Question: crest syndrome esophageal dysfunction

CREST syndrome symptoms, treatments & forums | PatientsLikeMe CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
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 What is CREST syndrome? CREST Syndrome is a form of scleroderma that is characterized by least two of the following symptoms: calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia. Common symptoms reported by people with CREST syndrome
Common symptoms
How bad it is
What people are taking for it
Common symptom
Pain
How bad it is
13 CREST syndrome patients report severe pain (30%)
18 CREST syndrome patients report moderate pain (42%)
10 CREST syndrome patients report mild pain (23%)
1 a CREST syndrome patient reports no pain (2%)
What people are taking for it
Acupuncture Ibuprofen Meloxicam
Common symptom
Fatigue
How bad it is
9 CREST syndrome patients report severe fatigue (20%)
20 CREST syndrome patients report moderate fatigue (46%)
12 CREST syndrome patients report mild fatigue (27%)
2 CREST syndrome patients report no fatigue (4%)
What people are taking for it
Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine Rest Shower/Tub Chair
Common symptom
Stress
How bad it is
3 CREST syndrome patients report severe stress (14%)
11 CREST syndrome patients report moderate stress (52%)
7 CREST syndrome patients report mild stress (33%)
0 CREST syndrome patients report no stress (0%)
What people are taking for it
Nothing reported yet
Common symptom
Anxious mood
How bad it is
5 CREST syndrome patients report severe anxious mood (12%)
17 CREST syndrome patients report moderate anxious mood (41%)
10 CREST syndrome patients report mild anxious mood (24%)
9 CREST syndrome patients report no anxious mood (21%)
What people are taking for it
Bupropion Diazepam
Common symptom
Depressed mood
How bad it is
4 CREST syndrome patients report severe depressed mood (9%)
10 CREST syndrome patients report moderate depressed mood (23%)
17 CREST syndrome patients report mild depressed mood (40%)
11 CREST syndrome patients report no depressed mood (26%)
What people are taking for it
Fluoxetine Bupropion
Reports may be affected by other conditions and/or medication side effects. We ask about general symptoms (anxious mood, depressed mood, fatigue, pain, and stress) regardless of condition. Last updated: May 15, 2021
Treatments taken by people for CREST syndrome
Let’s build this page together! When you share what it’s like to have CREST syndrome through your profile, those stories and data appear here too. Got a question about living with CREST syndrome? Members in the forum might have the answers.

CREST syndrome symptoms, treatments & forums | PatientsLikeMe

CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
We’re all in this for good.
What is CREST syndrome?
Common symptoms reported by people with CREST syndrome
Treatments taken by people for CREST syndrome
Compare treatments taken by people with CREST syndrome
Who has CREST syndrome on PatientsLikeMe?
Age at first symptom
Sex
Diagnosis status

What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome? What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?
What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?
What Is CREST Syndrome?
What Are Signs and Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?
What Causes CREST Syndrome?
How Do Doctors Diagnose CREST Syndrome?
What Is the Treatment for CREST Syndrome?
QUESTION
What Are Complications of CREST Syndrome?
What Is the Life Expectancy for CREST Syndrome?
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 Signs and symptoms of CREST syndrome (limited scleroderma) include the following: Calcinosis, or calcium deposits in the connective tissues
Calcium deposits can be tender and painful. Deposits may become ulcerated, have a white chalky substance drain from them, and secondary infection can occur. There may be inflammation at the site of the calcinosis. In rare cases, calcifications may occur near the spine, causing local pain, nerve pain (radiculopathy), and diffuse weakness. Raynaud's phenomenon affects the blood vessels in the hands and feet, causing them to turn white then blue and feel cold and go numb in response to cold temperatures, stress, and anxiety. Over time, skin of the hands and feet thickens, and fingers become puffy. Esophageal dysfunction
Difficulty swallowing
Abnormal narrowing of esophagus (strictures)
Erosive esophagitis /Barrett's esophagitis
Symptoms of heartburn / gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD)
Sclerodactyly
First stage (edematous phase): puffy, swollen fingers and morning stiffness/ joint pain in hands
Second stage (indurative phase): Thickened and tight skin develops on the fingers and toes, along with itching, redness may be present, skin looks tight and shiny, and skin creases disappear
Late stage (atrophic phase):

What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?

What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?
What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?
What Is CREST Syndrome?
What Are Signs and Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?
What Causes CREST Syndrome?
How Do Doctors Diagnose CREST Syndrome?
What Is the Treatment for CREST Syndrome?
QUESTION
What Are Complications of CREST Syndrome?
What Is the Life Expectancy for CREST Syndrome?
Manage Diabetes in 10 Minutes
Erectile Dysfunction
Type 2 Diabetes Warning Signs
Health Benefits of Sex
Scalp, Hair and Nails
ADHD Symptoms in Children?
Bad Bugs and Their Bites
Sex Drive Killers
Cancerous Tumors
Multiple Sclerosis
Adult Skin Problems
Habits That Wreck Your Teeth
Manage Diabetes in 10 Minutes
Erectile Dysfunction
Type 2 Diabetes Warning Signs
Health Benefits of Sex
Scalp, Hair and Nails
ADHD Symptoms in Children?
Bad Bugs and Their Bites
Sex Drive Killers
Cancerous Tumors
Multiple Sclerosis
Adult Skin Problems
Habits That Wreck Your Teeth
Health Solutions From Our Sponsors
From
Arthritis Resources
Featured Centers
Health Solutions From Our Sponsors
References

Signs and symptoms of CREST syndrome (limited scleroderma) include the following: Calcinosis, or calcium deposits in the connective tissues
Calcium deposits can be tender and painful. Deposits may become ulcerated, have a white chalky substance drain from them, and secondary infection can occur. There may be inflammation at the site of the calcinosis. In rare cases, calcifications may occur near the spine, causing local pain, nerve pain (radiculopathy), and diffuse weakness. Raynaud's phenomenon affects the blood vessels in the hands and feet, causing them to turn white then blue and feel cold and go numb in response to cold temperatures, stress, and anxiety. Over time, skin of the hands and feet thickens, and fingers become puffy. Esophageal dysfunction
Difficulty swallowing
Abnormal narrowing of esophagus (strictures)
Erosive esophagitis /Barrett's esophagitis
Symptoms of heartburn / gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD)
Sclerodactyly
First stage (edematous phase): puffy, swollen fingers and morning stiffness/ joint pain in hands
Second stage (indurative phase): Thickened and tight skin develops on the fingers and toes, along with itching, redness may be present, skin looks tight and shiny, and skin creases disappear
Late stage (atrophic phase):

DermIS - CREST Syndrome (information on the diagnosis)
CREST Syndrome
definition
synonyms
UMLS
images
 DermIS - CREST Syndrome (information on the diagnosis)
CREST Syndrome
definition
This form of systemic scleroderma is usually less severe than other forms, consisting of calcinosis cutis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis. If there is no esophageal dysfunction present, the disorder is is known as CRST syndrome. These forms of scleroderma are rare in children. synonyms
CREST Syndrome
UMLS
Calc/Rayn/sclerodact/oes/telan, Calcinos, Raynaud, sclerodactyly, esophageal, telangiect, Calcinos, Raynaud, sclerodactyly, oesophageal, telangiect, Calcinosis cutis, Raynaud's, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia, Calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, esophageal dysfunction, telangiectasia syndrome, Calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, oesophageal dysfunction, telangiectasia syndrome, CREST, CREST - Calc, Raynaud, sclerodact, oesoph, telangiect, CREST - Calc,Rayn phen,oesoph dysf,sclerodact,telangiectasia, CREST - Calc/Rayn/scl/oes/tel, CREST - Calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia, CREST - Calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, oesophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia, CREST - Calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, esophageal involvement, telangiectasia synd, CREST - Calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, oesophageal involvement, telangiectasia syn, CREST Syndrome, CREST VARIANT OF SCLERODERMA, Syndrome, CREST
images
5 images found for this diagnose

DermIS - CREST Syndrome (information on the diagnosis)

CREST Syndrome
definition
synonyms
UMLS
images

DermIS - CREST Syndrome (information on the diagnosis)
CREST Syndrome
definition
This form of systemic scleroderma is usually less severe than other forms, consisting of calcinosis cutis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis. If there is no esophageal dysfunction present, the disorder is is known as CRST syndrome. These forms of scleroderma are rare in children. synonyms
CREST Syndrome
UMLS
Calc/Rayn/sclerodact/oes/telan, Calcinos, Raynaud, sclerodactyly, esophageal, telangiect, Calcinos, Raynaud, sclerodactyly, oesophageal, telangiect, Calcinosis cutis, Raynaud's, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia, Calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, esophageal dysfunction, telangiectasia syndrome, Calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, oesophageal dysfunction, telangiectasia syndrome, CREST, CREST - Calc, Raynaud, sclerodact, oesoph, telangiect, CREST - Calc,Rayn phen,oesoph dysf,sclerodact,telangiectasia, CREST - Calc/Rayn/scl/oes/tel, CREST - Calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia, CREST - Calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, oesophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia, CREST - Calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, esophageal involvement, telangiectasia synd, CREST - Calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, oesophageal involvement, telangiectasia syn, CREST Syndrome, CREST VARIANT OF SCLERODERMA, Syndrome, CREST
images
5 images found for this diagnose

CREST syndrome • AARDA
 CREST syndrome • AARDA
0
CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is an acronym for calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia
CREST syndrome is an acronym for c alcinosis, R aynaud’s phenomenon, e sophageal dysfunction, s clerodactyly, and t elangiectasia. It is a variant of the two groups of scleroderma, localized and systemic. CREST is a relatively stable and slow-moving form of scleroderma and has a much more favorable prognosis than other forms. There is no evidence that the basic process differs from the usual scleroderma, but the tempo of CREST seems to be different in that organ involvement comes slower and later in the course of the disease. « Back to Glossary Index
AARDA
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CREST syndrome • AARDA

CREST syndrome • AARDA
0
CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is an acronym for calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia
CREST syndrome is an acronym for c alcinosis, R aynaud’s phenomenon, e sophageal dysfunction, s clerodactyly, and t elangiectasia. It is a variant of the two groups of scleroderma, localized and systemic. CREST is a relatively stable and slow-moving form of scleroderma and has a much more favorable prognosis than other forms. There is no evidence that the basic process differs from the usual scleroderma, but the tempo of CREST seems to be different in that organ involvement comes slower and later in the course of the disease. « Back to Glossary Index
AARDA
Comments are closed.

CREST syndrome causes, signs, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
What is CREST syndrome
Is CREST syndrome fatal?
What is systemic sclerosis?
Systemic sclerosis has been subdivided into 2 main subtypes, according to the distribution of skin involvement.
Key features of systemic sclerosis
Systemic sclerosis causes
Genetic susceptibility
Triggering event
Immune pathways
Paraneoplastic systemic sclerosis
Systemic sclerosis pathophysiology
Systemic sclerosis symptoms
Cutaneous features of systemic sclerosis
Skin sclerosis
Hands
Face
Other
Rarer cutaneous features
Gastrointestinal symptoms
Upper gastrointestinal tract
Lower gastrointestinal tract
Cardiopulmonary symptoms
Renal disease
Other symptoms
Systemic sclerosis diagnosis
Investigations may include:
Systemic sclerosis treatment
General advice
Anti-fibrotic therapies
Topical therapies:
Physical therapies:
Systemic therapies:
Vasodilation
Treatment of skin manifestations
Raynaud phenomenon
Digital ulcers
Telangiectases
Calcinosis
Pruritus
Facial fat loss
Treatment of internal organ manifestations
Interstitial lung disease
Pulmonary artery hypertension
Renal disease
Gastrointestinal tract
Systemic sclerosis monitoring
Skin
Internal organs
CREST syndrome causes
Risk factors for CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome symptoms
CREST syndrome symptoms and signs include:
CREST syndrome complications
CREST syndrome diagnosis
CREST syndrome treatment
Medications
Therapy
Surgery
CREST syndrome life expectancy
MOST POPULAR
 calcium deposits in the connective tissues
(R) – Raynaud’s phenomenon: where the hands and feet turn white and cold and then blue, in response to cold or anxiety
(E) – Esophageal dysfunction resulting in swallowing difficulty
(S) – Sclerodactyly: thick and tight skin on the fingers, caused by an excess of collagen deposits within skin layers. (T) – Telangiectasia: small red spots on the hands and face that are caused by the swelling of tiny blood vessels. CREST syndrome is believed to be an autoimmune disorder, where the immune system appears to stimulate the production of too much collagen which builds up in the skin and internal organs, impairing their function. The problems caused by limited scleroderma may be minor. Sometimes, however, the disease affects the lungs or heart, with potentially serious results. Limited scleroderma has no known cure. Treatments focus on managing symptoms, preventing serious complications and improving quality of life 2).

CREST syndrome causes, signs, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment

CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
What is CREST syndrome
Is CREST syndrome fatal?
What is systemic sclerosis?
Systemic sclerosis has been subdivided into 2 main subtypes, according to the distribution of skin involvement.
Key features of systemic sclerosis
Systemic sclerosis causes
Genetic susceptibility
Triggering event
Immune pathways
Paraneoplastic systemic sclerosis
Systemic sclerosis pathophysiology
Systemic sclerosis symptoms
Cutaneous features of systemic sclerosis
Skin sclerosis
Hands
Face
Other
Rarer cutaneous features
Gastrointestinal symptoms
Upper gastrointestinal tract
Lower gastrointestinal tract
Cardiopulmonary symptoms
Renal disease
Other symptoms
Systemic sclerosis diagnosis
Investigations may include:
Systemic sclerosis treatment
General advice
Anti-fibrotic therapies
Topical therapies:
Physical therapies:
Systemic therapies:
Vasodilation
Treatment of skin manifestations
Raynaud phenomenon
Digital ulcers
Telangiectases
Calcinosis
Pruritus
Facial fat loss
Treatment of internal organ manifestations
Interstitial lung disease
Pulmonary artery hypertension
Renal disease
Gastrointestinal tract
Systemic sclerosis monitoring
Skin
Internal organs
CREST syndrome causes
Risk factors for CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome symptoms
CREST syndrome symptoms and signs include:
CREST syndrome complications
CREST syndrome diagnosis
CREST syndrome treatment
Medications
Therapy
Surgery
CREST syndrome life expectancy
MOST POPULAR

calcium deposits in the connective tissues
(R) – Raynaud’s phenomenon: where the hands and feet turn white and cold and then blue, in response to cold or anxiety
(E) – Esophageal dysfunction resulting in swallowing difficulty
(S) – Sclerodactyly: thick and tight skin on the fingers, caused by an excess of collagen deposits within skin layers. (T) – Telangiectasia: small red spots on the hands and face that are caused by the swelling of tiny blood vessels. CREST syndrome is believed to be an autoimmune disorder, where the immune system appears to stimulate the production of too much collagen which builds up in the skin and internal organs, impairing their function. The problems caused by limited scleroderma may be minor. Sometimes, however, the disease affects the lungs or heart, with potentially serious results. Limited scleroderma has no known cure. Treatments focus on managing symptoms, preventing serious complications and improving quality of life 2).

CREST syndrome causes, signs, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
What is CREST syndrome
Is CREST syndrome fatal?
What is systemic sclerosis?
Systemic sclerosis has been subdivided into 2 main subtypes, according to the distribution of skin involvement.
Key features of systemic sclerosis
Systemic sclerosis causes
Genetic susceptibility
Triggering event
Immune pathways
Paraneoplastic systemic sclerosis
Systemic sclerosis pathophysiology
Systemic sclerosis symptoms
Cutaneous features of systemic sclerosis
Skin sclerosis
Hands
Face
Other
Rarer cutaneous features
Gastrointestinal symptoms
Upper gastrointestinal tract
Lower gastrointestinal tract
Cardiopulmonary symptoms
Renal disease
Other symptoms
Systemic sclerosis diagnosis
Investigations may include:
Systemic sclerosis treatment
General advice
Anti-fibrotic therapies
Topical therapies:
Physical therapies:
Systemic therapies:
Vasodilation
Treatment of skin manifestations
Raynaud phenomenon
Digital ulcers
Telangiectases
Calcinosis
Pruritus
Facial fat loss
Treatment of internal organ manifestations
Interstitial lung disease
Pulmonary artery hypertension
Renal disease
Gastrointestinal tract
Systemic sclerosis monitoring
Skin
Internal organs
CREST syndrome causes
Risk factors for CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome symptoms
CREST syndrome symptoms and signs include:
CREST syndrome complications
CREST syndrome diagnosis
CREST syndrome treatment
Medications
Therapy
Surgery
CREST syndrome life expectancy
MOST POPULAR
 The skin changes associated with limited scleroderma typically occur only in the lower arms and legs, below the elbows and knees, and sometimes affect the face and neck. Limited scleroderma can also affect your digestive tract, heart, lungs or kidneys. The symptoms involved in CREST syndrome are associated with the generalized form of the disease systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). CREST is an acronym for the clinical features that are seen in a patient with this disease. (C) – Calcinosis: calcium deposits in the connective tissues
(R) – Raynaud’s phenomenon: where the hands and feet turn white and cold and then blue, in response to cold or anxiety
(E) – Esophageal dysfunction resulting in swallowing difficulty
(S) – Sclerodactyly: thick and tight skin on the fingers, caused by an excess of collagen deposits within skin layers. (T) – Telangiectasia: small red spots on the hands and face that are caused by the swelling of tiny blood vessels.

The skin changes associated with limited scleroderma typically occur only in the lower arms and legs, below the elbows and knees, and sometimes affect the face and neck. Limited scleroderma can also affect your digestive tract, heart, lungs or kidneys. The symptoms involved in CREST syndrome are associated with the generalized form of the disease systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). CREST is an acronym for the clinical features that are seen in a patient with this disease. (C) – Calcinosis: calcium deposits in the connective tissues
(R) – Raynaud’s phenomenon: where the hands and feet turn white and cold and then blue, in response to cold or anxiety
(E) – Esophageal dysfunction resulting in swallowing difficulty
(S) – Sclerodactyly: thick and tight skin on the fingers, caused by an excess of collagen deposits within skin layers. (T) – Telangiectasia: small red spots on the hands and face that are caused by the swelling of tiny blood vessels.

CREST syndrome symptoms, treatments & forums | PatientsLikeMe CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
We’re all in this for good.
What is CREST syndrome?
Common symptoms reported by people with CREST syndrome
Treatments taken by people for CREST syndrome
Compare treatments taken by people with CREST syndrome
Who has CREST syndrome on PatientsLikeMe?
Age at first symptom
Sex
Diagnosis status
 Interacting with other PatientsLikeMe members improves your health. Read it on healthaffairs.org . The severity of Parkinson's Disease symptoms changes faster than researchers thought, so clinical trials should be designed differently. Read about it on JMIR . And more! What is CREST syndrome? CREST Syndrome is a form of scleroderma that is characterized by least two of the following symptoms: calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia. Common symptoms reported by people with CREST syndrome
Common symptoms
How bad it is
What people are taking for it
Common symptom
Pain
How bad it is
13 CREST syndrome patients report severe pain (30%)
18 CREST syndrome patients report moderate pain (42%)
10 CREST syndrome patients report mild pain (23%)
1 a CREST syndrome patient reports no pain (2%)
What people are taking for it
Acupuncture Ibuprofen Meloxicam
Common symptom
Fatigue
How bad it is
9 CREST syndrome patients report severe fatigue (20%)
20 CREST syndrome patients report moderate fatigue (46%)
12 CREST syndrome patients report mild fatigue (27%)
2 CREST syndrome patients report no fatigue (4%)
What people are taking for it
Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine Rest Shower/Tub Chair
Common symptom
Stress
How bad it is
3 CREST syndrome patients report severe stress (14%)
11 CREST syndrome patients report moderate stress (52%)
7 CREST syndrome patients report mild stress (33%)
0 CREST syndrome patients report no stress (0%)
What people are taking for it
Nothing reported yet
Common symptom
Anxious mood
How bad it is
5 CREST syndrome patients report severe anxious mood (12%)
17 CREST syndrome patients report moderate anxious mood (41%)
10 CREST syndrome patients report mild anxious mood (24%)
9 CREST syndrome patients report no anxious mood (21%)
What people are taking for it
Bupropion Diazepam
Common symptom
Depressed mood
How bad it is
4 CREST syndrome patients report severe depressed mood (9%)
10 CREST syndrome patients report moderate depressed mood (23%)
17 CREST syndrome patients report mild depressed mood (40%)
11 CREST syndrome patients report no depressed mood (26%)
What people are taking for it
Fluoxetine Bupropion
Reports may be affected by other conditions and/or medication side effects. We ask about general symptoms (anxious mood, depressed mood, fatigue, pain, and stress) regardless of condition.

Systemic Sclerosis - Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders - Merck Manuals Professional Edition Systemic Sclerosis
Systemic Sclerosis
(Scleroderma)
Classification of Systemic Sclerosis
Etiology of Systemic Sclerosis
Pathophysiology of Systemic Sclerosis
Symptoms and Signs of Systemic Sclerosis
Skin and nail manifestations
Skin Manifestations of Systemic Sclerosis
Joint manifestations
Elbow Contracture in Systemic Sclerosis
Gastrointestinal manifestations
Cardiopulmonary manifestations
Renal manifestations
Diagnosis of Systemic Sclerosis
Antinuclear Antibody (ANA)
Dilated Capillary Loops
Capillaroscopy
Prognosis of Systemic Sclerosis
Prognosis reference
Treatment of Systemic Sclerosis
Treatment references
Key Points about Systemic Sclerosis
Drugs Mentioned In This Article
Was This Page Helpful?
Also of Interest
Merck and the Merck Manuals
 Air may penetrate the damaged bowel wall and be visible on x-rays (pneumatosis intestinalis). Leakage of bowel contents into the peritoneal cavity can cause peritonitis. Distinctive wide-mouthed diverticula can develop in the colon. Biliary cirrhosis may develop in patients with limited systemic sclerosis (CREST syndrome). Cardiopulmonary manifestations
Lung involvement generally progresses indolently, with substantial individual variability, but is a common cause of death. Lung fibrosis and interstitial lung disease are common and can impair gas exchange, leading to exertional dyspnea and restrictive disease with eventual respiratory failure. Acute alveolitis (potentially responsive to therapy) can develop. Esophageal dysfunction can lead to aspiration pneumonia. Pulmonary hypertension may develop, as can heart failure, both of which are poor prognostic findings. Pericarditis with effusion or pleurisy can occur.

Systemic Sclerosis - Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders - Merck Manuals Professional Edition

Systemic Sclerosis
Systemic Sclerosis
(Scleroderma)
Classification of Systemic Sclerosis
Etiology of Systemic Sclerosis
Pathophysiology of Systemic Sclerosis
Symptoms and Signs of Systemic Sclerosis
Skin and nail manifestations
Skin Manifestations of Systemic Sclerosis
Joint manifestations
Elbow Contracture in Systemic Sclerosis
Gastrointestinal manifestations
Cardiopulmonary manifestations
Renal manifestations
Diagnosis of Systemic Sclerosis
Antinuclear Antibody (ANA)
Dilated Capillary Loops
Capillaroscopy
Prognosis of Systemic Sclerosis
Prognosis reference
Treatment of Systemic Sclerosis
Treatment references
Key Points about Systemic Sclerosis
Drugs Mentioned In This Article
Was This Page Helpful?
Also of Interest
Merck and the Merck Manuals

Air may penetrate the damaged bowel wall and be visible on x-rays (pneumatosis intestinalis). Leakage of bowel contents into the peritoneal cavity can cause peritonitis. Distinctive wide-mouthed diverticula can develop in the colon. Biliary cirrhosis may develop in patients with limited systemic sclerosis (CREST syndrome). Cardiopulmonary manifestations
Lung involvement generally progresses indolently, with substantial individual variability, but is a common cause of death. Lung fibrosis and interstitial lung disease are common and can impair gas exchange, leading to exertional dyspnea and restrictive disease with eventual respiratory failure. Acute alveolitis (potentially responsive to therapy) can develop. Esophageal dysfunction can lead to aspiration pneumonia. Pulmonary hypertension may develop, as can heart failure, both of which are poor prognostic findings. Pericarditis with effusion or pleurisy can occur.

Scleroderma Overview - Scleroderma Education Project Scleroderma Overview
Scleroderma Overview
Affected Population
Causes
Symptoms
The Guide
 Patients with limited scleroderma are less likely to develop severe lung, heart, or kidney involvement than patients with diffuse disease, although all of these complications can occur late in the disease process. Many patients with limited scleroderma eventually develop a cluster of symptoms that are listed using the acronym CREST – the old name for limited scleroderma. CREST is an acronym derived from the syndrome’s five most prominent symptoms: C – calcinosis, painful calcium deposits in the skin. It presents as small, localized, hard masses on fingers, forearms, or other pressure points. R – Raynaud’s phenomenon. Raynaud’s phenomenon is characterized by the intermittent loss of blood to various parts of the body – particularly the fingers, toes, nose, and/or ears after exposure to cold and causes tingling sensations, numbness, and/or pain. This can result in ulceration and necrosis of the fingertips and in some severe cases, lead to amputation of the affected digits. E – esophageal dysfunction, reflux (heartburn), difficulty swallowing caused by internal scarring. If the heartburn symptoms are not well controlled, the repeated acid exposure can eventually lead to a condition known as Barrett’s esophagus, a pre-cancerous condition.

Scleroderma Overview - Scleroderma Education Project

Scleroderma Overview
Scleroderma Overview
Affected Population
Causes
Symptoms
The Guide

Patients with limited scleroderma are less likely to develop severe lung, heart, or kidney involvement than patients with diffuse disease, although all of these complications can occur late in the disease process. Many patients with limited scleroderma eventually develop a cluster of symptoms that are listed using the acronym CREST – the old name for limited scleroderma. CREST is an acronym derived from the syndrome’s five most prominent symptoms: C – calcinosis, painful calcium deposits in the skin. It presents as small, localized, hard masses on fingers, forearms, or other pressure points. R – Raynaud’s phenomenon. Raynaud’s phenomenon is characterized by the intermittent loss of blood to various parts of the body – particularly the fingers, toes, nose, and/or ears after exposure to cold and causes tingling sensations, numbness, and/or pain. This can result in ulceration and necrosis of the fingertips and in some severe cases, lead to amputation of the affected digits. E – esophageal dysfunction, reflux (heartburn), difficulty swallowing caused by internal scarring. If the heartburn symptoms are not well controlled, the repeated acid exposure can eventually lead to a condition known as Barrett’s esophagus, a pre-cancerous condition.

Limited Scleroderma (CREST Syndrome) Limited Scleroderma (CREST Syndrome)
Limited Scleroderma (CREST Syndrome)
Overview
Causes and Risk Factors
Symptoms
Diagnosis and Treatment
Prevention
Sources
Additional Resources
Home Health Testing Guides
Testing Company Reviews
 The swelling of small blood vessels near the skin surface creates small red spots or lines on the hands and face. Skin bumps (calcinosis - the “C” in CREST syndrome): Calcium deposits under the skin can cause small raised areas on the elbows, knees and fingers. These bumps can be painful or get infected. Difficulty swallowing (esophageal dysfunction - the “E” in CREST syndrome): limited scleroderma patients often have challenges swallowing due to poorly functioning muscles in the esophagus. This can also result in a backup of acidic stomach fluids (heartburn), which can damage the esophagus lining. Diagnosis and Treatment
Limited scleroderma is hard to diagnose due to a wide range of symptoms that overlap with other diseases. Doctors typically review the patient’s medical and family history, and examine the affected skin and organs. Skin biopsy and blood tests may be performed to assist in the diagnosis.

Limited Scleroderma (CREST Syndrome)

Limited Scleroderma (CREST Syndrome)
Limited Scleroderma (CREST Syndrome)
Overview
Causes and Risk Factors
Symptoms
Diagnosis and Treatment
Prevention
Sources
Additional Resources
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The swelling of small blood vessels near the skin surface creates small red spots or lines on the hands and face. Skin bumps (calcinosis - the “C” in CREST syndrome): Calcium deposits under the skin can cause small raised areas on the elbows, knees and fingers. These bumps can be painful or get infected. Difficulty swallowing (esophageal dysfunction - the “E” in CREST syndrome): limited scleroderma patients often have challenges swallowing due to poorly functioning muscles in the esophagus. This can also result in a backup of acidic stomach fluids (heartburn), which can damage the esophagus lining. Diagnosis and Treatment
Limited scleroderma is hard to diagnose due to a wide range of symptoms that overlap with other diseases. Doctors typically review the patient’s medical and family history, and examine the affected skin and organs. Skin biopsy and blood tests may be performed to assist in the diagnosis.

Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) in adults - UpToDate Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) in adults
Topic Outline
GRAPHICS
Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) in adults
Author:
Section Editor:
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INTRODUCTION
 Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65:1088. Turner R, Lipshutz W, Miller W, et al. Esophageal dysfunction in collagen disease. Am J Med Sci 1973; 265:191. Akesson A, Wollheim FA. Organ manifestations in 100 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis: a comparison between the CREST syndrome and diffuse scleroderma. Br J Rheumatol 1989;

Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) in adults - UpToDate

Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) in adults
Topic Outline
GRAPHICS
Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) in adults
Author:
Section Editor:
Deputy Editor:
INTRODUCTION

Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65:1088. Turner R, Lipshutz W, Miller W, et al. Esophageal dysfunction in collagen disease. Am J Med Sci 1973; 265:191. Akesson A, Wollheim FA. Organ manifestations in 100 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis: a comparison between the CREST syndrome and diffuse scleroderma. Br J Rheumatol 1989;

What You Need to Know About Early Scleroderma Signs What You Need to Know About Early Scleroderma Signs
What You Need to Know About Early Scleroderma Signs
Early Symptoms of Systemic Scleroderma
Early Symptoms of Scleroderma: CREST
 CREST stands for the following: Calcinosis
Raynaud's phenomenon
Esophageal dysfunction
Sclerodactyly
Telangiectasias. Calcinosis
Calcinosis is the formation of calcium deposits in the connective tissues, which can be detected by an x-ray. They are typically found on the fingers, hands, face, and trunk and on the skin above the elbows and knees. When the deposits break through the skin, painful ulcers can result. Raynaud's Phenomenon
Raynaud's phenomenon is a condition in which the small blood vessels of the hands and/or feet contract in response to cold or anxiety. As the vessels contract, the hands or feet turn white and cold, then blue. As blood flow returns, they become red. Fingertip tissues may suffer damage, leading to ulcers, scars, or gangrene. Esophageal Dysfunction
Esophageal dysfunction is impaired function of the esophagus (the tube connecting the throat and the stomach) that occurs when the smooth muscles in the esophagus lose normal movement.

What You Need to Know About Early Scleroderma Signs

What You Need to Know About Early Scleroderma Signs
What You Need to Know About Early Scleroderma Signs
Early Symptoms of Systemic Scleroderma
Early Symptoms of Scleroderma: CREST

CREST stands for the following: Calcinosis
Raynaud's phenomenon
Esophageal dysfunction
Sclerodactyly
Telangiectasias. Calcinosis
Calcinosis is the formation of calcium deposits in the connective tissues, which can be detected by an x-ray. They are typically found on the fingers, hands, face, and trunk and on the skin above the elbows and knees. When the deposits break through the skin, painful ulcers can result. Raynaud's Phenomenon
Raynaud's phenomenon is a condition in which the small blood vessels of the hands and/or feet contract in response to cold or anxiety. As the vessels contract, the hands or feet turn white and cold, then blue. As blood flow returns, they become red. Fingertip tissues may suffer damage, leading to ulcers, scars, or gangrene. Esophageal Dysfunction
Esophageal dysfunction is impaired function of the esophagus (the tube connecting the throat and the stomach) that occurs when the smooth muscles in the esophagus lose normal movement.

CREST syndrome - Wikipedia CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
Contents
Signs and symptoms
Calcinosis
Raynaud's phenomenon
Esophageal dysmotility
Sclerodactyly
Telangiectasias
Other
Cause
Diagnosis
Treatment
Epidemiology
History
See also
References
External links
 CREST syndrome - Wikipedia
CREST syndrome
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " CREST syndrome" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2009) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Medical condition
CREST syndrome
Other names
Calcinosis-Raynaud phenomenon-esophageal involvement-sclerodactyly-telangiectasia syndrome

CREST syndrome (calcinosis and sclerodactyly)
Specialty
Rheumatology
CREST syndrome, also known as the limited cutaneous form of systemic sclerosis (lcSSc), is a multisystem connective tissue disorder. The acronym "CREST" refers to the five main features: calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. CREST syndrome is associated with detectable antibodies against centromeres (a component of the cell nucleus ), and usually spares the kidneys (a feature more common in the related condition systemic scleroderma ). If the lungs are involved, it is usually in the form of pulmonary arterial hypertension . Contents
1 Signs and symptoms
1.1 Calcinosis
1.2 Raynaud's phenomenon
1.3 Esophageal dysmotility
1.4 Sclerodactyly
1.5 Telangiectasias
1.6 Other
2 Cause
3 Diagnosis
4 Treatment
5 Epidemiology
5.1 History
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Signs and symptoms
CREST syndrome (calcinosis and sclerodactyly)
X-rays showing calcinosis in a woman with CREST syndrome.

CREST syndrome - Wikipedia

CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
Contents
Signs and symptoms
Calcinosis
Raynaud's phenomenon
Esophageal dysmotility
Sclerodactyly
Telangiectasias
Other
Cause
Diagnosis
Treatment
Epidemiology
History
See also
References
External links

CREST syndrome - Wikipedia
CREST syndrome
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " CREST syndrome" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2009) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Medical condition
CREST syndrome
Other names
Calcinosis-Raynaud phenomenon-esophageal involvement-sclerodactyly-telangiectasia syndrome

CREST syndrome (calcinosis and sclerodactyly)
Specialty
Rheumatology
CREST syndrome, also known as the limited cutaneous form of systemic sclerosis (lcSSc), is a multisystem connective tissue disorder. The acronym "CREST" refers to the five main features: calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. CREST syndrome is associated with detectable antibodies against centromeres (a component of the cell nucleus ), and usually spares the kidneys (a feature more common in the related condition systemic scleroderma ). If the lungs are involved, it is usually in the form of pulmonary arterial hypertension . Contents
1 Signs and symptoms
1.1 Calcinosis
1.2 Raynaud's phenomenon
1.3 Esophageal dysmotility
1.4 Sclerodactyly
1.5 Telangiectasias
1.6 Other
2 Cause
3 Diagnosis
4 Treatment
5 Epidemiology
5.1 History
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Signs and symptoms
CREST syndrome (calcinosis and sclerodactyly)
X-rays showing calcinosis in a woman with CREST syndrome.

CREST Disease | definition of CREST Disease by Medical dictionary CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
CREST syn·drome
CREST syn·drome
CREST syndrome
Thibierge,
CREST syn·drome
Mentioned in ?
Medical browser ?
Full browser ?
 CREST Disease | definition of CREST Disease by Medical dictionary
CREST syndrome
(redirected from CREST Disease)
CREST syndrome
one of the less severe forms of systemic scleroderma, consisting of calcinosis of the skin, raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. When esophageal dysfunction is not prominent, it is known as CRST syndrome. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. CREST syn·drome
a variant of systemic sclerosis characterized by calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012
An acronym for the pentad of clinical signs seen with a limited form of scleroderma: Calcinosis cutis
Raynaud’s phenomenon—at least a 2-phase colour change
Esophageal distal hypomotility or reflux esophagitis
Sclerodactyly or nonpitting digital edema
Telangiectasia; CREST has a slightly better prognosis than other connective tissue disorders, but has late complications—e.g., biliary cirrhosis and pulmonary hypertension
Lab Anticentromere antibodies are characteristic of CREST, but may also be seen in progressive systemic sclerosis, older women, or those with HLA-DR1
Segen's Medical Dictionary. © 2012 Farlex, Inc. All rights reserved.

CREST Disease | definition of CREST Disease by Medical dictionary

CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
CREST syn·drome
CREST syn·drome
CREST syndrome
Thibierge,
CREST syn·drome
Mentioned in ?
Medical browser ?
Full browser ?

CREST Disease | definition of CREST Disease by Medical dictionary
CREST syndrome
(redirected from CREST Disease)
CREST syndrome
one of the less severe forms of systemic scleroderma, consisting of calcinosis of the skin, raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. When esophageal dysfunction is not prominent, it is known as CRST syndrome. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. CREST syn·drome
a variant of systemic sclerosis characterized by calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012
An acronym for the pentad of clinical signs seen with a limited form of scleroderma: Calcinosis cutis
Raynaud’s phenomenon—at least a 2-phase colour change
Esophageal distal hypomotility or reflux esophagitis
Sclerodactyly or nonpitting digital edema
Telangiectasia; CREST has a slightly better prognosis than other connective tissue disorders, but has late complications—e.g., biliary cirrhosis and pulmonary hypertension
Lab Anticentromere antibodies are characteristic of CREST, but may also be seen in progressive systemic sclerosis, older women, or those with HLA-DR1
Segen's Medical Dictionary. © 2012 Farlex, Inc. All rights reserved.

It’s sometimes called CREST syndrome, after its five common signs: Calcinosis. This is when calcium salts form nodules under your skin or in your organs. Raynaud’s phenomenon. This is a lack of blood flow to parts of your body such as your fingers, toes, or nose, usually because of cold. Your skin might turn red, white, or blue. Esophageal dysfunction. This is when your esophagus doesn’t work the way it should. Sclerodactyly. This is when your skin becomes thin and shiny.

It’s sometimes called CREST syndrome, after its five common signs: Calcinosis. This is when calcium salts form nodules under your skin or in your organs. Raynaud’s phenomenon. This is a lack of blood flow to parts of your body such as your fingers, toes, or nose, usually because of cold. Your skin might turn red, white, or blue. Esophageal dysfunction. This is when your esophagus doesn’t work the way it should. Sclerodactyly. This is when your skin becomes thin and shiny.

CREST Syndrome - Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Self-Care Tips and Treatment | medcaretips.com CREST Syndrome – Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Self-Care Tips and Treatment
CREST Syndrome – Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Self-Care Tips and Treatment
Clinical Features
Cause of CREST Syndrome
Risk Factors
Complications
Gastrointestinal complications
Lung complications
Heart Complications
Kidney complications
Ulcers on fingers and toes
Endocrinal complications
Other complications
Diagnosis and Investigations
Clinical evaluation
Autoantibody tests
Complete blood counts
Nonspecific indicators of inflammation
Serum calcium and phosphorus levels
Renal function tests
Thyroid function tests
X-ray of extremities
Doppler ultrasonography or angiography
Electromyogram/nerve conduction velocity test
Pulmonary function tests
Electrocardiography and Holter monitoring
Upper GI endoscopy, esophageal manometry, barium swallow studies
CT scan
Skin biopsy
Self –Care Tips
Keep warm
Quit smoking
Exercise regularly
Healthy eating habits
To prevent acid reflux
Take care of your skin
Practice good oral hygiene
Treatment
Medicinal treatment
Pain relief medication
Antibiotics
Antacids
Medicines to treat dry mouth
Immunosuppressive drugs
Penicillamine
Calcinosis
Raynaud’s phenomenon
E sophageal dysfunction
Sclerodactyly
Telangiectasias
Treatment of complications
References
About Dr Surbhi Mahajan
 Abnormal levels are seen in case of metabolic disturbances and used to differentiate these disorders from CREST syndrome. Renal function tests
To detect renal dysfunction and renal crisis
Thyroid function tests
To detect thyroid involvement. Thyroid disease is also a cause of edematous or thickened skin. X-ray of extremities
To detect calcinosis
Doppler ultrasonography or angiography
To detect blood vessel occlusion in the case of Raynaud’s phenomenon. Electromyogram/nerve conduction velocity test
In the case of suspected muscle involvement. Pulmonary function tests
Including spirometry to detect lung disorders. Electrocardiography and Holter monitoring
To detect heart diseases and arrhythmias. Upper GI endoscopy, esophageal manometry, barium swallow studies
To detect esophageal and intestinal disorders
CT scan
To detect interstitial lung disease
Skin biopsy
A tiny sample of the affected skin is removed and examined by a pathologist under a microscope to look for specif

CREST Syndrome - Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Self-Care Tips and Treatment | medcaretips.com

CREST Syndrome – Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Self-Care Tips and Treatment
CREST Syndrome – Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Self-Care Tips and Treatment
Clinical Features
Cause of CREST Syndrome
Risk Factors
Complications
Gastrointestinal complications
Lung complications
Heart Complications
Kidney complications
Ulcers on fingers and toes
Endocrinal complications
Other complications
Diagnosis and Investigations
Clinical evaluation
Autoantibody tests
Complete blood counts
Nonspecific indicators of inflammation
Serum calcium and phosphorus levels
Renal function tests
Thyroid function tests
X-ray of extremities
Doppler ultrasonography or angiography
Electromyogram/nerve conduction velocity test
Pulmonary function tests
Electrocardiography and Holter monitoring
Upper GI endoscopy, esophageal manometry, barium swallow studies
CT scan
Skin biopsy
Self –Care Tips
Keep warm
Quit smoking
Exercise regularly
Healthy eating habits
To prevent acid reflux
Take care of your skin
Practice good oral hygiene
Treatment
Medicinal treatment
Pain relief medication
Antibiotics
Antacids
Medicines to treat dry mouth
Immunosuppressive drugs
Penicillamine
Calcinosis
Raynaud’s phenomenon
E sophageal dysfunction
Sclerodactyly
Telangiectasias
Treatment of complications
References
About Dr Surbhi Mahajan

Abnormal levels are seen in case of metabolic disturbances and used to differentiate these disorders from CREST syndrome. Renal function tests
To detect renal dysfunction and renal crisis
Thyroid function tests
To detect thyroid involvement. Thyroid disease is also a cause of edematous or thickened skin. X-ray of extremities
To detect calcinosis
Doppler ultrasonography or angiography
To detect blood vessel occlusion in the case of Raynaud’s phenomenon. Electromyogram/nerve conduction velocity test
In the case of suspected muscle involvement. Pulmonary function tests
Including spirometry to detect lung disorders. Electrocardiography and Holter monitoring
To detect heart diseases and arrhythmias. Upper GI endoscopy, esophageal manometry, barium swallow studies
To detect esophageal and intestinal disorders
CT scan
To detect interstitial lung disease
Skin biopsy
A tiny sample of the affected skin is removed and examined by a pathologist under a microscope to look for specif

CREST syndrome - Wikipedia CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
Contents
Signs and symptoms
Calcinosis
Raynaud's phenomenon
Esophageal dysmotility
Sclerodactyly
Telangiectasias
Other
Cause
Diagnosis
Treatment
Epidemiology
History
See also
References
External links
 The acronym "CREST" refers to the five main features: calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. CREST syndrome is associated with detectable antibodies against centromeres (a component of the cell nucleus ), and usually spares the kidneys (a feature more common in the related condition systemic scleroderma ). If the lungs are involved, it is usually in the form of pulmonary arterial hypertension . Contents
1 Signs and symptoms
1.1 Calcinosis
1.2 Raynaud's phenomenon
1.3 Esophageal dysmotility
1.4 Sclerodactyly
1.5 Telangiectasias
1.6 Other
2 Cause
3 Diagnosis
4 Treatment
5 Epidemiology
5.1 History
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Signs and symptoms
CREST syndrome (calcinosis and sclerodactyly)
X-rays showing calcinosis in a woman with CREST syndrome. X-ray of subtle calcifications in CREST syndrome. Calcinosis
CREST causes thickening and tightening of the skin with deposition of calcific nodules ("calcinosis"). Raynaud's phenomenon
Raynaud's phenomenon is frequently the first manifestation of CREST/lcSSc, preceding other symptoms by years. Stress and cold temperature induce an exaggerated vasoconstriction of the small arteries, arterioles, and thermoregulatory vessels of the skin of the digits. Clinically this manifests as a white-blue-red transition in skin color.

CREST syndrome - Wikipedia

The acronym "CREST" refers to the five main features: calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. CREST syndrome is associated with detectable antibodies against centromeres (a component of the cell nucleus ), and usually spares the kidneys (a feature more common in the related condition systemic scleroderma ). If the lungs are involved, it is usually in the form of pulmonary arterial hypertension . Contents
1 Signs and symptoms
1.1 Calcinosis
1.2 Raynaud's phenomenon
1.3 Esophageal dysmotility
1.4 Sclerodactyly
1.5 Telangiectasias
1.6 Other
2 Cause
3 Diagnosis
4 Treatment
5 Epidemiology
5.1 History
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Signs and symptoms
CREST syndrome (calcinosis and sclerodactyly)
X-rays showing calcinosis in a woman with CREST syndrome. X-ray of subtle calcifications in CREST syndrome. Calcinosis
CREST causes thickening and tightening of the skin with deposition of calcific nodules ("calcinosis"). Raynaud's phenomenon
Raynaud's phenomenon is frequently the first manifestation of CREST/lcSSc, preceding other symptoms by years. Stress and cold temperature induce an exaggerated vasoconstriction of the small arteries, arterioles, and thermoregulatory vessels of the skin of the digits. Clinically this manifests as a white-blue-red transition in skin color.

CREST Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology CREST Syndrome
CREST Syndrome
Background
 Jeanie C Yoon, MD; Chief Editor: Dirk M Elston, MD more...
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CREST Syndrome
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Background
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Epidemiology
Prognosis
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History
Physical Examination
Complications
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DDx
Workup
Laboratory Studies
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Medication Summary
Calcium channel blockers
Prostaglandins
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References
Overview
Background
CREST ( calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) syndrome is a member of the heterogeneous group of sclerodermas, and its name is an acronym for the cardinal clinical features of the syndrome. [ 1, 2]
In 1910, Thibierge and Weissenbach described the first case report of what was later called CRST (calcinosis cutis, Raynaud phenomenon, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) syndrome in English by Winterbauer who, in 1964, described a series of 8 patients with the features that make up the abbreviation CRST. [ 3, 4] Although he noted esophageal dysmotility in 4 of 8 patients, he did not include this feature in his original description of CRST syndrome. Frayha et al [ 5] noted the frequent occurrence of esophageal dysmotility and suggested that the acronym CREST may be more appropriate. Velayos et al [ 6] reviewed 13 patients with CREST and CRST syndromes and found the syndromes equivalent. The 1980 American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Rheumatic Diseases is the most widely used system for systemic scleroderma. Because it was designed for research applications and not for clinical diagnosis, it has been criticized for its low sensitivity in identifying early disease and milder forms of systemic scleroderma such as CREST syndrome. Several authors recognized this limitation and responded by categorizing patients with scleroderma syndromes into 2 groups:

CREST Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

CREST Syndrome
CREST Syndrome
Background

2021 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code M34.1: CR (E)ST syndrome
2021 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code M34.1
CR (E)ST syndrome
 New code (first year of non-draft ICD-10-CM)
2017 (effective 10/1/2016): No change
2018 (effective 10/1/2017): No change
2019 (effective 10/1/2018): No change
2020 (effective 10/1/2019): No change
2021 (effective 10/1/2020): No change
Diagnosis Index entries containing back-references to M34.1: Calcinosis (interstitial) (tumoral) (universalis) E83.59
ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code E83.59
Other disorders of calcium metabolism
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Billable/Specific Code
with Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia M34.1 (CREST syndrome)
CREST syndrome M34.1
CRST syndrome M34.1
ICD-10-CM Codes Adjacent To M34.1
M33.22 …… with myopathy
M33.29 …… with other organ involvement
M33.9 Dermatopolymyositis, unspecified
M33.90 …… organ involvement unspecified
M33.91 …… with respiratory involvement
M33.92 …… with myopathy
M33.93 …… without myopathy
M33.99 …… with other organ involvement
M34 Systemic sclerosis [scleroderma]
M34.0 Progressive systemic sclerosis
M34.1 CR (E)ST syndrome
M34.2 Systemic sclerosis induced by drug and chemical
M34.8 Other forms of systemic sclerosis
M34.81 Systemic sclerosis with lung involvement
M34.82 Systemic sclerosis with myopathy
M34.83 Systemic sclerosis with polyneuropathy
M34.89 Other systemic sclerosis
M34.9 Systemic sclerosis, unspecified
M35 Other systemic involvement of connective tissue
M35.0 Sicca syndrome [Sjögren]
M35.00 Sicca syndrome, unspecified
Reimbursement claims with a date of service on or after October 1, 2015 require the use of ICD-10-CM codes.

2021 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code M34.1: CR (E)ST syndrome

2021 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code M34.1
CR (E)ST syndrome

New code (first year of non-draft ICD-10-CM)
2017 (effective 10/1/2016): No change
2018 (effective 10/1/2017): No change
2019 (effective 10/1/2018): No change
2020 (effective 10/1/2019): No change
2021 (effective 10/1/2020): No change
Diagnosis Index entries containing back-references to M34.1: Calcinosis (interstitial) (tumoral) (universalis) E83.59
ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code E83.59
Other disorders of calcium metabolism
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Billable/Specific Code
with Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia M34.1 (CREST syndrome)
CREST syndrome M34.1
CRST syndrome M34.1
ICD-10-CM Codes Adjacent To M34.1
M33.22 …… with myopathy
M33.29 …… with other organ involvement
M33.9 Dermatopolymyositis, unspecified
M33.90 …… organ involvement unspecified
M33.91 …… with respiratory involvement
M33.92 …… with myopathy
M33.93 …… without myopathy
M33.99 …… with other organ involvement
M34 Systemic sclerosis [scleroderma]
M34.0 Progressive systemic sclerosis
M34.1 CR (E)ST syndrome
M34.2 Systemic sclerosis induced by drug and chemical
M34.8 Other forms of systemic sclerosis
M34.81 Systemic sclerosis with lung involvement
M34.82 Systemic sclerosis with myopathy
M34.83 Systemic sclerosis with polyneuropathy
M34.89 Other systemic sclerosis
M34.9 Systemic sclerosis, unspecified
M35 Other systemic involvement of connective tissue
M35.0 Sicca syndrome [Sjögren]
M35.00 Sicca syndrome, unspecified
Reimbursement claims with a date of service on or after October 1, 2015 require the use of ICD-10-CM codes.

CREST syndrome | definition of CREST syndrome by Medical dictionary CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
CREST syn·drome
CREST syn·drome
CREST syndrome
Thibierge,
CREST syn·drome
Mentioned in ?
References in periodicals archive ?
Medical browser ?
Full browser ?
 CREST syndrome | definition of CREST syndrome by Medical dictionary
CREST syndrome
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Financial, Encyclopedia. Related to CREST syndrome: Scleroderma, Raynaud's syndrome, Sjogren's syndrome
CREST syndrome
one of the less severe forms of systemic scleroderma, consisting of calcinosis of the skin, raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. When esophageal dysfunction is not prominent, it is known as CRST syndrome. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. CREST syn·drome
a variant of systemic sclerosis characterized by calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012
An acronym for the pentad of clinical signs seen with a limited form of scleroderma: Calcinosis cutis
Raynaud’s phenomenon—at least a 2-phase colour change
Esophageal distal hypomotility or reflux esophagitis
Sclerodactyly or nonpitting digital edema
Telangiectasia;

CREST syndrome | definition of CREST syndrome by Medical dictionary

CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
CREST syn·drome
CREST syn·drome
CREST syndrome
Thibierge,
CREST syn·drome
Mentioned in ?
References in periodicals archive ?
Medical browser ?
Full browser ?

CREST syndrome | definition of CREST syndrome by Medical dictionary
CREST syndrome
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Financial, Encyclopedia. Related to CREST syndrome: Scleroderma, Raynaud's syndrome, Sjogren's syndrome
CREST syndrome
one of the less severe forms of systemic scleroderma, consisting of calcinosis of the skin, raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. When esophageal dysfunction is not prominent, it is known as CRST syndrome. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. CREST syn·drome
a variant of systemic sclerosis characterized by calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012
An acronym for the pentad of clinical signs seen with a limited form of scleroderma: Calcinosis cutis
Raynaud’s phenomenon—at least a 2-phase colour change
Esophageal distal hypomotility or reflux esophagitis
Sclerodactyly or nonpitting digital edema
Telangiectasia;

CREST Syndrome - What is?, Pictures, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis CREST Syndrome
CREST Syndrome
Definition
Symptoms
Tight hardened skin
Raynaud’s phenomenon
Red spot marks on the skin
Lumps beneath the skin
Difficulty in swallowing
Classification
Causes of CREST Syndrome
Risk factors
Complications
Diagnosis
Blood test
Biopsy of the skin sample
Heart, lung and gastrointestinal tests
CREST Syndrome Treatment
Antibiotics
Antacids
Antihypertensive drugs
Immunosuppressive medications
Rehabilitation Therapy
References
 CREST Syndrome - What is?, Pictures, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis
Home » CREST Syndrome
CREST Syndrome
Definition
Hardening of the skin in a particular region is termed as CREST syndrome. This is a subtype of scleroderma and though it affects regionally, therefore it can also called as limited scleroderma. The usual sites of development of the CREST Syndrome, include the lower part of the hands and legs. CREST Syndrome also occurs in the face and throat. Internal organs like elementary cannel and in severe condition, heart or lungs can also affect. The illustration of CREST can be described as
C – Deposition of calcium in epidermis layer and subcutaneous tissue of the skin ( calcinosis)
R – failure of muscle control (Raynaud’s phenomenon) in the affected skin and tissues and even organ like esophagus. E – Esophageal muscles become weakened and swallowing difficulty arises due to dysmotility. S – a thinning malformation of the bones of the fingers and the skin becomes thicken (Sclerodactyly). T – Enlargement of the blood vessels in the affected part of the body (telangiectasias), due to this red spots occur on the face and other affected areas. (

CREST Syndrome - What is?, Pictures, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis

CREST Syndrome
CREST Syndrome
Definition
Symptoms
Tight hardened skin
Raynaud’s phenomenon
Red spot marks on the skin
Lumps beneath the skin
Difficulty in swallowing
Classification
Causes of CREST Syndrome
Risk factors
Complications
Diagnosis
Blood test
Biopsy of the skin sample
Heart, lung and gastrointestinal tests
CREST Syndrome Treatment
Antibiotics
Antacids
Antihypertensive drugs
Immunosuppressive medications
Rehabilitation Therapy
References

CREST Syndrome - What is?, Pictures, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis
Home » CREST Syndrome
CREST Syndrome
Definition
Hardening of the skin in a particular region is termed as CREST syndrome. This is a subtype of scleroderma and though it affects regionally, therefore it can also called as limited scleroderma. The usual sites of development of the CREST Syndrome, include the lower part of the hands and legs. CREST Syndrome also occurs in the face and throat. Internal organs like elementary cannel and in severe condition, heart or lungs can also affect. The illustration of CREST can be described as
C – Deposition of calcium in epidermis layer and subcutaneous tissue of the skin ( calcinosis)
R – failure of muscle control (Raynaud’s phenomenon) in the affected skin and tissues and even organ like esophagus. E – Esophageal muscles become weakened and swallowing difficulty arises due to dysmotility. S – a thinning malformation of the bones of the fingers and the skin becomes thicken (Sclerodactyly). T – Enlargement of the blood vessels in the affected part of the body (telangiectasias), due to this red spots occur on the face and other affected areas. (

Limited Scleroderma (CREST Syndrome) Limited Scleroderma (CREST Syndrome)
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 Raynaud’s phenomenon (the “R” in CREST syndrome): A condition of poor blood circulation that causes the toes and fingertips to turn white, and then blue and numb. When circulation returns to normal, the affected skin looks red and may tingle. Raynaud’s phenomenon is an early symptom of limited scleroderma, but it can also occur independent of scleroderma. Red skin marks (telangiectasia - the “T” in CREST syndrome): The swelling of small blood vessels near the skin surface creates small red spots or lines on the hands and face. Skin bumps (calcinosis - the “C” in CREST syndrome): Calcium deposits under the skin can cause small raised areas on the elbows, knees and fingers. These bumps can be painful or get infected. Difficulty swallowing (esophageal dysfunction - the “E” in CREST syndrome):

Limited Scleroderma (CREST Syndrome)

Raynaud’s phenomenon (the “R” in CREST syndrome): A condition of poor blood circulation that causes the toes and fingertips to turn white, and then blue and numb. When circulation returns to normal, the affected skin looks red and may tingle. Raynaud’s phenomenon is an early symptom of limited scleroderma, but it can also occur independent of scleroderma. Red skin marks (telangiectasia - the “T” in CREST syndrome): The swelling of small blood vessels near the skin surface creates small red spots or lines on the hands and face. Skin bumps (calcinosis - the “C” in CREST syndrome): Calcium deposits under the skin can cause small raised areas on the elbows, knees and fingers. These bumps can be painful or get infected. Difficulty swallowing (esophageal dysfunction - the “E” in CREST syndrome):

Esophageal motility disorder - Wikipedia Esophageal motility disorder
Esophageal motility disorder
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 The most prominent one is dysphagia . Esophageal motility disorder may be a result of CREST syndrome, referring to the five main features: calcinosis, Raynaud syndrome, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia. Contents
1 Symptoms
1.1 Types
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Symptoms
There are contractions along the lower esophagus when this condition happens. These contractions prevent the passage of food. Types
Dysphagia could be for solid only or for solid and liquid. Solid dysphagia is due to obstruction such as esophageal cancer, esophageal web, or stricture. Solid plus liquid dysphagia is due to esophageal motility disorder (or dysmotility) either in the upper esophagus ( myasthenia gravis, stroke, or dermatomyositis) or lower esophagus ( systemic sclerosis, CREST syndrome, or achalasia ). If there is a food allergy causing an EMD, then physicians recommend an elimination diet. If this fails, then physicians will prescribe special types of Medication to help resolve this problem.

Esophageal motility disorder - Wikipedia

Esophageal motility disorder
Esophageal motility disorder
Contents
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Types
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The most prominent one is dysphagia . Esophageal motility disorder may be a result of CREST syndrome, referring to the five main features: calcinosis, Raynaud syndrome, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia. Contents
1 Symptoms
1.1 Types
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Symptoms
There are contractions along the lower esophagus when this condition happens. These contractions prevent the passage of food. Types
Dysphagia could be for solid only or for solid and liquid. Solid dysphagia is due to obstruction such as esophageal cancer, esophageal web, or stricture. Solid plus liquid dysphagia is due to esophageal motility disorder (or dysmotility) either in the upper esophagus ( myasthenia gravis, stroke, or dermatomyositis) or lower esophagus ( systemic sclerosis, CREST syndrome, or achalasia ). If there is a food allergy causing an EMD, then physicians recommend an elimination diet. If this fails, then physicians will prescribe special types of Medication to help resolve this problem.

CREST Syndrome - What is?, Pictures, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis CREST Syndrome
CREST Syndrome
Definition
Symptoms
Tight hardened skin
Raynaud’s phenomenon
Red spot marks on the skin
Lumps beneath the skin
Difficulty in swallowing
Classification
Causes of CREST Syndrome
Risk factors
Complications
Diagnosis
Blood test
Biopsy of the skin sample
Heart, lung and gastrointestinal tests
CREST Syndrome Treatment
Antibiotics
Antacids
Antihypertensive drugs
Immunosuppressive medications
Rehabilitation Therapy
References
 These lumps may be infected and tenderness also develop. Difficulty in swallowing
In CREST syndrome, people often face swallowing difficulties, due to their problem in the esophagus. The loss of control over the esophageal muscles at the upper and lower end can cause difficulty in swallowing and let back flow the acidic content of the stomach into the esophagus. This leads to heartburn, irritation and scarring of the esophagus. ( 1,2,3,4)
Classification
In medical science, depending upon the sign and symptoms, CREST syndrome is further divided into two forms: “Pure”CREST — it means when the diagnostic reports reveled that patient have two or more than two symptoms of CREST and not associated with diffuse scleroderma or other autoimmune disease. Plus CREST – It means when the patient has CREST syndrome along with another form of scleroderma, including diffuse scleroderma or other types of autoimmune disease symptoms. In diffuse scleroderma the involved skin is not localized in a particular area and the involvement of the internal organs like the digestive system, heart, lungs and kidney. ( 2,4)
Causes of CREST Syndrome
It assumed that CREST syndrome is developed due to an autoimmune disorder, means the immune system of one’s body can act against own body. This assumption comes from the pathophysiology involved in developing the CREST Syndrome.

These lumps may be infected and tenderness also develop. Difficulty in swallowing
In CREST syndrome, people often face swallowing difficulties, due to their problem in the esophagus. The loss of control over the esophageal muscles at the upper and lower end can cause difficulty in swallowing and let back flow the acidic content of the stomach into the esophagus. This leads to heartburn, irritation and scarring of the esophagus. ( 1,2,3,4)
Classification
In medical science, depending upon the sign and symptoms, CREST syndrome is further divided into two forms: “Pure”CREST — it means when the diagnostic reports reveled that patient have two or more than two symptoms of CREST and not associated with diffuse scleroderma or other autoimmune disease. Plus CREST – It means when the patient has CREST syndrome along with another form of scleroderma, including diffuse scleroderma or other types of autoimmune disease symptoms. In diffuse scleroderma the involved skin is not localized in a particular area and the involvement of the internal organs like the digestive system, heart, lungs and kidney. ( 2,4)
Causes of CREST Syndrome
It assumed that CREST syndrome is developed due to an autoimmune disorder, means the immune system of one’s body can act against own body. This assumption comes from the pathophysiology involved in developing the CREST Syndrome.

 It often affects the skin tissues and does not cause harm to the other major organs
There are two types of Localized Scleroderma, namely Morphea and Localized Linear Scleroderma
Systemic Scleroderma: It affects the skin, tissue beneath the skin, major organs, and blood vessels
Systemic Scleroderma also has 2 different types, namely Limited Systemic Scleroderma and Diffuse Systemic Scleroderma
Limited Systemic Scleroderma is a type of Systemic Scleroderma of unknown cause. Commonly, the organs involved include the food pipe (esophagus), stomach, small intestines, large intestines, heart, muscles, joints, and kidneys. However, it may take years for hardening of the tissue to occur, which in turn, can cause a much slower progression of the signs and symptoms
Typically, Systemic Scleroderma progresses fast, resulting in severe signs and symptoms and even life-threatening complications. But, with Limited Systemic Scleroderma, there is no rapid progression of the condition
Limited Systemic Scleroderma is also called as CREST Syndrome. The term CREST stands for: Calcinosis: Calcium deposits on the skin
Raynaud’s phenomenon: Blood vessel spasms in response to cold temperatures or stress
Esophageal dysfunction: Acid reflux and less motility in the esophagus
Sclerodactyly:

It often affects the skin tissues and does not cause harm to the other major organs
There are two types of Localized Scleroderma, namely Morphea and Localized Linear Scleroderma
Systemic Scleroderma: It affects the skin, tissue beneath the skin, major organs, and blood vessels
Systemic Scleroderma also has 2 different types, namely Limited Systemic Scleroderma and Diffuse Systemic Scleroderma
Limited Systemic Scleroderma is a type of Systemic Scleroderma of unknown cause. Commonly, the organs involved include the food pipe (esophagus), stomach, small intestines, large intestines, heart, muscles, joints, and kidneys. However, it may take years for hardening of the tissue to occur, which in turn, can cause a much slower progression of the signs and symptoms
Typically, Systemic Scleroderma progresses fast, resulting in severe signs and symptoms and even life-threatening complications. But, with Limited Systemic Scleroderma, there is no rapid progression of the condition
Limited Systemic Scleroderma is also called as CREST Syndrome. The term CREST stands for: Calcinosis: Calcium deposits on the skin
Raynaud’s phenomenon: Blood vessel spasms in response to cold temperatures or stress
Esophageal dysfunction: Acid reflux and less motility in the esophagus
Sclerodactyly:

What is scleroderma? - Scleroderma Foundation What is scleroderma?
What is scleroderma?
Quick Links
Types of Scleroderma
 In limited scleroderma, skin thickening is less widespread, typically confined to the fingers, hands and face, and develops slowly over years. Although internal problems occur, they are less frequent and tend to be less severe than in diffuse scleroderma, and are usually delayed in onset for several years. However, persons with limited scleroderma, and occasionally those with diffuse scleroderma,
can develop pulmonary hypertension, a condition in which the lung’s blood vessels become narrow, leading to impaired blood flow through the lungs resulting in shortness of breath. Limited scleroderma is sometimes called CREST syndrome. CREST stands for the initial letters of five common features: Calcinosis
Raynaud Phenomenon
Esophageal dysfunction
Sclerodactyly
Telangiectasia
To further complicate the terminology, some people with diffuse disease will go on to develop calcinosis and telangiectasias so that they also have the features of CREST. Although most patients can be classified as having diffuse or limited disease, different people may have different symptoms and different combination of symptoms of the illness.

What is scleroderma? - Scleroderma Foundation

What is scleroderma?
What is scleroderma?
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Types of Scleroderma

In limited scleroderma, skin thickening is less widespread, typically confined to the fingers, hands and face, and develops slowly over years. Although internal problems occur, they are less frequent and tend to be less severe than in diffuse scleroderma, and are usually delayed in onset for several years. However, persons with limited scleroderma, and occasionally those with diffuse scleroderma,
can develop pulmonary hypertension, a condition in which the lung’s blood vessels become narrow, leading to impaired blood flow through the lungs resulting in shortness of breath. Limited scleroderma is sometimes called CREST syndrome. CREST stands for the initial letters of five common features: Calcinosis
Raynaud Phenomenon
Esophageal dysfunction
Sclerodactyly
Telangiectasia
To further complicate the terminology, some people with diffuse disease will go on to develop calcinosis and telangiectasias so that they also have the features of CREST. Although most patients can be classified as having diffuse or limited disease, different people may have different symptoms and different combination of symptoms of the illness.

Systemic Sclerosis - Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders - Merck Manuals Professional Edition Systemic Sclerosis
Systemic Sclerosis
(Scleroderma)
Classification of Systemic Sclerosis
Etiology of Systemic Sclerosis
Pathophysiology of Systemic Sclerosis
Symptoms and Signs of Systemic Sclerosis
Skin and nail manifestations
Skin Manifestations of Systemic Sclerosis
Joint manifestations
Elbow Contracture in Systemic Sclerosis
Gastrointestinal manifestations
Cardiopulmonary manifestations
Renal manifestations
Diagnosis of Systemic Sclerosis
Antinuclear Antibody (ANA)
Dilated Capillary Loops
Capillaroscopy
Prognosis of Systemic Sclerosis
Prognosis reference
Treatment of Systemic Sclerosis
Treatment references
Key Points about Systemic Sclerosis
Drugs Mentioned In This Article
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Merck and the Merck Manuals
 Gastrointestinal manifestations
Esophageal dysfunction is the most frequent visceral disturbance and occurs in most patients. Dysphagia (usually retrosternal) usually develops first. Acid reflux can cause heartburn and stricture. Barrett esophagus occurs in one third of patients and predisposes to complications (eg, adenocarcinoma). Hypomotility of the small bowel causes bacterial overgrowth that can lead to malabsorption. Air may penetrate the damaged bowel wall and be visible on x-rays (pneumatosis intestinalis). Leakage of bowel contents into the peritoneal cavity can cause peritonitis. Distinctive wide-mouthed diverticula can develop in the colon. Biliary cirrhosis may develop in patients with limited systemic sclerosis (CREST syndrome). Cardiopulmonary manifestations
Lung involvement generally progresses indolently, with substantial individual variability, but is a common cause of death.

Gastrointestinal manifestations
Esophageal dysfunction is the most frequent visceral disturbance and occurs in most patients. Dysphagia (usually retrosternal) usually develops first. Acid reflux can cause heartburn and stricture. Barrett esophagus occurs in one third of patients and predisposes to complications (eg, adenocarcinoma). Hypomotility of the small bowel causes bacterial overgrowth that can lead to malabsorption. Air may penetrate the damaged bowel wall and be visible on x-rays (pneumatosis intestinalis). Leakage of bowel contents into the peritoneal cavity can cause peritonitis. Distinctive wide-mouthed diverticula can develop in the colon. Biliary cirrhosis may develop in patients with limited systemic sclerosis (CREST syndrome). Cardiopulmonary manifestations
Lung involvement generally progresses indolently, with substantial individual variability, but is a common cause of death.

CREST syndrome causes, signs, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
What is CREST syndrome
Is CREST syndrome fatal?
What is systemic sclerosis?
Systemic sclerosis has been subdivided into 2 main subtypes, according to the distribution of skin involvement.
Key features of systemic sclerosis
Systemic sclerosis causes
Genetic susceptibility
Triggering event
Immune pathways
Paraneoplastic systemic sclerosis
Systemic sclerosis pathophysiology
Systemic sclerosis symptoms
Cutaneous features of systemic sclerosis
Skin sclerosis
Hands
Face
Other
Rarer cutaneous features
Gastrointestinal symptoms
Upper gastrointestinal tract
Lower gastrointestinal tract
Cardiopulmonary symptoms
Renal disease
Other symptoms
Systemic sclerosis diagnosis
Investigations may include:
Systemic sclerosis treatment
General advice
Anti-fibrotic therapies
Topical therapies:
Physical therapies:
Systemic therapies:
Vasodilation
Treatment of skin manifestations
Raynaud phenomenon
Digital ulcers
Telangiectases
Calcinosis
Pruritus
Facial fat loss
Treatment of internal organ manifestations
Interstitial lung disease
Pulmonary artery hypertension
Renal disease
Gastrointestinal tract
Systemic sclerosis monitoring
Skin
Internal organs
CREST syndrome causes
Risk factors for CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome symptoms
CREST syndrome symptoms and signs include:
CREST syndrome complications
CREST syndrome diagnosis
CREST syndrome treatment
Medications
Therapy
Surgery
CREST syndrome life expectancy
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 CREST syndrome causes, signs, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment
CREST syndrome
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What is CREST syndrome
Is CREST syndrome fatal? What is systemic sclerosis? Systemic sclerosis causes
Systemic sclerosis pathophysiology
Systemic sclerosis symptoms
Cutaneous features of systemic sclerosis
Gastrointestinal symptoms
Cardiopulmonary symptoms
Renal disease
Other symptoms
Systemic sclerosis diagnosis
Systemic sclerosis treatment
General advice
Anti-fibrotic therapies
Treatment of skin manifestations
Treatment of internal organ manifestations
Systemic sclerosis monitoring
CREST syndrome causes
Risk factors for CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome symptoms
CREST syndrome complications
CREST syndrome diagnosis
CREST syndrome treatment
Medications
Therapy
Surgery
CREST syndrome life expectancy
What is CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is now called limited scleroderma, is a widespread connective tissue disease characterized by changes in the skin, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, and internal organs 1). CREST is an acronym for the clinical features that are seen in a patient with limited scleroderma or limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis. The “C” stands for calcinosis, where calcium deposits form under the skin on the fingers or other areas of the body. The “R”, stands for Raynaud’s phenomenon, spasm of blood vessels in the fingers or toes in response to cold or stress. The “E” represents esophageal dysmotility, which can cause difficulty in swallowing. The “S” is for sclerodactyly, tightening of the skin causing the fingers to bend. Finally, the letter “T” is for telangiectasia, dilated vessels on the skin of the fingers, face, or inside of the mouth. Usually only 2 of the 5 symptoms of the CREST syndrome is necessary to be diagnosed with limited scleroderma.

What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome? What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?
What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?
What Is CREST Syndrome?
What Are Signs and Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?
What Causes CREST Syndrome?
How Do Doctors Diagnose CREST Syndrome?
What Is the Treatment for CREST Syndrome?
QUESTION
What Are Complications of CREST Syndrome?
What Is the Life Expectancy for CREST Syndrome?
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 Imaging studies used to diagnose CREST syndrome (limited scleroderma) include the following: Calcinosis
X-rays
Computed tomography (CT) scans
Bone scans (skeletal scintigraphy with diphosphate compounds)
Videodermatoscopy
Raynaud phenomenon
Doppler ultrasound
Angiography
Esophageal dysmotility
Radiologic barium studies with attention to the esophagus (cine-esophagram)
Fluoroscopy
Radionuclide scanning
Esophageal manometry
Twenty-four-hour pH monitoring
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Biopsy (for Barrett's esophagitis or adenocarcinoma)
Cough or fatigue
Transthoracic echocardiography
Chest X-rays
What Is the Treatment for CREST Syndrome? Treatment for CREST syndrome (limited scleroderma) includes the following: Calcinosis
Simple surgical management, including curettage
Intralesional corticosteroid therapy
Probenecid
Low-dose warfarin (in selected patients with early or mild disease)
Aluminum hydroxide
Low-dose colchicine for local inflammation
Raynaud's phenomenon
Use of good hand and body warming techniques to keep core body and hand temperature elevated
Stop smoking. Calcium channel blockers
Topical nitroglycerin and topical glyceryl trinitrate
Prostaglandin E1, prostacyclin I2, and iloprost (a prostacyclin-I2 analogue) (not FDA approved for this use)
Intravenous infusions of prostacyclin I2 ( epoprostenol) or prostaglandin E1 ( alprostadil)
Oral or intravenous iloprost
Esophageal dysmotility
Behavior changes such as weight loss, elevating the head of the bed, reducing intake of food and drink triggers ( caffeine, alcohol, chocolate ), quitting smoking, avoiding eating just before lying down, eating small meals
H2 blockers (e.g., ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine)
Proton-pump inhibitors (if erosive esophagitis is present)
Motility-promoting agents such as cisapride
Esophageal dilatation
Sclerodactyly
Corticosteroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), D- penicillamine, IFN-gamma, cyclosporine, and cytostatic drugs have been used with limited success in scleroderma. Skin involvement is usually not severe so it may not need treatment. Telangiectasia
Pulsed-dye laser treatment for facial telangiectasia
Medical treatment with estrogen- progesterone or desmopressin, laser ablation, sclerotherapy for symptomatic gastrointestinal telangiectasia
Depression and anxiety affect a large number of patients so these issues may need treatment. QUESTION
The term arthritis refers to stiffness in the joints. See Answer
What Are Complications of CREST Syndrome? Share Your Story
Complications of CREST syndrome (limited scleroderma) include
renal (kidney) involvement and an
increased risk of cancer, particularly lung cancer.

What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?
What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?
What Is CREST Syndrome?
What Are Signs and Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?
What Causes CREST Syndrome?
How Do Doctors Diagnose CREST Syndrome?
What Is the Treatment for CREST Syndrome?
QUESTION
What Are Complications of CREST Syndrome?
What Is the Life Expectancy for CREST Syndrome?
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Habits That Wreck Your Teeth
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Type 2 Diabetes Warning Signs
Health Benefits of Sex
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The Different Types of Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis) The Different Types of Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis)
The Different Types of Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis)
Localized Scleroderma
Systemic Sclerosis
CREST Syndrome
Limited Scleroderma
Diffuse Scleroderma
Systemic Sclerosis Sine Scleroderma
A Word From Verywell
 CREST Syndrome
Systemic sclerosis often involves a group of symptoms known as CREST syndrome. Features of CREST syndrome: Calcinosis: Formation of calcium deposits in the connective tissue
Raynaud's phenomenon: The blood vessels of the hands or feet contract in response to triggers, like cold or anxiety
Esophageal dysfunction: Impaired function of esophageal smooth muscles
Sclerodactyly: Thick and tight skin on your fingers due to deposits of excess collagen within skin layers
Telangiectasias: Small red spots on the hands and face caused by swelling of tiny blood vessels
A late complication of CREST can be elevated pulmonary artery pressure. Monitoring for this condition is recommended, typically by pulmonary function testing and/or echocardiogram. Limited Scleroderma
Systemic sclerosis is divided into two categories, limited and diffuse.

The Different Types of Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis)

The Different Types of Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis)
The Different Types of Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis)
Localized Scleroderma
Systemic Sclerosis
CREST Syndrome
Limited Scleroderma
Diffuse Scleroderma
Systemic Sclerosis Sine Scleroderma
A Word From Verywell

CREST Syndrome
Systemic sclerosis often involves a group of symptoms known as CREST syndrome. Features of CREST syndrome: Calcinosis: Formation of calcium deposits in the connective tissue
Raynaud's phenomenon: The blood vessels of the hands or feet contract in response to triggers, like cold or anxiety
Esophageal dysfunction: Impaired function of esophageal smooth muscles
Sclerodactyly: Thick and tight skin on your fingers due to deposits of excess collagen within skin layers
Telangiectasias: Small red spots on the hands and face caused by swelling of tiny blood vessels
A late complication of CREST can be elevated pulmonary artery pressure. Monitoring for this condition is recommended, typically by pulmonary function testing and/or echocardiogram. Limited Scleroderma
Systemic sclerosis is divided into two categories, limited and diffuse.

Order a Centromere B Antibody Test | Request A Test Centromere B Antibody Test
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Centromere B Antibody Test
Anticentromere B
Test Code: 164814
Specimen Type: Blood
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Centromere B Antibody Test
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Centromere B Antibody Test
Test Code: 16088
Specimen Type: Blood
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 CREST syndrome is a form of scleroderma, a connective tissue disease. CREST is named for the primary symptoms that it causes. Calcinosis – Calcium deposits forming under the skin
Raynaud phenomenon – Decreased circulation in the fingers and toes, causing them to turn white and blue
Esophageal dysfunction – Difficulty swallowing, acid reflux, and heartburn
Sclerodactyly – Tight, thick, shiny skin developing on the hands and fingers
Telangiectasia – Red spots that appear on the skin due to swollen capillaries
As much as 95% of people with CREST syndrome will test positive for centromere B antibodies. People with other forms of scleroderma as well as conditions such as cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus have also been shown to produce centromere B antibodies. Centromere B antibody testing can aid in diagnosing CREST syndrome as well as differentiating it from other autoimmune disorders with similar symptoms. This test may be ordered as a follow-up to a positive result on an antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, especially if someone has one or more symptoms of CREST syndrome. Turnaround for this test is typically 3-6 business days. Note: Result turn around times are an estimate and are not guaranteed. Our reference lab may need additional time due to weather, holidays, confirmation/repeat testing, or equipment maintenance.

Order a Centromere B Antibody Test | Request A Test

Centromere B Antibody Test
LabCorp
Centromere B Antibody Test
Anticentromere B
Test Code: 164814
Specimen Type: Blood
Description:
Centromere B Antibody Test
Category:
Quest
Centromere B Antibody Test
Test Code: 16088
Specimen Type: Blood
Description:
Centromere B Antibody Test
Category:
73
Other Autoimmune Diseases Tests
(73)

CREST syndrome is a form of scleroderma, a connective tissue disease. CREST is named for the primary symptoms that it causes. Calcinosis – Calcium deposits forming under the skin
Raynaud phenomenon – Decreased circulation in the fingers and toes, causing them to turn white and blue
Esophageal dysfunction – Difficulty swallowing, acid reflux, and heartburn
Sclerodactyly – Tight, thick, shiny skin developing on the hands and fingers
Telangiectasia – Red spots that appear on the skin due to swollen capillaries
As much as 95% of people with CREST syndrome will test positive for centromere B antibodies. People with other forms of scleroderma as well as conditions such as cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus have also been shown to produce centromere B antibodies. Centromere B antibody testing can aid in diagnosing CREST syndrome as well as differentiating it from other autoimmune disorders with similar symptoms. This test may be ordered as a follow-up to a positive result on an antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, especially if someone has one or more symptoms of CREST syndrome. Turnaround for this test is typically 3-6 business days. Note: Result turn around times are an estimate and are not guaranteed. Our reference lab may need additional time due to weather, holidays, confirmation/repeat testing, or equipment maintenance.

Scleroderma: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications Symptoms of Scleroderma
Symptoms of Scleroderma
Types
Common Symptoms of Localized Scleroderma
Linear Scleroderma
Morphea Scleroderma
Common Symptoms of Systemic Sclerosis
Limited Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis
CREST syndrome
Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis
Rare Symptoms
Complications
Complications of Localized Scleroderma
Complications of Systemic Sclerosis
When to See a Doctor
A Word From Verywell
 Linear scleroderma typically lasts two to five years, and morphea lesions last an average of three to five years. 5
Common Symptoms of Systemic Sclerosis
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) can affect connective tissues in many parts of the body. The two main subtypes are limited cutaneous SSc, which progresses slowly over a period of years, and diffuse cutaneous SSc, which covers more skin area and progresses more quickly to multiple organs and systems. 6
Limited Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis
Limited cutaneous SSc is also called CREST syndrome, an acronym for its common conditions and symptoms. CREST syndrome
People with limited cutaneous SSc may have two or more common features of CREST syndrome: Calcinosis, which are calcium deposits in the skin
Raynaud's phenomenon, a spasm of blood vessels in response to cold, stress, or emotional upset that can decrease blood flow in fingers or toes
Esophageal dysfunction, which is when smooth muscles that line the esophagus lose normal movement and function
Sclerodactyly, a thickening and tightening of the skin of the fingers and hands
Telangiectasia, a swelling of capillaries (small blood vessels) near the surface of the skin on the face and hands that causes red spots
Common skin-related symptoms of limited cutaneous SSc include: Fingers or toes turn blue and/or white when cold and then become bright red when warmed back up
Swelling and sausage-like appearance of fingers
Skin thickening on the face, arms, and legs
Small, hard lumps in or under the skin (calcinosis)
Fingers curl due to skin tightening
Range of finger motion is reduced
Waxy, mask-like appearance of face
Tiny red spots on hands and face
Abnormal skin dryness
An estimated 95% of SSc cases begin with Raynaud's phenomenon, according to the American Scleroderma Foundation. In limited cutaneous SSc, Raynaud's phenomenon often occurs for several years prior to skin thickening. 7
Early symptoms of limited cutaneous SSc involve sensitivity and/or swelling of fingers or toes. The swelling of the hands may be especially pronounced in the morning due to muscle inactivity during sleeping hours.

Scleroderma: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

Symptoms of Scleroderma
Symptoms of Scleroderma
Types
Common Symptoms of Localized Scleroderma
Linear Scleroderma
Morphea Scleroderma
Common Symptoms of Systemic Sclerosis
Limited Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis
CREST syndrome
Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis
Rare Symptoms
Complications
Complications of Localized Scleroderma
Complications of Systemic Sclerosis
When to See a Doctor
A Word From Verywell

What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome? What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?
What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?
What Is CREST Syndrome?
What Are Signs and Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?
What Causes CREST Syndrome?
How Do Doctors Diagnose CREST Syndrome?
What Is the Treatment for CREST Syndrome?
QUESTION
What Are Complications of CREST Syndrome?
What Is the Life Expectancy for CREST Syndrome?
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 Risk factors for developing CREST syndrome include the following: Genetics
Female gender
Ethnicity: It affects blacks and native Americans more than whites. Environmental factors
Exposure to certain toxins such as polyvinyl chloride, benzene, silica, trichloroethylene, synthetic adhesives, solvents (including chlorinated solvents, aromatic solvents, white spirit, toluene, trichloroethylene, formaldehyde, vinyl chloride, and cleaning products)
L-tryptophan and rapeseed oil exposure
Certain occupations including female teachers, female textile workers, and construction workers
Use of vibrating tools
How Do Doctors Diagnose CREST Syndrome? Tests used to diagnose CREST syndrome (limited scleroderma) include
ANAs,
anticentromere antibodies,
serum calcium and phosphorus levels, and
thyrotropin level. Imaging studies used to diagnose CREST syndrome (limited scleroderma) include the following: Calcinosis
X-rays
Computed tomography (CT) scans
Bone scans (skeletal scintigraphy with diphosphate compounds)
Videodermatoscopy
Raynaud phenomenon
Doppler ultrasound
Angiography
Esophageal dysmotility
Radiologic barium studies with attention to the esophagus (cine-esophagram)
Fluoroscopy
Radionuclide scanning
Esophageal manometry
Twenty-four-hour pH monitoring
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Biopsy (for Barrett's esophagitis or adenocarcinoma)
Cough or fatigue
Transthoracic echocardiography
Chest X-rays
What Is the Treatment for CREST Syndrome? Treatment for CREST syndrome (limited scleroderma) includes the following: Calcinosis
Simple surgical management, including curettage
Intralesional corticosteroid therapy
Probenecid
Low-dose warfarin (in selected patients with early or mild disease)
Aluminum hydroxide
Low-dose colchicine for local inflammation
Raynaud's phenomenon
Use of good hand and body warming techniques to keep core body and hand temperature elevated
Stop smoking. Calcium channel blockers
Topical nitroglycerin and topical glyceryl trinitrate
Prostaglandin E1, prostacyclin I2, and iloprost (a prostacyclin-I2 analogue) (not FDA approved for this use)
Intravenous infusions of prostacyclin I2 ( epoprostenol) or prostaglandin E1 ( alprostadil)
Oral or intravenous iloprost
Esophageal dysmotility
Behavior changes such as weight loss, elevating the head of the bed, reducing intake of food and drink triggers ( caffeine, alcohol, chocolate ), quitting smoking, avoiding eating just before lying down, eating small meals
H2 blockers (e.g., ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine)
Proton-pump inhibitors (if erosive esophagitis is present)
Motility-promoting agents such as cisapride
Esophageal dilatation
Sclerodactyly
Corticosteroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), D- penicillamine, IFN-gamma, cyclosporine, and cytostatic drugs have been used with limited success in scleroderma.

What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?

Anti-Centromere Antibodies - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Anti-Centromere Antibodies
Anti-Centromere Antibodies
AUTOIMMUNITY AND THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Anti-centromere pattern
Sjögren's syndrome
Classification and diagnosis
Key points
ANTI-RNA POLYMERASE III ANTIBODIES
Disease Prevalence
Cholestatic Diseases, Chronic
Serologic Diagnosis
TOPOISOMERASE-I (SCL-70) AUTOANTIBODIES
Disease Association
Autoimmune disease
General management
Microtubules: in vivo
2 Procedure
Systemic Sclerosis
Vascular Damage
Immune Activation
Fibrosis
Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger's Disease)
Laboratory and Arteriographic Findings
Thrombotic Microangiopathies
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations
 Anti-Centromere Antibodies - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Anti-Centromere Antibodies
ACA are found in systemic sclerosis in its limited cutaneous form and in the Calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, Esophageal disease, Sclerodactyly, Teleangectasia syndrome variant. From: Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 2010
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AUTOIMMUNITY AND THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Nicholas Manolios, in The Musculoskeletal System (Second Edition), 2010
Anti-centromere pattern
This specific speckled pattern is due to antibodies to the centromere and results in exactly 46 nuclear speckles. Anti-centromere antibodies are associated with the CREST syndrome, a limited variant of the disease scleroderma. The latter is also known as systemic sclerosis. CREST comprises C for calcinosis (calcium hydroxyapatite deposition in soft tissues), R for Raynaud’s phenomenon (abnormal vascular sensitivity of the digits on exposure to cold, characterized by a classical three-phase colour change of white, then blue, then red), E for esophageal dysfunction (usually manifest initially as difficulty swallowing), S for sclerodactyly (thickening of the skin of the digits) and T for telangiectasia (localized capillary dilatation and tortuosity in the skin). Anti-centromere antibody is uncommon in the more diffuse form of systemic sclerosis and is only rarely found in other connective tissue disorders. View chapter Purchase book
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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702033773000093
Sjögren's syndrome
Robert I. Fox MD, PhD, Carla M. Fox RN, in Sjogren's Syndrome, 2020
Classification and diagnosis
In the “present” section of this introductory chapter, an important advance to emphasize is the recent improvements in the classification criteria for SS 51 that are necessary for basic research, clinical trials by industry, and designation of endpoints by FDA regulators. These criteria and the guidelines for diagnostic testing suggested by both the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) and the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) are the subjects of Chapter 2 in this book.

Anti-Centromere Antibodies - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Anti-Centromere Antibodies
Anti-Centromere Antibodies
AUTOIMMUNITY AND THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Anti-centromere pattern
Sjögren's syndrome
Classification and diagnosis
Key points
ANTI-RNA POLYMERASE III ANTIBODIES
Disease Prevalence
Cholestatic Diseases, Chronic
Serologic Diagnosis
TOPOISOMERASE-I (SCL-70) AUTOANTIBODIES
Disease Association
Autoimmune disease
General management
Microtubules: in vivo
2 Procedure
Systemic Sclerosis
Vascular Damage
Immune Activation
Fibrosis
Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger's Disease)
Laboratory and Arteriographic Findings
Thrombotic Microangiopathies
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations

CREST Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology CREST Syndrome
CREST Syndrome
Background
 CREST Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
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Drugs & Diseases > Dermatology
CREST Syndrome
Updated: Oct 05, 2020
Author: Jeanie C Yoon, MD; Chief Editor: Dirk M Elston, MD more...
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CREST Syndrome
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Overview
Background
CREST ( calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) syndrome is a member of the heterogeneous group of sclerodermas, and its name is an acronym for the cardinal clinical features of the syndrome. [ 1, 2]
In 1910, Thibierge and Weissenbach described the first case report of what was later called CRST (calcinosis cutis, Raynaud phenomenon, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) syndrome in English by Winterbauer who, in 1964, described a series of 8 patients with the features that make up the abbreviation CRST. [ 3, 4] Although he noted esophageal dysmotility in 4 of 8 patients, he did not include this feature in his original description of CRST syndrome.

Scleroderma Symptoms - Scleroderma Education Project Scleroderma Symptoms
Scleroderma Symptoms
Clinical Features – General
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Skin Changes
Telangiectasias
Calcinosis
Puffy Fingers
Miscellaneous
Musculoskeletal (Muscles and Joints)
Pulmonary (Lungs)
Gastrointestinal
Cardiac (Heart)
Renal (Kidney)
Sexual Dysfunction
Other Symptoms
 Many patients with limited scleroderma eventually develop a cluster of symptoms that are listed using the acronym CREST. CREST is an acronym for calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia. Calcinosis is the abnormal accumulation of calcium salts under the skin and in many other organs. It presents as small, localized, hard masses on fingers, forearms, or other pressure points. Raynaud’s phenomenon is characterized by the intermittent loss of blood to various parts of the body – particularly the fingers, toes, nose, and/or ears after exposure to cold and causes tingling sensations, numbness, and/or pain. This can result in ulceration and necrosis of the fingertips and in some severe cases, lead to amputation of the affected digits. Dysfunction of the lower esophagus results in chronic heartburn and possible esophageal scarring. If the heartburn symptoms are not well controlled, the repeated acid exposure can eventually lead to a condition known as Barrett’s esophagus, a pre-cancerous condition. The esophagus may eventually have areas that are narrowed and swallowing may become difficult. The small intestine may also lose the ability to push food through to the large intestine leading to malabsorption and increased bacterial growth in the small intestine.

Scleroderma Symptoms - Scleroderma Education Project

Scleroderma Symptoms
Scleroderma Symptoms
Clinical Features – General
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Skin Changes
Telangiectasias
Calcinosis
Puffy Fingers
Miscellaneous
Musculoskeletal (Muscles and Joints)
Pulmonary (Lungs)
Gastrointestinal
Cardiac (Heart)
Renal (Kidney)
Sexual Dysfunction
Other Symptoms

Many patients with limited scleroderma eventually develop a cluster of symptoms that are listed using the acronym CREST. CREST is an acronym for calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia. Calcinosis is the abnormal accumulation of calcium salts under the skin and in many other organs. It presents as small, localized, hard masses on fingers, forearms, or other pressure points. Raynaud’s phenomenon is characterized by the intermittent loss of blood to various parts of the body – particularly the fingers, toes, nose, and/or ears after exposure to cold and causes tingling sensations, numbness, and/or pain. This can result in ulceration and necrosis of the fingertips and in some severe cases, lead to amputation of the affected digits. Dysfunction of the lower esophagus results in chronic heartburn and possible esophageal scarring. If the heartburn symptoms are not well controlled, the repeated acid exposure can eventually lead to a condition known as Barrett’s esophagus, a pre-cancerous condition. The esophagus may eventually have areas that are narrowed and swallowing may become difficult. The small intestine may also lose the ability to push food through to the large intestine leading to malabsorption and increased bacterial growth in the small intestine.

CREST syndrome | definition of CREST syndrome by Medical dictionary CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
CREST syn·drome
CREST syn·drome
CREST syndrome
Thibierge,
CREST syn·drome
Mentioned in ?
References in periodicals archive ?
Medical browser ?
Full browser ?
 Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. CREST syn·drome
a variant of systemic sclerosis characterized by calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012
An acronym for the pentad of clinical signs seen with a limited form of scleroderma: Calcinosis cutis
Raynaud’s phenomenon—at least a 2-phase colour change
Esophageal distal hypomotility or reflux esophagitis
Sclerodactyly or nonpitting digital edema
Telangiectasia; CREST has a slightly better prognosis than other connective tissue disorders, but has late complications—e.g., biliary cirrhosis and pulmonary hypertension
Lab Anticentromere antibodies are characteristic of CREST, but may also be seen in progressive systemic sclerosis, older women, or those with HLA-DR1
Segen's Medical Dictionary. © 2012 Farlex, Inc. All rights reserved. CREST syn·drome
( krest sin'drōm)
An acronymic designation for a variant of scleroderma characterized by calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing © Farlex 2012
CREST syndrome
Acronym for a connective tissue disorder, related to progressive systemic sclerosis, but limited to CALCINOSIS, RAYNAUD'S PHENOMENON, oesophageal involvement, hardness of the fingers (Sclerodactyly) and dilated skin blood vessels ( TELANGIECTASIA ).

Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. CREST syn·drome
a variant of systemic sclerosis characterized by calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012
An acronym for the pentad of clinical signs seen with a limited form of scleroderma: Calcinosis cutis
Raynaud’s phenomenon—at least a 2-phase colour change
Esophageal distal hypomotility or reflux esophagitis
Sclerodactyly or nonpitting digital edema
Telangiectasia; CREST has a slightly better prognosis than other connective tissue disorders, but has late complications—e.g., biliary cirrhosis and pulmonary hypertension
Lab Anticentromere antibodies are characteristic of CREST, but may also be seen in progressive systemic sclerosis, older women, or those with HLA-DR1
Segen's Medical Dictionary. © 2012 Farlex, Inc. All rights reserved. CREST syn·drome
( krest sin'drōm)
An acronymic designation for a variant of scleroderma characterized by calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing © Farlex 2012
CREST syndrome
Acronym for a connective tissue disorder, related to progressive systemic sclerosis, but limited to CALCINOSIS, RAYNAUD'S PHENOMENON, oesophageal involvement, hardness of the fingers (Sclerodactyly) and dilated skin blood vessels ( TELANGIECTASIA ).

Order a Centromere B Antibody Test | Request A Test Centromere B Antibody Test
LabCorp
Centromere B Antibody Test
Anticentromere B
Test Code: 164814
Specimen Type: Blood
Description:
Centromere B Antibody Test
Category:
Quest
Centromere B Antibody Test
Test Code: 16088
Specimen Type: Blood
Description:
Centromere B Antibody Test
Category:
73
Other Autoimmune Diseases Tests
(73)
 Centromere B Antibody Test
This test measures the level of anticentromere B antibodies in a blood sample. Centromere B antibodies are a type of antinuclear antibody which are typically found in people with CREST syndrome . CREST syndrome is a form of scleroderma, a connective tissue disease. CREST is named for the primary symptoms that it causes. Calcinosis – Calcium deposits forming under the skin
Raynaud phenomenon – Decreased circulation in the fingers and toes, causing them to turn white and blue
Esophageal dysfunction – Difficulty swallowing, acid reflux, and heartburn
Sclerodactyly – Tight, thick, shiny skin developing on the hands and fingers
Telangiectasia – Red spots that appear on the skin due to swollen capillaries
As much as 95% of people with CREST syndrome will test positive for centromere B antibodies. People with other forms of scleroderma as well as conditions such as cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus have also been shown to produce centromere B antibodies. Centromere B antibody testing can aid in diagnosing CREST syndrome as well as differentiating it from other autoimmune disorders with similar symptoms. This test may be ordered as a follow-up to a positive result on an antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, especially if someone has one or more symptoms of CREST syndrome. Turnaround for this test is typically 2-4 business days. Note:

Centromere B Antibody Test
This test measures the level of anticentromere B antibodies in a blood sample. Centromere B antibodies are a type of antinuclear antibody which are typically found in people with CREST syndrome . CREST syndrome is a form of scleroderma, a connective tissue disease. CREST is named for the primary symptoms that it causes. Calcinosis – Calcium deposits forming under the skin
Raynaud phenomenon – Decreased circulation in the fingers and toes, causing them to turn white and blue
Esophageal dysfunction – Difficulty swallowing, acid reflux, and heartburn
Sclerodactyly – Tight, thick, shiny skin developing on the hands and fingers
Telangiectasia – Red spots that appear on the skin due to swollen capillaries
As much as 95% of people with CREST syndrome will test positive for centromere B antibodies. People with other forms of scleroderma as well as conditions such as cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus have also been shown to produce centromere B antibodies. Centromere B antibody testing can aid in diagnosing CREST syndrome as well as differentiating it from other autoimmune disorders with similar symptoms. This test may be ordered as a follow-up to a positive result on an antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, especially if someone has one or more symptoms of CREST syndrome. Turnaround for this test is typically 2-4 business days. Note:

Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum - Mayo Clinic Laboratories | Neurology Catalog Test ID:
CMA
Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum

Test ID: CMA Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum
Reporting Name
Useful For
Clinical Information
Interpretation
Testing Algorithm
Analytic Time
Day (s) and Time (s) Performed
Clinical Reference
Method Name
Specimen Type
Specimen Required
Container/Tube:
Specimen Minimum Volume
Specimen Stability Information
Special Instructions
Reference Values
Test Classification
CPT Code Information
LOINC Code Information
 Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum - Mayo Clinic Laboratories | Neurology Catalog

Test ID: CMA Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum
Reporting Name
Centromere Ab, IgG, S
Useful For
Evaluating patients with clinical signs and symptoms compatible with systemic sclerosis including skin involvement, Raynaud phenomenon, and arthralgias
Aiding in the diagnosis of calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis (CREST) syndrome
Clinical Information
Centromere antibodies occur primarily in patients with the calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis (CREST) syndrome variant of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). CREST syndrome is characterized by the following clinical features: calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal hypomotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. ( 1) Centromere antibodies were originally detected by their distinctive pattern of fine-speckled nuclear staining on cell substrates used in the fluorescent antinuclear antibody test. ( 2) In subsequent studies, centromere antibodies were found to react with several centromere proteins of 18 kDa, 80 kDa, and 140 kDa named as CENP-A, CENP-B, and CENP-C, respectively. ( 3) Several putative epitopes associated with these autoantigens have been described. The CENP-B antigen is believed to be the primary autoantigen and is recognized by all sera that contain centromere antibodies. Interpretation
In various reported clinical studies, centromere antibodies occur in 50% to 96% of patients with calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis (CREST) syndrome. A positive test for centromere antibodies is strongly associated with CREST syndrome.

Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum - Mayo Clinic Laboratories | Neurology Catalog

Test ID:
CMA
Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum

Test ID: CMA Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum
Reporting Name
Useful For
Clinical Information
Interpretation
Testing Algorithm
Analytic Time
Day (s) and Time (s) Performed
Clinical Reference
Method Name
Specimen Type
Specimen Required
Container/Tube:
Specimen Minimum Volume
Specimen Stability Information
Special Instructions
Reference Values
Test Classification
CPT Code Information
LOINC Code Information

Order a Centromere B Antibody Test | Request A Test Centromere B Antibody Test
LabCorp
Centromere B Antibody Test
Anticentromere B
Test Code: 164814
Specimen Type: Blood
Description:
Centromere B Antibody Test
Category:
Quest
Centromere B Antibody Test
Test Code: 16088
Specimen Type: Blood
Description:
Centromere B Antibody Test
Category:
73
Other Autoimmune Diseases Tests
(73)
 Blood
Description: Centromere B Antibody Test
This test measures the level of anticentromere B antibodies in a blood sample. Centromere B antibodies are a type of antinuclear antibody which are typically found in people with CREST syndrome . CREST syndrome is a form of scleroderma, a connective tissue disease. CREST is named for the primary symptoms that it causes. Calcinosis – Calcium deposits forming under the skin
Raynaud phenomenon – Decreased circulation in the fingers and toes, causing them to turn white and blue
Esophageal dysfunction – Difficulty swallowing, acid reflux, and heartburn
Sclerodactyly – Tight, thick, shiny skin developing on the hands and fingers
Telangiectasia – Red spots that appear on the skin due to swollen capillaries
As much as 95% of people with CREST syndrome will test positive for centromere B antibodies. People with other forms of scleroderma as well as conditions such as cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus have also been shown to produce centromere B antibodies. Centromere B antibody testing can aid in diagnosing CREST syndrome as well as differentiating it from other autoimmune disorders with similar symptoms. This test may be ordered as a follow-up to a positive result on an antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, especially if someone has one or more symptoms of CREST syndrome. Turnaround for this test is typically 3-6 business days.

Blood
Description: Centromere B Antibody Test
This test measures the level of anticentromere B antibodies in a blood sample. Centromere B antibodies are a type of antinuclear antibody which are typically found in people with CREST syndrome . CREST syndrome is a form of scleroderma, a connective tissue disease. CREST is named for the primary symptoms that it causes. Calcinosis – Calcium deposits forming under the skin
Raynaud phenomenon – Decreased circulation in the fingers and toes, causing them to turn white and blue
Esophageal dysfunction – Difficulty swallowing, acid reflux, and heartburn
Sclerodactyly – Tight, thick, shiny skin developing on the hands and fingers
Telangiectasia – Red spots that appear on the skin due to swollen capillaries
As much as 95% of people with CREST syndrome will test positive for centromere B antibodies. People with other forms of scleroderma as well as conditions such as cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus have also been shown to produce centromere B antibodies. Centromere B antibody testing can aid in diagnosing CREST syndrome as well as differentiating it from other autoimmune disorders with similar symptoms. This test may be ordered as a follow-up to a positive result on an antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, especially if someone has one or more symptoms of CREST syndrome. Turnaround for this test is typically 3-6 business days.

CREST syndrome | definition of CREST syndrome by Medical dictionary CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
CREST syn·drome
CREST syn·drome
CREST syndrome
Thibierge,
CREST syn·drome
Mentioned in ?
References in periodicals archive ?
Medical browser ?
Full browser ?
 The word forming the third letter of the acronym is spelt ‘esophageal’ in the USA. Collins Dictionary of Medicine © Robert M. Youngson 2004, 2005
Thibierge,
Georges, French physician, 1856-1926. Thibierge-Weissenbach syndrome - calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Synonym (s): CREST syndrome
Medical Eponyms © Farlex 2012
CREST syn·drome
( krest sin'drōm)
Acronym for variant of systemic sclerosis characterized by calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Medical Dictionary for the Dental Professions © Farlex 2012
Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: CREST syndrome
Mentioned in ? acroscleroderma
acrosclerosis
Antinuclear antibodies
autoantibody
Autoimmune Disorders
Brown
Brown Syndrome
Brown, Jason W.
circumscribed scleroderma
crest
crista
CRST syndrome
dermatosclerosis
diffuse scleroderma
generalized scleroderma
intimal sclerosis
linear scleroderma
Localized scleroderma
MS
References in periodicals archive ?

The word forming the third letter of the acronym is spelt ‘esophageal’ in the USA. Collins Dictionary of Medicine © Robert M. Youngson 2004, 2005
Thibierge,
Georges, French physician, 1856-1926. Thibierge-Weissenbach syndrome - calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Synonym (s): CREST syndrome
Medical Eponyms © Farlex 2012
CREST syn·drome
( krest sin'drōm)
Acronym for variant of systemic sclerosis characterized by calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Medical Dictionary for the Dental Professions © Farlex 2012
Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: CREST syndrome
Mentioned in ? acroscleroderma
acrosclerosis
Antinuclear antibodies
autoantibody
Autoimmune Disorders
Brown
Brown Syndrome
Brown, Jason W.
circumscribed scleroderma
crest
crista
CRST syndrome
dermatosclerosis
diffuse scleroderma
generalized scleroderma
intimal sclerosis
linear scleroderma
Localized scleroderma
MS
References in periodicals archive ?

What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome? What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?
What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?
What Is CREST Syndrome?
What Are Signs and Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?
What Causes CREST Syndrome?
How Do Doctors Diagnose CREST Syndrome?
What Is the Treatment for CREST Syndrome?
QUESTION
What Are Complications of CREST Syndrome?
What Is the Life Expectancy for CREST Syndrome?
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 Guide
What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome? Topic Guide
What Is CREST Syndrome? Share Your Story
Telangiectasias are a sign of CREST syndrome. CREST (an acronym for calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) syndrome, also called limited scleroderma, is a connective tissue disease that can involve many parts of the body, usually the skin of the forearms, lower legs, face, and neck, as well as the digestive tract, heart, lungs, and kidneys. What Are Signs and Symptoms of CREST Syndrome? Signs and symptoms of CREST syndrome (limited scleroderma) include the following: Calcinosis, or calcium deposits in the connective tissues
Calcium deposits can be tender and painful. Deposits may become ulcerated, have a white chalky substance drain from them, and secondary infection can occur. There may be inflammation at the site of the calcinosis. In rare cases, calcifications may occur near the spine, causing local pain, nerve pain (radiculopathy), and diffuse weakness.

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What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome? Topic Guide
What Is CREST Syndrome? Share Your Story
Telangiectasias are a sign of CREST syndrome. CREST (an acronym for calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) syndrome, also called limited scleroderma, is a connective tissue disease that can involve many parts of the body, usually the skin of the forearms, lower legs, face, and neck, as well as the digestive tract, heart, lungs, and kidneys. What Are Signs and Symptoms of CREST Syndrome? Signs and symptoms of CREST syndrome (limited scleroderma) include the following: Calcinosis, or calcium deposits in the connective tissues
Calcium deposits can be tender and painful. Deposits may become ulcerated, have a white chalky substance drain from them, and secondary infection can occur. There may be inflammation at the site of the calcinosis. In rare cases, calcifications may occur near the spine, causing local pain, nerve pain (radiculopathy), and diffuse weakness.

CMA - Clinical: Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum Test ID: CMA
Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum

Test ID: CMA
Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum
Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful
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Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.
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Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test
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Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this.
Interpretation
Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results
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Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances
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Special Instructions
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Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum
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Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful
Evaluating patients with clinical signs and symptoms compatible with systemic sclerosis including skin involvement, Raynaud phenomenon, and arthralgias
Aiding in the diagnosis of calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis (CREST) syndrome
Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests. See Connective Tissue Disease Cascade (CTDC) in Special Instructions. Clinical Information
Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test
Centromere antibodies occur primarily in patients with the calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis (CREST) syndrome variant of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). CREST syndrome is characterized by the following clinical features: calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal hypomotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. ( 1) Centromere antibodies were originally detected by their distinctive pattern of fine-speckled nuclear staining on cell substrates used in the fluorescent antinuclear antibody test. ( 2) In subsequent studies, centromere antibodies were found to react with several centromere proteins of 18 kDa, 80 kDa, and 140 kDa named as CENP-A, CENP-B, and CENP-C, respectively. (

CMA - Clinical: Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum

Test ID: CMA
Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum

Test ID: CMA
Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum
Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful
Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.
Clinical Information
Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test
Reference Values
Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this.
Interpretation
Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results
Cautions
Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances
Clinical Reference
Recommendations for in-depth reading of a clinical nature
Special Instructions
Library of PDFs including pertinent information and forms related to the test

Raising Awareness for CREST Syndrome | The Mighty Why More Doctors Need to Understand CREST Syndrome
Why More Doctors Need to Understand CREST Syndrome
But it’s important to put it out there – CREST syndrome exists. We exist.
The Mighty Asks
Continue Reading
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 Raising Awareness for CREST Syndrome | The Mighty
CREST Disease
Why More Doctors Need to Understand CREST Syndrome
Samantha Gill
•
Follow
June 26, 2018
June is CREST Syndrome Awareness Month — a rare condition referring to its main features: calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. You can’t “catch it” because it’s not contagious. There is no vaccine to prevent it. It is a systemic autoimmune disease, also known as “limited scleroderma,” since it is a subtype of scleroderma. There is no cure, and it is often progressive, sometimes fatal. It affects every age and gender. Life expectancy is also lower for those with CREST syndrome. “ Women in a group studied in 2017 had a life expectancy 22.4 years shorter than the general population. For men, in the same group in 2017, it was 26 years shorter.

Raising Awareness for CREST Syndrome | The Mighty

Why More Doctors Need to Understand CREST Syndrome
Why More Doctors Need to Understand CREST Syndrome
But it’s important to put it out there – CREST syndrome exists. We exist.
The Mighty Asks
Continue Reading
Advertisement

Raising Awareness for CREST Syndrome | The Mighty
CREST Disease
Why More Doctors Need to Understand CREST Syndrome
Samantha Gill
•
Follow
June 26, 2018
June is CREST Syndrome Awareness Month — a rare condition referring to its main features: calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. You can’t “catch it” because it’s not contagious. There is no vaccine to prevent it. It is a systemic autoimmune disease, also known as “limited scleroderma,” since it is a subtype of scleroderma. There is no cure, and it is often progressive, sometimes fatal. It affects every age and gender. Life expectancy is also lower for those with CREST syndrome. “ Women in a group studied in 2017 had a life expectancy 22.4 years shorter than the general population. For men, in the same group in 2017, it was 26 years shorter.

What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome? What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?
What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?
What Is CREST Syndrome?
What Are Signs and Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?
What Causes CREST Syndrome?
How Do Doctors Diagnose CREST Syndrome?
What Is the Treatment for CREST Syndrome?
QUESTION
What Are Complications of CREST Syndrome?
What Is the Life Expectancy for CREST Syndrome?
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What Causes CREST Syndrome? Diagnosis
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What Is the Life Expectancy for CREST Syndrome? Guide
What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome? Topic Guide
What Is CREST Syndrome? Share Your Story
Telangiectasias are a sign of CREST syndrome. CREST (an acronym for calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) syndrome, also called limited scleroderma, is a connective tissue disease that can involve many parts of the body, usually the skin of the forearms, lower legs, face, and neck, as well as the digestive tract, heart, lungs, and kidneys. What Are Signs and Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?

Causes
What Causes CREST Syndrome? Diagnosis
How Do Doctors Diagnose CREST Syndrome? Treatment
What Is the Treatment for CREST Syndrome? Complications
What Are Complications of CREST Syndrome? Life Expectancy
What Is the Life Expectancy for CREST Syndrome? Guide
What Are the Symptoms of CREST Syndrome? Topic Guide
What Is CREST Syndrome? Share Your Story
Telangiectasias are a sign of CREST syndrome. CREST (an acronym for calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) syndrome, also called limited scleroderma, is a connective tissue disease that can involve many parts of the body, usually the skin of the forearms, lower legs, face, and neck, as well as the digestive tract, heart, lungs, and kidneys. What Are Signs and Symptoms of CREST Syndrome?

Order a Centromere B Antibody Test | Request A Test Centromere B Antibody Test
LabCorp
Centromere B Antibody Test
Anticentromere B
Test Code: 164814
Specimen Type: Blood
Description:
Centromere B Antibody Test
Category:
Quest
Centromere B Antibody Test
Test Code: 16088
Specimen Type: Blood
Description:
Centromere B Antibody Test
Category:
73
Other Autoimmune Diseases Tests
(73)
 CREST is named for the primary symptoms that it causes. Calcinosis – Calcium deposits forming under the skin
Raynaud phenomenon – Decreased circulation in the fingers and toes, causing them to turn white and blue
Esophageal dysfunction – Difficulty swallowing, acid reflux, and heartburn
Sclerodactyly – Tight, thick, shiny skin developing on the hands and fingers
Telangiectasia – Red spots that appear on the skin due to swollen capillaries
As much as 95% of people with CREST syndrome will test positive for centromere B antibodies. People with other forms of scleroderma as well as conditions such as cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus have also been shown to produce centromere B antibodies. Centromere B antibody testing can aid in diagnosing CREST syndrome as well as differentiating it from other autoimmune disorders with similar symptoms. This test may be ordered as a follow-up to a positive result on an antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, especially if someone has one or more symptoms of CREST syndrome. Turnaround for this test is typically 2-4 business days. Note: Result turn around times are an estimate and are not guaranteed. Our reference lab may need additional time due to weather, holidays, confirmation/repeat testing, or equipment maintenance. Category:

CREST is named for the primary symptoms that it causes. Calcinosis – Calcium deposits forming under the skin
Raynaud phenomenon – Decreased circulation in the fingers and toes, causing them to turn white and blue
Esophageal dysfunction – Difficulty swallowing, acid reflux, and heartburn
Sclerodactyly – Tight, thick, shiny skin developing on the hands and fingers
Telangiectasia – Red spots that appear on the skin due to swollen capillaries
As much as 95% of people with CREST syndrome will test positive for centromere B antibodies. People with other forms of scleroderma as well as conditions such as cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus have also been shown to produce centromere B antibodies. Centromere B antibody testing can aid in diagnosing CREST syndrome as well as differentiating it from other autoimmune disorders with similar symptoms. This test may be ordered as a follow-up to a positive result on an antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, especially if someone has one or more symptoms of CREST syndrome. Turnaround for this test is typically 2-4 business days. Note: Result turn around times are an estimate and are not guaranteed. Our reference lab may need additional time due to weather, holidays, confirmation/repeat testing, or equipment maintenance. Category:

Order a Centromere B Antibody Test | Request A Test Centromere B Antibody Test
LabCorp
Centromere B Antibody Test
Anticentromere B
Test Code: 164814
Specimen Type: Blood
Description:
Centromere B Antibody Test
Category:
Quest
Centromere B Antibody Test
Test Code: 16088
Specimen Type: Blood
Description:
Centromere B Antibody Test
Category:
73
Other Autoimmune Diseases Tests
(73)
 Calcinosis – Calcium deposits forming under the skin
Raynaud phenomenon – Decreased circulation in the fingers and toes, causing them to turn white and blue
Esophageal dysfunction – Difficulty swallowing, acid reflux, and heartburn
Sclerodactyly – Tight, thick, shiny skin developing on the hands and fingers
Telangiectasia – Red spots that appear on the skin due to swollen capillaries
As much as 95% of people with CREST syndrome will test positive for centromere B antibodies. People with other forms of scleroderma as well as conditions such as cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus have also been shown to produce centromere B antibodies. Centromere B antibody testing can aid in diagnosing CREST syndrome as well as differentiating it from other autoimmune disorders with similar symptoms. This test may be ordered as a follow-up to a positive result on an antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, especially if someone has one or more symptoms of CREST syndrome. Turnaround for this test is typically 3-6 business days. Note: Result turn around times are an estimate and are not guaranteed. Our reference lab may need additional time due to weather, holidays, confirmation/repeat testing, or equipment maintenance. Category: Autoimmune Diseases
View more details
LabCorp
$109.00 ORDER NOW Sample Report
Centromere B Antibody Test
Anticentromere B
Test Code:

Calcinosis – Calcium deposits forming under the skin
Raynaud phenomenon – Decreased circulation in the fingers and toes, causing them to turn white and blue
Esophageal dysfunction – Difficulty swallowing, acid reflux, and heartburn
Sclerodactyly – Tight, thick, shiny skin developing on the hands and fingers
Telangiectasia – Red spots that appear on the skin due to swollen capillaries
As much as 95% of people with CREST syndrome will test positive for centromere B antibodies. People with other forms of scleroderma as well as conditions such as cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus have also been shown to produce centromere B antibodies. Centromere B antibody testing can aid in diagnosing CREST syndrome as well as differentiating it from other autoimmune disorders with similar symptoms. This test may be ordered as a follow-up to a positive result on an antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, especially if someone has one or more symptoms of CREST syndrome. Turnaround for this test is typically 3-6 business days. Note: Result turn around times are an estimate and are not guaranteed. Our reference lab may need additional time due to weather, holidays, confirmation/repeat testing, or equipment maintenance. Category: Autoimmune Diseases
View more details
LabCorp
$109.00 ORDER NOW Sample Report
Centromere B Antibody Test
Anticentromere B
Test Code:

Sclerodactyly: What it is, causes, and treatment What to know about sclerodactyly
What to know about sclerodactyly
Signs and symptoms
Causes
Risk factors
Associated conditions
Localized scleroderma
Morphea
Linear scleroderma
Systemic scleroderma
Diffuse scleroderma
Limited scleroderma
Treatment options
Physical therapy and occupational therapy
Ultraviolet (UV) light
Surgery
Outlook
 Those who develop diffuse scleroderma are at an increased risk of developing sclerosis, a hardening of the body’s internal organs. Limited scleroderma
A more common form of systemic scleroderma, limited scleroderma causes slow and contained skin thickening, which typically affects the hands and face. Internal damage can occur, but it tends to be less frequent and less severe than in diffuse scleroderma. However, a condition called pulmonary hypertension is associated with limited scleroderma. Pulmonary hypertension is marked by narrowing of the blood vessels in the lungs, which causes shortness of breath. Limited scleroderma is also known as CREST syndrome, which represents the first letters of a range of symptoms associated with limited scleroderma. CREST stands for: calcinosis
Raynaud’s disease
esophageal dysfunction
sclerodactyly
telangiectasia
Several of the above symptoms, such as calcinosis and telangiectasias, can also affect some people with diffuse scleroderma. Treatment options
There is no cure for sclerodactyly. Treatment aims at reducing symptoms and improving quality of life for those with the condition.

Sclerodactyly: What it is, causes, and treatment

What to know about sclerodactyly
What to know about sclerodactyly
Signs and symptoms
Causes
Risk factors
Associated conditions
Localized scleroderma
Morphea
Linear scleroderma
Systemic scleroderma
Diffuse scleroderma
Limited scleroderma
Treatment options
Physical therapy and occupational therapy
Ultraviolet (UV) light
Surgery
Outlook

Those who develop diffuse scleroderma are at an increased risk of developing sclerosis, a hardening of the body’s internal organs. Limited scleroderma
A more common form of systemic scleroderma, limited scleroderma causes slow and contained skin thickening, which typically affects the hands and face. Internal damage can occur, but it tends to be less frequent and less severe than in diffuse scleroderma. However, a condition called pulmonary hypertension is associated with limited scleroderma. Pulmonary hypertension is marked by narrowing of the blood vessels in the lungs, which causes shortness of breath. Limited scleroderma is also known as CREST syndrome, which represents the first letters of a range of symptoms associated with limited scleroderma. CREST stands for: calcinosis
Raynaud’s disease
esophageal dysfunction
sclerodactyly
telangiectasia
Several of the above symptoms, such as calcinosis and telangiectasias, can also affect some people with diffuse scleroderma. Treatment options
There is no cure for sclerodactyly. Treatment aims at reducing symptoms and improving quality of life for those with the condition.

Order a Centromere B Antibody Test | Request A Test Centromere B Antibody Test
LabCorp
Centromere B Antibody Test
Anticentromere B
Test Code: 164814
Specimen Type: Blood
Description:
Centromere B Antibody Test
Category:
Quest
Centromere B Antibody Test
Test Code: 16088
Specimen Type: Blood
Description:
Centromere B Antibody Test
Category:
73
Other Autoimmune Diseases Tests
(73)
 164814
Specimen Type: Blood
Description: Centromere B Antibody Test
This test measures the level of anticentromere B antibodies in a blood sample. Centromere B antibodies are a type of antinuclear antibody which are typically found in people with CREST syndrome . CREST syndrome is a form of scleroderma, a connective tissue disease. CREST is named for the primary symptoms that it causes. Calcinosis – Calcium deposits forming under the skin
Raynaud phenomenon – Decreased circulation in the fingers and toes, causing them to turn white and blue
Esophageal dysfunction – Difficulty swallowing, acid reflux, and heartburn
Sclerodactyly – Tight, thick, shiny skin developing on the hands and fingers
Telangiectasia – Red spots that appear on the skin due to swollen capillaries
As much as 95% of people with CREST syndrome will test positive for centromere B antibodies. People with other forms of scleroderma as well as conditions such as cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus have also been shown to produce centromere B antibodies. Centromere B antibody testing can aid in diagnosing CREST syndrome as well as differentiating it from other autoimmune disorders with similar symptoms. This test may be ordered as a follow-up to a positive result on an antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, especially if someone has one or more symptoms of CREST syndrome.

164814
Specimen Type: Blood
Description: Centromere B Antibody Test
This test measures the level of anticentromere B antibodies in a blood sample. Centromere B antibodies are a type of antinuclear antibody which are typically found in people with CREST syndrome . CREST syndrome is a form of scleroderma, a connective tissue disease. CREST is named for the primary symptoms that it causes. Calcinosis – Calcium deposits forming under the skin
Raynaud phenomenon – Decreased circulation in the fingers and toes, causing them to turn white and blue
Esophageal dysfunction – Difficulty swallowing, acid reflux, and heartburn
Sclerodactyly – Tight, thick, shiny skin developing on the hands and fingers
Telangiectasia – Red spots that appear on the skin due to swollen capillaries
As much as 95% of people with CREST syndrome will test positive for centromere B antibodies. People with other forms of scleroderma as well as conditions such as cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus have also been shown to produce centromere B antibodies. Centromere B antibody testing can aid in diagnosing CREST syndrome as well as differentiating it from other autoimmune disorders with similar symptoms. This test may be ordered as a follow-up to a positive result on an antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, especially if someone has one or more symptoms of CREST syndrome.

CMA - Clinical: Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum Test ID: CMA
Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum

Test ID: CMA
Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum
Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful
Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.
Clinical Information
Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test
Reference Values
Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this.
Interpretation
Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results
Cautions
Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances
Clinical Reference
Recommendations for in-depth reading of a clinical nature
Special Instructions
Library of PDFs including pertinent information and forms related to the test
 Clinical Information
Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test
Centromere antibodies occur primarily in patients with the calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis (CREST) syndrome variant of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). CREST syndrome is characterized by the following clinical features: calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal hypomotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. ( 1) Centromere antibodies were originally detected by their distinctive pattern of fine-speckled nuclear staining on cell substrates used in the fluorescent antinuclear antibody test. ( 2) In subsequent studies, centromere antibodies were found to react with several centromere proteins of 18 kDa, 80 kDa, and 140 kDa named as CENP-A, CENP-B, and CENP-C, respectively. ( 3) Several putative epitopes associated with these autoantigens have been described. The CENP-B antigen is believed to be the primary autoantigen and is recognized by all sera that contain centromere antibodies. Reference Values
Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated.

Clinical Information
Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test
Centromere antibodies occur primarily in patients with the calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis (CREST) syndrome variant of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). CREST syndrome is characterized by the following clinical features: calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal hypomotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. ( 1) Centromere antibodies were originally detected by their distinctive pattern of fine-speckled nuclear staining on cell substrates used in the fluorescent antinuclear antibody test. ( 2) In subsequent studies, centromere antibodies were found to react with several centromere proteins of 18 kDa, 80 kDa, and 140 kDa named as CENP-A, CENP-B, and CENP-C, respectively. ( 3) Several putative epitopes associated with these autoantigens have been described. The CENP-B antigen is believed to be the primary autoantigen and is recognized by all sera that contain centromere antibodies. Reference Values
Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated.

CREST syndrome | definition of CREST syndrome by Medical dictionary CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
CREST syn·drome
CREST syn·drome
CREST syndrome
Thibierge,
CREST syn·drome
Mentioned in ?
References in periodicals archive ?
Medical browser ?
Full browser ?
 CREST has a slightly better prognosis than other connective tissue disorders, but has late complications—e.g., biliary cirrhosis and pulmonary hypertension
Lab Anticentromere antibodies are characteristic of CREST, but may also be seen in progressive systemic sclerosis, older women, or those with HLA-DR1
Segen's Medical Dictionary. © 2012 Farlex, Inc. All rights reserved. CREST syn·drome
( krest sin'drōm)
An acronymic designation for a variant of scleroderma characterized by calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing © Farlex 2012
CREST syndrome
Acronym for a connective tissue disorder, related to progressive systemic sclerosis, but limited to CALCINOSIS, RAYNAUD'S PHENOMENON, oesophageal involvement, hardness of the fingers (Sclerodactyly) and dilated skin blood vessels ( TELANGIECTASIA ). The word forming the third letter of the acronym is spelt ‘esophageal’ in the USA. Collins Dictionary of Medicine © Robert M. Youngson 2004, 2005
Thibierge,
Georges, French physician, 1856-1926. Thibierge-Weissenbach syndrome - calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Synonym (s): CREST syndrome
Medical Eponyms © Farlex 2012
CREST syn·drome
( krest sin'drōm)
Acronym for variant of systemic sclerosis characterized by calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia.

CREST has a slightly better prognosis than other connective tissue disorders, but has late complications—e.g., biliary cirrhosis and pulmonary hypertension
Lab Anticentromere antibodies are characteristic of CREST, but may also be seen in progressive systemic sclerosis, older women, or those with HLA-DR1
Segen's Medical Dictionary. © 2012 Farlex, Inc. All rights reserved. CREST syn·drome
( krest sin'drōm)
An acronymic designation for a variant of scleroderma characterized by calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing © Farlex 2012
CREST syndrome
Acronym for a connective tissue disorder, related to progressive systemic sclerosis, but limited to CALCINOSIS, RAYNAUD'S PHENOMENON, oesophageal involvement, hardness of the fingers (Sclerodactyly) and dilated skin blood vessels ( TELANGIECTASIA ). The word forming the third letter of the acronym is spelt ‘esophageal’ in the USA. Collins Dictionary of Medicine © Robert M. Youngson 2004, 2005
Thibierge,
Georges, French physician, 1856-1926. Thibierge-Weissenbach syndrome - calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Synonym (s): CREST syndrome
Medical Eponyms © Farlex 2012
CREST syn·drome
( krest sin'drōm)
Acronym for variant of systemic sclerosis characterized by calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia.

What Is Systemic Scleroderma? Symptoms, Treatment & Life Expectancy Systemic Scleroderma
Systemic Scleroderma
What Is Systemic Scleroderma?
What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Systemic Scleroderma?
What Are the Different Types of Systemic Scleroderma?
Do People with Systemic Scleroderma Suffer From Other Conditions?
How Common Is Systemic Scleroderma?
QUESTION
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References
 What Are the Different Types of Systemic Scleroderma? There are three types of systemic scleroderma, defined by the tissues affected in the disorder. In one type of systemic scleroderma, known as limited cutaneous systemic scleroderma, fibrosis usually affects only the hands, arms, and face. Limited cutaneous systemic scleroderma used to be known as CREST syndrome, which is named for the common features of the condition: calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. In another type of systemic scleroderma, known as diffuse cutaneous systemic scleroderma, the fibrosis affects large areas of skin, including the torso and the upper arms and legs, and often involves internal organs. In diffuse cutaneous systemic scleroderma, the condition worsens quickly and organ damage occurs earlier than in other types of the condition. In the third type of systemic scleroderma, called systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma ("sine" means without in Latin), fibrosis affects one or more internal organs but not the skin. Do People with Systemic Scleroderma Suffer From Other Conditions? Approximately 15 percent to 25 percent of people with features of systemic scleroderma also have signs and symptoms of another condition that affects connective tissue, such as polymyositis, dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren syndrome, or systemic lupus erythematosus.

What Is Systemic Scleroderma? Symptoms, Treatment & Life Expectancy

Systemic Scleroderma
Systemic Scleroderma
What Is Systemic Scleroderma?
What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Systemic Scleroderma?
What Are the Different Types of Systemic Scleroderma?
Do People with Systemic Scleroderma Suffer From Other Conditions?
How Common Is Systemic Scleroderma?
QUESTION
Health Solutions From Our Sponsors
From
Autoimmune Disease Resources
Featured Centers
Scleroderma Causes
References

What Are the Different Types of Systemic Scleroderma? There are three types of systemic scleroderma, defined by the tissues affected in the disorder. In one type of systemic scleroderma, known as limited cutaneous systemic scleroderma, fibrosis usually affects only the hands, arms, and face. Limited cutaneous systemic scleroderma used to be known as CREST syndrome, which is named for the common features of the condition: calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. In another type of systemic scleroderma, known as diffuse cutaneous systemic scleroderma, the fibrosis affects large areas of skin, including the torso and the upper arms and legs, and often involves internal organs. In diffuse cutaneous systemic scleroderma, the condition worsens quickly and organ damage occurs earlier than in other types of the condition. In the third type of systemic scleroderma, called systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma ("sine" means without in Latin), fibrosis affects one or more internal organs but not the skin. Do People with Systemic Scleroderma Suffer From Other Conditions? Approximately 15 percent to 25 percent of people with features of systemic scleroderma also have signs and symptoms of another condition that affects connective tissue, such as polymyositis, dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren syndrome, or systemic lupus erythematosus.

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Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders
PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The Pharmacology and Therapeutic Aspects of Colchicine
F PROGRESSIVE SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS
Disturbances of Gastrointestinal Motility and the Nervous System
General Muscle Diseases Causing Gut Dysmotility
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES | Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis
Autoimmune diseases
Autoimmune Disease
IgG Anti-RNA Polymerase III (ARA)
Reference Interval
Clinical Applications
Limitations
Assay Technology
Type of Sample
Maternal Antibodies
Nonorgan-specific autoimmune diseases
 hypothyroidism; sicca syndrome; and arthralgias and tenosynovitis. Dysphagia is often present because of esophageal disease and is usually not an indication of bulbar neurological dysfunction. The syndrome of subcutaneous calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia (CREST) may be present with less systemic involvement. More than half the patients with progressive systemic sclerosis have evidence of autoimmunity such as antinuclear antibodies or, less common but more specific, antibodies against centromeres, topoisomerase I, RNA polymerase III, or Scl-70. These provide some prognostic clues: anti–SCL-70 antibody is more often associated with fully developed progressive systemic sclerosis, whereas anticentromere antibodies are associated with CREST. Neurological complications are relatively limited in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. These include headache, myopathy, trigeminal neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, ectopic calcifications, and stroke.

Progressive Systemic Sclerosis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Progressive Systemic Sclerosis
Progressive Systemic Sclerosis
NEUROLOGY OF RHEUMATOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND TRANSPLANTATION
PROGRESSIVE SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS
Epigenetic Basis of Autoimmune Disorders in Humans
11.2.6 Epigenetic Deregulation in Progressive Systemic Sclerosis
Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders
PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The Pharmacology and Therapeutic Aspects of Colchicine
F PROGRESSIVE SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS
Disturbances of Gastrointestinal Motility and the Nervous System
General Muscle Diseases Causing Gut Dysmotility
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES | Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis
Autoimmune diseases
Autoimmune Disease
IgG Anti-RNA Polymerase III (ARA)
Reference Interval
Clinical Applications
Limitations
Assay Technology
Type of Sample
Maternal Antibodies
Nonorgan-specific autoimmune diseases

hypothyroidism; sicca syndrome; and arthralgias and tenosynovitis. Dysphagia is often present because of esophageal disease and is usually not an indication of bulbar neurological dysfunction. The syndrome of subcutaneous calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia (CREST) may be present with less systemic involvement. More than half the patients with progressive systemic sclerosis have evidence of autoimmunity such as antinuclear antibodies or, less common but more specific, antibodies against centromeres, topoisomerase I, RNA polymerase III, or Scl-70. These provide some prognostic clues: anti–SCL-70 antibody is more often associated with fully developed progressive systemic sclerosis, whereas anticentromere antibodies are associated with CREST. Neurological complications are relatively limited in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. These include headache, myopathy, trigeminal neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, ectopic calcifications, and stroke.

Order a Centromere B Antibody Test | Request A Test Centromere B Antibody Test
LabCorp
Centromere B Antibody Test
Anticentromere B
Test Code: 164814
Specimen Type: Blood
Description:
Centromere B Antibody Test
Category:
Quest
Centromere B Antibody Test
Test Code: 16088
Specimen Type: Blood
Description:
Centromere B Antibody Test
Category:
73
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Centromere B Antibody
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Centromere B Antibody Test
Anticentromere B
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Sample Report
Test Code: 164814
Specimen Type: Blood
Description: Centromere B Antibody Test
This test measures the level of anticentromere B antibodies in a blood sample. Centromere B antibodies are a type of antinuclear antibody which are typically found in people with CREST syndrome . CREST syndrome is a form of scleroderma, a connective tissue disease. CREST is named for the primary symptoms that it causes. Calcinosis – Calcium deposits forming under the skin
Raynaud phenomenon – Decreased circulation in the fingers and toes, causing them to turn white and blue
Esophageal dysfunction – Difficulty swallowing, acid reflux, and heartburn
Sclerodactyly – Tight, thick, shiny skin developing on the hands and fingers
Telangiectasia – Red spots that appear on the skin due to swollen capillaries
As much as 95% of people with CREST syndrome will test positive for centromere B antibodies.

Order a Centromere B Antibody Test | Request A Test
Centromere B Antibody
$109
LabCorp $129
Quest
Step 1
Order
Your Tests
Step 2
Go to
the Lab
Step 3
Get Your
Results
Step 1
Order
Your Tests
Step 2
Go to
the Lab
Step 3
Get Your
Results
LabCorp: $109
Quest: $129
Centromere B Antibody Test
Anticentromere B
$109.00 ORDER NOW
Sample Report
Test Code: 164814
Specimen Type: Blood
Description: Centromere B Antibody Test
This test measures the level of anticentromere B antibodies in a blood sample. Centromere B antibodies are a type of antinuclear antibody which are typically found in people with CREST syndrome . CREST syndrome is a form of scleroderma, a connective tissue disease. CREST is named for the primary symptoms that it causes. Calcinosis – Calcium deposits forming under the skin
Raynaud phenomenon – Decreased circulation in the fingers and toes, causing them to turn white and blue
Esophageal dysfunction – Difficulty swallowing, acid reflux, and heartburn
Sclerodactyly – Tight, thick, shiny skin developing on the hands and fingers
Telangiectasia – Red spots that appear on the skin due to swollen capillaries
As much as 95% of people with CREST syndrome will test positive for centromere B antibodies.

CREST Disease | definition of CREST Disease by Medical dictionary CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
CREST syn·drome
CREST syn·drome
CREST syndrome
Thibierge,
CREST syn·drome
Mentioned in ?
Medical browser ?
Full browser ?
 Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012
An acronym for the pentad of clinical signs seen with a limited form of scleroderma: Calcinosis cutis
Raynaud’s phenomenon—at least a 2-phase colour change
Esophageal distal hypomotility or reflux esophagitis
Sclerodactyly or nonpitting digital edema
Telangiectasia; CREST has a slightly better prognosis than other connective tissue disorders, but has late complications—e.g., biliary cirrhosis and pulmonary hypertension
Lab Anticentromere antibodies are characteristic of CREST, but may also be seen in progressive systemic sclerosis, older women, or those with HLA-DR1
Segen's Medical Dictionary. © 2012 Farlex, Inc. All rights reserved. CREST syn·drome
( krest sin'drōm)
An acronymic designation for a variant of scleroderma characterized by calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing © Farlex 2012
CREST syndrome
Acronym for a connective tissue disorder, related to progressive systemic sclerosis, but limited to CALCINOSIS, RAYNAUD'S PHENOMENON, oesophageal involvement, hardness of the fingers (Sclerodactyly) and dilated skin blood vessels ( TELANGIECTASIA ). The word forming the third letter of the acronym is spelt ‘esophageal’ in the USA. Collins Dictionary of Medicine © Robert M. Youngson 2004, 2005
Thibierge,
Georges, French physician, 1856-1926. Thibierge-Weissenbach syndrome - calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia.

CREST Disease | definition of CREST Disease by Medical dictionary

CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
CREST syn·drome
CREST syn·drome
CREST syndrome
Thibierge,
CREST syn·drome
Mentioned in ?
Medical browser ?
Full browser ?

Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012
An acronym for the pentad of clinical signs seen with a limited form of scleroderma: Calcinosis cutis
Raynaud’s phenomenon—at least a 2-phase colour change
Esophageal distal hypomotility or reflux esophagitis
Sclerodactyly or nonpitting digital edema
Telangiectasia; CREST has a slightly better prognosis than other connective tissue disorders, but has late complications—e.g., biliary cirrhosis and pulmonary hypertension
Lab Anticentromere antibodies are characteristic of CREST, but may also be seen in progressive systemic sclerosis, older women, or those with HLA-DR1
Segen's Medical Dictionary. © 2012 Farlex, Inc. All rights reserved. CREST syn·drome
( krest sin'drōm)
An acronymic designation for a variant of scleroderma characterized by calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing © Farlex 2012
CREST syndrome
Acronym for a connective tissue disorder, related to progressive systemic sclerosis, but limited to CALCINOSIS, RAYNAUD'S PHENOMENON, oesophageal involvement, hardness of the fingers (Sclerodactyly) and dilated skin blood vessels ( TELANGIECTASIA ). The word forming the third letter of the acronym is spelt ‘esophageal’ in the USA. Collins Dictionary of Medicine © Robert M. Youngson 2004, 2005
Thibierge,
Georges, French physician, 1856-1926. Thibierge-Weissenbach syndrome - calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia.

Order a Centromere B Antibody Test | Request A Test Centromere B Antibody Test
LabCorp
Centromere B Antibody Test
Anticentromere B
Test Code: 164814
Specimen Type: Blood
Description:
Centromere B Antibody Test
Category:
Quest
Centromere B Antibody Test
Test Code: 16088
Specimen Type: Blood
Description:
Centromere B Antibody Test
Category:
73
Other Autoimmune Diseases Tests
(73)
 Autoimmune Diseases
Quest
$129.00 ORDER NOW Sample Report
Centromere B Antibody Test
Anticentromere B
Test Code: 16088
Specimen Type: Blood
Description: Centromere B Antibody Test
This test measures the level of anticentromere B antibodies in a blood sample. Centromere B antibodies are a type of antinuclear antibody which are typically found in people with CREST syndrome . CREST syndrome is a form of scleroderma, a connective tissue disease. CREST is named for the primary symptoms that it causes. Calcinosis – Calcium deposits forming under the skin
Raynaud phenomenon – Decreased circulation in the fingers and toes, causing them to turn white and blue
Esophageal dysfunction – Difficulty swallowing, acid reflux, and heartburn
Sclerodactyly – Tight, thick, shiny skin developing on the hands and fingers
Telangiectasia – Red spots that appear on the skin due to swollen capillaries
As much as 95% of people with CREST syndrome will test positive for centromere B antibodies. People with other forms of scleroderma as well as conditions such as cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus have also been shown to produce centromere B antibodies. Centromere B antibody testing can aid in diagnosing CREST syndrome as well as differentiating it from other autoimmune disorders with similar symptoms.

Autoimmune Diseases
Quest
$129.00 ORDER NOW Sample Report
Centromere B Antibody Test
Anticentromere B
Test Code: 16088
Specimen Type: Blood
Description: Centromere B Antibody Test
This test measures the level of anticentromere B antibodies in a blood sample. Centromere B antibodies are a type of antinuclear antibody which are typically found in people with CREST syndrome . CREST syndrome is a form of scleroderma, a connective tissue disease. CREST is named for the primary symptoms that it causes. Calcinosis – Calcium deposits forming under the skin
Raynaud phenomenon – Decreased circulation in the fingers and toes, causing them to turn white and blue
Esophageal dysfunction – Difficulty swallowing, acid reflux, and heartburn
Sclerodactyly – Tight, thick, shiny skin developing on the hands and fingers
Telangiectasia – Red spots that appear on the skin due to swollen capillaries
As much as 95% of people with CREST syndrome will test positive for centromere B antibodies. People with other forms of scleroderma as well as conditions such as cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus have also been shown to produce centromere B antibodies. Centromere B antibody testing can aid in diagnosing CREST syndrome as well as differentiating it from other autoimmune disorders with similar symptoms.

Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum - Mayo Clinic Laboratories | Neurology Catalog Test ID:
CMA
Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum

Test ID: CMA Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum
Reporting Name
Useful For
Clinical Information
Interpretation
Testing Algorithm
Analytic Time
Day (s) and Time (s) Performed
Clinical Reference
Method Name
Specimen Type
Specimen Required
Container/Tube:
Specimen Minimum Volume
Specimen Stability Information
Special Instructions
Reference Values
Test Classification
CPT Code Information
LOINC Code Information
 2) In subsequent studies, centromere antibodies were found to react with several centromere proteins of 18 kDa, 80 kDa, and 140 kDa named as CENP-A, CENP-B, and CENP-C, respectively. ( 3) Several putative epitopes associated with these autoantigens have been described. The CENP-B antigen is believed to be the primary autoantigen and is recognized by all sera that contain centromere antibodies. Interpretation
In various reported clinical studies, centromere antibodies occur in 50% to 96% of patients with calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis (CREST) syndrome. A positive test for centromere antibodies is strongly associated with CREST syndrome. The presence of detectable levels of centromere antibodies may antedate the appearance of diagnostic clinical features of CREST syndrome by several years. Testing Algorithm
See Connective Tissue Disease Cascade (CTDC) in Special Instructions. Analytic Time
Same day/1 day
Day (s) and Time (s) Performed
Monday through Saturday; 4 p.m.
Clinical Reference
1. White B:

2) In subsequent studies, centromere antibodies were found to react with several centromere proteins of 18 kDa, 80 kDa, and 140 kDa named as CENP-A, CENP-B, and CENP-C, respectively. ( 3) Several putative epitopes associated with these autoantigens have been described. The CENP-B antigen is believed to be the primary autoantigen and is recognized by all sera that contain centromere antibodies. Interpretation
In various reported clinical studies, centromere antibodies occur in 50% to 96% of patients with calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis (CREST) syndrome. A positive test for centromere antibodies is strongly associated with CREST syndrome. The presence of detectable levels of centromere antibodies may antedate the appearance of diagnostic clinical features of CREST syndrome by several years. Testing Algorithm
See Connective Tissue Disease Cascade (CTDC) in Special Instructions. Analytic Time
Same day/1 day
Day (s) and Time (s) Performed
Monday through Saturday; 4 p.m.
Clinical Reference
1. White B:

Systemic Connective Tissue Disease and Fibromyalgia Flashcards | Quizlet Systemic Connective Tissue Disease and Fibromyalgia
Systemic Connective Tissue Disease and Fibromyalgia
STUDY
 Diffuse
How many pts have Limited form of Scleroderma? What is it? 80% of pts with scleroderma have this form
Hardening of the skin is liminited to the face and hands
Prognosis of Liminited Scleroderma? Better prognosis due to minimal organ involvement
How do you remember the LIminited form? CREST syndrome
What is CREST syndrome? C-Calcinosis-calcium deposits in the skin
R-Raynaud's phenomenon-spasm of blood vessels in respose to cold or stress
E-Esophageal dysfunction-acid reflux and decrese in motility of esophagus (STUCK sensation below sternum)
S-Sclerodactyly-thickening and tightening of the skin on the fingers and hands
T-Telangiectasias-dilation of capillaries causing red marks on surface of skin (face)
What is diffuse form? How many pts %? What differentiates it? 20% of pts with scleroderma
Organ involvement can be significant and lead to a poor outcome
What is usually the initial manifestation in both limited and diffuse scleroderma? Raynaud phenomenon:

Systemic Connective Tissue Disease and Fibromyalgia Flashcards | Quizlet

Systemic Connective Tissue Disease and Fibromyalgia
Systemic Connective Tissue Disease and Fibromyalgia
STUDY

Diffuse
How many pts have Limited form of Scleroderma? What is it? 80% of pts with scleroderma have this form
Hardening of the skin is liminited to the face and hands
Prognosis of Liminited Scleroderma? Better prognosis due to minimal organ involvement
How do you remember the LIminited form? CREST syndrome
What is CREST syndrome? C-Calcinosis-calcium deposits in the skin
R-Raynaud's phenomenon-spasm of blood vessels in respose to cold or stress
E-Esophageal dysfunction-acid reflux and decrese in motility of esophagus (STUCK sensation below sternum)
S-Sclerodactyly-thickening and tightening of the skin on the fingers and hands
T-Telangiectasias-dilation of capillaries causing red marks on surface of skin (face)
What is diffuse form? How many pts %? What differentiates it? 20% of pts with scleroderma
Organ involvement can be significant and lead to a poor outcome
What is usually the initial manifestation in both limited and diffuse scleroderma? Raynaud phenomenon:

Crest syndrome | Definition of Crest syndrome at Dictionary.com CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
[ krĕst ]
n.
QUIZZES
QUIZ YOURSELF ON "SITE," "CITE," AND "SIGHT"!
Set your sights on wordy gold with this quiz on the commonly mixed up words "site," "cite," and sight"!
Question 1 of 7
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Words nearby CREST syndrome
Example sentences from the Web for CREST syndrome
 Crest syndrome | Definition of Crest syndrome at Dictionary.com
Top Definitions
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Examples
CREST syndrome
[ krĕst ]
New Word List
Word List
n.
A form of scleroderma that is a combination of calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. QUIZZES
QUIZ YOURSELF ON "SITE," "CITE," AND "SIGHT"! Set your sights on wordy gold with this quiz on the commonly mixed up words "site," "cite," and sight"! Question 1 of 7
“Site” and “cite” derive from the same Latin root, “situs.” true
false
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Meet Grammar Coach
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Words nearby CREST syndrome
cresting, Crestone Needle, Crestone Peak, Crestor, crest rail, CREST syndrome, Crestwood, cresyl, cresylic, cretaceous, Cretan
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. Example sentences from the Web for CREST syndrome
Advanced maternal age dramatically increases the risk of maternal mortality as well as birth defects like Down Syndrome. Men Will Someday Have Kids Without Women | Samantha Allen | January 3, 2015 | DAILY BEAST
To break her self-destructive cycle and heal, she decides to hike 1,100 miles of the Pacific Crest Trail solo. Exclusive: The Making of Reese Witherspoon’s Golden Globe-Nominated ‘Wild’ | Marlow Stern | December 12, 2014 | DAILY BEAST
Jolly somehow finds the time to also manage a restaurant and help kids who have Autism and Down syndrome ride horses.

Crest syndrome | Definition of Crest syndrome at Dictionary.com

CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
[ krĕst ]
n.
QUIZZES
QUIZ YOURSELF ON "SITE," "CITE," AND "SIGHT"!
Set your sights on wordy gold with this quiz on the commonly mixed up words "site," "cite," and sight"!
Question 1 of 7
Meet Grammar Coach
Words nearby CREST syndrome
Example sentences from the Web for CREST syndrome

Crest syndrome | Definition of Crest syndrome at Dictionary.com
Top Definitions
Quizzes
Examples
CREST syndrome
[ krĕst ]
New Word List
Word List
n.
A form of scleroderma that is a combination of calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. QUIZZES
QUIZ YOURSELF ON "SITE," "CITE," AND "SIGHT"! Set your sights on wordy gold with this quiz on the commonly mixed up words "site," "cite," and sight"! Question 1 of 7
“Site” and “cite” derive from the same Latin root, “situs.” true
false
TAKE THE QUIZ TO FIND OUT
Meet Grammar Coach
Improve Your Writing
Meet Grammar Coach
Improve Your Writing
Words nearby CREST syndrome
cresting, Crestone Needle, Crestone Peak, Crestor, crest rail, CREST syndrome, Crestwood, cresyl, cresylic, cretaceous, Cretan
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. Example sentences from the Web for CREST syndrome
Advanced maternal age dramatically increases the risk of maternal mortality as well as birth defects like Down Syndrome. Men Will Someday Have Kids Without Women | Samantha Allen | January 3, 2015 | DAILY BEAST
To break her self-destructive cycle and heal, she decides to hike 1,100 miles of the Pacific Crest Trail solo. Exclusive: The Making of Reese Witherspoon’s Golden Globe-Nominated ‘Wild’ | Marlow Stern | December 12, 2014 | DAILY BEAST
Jolly somehow finds the time to also manage a restaurant and help kids who have Autism and Down syndrome ride horses.

Sclerodactyly: What it is, causes, and treatment What to know about sclerodactyly
What to know about sclerodactyly
Signs and symptoms
Causes
Risk factors
Associated conditions
Localized scleroderma
Morphea
Linear scleroderma
Systemic scleroderma
Diffuse scleroderma
Limited scleroderma
Treatment options
Physical therapy and occupational therapy
Ultraviolet (UV) light
Surgery
Outlook
 Limited scleroderma is also known as CREST syndrome, which represents the first letters of a range of symptoms associated with limited scleroderma. CREST stands for: calcinosis
Raynaud’s disease
esophageal dysfunction
sclerodactyly
telangiectasia
Several of the above symptoms, such as calcinosis and telangiectasias, can also affect some people with diffuse scleroderma. Treatment options
There is no cure for sclerodactyly. Treatment aims at reducing symptoms and improving quality of life for those with the condition. Treatment is most effective when it is started in the early stages of sclerodactyly, highlighting the importance of early action. Available treatment options include: Physical therapy and occupational therapy
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Physical therapy may be beneficial to some people with sclerodactyly. Hand exercises may help some people with early symptoms of sclerodactyly, such as swelling or tight skin. The exercises used are similar to those prescribed for people with arthritis.

Limited scleroderma is also known as CREST syndrome, which represents the first letters of a range of symptoms associated with limited scleroderma. CREST stands for: calcinosis
Raynaud’s disease
esophageal dysfunction
sclerodactyly
telangiectasia
Several of the above symptoms, such as calcinosis and telangiectasias, can also affect some people with diffuse scleroderma. Treatment options
There is no cure for sclerodactyly. Treatment aims at reducing symptoms and improving quality of life for those with the condition. Treatment is most effective when it is started in the early stages of sclerodactyly, highlighting the importance of early action. Available treatment options include: Physical therapy and occupational therapy
Share on Pinterest
Physical therapy may be beneficial to some people with sclerodactyly. Hand exercises may help some people with early symptoms of sclerodactyly, such as swelling or tight skin. The exercises used are similar to those prescribed for people with arthritis.

The Different Types of Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis) The Different Types of Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis)
The Different Types of Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis)
Localized Scleroderma
Systemic Sclerosis
CREST Syndrome
Limited Scleroderma
Diffuse Scleroderma
Systemic Sclerosis Sine Scleroderma
A Word From Verywell
 Morphea generally fades out in three to five years, 1  but dark skin patches can remain and, though rare, muscle weakness may remain as well. Linear: A distinctive single line or band of thickened, abnormally colored skin typically characterizes the linear type of localized scleroderma. The line typically runs down an arm or leg, but can run down the forehead. Systemic Sclerosis
Systemic sclerosis not only affects the skin but also involves blood vessels and major organs. CREST Syndrome
Systemic sclerosis often involves a group of symptoms known as CREST syndrome. Features of CREST syndrome: Calcinosis: Formation of calcium deposits in the connective tissue
Raynaud's phenomenon: The blood vessels of the hands or feet contract in response to triggers, like cold or anxiety
Esophageal dysfunction:

Morphea generally fades out in three to five years, 1  but dark skin patches can remain and, though rare, muscle weakness may remain as well. Linear: A distinctive single line or band of thickened, abnormally colored skin typically characterizes the linear type of localized scleroderma. The line typically runs down an arm or leg, but can run down the forehead. Systemic Sclerosis
Systemic sclerosis not only affects the skin but also involves blood vessels and major organs. CREST Syndrome
Systemic sclerosis often involves a group of symptoms known as CREST syndrome. Features of CREST syndrome: Calcinosis: Formation of calcium deposits in the connective tissue
Raynaud's phenomenon: The blood vessels of the hands or feet contract in response to triggers, like cold or anxiety
Esophageal dysfunction:

018705: Antiscleroderma − 70 Antibodies | Labcorp Antiscleroderma − 70 Antibodies
Antiscleroderma − 70 Antibodies
Synonyms
Test Includes
Expected Turnaround Time
Specimen Requirements
Specimen
Volume
Minimum Volume
Container
Storage Instructions
Stability Requirements
Causes for Rejection
Test Details
Use
Methodology
Reference Interval
Additional Information
LOINC® Map
 lipemia; gross bacterial contamination
Test Details
Use
Differential diagnosis of scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis)
Methodology
Multiplex flow immunoassay
Reference Interval
0.0−0.9 AI
Additional Information
Scl-70 antibody is seen in 20% of patients with scleroderma, and in some patients with CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia). These syndromes are also associated with a high frequency of speckled pattern immunofluorescent antinuclear antibody tests. Scl-70 may identify a subset of scleroderma patients with severe skin, joint, and lung disease. In addition, the presence of Scl-70 in Raynaud phenomenon may indicate a poor prognosis. LOINC® Map
Order Code
018705
Order Code Name
Antiscleroderma-70 Antibodies
Order Loinc
27416-7
Result Code
018707
Result Code Name
Antiscleroderma-70 Antibodies
UofM
AI
Result LOINC
27416-7
Order Code
Order Code Name
Order Loinc
Result Code
Result Code Name
UofM
Result LOINC
018705
Antiscleroderma-70 Antibodies
27416-7
018707
Antiscleroderma-70 Antibodies
AI
27416-7

018705: Antiscleroderma − 70 Antibodies | Labcorp

Antiscleroderma − 70 Antibodies
Antiscleroderma − 70 Antibodies
Synonyms
Test Includes
Expected Turnaround Time
Specimen Requirements
Specimen
Volume
Minimum Volume
Container
Storage Instructions
Stability Requirements
Causes for Rejection
Test Details
Use
Methodology
Reference Interval
Additional Information
LOINC® Map

lipemia; gross bacterial contamination
Test Details
Use
Differential diagnosis of scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis)
Methodology
Multiplex flow immunoassay
Reference Interval
0.0−0.9 AI
Additional Information
Scl-70 antibody is seen in 20% of patients with scleroderma, and in some patients with CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia). These syndromes are also associated with a high frequency of speckled pattern immunofluorescent antinuclear antibody tests. Scl-70 may identify a subset of scleroderma patients with severe skin, joint, and lung disease. In addition, the presence of Scl-70 in Raynaud phenomenon may indicate a poor prognosis. LOINC® Map
Order Code
018705
Order Code Name
Antiscleroderma-70 Antibodies
Order Loinc
27416-7
Result Code
018707
Result Code Name
Antiscleroderma-70 Antibodies
UofM
AI
Result LOINC
27416-7
Order Code
Order Code Name
Order Loinc
Result Code
Result Code Name
UofM
Result LOINC
018705
Antiscleroderma-70 Antibodies
27416-7
018707
Antiscleroderma-70 Antibodies
AI
27416-7

CMA - Clinical: Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum Test ID: CMA
Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum

Test ID: CMA
Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum
Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful
Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.
Clinical Information
Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test
Reference Values
Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this.
Interpretation
Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results
Cautions
Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances
Clinical Reference
Recommendations for in-depth reading of a clinical nature
Special Instructions
Library of PDFs including pertinent information and forms related to the test
 If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this. <1.0 U (negative)
> or =1.0 U (positive)
Reference values apply to all ages. Interpretation
Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results
In various reported clinical studies, centromere antibodies occur in 50% to 96% of patients with calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis (CREST) syndrome. A positive test for centromere antibodies is strongly associated with CREST syndrome. The presence of detectable levels of centromere antibodies may antedate the appearance of diagnostic clinical features of CREST syndrome by several years. Cautions
Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances
Centromere antibodies have also been described in some patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, and may occur in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or lupus erythematosus. Clinical Reference
Recommendations for in-depth reading of a clinical nature
1. White B: Chapter 64: Systemic sclerosis.

If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this. <1.0 U (negative)
> or =1.0 U (positive)
Reference values apply to all ages. Interpretation
Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results
In various reported clinical studies, centromere antibodies occur in 50% to 96% of patients with calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis (CREST) syndrome. A positive test for centromere antibodies is strongly associated with CREST syndrome. The presence of detectable levels of centromere antibodies may antedate the appearance of diagnostic clinical features of CREST syndrome by several years. Cautions
Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances
Centromere antibodies have also been described in some patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, and may occur in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or lupus erythematosus. Clinical Reference
Recommendations for in-depth reading of a clinical nature
1. White B: Chapter 64: Systemic sclerosis.

What Causes Hardening of the Skin (Scleroderma)? Scleroderma: What Causes Hardening of the Skin?
Scleroderma: What Causes Hardening of the Skin?
In This Article:
Scleroderma (Hardening of the Skin) Causes
What Are the Types of Scleroderma?
1. Localized Scleroderma
Morphea
Linear
2. Systemic Scleroderma
Scleroderma Symptoms
1. Skin
2. Digits
3. Digestive System
4. Heart, Lungs, Kidneys
Scleroderma Diagnosis
Other factors your doctor will take note of include:
Scleroderma Treatment
Medications are used to:
Who Is at Risk of Scleroderma?
What Are the Complications of Scleroderma?
Also Read:
Article Sources (+)
 Both can lead to life-threatening conditions. Diffuse scleroderma can happen suddenly in one or several locations of the body. The affected area may be inflamed and present an expanded, hard surface on the skin. This form of systemic scleroderma may affect the organs. Limited scleroderma involves thicker skin patches that appear mainly on the face, hands, and fingers over time. While it is less serious because the organs are not often involved, the condition pulmonary hypertension can arise. Limited may be referred to as CREST syndrome as it represents calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Scleroderma Symptoms
The signs and symptoms of scleroderma vary in accordance to the location and severity of the tissue affected. 1. Skin
The affected patches of skin will appear tight with a hard, shiny, and tough surface.

What Causes Hardening of the Skin (Scleroderma)?

Scleroderma: What Causes Hardening of the Skin?
Scleroderma: What Causes Hardening of the Skin?
In This Article:
Scleroderma (Hardening of the Skin) Causes
What Are the Types of Scleroderma?
1. Localized Scleroderma
Morphea
Linear
2. Systemic Scleroderma
Scleroderma Symptoms
1. Skin
2. Digits
3. Digestive System
4. Heart, Lungs, Kidneys
Scleroderma Diagnosis
Other factors your doctor will take note of include:
Scleroderma Treatment
Medications are used to:
Who Is at Risk of Scleroderma?
What Are the Complications of Scleroderma?
Also Read:
Article Sources (+)

Both can lead to life-threatening conditions. Diffuse scleroderma can happen suddenly in one or several locations of the body. The affected area may be inflamed and present an expanded, hard surface on the skin. This form of systemic scleroderma may affect the organs. Limited scleroderma involves thicker skin patches that appear mainly on the face, hands, and fingers over time. While it is less serious because the organs are not often involved, the condition pulmonary hypertension can arise. Limited may be referred to as CREST syndrome as it represents calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Scleroderma Symptoms
The signs and symptoms of scleroderma vary in accordance to the location and severity of the tissue affected. 1. Skin
The affected patches of skin will appear tight with a hard, shiny, and tough surface.

Systemic Scleroderma Systemic Scleroderma
Systemic Scleroderma
What Is Systemic Scleroderma?
Subtypes of Systemic Scleroderma: Limited
 Calcinosis
Raynaud's phenomenon
Esophageal dysfunction
Sclerodactyly
Telangiectasias. (Click Scleroderma Symptoms for more information on CREST and its symptoms.) Subtypes of Systemic Scleroderma: Limited
Limited scleroderma typically comes on gradually and affects the skin only in certain areas, which include: Fingers
Hands
Face
Lower arms
Legs. Many people with limited scleroderma have Raynaud's phenomenon (a disorder that affects the blood vessels in the fingers, toes, ears, and nose) for years before skin thickening starts. Other people with limited scleroderma start out with skin problems over much of the body, which can improve over time, leaving only the face and hands with tight, thickened skin. Telangiectasias (small enlarged blood vessels near the surface of the skin) and calcinosis (small white lumps that form under the skin) often follow. Raynaud's phenomenon, telangiectasias, and calcinosis are the predominant CREST symptoms in limited scleroderma. (Click CREST Syndrome for more information about this disease.)

Systemic Scleroderma

Systemic Scleroderma
Systemic Scleroderma
What Is Systemic Scleroderma?
Subtypes of Systemic Scleroderma: Limited

Calcinosis
Raynaud's phenomenon
Esophageal dysfunction
Sclerodactyly
Telangiectasias. (Click Scleroderma Symptoms for more information on CREST and its symptoms.) Subtypes of Systemic Scleroderma: Limited
Limited scleroderma typically comes on gradually and affects the skin only in certain areas, which include: Fingers
Hands
Face
Lower arms
Legs. Many people with limited scleroderma have Raynaud's phenomenon (a disorder that affects the blood vessels in the fingers, toes, ears, and nose) for years before skin thickening starts. Other people with limited scleroderma start out with skin problems over much of the body, which can improve over time, leaving only the face and hands with tight, thickened skin. Telangiectasias (small enlarged blood vessels near the surface of the skin) and calcinosis (small white lumps that form under the skin) often follow. Raynaud's phenomenon, telangiectasias, and calcinosis are the predominant CREST symptoms in limited scleroderma. (Click CREST Syndrome for more information about this disease.)

14.00-Immune-Adult Disability Evaluation Under Social Security
14.00 Immune System Disorders - Adult

Medical/Professional Relations
Disability Evaluation Under Social Security
14.00 Immune System Disorders - Adult
E. How do we document and evaluate immune deficiency disorders, excluding HIV infection?
F. How do we document and evaluate HIV infection?
G. How do we consider the effects of treatment in evaluating your autoimmune disorder, immune deficiency disorder, or HIV infection?
 Raynaud's phenomenon, often medically severe and progressive, is present frequently and may be the peripheral manifestation of a vasospastic abnormality in the heart, lungs, and kidneys. The CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) is a variant that may slowly progress over years to the generalized process, systemic sclerosis. b. Diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis. In diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (also known as diffuse scleroderma), major organ or systemic involvement can include the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, heart, kidneys, and muscle in addition to skin or blood vessels. Although arthritis can occur, joint dysfunction results primarily from soft tissue/cutaneous thickening, fibrosis, and contractures. c. Localized scleroderma (linear scleroderma and morphea). (i) Localized scleroderma (linear scleroderma and morphea) is more common in children than in adults. However, this

14.00-Immune-Adult

Disability Evaluation Under Social Security
14.00 Immune System Disorders - Adult

Medical/Professional Relations
Disability Evaluation Under Social Security
14.00 Immune System Disorders - Adult
E. How do we document and evaluate immune deficiency disorders, excluding HIV infection?
F. How do we document and evaluate HIV infection?
G. How do we consider the effects of treatment in evaluating your autoimmune disorder, immune deficiency disorder, or HIV infection?

Raynaud's phenomenon, often medically severe and progressive, is present frequently and may be the peripheral manifestation of a vasospastic abnormality in the heart, lungs, and kidneys. The CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) is a variant that may slowly progress over years to the generalized process, systemic sclerosis. b. Diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis. In diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (also known as diffuse scleroderma), major organ or systemic involvement can include the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, heart, kidneys, and muscle in addition to skin or blood vessels. Although arthritis can occur, joint dysfunction results primarily from soft tissue/cutaneous thickening, fibrosis, and contractures. c. Localized scleroderma (linear scleroderma and morphea). (i) Localized scleroderma (linear scleroderma and morphea) is more common in children than in adults. However, this

Autoimmune Skin Diseases - Spot the Signs - Autoimmune Skin Diseases – Spot the Signs
Autoimmune Skin Diseases – Spot the Signs
On this post we’ll focus on the four most common autoimmune skin diseases.
Scleroderma
Psoriasis
Dermatomyositis
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Bullous Pemphigoid
Ask a Dermatologist
 For Systemic Scleroderma there are two forms, Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (PSS) and CREST syndrome. Patients with systemic scleroderma are more likely to experience systems that affect the, Esophagus, Intestines, Lungs, Heart and Kidneys. CREST Syndrome is most likely to appear on the skin in some form or another. It is helpfully named after its symptoms: Calcinosis (calcium build up under the skin)
Raynaud Phenomenon (redness or blueness of fingers and toes)
Esophageal Dysfunction
Sclerodactyly (thickening of the skin surrounding fingers and toes)
Telangiectasia (Red skin blotches caused by dilated blood vessels)
People with this condition will see some of these skin problems, they may also experience joint pain, shortness of breath, wheezing, weight loss along with many other symptoms. The majority of cases occur in women in their thirties and forties but this disease can affect anyone. The main risk factor is exposure to silica dust and polyvinyl chloride (usually through an occupation related to these chemicals). The Scleroderma Foundation estimates around 300,000 people in the US live with Scleroderma and 33% have the systemic version of the disease. This is what you have? Consult our online dermatologists today and get an answer on your concern within hours.

Autoimmune Skin Diseases - Spot the Signs -

Autoimmune Skin Diseases – Spot the Signs
Autoimmune Skin Diseases – Spot the Signs
On this post we’ll focus on the four most common autoimmune skin diseases.
Scleroderma
Psoriasis
Dermatomyositis
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Bullous Pemphigoid
Ask a Dermatologist

For Systemic Scleroderma there are two forms, Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (PSS) and CREST syndrome. Patients with systemic scleroderma are more likely to experience systems that affect the, Esophagus, Intestines, Lungs, Heart and Kidneys. CREST Syndrome is most likely to appear on the skin in some form or another. It is helpfully named after its symptoms: Calcinosis (calcium build up under the skin)
Raynaud Phenomenon (redness or blueness of fingers and toes)
Esophageal Dysfunction
Sclerodactyly (thickening of the skin surrounding fingers and toes)
Telangiectasia (Red skin blotches caused by dilated blood vessels)
People with this condition will see some of these skin problems, they may also experience joint pain, shortness of breath, wheezing, weight loss along with many other symptoms. The majority of cases occur in women in their thirties and forties but this disease can affect anyone. The main risk factor is exposure to silica dust and polyvinyl chloride (usually through an occupation related to these chemicals). The Scleroderma Foundation estimates around 300,000 people in the US live with Scleroderma and 33% have the systemic version of the disease. This is what you have? Consult our online dermatologists today and get an answer on your concern within hours.

CREST Disease | definition of CREST Disease by Medical dictionary CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome
CREST syn·drome
CREST syn·drome
CREST syndrome
Thibierge,
CREST syn·drome
Mentioned in ?
Medical browser ?
Full browser ?
 CREST syn·drome
( krest sin'drōm)
An acronymic designation for a variant of scleroderma characterized by calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing © Farlex 2012
CREST syndrome
Acronym for a connective tissue disorder, related to progressive systemic sclerosis, but limited to CALCINOSIS, RAYNAUD'S PHENOMENON, oesophageal involvement, hardness of the fingers (Sclerodactyly) and dilated skin blood vessels ( TELANGIECTASIA ). The word forming the third letter of the acronym is spelt ‘esophageal’ in the USA. Collins Dictionary of Medicine © Robert M. Youngson 2004, 2005
Thibierge,
Georges, French physician, 1856-1926. Thibierge-Weissenbach syndrome - calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Synonym (s): CREST syndrome
Medical Eponyms © Farlex 2012
CREST syn·drome
( krest sin'drōm)
Acronym for variant of systemic sclerosis characterized by calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Medical Dictionary for the Dental Professions © Farlex 2012
Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page:

CREST syn·drome
( krest sin'drōm)
An acronymic designation for a variant of scleroderma characterized by calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing © Farlex 2012
CREST syndrome
Acronym for a connective tissue disorder, related to progressive systemic sclerosis, but limited to CALCINOSIS, RAYNAUD'S PHENOMENON, oesophageal involvement, hardness of the fingers (Sclerodactyly) and dilated skin blood vessels ( TELANGIECTASIA ). The word forming the third letter of the acronym is spelt ‘esophageal’ in the USA. Collins Dictionary of Medicine © Robert M. Youngson 2004, 2005
Thibierge,
Georges, French physician, 1856-1926. Thibierge-Weissenbach syndrome - calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Synonym (s): CREST syndrome
Medical Eponyms © Farlex 2012
CREST syn·drome
( krest sin'drōm)
Acronym for variant of systemic sclerosis characterized by calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Medical Dictionary for the Dental Professions © Farlex 2012
Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page:

CMA - Clinical: Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum Test ID: CMA
Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum

Test ID: CMA
Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum
Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful
Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.
Clinical Information
Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test
Reference Values
Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this.
Interpretation
Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results
Cautions
Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances
Clinical Reference
Recommendations for in-depth reading of a clinical nature
Special Instructions
Library of PDFs including pertinent information and forms related to the test
 3) Several putative epitopes associated with these autoantigens have been described. The CENP-B antigen is believed to be the primary autoantigen and is recognized by all sera that contain centromere antibodies. Reference Values
Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this. <1.0 U (negative)
> or =1.0 U (positive)
Reference values apply to all ages. Interpretation
Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results
In various reported clinical studies, centromere antibodies occur in 50% to 96% of patients with calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis (CREST) syndrome. A positive test for centromere antibodies is strongly associated with CREST syndrome. The presence of detectable levels of centromere antibodies may antedate the appearance of diagnostic clinical features of CREST syndrome by several years.

3) Several putative epitopes associated with these autoantigens have been described. The CENP-B antigen is believed to be the primary autoantigen and is recognized by all sera that contain centromere antibodies. Reference Values
Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this. <1.0 U (negative)
> or =1.0 U (positive)
Reference values apply to all ages. Interpretation
Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results
In various reported clinical studies, centromere antibodies occur in 50% to 96% of patients with calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis (CREST) syndrome. A positive test for centromere antibodies is strongly associated with CREST syndrome. The presence of detectable levels of centromere antibodies may antedate the appearance of diagnostic clinical features of CREST syndrome by several years.

What Causes Hardening of the Skin (Scleroderma)? Scleroderma: What Causes Hardening of the Skin?
Scleroderma: What Causes Hardening of the Skin?
In This Article:
Scleroderma (Hardening of the Skin) Causes
What Are the Types of Scleroderma?
1. Localized Scleroderma
Morphea
Linear
2. Systemic Scleroderma
Scleroderma Symptoms
1. Skin
2. Digits
3. Digestive System
4. Heart, Lungs, Kidneys
Scleroderma Diagnosis
Other factors your doctor will take note of include:
Scleroderma Treatment
Medications are used to:
Who Is at Risk of Scleroderma?
What Are the Complications of Scleroderma?
Also Read:
Article Sources (+)
 While it is less serious because the organs are not often involved, the condition pulmonary hypertension can arise. Limited may be referred to as CREST syndrome as it represents calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Scleroderma Symptoms
The signs and symptoms of scleroderma vary in accordance to the location and severity of the tissue affected. 1. Skin
The affected patches of skin will appear tight with a hard, shiny, and tough surface. This can restrict the skin’s movement. As a single incidence or grouping, the skin patches may be in a line or oval-shaped. 2. Digits
The fingers or toes may be painful and numb and possibly discolored. It may be a response to emotional stress or extremely cold temperatures.

While it is less serious because the organs are not often involved, the condition pulmonary hypertension can arise. Limited may be referred to as CREST syndrome as it represents calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Scleroderma Symptoms
The signs and symptoms of scleroderma vary in accordance to the location and severity of the tissue affected. 1. Skin
The affected patches of skin will appear tight with a hard, shiny, and tough surface. This can restrict the skin’s movement. As a single incidence or grouping, the skin patches may be in a line or oval-shaped. 2. Digits
The fingers or toes may be painful and numb and possibly discolored. It may be a response to emotional stress or extremely cold temperatures.

Autoimmune Skin Disorders - Autoimmune Disorders Center - Everyday Health Autoimmune Skin Disorders
Autoimmune Skin Disorders
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The Latest in Autoimmune Diseases
Autoimmunity Rates Are on the Rise in the United States, Study Says
How Symptoms of Celiac Disease Changed Sarah Brown’s Life
Unexplained Pain: Could Those Aches and Fatigue Be an Autoimmune Disease?
How to Save Money When You Have an Autoimmune Disease
When Our Own Bodies Attack – The Mystery of Autoimmune Diseases
He Knew the Day Was Coming When his Sister Would Save his Life
Health Workers Not Getting Ready for Obamacare
Not all Aspirins Are Alike
Healthy Living' Depends on Where You Live
Should You Be Afraid of Friday the 13th?
 A localized form of scleroderma results in patches of thickened skin, while systemic scleroderma is the form that has the greatest impact on people’s lives. There are two forms of systemic scleroderma: progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS), sometimes known as just systemic sclerosis (SS), and CREST syndrome. Patients with systemic scleroderma may experience symptoms that affect that the esophagus, intestines, lungs, heart, and kidneys. CREST syndrome is named after its symptoms: calcinosis (calcium accumulation under the skin), Raynaud phenomenon (redness or blueness of fingers and toes), esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly (thickening and tightness of the skin that surrounds the fingers and toes), and telangiectasia (red skin blotches causes by dilated blood vessels). In addition to the skin symptoms caused by scleroderma, patients may experience joint pain, shortness of breath, wheezing, constipation or diarrhea, bloating, weight loss, heartburn, or eye itching and burning. Men and women are both at risk for scleroderma, but the majority of cases occur in women in their thirties and forties. Occupational exposure to silica dust and polyvinyl chloride are considered risk factors for this autoimmune disorder. According to the Scleroderma Foundation, an estimated 300,000 people in the United States live with scleroderma;

Autoimmune Skin Disorders - Autoimmune Disorders Center - Everyday Health

Autoimmune Skin Disorders
Autoimmune Skin Disorders
NEWSLETTERS
Sign up for our Healthy Living Newsletter!
Enter your email
The Latest in Autoimmune Diseases
Autoimmunity Rates Are on the Rise in the United States, Study Says
How Symptoms of Celiac Disease Changed Sarah Brown’s Life
Unexplained Pain: Could Those Aches and Fatigue Be an Autoimmune Disease?
How to Save Money When You Have an Autoimmune Disease
When Our Own Bodies Attack – The Mystery of Autoimmune Diseases
He Knew the Day Was Coming When his Sister Would Save his Life
Health Workers Not Getting Ready for Obamacare
Not all Aspirins Are Alike
Healthy Living' Depends on Where You Live
Should You Be Afraid of Friday the 13th?

A localized form of scleroderma results in patches of thickened skin, while systemic scleroderma is the form that has the greatest impact on people’s lives. There are two forms of systemic scleroderma: progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS), sometimes known as just systemic sclerosis (SS), and CREST syndrome. Patients with systemic scleroderma may experience symptoms that affect that the esophagus, intestines, lungs, heart, and kidneys. CREST syndrome is named after its symptoms: calcinosis (calcium accumulation under the skin), Raynaud phenomenon (redness or blueness of fingers and toes), esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly (thickening and tightness of the skin that surrounds the fingers and toes), and telangiectasia (red skin blotches causes by dilated blood vessels). In addition to the skin symptoms caused by scleroderma, patients may experience joint pain, shortness of breath, wheezing, constipation or diarrhea, bloating, weight loss, heartburn, or eye itching and burning. Men and women are both at risk for scleroderma, but the majority of cases occur in women in their thirties and forties. Occupational exposure to silica dust and polyvinyl chloride are considered risk factors for this autoimmune disorder. According to the Scleroderma Foundation, an estimated 300,000 people in the United States live with scleroderma;

Progressive Systemic Sclerosis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Progressive Systemic Sclerosis
Progressive Systemic Sclerosis
NEUROLOGY OF RHEUMATOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND TRANSPLANTATION
PROGRESSIVE SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS
Epigenetic Basis of Autoimmune Disorders in Humans
11.2.6 Epigenetic Deregulation in Progressive Systemic Sclerosis
Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders
PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The Pharmacology and Therapeutic Aspects of Colchicine
F PROGRESSIVE SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS
Disturbances of Gastrointestinal Motility and the Nervous System
General Muscle Diseases Causing Gut Dysmotility
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES | Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis
Autoimmune diseases
Autoimmune Disease
IgG Anti-RNA Polymerase III (ARA)
Reference Interval
Clinical Applications
Limitations
Assay Technology
Type of Sample
Maternal Antibodies
Nonorgan-specific autoimmune diseases
 In progressive systemic sclerosis, the skin is affected in a number of other ways, including calcifications, telangiectasias, finger swelling, and sclerodactyly (tightening of the skin of the digits). Raynaud's phenomenon occurs in as many as 90% of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Other systemic manifestations are gastrointestinal disease, especially impaired esophageal motility; pulmonary disease, such as fibrosis or pulmonary hypertension; renal or cardiac involvement, especially with hypertension; hypothyroidism; sicca syndrome; and arthralgias and tenosynovitis. Dysphagia is often present because of esophageal disease and is usually not an indication of bulbar neurological dysfunction. The syndrome of subcutaneous calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia (CREST) may be present with less systemic involvement.

In progressive systemic sclerosis, the skin is affected in a number of other ways, including calcifications, telangiectasias, finger swelling, and sclerodactyly (tightening of the skin of the digits). Raynaud's phenomenon occurs in as many as 90% of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Other systemic manifestations are gastrointestinal disease, especially impaired esophageal motility; pulmonary disease, such as fibrosis or pulmonary hypertension; renal or cardiac involvement, especially with hypertension; hypothyroidism; sicca syndrome; and arthralgias and tenosynovitis. Dysphagia is often present because of esophageal disease and is usually not an indication of bulbar neurological dysfunction. The syndrome of subcutaneous calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia (CREST) may be present with less systemic involvement.

Autoimmune Skin Diseases - Spot the Signs - Autoimmune Skin Diseases – Spot the Signs
Autoimmune Skin Diseases – Spot the Signs
On this post we’ll focus on the four most common autoimmune skin diseases.
Scleroderma
Psoriasis
Dermatomyositis
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Bullous Pemphigoid
Ask a Dermatologist
 On this post we’ll focus on the four most common autoimmune skin diseases. Scleroderma
Scleroderma is an autoimmune skin disease that also affects the entire body’s connective tissue. With this disease you are likely to experience: Changes in the skin
Blood Vessel Problems
Muscle and Organ Failures and/or Weakness
If the scleroderma is localized then you’ll see patches of thickened skin in that area. However, Systemic Scleroderma is the form that usually has the greatest impact on peoples lives. For Systemic Scleroderma there are two forms, Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (PSS) and CREST syndrome. Patients with systemic scleroderma are more likely to experience systems that affect the, Esophagus, Intestines, Lungs, Heart and Kidneys. CREST Syndrome is most likely to appear on the skin in some form or another. It is helpfully named after its symptoms: Calcinosis (calcium build up under the skin)
Raynaud Phenomenon (redness or blueness of fingers and toes)
Esophageal Dysfunction
Sclerodactyly (thickening of the skin surrounding fingers and toes)
Telangiectasia (Red skin blotches caused by dilated blood vessels)
People with this condition will see some of these skin problems, they may also experience joint pain, shortness of breath, wheezing, weight loss along with many other symptoms.

On this post we’ll focus on the four most common autoimmune skin diseases. Scleroderma
Scleroderma is an autoimmune skin disease that also affects the entire body’s connective tissue. With this disease you are likely to experience: Changes in the skin
Blood Vessel Problems
Muscle and Organ Failures and/or Weakness
If the scleroderma is localized then you’ll see patches of thickened skin in that area. However, Systemic Scleroderma is the form that usually has the greatest impact on peoples lives. For Systemic Scleroderma there are two forms, Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (PSS) and CREST syndrome. Patients with systemic scleroderma are more likely to experience systems that affect the, Esophagus, Intestines, Lungs, Heart and Kidneys. CREST Syndrome is most likely to appear on the skin in some form or another. It is helpfully named after its symptoms: Calcinosis (calcium build up under the skin)
Raynaud Phenomenon (redness or blueness of fingers and toes)
Esophageal Dysfunction
Sclerodactyly (thickening of the skin surrounding fingers and toes)
Telangiectasia (Red skin blotches caused by dilated blood vessels)
People with this condition will see some of these skin problems, they may also experience joint pain, shortness of breath, wheezing, weight loss along with many other symptoms.

Calcinosis cutis causes, types, signs, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment Calcinosis cutis
Calcinosis cutis
What is calcinosis cutis
Dystrophic calcinosis cutis
Conditions that can cause dystrophic calcinosis cutis include:
Figure 1. Dystrophic calcinosis cutis
Figure 2. CREST syndrome
Figure 3. Calcinosis cutis scleroderma
Metastatic calcinosis cutis
Figure 4. Metastatic calcinosis cutis
Idiopathic calcinosis cutis
Figure 5. Scrotal calcinosis cutis
Iatrogenic calcinosis cutis
Calciphylaxis
Figure 6. Calciphylaxis
Calcinosis cutis causes
Calcinosis cutis signs and symptoms
Calcinosis cutis diagnosis
Laboratory studies
Calcinosis cutis treatment
Diltiazem
Warfarin
Bisphosphonates
Minocycline
Ceftriaxone
Aluminum Hydroxide
Probenecid
Topical Sodium Thiosulfate
Other Treatments
Surgical removal of lesions is indicated when they:
MOST POPULAR
 Tissue damage may be from mechanical, chemical, infectious or other factors. There is an underlying disease, systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, mixed connective tissue disease, or lupus, that induces tissue damage and creates a nidus for calcification 2). Conditions that can cause dystrophic calcinosis cutis include: Trauma
Acne
Varicose veins
Infections
Tumors (pilomatrixoma, cysts, basal cell carcinomas and others)
Connective tissue disease (dermatomyositis, systemic sclerosis, cutaneous lupus erythematosus)
Panniculitis
Inherited diseases of connective tissue (Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Werner syndrome, Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome)
Dermatomyositis and scleroderma (especially the CREST syndrome – calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia) are the best recognized and most troublesome. Figure 1. Dystrophic calcinosis cutis
Figure 2. CREST syndrome
Figure 3. Calcinosis cutis scleroderma
Metastatic calcinosis cutis
Metastatic calcinosis cutis occurs in the setting of abnormal calcium and phosphate (phosphorus) metabolism and is often associated with hypercalcemia and/or hyperphosphatemia. Conditions that can cause metastatic calcinosis cutis include: Primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism
Bone metastases
Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia
Destructive bone disease, e.g. Paget disease
Milk-alkali syndrome
Excessive vitamin D intake
Sarcoidosis
Metastatic calcification presents with predominantly periarticular calcification in addition to signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia (e.g. abdominal pain, renal failure, cardiac arrhythmias and depression).

Calcinosis cutis causes, types, signs, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment

Calcinosis cutis
Calcinosis cutis
What is calcinosis cutis
Dystrophic calcinosis cutis
Conditions that can cause dystrophic calcinosis cutis include:
Figure 1. Dystrophic calcinosis cutis
Figure 2. CREST syndrome
Figure 3. Calcinosis cutis scleroderma
Metastatic calcinosis cutis
Figure 4. Metastatic calcinosis cutis
Idiopathic calcinosis cutis
Figure 5. Scrotal calcinosis cutis
Iatrogenic calcinosis cutis
Calciphylaxis
Figure 6. Calciphylaxis
Calcinosis cutis causes
Calcinosis cutis signs and symptoms
Calcinosis cutis diagnosis
Laboratory studies
Calcinosis cutis treatment
Diltiazem
Warfarin
Bisphosphonates
Minocycline
Ceftriaxone
Aluminum Hydroxide
Probenecid
Topical Sodium Thiosulfate
Other Treatments
Surgical removal of lesions is indicated when they:
MOST POPULAR

Systemic Sclerosis: Getting a Diagnosis How Systemic Sclerosis Is Diagnosed
How Systemic Sclerosis Is Diagnosed
First Steps
Questions to Ask During the Diagnosis Process
After Your Diagnosis
A Word From Verywell
 There are different types of systemic sclerosis, and the type you have may guide your doctor's treatment decisions. These types include: Limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (lcSSc): Skin involvement is limited to the hands/lower arms, feet/lower legs, and face. CREST Syndrome is a form of lcSSC. CREST stands for its most prominent features: calcinosis, Reynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasias. People with lcSSc may develop severe vascular complications including damage to the fingers from Raynaud’s phenomenon and pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure between the heart and lungs). Diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc): Skin involvement begins like in lsSSc but eventually involves the entire limb and often the trunk.

Systemic Sclerosis: Getting a Diagnosis

How Systemic Sclerosis Is Diagnosed
How Systemic Sclerosis Is Diagnosed
First Steps
Questions to Ask During the Diagnosis Process
After Your Diagnosis
A Word From Verywell

There are different types of systemic sclerosis, and the type you have may guide your doctor's treatment decisions. These types include: Limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (lcSSc): Skin involvement is limited to the hands/lower arms, feet/lower legs, and face. CREST Syndrome is a form of lcSSC. CREST stands for its most prominent features: calcinosis, Reynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasias. People with lcSSc may develop severe vascular complications including damage to the fingers from Raynaud’s phenomenon and pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure between the heart and lungs). Diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc): Skin involvement begins like in lsSSc but eventually involves the entire limb and often the trunk.

Microstomia: Background, Problem, Epidemiology Microstomia
Microstomia
Background
Definition and history
 3] Flaps that mobilize cheek or mental-area tissue (ie, Grimm or Bernard reconstructions), incorporate pedicled distal tissue (ie, pectoralis myocutaneous flap and deltopectoral flap), or bring in vascularized free tissue (radial forearm or fibula free flaps) are less likely to result in narrowing of the oral aperture. Autoimmune disease, mainly the calcinosis cutis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility disorder, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia (CREST) syndrome variant of scleroderma, can cause microstomia through contracture from severe sclerosis of the facial skin. These patients also have xerostomia, which places teeth at further risk due to loss of the protective effects of saliva. Decreased salivary flow and limited tongue mobility from fibrosis often leads to dysphagia. Ischemic changes in the gingiva lead to recurrent gingivitis and mobile teeth. Furthermore, gastroesophageal reflux, part of the esophageal dysmotility of CREST syndrome, promotes erosion of the enamel layer of the teeth. A few congenital and inherited disorders have been associated with microstomia. Perhaps the most dramatically small mouths appear in children with Freeman-Sheldon syndrome (ie, craniocarpotarsal dysplasia, whistling baby syndrome). [ 4] Other disorders that may cause microstomia include Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, oro-palatal dysplasia, Fine-Lubinsky syndrome, restrictive dermopathy, types of epidermolysis bullosa, and, occasionally, Down syndrome and hemifacial microsomia (see the images below). Child with Freeman-Sheldon syndrome.

Microstomia: Background, Problem, Epidemiology

Microstomia
Microstomia
Background
Definition and history

3] Flaps that mobilize cheek or mental-area tissue (ie, Grimm or Bernard reconstructions), incorporate pedicled distal tissue (ie, pectoralis myocutaneous flap and deltopectoral flap), or bring in vascularized free tissue (radial forearm or fibula free flaps) are less likely to result in narrowing of the oral aperture. Autoimmune disease, mainly the calcinosis cutis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility disorder, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia (CREST) syndrome variant of scleroderma, can cause microstomia through contracture from severe sclerosis of the facial skin. These patients also have xerostomia, which places teeth at further risk due to loss of the protective effects of saliva. Decreased salivary flow and limited tongue mobility from fibrosis often leads to dysphagia. Ischemic changes in the gingiva lead to recurrent gingivitis and mobile teeth. Furthermore, gastroesophageal reflux, part of the esophageal dysmotility of CREST syndrome, promotes erosion of the enamel layer of the teeth. A few congenital and inherited disorders have been associated with microstomia. Perhaps the most dramatically small mouths appear in children with Freeman-Sheldon syndrome (ie, craniocarpotarsal dysplasia, whistling baby syndrome). [ 4] Other disorders that may cause microstomia include Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, oro-palatal dysplasia, Fine-Lubinsky syndrome, restrictive dermopathy, types of epidermolysis bullosa, and, occasionally, Down syndrome and hemifacial microsomia (see the images below). Child with Freeman-Sheldon syndrome.

Dysphagia Mnemonic - BEST USMLE Step 2 CS Mnemonics Dysphagia Mnemonic (difficulty swallowing) – BEST USMLE Step 2 CS Mnemonics
Dysphagia Mnemonic (difficulty swallowing) – BEST USMLE Step 2 CS Mnemonics
Dysphagia Mnemonic (difficulty swallowing):
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Dysphagia mnemonic
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
USEFUL LINKS:
 Check throat for erythema and exudate
Neck exam: Check for lymphadenopathy, thyromegaly
Cardiovascular exam: Auscultation
Pulmonary exam: Auscultation
Abdominal exam: Inspection, auscultation, palpation, percussion. Skin: check for signs of scleroderma/CREST. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Esophageal cancer (Dysphagia starts with Solids and progresses to liquids. Hx of chronic alcoholism, smoking & weight loss )
Achalasia (Dysphasia for BOTH solid and liquids)
Esophagitis (Pain on swallowing. Immunocompromised “e.g. HIV, Corticosteroids”)
Systemic Sclerosis (Look for CREST syndrome)
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ‘GERD’ ( Cough at nights, Hoarseness, sore throat)
Plummer-Vinson syndrome (Iron deficiency anemia, sore throat, craving ice, dirt, clay…)
Zenker diverticulum (Halitosis, regurgitation)
Pill-induced esophagitis (e.g. Bisphosphonates)
Mitral Stenosis (look for an immigrant or a pregnant female)
DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
CBC
Serum iron, ferritin, TIBC
Throat culture
HIV antibody and viral load, CD4 count
Chest X-ray
Barium swallow
Endoscopy
Esophageal manometry
Chest CT
USEFUL LINKS:

Dysphagia Mnemonic - BEST USMLE Step 2 CS Mnemonics

Dysphagia Mnemonic (difficulty swallowing) – BEST USMLE Step 2 CS Mnemonics
Dysphagia Mnemonic (difficulty swallowing) – BEST USMLE Step 2 CS Mnemonics
Dysphagia Mnemonic (difficulty swallowing):
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Dysphagia mnemonic
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
USEFUL LINKS:

Check throat for erythema and exudate
Neck exam: Check for lymphadenopathy, thyromegaly
Cardiovascular exam: Auscultation
Pulmonary exam: Auscultation
Abdominal exam: Inspection, auscultation, palpation, percussion. Skin: check for signs of scleroderma/CREST. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Esophageal cancer (Dysphagia starts with Solids and progresses to liquids. Hx of chronic alcoholism, smoking & weight loss )
Achalasia (Dysphasia for BOTH solid and liquids)
Esophagitis (Pain on swallowing. Immunocompromised “e.g. HIV, Corticosteroids”)
Systemic Sclerosis (Look for CREST syndrome)
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ‘GERD’ ( Cough at nights, Hoarseness, sore throat)
Plummer-Vinson syndrome (Iron deficiency anemia, sore throat, craving ice, dirt, clay…)
Zenker diverticulum (Halitosis, regurgitation)
Pill-induced esophagitis (e.g. Bisphosphonates)
Mitral Stenosis (look for an immigrant or a pregnant female)
DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
CBC
Serum iron, ferritin, TIBC
Throat culture
HIV antibody and viral load, CD4 count
Chest X-ray
Barium swallow
Endoscopy
Esophageal manometry
Chest CT
USEFUL LINKS:

UP Health System – Marquette Laboratory | ANALYZER PANEL
ANALYZER PANEL
General Information
Specimen Info
Only 1 specimen type required, unless otherwise specified
Methods
Clinical Utilities
CPT Codes
Reference Range
 Quest Valencia
Specimen Info
Only 1 specimen type required, unless otherwise specified
Volume: 4 mL (2 mL Minimum)
Temperature: Refrigerate
Tube Type: Serum
Collection Info: Lipemic, and moderately or grossly icteric and hemolyzed samples are not suitable for analysis. Specimen requirement must be met to prevent a QNS result. Methods
Indirect fluorescent antibody, Farr Radiobinding Assay,
Enzyme Immunoassay, Latex Immunoassay,
Immunochromatographic Membrane Assay,&
Turbidimetry. Clinical Utilities
This panel is used to aid in the screening and diagnosis of autoimmune disorders such as Mixed Connective Tissue Diseases, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Sjogren Syndrome, CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's syndrome, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia), Idiopathic Raynaud's Syndrome, drug induced lupus, ANA-negative lupus, diffuse scleroderma, etc., also including autoimmune thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, and atypical autoimmune disorders. Individual components are also available.

UP Health System – Marquette Laboratory | ANALYZER PANEL

ANALYZER PANEL
General Information
Specimen Info
Only 1 specimen type required, unless otherwise specified
Methods
Clinical Utilities
CPT Codes
Reference Range

Quest Valencia
Specimen Info
Only 1 specimen type required, unless otherwise specified
Volume: 4 mL (2 mL Minimum)
Temperature: Refrigerate
Tube Type: Serum
Collection Info: Lipemic, and moderately or grossly icteric and hemolyzed samples are not suitable for analysis. Specimen requirement must be met to prevent a QNS result. Methods
Indirect fluorescent antibody, Farr Radiobinding Assay,
Enzyme Immunoassay, Latex Immunoassay,
Immunochromatographic Membrane Assay,&
Turbidimetry. Clinical Utilities
This panel is used to aid in the screening and diagnosis of autoimmune disorders such as Mixed Connective Tissue Diseases, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Sjogren Syndrome, CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's syndrome, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia), Idiopathic Raynaud's Syndrome, drug induced lupus, ANA-negative lupus, diffuse scleroderma, etc., also including autoimmune thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, and atypical autoimmune disorders. Individual components are also available.

UP Health System – Marquette Laboratory | ANALYZER PANEL
ANALYZER PANEL
General Information
Specimen Info
Only 1 specimen type required, unless otherwise specified
Methods
Clinical Utilities
CPT Codes
Reference Range
 Specimen requirement must be met to prevent a QNS result. Methods
Indirect fluorescent antibody, Farr Radiobinding Assay,
Enzyme Immunoassay, Latex Immunoassay,
Immunochromatographic Membrane Assay,&
Turbidimetry. Clinical Utilities
This panel is used to aid in the screening and diagnosis of autoimmune disorders such as Mixed Connective Tissue Diseases, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Sjogren Syndrome, CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's syndrome, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia), Idiopathic Raynaud's Syndrome, drug induced lupus, ANA-negative lupus, diffuse scleroderma, etc., also including autoimmune thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, and atypical autoimmune disorders. Individual components are also available. Specialty offers ANAlyzer without ANA #1005 as a more focused evaluation for patients who have already been identified as ANA positive. Panel #1000 is more extensive since it can identify atypical autoimmune disorders as well. Specialty offers ANA with Reflex to ANAlyzer #1118 that includes the same components as panel #1000, where no specific antibody assays are performed on specimens with negative ANA screen. CPT Codes
83516, 86039, 86160x2, 86225, 86235x5, 86376, 86431
* The CPT codes provided are based on AMA guidelines and are for informational purposes only. CPT coding
is the sole responsibility of the billing party.

Specimen requirement must be met to prevent a QNS result. Methods
Indirect fluorescent antibody, Farr Radiobinding Assay,
Enzyme Immunoassay, Latex Immunoassay,
Immunochromatographic Membrane Assay,&
Turbidimetry. Clinical Utilities
This panel is used to aid in the screening and diagnosis of autoimmune disorders such as Mixed Connective Tissue Diseases, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Sjogren Syndrome, CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's syndrome, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia), Idiopathic Raynaud's Syndrome, drug induced lupus, ANA-negative lupus, diffuse scleroderma, etc., also including autoimmune thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, and atypical autoimmune disorders. Individual components are also available. Specialty offers ANAlyzer without ANA #1005 as a more focused evaluation for patients who have already been identified as ANA positive. Panel #1000 is more extensive since it can identify atypical autoimmune disorders as well. Specialty offers ANA with Reflex to ANAlyzer #1118 that includes the same components as panel #1000, where no specific antibody assays are performed on specimens with negative ANA screen. CPT Codes
83516, 86039, 86160x2, 86225, 86235x5, 86376, 86431
* The CPT codes provided are based on AMA guidelines and are for informational purposes only. CPT coding
is the sole responsibility of the billing party.

Belching and Heartburn: Common Related Medical Conditions Belching and Heartburn
Belching and Heartburn Esophagitis
Esophagitis, an inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, causes chest pain, nausea, and more. Eating certain foods
Certain foods can cause unusual and sometimes unpleasant side effects, such as bad breath and heartburn. Obesity
Obesity is having too much body fat, marked by a BMI of 30 or higher. Esophageal spasm
Esophageal spasms are sudden, painful contractions in the muscles of the esophagus. Barrett esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperthyroidism causes weight loss, shakiness, tiredness, sensitivity to heat, insomnia, and more. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body. Advertisement
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Belching and Heartburn: Common Related Medical Conditions

Belching and Heartburn
Belching and Heartburn

Esophagitis
Esophagitis, an inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, causes chest pain, nausea, and more. Eating certain foods
Certain foods can cause unusual and sometimes unpleasant side effects, such as bad breath and heartburn. Obesity
Obesity is having too much body fat, marked by a BMI of 30 or higher. Esophageal spasm
Esophageal spasms are sudden, painful contractions in the muscles of the esophagus. Barrett esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperthyroidism causes weight loss, shakiness, tiredness, sensitivity to heat, insomnia, and more. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body. Advertisement
Learn about WebMD Apps
Find WebMD on: Facebook
Twitter
Pinterest
View Site: Mobile | Desktop
About WebMD
|
Advertise With Us
|
Terms of Use
Privacy
|
Contact Us
AdChoices AdChoices
©2005-2015 WebMD, LLC.

CMA - Clinical: Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum Test ID: CMA
Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum

Test ID: CMA
Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum
Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful
Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.
Clinical Information
Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test
Reference Values
Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this.
Interpretation
Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results
Cautions
Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances
Clinical Reference
Recommendations for in-depth reading of a clinical nature
Special Instructions
Library of PDFs including pertinent information and forms related to the test
 CMA - Clinical: Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum
Web: mayocliniclabs.com
Email: mcl@mayo.edu
Telephone: 800-533-1710
International: +1 855-379-3115
Values are valid only on day of printing. Test ID: CMA
Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum
Download Test
Overview
Specimen
Clinical & Interpretive
Performance
Fees & Codes
Setup & Updates
Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful
Evaluating patients with clinical signs and symptoms compatible with systemic sclerosis including skin involvement, Raynaud phenomenon, and arthralgias
Aiding in the diagnosis of calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis (CREST) syndrome
Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests. See Connective Tissue Disease Cascade (CTDC) in Special Instructions.

CMA - Clinical: Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum

Test ID: CMA
Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum

Test ID: CMA
Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum
Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful
Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.
Clinical Information
Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test
Reference Values
Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this.
Interpretation
Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results
Cautions
Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances
Clinical Reference
Recommendations for in-depth reading of a clinical nature
Special Instructions
Library of PDFs including pertinent information and forms related to the test

CMA - Clinical: Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum
Web: mayocliniclabs.com
Email: mcl@mayo.edu
Telephone: 800-533-1710
International: +1 855-379-3115
Values are valid only on day of printing. Test ID: CMA
Centromere Antibodies, IgG, Serum
Download Test
Overview
Specimen
Clinical & Interpretive
Performance
Fees & Codes
Setup & Updates
Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful
Evaluating patients with clinical signs and symptoms compatible with systemic sclerosis including skin involvement, Raynaud phenomenon, and arthralgias
Aiding in the diagnosis of calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis (CREST) syndrome
Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests. See Connective Tissue Disease Cascade (CTDC) in Special Instructions.

Lymphocytic colitis: clinical features, treatment, and outcomes - ScienceDirect Lymphocytic colitis: clinical features, treatment, and outcomes
The American Journal of Gastroenterology
Original contribution
Lymphocytic colitis: clinical features, treatment, and outcomes
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Clinical features
Associated conditions
Laboratory features
Treatment and response
Discussion
References
 Associated conditions
Autoimmune diseases occurred in 43% of these patients. Thyroid dysfunction was present in 21%, diabetes mellitus in 10%, psoriasis in 5%, and rheumatoid arthritis in 2%. Other associated autoimmune diseases reported in these patients are listed in Table 3. Four patients had a history of colon cancer, preceding the diagnosis of lymphocytic colitis by 4, 8, 10, and 25 yr. Table 3. Associated Autoimmune Disorders
Disorder
%
Thyroid dysfunction
21
Diabetes mellitus
10
Celiac disease
5.9
Psoriasis
5.3
Rheumatoid arthritis
2.4
Sjogren’s syndrome
2.4
Raynaud’s phenomenon
2.4
Dermatomyositis
1.7
Polymyalgia rheumatica
1.2
Mixed CTD
1.2
CREST syndrome
1.2
Wegener’s granulomatosis
0.6
Bechet’s syndrome
0.6
Systemic lupus
0.6
CREST = calcinosis, Reynaud’s phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, telangiectasias; CTD = connective tissue disorder. Celiac sprue was present in 10 patients (6%). In three, the diagnoses of sprue and lymphocytic colitis were made simultaneously. One of these patients responded completely to a gluten-free diet, one patient had a partial response to a gluten-free diet with remission achieved after the addition of mesalamine, and one patient had no follow-up.

Lymphocytic colitis: clinical features, treatment, and outcomes - ScienceDirect

Lymphocytic colitis: clinical features, treatment, and outcomes
The American Journal of Gastroenterology
Original contribution
Lymphocytic colitis: clinical features, treatment, and outcomes
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Clinical features
Associated conditions
Laboratory features
Treatment and response
Discussion
References

Associated conditions
Autoimmune diseases occurred in 43% of these patients. Thyroid dysfunction was present in 21%, diabetes mellitus in 10%, psoriasis in 5%, and rheumatoid arthritis in 2%. Other associated autoimmune diseases reported in these patients are listed in Table 3. Four patients had a history of colon cancer, preceding the diagnosis of lymphocytic colitis by 4, 8, 10, and 25 yr. Table 3. Associated Autoimmune Disorders
Disorder
%
Thyroid dysfunction
21
Diabetes mellitus
10
Celiac disease
5.9
Psoriasis
5.3
Rheumatoid arthritis
2.4
Sjogren’s syndrome
2.4
Raynaud’s phenomenon
2.4
Dermatomyositis
1.7
Polymyalgia rheumatica
1.2
Mixed CTD
1.2
CREST syndrome
1.2
Wegener’s granulomatosis
0.6
Bechet’s syndrome
0.6
Systemic lupus
0.6
CREST = calcinosis, Reynaud’s phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, telangiectasias; CTD = connective tissue disorder. Celiac sprue was present in 10 patients (6%). In three, the diagnoses of sprue and lymphocytic colitis were made simultaneously. One of these patients responded completely to a gluten-free diet, one patient had a partial response to a gluten-free diet with remission achieved after the addition of mesalamine, and one patient had no follow-up.

14.00-Immune-Adult Disability Evaluation Under Social Security
14.00 Immune System Disorders - Adult

Medical/Professional Relations
Disability Evaluation Under Social Security
14.00 Immune System Disorders - Adult
E. How do we document and evaluate immune deficiency disorders, excluding HIV infection?
F. How do we document and evaluate HIV infection?
G. How do we consider the effects of treatment in evaluating your autoimmune disorder, immune deficiency disorder, or HIV infection?
 However, we will not purchase angiography or tissue biopsy. 3. Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) ( 14.04 ). a. General. Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) constitutes a spectrum of disease in which thickening of the skin is the clinical hallmark. Raynaud's phenomenon, often medically severe and progressive, is present frequently and may be the peripheral manifestation of a vasospastic abnormality in the heart, lungs, and kidneys. The CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) is a variant that may slowly progress over years to the generalized process, systemic sclerosis. b. Diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis. In diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (also known as diffuse scleroderma), major organ or systemic involvement can include the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, heart, kidneys, and muscle in addition to skin or blood vessels. Although arthritis can occur, joint dysfunction results primarily from soft tissue/cutaneous thickening, fibrosis, and contractures.

14.00-Immune-Adult

However, we will not purchase angiography or tissue biopsy. 3. Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) ( 14.04 ). a. General. Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) constitutes a spectrum of disease in which thickening of the skin is the clinical hallmark. Raynaud's phenomenon, often medically severe and progressive, is present frequently and may be the peripheral manifestation of a vasospastic abnormality in the heart, lungs, and kidneys. The CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) is a variant that may slowly progress over years to the generalized process, systemic sclerosis. b. Diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis. In diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (also known as diffuse scleroderma), major organ or systemic involvement can include the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, heart, kidneys, and muscle in addition to skin or blood vessels. Although arthritis can occur, joint dysfunction results primarily from soft tissue/cutaneous thickening, fibrosis, and contractures.

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis / Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | Cleveland Clinic Primary Biliary Cirrhosis / Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis / Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Overview
Claudia O. Zein, MD
 Signs and Symptoms
With the ready availability of automated blood chemistry testing, many cases are diagnosed in an asymptomatic phase. The most common initial symptom is fatigue, which occurs in approximately 70% of patients. Fatigue does not necessarily correlate with the severity of disease, and there is evidence suggesting central nervous system mediation of this symptom. Fatigue severity in PBC has been associated with excessive daytime somnolence, autonomic dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and depression. Pruritus is also a common symptom, occurring in 50% to 60% of patients. As the disease progresses, patients can develop symptoms of portal hypertension, such as variceal hemorrhage and ascites. Xanthomata, particularly around the eyes (xanthelasma), are commonly found in patients with PBC. PBC is also associated with metabolic bone disease, resulting in premature osteoporosis. As the disease progresses, there can be fat-soluble vitamin malabsorption caused by a decrease in the biliary secretion of bile acids. There is an increased frequency of other autoimmune disorders in patients with PBC, including autoimmune thyroid disease, sicca syndrome, CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, and telangiectasia), celiac disease, and inflammatory bowel disease.

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis / Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | Cleveland Clinic

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis / Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis / Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Overview
Claudia O. Zein, MD

Signs and Symptoms
With the ready availability of automated blood chemistry testing, many cases are diagnosed in an asymptomatic phase. The most common initial symptom is fatigue, which occurs in approximately 70% of patients. Fatigue does not necessarily correlate with the severity of disease, and there is evidence suggesting central nervous system mediation of this symptom. Fatigue severity in PBC has been associated with excessive daytime somnolence, autonomic dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and depression. Pruritus is also a common symptom, occurring in 50% to 60% of patients. As the disease progresses, patients can develop symptoms of portal hypertension, such as variceal hemorrhage and ascites. Xanthomata, particularly around the eyes (xanthelasma), are commonly found in patients with PBC. PBC is also associated with metabolic bone disease, resulting in premature osteoporosis. As the disease progresses, there can be fat-soluble vitamin malabsorption caused by a decrease in the biliary secretion of bile acids. There is an increased frequency of other autoimmune disorders in patients with PBC, including autoimmune thyroid disease, sicca syndrome, CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, and telangiectasia), celiac disease, and inflammatory bowel disease.

Difficulty swallowing, Swollen tonsils and Throat tightness: Common Related Medical Conditions Difficulty swallowing, Swollen tonsils and Throat tightness
Difficulty swallowing, Swollen tonsils and Throat tightness Esophagitis
Esophagitis, an inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, causes chest pain, nausea, and more. Barrett esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer starts in the lining of the esophagus and can cause difficulty swallowing. Tetanus
Tetanus is a potentially fatal toxic infection and causes stiffness in the jaw and neck, fever, and more. Hypothyroidism (infant and child)
Hypothyroidism in children can cause delayed growth, weight gain, a puffy face, a large tongue, and more. Chagas disease
Chagas disease is caused by a tropical parasite and can cause fever, ill feeling, and swelling around the eye. Throat cancer
Throat cancer can cause symptoms including difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and chronic cough. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body. Advertisement
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Difficulty swallowing, Swollen tonsils and Throat tightness: Common Related Medical Conditions

Difficulty swallowing, Swollen tonsils and Throat tightness
Difficulty swallowing, Swollen tonsils and Throat tightness

Esophagitis
Esophagitis, an inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, causes chest pain, nausea, and more. Barrett esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer starts in the lining of the esophagus and can cause difficulty swallowing. Tetanus
Tetanus is a potentially fatal toxic infection and causes stiffness in the jaw and neck, fever, and more. Hypothyroidism (infant and child)
Hypothyroidism in children can cause delayed growth, weight gain, a puffy face, a large tongue, and more. Chagas disease
Chagas disease is caused by a tropical parasite and can cause fever, ill feeling, and swelling around the eye. Throat cancer
Throat cancer can cause symptoms including difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and chronic cough. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body. Advertisement
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Find WebMD on: Facebook
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Difficulty swallowing, Palpitations (fluttering in chest) and Pressure or heaviness: Common Related Medical Conditions Difficulty swallowing, Palpitations (fluttering in chest) and Pressure or heaviness
Difficulty swallowing, Palpitations (fluttering in chest) and Pressure or heaviness Esophageal spasm
Esophageal spasms are sudden, painful contractions in the muscles of the esophagus. Tracheo-esophageal fistula
A tracheoesophageal is a birth defect that causes bluish skin, poor feeding, choking, coughing and drooling. Esophageal stricture
An esophageal stricture is a spot where the esophagus narrows causing swallowing to be difficult and painful. Bleeding esophageal varices
Esophageal varices are caused by high blood pressure and lead to a bloody cough and black, tarry stools. Aortic aneurysm (chest)
Thoracic aortic aneurysm is the swelling of the chest aorta and can cause chest or back pain. Barrett esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Scleroderma
Scleroderma is an uncommon immune disorder that causes collagen to build up in the tissue, making it harden. Hiatal hernia
When hiatal hernia symptoms do occur, they include chest pain and burning, sweating, a bitter taste and more. Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer starts in the lining of the esophagus and can cause difficulty swallowing. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body.

Difficulty swallowing, Palpitations (fluttering in chest) and Pressure or heaviness: Common Related Medical Conditions

Difficulty swallowing, Palpitations (fluttering in chest) and Pressure or heaviness
Difficulty swallowing, Palpitations (fluttering in chest) and Pressure or heaviness

Esophageal spasm
Esophageal spasms are sudden, painful contractions in the muscles of the esophagus. Tracheo-esophageal fistula
A tracheoesophageal is a birth defect that causes bluish skin, poor feeding, choking, coughing and drooling. Esophageal stricture
An esophageal stricture is a spot where the esophagus narrows causing swallowing to be difficult and painful. Bleeding esophageal varices
Esophageal varices are caused by high blood pressure and lead to a bloody cough and black, tarry stools. Aortic aneurysm (chest)
Thoracic aortic aneurysm is the swelling of the chest aorta and can cause chest or back pain. Barrett esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Scleroderma
Scleroderma is an uncommon immune disorder that causes collagen to build up in the tissue, making it harden. Hiatal hernia
When hiatal hernia symptoms do occur, they include chest pain and burning, sweating, a bitter taste and more. Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer starts in the lining of the esophagus and can cause difficulty swallowing. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body.

Choking on food, Difficulty swallowing and Food getting stuck (swallowing): Common Related Medical Conditions Choking on food, Difficulty swallowing and Food getting stuck (swallowing)
Choking on food, Difficulty swallowing and Food getting stuck (swallowing) Aortic aneurysm (chest)
Thoracic aortic aneurysm is the swelling of the chest aorta and can cause chest or back pain. Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer starts in the lining of the esophagus and can cause difficulty swallowing. Esophagitis
Esophagitis, an inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, causes chest pain, nausea, and more. Barrett esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Tracheo-esophageal fistula
A tracheoesophageal is a birth defect that causes bluish skin, poor feeding, choking, coughing and drooling. Chagas disease
Chagas disease is caused by a tropical parasite and can cause fever, ill feeling, and swelling around the eye. Hypothyroidism (infant and child)
Hypothyroidism in children can cause delayed growth, weight gain, a puffy face, a large tongue, and more. Tetanus
Tetanus is a potentially fatal toxic infection and causes stiffness in the jaw and neck, fever, and more. Achalasia
Achalasia is a condition that makes it hard for food and liquid to move from the esophagus into the stomach. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body.

Choking on food, Difficulty swallowing and Food getting stuck (swallowing): Common Related Medical Conditions

Choking on food, Difficulty swallowing and Food getting stuck (swallowing)
Choking on food, Difficulty swallowing and Food getting stuck (swallowing)

Aortic aneurysm (chest)
Thoracic aortic aneurysm is the swelling of the chest aorta and can cause chest or back pain. Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer starts in the lining of the esophagus and can cause difficulty swallowing. Esophagitis
Esophagitis, an inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, causes chest pain, nausea, and more. Barrett esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Tracheo-esophageal fistula
A tracheoesophageal is a birth defect that causes bluish skin, poor feeding, choking, coughing and drooling. Chagas disease
Chagas disease is caused by a tropical parasite and can cause fever, ill feeling, and swelling around the eye. Hypothyroidism (infant and child)
Hypothyroidism in children can cause delayed growth, weight gain, a puffy face, a large tongue, and more. Tetanus
Tetanus is a potentially fatal toxic infection and causes stiffness in the jaw and neck, fever, and more. Achalasia
Achalasia is a condition that makes it hard for food and liquid to move from the esophagus into the stomach. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body.

Calcinosis Cutis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology Calcinosis Cutis
Calcinosis Cutis
Background
What to Read Next on Medscape
 lupus erythematosus [ 4, 5, 6, 7] ; systemic sclerosis; and calcinosis cutis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, telangiectasias (CREST) syndrome. In dermatomyositis, calcification occurs 3 times more commonly in juvenile dermatomyositis than the adult-onset form and may be seen in 30-40% of patients. In the setting of dermatomyositis, calcinosis cutis is associated with longer disease duration, fingertip ulcers, and NXP-2 autoantibodies. There is a negative association with transcriptional intermediary factor 1-γ antibodies. [ 8] Typically, calcification is accentuated over joints, sparing the digits. Aggressive corticosteroid therapy decreases the incidence of calcification. In lupus erythematosus, calcification is rare and usually an insignificant incidental radiologic finding. Calcification occurs most frequently with long-standing systemic disease, and though calcification may develop in lesions of lupus profundus, it usually is not associated with panniculitis.

Calcinosis Cutis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

Calcinosis Cutis
Calcinosis Cutis
Background
What to Read Next on Medscape

lupus erythematosus [ 4, 5, 6, 7] ; systemic sclerosis; and calcinosis cutis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, telangiectasias (CREST) syndrome. In dermatomyositis, calcification occurs 3 times more commonly in juvenile dermatomyositis than the adult-onset form and may be seen in 30-40% of patients. In the setting of dermatomyositis, calcinosis cutis is associated with longer disease duration, fingertip ulcers, and NXP-2 autoantibodies. There is a negative association with transcriptional intermediary factor 1-γ antibodies. [ 8] Typically, calcification is accentuated over joints, sparing the digits. Aggressive corticosteroid therapy decreases the incidence of calcification. In lupus erythematosus, calcification is rare and usually an insignificant incidental radiologic finding. Calcification occurs most frequently with long-standing systemic disease, and though calcification may develop in lesions of lupus profundus, it usually is not associated with panniculitis.

Lymphocytic colitis: clinical features, treatment, and outcomes - ScienceDirect Lymphocytic colitis: clinical features, treatment, and outcomes
The American Journal of Gastroenterology
Original contribution
Lymphocytic colitis: clinical features, treatment, and outcomes
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Clinical features
Associated conditions
Laboratory features
Treatment and response
Discussion
References
 Associated Autoimmune Disorders
Disorder
%
Thyroid dysfunction
21
Diabetes mellitus
10
Celiac disease
5.9
Psoriasis
5.3
Rheumatoid arthritis
2.4
Sjogren’s syndrome
2.4
Raynaud’s phenomenon
2.4
Dermatomyositis
1.7
Polymyalgia rheumatica
1.2
Mixed CTD
1.2
CREST syndrome
1.2
Wegener’s granulomatosis
0.6
Bechet’s syndrome
0.6
Systemic lupus
0.6
CREST = calcinosis, Reynaud’s phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, telangiectasias; CTD = connective tissue disorder. Celiac sprue was present in 10 patients (6%). In three, the diagnoses of sprue and lymphocytic colitis were made simultaneously. One of these patients responded completely to a gluten-free diet, one patient had a partial response to a gluten-free diet with remission achieved after the addition of mesalamine, and one patient had no follow-up. In six patients, lymphocytic colitis was diagnosed after lack of response to a gluten-free diet (2) or because of recurrent diarrhea despite adherence to the diet (4). Of these latter six patients, four responded to therapy for lymphocytic colitis, and two had no follow-up. Finally, one patient was diagnosed with sprue after failing many therapies for lymphocytic colitis. This patient responded to a gluten-free diet. Laboratory features
For the most part, laboratory studies were normal or unremarkable.

Associated Autoimmune Disorders
Disorder
%
Thyroid dysfunction
21
Diabetes mellitus
10
Celiac disease
5.9
Psoriasis
5.3
Rheumatoid arthritis
2.4
Sjogren’s syndrome
2.4
Raynaud’s phenomenon
2.4
Dermatomyositis
1.7
Polymyalgia rheumatica
1.2
Mixed CTD
1.2
CREST syndrome
1.2
Wegener’s granulomatosis
0.6
Bechet’s syndrome
0.6
Systemic lupus
0.6
CREST = calcinosis, Reynaud’s phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, telangiectasias; CTD = connective tissue disorder. Celiac sprue was present in 10 patients (6%). In three, the diagnoses of sprue and lymphocytic colitis were made simultaneously. One of these patients responded completely to a gluten-free diet, one patient had a partial response to a gluten-free diet with remission achieved after the addition of mesalamine, and one patient had no follow-up. In six patients, lymphocytic colitis was diagnosed after lack of response to a gluten-free diet (2) or because of recurrent diarrhea despite adherence to the diet (4). Of these latter six patients, four responded to therapy for lymphocytic colitis, and two had no follow-up. Finally, one patient was diagnosed with sprue after failing many therapies for lymphocytic colitis. This patient responded to a gluten-free diet. Laboratory features
For the most part, laboratory studies were normal or unremarkable.

Difficulty swallowing, Ear ache, Gum sores and Pain or discomfort: Common Related Medical Conditions Difficulty swallowing, Ear ache, Gum sores and Pain or discomfort
Difficulty swallowing, Ear ache, Gum sores and Pain or discomfort Aortic aneurysm (chest)
Thoracic aortic aneurysm is the swelling of the chest aorta and can cause chest or back pain. Esophagitis
Esophagitis, an inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, causes chest pain, nausea, and more. Barrett esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer starts in the lining of the esophagus and can cause difficulty swallowing. Tetanus
Tetanus is a potentially fatal toxic infection and causes stiffness in the jaw and neck, fever, and more. Hypothyroidism (infant and child)
Hypothyroidism in children can cause delayed growth, weight gain, a puffy face, a large tongue, and more. Chagas disease
Chagas disease is caused by a tropical parasite and can cause fever, ill feeling, and swelling around the eye. Throat cancer
Throat cancer can cause symptoms including difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and chronic cough. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body. Advertisement
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Difficulty swallowing, Ear ache, Gum sores and Pain or discomfort: Common Related Medical Conditions

Difficulty swallowing, Ear ache, Gum sores and Pain or discomfort
Difficulty swallowing, Ear ache, Gum sores and Pain or discomfort

Aortic aneurysm (chest)
Thoracic aortic aneurysm is the swelling of the chest aorta and can cause chest or back pain. Esophagitis
Esophagitis, an inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, causes chest pain, nausea, and more. Barrett esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer starts in the lining of the esophagus and can cause difficulty swallowing. Tetanus
Tetanus is a potentially fatal toxic infection and causes stiffness in the jaw and neck, fever, and more. Hypothyroidism (infant and child)
Hypothyroidism in children can cause delayed growth, weight gain, a puffy face, a large tongue, and more. Chagas disease
Chagas disease is caused by a tropical parasite and can cause fever, ill feeling, and swelling around the eye. Throat cancer
Throat cancer can cause symptoms including difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and chronic cough. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body. Advertisement
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Bloating or fullness, Constipation, Difficulty swallowing and Increased passing gas: Common Related Medical Conditions Bloating or fullness, Constipation, Difficulty swallowing and Increased passing gas
Bloating or fullness, Constipation, Difficulty swallowing and Increased passing gas Thermal burn of mouth or tongue
A thermal burn of the mouth or tongue can cause pain, blisters, peeling skin, and temporary loss of taste. Bleeding esophageal varices
Esophageal varices are caused by high blood pressure and lead to a bloody cough and black, tarry stools. Depression (Adult)
Depression is a painful sadness that interferes with daily life and includes hopelessness, anxiety, and more. Aortic aneurysm (chest)
Thoracic aortic aneurysm is the swelling of the chest aorta and can cause chest or back pain. Esophagitis
Esophagitis, an inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, causes chest pain, nausea, and more. Barrett esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperthyroidism causes weight loss, shakiness, tiredness, sensitivity to heat, insomnia, and more. Chagas disease
Chagas disease is caused by a tropical parasite and can cause fever, ill feeling, and swelling around the eye. Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer starts in the lining of the esophagus and can cause difficulty swallowing. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body.

Bloating or fullness, Constipation, Difficulty swallowing and Increased passing gas: Common Related Medical Conditions

Bloating or fullness, Constipation, Difficulty swallowing and Increased passing gas
Bloating or fullness, Constipation, Difficulty swallowing and Increased passing gas

Thermal burn of mouth or tongue
A thermal burn of the mouth or tongue can cause pain, blisters, peeling skin, and temporary loss of taste. Bleeding esophageal varices
Esophageal varices are caused by high blood pressure and lead to a bloody cough and black, tarry stools. Depression (Adult)
Depression is a painful sadness that interferes with daily life and includes hopelessness, anxiety, and more. Aortic aneurysm (chest)
Thoracic aortic aneurysm is the swelling of the chest aorta and can cause chest or back pain. Esophagitis
Esophagitis, an inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, causes chest pain, nausea, and more. Barrett esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperthyroidism causes weight loss, shakiness, tiredness, sensitivity to heat, insomnia, and more. Chagas disease
Chagas disease is caused by a tropical parasite and can cause fever, ill feeling, and swelling around the eye. Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer starts in the lining of the esophagus and can cause difficulty swallowing. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body.

Difficulty swallowing and Upset stomach: Common Related Medical Conditions Difficulty swallowing and Upset stomach
Difficulty swallowing and Upset stomach Bleeding esophageal varices
Esophageal varices are caused by high blood pressure and lead to a bloody cough and black, tarry stools. Generalized anxiety disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder is a condition in which a person has nearly constant anxiety. Aortic aneurysm (chest)
Thoracic aortic aneurysm is the swelling of the chest aorta and can cause chest or back pain. Esophagitis
Esophagitis, an inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, causes chest pain, nausea, and more. Barrett esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer starts in the lining of the esophagus and can cause difficulty swallowing. Tetanus
Tetanus is a potentially fatal toxic infection and causes stiffness in the jaw and neck, fever, and more. Hypothyroidism (infant and child)
Hypothyroidism in children can cause delayed growth, weight gain, a puffy face, a large tongue, and more. Chagas disease
Chagas disease is caused by a tropical parasite and can cause fever, ill feeling, and swelling around the eye. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body.

Difficulty swallowing and Upset stomach: Common Related Medical Conditions

Difficulty swallowing and Upset stomach
Difficulty swallowing and Upset stomach

Bleeding esophageal varices
Esophageal varices are caused by high blood pressure and lead to a bloody cough and black, tarry stools. Generalized anxiety disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder is a condition in which a person has nearly constant anxiety. Aortic aneurysm (chest)
Thoracic aortic aneurysm is the swelling of the chest aorta and can cause chest or back pain. Esophagitis
Esophagitis, an inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, causes chest pain, nausea, and more. Barrett esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer starts in the lining of the esophagus and can cause difficulty swallowing. Tetanus
Tetanus is a potentially fatal toxic infection and causes stiffness in the jaw and neck, fever, and more. Hypothyroidism (infant and child)
Hypothyroidism in children can cause delayed growth, weight gain, a puffy face, a large tongue, and more. Chagas disease
Chagas disease is caused by a tropical parasite and can cause fever, ill feeling, and swelling around the eye. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body.

Difficulty swallowing, Pain or discomfort and Throat tightness: Common Related Medical Conditions Difficulty swallowing, Pain or discomfort and Throat tightness
Difficulty swallowing, Pain or discomfort and Throat tightness Esophagitis
Esophagitis, an inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, causes chest pain, nausea, and more. Barrett esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Tick bite
A tick-related illness may cause a rash that expands out from the site of the bite, fever, chills, and more. Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer starts in the lining of the esophagus and can cause difficulty swallowing. Tetanus
Tetanus is a potentially fatal toxic infection and causes stiffness in the jaw and neck, fever, and more. Hypothyroidism (infant and child)
Hypothyroidism in children can cause delayed growth, weight gain, a puffy face, a large tongue, and more. Chagas disease
Chagas disease is caused by a tropical parasite and can cause fever, ill feeling, and swelling around the eye. Throat cancer
Throat cancer can cause symptoms including difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and chronic cough. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body. Cat-scratch disease
Cat scratch disease is a bacterial infection caused by a cat scratch or bite.

Difficulty swallowing, Pain or discomfort and Throat tightness: Common Related Medical Conditions

Difficulty swallowing, Pain or discomfort and Throat tightness
Difficulty swallowing, Pain or discomfort and Throat tightness

Esophagitis
Esophagitis, an inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, causes chest pain, nausea, and more. Barrett esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Tick bite
A tick-related illness may cause a rash that expands out from the site of the bite, fever, chills, and more. Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer starts in the lining of the esophagus and can cause difficulty swallowing. Tetanus
Tetanus is a potentially fatal toxic infection and causes stiffness in the jaw and neck, fever, and more. Hypothyroidism (infant and child)
Hypothyroidism in children can cause delayed growth, weight gain, a puffy face, a large tongue, and more. Chagas disease
Chagas disease is caused by a tropical parasite and can cause fever, ill feeling, and swelling around the eye. Throat cancer
Throat cancer can cause symptoms including difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and chronic cough. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body. Cat-scratch disease
Cat scratch disease is a bacterial infection caused by a cat scratch or bite.

Heartburn and Upset stomach: Common Related Medical Conditions Heartburn and Upset stomach
Heartburn and Upset stomach Peptic ulcer
Peptic ulcers, sores in the lining of the stomach or upper intestine, cause abdominal pain, gas, and more. Gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestine that causes diarrhea and vomiting. Esophagitis
Esophagitis, an inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, causes chest pain, nausea, and more. Esophageal spasm
Esophageal spasms are sudden, painful contractions in the muscles of the esophagus. Hiatal hernia
When hiatal hernia symptoms do occur, they include chest pain and burning, sweating, a bitter taste and more. Obesity
Obesity is having too much body fat, marked by a BMI of 30 or higher. Generalized anxiety disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder is a condition in which a person has nearly constant anxiety. Barrett esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperthyroidism causes weight loss, shakiness, tiredness, sensitivity to heat, insomnia, and more. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body.

Heartburn and Upset stomach: Common Related Medical Conditions

Heartburn and Upset stomach
Heartburn and Upset stomach

Peptic ulcer
Peptic ulcers, sores in the lining of the stomach or upper intestine, cause abdominal pain, gas, and more. Gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestine that causes diarrhea and vomiting. Esophagitis
Esophagitis, an inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, causes chest pain, nausea, and more. Esophageal spasm
Esophageal spasms are sudden, painful contractions in the muscles of the esophagus. Hiatal hernia
When hiatal hernia symptoms do occur, they include chest pain and burning, sweating, a bitter taste and more. Obesity
Obesity is having too much body fat, marked by a BMI of 30 or higher. Generalized anxiety disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder is a condition in which a person has nearly constant anxiety. Barrett esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperthyroidism causes weight loss, shakiness, tiredness, sensitivity to heat, insomnia, and more. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body.

Difficulty swallowing, Hoarse voice and Loss of voice: Common Related Medical Conditions Difficulty swallowing, Hoarse voice and Loss of voice
Difficulty swallowing, Hoarse voice and Loss of voice Lung cancer (small cell)
Small cell lung cancer is the least common type of lung cancer and can cause a cough, chest pain, and more. Swallowed object
Symptoms of swallowing an object include coughing, choking, vomiting, throat pain, breathing trouble, and more. Bleeding esophageal varices
Esophageal varices are caused by high blood pressure and lead to a bloody cough and black, tarry stools. Esophagitis
Esophagitis, an inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, causes chest pain, nausea, and more. Barrett esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Tetanus
Tetanus is a potentially fatal toxic infection and causes stiffness in the jaw and neck, fever, and more. Throat cancer
Throat cancer can cause symptoms including difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and chronic cough. Hypothyroidism (infant and child)
Hypothyroidism in children can cause delayed growth, weight gain, a puffy face, a large tongue, and more. Chagas disease
Chagas disease is caused by a tropical parasite and can cause fever, ill feeling, and swelling around the eye. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body.

Difficulty swallowing, Hoarse voice and Loss of voice: Common Related Medical Conditions

Difficulty swallowing, Hoarse voice and Loss of voice
Difficulty swallowing, Hoarse voice and Loss of voice

Lung cancer (small cell)
Small cell lung cancer is the least common type of lung cancer and can cause a cough, chest pain, and more. Swallowed object
Symptoms of swallowing an object include coughing, choking, vomiting, throat pain, breathing trouble, and more. Bleeding esophageal varices
Esophageal varices are caused by high blood pressure and lead to a bloody cough and black, tarry stools. Esophagitis
Esophagitis, an inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, causes chest pain, nausea, and more. Barrett esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Tetanus
Tetanus is a potentially fatal toxic infection and causes stiffness in the jaw and neck, fever, and more. Throat cancer
Throat cancer can cause symptoms including difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and chronic cough. Hypothyroidism (infant and child)
Hypothyroidism in children can cause delayed growth, weight gain, a puffy face, a large tongue, and more. Chagas disease
Chagas disease is caused by a tropical parasite and can cause fever, ill feeling, and swelling around the eye. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body.

Constipation, Difficulty swallowing, Food getting stuck (swallowing) and Heartburn: Common Related Medical Conditions Constipation, Difficulty swallowing, Food getting stuck (swallowing) and Heartburn
Constipation, Difficulty swallowing, Food getting stuck (swallowing) and Heartburn Diverticulosis
Diverticulosis is a condition of the colon and causes pain, cramping, infection, bleeding, and other symptoms. Hiatal hernia
When hiatal hernia symptoms do occur, they include chest pain and burning, sweating, a bitter taste and more. Rectal cancer
Rectal cancer appears in the rectum and causes bloody stool and constipation. Depression (Adult)
Depression is a painful sadness that interferes with daily life and includes hopelessness, anxiety, and more. Bleeding esophageal varices
Esophageal varices are caused by high blood pressure and lead to a bloody cough and black, tarry stools. Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer starts in the lining of the esophagus and can cause difficulty swallowing. Aortic aneurysm (chest)
Thoracic aortic aneurysm is the swelling of the chest aorta and can cause chest or back pain. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body. Chagas disease
Chagas disease is caused by a tropical parasite and can cause fever, ill feeling, and swelling around the eye. Achalasia
Achalasia is a condition that makes it hard for food and liquid to move from the esophagus into the stomach.

Constipation, Difficulty swallowing, Food getting stuck (swallowing) and Heartburn: Common Related Medical Conditions

Constipation, Difficulty swallowing, Food getting stuck (swallowing) and Heartburn
Constipation, Difficulty swallowing, Food getting stuck (swallowing) and Heartburn

Diverticulosis
Diverticulosis is a condition of the colon and causes pain, cramping, infection, bleeding, and other symptoms. Hiatal hernia
When hiatal hernia symptoms do occur, they include chest pain and burning, sweating, a bitter taste and more. Rectal cancer
Rectal cancer appears in the rectum and causes bloody stool and constipation. Depression (Adult)
Depression is a painful sadness that interferes with daily life and includes hopelessness, anxiety, and more. Bleeding esophageal varices
Esophageal varices are caused by high blood pressure and lead to a bloody cough and black, tarry stools. Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer starts in the lining of the esophagus and can cause difficulty swallowing. Aortic aneurysm (chest)
Thoracic aortic aneurysm is the swelling of the chest aorta and can cause chest or back pain. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body. Chagas disease
Chagas disease is caused by a tropical parasite and can cause fever, ill feeling, and swelling around the eye. Achalasia
Achalasia is a condition that makes it hard for food and liquid to move from the esophagus into the stomach.

Difficulty swallowing and Stiff neck: Common Related Medical Conditions Difficulty swallowing and Stiff neck
Difficulty swallowing and Stiff neck Esophagitis
Esophagitis, an inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, causes chest pain, nausea, and more. Barrett esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer starts in the lining of the esophagus and can cause difficulty swallowing. Tetanus
Tetanus is a potentially fatal toxic infection and causes stiffness in the jaw and neck, fever, and more. Hypothyroidism (infant and child)
Hypothyroidism in children can cause delayed growth, weight gain, a puffy face, a large tongue, and more. Chagas disease
Chagas disease is caused by a tropical parasite and can cause fever, ill feeling, and swelling around the eye. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body. Throat cancer
Throat cancer can cause symptoms including difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and chronic cough. Advertisement
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Pinterest
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Difficulty swallowing and Stiff neck: Common Related Medical Conditions

Difficulty swallowing and Stiff neck
Difficulty swallowing and Stiff neck

Esophagitis
Esophagitis, an inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, causes chest pain, nausea, and more. Barrett esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer starts in the lining of the esophagus and can cause difficulty swallowing. Tetanus
Tetanus is a potentially fatal toxic infection and causes stiffness in the jaw and neck, fever, and more. Hypothyroidism (infant and child)
Hypothyroidism in children can cause delayed growth, weight gain, a puffy face, a large tongue, and more. Chagas disease
Chagas disease is caused by a tropical parasite and can cause fever, ill feeling, and swelling around the eye. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body. Throat cancer
Throat cancer can cause symptoms including difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and chronic cough. Advertisement
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Calcinosis Cutis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology Calcinosis Cutis
Calcinosis Cutis
Background
What to Read Next on Medscape
 Pilomatrixoma, or calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe, is the most common tumor that becomes calcified. Epithelial cysts and syringomas also have a significant tendency to calcify. Foci of calcification commonly are seen in histologic sections of basal cell carcinomas. In rare cases, melanocytic nevi, malignant melanoma, atypical fibroxanthoma, hemangioma, pyogenic granuloma, seborrheic keratoses, neurilemomas, and trichoepitheliomas show foci of calcification. Generalized tissue damage
Connective tissue diseases
Examples are dermatomyositis [ 2, 3] ; lupus erythematosus [ 4, 5, 6, 7] ; systemic sclerosis; and calcinosis cutis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, telangiectasias (CREST) syndrome. In dermatomyositis, calcification occurs 3 times more commonly in juvenile dermatomyositis than the adult-onset form and may be seen in 30-40% of patients. In the setting of dermatomyositis, calcinosis cutis is associated with longer disease duration, fingertip ulcers, and NXP-2 autoantibodies.

Pilomatrixoma, or calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe, is the most common tumor that becomes calcified. Epithelial cysts and syringomas also have a significant tendency to calcify. Foci of calcification commonly are seen in histologic sections of basal cell carcinomas. In rare cases, melanocytic nevi, malignant melanoma, atypical fibroxanthoma, hemangioma, pyogenic granuloma, seborrheic keratoses, neurilemomas, and trichoepitheliomas show foci of calcification. Generalized tissue damage
Connective tissue diseases
Examples are dermatomyositis [ 2, 3] ; lupus erythematosus [ 4, 5, 6, 7] ; systemic sclerosis; and calcinosis cutis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, telangiectasias (CREST) syndrome. In dermatomyositis, calcification occurs 3 times more commonly in juvenile dermatomyositis than the adult-onset form and may be seen in 30-40% of patients. In the setting of dermatomyositis, calcinosis cutis is associated with longer disease duration, fingertip ulcers, and NXP-2 autoantibodies.

Numbness or tingling, Numbness or tingling, Overweight and Pain or discomfort: Common Related Medical Conditions Numbness or tingling (Fingers), Numbness or tingling (Foot (top)), Overweight and Pain or discomfort
Numbness or tingling (Fingers), Numbness or tingling (Foot (top)), Overweight and Pain or discomfort Esophageal spasm
Esophageal spasms are sudden, painful contractions in the muscles of the esophagus. Lumbar spinal stenosis
Lumbar spinal stenosis is a condition that can cause pain in the lower back, buttocks, legs, and feet. Esophageal stricture
An esophageal stricture is a spot where the esophagus narrows causing swallowing to be difficult and painful. Broken (fractured) breastbone
A broken breastbone is an emergency and may cause pain, swelling, bruising, and difficulty breathing. Bleeding esophageal varices
Esophageal varices are caused by high blood pressure and lead to a bloody cough and black, tarry stools. Barrett esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Frostbite
Frostbite happens when the skin and the tissue freezes, causing pins and needles, numbness, and pain. Thoracic spinal stenosis
Thoracic spinal stenosis can cause pain in your back and legs, loss of bladder or bowel function, and more. Osteomyelitis (bone infection)
Osteomyelitis is an infection of a bone that causes pain, swelling, and redness. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body.

Numbness or tingling, Numbness or tingling, Overweight and Pain or discomfort: Common Related Medical Conditions

Numbness or tingling (Fingers), Numbness or tingling (Foot (top)), Overweight and Pain or discomfort
Numbness or tingling (Fingers), Numbness or tingling (Foot (top)), Overweight and Pain or discomfort

Esophageal spasm
Esophageal spasms are sudden, painful contractions in the muscles of the esophagus. Lumbar spinal stenosis
Lumbar spinal stenosis is a condition that can cause pain in the lower back, buttocks, legs, and feet. Esophageal stricture
An esophageal stricture is a spot where the esophagus narrows causing swallowing to be difficult and painful. Broken (fractured) breastbone
A broken breastbone is an emergency and may cause pain, swelling, bruising, and difficulty breathing. Bleeding esophageal varices
Esophageal varices are caused by high blood pressure and lead to a bloody cough and black, tarry stools. Barrett esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Frostbite
Frostbite happens when the skin and the tissue freezes, causing pins and needles, numbness, and pain. Thoracic spinal stenosis
Thoracic spinal stenosis can cause pain in your back and legs, loss of bladder or bowel function, and more. Osteomyelitis (bone infection)
Osteomyelitis is an infection of a bone that causes pain, swelling, and redness. CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body.