is useful in explaining behaviors that have a strong biological or physiological component, such as hunger or thirst. The problem with the drive theory of motivation is that these behaviors are not always motivated purely by drive, or the state of tension or arousal caused by biological or physiological needs. For example, people often eat even when they are not really hungry. Arousal Theory
The arousal theory of motivation suggests that people take certain actions to either decrease or increase levels of arousal. When arousal levels get too low, for example, a person might watch an exciting movie or go for a jog. When arousal levels get too high, on the other hand, a person would probably look for ways to relax, such as meditating or reading a book. According to this theory, we are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, although this level can vary based on the individual or the situation. Humanistic Theory
Humanistic theories of motivation are based on the idea that people also have strong cognitive reasons to perform various actions.

What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
Instinct Theory of Motivation
Drive Theory
Arousal Theory
Humanistic Theory
Incentive Theory
Expectancy Theory
A Word From Verywell

For example, you might be motivated to drink a glass of water in order to reduce the internal state of thirst. The drive theory is based on the concept of homeostasis, or the idea that the body actively works to maintain a certain state of balance or equilibrium. This theory is useful in explaining behaviors that have a strong biological or physiological component, such as hunger or thirst. The problem with the drive theory of motivation is that these behaviors are not always motivated purely by drive, or the state of tension or arousal caused by biological or physiological needs. For example, people often eat even when they are not really hungry. Arousal Theory
The arousal theory of motivation suggests that people take certain actions to either decrease or increase levels of arousal. When arousal levels get too low, for example, a person might watch an exciting movie or go for a jog. When arousal levels get too high, on the other hand, a person would probably look for ways to relax, such as meditating or reading a book. According to this theory, we are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, although this level can vary based on the individual or the situation. Humanistic Theory
Humanistic theories of motivation are based on the idea that people also have strong cognitive reasons to perform various actions.

Motivation - Basic Concepts and Theories Motivation – Basic Concepts and Theories
Motivation – Basic Concepts and Theories
Furthermore, literature distinguishes 2 types of factors that influence motivation:
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
McClelland’s needs
Process cognitive theory
Expectancy theory by Vroom
Reactance theory by Brehm
Equity theory by Adams
Other theories
Our book recommendations on motivation
 Expectancies
Attribution theory (Guest) explanation of performance after we have invested considerable effort and motivation in a task; 4 types of explanations: ability, effort, task difficulty, luck; motivation depends on the factor used to explain success or failure
Role Modeling: people can be motivated if they have the chance to model their own behavior on a ‘role model’, i.e. someone who’s working or leadership style serves as an inspiration and a positive example
By Dagmar Recklies
——————————-
Our book recommendations on motivation
A Theory of Human Motivation
Abraham H. Maslow
This is the article in which Maslow first presented his hierarchy of needs. It was first printed in his 1943 paper “A Theory of Human Motivation”. The Motivation Myth: the simple yet powerful key to unlock human potential and create inspired performance and achievement
Mattison Grey and Jonathan Manske
Most people believe praise, appreciation, and compliments are great ways to motivate and inspire people. That is a myth, say the authors. Praise, compliments, and appreciation do not do what people think they do.

Motivation - Basic Concepts and Theories

Motivation – Basic Concepts and Theories
Motivation – Basic Concepts and Theories
Furthermore, literature distinguishes 2 types of factors that influence motivation:
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
McClelland’s needs
Process cognitive theory
Expectancy theory by Vroom
Reactance theory by Brehm
Equity theory by Adams
Other theories
Our book recommendations on motivation

Expectancies
Attribution theory (Guest) explanation of performance after we have invested considerable effort and motivation in a task; 4 types of explanations: ability, effort, task difficulty, luck; motivation depends on the factor used to explain success or failure
Role Modeling: people can be motivated if they have the chance to model their own behavior on a ‘role model’, i.e. someone who’s working or leadership style serves as an inspiration and a positive example
By Dagmar Recklies
——————————-
Our book recommendations on motivation
A Theory of Human Motivation
Abraham H. Maslow
This is the article in which Maslow first presented his hierarchy of needs. It was first printed in his 1943 paper “A Theory of Human Motivation”. The Motivation Myth: the simple yet powerful key to unlock human potential and create inspired performance and achievement
Mattison Grey and Jonathan Manske
Most people believe praise, appreciation, and compliments are great ways to motivate and inspire people. That is a myth, say the authors. Praise, compliments, and appreciation do not do what people think they do.

Organizational Behavior and Theories of Motivation | Bizfluent Organizational Behavior and Theories of Motivation
Organizational Behavior and Theories of Motivation
What Is Motivation?
Three Basic Types of Motivation
Organizational Types of Motivation
Theories of Motivation in Management
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Hertzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Equity/Process Theory
The Expectancy Theory
The Process of Leadership
 It’s obviously much more complicated than that since leaders must create a space where individuals are motivated individually to act toward a group goal. This involves making sure the organizational or departmental directions are clear and align with the company’s goals while using them to cultivate an environment in which the group has sufficient motivation to complete their tasks to the best of their ability. The theories of motivation may seem complicated and perhaps too theoretical to be completely applicable, but chances are that your workplace and co-workers respond to a mix of these on a daily basis automatically. Take some time to think about these theories, what best matches your own motivational drive and what you see in each theory that may correlate to your employees and co-workers. From there, you should be able to generate some planning and processes to make sure your workplace stays as motivated as possible. References
ThoughtCo.: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Explained
Saylor: Theories of Motivation
Analytic Technologies: Theories of Motivation
Contactzilla: 5 Psychological Theories of Motivation to Increase Productivity
Drive theory - Wikipedia
Writer Bio
Danielle Smyth is a writer and content marketer from upstate New York.

Organizational Behavior and Theories of Motivation | Bizfluent

Organizational Behavior and Theories of Motivation
Organizational Behavior and Theories of Motivation
What Is Motivation?
Three Basic Types of Motivation
Organizational Types of Motivation
Theories of Motivation in Management
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Hertzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Equity/Process Theory
The Expectancy Theory
The Process of Leadership

It’s obviously much more complicated than that since leaders must create a space where individuals are motivated individually to act toward a group goal. This involves making sure the organizational or departmental directions are clear and align with the company’s goals while using them to cultivate an environment in which the group has sufficient motivation to complete their tasks to the best of their ability. The theories of motivation may seem complicated and perhaps too theoretical to be completely applicable, but chances are that your workplace and co-workers respond to a mix of these on a daily basis automatically. Take some time to think about these theories, what best matches your own motivational drive and what you see in each theory that may correlate to your employees and co-workers. From there, you should be able to generate some planning and processes to make sure your workplace stays as motivated as possible. References
ThoughtCo.: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Explained
Saylor: Theories of Motivation
Analytic Technologies: Theories of Motivation
Contactzilla: 5 Psychological Theories of Motivation to Increase Productivity
Drive theory - Wikipedia
Writer Bio
Danielle Smyth is a writer and content marketer from upstate New York.

Motivation - Basic Concepts and Theories Motivation – Basic Concepts and Theories
Motivation – Basic Concepts and Theories
Furthermore, literature distinguishes 2 types of factors that influence motivation:
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
McClelland’s needs
Process cognitive theory
Expectancy theory by Vroom
Reactance theory by Brehm
Equity theory by Adams
Other theories
Our book recommendations on motivation
 perceived freedom, threat to freedom, reactance, and restoration of freedom. Freedom is not an abstract consideration, but rather a feeling associated with real behaviors, including actions, emotions, and attitudes. ( from Wikipedia)
Equity theory by Adams
Perceptions people have about how they are being treated as compared with others
Involves feelings and perceptions, is always a comparative process
People will work better if they are treated equitably
Two forms of equity: Distributive – fairness people feel they are rewarded in accordance with their contribution and in comparison with others
Procedural – perceptions of employees about fairness of company procedures
We hope/expect that the inputs we give into our job equal the outputs we get
Other theories
Behavioral theory (Skinner): behavior is learnt from experience, learning takes place mainly through reinforcement
Social learning theory (Bandura) significance of reinforcement as a determinant of future behavior, importance of internal psychological factors, esp. Expectancies
Attribution theory (Guest) explanation of performance after we have invested considerable effort and motivation in a task; 4 types of explanations: ability, effort, task difficulty, luck; motivation depends on the factor used to explain success or failure
Role Modeling: people can be motivated if they have the chance to model their own behavior on a ‘role model’, i.e. someone who’s working or leadership style serves as an inspiration and a positive example
By Dagmar Recklies
——————————-
Our book recommendations on motivation
A Theory of Human Motivation
Abraham H. Maslow
This is the article in which Maslow first presented his hierarchy of needs.

perceived freedom, threat to freedom, reactance, and restoration of freedom. Freedom is not an abstract consideration, but rather a feeling associated with real behaviors, including actions, emotions, and attitudes. ( from Wikipedia)
Equity theory by Adams
Perceptions people have about how they are being treated as compared with others
Involves feelings and perceptions, is always a comparative process
People will work better if they are treated equitably
Two forms of equity: Distributive – fairness people feel they are rewarded in accordance with their contribution and in comparison with others
Procedural – perceptions of employees about fairness of company procedures
We hope/expect that the inputs we give into our job equal the outputs we get
Other theories
Behavioral theory (Skinner): behavior is learnt from experience, learning takes place mainly through reinforcement
Social learning theory (Bandura) significance of reinforcement as a determinant of future behavior, importance of internal psychological factors, esp. Expectancies
Attribution theory (Guest) explanation of performance after we have invested considerable effort and motivation in a task; 4 types of explanations: ability, effort, task difficulty, luck; motivation depends on the factor used to explain success or failure
Role Modeling: people can be motivated if they have the chance to model their own behavior on a ‘role model’, i.e. someone who’s working or leadership style serves as an inspiration and a positive example
By Dagmar Recklies
——————————-
Our book recommendations on motivation
A Theory of Human Motivation
Abraham H. Maslow
This is the article in which Maslow first presented his hierarchy of needs.

How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation | Cleverism How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation
How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation
INTRODUCTION
What is Motivation?
Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation
Components of Motivation
Motivation and Morale: How Is Motivation Different from Morale?
The Importance of Motivation
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
Instincts – Evolutionary Theory of Motivation
Drive-Reduction Theory of Motivation
Temporal Motivation Theory (TMT)
Arousal Theory of Motivation
Incentive Theory of Motivation and Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation
Drives and Needs – Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
HOW TO MOTIVATE YOURSELF
The Scientific Ways of Motivation
 A mathematical representation of the theory is as follows: Motivation = (Expectancy x Value) / (1 + Impulsiveness x Delay)
Here, motivation is the desire for a favorable outcome, expectancy is the probability of success, value is the expected reward, impulsiveness is the individual’s reaction to delay, and delay is the time taken for realization of the goal. Arousal Theory of Motivation
The arousal theory is an extension of the drive-reduction theory of motivation. This theory champions the motivational effect of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the human psyche. According to the arousal theory, the human psyche is reward-sensitive, and an individual gets motivated to carry out any activity that optimizes their level of arousal. In other words, humans are inclined to participate in activities that satisfy or relieve their arousal. An individual with a lower arousal requirement will typically partake in activities that induce relaxation while one with a higher arousal requirement will go for something that delivers more thrill and excitement. And this psychological phenomenon is not restricted to humans alone. An experiment conducted by Peter Milner and James Olds in the mid-1900s consisted of electrodes placed on a lab rat’s brain that could stimulate it on command. The rat was placed inside a box that had two levers – one, when pressed rewarded the rat with food and water, while the other lever, when pressed, stimulated the reward center of the rat’s brain.

How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation | Cleverism

How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation
How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation
INTRODUCTION
What is Motivation?
Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation
Components of Motivation
Motivation and Morale: How Is Motivation Different from Morale?
The Importance of Motivation
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
Instincts – Evolutionary Theory of Motivation
Drive-Reduction Theory of Motivation
Temporal Motivation Theory (TMT)
Arousal Theory of Motivation
Incentive Theory of Motivation and Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation
Drives and Needs – Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
HOW TO MOTIVATE YOURSELF
The Scientific Ways of Motivation

A mathematical representation of the theory is as follows: Motivation = (Expectancy x Value) / (1 + Impulsiveness x Delay)
Here, motivation is the desire for a favorable outcome, expectancy is the probability of success, value is the expected reward, impulsiveness is the individual’s reaction to delay, and delay is the time taken for realization of the goal. Arousal Theory of Motivation
The arousal theory is an extension of the drive-reduction theory of motivation. This theory champions the motivational effect of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the human psyche. According to the arousal theory, the human psyche is reward-sensitive, and an individual gets motivated to carry out any activity that optimizes their level of arousal. In other words, humans are inclined to participate in activities that satisfy or relieve their arousal. An individual with a lower arousal requirement will typically partake in activities that induce relaxation while one with a higher arousal requirement will go for something that delivers more thrill and excitement. And this psychological phenomenon is not restricted to humans alone. An experiment conducted by Peter Milner and James Olds in the mid-1900s consisted of electrodes placed on a lab rat’s brain that could stimulate it on command. The rat was placed inside a box that had two levers – one, when pressed rewarded the rat with food and water, while the other lever, when pressed, stimulated the reward center of the rat’s brain.

Motivation and Motivation Theory | Encyclopedia.com Motivation and Motivation Theory
Motivation and Motivation Theory
Motivation and Motivation Theory
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
MAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR (MBTI)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 McClelland's theory suggests that individuals learn needs from their culture. Three of the primary needs in this theory are the need for affiliation (n Aff), the need for power (n Pow), and the need for achievement (n Ach). The need for affiliation is a desire to establish social relationships with others. The need for power reflects a desire to control one's environment and influence others. The need for achievement is a desire to take responsibility, set challenging goals, and obtain performance feedback. The main point of the learned needs theory is that when one of these needs is strong in a person, it has the potential to motivate behavior that leads to its satisfaction. Thus, managers should attempt to develop an understanding of whether and to what degree their employees have one or more of these needs, and the extent to which their jobs can be structured to satisfy them. MAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
Process (or cognitive) theories of motivation focus on conscious human decision processes as an explanation of motivation. The process theories are concerned with determining how individual behavior is energized, directed, and maintained in the specifically willed and self-directed human cognitive processes. Process theories of motivation are based on early cognitive theories, which posit that behavior is the result of conscious decision-making processes.

Motivation and Motivation Theory | Encyclopedia.com

Motivation and Motivation Theory
Motivation and Motivation Theory
Motivation and Motivation Theory
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
MAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR (MBTI)
BIBLIOGRAPHY

McClelland's theory suggests that individuals learn needs from their culture. Three of the primary needs in this theory are the need for affiliation (n Aff), the need for power (n Pow), and the need for achievement (n Ach). The need for affiliation is a desire to establish social relationships with others. The need for power reflects a desire to control one's environment and influence others. The need for achievement is a desire to take responsibility, set challenging goals, and obtain performance feedback. The main point of the learned needs theory is that when one of these needs is strong in a person, it has the potential to motivate behavior that leads to its satisfaction. Thus, managers should attempt to develop an understanding of whether and to what degree their employees have one or more of these needs, and the extent to which their jobs can be structured to satisfy them. MAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
Process (or cognitive) theories of motivation focus on conscious human decision processes as an explanation of motivation. The process theories are concerned with determining how individual behavior is energized, directed, and maintained in the specifically willed and self-directed human cognitive processes. Process theories of motivation are based on early cognitive theories, which posit that behavior is the result of conscious decision-making processes.

The Incentive Theory of Motivation The Incentive Theory of Motivation
The Incentive Theory of Motivation
History of the Incentive Theory
How Does Incentive Theory Work?
Why Some Incentives Are More Motivating Than Others
A Word From Verywell
 The Incentive Theory of Motivation
Theories
The Incentive Theory of Motivation
By
Kendra Cherry
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Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on February 24, 2020
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Amy Morin, LCSW, is the Editor-in-Chief of Verywell Mind. She's also a psychotherapist, the author of the bestselling book "13 Things Mentally Strong People Don't Do," and the host of The Verywell Mind Podcast. Learn about our Review Board
Amy Morin, LCSW
Updated on March 04, 2020
What forces are behind your actions? Do you get up and head to the gym each day because you know it's good for you, or is it because of some type of external reward? There are many different reasons why people do things. Sometimes people are motivated to act because of internal desires and wishes, but at other times, behaviors are driven by a desire for external rewards. According to one theory of human motivation, actions are often inspired by a desire to gain outside reinforcement. The incentive theory is one of the major theories of motivation and suggests that behavior is motivated by a desire for reinforcement or incentives. Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell
History of the Incentive Theory
Incentive theory began to emerge during the 1940s and 1950s, building on the earlier drive theories established by psychologists such as Clark Hull.

The Incentive Theory of Motivation

The Incentive Theory of Motivation
The Incentive Theory of Motivation
History of the Incentive Theory
How Does Incentive Theory Work?
Why Some Incentives Are More Motivating Than Others
A Word From Verywell

The Incentive Theory of Motivation
Theories
The Incentive Theory of Motivation
By
Kendra Cherry
facebook
twitter
Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial process
Kendra Cherry
Reviewed by
Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on February 24, 2020
facebook
twitter
linkedin
instagram
Amy Morin, LCSW, is the Editor-in-Chief of Verywell Mind. She's also a psychotherapist, the author of the bestselling book "13 Things Mentally Strong People Don't Do," and the host of The Verywell Mind Podcast. Learn about our Review Board
Amy Morin, LCSW
Updated on March 04, 2020
What forces are behind your actions? Do you get up and head to the gym each day because you know it's good for you, or is it because of some type of external reward? There are many different reasons why people do things. Sometimes people are motivated to act because of internal desires and wishes, but at other times, behaviors are driven by a desire for external rewards. According to one theory of human motivation, actions are often inspired by a desire to gain outside reinforcement. The incentive theory is one of the major theories of motivation and suggests that behavior is motivated by a desire for reinforcement or incentives. Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell
History of the Incentive Theory
Incentive theory began to emerge during the 1940s and 1950s, building on the earlier drive theories established by psychologists such as Clark Hull.

Goal setting and achievement thinking--the key to project and professional success Goal setting and achievement thinking--the key to project and professional success
Goal setting and achievement thinking--the key to project and professional success
How to cite this article:
Abstract
Getting from the “As-Is” to the “To-Be”
What Really Motivates Project Stakeholders
Three primary motives
Achievement Thinking in a Project Environment
Exhibit 3 – Achievement Thinking Process (Adapted from McClelland 1987, p. 193)
Summary
 The basic principle behind all motivational theories is that stakeholders’ motives generate a set of thoughts which, in turn influence their behavior, which will drive them toward goal accomplishment. This motive – thought – behavior process is fundamental to why and how people set goals and take specific actions to accomplish those goals. Everyone involved with a project will have different thoughts and displayed behaviors. Exhibit 2 – Motive-Thought-Behavior Process
Three primary motives
Maslow, Herzberg and McGregor conducted research and developed theories about human motivation that explored motivation at all organizational and personal levels. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs states that there are five motivational factors, (1. physiological, 2. safety, 3. social, 4. esteem, 5. self-actualization,) structured in a hierarchy such that the lower level needs must be satisfied before the next hierarchical level can become a motivator.

Goal setting and achievement thinking--the key to project and professional success

Goal setting and achievement thinking--the key to project and professional success
Goal setting and achievement thinking--the key to project and professional success
How to cite this article:
Abstract
Getting from the “As-Is” to the “To-Be”
What Really Motivates Project Stakeholders
Three primary motives
Achievement Thinking in a Project Environment
Exhibit 3 – Achievement Thinking Process (Adapted from McClelland 1987, p. 193)
Summary

The basic principle behind all motivational theories is that stakeholders’ motives generate a set of thoughts which, in turn influence their behavior, which will drive them toward goal accomplishment. This motive – thought – behavior process is fundamental to why and how people set goals and take specific actions to accomplish those goals. Everyone involved with a project will have different thoughts and displayed behaviors. Exhibit 2 – Motive-Thought-Behavior Process
Three primary motives
Maslow, Herzberg and McGregor conducted research and developed theories about human motivation that explored motivation at all organizational and personal levels. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs states that there are five motivational factors, (1. physiological, 2. safety, 3. social, 4. esteem, 5. self-actualization,) structured in a hierarchy such that the lower level needs must be satisfied before the next hierarchical level can become a motivator.

How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation | Cleverism How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation
How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation
INTRODUCTION
What is Motivation?
Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation
Components of Motivation
Motivation and Morale: How Is Motivation Different from Morale?
The Importance of Motivation
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
Instincts – Evolutionary Theory of Motivation
Drive-Reduction Theory of Motivation
Temporal Motivation Theory (TMT)
Arousal Theory of Motivation
Incentive Theory of Motivation and Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation
Drives and Needs – Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
HOW TO MOTIVATE YOURSELF
The Scientific Ways of Motivation
 How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation | Cleverism
How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation
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How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation
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In this article, you will learn about 1) an introduction to motivation, 2) theories of motivation, and 3) how to motivate yourself. INTRODUCTION
What is Motivation? Motivation is a behavioral progression that instigates an individual to move toward a goal and guides him in the process. Motivation can help you become independent and live the lifestyle that you so desire. It equips you with the leverage to explore your limits and survey your ideas. Pause
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Motivation can be split into two broad categories – extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic motivation is guided by external factors and rewards, such as money, fame and recognition, power and influence, or happiness in general. Intrinsic motivation comes from within the individual. This kind of motivation exists when the individual hopes to gain personal pleasure or gratification from a certain act.

How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation | Cleverism
How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation
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How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation
© Shutterstock.com | alphaspirit
In this article, you will learn about 1) an introduction to motivation, 2) theories of motivation, and 3) how to motivate yourself. INTRODUCTION
What is Motivation? Motivation is a behavioral progression that instigates an individual to move toward a goal and guides him in the process. Motivation can help you become independent and live the lifestyle that you so desire. It equips you with the leverage to explore your limits and survey your ideas. Pause
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Speed: Normal
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Motivation can be split into two broad categories – extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic motivation is guided by external factors and rewards, such as money, fame and recognition, power and influence, or happiness in general. Intrinsic motivation comes from within the individual. This kind of motivation exists when the individual hopes to gain personal pleasure or gratification from a certain act.

Content theory - Wikipedia

Content theory
Content theory
Contents
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
ERG theory
Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene theory (Two-factor theory)
Need theory
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Sex, Hedonism, and Evolution
Self-determination theory
"16 basic desires" theory
Natural theories
Self-management through teamwork
Wage incentives
Autonomy: increased motivation for autonomous tasks
Rational motivations
Incentive theories: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation
Flow theory
Behaviorist theories
Classical and operant conditioning
Incentive motivation
Motivating operations
Motivation and psychotherapy
Socio-cultural theory
Push and pull
Push
Pull
Self-control
Drives
Drive-reduction theory
Cognitive dissonance theory
Temporal motivation theory
Achievement motivation
Cognitive theories
Goal-setting theory
Expectancy theory
Procrastination
Models of behavior change
Thematic apperception test
Attribution theory
Approach versus avoidance
Conditioned taste aversion.
Unconscious Motivation
Priming
Conscious Motivation
Mental Fatigue
Learned Industriousness
Reversal Theory
Sources
Notes
References

Find sources: " Content theory" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR
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Content theory is a subset of motivational theories that try to define what motivates people. Content theories of motivation often describe a system of needs that motivate peoples' actions. While process theories of motivation attempt to explain how and why our motivations affect our behaviors, content theories of motivation attempt to define what those motives or needs are. Content theory includes the work of David McClelland, Abraham Maslow and other psychologists. Contents
1 McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
2 ERG theory
3 Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene theory (Two-factor theory)
4 Need theory
5 Maslow's hierarchy of needs
6 Sex, Hedonism, and Evolution
7 Self-determination theory
8 "16 basic desires" theory
9 Natural theories
9.1 Self-management through teamwork
9.2 Wage incentives
9.3 Autonomy: increased motivation for autonomous tasks
10 Rational motivations
11 Incentive theories:

A Biological Theory Of Motivation A Biological Theory Of Motivation
A Biological Theory Of Motivation There have been five well known theories of motivation, which seek to explain the reasons why a few people spend more energy than others to achieve their goals. All these theories essentially outline the crucial impact of neural activities on motivation. The Instinct Theory suggests that motivated behavior is a biological instinct. The Drive Reduction Theory suggests that motivated behavior seeks to reduce the tension of drives triggered by sensations such as hunger or pain. The Arousal Theory suggests that motivated behavior is the result of a search for an optimum level of arousal. The Psychoanalytic Theory suggests that motivated behaviors follow fundamental drives to survive and avoid death. The Humanistic Theory presents the Maslow Hierarchy, where people strive to achieve their maximum potential. Instinctual responses, drive reduction, arousal, psychological and humanistic drives are the varied aspects of the powerful neural drives, which ultimately motivate people. The Intuition Theory suggests that these drives are powered by the intuitive choices of the mind. Intuition focuses the nervous system on an activity.

A Biological Theory Of Motivation

There have been five well known theories of motivation, which seek to explain the reasons why a few people spend more energy than others to achieve their goals. All these theories essentially outline the crucial impact of neural activities on motivation. The Instinct Theory suggests that motivated behavior is a biological instinct. The Drive Reduction Theory suggests that motivated behavior seeks to reduce the tension of drives triggered by sensations such as hunger or pain. The Arousal Theory suggests that motivated behavior is the result of a search for an optimum level of arousal. The Psychoanalytic Theory suggests that motivated behaviors follow fundamental drives to survive and avoid death. The Humanistic Theory presents the Maslow Hierarchy, where people strive to achieve their maximum potential. Instinctual responses, drive reduction, arousal, psychological and humanistic drives are the varied aspects of the powerful neural drives, which ultimately motivate people. The Intuition Theory suggests that these drives are powered by the intuitive choices of the mind. Intuition focuses the nervous system on an activity.

How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation | Cleverism How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation
How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation
INTRODUCTION
What is Motivation?
Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation
Components of Motivation
Motivation and Morale: How Is Motivation Different from Morale?
The Importance of Motivation
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
Instincts – Evolutionary Theory of Motivation
Drive-Reduction Theory of Motivation
Temporal Motivation Theory (TMT)
Arousal Theory of Motivation
Incentive Theory of Motivation and Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation
Drives and Needs – Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
HOW TO MOTIVATE YOURSELF
The Scientific Ways of Motivation
 These drives inherently push an individual toward a certain goal. Primary needs can be hunger, thirst, and sexual desire, whereas secondary needs are the ones that assist in satisfying the primary needs – the best example is monetary needs. According to Clark Hull, the person behind drive-reduction theory, drive-reduction is a primary component of the learning process in humans. Since the satisfaction (or reduction) of a drive on a regular basis conditions human behavior, drives are the foremost change-agents when it comes to impacting human behavior and learning. Also, the presence of simultaneous multiple drives will lead to more comprehensive learning than a single drive. Temporal Motivation Theory (TMT)
Temporal motivation theory studies the impact of time (especially deadlines) on our motivation levels. This theory suggests that the more a job is near its deadline, the more its perceived importance increases. In other words, time plays a crucial role in motivating people to do certain jobs. Other important elements of this theory are procrastination and goal-setting. TMT was developed by Piers Steel and Cornelius J. König.

These drives inherently push an individual toward a certain goal. Primary needs can be hunger, thirst, and sexual desire, whereas secondary needs are the ones that assist in satisfying the primary needs – the best example is monetary needs. According to Clark Hull, the person behind drive-reduction theory, drive-reduction is a primary component of the learning process in humans. Since the satisfaction (or reduction) of a drive on a regular basis conditions human behavior, drives are the foremost change-agents when it comes to impacting human behavior and learning. Also, the presence of simultaneous multiple drives will lead to more comprehensive learning than a single drive. Temporal Motivation Theory (TMT)
Temporal motivation theory studies the impact of time (especially deadlines) on our motivation levels. This theory suggests that the more a job is near its deadline, the more its perceived importance increases. In other words, time plays a crucial role in motivating people to do certain jobs. Other important elements of this theory are procrastination and goal-setting. TMT was developed by Piers Steel and Cornelius J. König.

Theories of Motivation | Boundless Psychology Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Evolutionary Theory of Motivation
Key Points
Key Terms
Genetic Fitness
Evolutionary Perspective on Motivation
Optimization Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Key Points
Key Terms
Motivation and Needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy
Physiological Needs
Safety Needs
Love/Belonging Needs
Esteem Needs
Self-Actualization
Drive-Reduction Theory of Motivation
Key Points
Key Terms
Drives and Homeostasis
Drive-Reduction Theory
Primary and Secondary Drives
Drive-Reduction Theory and Learning
Critiques of Drive-Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory of Motivation
Key Points
Key Terms
The Reward System
Optimal Levels of Arousal
Temperament and Motivation
Incentive Theory of Motivation and Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation
Key Points
Key Terms
Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation
Incentive Theory and the Effects of Extrinsic Motivation
The Cognitive and Achievement Approaches to Motivation
Key Points
Key Terms
Achievement Motivation
Mastery and Performance Goals
Cognitive Dissonance
Temporal Motivation Theory
Key Points
Key Terms
Examples of Temporal Motivation Theory
 Theories of Motivation | Boundless Psychology
Theories of Motivation
Evolutionary Theory of Motivation
According to evolutionary psychology, individuals are motivated to engage in behaviors that maximize their genetic fitness. Learning Objectives
Summarize the evolutionary perspective on motivation
Key Takeaways
Key Points
Evolutionary psychology states that genetic mutations are capable of altering not only physical traits, but also behavioral traits. All animals, including humans, act in ways that improve their reproductive success; this results in social processes that maximize genetic fitness. According to evolutionary theory, those who are the most fit are the most likely to survive, and eventually the population evolves in such a way that their traits manifest themselves across the population. From an evolutionary point of view, behaviors are not made consciously; they are instinctual, and based on what is most advantageous in terms of passing one’s genes to the next generation. William James (1842–1910) was an important contributor to early research into motivation, and he theorized that behavior was driven by a number of instincts that aid survival. Optimization theory is concerned with assessing the success of behaviors. It states that individuals are motivated to adopt strategies that allow them to consume the most energy while expending the least amount of energy.

Theories of Motivation | Boundless Psychology

Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Evolutionary Theory of Motivation
Key Points
Key Terms
Genetic Fitness
Evolutionary Perspective on Motivation
Optimization Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Key Points
Key Terms
Motivation and Needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy
Physiological Needs
Safety Needs
Love/Belonging Needs
Esteem Needs
Self-Actualization
Drive-Reduction Theory of Motivation
Key Points
Key Terms
Drives and Homeostasis
Drive-Reduction Theory
Primary and Secondary Drives
Drive-Reduction Theory and Learning
Critiques of Drive-Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory of Motivation
Key Points
Key Terms
The Reward System
Optimal Levels of Arousal
Temperament and Motivation
Incentive Theory of Motivation and Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation
Key Points
Key Terms
Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation
Incentive Theory and the Effects of Extrinsic Motivation
The Cognitive and Achievement Approaches to Motivation
Key Points
Key Terms
Achievement Motivation
Mastery and Performance Goals
Cognitive Dissonance
Temporal Motivation Theory
Key Points
Key Terms
Examples of Temporal Motivation Theory

Theories of Motivation | Boundless Psychology
Theories of Motivation
Evolutionary Theory of Motivation
According to evolutionary psychology, individuals are motivated to engage in behaviors that maximize their genetic fitness. Learning Objectives
Summarize the evolutionary perspective on motivation
Key Takeaways
Key Points
Evolutionary psychology states that genetic mutations are capable of altering not only physical traits, but also behavioral traits. All animals, including humans, act in ways that improve their reproductive success; this results in social processes that maximize genetic fitness. According to evolutionary theory, those who are the most fit are the most likely to survive, and eventually the population evolves in such a way that their traits manifest themselves across the population. From an evolutionary point of view, behaviors are not made consciously; they are instinctual, and based on what is most advantageous in terms of passing one’s genes to the next generation. William James (1842–1910) was an important contributor to early research into motivation, and he theorized that behavior was driven by a number of instincts that aid survival. Optimization theory is concerned with assessing the success of behaviors. It states that individuals are motivated to adopt strategies that allow them to consume the most energy while expending the least amount of energy.

Employee motivation - Wikipedia Employee motivation
Employee motivation
Contents
Motivational techniques
Taylorism
Hawthorne effect
Job design
Rewards
Intrinsic rewards: Job Characteristics Model
Employee participation
Quality-of-work-life programs
Employee Engagement
Motivational theories
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Herzberg's two-factor theory
Vroom's expectancy theory
Locke's goal theory
Locke and Latham's five goal setting principles
See also
References
 Employee motivation - Wikipedia
Employee motivation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Employee motivation is an intrinsic and internal drive to put forth the necessary effort and action towards work-related activities. It has been broadly defined as the "psychological forces that determine the direction of a person's behavior in an organisation, a person's level of effort and a person's level of persistence ". Also, "Motivation can be thought of as the willingness to expend energy to achieve a goal or a reward. Motivation at work has been defined as 'the sum of the processes that influence the arousal, direction, and maintenance of behaviors relevant to work settings'." Motivated employees are essential to the success of an organization as motivated employees are generally more productive at the work place. Contents
1 Motivational techniques
1.1 Taylorism
1.2 Hawthorne effect
2 Job design
2.1 Rewards
2.1.1 Intrinsic rewards: Job Characteristics Model
2.2 Employee participation
2.3 Quality-of-work-life programs
3 Motivational theories
3.1 Maslow's hierarchy of needs
3.2 Herzberg's two-factor theory
3.3 Vroom's expectancy theory
3.4 Locke's goal theory
3.5 Locke and Latham's five goal setting principles
4 See also
5 References
Motivational techniques

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Motivation is the impulse that an individual has in a job or activity to reaching an end goal.

Employee motivation - Wikipedia

Employee motivation
Employee motivation
Contents
Motivational techniques
Taylorism
Hawthorne effect
Job design
Rewards
Intrinsic rewards: Job Characteristics Model
Employee participation
Quality-of-work-life programs
Employee Engagement
Motivational theories
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Herzberg's two-factor theory
Vroom's expectancy theory
Locke's goal theory
Locke and Latham's five goal setting principles
See also
References

Employee motivation - Wikipedia
Employee motivation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Employee motivation is an intrinsic and internal drive to put forth the necessary effort and action towards work-related activities. It has been broadly defined as the "psychological forces that determine the direction of a person's behavior in an organisation, a person's level of effort and a person's level of persistence ". Also, "Motivation can be thought of as the willingness to expend energy to achieve a goal or a reward. Motivation at work has been defined as 'the sum of the processes that influence the arousal, direction, and maintenance of behaviors relevant to work settings'." Motivated employees are essential to the success of an organization as motivated employees are generally more productive at the work place. Contents
1 Motivational techniques
1.1 Taylorism
1.2 Hawthorne effect
2 Job design
2.1 Rewards
2.1.1 Intrinsic rewards: Job Characteristics Model
2.2 Employee participation
2.3 Quality-of-work-life programs
3 Motivational theories
3.1 Maslow's hierarchy of needs
3.2 Herzberg's two-factor theory
3.3 Vroom's expectancy theory
3.4 Locke's goal theory
3.5 Locke and Latham's five goal setting principles
4 See also
5 References
Motivational techniques

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Motivation is the impulse that an individual has in a job or activity to reaching an end goal.

Three Major Theories of Motivation | Your Business Three Major Theories of Motivation
Three Major Theories of Motivation
by Freddie Silver
What is Motivation?
Taylor's Theory of Scientifc Management
Mayo's Theory of Human Relations
Maslow and Herzberg's Theory of Human Needs
Expectancy Theory in Business Organizations
 Three Major Theories of Motivation | Your Business
Expectancy Theory in Business Organizations
Limitations to Motivate Workers
Three Major Theories of Motivation
by Freddie Silver
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The Motivational Theories of Human Resources Managers
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Motivated employees are more productive and creative than those who are unmotivated. They enjoy their work more and experience less stress. Managers usually strive to find ways to motivate their staff. Behavioral psychologists have developed various theories about motivation in an attempt to better understand and control human behavior. A basic understanding of three major motivation theories helps us to see how motivation can be applied in the workplace. What is Motivation? Stated simply, motivation is the driving force behind all people's actions. Behavioral psychologists have conducted research investigating why people behave the way they do. Entrepreneurs who understand the theories that were developed from this research about what makes people tick learn how to motivate purchasers to buy their products and use their services.

Three Major Theories of Motivation
Three Major Theories of Motivation
by Freddie Silver
What is Motivation?
Taylor's Theory of Scientifc Management
Mayo's Theory of Human Relations
Maslow and Herzberg's Theory of Human Needs
Expectancy Theory in Business Organizations

Three Major Theories of Motivation | Your Business
Expectancy Theory in Business Organizations
Limitations to Motivate Workers
Three Major Theories of Motivation
by Freddie Silver
Related Articles
Expectancy Theory in Business Organizations
Limitations to Motivate Workers
What Are the Skills of a Leader? The Role of Rewards & Punishment as Deterrents
Three Theories Concerning the Sources of Motivation
The Motivational Theories of Human Resources Managers
Share on Facebook
Motivated employees are more productive and creative than those who are unmotivated. They enjoy their work more and experience less stress. Managers usually strive to find ways to motivate their staff. Behavioral psychologists have developed various theories about motivation in an attempt to better understand and control human behavior. A basic understanding of three major motivation theories helps us to see how motivation can be applied in the workplace. What is Motivation? Stated simply, motivation is the driving force behind all people's actions. Behavioral psychologists have conducted research investigating why people behave the way they do. Entrepreneurs who understand the theories that were developed from this research about what makes people tick learn how to motivate purchasers to buy their products and use their services.

Content and Process Theories of Motivation - PHDessay.com Content and Process Theories of Motivation
Content and Process Theories of Motivation
Table of contents
Concepts Definition
Strength of Content Theories
Weaknesses of Content Theories
Strength of Process Theories
Weaknesses of Process Theories
WORK CITED
Cite this page
 Content and Process Theories of Motivation - PHDessay.com
Last Updated 10 Aug 2020
Content and Process Theories of Motivation
Category Theories
Essay type Process
Words
599
(2 pages)
Views
299
Table of contents
Concepts Definition
Strength of Content Theories
Weaknesses of Content Theories
Strength of Process Theories
Weaknesses of Process Theories
WORK CITED
Concepts Definition
The content and process theories of motivation provide human resource managers with the basic understanding of personal needs deficiencies, and how these needs can be transformed into motivated behavior. Content theories of motivation (also referred to as needs theories) focus on the needs that motivate behavior. The content approach focuses on the assumption that individuals are motivated by the desire to satisfy their inner needs. Needs reflect either physiological or psychological deficiencies. They attempt to explain those specific issues, which actually motivate the individual at work. These motivating issues are concerned with identifying people’s needs and their relative strengths, and the goals they pursue in order to satisfy these needs. Process theories of motivation (also referred to as cognitive theories) focus on how behavior change occurs, or how a person comes to act in a different way. The theories center its attention on the cognitive processes underlying an individual’s level of motivation. There is less emphasis on the specific factors (or content) that causes behavior. In sum, content theories attempt to determine the specific needs that motivate individuals, while the process theories seek to analyze, how individual behavior is initiated, sustained and halted.

Content and Process Theories of Motivation - PHDessay.com

Content and Process Theories of Motivation
Content and Process Theories of Motivation
Table of contents
Concepts Definition
Strength of Content Theories
Weaknesses of Content Theories
Strength of Process Theories
Weaknesses of Process Theories
WORK CITED
Cite this page

Content and Process Theories of Motivation - PHDessay.com
Last Updated 10 Aug 2020
Content and Process Theories of Motivation
Category Theories
Essay type Process
Words
599
(2 pages)
Views
299
Table of contents
Concepts Definition
Strength of Content Theories
Weaknesses of Content Theories
Strength of Process Theories
Weaknesses of Process Theories
WORK CITED
Concepts Definition
The content and process theories of motivation provide human resource managers with the basic understanding of personal needs deficiencies, and how these needs can be transformed into motivated behavior. Content theories of motivation (also referred to as needs theories) focus on the needs that motivate behavior. The content approach focuses on the assumption that individuals are motivated by the desire to satisfy their inner needs. Needs reflect either physiological or psychological deficiencies. They attempt to explain those specific issues, which actually motivate the individual at work. These motivating issues are concerned with identifying people’s needs and their relative strengths, and the goals they pursue in order to satisfy these needs. Process theories of motivation (also referred to as cognitive theories) focus on how behavior change occurs, or how a person comes to act in a different way. The theories center its attention on the cognitive processes underlying an individual’s level of motivation. There is less emphasis on the specific factors (or content) that causes behavior. In sum, content theories attempt to determine the specific needs that motivate individuals, while the process theories seek to analyze, how individual behavior is initiated, sustained and halted.

Motivation and Motivation Theory - levels, system, model, hierarchy, workplace, business, system, Historical development, Major content theories MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION THEORY
MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION THEORY
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS.
ALDERFER'S ERG THEORY.
MOTIVATOR-HYGIENE THEORY.
MCCLELLAND'S LEARNED NEEDS THEORY.
MAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
EXPECTANCY THEORY.
EQUITY THEORY.
GOAL-SETTING THEORY.
REINFORCEMENT THEORY.
FURTHER READING:
 Sigmund  Freud, for example, argued that the most powerful determinants of  individual behavior were those of which the individual was not consciously  aware. According to Motivation and Leadership at Work (Steers, Porter, and Bigley, 1996), in the early twentieth century  researchers began to examine other possible explanations for differences  in individual motivation. Some researchers focused on internal drives as  an explanation for motivated behavior. Others studied the effect of learning and how individuals base current behavior on the  consequences of past behavior. Still others examined the influence of  individuals' cognitive processes, such as the beliefs they have  about future events. Over time, these major theoretical streams of  research in motivation were classified into two major schools: the content  theories of motivation and the process theories of motivation. MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
Content (or need) theories of motivation focus on factors internal to the  individual that energize and direct behavior. In general, such theories  regard motivation as the product of internal drives that compel an  individual to act or move (hence, "motivate") toward the  satisfaction of individual needs. The content theories of motivation are  based in large part on early theories of motivation that traced the paths  of action backward to their perceived origin in internal drives.

Motivation and Motivation Theory - levels, system, model, hierarchy, workplace, business, system, Historical development, Major content theories

MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION THEORY
MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION THEORY
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS.
ALDERFER'S ERG THEORY.
MOTIVATOR-HYGIENE THEORY.
MCCLELLAND'S LEARNED NEEDS THEORY.
MAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
EXPECTANCY THEORY.
EQUITY THEORY.
GOAL-SETTING THEORY.
REINFORCEMENT THEORY.
FURTHER READING:

Sigmund  Freud, for example, argued that the most powerful determinants of  individual behavior were those of which the individual was not consciously  aware. According to Motivation and Leadership at Work (Steers, Porter, and Bigley, 1996), in the early twentieth century  researchers began to examine other possible explanations for differences  in individual motivation. Some researchers focused on internal drives as  an explanation for motivated behavior. Others studied the effect of learning and how individuals base current behavior on the  consequences of past behavior. Still others examined the influence of  individuals' cognitive processes, such as the beliefs they have  about future events. Over time, these major theoretical streams of  research in motivation were classified into two major schools: the content  theories of motivation and the process theories of motivation. MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
Content (or need) theories of motivation focus on factors internal to the  individual that energize and direct behavior. In general, such theories  regard motivation as the product of internal drives that compel an  individual to act or move (hence, "motivate") toward the  satisfaction of individual needs. The content theories of motivation are  based in large part on early theories of motivation that traced the paths  of action backward to their perceived origin in internal drives.

Arousal Theory of Motivation - Psychestudy Arousal Theory of Motivation
Arousal Theory of Motivation
How does Arousal Theory of Motivation Work?
Assumption
Arousal and performance
 Arousal Theory of Motivation - Psychestudy
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Motivation Emotion
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Motivation Emotion
Arousal Theory of Motivation
by Praveen Shrestha in Motivation Emotion
Updated November 17, 2017
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Cite this article as: Praveen Shrestha, "Arousal Theory of Motivation," in Psychestudy, November 17, 2017, https://www.psychestudy.com/general/motivation-emotion/arousal-theory-motivation. Motivation can be defined as a reason (or reasons) which lead an individual to act in a certain way. The reasons might not always be the same between two individuals acting in a certain way, but almost every action is directed by certain motivation. Different theories have been proposed over the years to explain motivation, one of which is Arousal Theory of Motivation. The theory states that the major reason people are driven to perform any action is to maintain the optimal level of physiological arousal. The optimal level of arousal varies from one person to the next. Arousal is one of the fundamental aspects required for attention and information process. So, maintaining the optimal arousal level is vital for a person’s task performance. Research has shown that psychological factor responsible for arousal of motivation also has a relationship with the performance.

Arousal Theory of Motivation - Psychestudy

Arousal Theory of Motivation
Arousal Theory of Motivation
How does Arousal Theory of Motivation Work?
Assumption
Arousal and performance

Arousal Theory of Motivation - Psychestudy
Home
General
Motivation Emotion
Arousal Theory of Motivation
Motivation Emotion
Arousal Theory of Motivation
by Praveen Shrestha in Motivation Emotion
Updated November 17, 2017
Tweet
Cite this article as: Praveen Shrestha, "Arousal Theory of Motivation," in Psychestudy, November 17, 2017, https://www.psychestudy.com/general/motivation-emotion/arousal-theory-motivation. Motivation can be defined as a reason (or reasons) which lead an individual to act in a certain way. The reasons might not always be the same between two individuals acting in a certain way, but almost every action is directed by certain motivation. Different theories have been proposed over the years to explain motivation, one of which is Arousal Theory of Motivation. The theory states that the major reason people are driven to perform any action is to maintain the optimal level of physiological arousal. The optimal level of arousal varies from one person to the next. Arousal is one of the fundamental aspects required for attention and information process. So, maintaining the optimal arousal level is vital for a person’s task performance. Research has shown that psychological factor responsible for arousal of motivation also has a relationship with the performance.

The Science of Improving Motivation at Work - PositivePsychology.com The Science of Improving Motivation at Work
The Science of Improving Motivation at Work
This Article Contains:
Motivation in the Workplace
Motivation Theories in Organizational Behavior
Hertzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Hawthorne Effect
Expectancy Theory
Three-Dimensional Theory of Attribution
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory Z
Employee Motivation Strategies
Motivation and Job Performance
Psychological Capital Interventions
Job Crafting Interventions
Leadership and Motivation
The MBA Oath
Motivation and Good Business
A Take-Home Message
Related reading: Motivation in Education: What it Takes to Motivate Our Kids
References
How useful was this article to you?
About the Author
Categories
 We discuss here a few of the most frequently applied theories of motivation in organizational behavior. Hertzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Frederick Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of motivation, also known as dual-factor theory or motivation-hygiene theory, was a result of a study in the 1950s that analyzed responses of 200 accountants and engineers who were asked about their positive and negative feelings about their work. Herzberg concluded that two major factors influence employee motivation and satisfaction with their jobs: Motivator factors that can motivate employees to work harder and lead to on-the-job satisfaction that includes experiences of greater engagement in and enjoyment of the work, feelings of recognition, and a sense of career progression. Hygiene factors that can potentially lead to dissatisfaction and a lack of motivation if they are absent like adequate compensation, effective company policies, comprehensive benefits, or good relationships with managers and co-workers. Herzberg maintained that while motivator and hygiene factors both influence motivation, they appeared to work entirely independently of each other. He found that motivator factors increased employee satisfaction and motivation, but the absence of these factors didn’t necessarily cause dissatisfaction. Likewise, the presence of hygiene factors didn’t appear to increase satisfaction and motivation, but their absence caused an increase in dissatisfaction. It is debatable whether his theory would hold true today outside of blue-collar industries, particularly with the millennials who, according to recent studies, are reportedly looking for meaningful work and growth. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory proposed that employees become motivated along a continuum of satisfaction of needs from basic physiological needs to higher-level psychological needs for growth and self-actualization.

The Science of Improving Motivation at Work - PositivePsychology.com

The Science of Improving Motivation at Work
The Science of Improving Motivation at Work
This Article Contains:
Motivation in the Workplace
Motivation Theories in Organizational Behavior
Hertzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Hawthorne Effect
Expectancy Theory
Three-Dimensional Theory of Attribution
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory Z
Employee Motivation Strategies
Motivation and Job Performance
Psychological Capital Interventions
Job Crafting Interventions
Leadership and Motivation
The MBA Oath
Motivation and Good Business
A Take-Home Message
Related reading: Motivation in Education: What it Takes to Motivate Our Kids
References
How useful was this article to you?
About the Author
Categories

Motivation Psychology Motivation Psychology
Motivation Psychology
Introduction
A Simple Understanding Of Motivation Psychology
Types of Motivation in Psychology
Theories of Motivation in Psychology
Motivation Psychology Articles
What Is Motivation Theory?
What Are the Different Theories of Motivation?
What Is the Humanistic Approach to Motivation?
What Is a Motivated Behavior?
What Is Physiological Motivation?
RESOURCES
 How to get motivated
Types of Motivation in Psychology
There are several different types of motivation to consider. The main types are internal (intrinsic) and external (extrinsic). Internal motivation is something that is driven by a desire within, whether that is a basic necessity to get food and shelter, social approval, acceptance, or a sense of accomplishment. External motivation is driven by what others may think of us or achieving a goal like earning a paycheck. There’s also activation, which involves finding the right drive to get started. Persistence is about continuing on a specific task until it is completed. It’s easy to become unmotivated in the middle of something, especially if there appears to be little or no internal or external rewards. Finally, intensity can be viewed as how much focus is being placed on the task at hand. Theories of Motivation in Psychology
There have been numerous theories of motivation in psychology, including Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, classical and operant conditioning, incentive motivation, and even Expectancy Theory. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs essentially focuses on a range of factors that may push somebody to pursue a certain task or goal, from physiological needs like basic food, water, and shelter, to social acceptance.

Motivation Psychology

Motivation Psychology
Motivation Psychology
Introduction
A Simple Understanding Of Motivation Psychology
Types of Motivation in Psychology
Theories of Motivation in Psychology
Motivation Psychology Articles
What Is Motivation Theory?
What Are the Different Theories of Motivation?
What Is the Humanistic Approach to Motivation?
What Is a Motivated Behavior?
What Is Physiological Motivation?
RESOURCES

How to get motivated
Types of Motivation in Psychology
There are several different types of motivation to consider. The main types are internal (intrinsic) and external (extrinsic). Internal motivation is something that is driven by a desire within, whether that is a basic necessity to get food and shelter, social approval, acceptance, or a sense of accomplishment. External motivation is driven by what others may think of us or achieving a goal like earning a paycheck. There’s also activation, which involves finding the right drive to get started. Persistence is about continuing on a specific task until it is completed. It’s easy to become unmotivated in the middle of something, especially if there appears to be little or no internal or external rewards. Finally, intensity can be viewed as how much focus is being placed on the task at hand. Theories of Motivation in Psychology
There have been numerous theories of motivation in psychology, including Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, classical and operant conditioning, incentive motivation, and even Expectancy Theory. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs essentially focuses on a range of factors that may push somebody to pursue a certain task or goal, from physiological needs like basic food, water, and shelter, to social acceptance.

Perspectives on Motivation

Perspectives on Motivation
Perspectives on Motivation
Motivation in the workplace is primarily concerned with improving employees' focus through the use of incentives.
Learning Objective
Key Points
Terms
Full Text
Needs-Oriented Theories
Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Need for Achievement Theory
Cognition-Oriented Theories
Equity Theory
Expectancy Theory
Behavior-Oriented Theories
Job-Oriented Theories
Two-Factor Theory
Work Engagement Theory
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

incentive
A reward used to motivate employees to perform better. Full Text
From a managerial perspective, very few ideas are more important than the dynamics of motivation. Understanding what moves employees toward efficiency and fulfillment is at the core of any manager's responsibilities. Motivation in the workplace is primarily concerned with improving employees' focus, often through pursuing positive incentives and avoiding negative ones. Theories of motivation are of course rooted in psychology. An individual must direct their attention toward a task, generate the necessary effort to achieve that task, and persist in working toward it despite potential distractions. Various theories have attempted to identify the factors that contribute to effective employee motivation, most of which are easily divided into four broad categories: Needs-oriented theories
Cognition-oriented theories
Behavior-oriented theories
Job-oriented theories
Needs-Oriented Theories
At its most basic, motivation can be defined as the fulfillment of various human needs. These needs can encompass a range of human desires, from basic, tangible needs of survival to complex, emotional needs surrounding an individual's psychological well-being. Hierarchy of Needs
The most well-known example of a needs-oriented theory of motivation is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.

7 Top Motivation Theories in Psychology Explained 7 Top Motivation Theories in Psychology Explained
7 Top Motivation Theories in Psychology Explained
What You Will Learn
7 Top Motivation Theories in Psychology Explained
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological needs
Safety needs
Love and belongingness needs
Esteem needs
2. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
Existence Needs
Relatedness Needs
Growth Needs
This is key in workplace environments, as when a sense of autonomy is prevented, employees may regress their focus to a sense of security or belongingness their job gives them. This is a key point for employers to know because it suggests that if employees aren’t given growth opportunities, they’re likely to alter their focus to meeting their social needs by spending work hours socializing with colleagues, therefore wasting company money on payroll.
3. McClelland's “Acquired Needs” Human Motivation Theory
Achievement
Affiliation
Power
Pitfalls: Being motivated by power is an important trait for effective managers to have. However, this need can be a destructive factor in professional relationships if it takes the form of using power to only benefit oneself.
4. Vroom’s Theory of Expectancy
Vroom uses three variables in his theory: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.
Expectancy
Instrumentality
Valence
5. The Hawthorne Effect
Finally, this series of studies suggested that when employees work in groups, they feel a sense of pressure from the group to perform well, which has a positive impact on their motivation to succeed. The results of the Hawthorne Effect improved researchers’ understanding of what motivates people. This research added to other theories because it added in a factor of socialization needs when it comes to influencing people’s motivations and behaviors.
6. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory
7. Locke’s Goal-Setting Theory
Final Thoughts on Motivation Theories
 And while each theory is rather specific, if you look at the principal ideas behind each one, it can help you gain a more comprehensive understanding of motivation. According to the Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology, motivation is the force that initiates, manages, and maintains our goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what compels us to take some sort of action, which can be as simple as reaching for a snack to satisfy a craving or as significant as moving across the country. When we are moved into action, it’s either by the push of a motive or the draw of an incentive toward some end-goal. Understanding what makes you do the things you do can be helpful in a quest to live a more fulfilling life and establish effective decision-making processes. When you can better understand the forces that drive your actions–which can be influenced by your physiology, emotions, cognition, or social factors–you can also understand how to change your path if you can’t seem to get motivated to do the things that you know are important. No individual motivation theory explains every aspect of human behavior, but the theoretical explanations that we will look at in this article can help you develop new approaches to increase your motivation in domains in your life where it may be lacking. Let’s take a look. What You Will Learn
7 Top Motivation Theories in Psychology Explained
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
2.

7 Top Motivation Theories in Psychology Explained

And while each theory is rather specific, if you look at the principal ideas behind each one, it can help you gain a more comprehensive understanding of motivation. According to the Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology, motivation is the force that initiates, manages, and maintains our goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what compels us to take some sort of action, which can be as simple as reaching for a snack to satisfy a craving or as significant as moving across the country. When we are moved into action, it’s either by the push of a motive or the draw of an incentive toward some end-goal. Understanding what makes you do the things you do can be helpful in a quest to live a more fulfilling life and establish effective decision-making processes. When you can better understand the forces that drive your actions–which can be influenced by your physiology, emotions, cognition, or social factors–you can also understand how to change your path if you can’t seem to get motivated to do the things that you know are important. No individual motivation theory explains every aspect of human behavior, but the theoretical explanations that we will look at in this article can help you develop new approaches to increase your motivation in domains in your life where it may be lacking. Let’s take a look. What You Will Learn
7 Top Motivation Theories in Psychology Explained
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
2.

What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
Instinct Theory of Motivation
Drive Theory
Arousal Theory
Humanistic Theory
Incentive Theory
Expectancy Theory
A Word From Verywell
 What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
Theories
Behavioral Psychology
What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
By
Kendra Cherry
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Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on February 24, 2020
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Amy Morin, LCSW, is the Editor-in-Chief of Verywell Mind. She's also a psychotherapist, the author of the bestselling book "13 Things Mentally Strong People Don't Do," and the host of The Verywell Mind Podcast. Learn about our Review Board
Amy Morin, LCSW
Updated on April 17, 2021
Researchers have developed a number of theories to explain motivation. Each individual theory tends to be rather limited in scope. However, by looking at the key ideas behind each theory, you can gain a better understanding of motivation as a whole. Motivation is the force that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It is what causes us to take action, whether to grab a snack to reduce hunger or enroll in college to earn a degree. The forces that lie beneath motivation can be biological, social, emotional, or cognitive in nature. Let's take a look at each one.

What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior

What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
Instinct Theory of Motivation
Drive Theory
Arousal Theory
Humanistic Theory
Incentive Theory
Expectancy Theory
A Word From Verywell

What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
Theories
Behavioral Psychology
What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
By
Kendra Cherry
facebook
twitter
Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial process
Kendra Cherry
Reviewed by
Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on February 24, 2020
facebook
twitter
linkedin
instagram
Amy Morin, LCSW, is the Editor-in-Chief of Verywell Mind. She's also a psychotherapist, the author of the bestselling book "13 Things Mentally Strong People Don't Do," and the host of The Verywell Mind Podcast. Learn about our Review Board
Amy Morin, LCSW
Updated on April 17, 2021
Researchers have developed a number of theories to explain motivation. Each individual theory tends to be rather limited in scope. However, by looking at the key ideas behind each theory, you can gain a better understanding of motivation as a whole. Motivation is the force that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It is what causes us to take action, whether to grab a snack to reduce hunger or enroll in college to earn a degree. The forces that lie beneath motivation can be biological, social, emotional, or cognitive in nature. Let's take a look at each one.

Motivation - Wikipedia Motivation
Motivation
Contents
Definition
Motivation and mental states
Strength of desire and action
Content theories
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Herzberg's two-factor theory
Alderfer's ERG theory
Self-Determination Theory
Behaviorist theories
Classical and operant conditioning
Incentive motivation
Motivating operations
Motivation and psychotherapy
William McDougall's purposive psychology
Drives
Cognitive dissonance theory
Types of motivation
Intrinsic and extrinsic
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
Unconscious and conscious
Unconscious
Conscious
Neuroscience
Motivational reasons and rationality
Practical applications
Applications in business
Job characteristics model
Employee recognition programs
Applications in education
Indigenous education and learning
Self-determination in education
Applications in game design
Applications in the military
See also
References
Further reading
 Failing to fulfill this requirement results in cases of irrationality, known as akrasia or weakness of the will, in which there is a discrepancy between our beliefs about what we should do and our actions. Research on motivation has been employed in various fields. In the field of business, a central question concerns work motivation, for example, what measures an employer can use to ensure that his employees are motivated. Motivation is also of particular interest to educational psychologists because of its crucial role in student learning. Specific interest has been given to the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in this field. Contents
1 Definition
2 Motivation and mental states
2.1 Strength of desire and action
3 Content theories
3.1 Maslow's hierarchy of needs
3.2 Herzberg's two-factor theory
3.3 Alderfer's ERG theory
3.4 Self-Determination Theory
3.5 Behaviorist theories
3.5.1 Classical and operant conditioning
3.5.2 Incentive motivation
3.5.3 Motivating operations
3.5.4 Motivation and psychotherapy
3.6 Drives
3.7 Cognitive dissonance theory
4 Types of motivation
4.1 Intrinsic and extrinsic
4.1.1 Intrinsic
4.1.2 Extrinsic
4.2 Unconscious and conscious
4.2.1 Unconscious
4.2.2 Conscious
5 Neuroscience
6 Motivational reasons and rationality
7 Practical applications
7.1 Applications in business
7.1.1 Job characteristics model
7.1.2 Employee recognition programs
7.2 Applications in education
7.2.1 Indigenous education and learning
7.2.2 Self-determination in education
7.3 Applications in game design
7.4 Applications in the military
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
Definition
Motivation is commonly defined as what explains why people or animals initiate, continue or terminate a certain behavior at a particular time. Motivational states come in various degrees of strength. The higher the degree, the more likely it is that the state has an influence on behavior. This is often linked to forces acting from within the agent that result in goal-directed behavior. One problem with defining motivation in terms of internal forces is that it is very difficult to measure them, which is why empirically-minded theorists often prefer definitions that are more closely linked to observable behavior.

Motivation - Wikipedia

Motivation
Motivation
Contents
Definition
Motivation and mental states
Strength of desire and action
Content theories
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Herzberg's two-factor theory
Alderfer's ERG theory
Self-Determination Theory
Behaviorist theories
Classical and operant conditioning
Incentive motivation
Motivating operations
Motivation and psychotherapy
William McDougall's purposive psychology
Drives
Cognitive dissonance theory
Types of motivation
Intrinsic and extrinsic
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
Unconscious and conscious
Unconscious
Conscious
Neuroscience
Motivational reasons and rationality
Practical applications
Applications in business
Job characteristics model
Employee recognition programs
Applications in education
Indigenous education and learning
Self-determination in education
Applications in game design
Applications in the military
See also
References
Further reading

Motivation – Basic Concepts and Theories
Motivation – Basic Concepts and Theories
Furthermore, literature distinguishes 2 types of factors that influence motivation:
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
McClelland’s needs
Process cognitive theory
Expectancy theory by Vroom
Reactance theory by Brehm
Equity theory by Adams
Other theories
Our book recommendations on motivation

perceived freedom, threat to freedom, reactance, and restoration of freedom. Freedom is not an abstract consideration, but rather a feeling associated with real behaviors, including actions, emotions, and attitudes. ( from Wikipedia)
Equity theory by Adams
Perceptions people have about how they are being treated as compared with others
Involves feelings and perceptions, is always a comparative process
People will work better if they are treated equitably
Two forms of equity: Distributive – fairness people feel they are rewarded in accordance with their contribution and in comparison with others
Procedural – perceptions of employees about fairness of company procedures
We hope/expect that the inputs we give into our job equal the outputs we get
Other theories
Behavioral theory (Skinner): behavior is learnt from experience, learning takes place mainly through reinforcement
Social learning theory (Bandura) significance of reinforcement as a determinant of future behavior, importance of internal psychological factors, esp. Expectancies
Attribution theory (Guest) explanation of performance after we have invested considerable effort and motivation in a task; 4 types of explanations: ability, effort, task difficulty, luck; motivation depends on the factor used to explain success or failure
Role Modeling: people can be motivated if they have the chance to model their own behavior on a ‘role model’, i.e. someone who’s working or leadership style serves as an inspiration and a positive example
By Dagmar Recklies
——————————-
Our book recommendations on motivation
A Theory of Human Motivation
Abraham H. Maslow
This is the article in which Maslow first presented his hierarchy of needs.

20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology 20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
This Article Contains:
What is Motivation Psychology?
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG theory
McClelland’s achievement motivation theory
Immanuel Kant
Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
Process Theories of Motivation
Reinforcement theory
Adams’ equity theory of motivation
Vroom’s expectancy theory
Locke’s goal-setting theory
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Motivational Theories in Business
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory Z
The Hawthorne Effect
Motivational Theories in Sports Psychology
Optimal functioning hypothesis
Hull–Spence drive theory
Arousal-biased competition theory
Two memory systems theory
Processing efficiency theory
Textbooks on Motivation
1. Understanding Motivation and Emotion – Johnmarshall Reeve
2. Motivation: Theories and Principles – Robert C. Beck
3. Motivation – Lambert Deckers
4. Motivation and Emotion Evolutionary Physiological, Developmental, and Social Perspectives – Denys A. deCatanzaro
5. Motivation: A Biosocial and Cognitive Integration of Motivation and Emotion – Eva Dreikus Ferguson
6. Human Motivation – Robert E. Franken
7. The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior – Peter M. Gollwitzer and John Bargh
8. Motivation and Self-Regulation ccross the Life Span – Jutta Heckhausen and Carol S. Dweck
9. Reclaiming Cognition: The Primacy of Action, Intention, and Emotion (Journal of Consciousness Studies) – Rafael Nunez and Walter J. Freeman
10. Motivation: Theory, Research, and Applications – Herbert L. Petri and John M. Govern
11. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Search for Optimal Motivation and Performance – Carol Sansone and Judith M. Harackiewicz
12. Current Directions in Motivation and Emotion – Association for Psychological Science and Kennon Sheldon
13. The Psychobiology of Human Motivation (Psychology Focus) – Hugh Wagner
A Take-Home Message
References
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 Here a motive is understood as an internal disposition that pushes an individual toward a desired end-state where the motive is satisfied, and a goal is defined as the cognitive representation of the desired outcome that an individual attempts to achieve. While a goal guides a behavior that results in achieving it, an incentive is an anticipated feature of the environment that pulls an individual toward or away from a goal. Incentives usually enhance motivation for goal achievement. Emotions act like motives as well. They motivate an individual in a coordinated fashion along multiple channels of affect, physiology, and behavior to adapt to significant environmental changes. See our discussion of the motivation cycle and process in the blog post entitled What is Motivation. Theories of Motivation
Theories of motivation are often separated into content theories and process theories. In short, content theories explain what motivation is, and process theories describe how motivation occurs. There are also a large number of cognitive theories that relate to motivation and explain how our way of thinking and perceiving ourselves and the world around us can influence our motives. From self-concept, dissonance and mindset to values, orientation and perceived control, these theories explain how our preference toward certain mental constructs can increase or impair our ability to take goal-directed action.

Here a motive is understood as an internal disposition that pushes an individual toward a desired end-state where the motive is satisfied, and a goal is defined as the cognitive representation of the desired outcome that an individual attempts to achieve. While a goal guides a behavior that results in achieving it, an incentive is an anticipated feature of the environment that pulls an individual toward or away from a goal. Incentives usually enhance motivation for goal achievement. Emotions act like motives as well. They motivate an individual in a coordinated fashion along multiple channels of affect, physiology, and behavior to adapt to significant environmental changes. See our discussion of the motivation cycle and process in the blog post entitled What is Motivation. Theories of Motivation
Theories of motivation are often separated into content theories and process theories. In short, content theories explain what motivation is, and process theories describe how motivation occurs. There are also a large number of cognitive theories that relate to motivation and explain how our way of thinking and perceiving ourselves and the world around us can influence our motives. From self-concept, dissonance and mindset to values, orientation and perceived control, these theories explain how our preference toward certain mental constructs can increase or impair our ability to take goal-directed action.

Motivation - Wikipedia Motivation
Motivation
Contents
Definition
Neuroscience
Motivation and mental states
Strength of desire and action
Content theories
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Herzberg's two-factor theory
Alderfer's ERG theory
Self-Determination Theory
Incentive theories: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation
Behaviorist theories
Classical and operant conditioning
Incentive motivation
Motivating operations
Motivation and psychotherapy
William McDougall's purposive psychology
Drives
Cognitive dissonance theory
Unconscious Motivation
Priming
Conscious Motivation
Practical applications
Applications in business
Job characteristics model
Employee recognition programs
Applications in education
Indigenous education and learning
Self-determination in education
Applications in game design
Applications in the military
See also
References
Further reading
 An individual's motivation may be inspired by outside forces (extrinsic motivation) or by themselves (intrinsic motivation). The difference between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation depends on the actions behind it. Intrinsic motivation has to do with having an internal desire to perform a task and extrinsic motivation has to do with performing a task in order to receive some kind of reward. According to research, intrinsic motivation has more beneficial outcomes than extrinsic motivation. Motivation has been considered one of the most important reasons to move forward. Motivation results from the interaction of both conscious and unconscious factors. Mastering motivation to allow sustained and deliberate practice is central to high levels of achievement, e.g. in elite sport, medicine, or music. Motivation governs choices among alternative forms of voluntary activity. Contents
1 Definition
2 Neuroscience
3 Motivation and mental states
3.1 Strength of desire and action
4 Content theories
4.1 Maslow's hierarchy of needs
4.2 Herzberg's two-factor theory
4.3 Alderfer's ERG theory
4.4 Self-Determination Theory
4.5 Incentive theories: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
4.5.1 Intrinsic motivation
4.5.2 Extrinsic motivation
4.6 Behaviorist theories
4.6.1 Classical and operant conditioning
4.6.2 Incentive motivation
4.6.3 Motivating operations
4.6.4 Motivation and psychotherapy
4.7 Drives
4.8 Cognitive dissonance theory
4.9 Unconscious Motivation
4.9.1 Priming
4.9.2 Conscious Motivation
5 Practical applications
5.1 Applications in business
5.1.1 Job characteristics model
5.1.2 Employee recognition programs
5.2 Applications in education
5.2.1 Indigenous education and learning
5.2.2 Self-determination in education
5.3 Applications in game design
5.4 Applications in the military
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
Definition
Motivation is commonly defined as what explains why people or animals initiate, continue or terminate a certain behavior at a particular time.

Motivation - Wikipedia

Motivation
Motivation
Contents
Definition
Neuroscience
Motivation and mental states
Strength of desire and action
Content theories
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Herzberg's two-factor theory
Alderfer's ERG theory
Self-Determination Theory
Incentive theories: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation
Behaviorist theories
Classical and operant conditioning
Incentive motivation
Motivating operations
Motivation and psychotherapy
William McDougall's purposive psychology
Drives
Cognitive dissonance theory
Unconscious Motivation
Priming
Conscious Motivation
Practical applications
Applications in business
Job characteristics model
Employee recognition programs
Applications in education
Indigenous education and learning
Self-determination in education
Applications in game design
Applications in the military
See also
References
Further reading

Theories on Employee Motivation | Bizfluent Theories on Employee Motivation
Theories on Employee Motivation
Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory
J. Stacy Adams' Equity Theory
 Theories on Employee Motivation | Bizfluent
Theories on Employee Motivation
business colleagues image by Vladimir Melnik from Fotolia.com
By: Marcia Moore, MSSW
Updated September 26, 2017
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Organizational Behavior and Theories of Motivation
Learn More →
Motivation may be the desire within a person to do something. If the person is at work, employers may expect them to be motivated to have outstanding performance. Since being motivated could lead to high productivity at work, some professionals in the field of psychology (study of how people behave) have studied motivation and developed various theories to explain how employees are motivated. If such words as “want” and “desire” resemble motive to act, it may behoove employers to understand more about motivation and the relationship to high or low productivity. Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
According to Abraham Maslow, a behavioral scientist, there are five levels of needs that motivate people. They are the psychological needs that are basic and have to do with food and shelter; safety needs, which keeps them from physical and emotional harm; social needs, which stem from the desire for belonging; esteem needs, which come from recognition for achievements and self-actualization needs, which have to do with fulfillment and creativity.

Theories on Employee Motivation | Bizfluent

Theories on Employee Motivation
Theories on Employee Motivation
Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory
J. Stacy Adams' Equity Theory

Theories on Employee Motivation | Bizfluent
Theories on Employee Motivation
business colleagues image by Vladimir Melnik from Fotolia.com
By: Marcia Moore, MSSW
Updated September 26, 2017
Share It
Share
Tweet
Post
Email
Print
Related
Organizational Behavior and Theories of Motivation
Learn More →
Motivation may be the desire within a person to do something. If the person is at work, employers may expect them to be motivated to have outstanding performance. Since being motivated could lead to high productivity at work, some professionals in the field of psychology (study of how people behave) have studied motivation and developed various theories to explain how employees are motivated. If such words as “want” and “desire” resemble motive to act, it may behoove employers to understand more about motivation and the relationship to high or low productivity. Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
According to Abraham Maslow, a behavioral scientist, there are five levels of needs that motivate people. They are the psychological needs that are basic and have to do with food and shelter; safety needs, which keeps them from physical and emotional harm; social needs, which stem from the desire for belonging; esteem needs, which come from recognition for achievements and self-actualization needs, which have to do with fulfillment and creativity.

Theories of Motivation | Motivation Training from EPM Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories vs. Process Theories
1. Content Theories
2. Process Theories
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
2. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
3. McClelland’s Three Needs Theory
4. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
a. Theory X
b. Theory Y
5. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
6. Adam’s Equity Theory
7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
8. Taylor’s Motivation Theory – Scientific Management
9. Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory of Motivation
10. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory of Motivation
11. Mayo’s Motivation Theory
12. Locke’s Goal Setting Theory
Theories of Motivation: Summary
Ready to start your own business?
 Theories of Motivation | Motivation Training from EPM
Theories of Motivation
Since the beginning of industrialization and the advent of factories, people have been trying to figure out what motivates employees. One of the very first theories was developed by Frederick Taylor, who wrote, “The Principles of Scientific Management” in 1911. More recent theories of motivation include ERG Theory (1972) by Alderfer and the Equity Theory of Motivation (1963) by Adams. Unfortunately, most of the theories of motivation differ in what they think the best way to motivate employees is. The reason the theories draw different conclusions is that motivation is somewhat of a black box, where it’s difficult to see what’s going on inside our heads, and each of us is unique enough to make it very difficult to draw anything other than very general conclusions. Theories of Motivation
In a general sense, you can think of motivation as working as follows: As you can see, each of us has needs. Your needs will be different from my needs. But each of us is motivated by our needs to exhibit certain behaviors. The aim of our behaviors is obviously to meet our needs.

Theories of Motivation | Motivation Training from EPM

Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories vs. Process Theories
1. Content Theories
2. Process Theories
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
2. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
3. McClelland’s Three Needs Theory
4. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
a. Theory X
b. Theory Y
5. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
6. Adam’s Equity Theory
7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
8. Taylor’s Motivation Theory – Scientific Management
9. Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory of Motivation
10. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory of Motivation
11. Mayo’s Motivation Theory
12. Locke’s Goal Setting Theory
Theories of Motivation: Summary
Ready to start your own business?

Theories of Motivation | Motivation Training from EPM
Theories of Motivation
Since the beginning of industrialization and the advent of factories, people have been trying to figure out what motivates employees. One of the very first theories was developed by Frederick Taylor, who wrote, “The Principles of Scientific Management” in 1911. More recent theories of motivation include ERG Theory (1972) by Alderfer and the Equity Theory of Motivation (1963) by Adams. Unfortunately, most of the theories of motivation differ in what they think the best way to motivate employees is. The reason the theories draw different conclusions is that motivation is somewhat of a black box, where it’s difficult to see what’s going on inside our heads, and each of us is unique enough to make it very difficult to draw anything other than very general conclusions. Theories of Motivation
In a general sense, you can think of motivation as working as follows: As you can see, each of us has needs. Your needs will be different from my needs. But each of us is motivated by our needs to exhibit certain behaviors. The aim of our behaviors is obviously to meet our needs.

7 Top Motivation Theories in Psychology Explained 7 Top Motivation Theories in Psychology Explained
7 Top Motivation Theories in Psychology Explained
What You Will Learn
7 Top Motivation Theories in Psychology Explained
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological needs
Safety needs
Love and belongingness needs
Esteem needs
2. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
Existence Needs
Relatedness Needs
Growth Needs
This is key in workplace environments, as when a sense of autonomy is prevented, employees may regress their focus to a sense of security or belongingness their job gives them. This is a key point for employers to know because it suggests that if employees aren’t given growth opportunities, they’re likely to alter their focus to meeting their social needs by spending work hours socializing with colleagues, therefore wasting company money on payroll.
3. McClelland's “Acquired Needs” Human Motivation Theory
Achievement
Affiliation
Power
Pitfalls: Being motivated by power is an important trait for effective managers to have. However, this need can be a destructive factor in professional relationships if it takes the form of using power to only benefit oneself.
4. Vroom’s Theory of Expectancy
Vroom uses three variables in his theory: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.
Expectancy
Instrumentality
Valence
5. The Hawthorne Effect
Finally, this series of studies suggested that when employees work in groups, they feel a sense of pressure from the group to perform well, which has a positive impact on their motivation to succeed. The results of the Hawthorne Effect improved researchers’ understanding of what motivates people. This research added to other theories because it added in a factor of socialization needs when it comes to influencing people’s motivations and behaviors.
6. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory
7. Locke’s Goal-Setting Theory
Final Thoughts on Motivation Theories
 When you can better understand the forces that drive your actions–which can be influenced by your physiology, emotions, cognition, or social factors–you can also understand how to change your path if you can’t seem to get motivated to do the things that you know are important. No individual motivation theory explains every aspect of human behavior, but the theoretical explanations that we will look at in this article can help you develop new approaches to increase your motivation in domains in your life where it may be lacking. Let’s take a look. What You Will Learn
7 Top Motivation Theories in Psychology Explained
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
2. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
Existence Needs
Relatedness Needs
Growth Needs
3. McClelland's “Acquired Needs” Human Motivation Theory
Achievement
Affiliation
Power
4. Vroom’s Theory of Expectancy
Expectancy
Instrumentality
Valence
5. The Hawthorne Effect
6. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory
7.

When you can better understand the forces that drive your actions–which can be influenced by your physiology, emotions, cognition, or social factors–you can also understand how to change your path if you can’t seem to get motivated to do the things that you know are important. No individual motivation theory explains every aspect of human behavior, but the theoretical explanations that we will look at in this article can help you develop new approaches to increase your motivation in domains in your life where it may be lacking. Let’s take a look. What You Will Learn
7 Top Motivation Theories in Psychology Explained
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
2. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
Existence Needs
Relatedness Needs
Growth Needs
3. McClelland's “Acquired Needs” Human Motivation Theory
Achievement
Affiliation
Power
4. Vroom’s Theory of Expectancy
Expectancy
Instrumentality
Valence
5. The Hawthorne Effect
6. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory
7.

Motivation - Wikipedia Motivation
Motivation
Contents
Definition
Motivation and mental states
Strength of desire and action
Content theories
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Herzberg's two-factor theory
Alderfer's ERG theory
Self-Determination Theory
Behaviorist theories
Classical and operant conditioning
Incentive motivation
Motivating operations
Motivation and psychotherapy
William McDougall's purposive psychology
Drives
Cognitive dissonance theory
Types of motivation
Intrinsic and extrinsic
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
Unconscious and conscious
Unconscious
Conscious
Neuroscience
Motivational reasons and rationality
Practical applications
Applications in business
Job characteristics model
Employee recognition programs
Applications in education
Indigenous education and learning
Self-determination in education
Applications in game design
Applications in the military
See also
References
Further reading
 Contents
1 Definition
2 Motivation and mental states
2.1 Strength of desire and action
3 Content theories
3.1 Maslow's hierarchy of needs
3.2 Herzberg's two-factor theory
3.3 Alderfer's ERG theory
3.4 Self-Determination Theory
3.5 Behaviorist theories
3.5.1 Classical and operant conditioning
3.5.2 Incentive motivation
3.5.3 Motivating operations
3.5.4 Motivation and psychotherapy
3.6 Drives
3.7 Cognitive dissonance theory
4 Types of motivation
4.1 Intrinsic and extrinsic
4.1.1 Intrinsic
4.1.2 Extrinsic
4.2 Unconscious and conscious
4.2.1 Unconscious
4.2.2 Conscious
5 Neuroscience
6 Motivational reasons and rationality
7 Practical applications
7.1 Applications in business
7.1.1 Job characteristics model
7.1.2 Employee recognition programs
7.2 Applications in education
7.2.1 Indigenous education and learning
7.2.2 Self-determination in education
7.3 Applications in game design
7.4 Applications in the military
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
Definition
Motivation is commonly defined as what explains why people or animals initiate, continue or terminate a certain behavior at a particular time. Motivational states come in various degrees of strength. The higher the degree, the more likely it is that the state has an influence on behavior. This is often linked to forces acting from within the agent that result in goal-directed behavior. One problem with defining motivation in terms of internal forces is that it is very difficult to measure them, which is why empirically-minded theorists often prefer definitions that are more closely linked to observable behavior. One approach is to define motivation in terms of the flexibility of the animal's behavior. This flexibility involves goal-directed behavior that changes as the animal learns through new experiences. Rats, for example, can learn to traverse through complicated mazes in order to satisfy their hunger. The feeding behavior of flies, on the other hand, is not flexible in this sense. On this view, we are justified to ascribe motivational states to rats but not to flies.

Motivation - Wikipedia

Work motivation - Wikipedia Work motivation
Work motivation
Contents
Theories
Need-based theories
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Need for achievement
Cognitive process theories
Equity theory
Expectancy theory
F = E (Σ I × V)
Goal-setting theory
Social cognitive theory
Behavioral approach to motivation
Job-based theories
Motivation–hygiene theory
Job characteristics theory
Self-regulation theory
Work engagement
Applications of motivation
Organizational reward systems
Motivation through design of work
Humanistic Approach
Job Characteristics Approach
Interdisciplinary Approach
Other factors affecting motivation
Creativity
Groups and teams
Culture
Strength
Strategic Appropriateness
Adaptability
Competing Values Framework
Personality Approach
See also
References
 Contents
1 Theories
1.1 Need-based theories
1.1.1 Maslow's hierarchy of needs
1.1.2 Need for achievement
1.2 Cognitive process theories
1.2.1 Equity theory
1.2.2 Expectancy theory
1.2.3 Goal-setting theory
1.2.4 Social cognitive theory
1.3 Behavioral approach to motivation
1.4 Job-based theories
1.4.1 Motivation–hygiene theory
1.4.2 Job characteristics theory
1.5 Self-regulation theory
1.6 Work engagement
2 Applications of motivation
2.1 Organizational reward systems
2.2 Motivation through design of work
3 Other factors affecting motivation
3.1 Creativity
3.2 Groups and teams
3.3 Culture
4 See also
5 References
Theories
A number of various theories attempt to describe employee motivation within the discipline of industrial and organizational psychology. At the macro level, work motivation can be categorized into two types, endogenous process (individual, cognitive) theories and exogenous cause (environmental) theories. Many theories fit simply into one type, but hybrid types such as self-determination theory attempt to account for both. It can be helpful to further divide theories into the four broad categories of need-based, cognitive process, behavioral, and job-based. Need-based theories
Need-based theories of motivation focus on an employee's drive to satisfy a variety of needs through their work. These needs range from basic physiological needs for survival to higher psychoemotional needs like belonging and self-actualization. Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Further information: Maslow's hierarchy of needs
An interpretation of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, represented as a pyramid with the more basic needs at the bottom. Abraham Maslow 's Hierarchy of Needs (1943) was applied to offer an explanation of how the work environment motivates employees. In accordance with Maslow's theory, which was not specifically developed to explain behavior in the workplace, employees strive to satisfy their needs in a hierarchical order.

Work motivation - Wikipedia

Work motivation
Work motivation
Contents
Theories
Need-based theories
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Need for achievement
Cognitive process theories
Equity theory
Expectancy theory
F = E (Σ I × V)
Goal-setting theory
Social cognitive theory
Behavioral approach to motivation
Job-based theories
Motivation–hygiene theory
Job characteristics theory
Self-regulation theory
Work engagement
Applications of motivation
Organizational reward systems
Motivation through design of work
Humanistic Approach
Job Characteristics Approach
Interdisciplinary Approach
Other factors affecting motivation
Creativity
Groups and teams
Culture
Strength
Strategic Appropriateness
Adaptability
Competing Values Framework
Personality Approach
See also
References

How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation
How to Motivate Yourself and Theories of Motivation
INTRODUCTION
What is Motivation?
Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation
Components of Motivation
Motivation and Morale: How Is Motivation Different from Morale?
The Importance of Motivation
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
Instincts – Evolutionary Theory of Motivation
Drive-Reduction Theory of Motivation
Temporal Motivation Theory (TMT)
Arousal Theory of Motivation
Incentive Theory of Motivation and Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation
Drives and Needs – Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
HOW TO MOTIVATE YOURSELF
The Scientific Ways of Motivation

These drives inherently push an individual toward a certain goal. Primary needs can be hunger, thirst, and sexual desire, whereas secondary needs are the ones that assist in satisfying the primary needs – the best example is monetary needs. According to Clark Hull, the person behind drive-reduction theory, drive-reduction is a primary component of the learning process in humans. Since the satisfaction (or reduction) of a drive on a regular basis conditions human behavior, drives are the foremost change-agents when it comes to impacting human behavior and learning. Also, the presence of simultaneous multiple drives will lead to more comprehensive learning than a single drive. Temporal Motivation Theory (TMT)
Temporal motivation theory studies the impact of time (especially deadlines) on our motivation levels. This theory suggests that the more a job is near its deadline, the more its perceived importance increases. In other words, time plays a crucial role in motivating people to do certain jobs. Other important elements of this theory are procrastination and goal-setting. TMT was developed by Piers Steel and Cornelius J. König.

Organizational Behavior and Theories of Motivation | Bizfluent Organizational Behavior and Theories of Motivation
Organizational Behavior and Theories of Motivation
What Is Motivation?
Three Basic Types of Motivation
Organizational Types of Motivation
Theories of Motivation in Management
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Hertzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Equity/Process Theory
The Expectancy Theory
The Process of Leadership
 Organizational Behavior and Theories of Motivation | Bizfluent
Organizational Behavior and Theories of Motivation
By: Danielle Smyth
Reviewed by: Michelle Seidel, B.Sc., LL.B., MBA
Updated May 31, 2019
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Theories on Career Development
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An employee’s performance is often defined as the sum of his ability, his motivation and his environment. In order to fully explore what role motivation plays in an employee’s performance, it is necessary to understand where motivation comes from in the workplace and how to use these working theories to help employees become more engaged. Motivation is important because it can directly affect an employee’s output in terms of both quantity and quality. Luckily, researchers have broken down many psychological theories into specific angles directed at the organizational workplace. What Is Motivation? It’s important for managers and leaders to be familiar with the different ways motivation can be defined to be able to predict what sorts of motivation will help their team perform at its best. 00:00
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The process of motivation is defined as the internal energy or drive that stimulates an individual to act in a particular way.

Organizational Behavior and Theories of Motivation
Organizational Behavior and Theories of Motivation
What Is Motivation?
Three Basic Types of Motivation
Organizational Types of Motivation
Theories of Motivation in Management
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Hertzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Equity/Process Theory
The Expectancy Theory
The Process of Leadership

Organizational Behavior and Theories of Motivation | Bizfluent
Organizational Behavior and Theories of Motivation
By: Danielle Smyth
Reviewed by: Michelle Seidel, B.Sc., LL.B., MBA
Updated May 31, 2019
Share It
Share
Tweet
Post
Email
Print
Related
Theories on Career Development
Learn More →
An employee’s performance is often defined as the sum of his ability, his motivation and his environment. In order to fully explore what role motivation plays in an employee’s performance, it is necessary to understand where motivation comes from in the workplace and how to use these working theories to help employees become more engaged. Motivation is important because it can directly affect an employee’s output in terms of both quantity and quality. Luckily, researchers have broken down many psychological theories into specific angles directed at the organizational workplace. What Is Motivation? It’s important for managers and leaders to be familiar with the different ways motivation can be defined to be able to predict what sorts of motivation will help their team perform at its best. 00:00
00:00 09:16
GO LIVE
Facebook
Twitter
Email
Embed
Speed Normal
Autoplay
Brought to you by Techwalla
Brought to you by Techwalla
The process of motivation is defined as the internal energy or drive that stimulates an individual to act in a particular way.

The Distinction between Content and Process Theories Blog
Blog
Content and process theories
The Distinction between Content and Process Theories of Motivation
Content theories:
Process theories:
Abhijeet Pratap
 Several theorists have given theories regarding factors behind motivation. These theories primarily fall into two categories. They are the process theories and content theories. Content theories address what factors motivate people whereas the process theories address how the people are motivated. Content theories: These theories look for the factors inside people that cause, sustain or stop behavior. Their main focus are the needs that motivate people. Some of the most well-known names among the content theorists are Abraham Maslow, Clayton P Alderfer, Federick Herzberg and David C. McClelland. While the theories given by them have proved helpful at understanding motivation, they are still to be fully verified through research. Still, these theories have immense value in research related to motivation.

The Distinction between Content and Process Theories

Blog
Blog
Content and process theories
The Distinction between Content and Process Theories of Motivation
Content theories:
Process theories:
Abhijeet Pratap

Several theorists have given theories regarding factors behind motivation. These theories primarily fall into two categories. They are the process theories and content theories. Content theories address what factors motivate people whereas the process theories address how the people are motivated. Content theories: These theories look for the factors inside people that cause, sustain or stop behavior. Their main focus are the needs that motivate people. Some of the most well-known names among the content theorists are Abraham Maslow, Clayton P Alderfer, Federick Herzberg and David C. McClelland. While the theories given by them have proved helpful at understanding motivation, they are still to be fully verified through research. Still, these theories have immense value in research related to motivation.

What is Theory X of Motivation?
Working Style of Theory X Managers
Popular Verdict on Theory X
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What does Theory Y say?
Working Style of Theory Y Managers
Popular Verdict on Theory Y
And what about Theory Z of motivation?
How do Theory Z Managers Behave?
Popular Verdict on Theory Z
Motivational Theories and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Conclusion
 Theory Z builds on Theory Y of motivation at the work place. Here the focus is on ensuring that your company has a strong set of values, and offers long-range approach to training and development and a highly participatory style of management. William Ouchi takes credit for coming up with Theory Z after conducting a comparative study between Japanese management (job security, group decision-making, social cohesion & holistic concern for employees) and American management (individual freedom, risk taking & quick decision-making) management practices. Under this theory of motivation, your employees are: seldom fired from the workplace
encouraged to participate in the company’s decision making process
assimilated into one common company culture
How do Theory Z Managers Behave? In theory Z of motivation at the workplace, your managers stress on: Mutual trust between members of your organization, as it is said to help reduce conflict and encourage team work
Subtlety and sensitivity to other’s issues, as it is linked to higher productivity at the workplace
Concern, support and disciplined unselfishness
Popular Verdict on Theory Z
While this is believed to be the most evolved theory of motivation, it does have its flaws –
1. It allows for employees to be disloyal to the company, even after getting job security
2. Since the theory does not prescribe any particular organizational hierarchy, it could lead to chaos at the workplace
Motivational Theories and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
One could grade the results of employee needs, which managers seek to satisfy, based on Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory. Your managers must seek to fulfill the basic needs (physiological and safety) of employees first, before going ahead and addressing the next few levels (of esteem and self-actualization and of human needs).

What is Theory X of Motivation?
Working Style of Theory X Managers
Popular Verdict on Theory X
A self-service portal at
no cost
Conduct appraisals at
no cost
What does Theory Y say?
Working Style of Theory Y Managers
Popular Verdict on Theory Y
And what about Theory Z of motivation?
How do Theory Z Managers Behave?
Popular Verdict on Theory Z
Motivational Theories and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Conclusion