Question: how is the oil pollution act of 1990 effect oil companies

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
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The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) (101 H.R.1465, P.L. 101-380) was passed by the 101st United States Congress and signed by President George H. W. Bush. It works to avoid oil spills from vessels and facilities by enforcing removal of spilled oil and assigning liability for the cost of cleanup and damage; requires specific operating procedures; defines responsible parties and financial liability; implements processes for measuring damages; specifies damages for which violators are liable; and establishes a fund for damages, cleanup, and removal costs. This statute has resulted in instrumental changes in the oil production, transportation, and distribution industries. Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Long title
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Public Law 101-380, August 18, 1990
Enacted by
the 101st United States Congress
Effective
August 18, 1990
Citations
Public law
101-380
Statutes at Large
104 Stat. 484
Codification
Titles amended
33 U.S.C.:

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Language
Watch
Edit
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) (101 H.R.1465, P.L. 101-380) was passed by the 101st United States Congress and signed by President George H. W. Bush. It works to avoid oil spills from vessels and facilities by enforcing removal of spilled oil and assigning liability for the cost of cleanup and damage; requires specific operating procedures; defines responsible parties and financial liability; implements processes for measuring damages; specifies damages for which violators are liable; and establishes a fund for damages, cleanup, and removal costs. This statute has resulted in instrumental changes in the oil production, transportation, and distribution industries. Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Long title
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Public Law 101-380, August 18, 1990
Enacted by
the 101st United States Congress
Effective
August 18, 1990
Citations
Public law
101-380
Statutes at Large
104 Stat. 484
Codification
Titles amended
33 U.S.C.:

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 specifies damages for which violators are liable; and establishes a fund for damages, cleanup, and removal costs. This statute has resulted in instrumental changes in the oil production, transportation, and distribution industries. [ 3]
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
History/Background
Heavy sheens of oil as visible on the surface of the water in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Laws governing oil spills in the United States began in 1851 with the Limitation of Liability Act. This statue, in an attempt to protect the shipping industry, stated that vessel owners were liable for incident-related costs up to the post-incident value of their vessel. The shortcomings of this law were revealed in 1967 with the release of over 100,000 tons of crude oil into the English Channel from the Torrey Canyon. Of the $8 million of cleanup-related costs, the owners of the Torrey Canyon were held liable for only $50—the value of the only remaining Torrey Canyon lifeboat. In the meantime, the Oil Pollution Act of 1924 had passed, but this statue only limited liability for deliberate discharge of oil into marine waters. [ 4]
Two years following the Torrey Canyon spill, an oil platform eruption in the Santa Barbara Channel made national headlines and thrust oil pollution into the public spot light.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader

Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties

specifies damages for which violators are liable; and establishes a fund for damages, cleanup, and removal costs. This statute has resulted in instrumental changes in the oil production, transportation, and distribution industries. [ 3]
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
History/Background
Heavy sheens of oil as visible on the surface of the water in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Laws governing oil spills in the United States began in 1851 with the Limitation of Liability Act. This statue, in an attempt to protect the shipping industry, stated that vessel owners were liable for incident-related costs up to the post-incident value of their vessel. The shortcomings of this law were revealed in 1967 with the release of over 100,000 tons of crude oil into the English Channel from the Torrey Canyon. Of the $8 million of cleanup-related costs, the owners of the Torrey Canyon were held liable for only $50—the value of the only remaining Torrey Canyon lifeboat. In the meantime, the Oil Pollution Act of 1924 had passed, but this statue only limited liability for deliberate discharge of oil into marine waters. [ 4]
Two years following the Torrey Canyon spill, an oil platform eruption in the Santa Barbara Channel made national headlines and thrust oil pollution into the public spot light.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 agreed to by the Senate on August 2, 1990 ( 99-0) and by the House on August 4, 1990 ( 360-0)
Signed into law by President George H. W. Bush on August 18, 1990
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The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) (101 H.R.1465, P.L. 101-380) [1] was passed by the 101st United States Congress and signed by President George H. W. Bush. [ 2] It works to avoid oil spills from vessels and facilities by enforcing removal of spilled oil and assigning liability for the cost of cleanup and damage; requires specific operating procedures; defines responsible parties and financial liability; implements processes for measuring damages; specifies damages for which violators are liable; and establishes a fund for damages, cleanup, and removal costs. This statute has resulted in instrumental changes in the oil production, transportation, and distribution industries. [ 3]
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
History/Background
Heavy sheens of oil as visible on the surface of the water in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Laws governing oil spills in the United States began in 1851 with the Limitation of Liability Act.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 specifies damages for which violators are liable; and establishes a fund for damages, cleanup, and removal costs. This statute has resulted in instrumental changes in the oil production, transportation, and distribution industries. Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Long title
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Public Law 101-380, August 18, 1990
Enacted by
the 101st United States Congress
Effective
August 18, 1990
Citations
Public law
101-380
Statutes at Large
104 Stat. 484
Codification
Titles amended
33 U.S.C.: Navigable Waters
U.S.C. sections created
33 U.S.C. ch. 40 § 2701
Legislative history

Contents
1
History/Background
2
Enactment timeline
3
Key Content (Titles)[1]
4
Enforcement
5
Concerns and reactions
6
Long-term effects of OPA
7
International treaties
8
See also
9
References
10
External links
History/Background
Heavy sheens of oil as visible on the surface of the water in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Laws governing oil spills in the United States began in 1851 with the Limitation of Liability Act. This statue, in an attempt to protect the shipping industry, stated that vessel owners were liable for incident-related costs up to the post-incident value of their vessel. The shortcomings of this law were revealed in 1967 with the release of over 100,000 tons of crude oil into the English Channel from the Torrey Canyon.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

specifies damages for which violators are liable; and establishes a fund for damages, cleanup, and removal costs. This statute has resulted in instrumental changes in the oil production, transportation, and distribution industries. Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Long title
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Public Law 101-380, August 18, 1990
Enacted by
the 101st United States Congress
Effective
August 18, 1990
Citations
Public law
101-380
Statutes at Large
104 Stat. 484
Codification
Titles amended
33 U.S.C.: Navigable Waters
U.S.C. sections created
33 U.S.C. ch. 40 § 2701
Legislative history

Contents
1
History/Background
2
Enactment timeline
3
Key Content (Titles)[1]
4
Enforcement
5
Concerns and reactions
6
Long-term effects of OPA
7
International treaties
8
See also
9
References
10
External links
History/Background
Heavy sheens of oil as visible on the surface of the water in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Laws governing oil spills in the United States began in 1851 with the Limitation of Liability Act. This statue, in an attempt to protect the shipping industry, stated that vessel owners were liable for incident-related costs up to the post-incident value of their vessel. The shortcomings of this law were revealed in 1967 with the release of over 100,000 tons of crude oil into the English Channel from the Torrey Canyon.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 Enforcement
A responsible party under the Oil Pollution Act is one who is found accountable for the discharge or substantial threat of discharge of oil from a vessel or facility into navigable waters, exclusive economic zones, or the shorelines of such covered waters. Responsible parties are strictly, jointly, and severally liable for the cost of removing the oil in addition to any damages linked to the discharge. Unlike the liability for removal costs which are uncapped, liability for damages is limited as discussed in further detail below. Furthermore, the Oil Pollution Act allows for additional liability enacted by other relevant state laws. [ 10]
Under the Oil Pollution Act, federal, tribal, state, and any other person can recover removal costs from a responsible party so long as such entity has incurred costs from carrying out oil removal activities in accordance with the Clean Water Act National Contingency Plan. Reimbursement claims must first be made to the responsible party. If the potentially responsible party refutes liability or fails to distribute the reimbursement within 90 days of the claim, the claimant may file suit in court or bring the claim to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund described below. In some instances, claims for removal cost reimbursement can be initially brought to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund thus sidestepping the responsible party. For example, claimants advised by the EPA, governors of affected states, and American claimants for incidents involving foreign vessels or facilities may initially present their claims to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund. When claims for removal cost reimbursement are brought to the fund, the claimant must prove that removal costs were sustained from activities required to avoid or alleviate effects of the incident and that such actions were approved or directed by the federal on-scene coordinator. [

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 Oil Pollution Research and Development Program
Title VIII. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle A – Improvements to Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle B – Penalties
Subtitle C – Provisions Applicable to Alaska Natives
Title IX. Amendments to Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, Etc. Enforcement
A responsible party under the Oil Pollution Act is one who is found accountable for the discharge or substantial threat of discharge of oil from a vessel or facility into navigable waters, exclusive economic zones, or the shorelines of such covered waters. Responsible parties are strictly, jointly, and severally liable for the cost of removing the oil in addition to any damages linked to the discharge. Unlike the liability for removal costs which are uncapped, liability for damages is limited as discussed in further detail below. Furthermore, the Oil Pollution Act allows for additional liability enacted by other relevant state laws. Under the Oil Pollution Act, federal, tribal, state, and any other person can recover removal costs from a responsible party so long as such entity has incurred costs from carrying out oil removal activities in accordance with the Clean Water Act National Contingency Plan. Reimbursement claims must first be made to the responsible party. If the potentially responsible party refutes liability or fails to distribute the reimbursement within 90 days of the claim, the claimant may file suit in court or bring the claim to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund described below.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

Oil Pollution Research and Development Program
Title VIII. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle A – Improvements to Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle B – Penalties
Subtitle C – Provisions Applicable to Alaska Natives
Title IX. Amendments to Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, Etc. Enforcement
A responsible party under the Oil Pollution Act is one who is found accountable for the discharge or substantial threat of discharge of oil from a vessel or facility into navigable waters, exclusive economic zones, or the shorelines of such covered waters. Responsible parties are strictly, jointly, and severally liable for the cost of removing the oil in addition to any damages linked to the discharge. Unlike the liability for removal costs which are uncapped, liability for damages is limited as discussed in further detail below. Furthermore, the Oil Pollution Act allows for additional liability enacted by other relevant state laws. Under the Oil Pollution Act, federal, tribal, state, and any other person can recover removal costs from a responsible party so long as such entity has incurred costs from carrying out oil removal activities in accordance with the Clean Water Act National Contingency Plan. Reimbursement claims must first be made to the responsible party. If the potentially responsible party refutes liability or fails to distribute the reimbursement within 90 days of the claim, the claimant may file suit in court or bring the claim to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund described below.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 Unlike the liability for removal costs which are uncapped, liability for damages is limited as discussed in further detail below. Furthermore, the Oil Pollution Act allows for additional liability enacted by other relevant state laws. Under the Oil Pollution Act, federal, tribal, state, and any other person can recover removal costs from a responsible party so long as such entity has incurred costs from carrying out oil removal activities in accordance with the Clean Water Act National Contingency Plan. Reimbursement claims must first be made to the responsible party. If the potentially responsible party refutes liability or fails to distribute the reimbursement within 90 days of the claim, the claimant may file suit in court or bring the claim to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund described below. In some instances, claims for removal cost reimbursement can be initially brought to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund thus sidestepping the responsible party. For example, claimants advised by the EPA, governors of affected states, and American claimants for incidents involving foreign vessels or facilities may initially present their claims to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund. When claims for removal cost reimbursement are brought to the fund, the claimant must prove that removal costs were sustained from activities required to avoid or alleviate effects of the incident and that such actions were approved or directed by the federal on-scene coordinator. In a manner similar to that described above, costs for damages can be recovered from a responsible party. However, the Oil Pollution Act only covers certain categories of damages.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

Unlike the liability for removal costs which are uncapped, liability for damages is limited as discussed in further detail below. Furthermore, the Oil Pollution Act allows for additional liability enacted by other relevant state laws. Under the Oil Pollution Act, federal, tribal, state, and any other person can recover removal costs from a responsible party so long as such entity has incurred costs from carrying out oil removal activities in accordance with the Clean Water Act National Contingency Plan. Reimbursement claims must first be made to the responsible party. If the potentially responsible party refutes liability or fails to distribute the reimbursement within 90 days of the claim, the claimant may file suit in court or bring the claim to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund described below. In some instances, claims for removal cost reimbursement can be initially brought to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund thus sidestepping the responsible party. For example, claimants advised by the EPA, governors of affected states, and American claimants for incidents involving foreign vessels or facilities may initially present their claims to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund. When claims for removal cost reimbursement are brought to the fund, the claimant must prove that removal costs were sustained from activities required to avoid or alleviate effects of the incident and that such actions were approved or directed by the federal on-scene coordinator. In a manner similar to that described above, costs for damages can be recovered from a responsible party. However, the Oil Pollution Act only covers certain categories of damages.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
What Is the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Key Takeaways
Understanding the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Liability Under the OPA
 Broadened enforcement authority. Increased penalties for polluters. Further research and development programs for cleanup and storage technology. Increased potential liabilities. Increased financial responsibility requirements. Liability Under the OPA
A primary emphasis of the OPA is the liability, financial and otherwise, which the act imposes on any party found to be responsible for a destructive oil spill. Any firm identified as a responsible party is subject to virtually unlimited cleanup costs. However, any claimant seeking reimbursement for cleanup costs must first request it directly from the guilty party. If the responsible party refuses, a claimant can then take legal action against the firm or seek it directly from a federally established Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund. Establishment of the Liability Trust Fund came in 1986, before the Valdez incident.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
What Is the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Key Takeaways
Understanding the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Liability Under the OPA

Broadened enforcement authority. Increased penalties for polluters. Further research and development programs for cleanup and storage technology. Increased potential liabilities. Increased financial responsibility requirements. Liability Under the OPA
A primary emphasis of the OPA is the liability, financial and otherwise, which the act imposes on any party found to be responsible for a destructive oil spill. Any firm identified as a responsible party is subject to virtually unlimited cleanup costs. However, any claimant seeking reimbursement for cleanup costs must first request it directly from the guilty party. If the responsible party refuses, a claimant can then take legal action against the firm or seek it directly from a federally established Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund. Establishment of the Liability Trust Fund came in 1986, before the Valdez incident.

Oil Spill Pollution | Environmental Pollution Centers Oil Spill Pollution
Oil Spill Pollution
Definition
The Oil Pollution Act
How Does Oil Spill Pollution Affect Us?
Directly
Indirectly
How Does an Oil Spill Behave in the Environment?
 This regulation was meant to prevent and prepare emergency responses to oil spills. The Oil Spill Pollution Act: established new requirements and amended the U.S. Federal Water Pollution Control Act in order to provide enhanced capabilities for oil spill response and natural resource damage assessment; required the Coast Guard to strengthen its regulations on oil tank vessels; included the specification that companies must have a cleanup plan in order to prevent spills that may occur and a detailed containment; imposed liability for injuries, removal costs, and damages from incidents involving the discharge of oil into navigable waters or adjoining shorelines. How Does Oil Spill Pollution Affect Us? These organic compounds may affect the wildlife (including fish and birds) and humans in various ways: Directly
by direct contact with the skin - some of the oil components could be irritants to the skin and may also penetrate into our bodies via skin absorption
through inhalation - many individual components of oil are volatile and thus may easily evaporate and while breathing can enter our bodies. Some less volatile compounds (such as PAHs) may adsorb on dust and other small particulate matter suspended in the breathing air and may get into our bodies through inhalation of small particulate matter from the air
through ingestion of contaminated water and/or particles
through emitted odors - How many of us have smelled gasoline or diesel/fuel oil and noticed the strong unpleasant smell?

Oil Spill Pollution | Environmental Pollution Centers

Oil Spill Pollution
Oil Spill Pollution
Definition
The Oil Pollution Act
How Does Oil Spill Pollution Affect Us?
Directly
Indirectly
How Does an Oil Spill Behave in the Environment?

This regulation was meant to prevent and prepare emergency responses to oil spills. The Oil Spill Pollution Act: established new requirements and amended the U.S. Federal Water Pollution Control Act in order to provide enhanced capabilities for oil spill response and natural resource damage assessment; required the Coast Guard to strengthen its regulations on oil tank vessels; included the specification that companies must have a cleanup plan in order to prevent spills that may occur and a detailed containment; imposed liability for injuries, removal costs, and damages from incidents involving the discharge of oil into navigable waters or adjoining shorelines. How Does Oil Spill Pollution Affect Us? These organic compounds may affect the wildlife (including fish and birds) and humans in various ways: Directly
by direct contact with the skin - some of the oil components could be irritants to the skin and may also penetrate into our bodies via skin absorption
through inhalation - many individual components of oil are volatile and thus may easily evaporate and while breathing can enter our bodies. Some less volatile compounds (such as PAHs) may adsorb on dust and other small particulate matter suspended in the breathing air and may get into our bodies through inhalation of small particulate matter from the air
through ingestion of contaminated water and/or particles
through emitted odors - How many of us have smelled gasoline or diesel/fuel oil and noticed the strong unpleasant smell?

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
What Is the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Key Takeaways
Understanding the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Liability Under the OPA
 Key Takeaways
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 expanded the power of federal agencies to prevent and punish mass oil spills. It was passed by the U.S. Congress in response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. The act was passed as an amendment to the Clean Water Act of 1972. Understanding the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The Oil Pollution Act was designed to establish a comprehensive federal framework that would prevent future spills and develop cleanup procedures in the case of a spill-related emergency. Primary enforcement and administration of the act are by the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Before passage of the OPA, federal pollution legislation had been an ineffective web of weak enforcement and insufficient liability for polluters. The OPA sought to solve this problem by establishing stricter standards for the maritime transportation of oil: New requirements for construction of vessels and training of personnel. Contingency planning requirements. Enhanced federal response capability.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Key Takeaways
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 expanded the power of federal agencies to prevent and punish mass oil spills. It was passed by the U.S. Congress in response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. The act was passed as an amendment to the Clean Water Act of 1972. Understanding the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The Oil Pollution Act was designed to establish a comprehensive federal framework that would prevent future spills and develop cleanup procedures in the case of a spill-related emergency. Primary enforcement and administration of the act are by the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Before passage of the OPA, federal pollution legislation had been an ineffective web of weak enforcement and insufficient liability for polluters. The OPA sought to solve this problem by establishing stricter standards for the maritime transportation of oil: New requirements for construction of vessels and training of personnel. Contingency planning requirements. Enhanced federal response capability.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
What Is the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Key Takeaways
Understanding the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Liability Under the OPA
 Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Commodities Oil
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
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James Chen, CMT, is the former director of investing and trading content at Investopedia. He is an expert trader, investment adviser, and global market strategist. Learn about our editorial policies
James Chen
Updated Oct 8, 2019
What Is the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The U.S. Congress enacted the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) to streamline and strengthen the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) power to prevent oil spills. It was passed as an amendment to the Clean Water Act of 1972 following the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 is one of the most wide-reaching and critical pieces of environmental legislation ever passed. Key Takeaways
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 expanded the power of federal agencies to prevent and punish mass oil spills. It was passed by the U.S. Congress in response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. The act was passed as an amendment to the Clean Water Act of 1972. Understanding the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The Oil Pollution Act was designed to establish a comprehensive federal framework that would prevent future spills and develop cleanup procedures in the case of a spill-related emergency. Primary enforcement and administration of the act are by the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Commodities Oil
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
By
Full Bio
Follow
LinkedIn with Background
Linkedin
Follow Twitter
James Chen, CMT, is the former director of investing and trading content at Investopedia. He is an expert trader, investment adviser, and global market strategist. Learn about our editorial policies
James Chen
Updated Oct 8, 2019
What Is the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The U.S. Congress enacted the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) to streamline and strengthen the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) power to prevent oil spills. It was passed as an amendment to the Clean Water Act of 1972 following the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 is one of the most wide-reaching and critical pieces of environmental legislation ever passed. Key Takeaways
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 expanded the power of federal agencies to prevent and punish mass oil spills. It was passed by the U.S. Congress in response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. The act was passed as an amendment to the Clean Water Act of 1972. Understanding the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The Oil Pollution Act was designed to establish a comprehensive federal framework that would prevent future spills and develop cleanup procedures in the case of a spill-related emergency. Primary enforcement and administration of the act are by the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Oil Spill Pollution | Environmental Pollution Centers Oil Spill Pollution
Oil Spill Pollution
Definition
The Oil Pollution Act
How Does Oil Spill Pollution Affect Us?
Directly
Indirectly
How Does an Oil Spill Behave in the Environment?
 Other individual compounds that are present in crude oil and oil discharges include (apart from carbon and hydrogen) sulfur, nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms. The Oil Pollution Act
The Oil Spill Pollution Act - The Oil Pollution Act is an environmental regulation adopted in 1990 in the U.S. to prevent oil spill pollution. In 1990, the Oil Pollution Act was passed by U.S. Congress and amended the existing Clean Water Act, aiming to require oil storage facilities to prepare "Facility Response Plans". Various revisions to the Act have been made in 1994 by the EPA. The revised plan obliged facility owners and operators to prepare and submit plans addressing a "worst-case scenario" of oil discharge. This regulation was meant to prevent and prepare emergency responses to oil spills. The Oil Spill Pollution Act: established new requirements and amended the U.S. Federal Water Pollution Control Act in order to provide enhanced capabilities for oil spill response and natural resource damage assessment; required the Coast Guard to strengthen its regulations on oil tank vessels; included the specification that companies must have a cleanup plan in order to prevent spills that may occur and a detailed containment;

Other individual compounds that are present in crude oil and oil discharges include (apart from carbon and hydrogen) sulfur, nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms. The Oil Pollution Act
The Oil Spill Pollution Act - The Oil Pollution Act is an environmental regulation adopted in 1990 in the U.S. to prevent oil spill pollution. In 1990, the Oil Pollution Act was passed by U.S. Congress and amended the existing Clean Water Act, aiming to require oil storage facilities to prepare "Facility Response Plans". Various revisions to the Act have been made in 1994 by the EPA. The revised plan obliged facility owners and operators to prepare and submit plans addressing a "worst-case scenario" of oil discharge. This regulation was meant to prevent and prepare emergency responses to oil spills. The Oil Spill Pollution Act: established new requirements and amended the U.S. Federal Water Pollution Control Act in order to provide enhanced capabilities for oil spill response and natural resource damage assessment; required the Coast Guard to strengthen its regulations on oil tank vessels; included the specification that companies must have a cleanup plan in order to prevent spills that may occur and a detailed containment;

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 Prevention and Removal
Subtitle A – Prevention
Subtitle B – Removal
Subtitle C – Penalties and Miscellaneous
Title V. Prince William Sound Provisions
Title VI. Miscellaneous
Title VII. Oil Pollution Research and Development Program
Title VIII. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle A – Improvements to Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle B – Penalties
Subtitle C – Provisions Applicable to Alaska Natives
Title IX. Amendments to Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, Etc. Enforcement
A responsible party under the Oil Pollution Act is one who is found accountable for the discharge or substantial threat of discharge of oil from a vessel or facility into navigable waters, exclusive economic zones, or the shorelines of such covered waters. Responsible parties are strictly, jointly, and severally liable for the cost of removing the oil in addition to any damages linked to the discharge. Unlike the liability for removal costs which are uncapped, liability for damages is limited as discussed in further detail below. Furthermore, the Oil Pollution Act allows for additional liability enacted by other relevant state laws. [ 10]
Under the Oil Pollution Act, federal, tribal, state, and any other person can recover removal costs from a responsible party so long as such entity has incurred costs from carrying out oil removal activities in accordance with the Clean Water Act National Contingency Plan.

Prevention and Removal
Subtitle A – Prevention
Subtitle B – Removal
Subtitle C – Penalties and Miscellaneous
Title V. Prince William Sound Provisions
Title VI. Miscellaneous
Title VII. Oil Pollution Research and Development Program
Title VIII. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle A – Improvements to Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle B – Penalties
Subtitle C – Provisions Applicable to Alaska Natives
Title IX. Amendments to Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, Etc. Enforcement
A responsible party under the Oil Pollution Act is one who is found accountable for the discharge or substantial threat of discharge of oil from a vessel or facility into navigable waters, exclusive economic zones, or the shorelines of such covered waters. Responsible parties are strictly, jointly, and severally liable for the cost of removing the oil in addition to any damages linked to the discharge. Unlike the liability for removal costs which are uncapped, liability for damages is limited as discussed in further detail below. Furthermore, the Oil Pollution Act allows for additional liability enacted by other relevant state laws. [ 10]
Under the Oil Pollution Act, federal, tribal, state, and any other person can recover removal costs from a responsible party so long as such entity has incurred costs from carrying out oil removal activities in accordance with the Clean Water Act National Contingency Plan.

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Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA)
On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez spilled over 11 million gallons of Alaskan crude into the water of Prince William Sound. There were many lessons learned the aftermath of the Valdez oil spill. Two of the most obvious were: The United States lacked adequate resources, particularly Federal funds, to respond to spills, and
The scope of damages compensable under federal law to those impacted by a spill was fairly narrow. Although the environmental damage and massive cleanup efforts were the most visible effects of this casualty, one of the most important outcomes was the enactment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA), which addressed both these deficiencies. OPA Overview
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 ( 33 U.S.C. 2701-2761) amended the Clean Water Act and addressed the wide range of problems associated with preventing, responding to, and paying for oil pollution incidents in navigable waters of the United States. It created a comprehensive prevention, response, liability, and compensation regime to deal with vessel- and facility-caused oil pollution to U.S. navigable waters. OPA greatly increased federal oversight of maritime oil transportation, while providing greater environmental safeguards by: Setting new requirements for vessel construction and crew licensing and manning,
Mandating contingency planning,
Enhancing federal response capability,
Broadening enforcement authority,
Increasing penalties,
Creating new research and development programs,
Increasing potential liabilities, and
Significantly broadening financial responsibility requirements. Title I of OPA
Title I of OPA established new and higher liability limits for oil spills, with commensurate changes to financial responsibility requirements.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990

United States Coast Guard
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA)
OPA Overview
Title I of OPA
NPFC Created to Implement OPA, Title I

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 This statue, in an attempt to protect the shipping industry, stated that vessel owners were liable for incident-related costs up to the post-incident value of their vessel. The shortcomings of this law were revealed in 1967 with the release of over 100,000 tons of crude oil into the English Channel from the Torrey Canyon. Of the $8 million of cleanup-related costs, the owners of the Torrey Canyon were held liable for only $50—the value of the only remaining Torrey Canyon lifeboat. In the meantime, the Oil Pollution Act of 1924 had passed, but this statue only limited liability for deliberate discharge of oil into marine waters. [ 4]
Two years following the Torrey Canyon spill, an oil platform eruption in the Santa Barbara Channel made national headlines and thrust oil pollution into the public spot light. As a result, in 1970, Congress placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the Clean Water Act of 1972 and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability limitations. For example, vessels transporting oil were liable only up to $250,000 or $150 per gross ton. These limitations rarely covered the cost of removal and cleanup, let alone damages. [ 4]
In the decades to follow, several other laws that dealt with oil spill liability and compensation were passed.

This statue, in an attempt to protect the shipping industry, stated that vessel owners were liable for incident-related costs up to the post-incident value of their vessel. The shortcomings of this law were revealed in 1967 with the release of over 100,000 tons of crude oil into the English Channel from the Torrey Canyon. Of the $8 million of cleanup-related costs, the owners of the Torrey Canyon were held liable for only $50—the value of the only remaining Torrey Canyon lifeboat. In the meantime, the Oil Pollution Act of 1924 had passed, but this statue only limited liability for deliberate discharge of oil into marine waters. [ 4]
Two years following the Torrey Canyon spill, an oil platform eruption in the Santa Barbara Channel made national headlines and thrust oil pollution into the public spot light. As a result, in 1970, Congress placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the Clean Water Act of 1972 and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability limitations. For example, vessels transporting oil were liable only up to $250,000 or $150 per gross ton. These limitations rarely covered the cost of removal and cleanup, let alone damages. [ 4]
In the decades to follow, several other laws that dealt with oil spill liability and compensation were passed.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 In some instances, claims for removal cost reimbursement can be initially brought to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund thus sidestepping the responsible party. For example, claimants advised by the EPA, governors of affected states, and American claimants for incidents involving foreign vessels or facilities may initially present their claims to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund. When claims for removal cost reimbursement are brought to the fund, the claimant must prove that removal costs were sustained from activities required to avoid or alleviate effects of the incident and that such actions were approved or directed by the federal on-scene coordinator. In a manner similar to that described above, costs for damages can be recovered from a responsible party. However, the Oil Pollution Act only covers certain categories of damages. These categories include: natural resource damages, damages to real or personal property, loss of subsistence use, loss of government revenues, loss of profits or impaired earning capacity, damaged public services, and damage assessment costs. Additionally, some categories are recoverable for any person impacted by the incident while others are only recoverable by federal, tribal, and state governments. Furthermore, the Oil Pollution Act proscribes limits to liability for damages based on the responsible party, the particular incident, and the type of vessel or facility from which the discharge occurred. The Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund is a trust fund managed by the federal government and financed by a per-barrel tax on crude oil produced domestically in the United States and on petroleum products imported to the United States for consumption.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 Of the $8 million of cleanup-related costs, the owners of the Torrey Canyon were held liable for only $50—the value of the only remaining Torrey Canyon lifeboat. In the meantime, the Oil Pollution Act of 1924 had passed, but this statue only limited liability for deliberate discharge of oil into marine waters. Two years following the Torrey Canyon spill, an oil platform eruption in the Santa Barbara Channel made national headlines and thrust oil pollution into the public spot light. As a result, in 1970, Congress placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the Clean Water Act of 1972 and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability limitations. For example, vessels transporting oil were liable only up to $250,000 or $150 per gross ton. These limitations rarely covered the cost of removal and cleanup, let alone damages. In the decades to follow, several other laws that dealt with oil spill liability and compensation were passed. These statues include: the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973, the Deep Water Port Act of 1974, the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1978, and the Alaska Oil Spill Commission of 1990.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

Of the $8 million of cleanup-related costs, the owners of the Torrey Canyon were held liable for only $50—the value of the only remaining Torrey Canyon lifeboat. In the meantime, the Oil Pollution Act of 1924 had passed, but this statue only limited liability for deliberate discharge of oil into marine waters. Two years following the Torrey Canyon spill, an oil platform eruption in the Santa Barbara Channel made national headlines and thrust oil pollution into the public spot light. As a result, in 1970, Congress placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the Clean Water Act of 1972 and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability limitations. For example, vessels transporting oil were liable only up to $250,000 or $150 per gross ton. These limitations rarely covered the cost of removal and cleanup, let alone damages. In the decades to follow, several other laws that dealt with oil spill liability and compensation were passed. These statues include: the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973, the Deep Water Port Act of 1974, the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1978, and the Alaska Oil Spill Commission of 1990.

Conservation, biodiversity sustainability environment issues, automated lobbying database at Information for Action
Oil Pollution Any oil pollution can be traced back to the carrier, in order that the polluter can be specifically targeted. The intention is to make transporters have ownership for the safety of their vessel, and held responsible for their own pollution thus reducing the chance of spills. These types of schemes need to be expanded and funded. The figures show that increased and better enforcement of legislation does work. Between 1981 and 1990 oil pollution from shipping fell from 3.2 million tons to 2.35 million tonnes mainly due to stricter regulations. Optimistic as these figures seem, certain areas still have a very high level of pollution, for example the Caribbean basin and the Northern part of the Indian Ocean due to a high intensity of shipping in those areas. Figures used are only levels of pollution reported and it is though that in actuality the level is much higher. People need to be educated that every time oil pollutes the waterways it has an effect on the complex eco-structure, no matter how small. Return to Oil Pollution Topic

Conservation, biodiversity sustainability environment issues, automated lobbying database at Information for Action

Any oil pollution can be traced back to the carrier, in order that the polluter can be specifically targeted. The intention is to make transporters have ownership for the safety of their vessel, and held responsible for their own pollution thus reducing the chance of spills. These types of schemes need to be expanded and funded. The figures show that increased and better enforcement of legislation does work. Between 1981 and 1990 oil pollution from shipping fell from 3.2 million tons to 2.35 million tonnes mainly due to stricter regulations. Optimistic as these figures seem, certain areas still have a very high level of pollution, for example the Caribbean basin and the Northern part of the Indian Ocean due to a high intensity of shipping in those areas. Figures used are only levels of pollution reported and it is though that in actuality the level is much higher. People need to be educated that every time oil pollutes the waterways it has an effect on the complex eco-structure, no matter how small. Return to Oil Pollution Topic

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 These categories include: natural resource damages, damages to real or personal property, loss of subsistence use, loss of government revenues, loss of profits or impaired earning capacity, damaged public services, and damage assessment costs. Additionally, some categories are recoverable for any person impacted by the incident while others are only recoverable by federal, tribal, and state governments. Furthermore, the Oil Pollution Act proscribes limits to liability for damages based on the responsible party, the particular incident, and the type of vessel or facility from which the discharge occurred. The Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund is a trust fund managed by the federal government and financed by a per-barrel tax on crude oil produced domestically in the United States and on petroleum products imported to the United States for consumption. The fund was created in 1986, but use of the fund was not authorized until the Oil Pollution Act's passage in 1990. The funds may be called upon to cover the cost of federal, tribal, state, and claimant oil spill removal actions and damage assessments as well as unpaid liability and damages claims. No more than one billion dollars may be withdrawn from the fund per spill incident. Over two decades of court cases have demonstrated that obtaining funding from the Oil Pollution Spill Liability Fund can be a difficult task. Concerns and reactions
President Bush acknowledged the changes the world would have to endure when signing the

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

These categories include: natural resource damages, damages to real or personal property, loss of subsistence use, loss of government revenues, loss of profits or impaired earning capacity, damaged public services, and damage assessment costs. Additionally, some categories are recoverable for any person impacted by the incident while others are only recoverable by federal, tribal, and state governments. Furthermore, the Oil Pollution Act proscribes limits to liability for damages based on the responsible party, the particular incident, and the type of vessel or facility from which the discharge occurred. The Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund is a trust fund managed by the federal government and financed by a per-barrel tax on crude oil produced domestically in the United States and on petroleum products imported to the United States for consumption. The fund was created in 1986, but use of the fund was not authorized until the Oil Pollution Act's passage in 1990. The funds may be called upon to cover the cost of federal, tribal, state, and claimant oil spill removal actions and damage assessments as well as unpaid liability and damages claims. No more than one billion dollars may be withdrawn from the fund per spill incident. Over two decades of court cases have demonstrated that obtaining funding from the Oil Pollution Spill Liability Fund can be a difficult task. Concerns and reactions
President Bush acknowledged the changes the world would have to endure when signing the

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 United States Coast Guard
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA)
OPA Overview
Title I of OPA
NPFC Created to Implement OPA, Title I
 OPA Overview
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 ( 33 U.S.C. 2701-2761) amended the Clean Water Act and addressed the wide range of problems associated with preventing, responding to, and paying for oil pollution incidents in navigable waters of the United States. It created a comprehensive prevention, response, liability, and compensation regime to deal with vessel- and facility-caused oil pollution to U.S. navigable waters. OPA greatly increased federal oversight of maritime oil transportation, while providing greater environmental safeguards by: Setting new requirements for vessel construction and crew licensing and manning,
Mandating contingency planning,
Enhancing federal response capability,
Broadening enforcement authority,
Increasing penalties,
Creating new research and development programs,
Increasing potential liabilities, and
Significantly broadening financial responsibility requirements. Title I of OPA
Title I of OPA established new and higher liability limits for oil spills, with commensurate changes to financial responsibility requirements. It substantially broadened the scope of damages, including natural resource damages (NRDs), for which polluters are liable. It also authorized the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) up to $1 billion to pay for expeditious oil removal and uncompensated damagesup to $1 billion per incident. The Delaware River Protection Act of 2006, title VI of the Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Act of 2006, increased the limits of liability. NPFC Created to Implement OPA, Title I
OSLTF administration was delegated to the U.S. Coast Guard by Executive Order; and on February 20, 1991, the National Pollution Funds Center (NPFC) was commissioned to:

Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Summary of the Oil Pollution Act | Laws & Regulations | US EPA Summary of the Oil Pollution Act
Summary of the Oil Pollution Act
33 U.S.C. §2701 et seq. (1990)
 Summary of the Oil Pollution Act | Laws & Regulations | US EPA
Summary of the Oil Pollution Act
Quick Links
The official text of OPA is available in the United States Code, from the U.S. Government Printing Office
33 U.S.C. §2701 et seq. ( 1990)
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990 streamlined and strengthened EPA's ability to prevent and respond to catastrophic oil spills. A trust fund financed by a tax on oil is available to clean up spills when the responsible party is incapable or unwilling to do so. The OPA requires oil storage facilities and vessels to submit to the Federal government plans detailing how they will respond to large discharges. EPA has published regulations for aboveground storage facilities; the Coast Guard has done so for oil tankers. The OPA also requires the development of Area Contingency Plans to prepare and plan for oil spill response on a regional scale. The Office of Emergency Management (OEM) works with other federal partners to prevent accidents as well as to maintain superior response capabilities. Oil Spills Prevention and Preparedness Regulations covers contingency plans in more depth
Contact Us to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem.

Summary of the Oil Pollution Act | Laws & Regulations | US EPA

Summary of the Oil Pollution Act
Summary of the Oil Pollution Act
33 U.S.C. §2701 et seq. (1990)

Summary of the Oil Pollution Act | Laws & Regulations | US EPA
Summary of the Oil Pollution Act
Quick Links
The official text of OPA is available in the United States Code, from the U.S. Government Printing Office
33 U.S.C. §2701 et seq. ( 1990)
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990 streamlined and strengthened EPA's ability to prevent and respond to catastrophic oil spills. A trust fund financed by a tax on oil is available to clean up spills when the responsible party is incapable or unwilling to do so. The OPA requires oil storage facilities and vessels to submit to the Federal government plans detailing how they will respond to large discharges. EPA has published regulations for aboveground storage facilities; the Coast Guard has done so for oil tankers. The OPA also requires the development of Area Contingency Plans to prepare and plan for oil spill response on a regional scale. The Office of Emergency Management (OEM) works with other federal partners to prevent accidents as well as to maintain superior response capabilities. Oil Spills Prevention and Preparedness Regulations covers contingency plans in more depth
Contact Us to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem.

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Overview
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) was signed into law in August 1990, largely in response to rising public concern following the Exxon Valdez incident. The OPA improved the nation's ability to prevent and respond to oil spills by establishing provisions that expand the federal government's ability, and provide the money and resources necessary, to respond to oil spills. The OPA also created the national Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, which is available to provide up to one billion dollars per spill incident. In addition, the OPA provided new requirements for contingency planning both by government and industry. The National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) has been expanded in a three-tiered approach: the Federal government is required to direct all public and private response efforts for certain types of spill events; Area Committees -- composed of federal, state, and local government officials -- must develop detailed, location-specific Area Contingency Plans; and owners or operators of vessels and certain facilities that pose a serious threat to the environment must prepare their own Facility Response Plans. Finally, the OPA increased penalties for regulatory noncompliance, broadened the response and enforcement authorities of the Federal government, and preserved State authority to establish law governing oil spill prevention and response. Key Provisions of the Oil Pollution Act
§1002 (a) Provides that the responsible party for a vessel or facility from which oil is discharged, or which poses a substantial threat of a discharge, is liable for: (

Oil Pollution Act Overview | US Environmental Protection Agency

Oil Pollution Act Overview
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Liability Under the OPA
 Before passage of the OPA, federal pollution legislation had been an ineffective web of weak enforcement and insufficient liability for polluters. The OPA sought to solve this problem by establishing stricter standards for the maritime transportation of oil: New requirements for construction of vessels and training of personnel. Contingency planning requirements. Enhanced federal response capability. Broadened enforcement authority. Increased penalties for polluters. Further research and development programs for cleanup and storage technology. Increased potential liabilities. Increased financial responsibility requirements.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Before passage of the OPA, federal pollution legislation had been an ineffective web of weak enforcement and insufficient liability for polluters. The OPA sought to solve this problem by establishing stricter standards for the maritime transportation of oil: New requirements for construction of vessels and training of personnel. Contingency planning requirements. Enhanced federal response capability. Broadened enforcement authority. Increased penalties for polluters. Further research and development programs for cleanup and storage technology. Increased potential liabilities. Increased financial responsibility requirements.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 Navigable Waters
U.S.C. sections created
33 U.S.C. ch. 40 § 2701
Legislative history

Contents
1
History/Background
2
Enactment timeline
3
Key Content (Titles)[1]
4
Enforcement
5
Concerns and reactions
6
Long-term effects of OPA
7
International treaties
8
See also
9
References
10
External links
History/Background
Heavy sheens of oil as visible on the surface of the water in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Laws governing oil spills in the United States began in 1851 with the Limitation of Liability Act. This statue, in an attempt to protect the shipping industry, stated that vessel owners were liable for incident-related costs up to the post-incident value of their vessel. The shortcomings of this law were revealed in 1967 with the release of over 100,000 tons of crude oil into the English Channel from the Torrey Canyon. Of the $8 million of cleanup-related costs, the owners of the Torrey Canyon were held liable for only $50—the value of the only remaining Torrey Canyon lifeboat. In the meantime, the Oil Pollution Act of 1924 had passed, but this statue only limited liability for deliberate discharge of oil into marine waters. Two years following the Torrey Canyon spill, an oil platform eruption in the Santa Barbara Channel made national headlines and thrust oil pollution into the public spot light. As a result, in 1970, Congress placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the Clean Water Act of 1972 and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability limitations.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

Navigable Waters
U.S.C. sections created
33 U.S.C. ch. 40 § 2701
Legislative history

Contents
1
History/Background
2
Enactment timeline
3
Key Content (Titles)[1]
4
Enforcement
5
Concerns and reactions
6
Long-term effects of OPA
7
International treaties
8
See also
9
References
10
External links
History/Background
Heavy sheens of oil as visible on the surface of the water in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Laws governing oil spills in the United States began in 1851 with the Limitation of Liability Act. This statue, in an attempt to protect the shipping industry, stated that vessel owners were liable for incident-related costs up to the post-incident value of their vessel. The shortcomings of this law were revealed in 1967 with the release of over 100,000 tons of crude oil into the English Channel from the Torrey Canyon. Of the $8 million of cleanup-related costs, the owners of the Torrey Canyon were held liable for only $50—the value of the only remaining Torrey Canyon lifeboat. In the meantime, the Oil Pollution Act of 1924 had passed, but this statue only limited liability for deliberate discharge of oil into marine waters. Two years following the Torrey Canyon spill, an oil platform eruption in the Santa Barbara Channel made national headlines and thrust oil pollution into the public spot light. As a result, in 1970, Congress placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the Clean Water Act of 1972 and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability limitations.

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Oil Spill Pollution
Definition
Oil spills include any spill of crude oil or oil distilled products (e.g., gasoline, diesel fuels, jet fuels, kerosene, Stoddard solvent, hydraulic oils, lubricating oils) that can pollute the surface of the land, air, and water environments. Oil spill pollution may comprise a variety of amounts starting with one or more gallons of oil and up to millions or even hundreds of millions of gallons spilled. The term is usually associated with the oil spills in the ocean and coastal waters. Oil Spill Pollution refers to the negative polluting effects that oil spills have on the environments and living organisms, including humans, due to the environmental discharge of various organic compounds that make up crude oil and oil distillate products, the majority of which include various individual hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are made exclusively from carbon and hydrogen atoms which bind together in various ways, resulting in paraffins (or normal alkanes), isoparaffins (isoalkanes), aromatics (such as benzene or various PAHs), cycloalkanes and unsaturated alkanes (alkenes and alkynes). Other individual compounds that are present in crude oil and oil discharges include (apart from carbon and hydrogen) sulfur, nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms. The Oil Pollution Act
The Oil Spill Pollution Act - The Oil Pollution Act is an environmental regulation adopted in 1990 in the U.S. to prevent oil spill pollution. In 1990, the Oil Pollution Act was passed by U.S. Congress and amended the existing Clean Water Act, aiming to require oil storage facilities to prepare "Facility Response Plans". Various revisions to the Act have been made in 1994 by the EPA. The revised plan obliged facility owners and operators to prepare and submit plans addressing a "worst-case scenario" of oil discharge.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 Key Content (Titles)
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV. Prevention and Removal
Subtitle A – Prevention
Subtitle B – Removal
Subtitle C – Penalties and Miscellaneous
Title V. Prince William Sound Provisions
Title VI. Miscellaneous
Title VII. Oil Pollution Research and Development Program
Title VIII. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle A – Improvements to Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle B – Penalties
Subtitle C – Provisions Applicable to Alaska Natives
Title IX. Amendments to Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, Etc. Enforcement
A responsible party under the Oil Pollution Act is one who is found accountable for the discharge or substantial threat of discharge of oil from a vessel or facility into navigable waters, exclusive economic zones, or the shorelines of such covered waters. Responsible parties are strictly, jointly, and severally liable for the cost of removing the oil in addition to any damages linked to the discharge.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

Key Content (Titles)
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV. Prevention and Removal
Subtitle A – Prevention
Subtitle B – Removal
Subtitle C – Penalties and Miscellaneous
Title V. Prince William Sound Provisions
Title VI. Miscellaneous
Title VII. Oil Pollution Research and Development Program
Title VIII. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle A – Improvements to Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle B – Penalties
Subtitle C – Provisions Applicable to Alaska Natives
Title IX. Amendments to Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, Etc. Enforcement
A responsible party under the Oil Pollution Act is one who is found accountable for the discharge or substantial threat of discharge of oil from a vessel or facility into navigable waters, exclusive economic zones, or the shorelines of such covered waters. Responsible parties are strictly, jointly, and severally liable for the cost of removing the oil in addition to any damages linked to the discharge.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Last updated November 17, 2020 • 14 min read
From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Long title
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Public Law 101-380, August 18, 1990
Enacted by
the 101st United States Congress
Effective
August 18, 1990
Citations
Public law
101-380
Statutes at Large
104 Stat. 484
Codification
Titles amended
33 U.S.C.: Navigable Waters
U.S.C. sections created
33 U.S.C. ch. 40 § 2701
Legislative history
Introduced in the Houseas H.R. 1465 by Walter B. Jones, Sr. ( D - NC) on March 16, 1989
Committee consideration by House Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House Public Works and Transportation, House Interior and Insular Affairs, House Foreign Affairs, House Science, Space and Technology
Passed the House on November 9, 1989 ( 375-5)
Passed the Senate on November 19, 1989 (passed voice vote)
Reported by the joint conference committee on August 1, 1990; agreed to by the Senate on August 2, 1990 ( 99-0) and by the House on August 4, 1990 ( 360-0)
Signed into law by President George H. W. Bush on August 18, 1990
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The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) (101 H.R.1465, P.L. 101-380) [1] was passed by the 101st United States Congress and signed by President George H. W. Bush. [ 2] It works to avoid oil spills from vessels and facilities by enforcing removal of spilled oil and assigning liability for the cost of cleanup and damage; requires specific operating procedures; defines responsible parties and financial liability; implements processes for measuring damages;

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 As a result, in 1970, Congress placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the Clean Water Act of 1972 and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability limitations. For example, vessels transporting oil were liable only up to $250,000 or $150 per gross ton. These limitations rarely covered the cost of removal and cleanup, let alone damages. [ 4]
In the decades to follow, several other laws that dealt with oil spill liability and compensation were passed. These statues include: the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973, the Deep Water Port Act of 1974, the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1978, and the Alaska Oil Spill Commission of 1990. However, this fragmented collection of federal and state laws provided only limited safeguards against the hazards of oils spills. In 1976, a bill to create a cohesive safe measure for oil pollution was introduced to Congress. Neither the House of Representatives nor the Senate could agree on a single statue and the bill fell out of consideration numerous times. [

As a result, in 1970, Congress placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the Clean Water Act of 1972 and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability limitations. For example, vessels transporting oil were liable only up to $250,000 or $150 per gross ton. These limitations rarely covered the cost of removal and cleanup, let alone damages. [ 4]
In the decades to follow, several other laws that dealt with oil spill liability and compensation were passed. These statues include: the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973, the Deep Water Port Act of 1974, the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1978, and the Alaska Oil Spill Commission of 1990. However, this fragmented collection of federal and state laws provided only limited safeguards against the hazards of oils spills. In 1976, a bill to create a cohesive safe measure for oil pollution was introduced to Congress. Neither the House of Representatives nor the Senate could agree on a single statue and the bill fell out of consideration numerous times. [

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 Reimbursement claims must first be made to the responsible party. If the potentially responsible party refutes liability or fails to distribute the reimbursement within 90 days of the claim, the claimant may file suit in court or bring the claim to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund described below. In some instances, claims for removal cost reimbursement can be initially brought to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund thus sidestepping the responsible party. For example, claimants advised by the EPA, governors of affected states, and American claimants for incidents involving foreign vessels or facilities may initially present their claims to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund. When claims for removal cost reimbursement are brought to the fund, the claimant must prove that removal costs were sustained from activities required to avoid or alleviate effects of the incident and that such actions were approved or directed by the federal on-scene coordinator. [ 10]
In a manner similar to that described above, costs for damages can be recovered from a responsible party. However, the Oil Pollution Act only covers certain categories of

Reimbursement claims must first be made to the responsible party. If the potentially responsible party refutes liability or fails to distribute the reimbursement within 90 days of the claim, the claimant may file suit in court or bring the claim to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund described below. In some instances, claims for removal cost reimbursement can be initially brought to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund thus sidestepping the responsible party. For example, claimants advised by the EPA, governors of affected states, and American claimants for incidents involving foreign vessels or facilities may initially present their claims to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund. When claims for removal cost reimbursement are brought to the fund, the claimant must prove that removal costs were sustained from activities required to avoid or alleviate effects of the incident and that such actions were approved or directed by the federal on-scene coordinator. [ 10]
In a manner similar to that described above, costs for damages can be recovered from a responsible party. However, the Oil Pollution Act only covers certain categories of

H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990
101st Congress (1989-1990)

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
Law
Tracker:
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Text (7)
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Amendments (33)
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Related Bills (25)
Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Shown Here:
Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)
 Grants any person, including the Fund, subrogation rights for payments made for removal costs and damages. Provides that the Attorney General (upon request of the Secretary) shall commence an action against the responsible party to recover any costs paid from the Fund as a result of oil discharge or substantial threat of discharge, including one from a foreign offshore unit. Requires the responsible party for certain-size vessels and offshore facilities to establish financial responsibility sufficient to meet the maximum amount of liability to which such persons could be subjected under this Act. Provides for judicial review of regulations and actions under this Act. Grants State courts jurisdiction to hear cases under this Act, as well as under State law. Permits the States to impose additional liability or requirements regarding oil discharges within their borders. Retains the rights of the States to maintain a fund for oil pollution compensation. Authorizes States to enforce the financial responsibility requirements of this Act. Title II: Conforming Amendments - Amends the Intervention on the High Seas Act, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Deepwater Port Act, and the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments of 1978 to reflect the provisions of this Act.

H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990
101st Congress (1989-1990)

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
Law
Tracker:
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Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Shown Here:
Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)

Grants any person, including the Fund, subrogation rights for payments made for removal costs and damages. Provides that the Attorney General (upon request of the Secretary) shall commence an action against the responsible party to recover any costs paid from the Fund as a result of oil discharge or substantial threat of discharge, including one from a foreign offshore unit. Requires the responsible party for certain-size vessels and offshore facilities to establish financial responsibility sufficient to meet the maximum amount of liability to which such persons could be subjected under this Act. Provides for judicial review of regulations and actions under this Act. Grants State courts jurisdiction to hear cases under this Act, as well as under State law. Permits the States to impose additional liability or requirements regarding oil discharges within their borders. Retains the rights of the States to maintain a fund for oil pollution compensation. Authorizes States to enforce the financial responsibility requirements of this Act. Title II: Conforming Amendments - Amends the Intervention on the High Seas Act, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Deepwater Port Act, and the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments of 1978 to reflect the provisions of this Act.

H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990
101st Congress (1989-1990)

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
Law
Tracker:
Summary (6)
Text (7)
Actions (178)
Titles (11)
Amendments (33)
Cosponsors (79)
Committees (5)
Related Bills (25)
Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Shown Here:
Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)
 Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation - Establishes the Oil Spill Compensation Fund. Makes the responsible party for a vessel or facility from which oil is discharged (or which poses a substantial threat of discharge) liable for removal costs and for economic or natural resource damages, including: ( 1) injury or loss of real or personal property or natural resources; ( 2) loss of use (including subsistence use) of natural resources; ( 3) loss or impairment of income, profits, or earning capacity; ( 4) loss of Federal and State tax, royalty, rental, or net profits share revenue; and (5) net costs of increased public services as a result of the discharge. Sets forth defenses to liability. Establishes liability limits for: ( 1) tankers; (

Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation - Establishes the Oil Spill Compensation Fund. Makes the responsible party for a vessel or facility from which oil is discharged (or which poses a substantial threat of discharge) liable for removal costs and for economic or natural resource damages, including: ( 1) injury or loss of real or personal property or natural resources; ( 2) loss of use (including subsistence use) of natural resources; ( 3) loss or impairment of income, profits, or earning capacity; ( 4) loss of Federal and State tax, royalty, rental, or net profits share revenue; and (5) net costs of increased public services as a result of the discharge. Sets forth defenses to liability. Establishes liability limits for: ( 1) tankers; (

H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990
101st Congress (1989-1990)

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
Law
Tracker:
Summary (6)
Text (7)
Actions (178)
Titles (11)
Amendments (33)
Cosponsors (79)
Committees (5)
Related Bills (25)
Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Shown Here:
Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)
 Permits the States to impose additional liability or requirements regarding oil discharges within their borders. Retains the rights of the States to maintain a fund for oil pollution compensation. Authorizes States to enforce the financial responsibility requirements of this Act. Title II: Conforming Amendments - Amends the Intervention on the High Seas Act, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Deepwater Port Act, and the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments of 1978 to reflect the provisions of this Act. Title III: International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal - Expresses the sense of the Congress that it is in the best interests of the United States to participate in an international oil pollution liability and compensation scheme that is at least as effective as Federal and State laws in preventing incidents and in guaranteeing compensation for damages resulting from incidents. Directs the Secretary of State to report to the Congress the results of a review of international treaties and agreements with the Government of Canada regarding: ( 1) oil discharge prevention in the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain; ( 2) effective oil and removal;

Permits the States to impose additional liability or requirements regarding oil discharges within their borders. Retains the rights of the States to maintain a fund for oil pollution compensation. Authorizes States to enforce the financial responsibility requirements of this Act. Title II: Conforming Amendments - Amends the Intervention on the High Seas Act, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Deepwater Port Act, and the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments of 1978 to reflect the provisions of this Act. Title III: International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal - Expresses the sense of the Congress that it is in the best interests of the United States to participate in an international oil pollution liability and compensation scheme that is at least as effective as Federal and State laws in preventing incidents and in guaranteeing compensation for damages resulting from incidents. Directs the Secretary of State to report to the Congress the results of a review of international treaties and agreements with the Government of Canada regarding: ( 1) oil discharge prevention in the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain; ( 2) effective oil and removal;

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 For example, vessels transporting oil were liable only up to $250,000 or $150 per gross ton. These limitations rarely covered the cost of removal and cleanup, let alone damages. In the decades to follow, several other laws that dealt with oil spill liability and compensation were passed. These statues include: the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973, the Deep Water Port Act of 1974, the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1978, and the Alaska Oil Spill Commission of 1990. However, this fragmented collection of federal and state laws provided only limited safeguards against the hazards of oils spills. In 1976, a bill to create a cohesive safe measure for oil pollution was introduced to Congress. Neither the House of Representatives nor the Senate could agree on a single statue and the bill fell out of consideration numerous times. On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit aground in the Prince Williams Sound and spilled nearly 11 million gallons of crude oil—the largest marine oil spill in recorded history up to that point. Soon afterward, in June 1989, three smaller spills occurred within coastal waters of the United States.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

For example, vessels transporting oil were liable only up to $250,000 or $150 per gross ton. These limitations rarely covered the cost of removal and cleanup, let alone damages. In the decades to follow, several other laws that dealt with oil spill liability and compensation were passed. These statues include: the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973, the Deep Water Port Act of 1974, the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1978, and the Alaska Oil Spill Commission of 1990. However, this fragmented collection of federal and state laws provided only limited safeguards against the hazards of oils spills. In 1976, a bill to create a cohesive safe measure for oil pollution was introduced to Congress. Neither the House of Representatives nor the Senate could agree on a single statue and the bill fell out of consideration numerous times. On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit aground in the Prince Williams Sound and spilled nearly 11 million gallons of crude oil—the largest marine oil spill in recorded history up to that point. Soon afterward, in June 1989, three smaller spills occurred within coastal waters of the United States.

H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990
101st Congress (1989-1990)

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
Law
Tracker:
Summary (6)
Text (7)
Actions (178)
Titles (11)
Amendments (33)
Cosponsors (79)
Committees (5)
Related Bills (25)
Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Shown Here:
Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)
 Requires the periodic adjustment of liability limits to reflect increases in the Consumer Price Index. Makes the responsible party liable for interest on the amount paid to settle a claim, with certain exceptions. Makes the President (or authorized representative of any State, Indian tribe, or foreign government) the trustee to act on behalf of the public to recover damages for injury to Federal, State, or foreign government natural resources. Requires the President, acting through specified Federal agencies, to promulgate regulations within two years of enactment of this Act for the assessment of damages for injury to natural resources resulting from an oil discharge. Sets forth guidelines for recovery by foreign claimants of removal costs and damages. Outlines circumstances under which the responsible party for a vessel or facility from which oil is discharged (or which threatens discharge) may recover removal costs and damages. Authorizes a civil action for contribution. Sets forth guidelines for indemnification agreements affecting responsible parties. Requires the President to consult with designated trustees regarding removal actions. Sets forth the uses for which the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (the Fund) may be obligated by Federal and State officials consistent with the National Contingency Plan.

Requires the periodic adjustment of liability limits to reflect increases in the Consumer Price Index. Makes the responsible party liable for interest on the amount paid to settle a claim, with certain exceptions. Makes the President (or authorized representative of any State, Indian tribe, or foreign government) the trustee to act on behalf of the public to recover damages for injury to Federal, State, or foreign government natural resources. Requires the President, acting through specified Federal agencies, to promulgate regulations within two years of enactment of this Act for the assessment of damages for injury to natural resources resulting from an oil discharge. Sets forth guidelines for recovery by foreign claimants of removal costs and damages. Outlines circumstances under which the responsible party for a vessel or facility from which oil is discharged (or which threatens discharge) may recover removal costs and damages. Authorizes a civil action for contribution. Sets forth guidelines for indemnification agreements affecting responsible parties. Requires the President to consult with designated trustees regarding removal actions. Sets forth the uses for which the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (the Fund) may be obligated by Federal and State officials consistent with the National Contingency Plan.

H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990
101st Congress (1989-1990)

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
Law
Tracker:
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Text (7)
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Titles (11)
Amendments (33)
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Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Shown Here:
Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)
 and second as an offshore facility to the extent that damages and removal costs exceed the responsible party's statutory liability limits. Authorizes the President to establish lower liability limits for onshore facilities. Directs the Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating to study and report to the Congress on the relative operational and environmental risks of oil transportation by vessel to deepwater ports versus other ports. Requires the Secretary to initiate a rulemaking proceeding to lower liability limits for deepwater ports if the study finds the risks are lower. Directs the President to report periodically to the Congress on the desirability of adjusting liability limits. Requires the periodic adjustment of liability limits to reflect increases in the Consumer Price Index. Makes the responsible party liable for interest on the amount paid to settle a claim, with certain exceptions. Makes the President (or authorized representative of any State, Indian tribe, or foreign government) the trustee to act on behalf of the public to recover damages for injury to Federal, State, or foreign government natural resources. Requires the President, acting through specified Federal agencies, to promulgate regulations within two years of enactment of this Act for the assessment of damages for injury to natural resources resulting from an oil discharge. Sets forth guidelines for recovery by foreign claimants of removal costs and damages.

and second as an offshore facility to the extent that damages and removal costs exceed the responsible party's statutory liability limits. Authorizes the President to establish lower liability limits for onshore facilities. Directs the Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating to study and report to the Congress on the relative operational and environmental risks of oil transportation by vessel to deepwater ports versus other ports. Requires the Secretary to initiate a rulemaking proceeding to lower liability limits for deepwater ports if the study finds the risks are lower. Directs the President to report periodically to the Congress on the desirability of adjusting liability limits. Requires the periodic adjustment of liability limits to reflect increases in the Consumer Price Index. Makes the responsible party liable for interest on the amount paid to settle a claim, with certain exceptions. Makes the President (or authorized representative of any State, Indian tribe, or foreign government) the trustee to act on behalf of the public to recover damages for injury to Federal, State, or foreign government natural resources. Requires the President, acting through specified Federal agencies, to promulgate regulations within two years of enactment of this Act for the assessment of damages for injury to natural resources resulting from an oil discharge. Sets forth guidelines for recovery by foreign claimants of removal costs and damages.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 These statues include: the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973, the Deep Water Port Act of 1974, the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1978, and the Alaska Oil Spill Commission of 1990. However, this fragmented collection of federal and state laws provided only limited safeguards against the hazards of oils spills. In 1976, a bill to create a cohesive safe measure for oil pollution was introduced to Congress. Neither the House of Representatives nor the Senate could agree on a single statue and the bill fell out of consideration numerous times. [ 4] [5]
On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit aground in the Prince Williams Sound and spilled nearly 11 million gallons of crude oil—the largest marine oil spill in recorded history up to that point. [ 5] Soon afterward, in June 1989, three smaller spills occurred within coastal waters of the United States. This was timely evidence that oil spills were not uncommon. [ 4]
Alaska Governor Steve Cowper authorized the creation of the Alaska Oil Spill Commission in 1989 to examine the causes of the Exxon Valdez oil spill and issue recommendations on potential policy changes. Cowper appointed Walter B. Parker, a longtime transportation consultant and public official, as the chairman of the commission. [

These statues include: the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973, the Deep Water Port Act of 1974, the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1978, and the Alaska Oil Spill Commission of 1990. However, this fragmented collection of federal and state laws provided only limited safeguards against the hazards of oils spills. In 1976, a bill to create a cohesive safe measure for oil pollution was introduced to Congress. Neither the House of Representatives nor the Senate could agree on a single statue and the bill fell out of consideration numerous times. [ 4] [5]
On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit aground in the Prince Williams Sound and spilled nearly 11 million gallons of crude oil—the largest marine oil spill in recorded history up to that point. [ 5] Soon afterward, in June 1989, three smaller spills occurred within coastal waters of the United States. This was timely evidence that oil spills were not uncommon. [ 4]
Alaska Governor Steve Cowper authorized the creation of the Alaska Oil Spill Commission in 1989 to examine the causes of the Exxon Valdez oil spill and issue recommendations on potential policy changes. Cowper appointed Walter B. Parker, a longtime transportation consultant and public official, as the chairman of the commission. [

Air Quality Impacts of Oil and Gas | American Geosciences Institute Air Quality Impacts of Oil and Gas
Air Quality Impacts of Oil and Gas
Emissions from production, processing, refining, and use
Download Print Version
Introduction
Major Air Pollutants and the Regulatory Framework
Ozone and Oil & Gas Production
Air Pollution from Oil Refineries and Gas Processing Plants
Combustion and U.S. Air Quality Over Time
More Resources
References
Petroleum and the Environment
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 23
Air Pollution from Oil Refineries and Gas Processing Plants
Oil refineries convert crude oil into a vast array of products, requiring a range of operations that emit a variety of pollutants, both through normal operations and in accidents. The EPA’s enforcement of the Clean Air Act at petroleum refineries has led to dozens of settlements in which companies have agreed to invest billions of dollars in control technologies and supplemental environmental projects. 12 Due largely to this enforcement, from 2000 to 2011, combined SO x and NO x emissions from refineries decreased by 75%. 13 Other regulations control VOC and benzene emissions from equipment at refineries and petroleum product distribution systems. 14
Natural gas processing has fewer air pollution risks, but some plants that process natural gas containing hydrogen sulfide – a poisonous, corrosive, and flammable gas – are regulated as toxic release sites. 15 The range of refinery and processing plant operations and their related emissions are summarized in the EPA’s Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. 16
Refinery emissions can be reduced by many means, including improved furnace efficiency, leak detection and control, gas recycling, reduced flaring and venting, scrubbers, and catalytic reactors. 17,18,19,20 From 1990 to 2013, refinery emissions of air toxics decreased by 66% and VOC emissions decreased by 69%, despite a 14% increase in the amount of crude oil being processed. 21 For communities near refineries, such as Galena Park near Houston, Texas (see figure), sustained future decreases in emissions from refineries and fuel storage facilities are an important part of mitigating the local public health impacts of oil and gas activity. 22
Changes in the average U.S. concentrations of the EPA’s six target air pollutants from 1990-2016.

Air Quality Impacts of Oil and Gas | American Geosciences Institute

Air Quality Impacts of Oil and Gas
Air Quality Impacts of Oil and Gas
Emissions from production, processing, refining, and use
Download Print Version
Introduction
Major Air Pollutants and the Regulatory Framework
Ozone and Oil & Gas Production
Air Pollution from Oil Refineries and Gas Processing Plants
Combustion and U.S. Air Quality Over Time
More Resources
References
Petroleum and the Environment
Subscribe to Geoscience Currents

H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990
101st Congress (1989-1990)

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
Law
Tracker:
Summary (6)
Text (7)
Actions (178)
Titles (11)
Amendments (33)
Cosponsors (79)
Committees (5)
Related Bills (25)
Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Shown Here:
Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)
 Title III: International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal - Expresses the sense of the Congress that it is in the best interests of the United States to participate in an international oil pollution liability and compensation scheme that is at least as effective as Federal and State laws in preventing incidents and in guaranteeing compensation for damages resulting from incidents. Directs the Secretary of State to report to the Congress the results of a review of international treaties and agreements with the Government of Canada regarding: ( 1) oil discharge prevention in the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain; ( 2) effective oil and removal; and (3) full compensation to those injured by a Great Lakes or Lake Champlain oil discharge. Directs the President to encourage international organizations to establish an international inventory of spill removal equipment and personnel. Urges the Secretary of State to enter into negotiations with the Government of Canada to ensure that tugboat escorts are required for certain-size tank vessels in the Strait of Juan de Fuca and in Haro Strait. Title IV: Prevention and Removal - Subtitle A:

Title III: International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal - Expresses the sense of the Congress that it is in the best interests of the United States to participate in an international oil pollution liability and compensation scheme that is at least as effective as Federal and State laws in preventing incidents and in guaranteeing compensation for damages resulting from incidents. Directs the Secretary of State to report to the Congress the results of a review of international treaties and agreements with the Government of Canada regarding: ( 1) oil discharge prevention in the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain; ( 2) effective oil and removal; and (3) full compensation to those injured by a Great Lakes or Lake Champlain oil discharge. Directs the President to encourage international organizations to establish an international inventory of spill removal equipment and personnel. Urges the Secretary of State to enter into negotiations with the Government of Canada to ensure that tugboat escorts are required for certain-size tank vessels in the Strait of Juan de Fuca and in Haro Strait. Title IV: Prevention and Removal - Subtitle A:

H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990
101st Congress (1989-1990)

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
Law
Tracker:
Summary (6)
Text (7)
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Titles (11)
Amendments (33)
Cosponsors (79)
Committees (5)
Related Bills (25)
Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Shown Here:
Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)
 Summary (6) Text (7) Actions (178) Titles (11) Amendments (33) Cosponsors (79) Committees (5) Related Bills (25)
Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Listen to this page
There are 6 summaries for H.R.1465. Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990) Passed Senate amended (11/19/1989) Reported to House amended, Part III (09/20/1989) Reported to House amended, Part II (09/18/1989) Reported to House amended, Part I (09/18/1989) Introduced in House (03/16/1989)
Bill summaries are authored by CRS. Shown Here: Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Title I: Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation - Establishes the Oil Spill Compensation Fund. Makes the responsible party for a vessel or facility from which oil is discharged (or which poses a substantial threat of discharge) liable for removal costs and for economic or natural resource damages, including: ( 1) injury or loss of real or personal property or natural resources; ( 2) loss of use (including subsistence use) of natural resources; ( 3) loss or impairment of income, profits, or earning capacity; (

Summary (6) Text (7) Actions (178) Titles (11) Amendments (33) Cosponsors (79) Committees (5) Related Bills (25)
Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Listen to this page
There are 6 summaries for H.R.1465. Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990) Passed Senate amended (11/19/1989) Reported to House amended, Part III (09/20/1989) Reported to House amended, Part II (09/18/1989) Reported to House amended, Part I (09/18/1989) Introduced in House (03/16/1989)
Bill summaries are authored by CRS. Shown Here: Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Title I: Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation - Establishes the Oil Spill Compensation Fund. Makes the responsible party for a vessel or facility from which oil is discharged (or which poses a substantial threat of discharge) liable for removal costs and for economic or natural resource damages, including: ( 1) injury or loss of real or personal property or natural resources; ( 2) loss of use (including subsistence use) of natural resources; ( 3) loss or impairment of income, profits, or earning capacity; (

H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990
101st Congress (1989-1990)

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
Law
Tracker:
Summary (6)
Text (7)
Actions (178)
Titles (11)
Amendments (33)
Cosponsors (79)
Committees (5)
Related Bills (25)
Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Shown Here:
Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)
 2) other vessels; ( 3) onshore and offshore facilities; and (4) deepwater port facilities. Divides liability for an offshore mobile drilling unit into two parts: first as a tank vessel with respect to an oil discharge; and second as an offshore facility to the extent that damages and removal costs exceed the responsible party's statutory liability limits. Authorizes the President to establish lower liability limits for onshore facilities. Directs the Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating to study and report to the Congress on the relative operational and environmental risks of oil transportation by vessel to deepwater ports versus other ports. Requires the Secretary to initiate a rulemaking proceeding to lower liability limits for deepwater ports if the study finds the risks are lower. Directs the President to report periodically to the Congress on the desirability of adjusting liability limits.

2) other vessels; ( 3) onshore and offshore facilities; and (4) deepwater port facilities. Divides liability for an offshore mobile drilling unit into two parts: first as a tank vessel with respect to an oil discharge; and second as an offshore facility to the extent that damages and removal costs exceed the responsible party's statutory liability limits. Authorizes the President to establish lower liability limits for onshore facilities. Directs the Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating to study and report to the Congress on the relative operational and environmental risks of oil transportation by vessel to deepwater ports versus other ports. Requires the Secretary to initiate a rulemaking proceeding to lower liability limits for deepwater ports if the study finds the risks are lower. Directs the President to report periodically to the Congress on the desirability of adjusting liability limits.

What is Oil Pollution Act of 1990? definition and meaning - BusinessDictionary.com Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
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 What is Oil Pollution Act of 1990? definition and meaning - BusinessDictionary.com
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A law enacted in 1990 by the U.S. ruling civil liability for removal costs or damages as a result of oil spills in waters of the United States caused by tank vessels or facilities used to explore, drill, produce, store, process, or transport oil. This definition includes motor vehicles, rolling stocks, and pipelines. The law also established provisions related to oil spill prevention, emergency response and cleanup efforts in the event of spills. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 limits the liability of companies for the economic damages caused by oil spills at 75 million dollars.

What is Oil Pollution Act of 1990? definition and meaning - BusinessDictionary.com

Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Definition
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What is Oil Pollution Act of 1990? definition and meaning - BusinessDictionary.com
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Definition
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Popular Terms
A law enacted in 1990 by the U.S. ruling civil liability for removal costs or damages as a result of oil spills in waters of the United States caused by tank vessels or facilities used to explore, drill, produce, store, process, or transport oil. This definition includes motor vehicles, rolling stocks, and pipelines. The law also established provisions related to oil spill prevention, emergency response and cleanup efforts in the event of spills. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 limits the liability of companies for the economic damages caused by oil spills at 75 million dollars.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
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Contents
History/Background
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 This was timely evidence that oil spills were not uncommon. Alaska Governor Steve Cowper authorized the creation of the Alaska Oil Spill Commission in 1989 to examine the causes of the Exxon Valdez oil spill and issue recommendations on potential policy changes. Cowper appointed Walter B. Parker, a longtime transportation consultant and public official, as the chairman of the commission. Under Parker, the Commission issued 52 recommendations for improvements to industry, state, and federal regulations. 50 of these recommendations were worked into the Oil Pollution Act bill that was introduced into legislation on March 16, 1989 by Walter B. Jones, Sr., a Democratic Party congressman from North Carolina's 1st congressional district. Enactment timeline
March 16, 1989: the Oil Pollution Act was introduced into the legislative process for enactment. June 21 of 1989: a committee reported and recommended that both chambers of Congress should consider the bill further.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

This was timely evidence that oil spills were not uncommon. Alaska Governor Steve Cowper authorized the creation of the Alaska Oil Spill Commission in 1989 to examine the causes of the Exxon Valdez oil spill and issue recommendations on potential policy changes. Cowper appointed Walter B. Parker, a longtime transportation consultant and public official, as the chairman of the commission. Under Parker, the Commission issued 52 recommendations for improvements to industry, state, and federal regulations. 50 of these recommendations were worked into the Oil Pollution Act bill that was introduced into legislation on March 16, 1989 by Walter B. Jones, Sr., a Democratic Party congressman from North Carolina's 1st congressional district. Enactment timeline
March 16, 1989: the Oil Pollution Act was introduced into the legislative process for enactment. June 21 of 1989: a committee reported and recommended that both chambers of Congress should consider the bill further.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
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Contents
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Long-term effects of OPA
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 However, this fragmented collection of federal and state laws provided only limited safeguards against the hazards of oils spills. In 1976, a bill to create a cohesive safe measure for oil pollution was introduced to Congress. Neither the House of Representatives nor the Senate could agree on a single statue and the bill fell out of consideration numerous times. On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit aground in the Prince Williams Sound and spilled nearly 11 million gallons of crude oil—the largest marine oil spill in recorded history up to that point. Soon afterward, in June 1989, three smaller spills occurred within coastal waters of the United States. This was timely evidence that oil spills were not uncommon. Alaska Governor Steve Cowper authorized the creation of the Alaska Oil Spill Commission in 1989 to examine the causes of the Exxon Valdez oil spill and issue recommendations on potential policy changes. Cowper appointed Walter B. Parker, a longtime transportation consultant and public official, as the chairman of the commission. Under Parker, the Commission issued 52 recommendations for improvements to industry, state, and federal regulations. 50 of these recommendations were worked into the Oil Pollution Act bill that was introduced into legislation on March 16, 1989 by Walter B. Jones, Sr.,

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

However, this fragmented collection of federal and state laws provided only limited safeguards against the hazards of oils spills. In 1976, a bill to create a cohesive safe measure for oil pollution was introduced to Congress. Neither the House of Representatives nor the Senate could agree on a single statue and the bill fell out of consideration numerous times. On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit aground in the Prince Williams Sound and spilled nearly 11 million gallons of crude oil—the largest marine oil spill in recorded history up to that point. Soon afterward, in June 1989, three smaller spills occurred within coastal waters of the United States. This was timely evidence that oil spills were not uncommon. Alaska Governor Steve Cowper authorized the creation of the Alaska Oil Spill Commission in 1989 to examine the causes of the Exxon Valdez oil spill and issue recommendations on potential policy changes. Cowper appointed Walter B. Parker, a longtime transportation consultant and public official, as the chairman of the commission. Under Parker, the Commission issued 52 recommendations for improvements to industry, state, and federal regulations. 50 of these recommendations were worked into the Oil Pollution Act bill that was introduced into legislation on March 16, 1989 by Walter B. Jones, Sr.,

H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990
101st Congress (1989-1990)

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
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Summary (6)
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Amendments (33)
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Related Bills (25)
Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Shown Here:
Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)
 4) loss of Federal and State tax, royalty, rental, or net profits share revenue; and (5) net costs of increased public services as a result of the discharge. Sets forth defenses to liability. Establishes liability limits for: ( 1) tankers; ( 2) other vessels; ( 3) onshore and offshore facilities; and (4) deepwater port facilities. Divides liability for an offshore mobile drilling unit into two parts: first as a tank vessel with respect to an oil discharge;

4) loss of Federal and State tax, royalty, rental, or net profits share revenue; and (5) net costs of increased public services as a result of the discharge. Sets forth defenses to liability. Establishes liability limits for: ( 1) tankers; ( 2) other vessels; ( 3) onshore and offshore facilities; and (4) deepwater port facilities. Divides liability for an offshore mobile drilling unit into two parts: first as a tank vessel with respect to an oil discharge;

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 August 4 of 1990: both chambers of Congress had passed the bill in identical form. The final step in the legislative process was for the bill to go to the President to either approve and sign or veto it. August 18 of 1990: the bill was signed by the President and the Oil Pollution Act was officially enacted. Key Content (Titles)
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV. Prevention and Removal
Subtitle A – Prevention
Subtitle B – Removal
Subtitle C – Penalties and Miscellaneous
Title V. Prince William Sound Provisions
Title VI. Miscellaneous
Title VII.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

August 4 of 1990: both chambers of Congress had passed the bill in identical form. The final step in the legislative process was for the bill to go to the President to either approve and sign or veto it. August 18 of 1990: the bill was signed by the President and the Oil Pollution Act was officially enacted. Key Content (Titles)
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV. Prevention and Removal
Subtitle A – Prevention
Subtitle B – Removal
Subtitle C – Penalties and Miscellaneous
Title V. Prince William Sound Provisions
Title VI. Miscellaneous
Title VII.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 4] [5]
On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit aground in the Prince Williams Sound and spilled nearly 11 million gallons of crude oil—the largest marine oil spill in recorded history up to that point. [ 5] Soon afterward, in June 1989, three smaller spills occurred within coastal waters of the United States. This was timely evidence that oil spills were not uncommon. [ 4]
Alaska Governor Steve Cowper authorized the creation of the Alaska Oil Spill Commission in 1989 to examine the causes of the Exxon Valdez oil spill and issue recommendations on potential policy changes. Cowper appointed Walter B. Parker, a longtime transportation consultant and public official, as the chairman of the commission. [ 6] [7] Under Parker, the Commission issued 52 recommendations for improvements to industry, state, and federal regulations. [ 6] 50 of these recommendations were worked into the Oil Pollution Act bill [8] that was introduced into legislation on March 16, 1989 by Walter B. Jones, Sr., a Democratic Party congressman from North Carolina's 1st congressional district. [ 6]
Enactment timeline
March 16, 1989: the Oil Pollution Act was introduced into the legislative process for enactment.

4] [5]
On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit aground in the Prince Williams Sound and spilled nearly 11 million gallons of crude oil—the largest marine oil spill in recorded history up to that point. [ 5] Soon afterward, in June 1989, three smaller spills occurred within coastal waters of the United States. This was timely evidence that oil spills were not uncommon. [ 4]
Alaska Governor Steve Cowper authorized the creation of the Alaska Oil Spill Commission in 1989 to examine the causes of the Exxon Valdez oil spill and issue recommendations on potential policy changes. Cowper appointed Walter B. Parker, a longtime transportation consultant and public official, as the chairman of the commission. [ 6] [7] Under Parker, the Commission issued 52 recommendations for improvements to industry, state, and federal regulations. [ 6] 50 of these recommendations were worked into the Oil Pollution Act bill [8] that was introduced into legislation on March 16, 1989 by Walter B. Jones, Sr., a Democratic Party congressman from North Carolina's 1st congressional district. [ 6]
Enactment timeline
March 16, 1989: the Oil Pollution Act was introduced into the legislative process for enactment.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 6] [7] Under Parker, the Commission issued 52 recommendations for improvements to industry, state, and federal regulations. [ 6] 50 of these recommendations were worked into the Oil Pollution Act bill [8] that was introduced into legislation on March 16, 1989 by Walter B. Jones, Sr., a Democratic Party congressman from North Carolina's 1st congressional district. [ 6]
Enactment timeline
March 16, 1989: the Oil Pollution Act was introduced into the legislative process for enactment. June 21 of 1989: a committee reported and recommended that both chambers of Congress should consider the bill further. Only about 1 in 4 bills are reported out of committee. November 9, 1989: the bill was passed by a vote in the House of Representatives.

6] [7] Under Parker, the Commission issued 52 recommendations for improvements to industry, state, and federal regulations. [ 6] 50 of these recommendations were worked into the Oil Pollution Act bill [8] that was introduced into legislation on March 16, 1989 by Walter B. Jones, Sr., a Democratic Party congressman from North Carolina's 1st congressional district. [ 6]
Enactment timeline
March 16, 1989: the Oil Pollution Act was introduced into the legislative process for enactment. June 21 of 1989: a committee reported and recommended that both chambers of Congress should consider the bill further. Only about 1 in 4 bills are reported out of committee. November 9, 1989: the bill was passed by a vote in the House of Representatives.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 a conference committee was created, including members of both the House of Representatives and Senate, in order to resolve differences and propose a final bill for approval. Initially, the Senate agreed to the committee's final proposed report. August 4 of 1990: both chambers of Congress had passed the bill in identical form. The final step in the legislative process was for the bill to go to the President to either approve and sign or veto it. August 18 of 1990: the bill was signed by the President and the Oil Pollution Act was officially enacted. [ 9]
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV.

a conference committee was created, including members of both the House of Representatives and Senate, in order to resolve differences and propose a final bill for approval. Initially, the Senate agreed to the committee's final proposed report. August 4 of 1990: both chambers of Congress had passed the bill in identical form. The final step in the legislative process was for the bill to go to the President to either approve and sign or veto it. August 18 of 1990: the bill was signed by the President and the Oil Pollution Act was officially enacted. [ 9]
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 August 18 of 1990: the bill was signed by the President and the Oil Pollution Act was officially enacted. [ 9]
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV. Prevention and Removal
Subtitle A – Prevention
Subtitle B – Removal
Subtitle C – Penalties and Miscellaneous
Title V. Prince William Sound Provisions
Title VI. Miscellaneous
Title VII. Oil Pollution Research and Development Program
Title VIII. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle A – Improvements to Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle B – Penalties
Subtitle C – Provisions Applicable to Alaska Natives
Title IX. Amendments to Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, Etc.

August 18 of 1990: the bill was signed by the President and the Oil Pollution Act was officially enacted. [ 9]
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV. Prevention and Removal
Subtitle A – Prevention
Subtitle B – Removal
Subtitle C – Penalties and Miscellaneous
Title V. Prince William Sound Provisions
Title VI. Miscellaneous
Title VII. Oil Pollution Research and Development Program
Title VIII. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle A – Improvements to Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle B – Penalties
Subtitle C – Provisions Applicable to Alaska Natives
Title IX. Amendments to Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, Etc.

Oil Spill Pollution | Environmental Pollution Centers Oil Spill Pollution
Oil Spill Pollution
Definition
The Oil Pollution Act
How Does Oil Spill Pollution Affect Us?
Directly
Indirectly
How Does an Oil Spill Behave in the Environment?
 imposed liability for injuries, removal costs, and damages from incidents involving the discharge of oil into navigable waters or adjoining shorelines. How Does Oil Spill Pollution Affect Us? These organic compounds may affect the wildlife (including fish and birds) and humans in various ways: Directly
by direct contact with the skin - some of the oil components could be irritants to the skin and may also penetrate into our bodies via skin absorption
through inhalation - many individual components of oil are volatile and thus may easily evaporate and while breathing can enter our bodies. Some less volatile compounds (such as PAHs) may adsorb on dust and other small particulate matter suspended in the breathing air and may get into our bodies through inhalation of small particulate matter from the air
through ingestion of contaminated water and/or particles
through emitted odors - How many of us have smelled gasoline or diesel/fuel oil and noticed the strong unpleasant smell? Usually, crude oil and its various distillates have strong unpleasant odor
Indirectly
by consuming contaminated food (some of the oil hydrocarbons such as PAHs bioaccumulate in fish and other organisms and may concentrate many times more than in water or other media)
by disrupting professional and/or recreational activities due to the oil pollution in certain areas
by decreased property values from the affected areas - it is logical to imagine the drops in house values in a polluted area; aesthetically - by visual alteration of marine, beach and many other environments (where the oil spill occurred)
overall economic impact - in the community affected by the oil spill
How Does an Oil Spill Behave in the Environment? Depending on where and how an oil spill occurs, it will have distinct environmental effects. For example: a marine oil spill is usually degraded fast since water is an excellent medium for dispersion, emulsifying and microbial degradation processes.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
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Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
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 a Democratic Party congressman from North Carolina's 1st congressional district. Enactment timeline
March 16, 1989: the Oil Pollution Act was introduced into the legislative process for enactment. June 21 of 1989: a committee reported and recommended that both chambers of Congress should consider the bill further. Only about 1 in 4 bills are reported out of committee. November 9, 1989: the bill was passed by a vote in the House of Representatives. November 19, 1989: the bill was passed by the Senate, with revisions.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

a Democratic Party congressman from North Carolina's 1st congressional district. Enactment timeline
March 16, 1989: the Oil Pollution Act was introduced into the legislative process for enactment. June 21 of 1989: a committee reported and recommended that both chambers of Congress should consider the bill further. Only about 1 in 4 bills are reported out of committee. November 9, 1989: the bill was passed by a vote in the House of Representatives. November 19, 1989: the bill was passed by the Senate, with revisions.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 Only about 1 in 4 bills are reported out of committee. November 9, 1989: the bill was passed by a vote in the House of Representatives. November 19, 1989: the bill was passed by the Senate, with revisions. The bill was sent back to the House of Representatives for approval of the changes added by the Senate. However, the House of Representatives did not agree to the revisions. August 2 of 1990: a conference committee was created, including members of both the House of Representatives and Senate, in order to resolve differences and propose a final bill for approval. Initially, the Senate agreed to the committee's final proposed report.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

Only about 1 in 4 bills are reported out of committee. November 9, 1989: the bill was passed by a vote in the House of Representatives. November 19, 1989: the bill was passed by the Senate, with revisions. The bill was sent back to the House of Representatives for approval of the changes added by the Senate. However, the House of Representatives did not agree to the revisions. August 2 of 1990: a conference committee was created, including members of both the House of Representatives and Senate, in order to resolve differences and propose a final bill for approval. Initially, the Senate agreed to the committee's final proposed report.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 The bill was sent back to the House of Representatives for approval of the changes added by the Senate. However, the House of Representatives did not agree to the revisions. August 2 of 1990: a conference committee was created, including members of both the House of Representatives and Senate, in order to resolve differences and propose a final bill for approval. Initially, the Senate agreed to the committee's final proposed report. August 4 of 1990: both chambers of Congress had passed the bill in identical form. The final step in the legislative process was for the bill to go to the President to either approve and sign or veto it. August 18 of 1990: the bill was signed by the President and the Oil Pollution Act was officially enacted.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

The bill was sent back to the House of Representatives for approval of the changes added by the Senate. However, the House of Representatives did not agree to the revisions. August 2 of 1990: a conference committee was created, including members of both the House of Representatives and Senate, in order to resolve differences and propose a final bill for approval. Initially, the Senate agreed to the committee's final proposed report. August 4 of 1990: both chambers of Congress had passed the bill in identical form. The final step in the legislative process was for the bill to go to the President to either approve and sign or veto it. August 18 of 1990: the bill was signed by the President and the Oil Pollution Act was officially enacted.

 In the 1980's the United States Congress created a law known as "Superfund," which allocated money for what pressing issue? hazardous waste

Also known as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, "Superfund" allocated money for the clean up of hazardous waste sites throughout the United States. In 1990, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act to establish policies regarding the prevention, containment, and cleanup of oil spills. Which event provided the basis for this legislation? the Exxon Valdez accident

The Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989 was the primary factor behind the unanimous passage of the Oil Pollution Act through both houses of Congress in 1990. The Act established detailed guidelines to prevent oil spills and provide federal support for cleanup efforts. Which is the BEST example of a negative consequence of human modification of the environment in the United States? strip mining and air pollution in Pennsylvania and West Virginia

The BEST example of a negative effect of human modification of the e

In the 1980's the United States Congress created a law known as "Superfund," which allocated money for what pressing issue? hazardous waste

Also known as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, "Superfund" allocated money for the clean up of hazardous waste sites throughout the United States. In 1990, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act to establish policies regarding the prevention, containment, and cleanup of oil spills. Which event provided the basis for this legislation? the Exxon Valdez accident

The Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989 was the primary factor behind the unanimous passage of the Oil Pollution Act through both houses of Congress in 1990. The Act established detailed guidelines to prevent oil spills and provide federal support for cleanup efforts. Which is the BEST example of a negative consequence of human modification of the environment in the United States? strip mining and air pollution in Pennsylvania and West Virginia

The BEST example of a negative effect of human modification of the e

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 November 19, 1989: the bill was passed by the Senate, with revisions. The bill was sent back to the House of Representatives for approval of the changes added by the Senate. However, the House of Representatives did not agree to the revisions. August 2 of 1990: a conference committee was created, including members of both the House of Representatives and Senate, in order to resolve differences and propose a final bill for approval. Initially, the Senate agreed to the committee's final proposed report. August 4 of 1990: both chambers of Congress had passed the bill in identical form. The final step in the legislative process was for the bill to go to the President to either approve and sign or veto it.

November 19, 1989: the bill was passed by the Senate, with revisions. The bill was sent back to the House of Representatives for approval of the changes added by the Senate. However, the House of Representatives did not agree to the revisions. August 2 of 1990: a conference committee was created, including members of both the House of Representatives and Senate, in order to resolve differences and propose a final bill for approval. Initially, the Senate agreed to the committee's final proposed report. August 4 of 1990: both chambers of Congress had passed the bill in identical form. The final step in the legislative process was for the bill to go to the President to either approve and sign or veto it.

Oil Pollution Act Overview | US Environmental Protection Agency Oil Pollution Act Overview
Oil Pollution Act Overview
Overview
Key Provisions of the Oil Pollution Act
For More Information
 §4301 (a) and (c) The fine for failing to notify the appropriate Federal agency of a discharge is increased from a maximum of $10,000 to a maximum of $250,000 for an individual or $500,000 for an organization. The maximum prison term is also increased from one year to five years. The penalties for violations have a maximum of $250,000 and 15 years in prison. §4301 (b) Civil penalties are authorized at $25,000 for each day of violation or $1,000 per barrel of oil discharged. Failure to comply with a Federal removal order can result in civil penalties of up to $25,000 for each day of violation. §9001 (a) Amends the Internal Revenue Act of 1986 to consolidate funds established under other statutes and to increase permitted levels of expenditures. Penalties and funds established under several laws are consolidated, and the Trust Fund borrowing limit is increased from $500 million to $1 billion. For More Information
Full-text of Oil Pollution Act
Contact the Emergency Response webmaster to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem.

§4301 (a) and (c) The fine for failing to notify the appropriate Federal agency of a discharge is increased from a maximum of $10,000 to a maximum of $250,000 for an individual or $500,000 for an organization. The maximum prison term is also increased from one year to five years. The penalties for violations have a maximum of $250,000 and 15 years in prison. §4301 (b) Civil penalties are authorized at $25,000 for each day of violation or $1,000 per barrel of oil discharged. Failure to comply with a Federal removal order can result in civil penalties of up to $25,000 for each day of violation. §9001 (a) Amends the Internal Revenue Act of 1986 to consolidate funds established under other statutes and to increase permitted levels of expenditures. Penalties and funds established under several laws are consolidated, and the Trust Fund borrowing limit is increased from $500 million to $1 billion. For More Information
Full-text of Oil Pollution Act
Contact the Emergency Response webmaster to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem.

Oil Pollution - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Oil Pollution
Oil Pollution
OIL POLLUTION
Oil Spillage
Ocean Interfaces & Human Impacts
Introduction
Natural Resource Damage Assessment
31.3 Objectives
Assessment of Potential Oil Spill Risk Along Vishakhaptnam Coast, India: Integrated Approach for Coastal Management
Abstract
Oil Industry and the Health of Communities in the Niger Delta of Nigeria
An Environment under Pressure
Pervasive Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta
Ocean Pollution
4.1 Oil Pollution
Salt Marsh Restoration
5.6.3 Oil
Oceans
Abstract
Pollution prevention
2.6 Oil pollution act
 Because the spread of spilled oil is much more restricted on land than on water, terrestrial spills usually affect relatively localized areas (unless the spilled oil reaches a watercourse). The characteristics and ecological effects of terrestrial spills are described in more detail later in this chapter, in the context of oil spills in the Arctic. Much information is available about the magnitude, behavior, and effects of oil spilled at sea. Recent estimates of the input of petroleum hydrocarbons to the world's oceans during the 1970s and early 1980s ranged from about 3.2 to 6.1 million tonnes/year (Table 6.3 ). This was equivalent to about 0.2–0.3% of the total quantity of petroleum transported by tankers in 1980 and 0.1–0.2% of global petroleum production ( Cormack, 1983 ). More recent estimates of global inputs of oil to the marine environment suggest that there was a substantial reduction during the 1980s, from 1.47 million tonnes in 1981 to 0.57 million tonnes in 1989 [ International Marine Organization (IMO), 1990; GESAMP, 1993 ). Table 6.3. Estimates of inputs of petroleum hydrocarbons to the world's oceansa a
Source
1973 b
1979 a
1981 d
1983 e
Natural seeps
600
600
300 (30–2600)
200 (20–2000)
Atmospheric deposition
600
600
300 (50–500)
300 (50–500)
Urban runoff and discharges
2500
2100
1430 (700–2800)
1080 (500–2500)
Coastal refineries
200
60
—
100 (60–600)
Other coastal effluents
—
150
50 (30–80)
50 (50–200)
Accidents from tankers at sea
300
300
390 (350–430)
400 (300–400)
Operational discharges from tankers
1080
600
710 (440–1450)
700 (400–1500)
Losses from nontanker shipping
750
200
340 (160–640)
320 (200–600)
Offshore production losses
80
60
50 (40–70)
50 (40–60)
Total discharges
6110
4670
3570
3200
c Kornberg (1981). a
Data are in units of 103 tonnes/year.

Oil Pollution - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Oil Pollution
Oil Pollution
OIL POLLUTION
Oil Spillage
Ocean Interfaces & Human Impacts
Introduction
Natural Resource Damage Assessment
31.3 Objectives
Assessment of Potential Oil Spill Risk Along Vishakhaptnam Coast, India: Integrated Approach for Coastal Management
Abstract
Oil Industry and the Health of Communities in the Niger Delta of Nigeria
An Environment under Pressure
Pervasive Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta
Ocean Pollution
4.1 Oil Pollution
Salt Marsh Restoration
5.6.3 Oil
Oceans
Abstract
Pollution prevention
2.6 Oil pollution act

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 June 21 of 1989: a committee reported and recommended that both chambers of Congress should consider the bill further. Only about 1 in 4 bills are reported out of committee. November 9, 1989: the bill was passed by a vote in the House of Representatives. November 19, 1989: the bill was passed by the Senate, with revisions. The bill was sent back to the House of Representatives for approval of the changes added by the Senate. However, the House of Representatives did not agree to the revisions. August 2 of 1990:

June 21 of 1989: a committee reported and recommended that both chambers of Congress should consider the bill further. Only about 1 in 4 bills are reported out of committee. November 9, 1989: the bill was passed by a vote in the House of Representatives. November 19, 1989: the bill was passed by the Senate, with revisions. The bill was sent back to the House of Representatives for approval of the changes added by the Senate. However, the House of Representatives did not agree to the revisions. August 2 of 1990:

Oil Pollution - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Oil Pollution
Oil Pollution
OIL POLLUTION
Oil Spillage
Ocean Interfaces & Human Impacts
Introduction
Natural Resource Damage Assessment
31.3 Objectives
Assessment of Potential Oil Spill Risk Along Vishakhaptnam Coast, India: Integrated Approach for Coastal Management
Abstract
Oil Industry and the Health of Communities in the Niger Delta of Nigeria
An Environment under Pressure
Pervasive Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta
Ocean Pollution
4.1 Oil Pollution
Salt Marsh Restoration
5.6.3 Oil
Oceans
Abstract
Pollution prevention
2.6 Oil pollution act
 More recent estimates of global inputs of oil to the marine environment suggest that there was a substantial reduction during the 1980s, from 1.47 million tonnes in 1981 to 0.57 million tonnes in 1989 [ International Marine Organization (IMO), 1990; GESAMP, 1993 ). Table 6.3. Estimates of inputs of petroleum hydrocarbons to the world's oceansa a
Source
1973 b
1979 a
1981 d
1983 e
Natural seeps
600
600
300 (30–2600)
200 (20–2000)
Atmospheric deposition
600
600
300 (50–500)
300 (50–500)
Urban runoff and discharges
2500
2100
1430 (700–2800)
1080 (500–2500)
Coastal refineries
200
60
—
100 (60–600)
Other coastal effluents
—
150
50 (30–80)
50 (50–200)
Accidents from tankers at sea
300
300
390 (350–430)
400 (300–400)
Operational discharges from tankers
1080
600
710 (440–1450)
700 (400–1500)
Losses from nontanker shipping
750
200
340 (160–640)
320 (200–600)
Offshore production losses
80
60
50 (40–70)
50 (40–60)
Total discharges
6110
4670
3570
3200
c Kornberg (1981). a
Data are in units of 103 tonnes/year. b
National Academy of Sciences (NAS) (1975d). d
Baker (1983), best estimate, range in parentheses. e
Koons (1984), best estimate, range in parentheses. In comparison to these anthropogenic inputs of petroleum to the oceans, the natural production of nonpetroleum hydrocarbons by marine plankton has been estimated at about 26 million tonnes/year, or about four to eight times the total input of petroleum hydrocarbons. These biogenic hydrocarbons are an important component of the background concentration of hydrocarbons in the marine environment, but they are, of course, well dispersed and should not be considered to be an important source of marine pollution.

H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990
101st Congress (1989-1990)

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Committees: House - Merchant Marine and Fisheries; Public Works and Transportation; Foreign Affairs; Interior and Insular Affairs; Science, Space and Technology
Committee Reports: H.Rept 101-242 Part 2; H.Rept 101-242 Part 3;

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H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
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Introduced Date: 03/16/1989
Committees: House - Merchant Marine and Fisheries; Public Works and Transportation; Foreign Affairs; Interior and Insular Affairs; Science, Space and Technology
Committee Reports: H.Rept 101-242 Part 2; H.Rept 101-242 Part 3;

Oil Spill Pollution | Environmental Pollution Centers Oil Spill Pollution
Oil Spill Pollution
Definition
The Oil Pollution Act
How Does Oil Spill Pollution Affect Us?
Directly
Indirectly
How Does an Oil Spill Behave in the Environment?
 Usually, crude oil and its various distillates have strong unpleasant odor
Indirectly
by consuming contaminated food (some of the oil hydrocarbons such as PAHs bioaccumulate in fish and other organisms and may concentrate many times more than in water or other media)
by disrupting professional and/or recreational activities due to the oil pollution in certain areas
by decreased property values from the affected areas - it is logical to imagine the drops in house values in a polluted area; aesthetically - by visual alteration of marine, beach and many other environments (where the oil spill occurred)
overall economic impact - in the community affected by the oil spill
How Does an Oil Spill Behave in the Environment? Depending on where and how an oil spill occurs, it will have distinct environmental effects. For example: a marine oil spill is usually degraded fast since water is an excellent medium for dispersion, emulsifying and microbial degradation processes. If released in the water, oil and oil products tend to accumulate at the surface of the water and float on the water. Small oil droplets may also form which may increase the surface contact with water and also the natural biodegradation of the spilled oil
an oil spill on the land may penetrate underground and move downward reaching eventually the groundwater. However, such vertical movement may be slowed done if not prevented by the presence of paved surfaces, natural clay layers or other natural or anthropogenic barriers. Oil may also move laterally along less permeable layers (including surface pavements) or with groundwater and surface waters
an oil spill in the underground (such as from pipelines or underground storage tank leaking) will likely affect the groundwater since the vertical traveling distance is reduced. Such spill may also result in oil residuals that could be entrapped underground constituting a secondary source of groundwater pollution

H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990
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Biggest Oil Companies In The World - WorldAtlas Biggest Oil Companies In The World
Biggest Oil Companies In The World
The Five Biggest Oil Companies In The World
Saudi Aramco
Sinopec
China National Petroleum Corporation
ExxonMobil
Environmental Effects Of Oil
Biggest Oil Companies In The World
 It ranks fourth among the biggest oil companies in the world by revenue generated. The company was founded in 1999 through the merger of Exxon (formerly Standard Oil Company of New Jersey) and Mobil (formerly the Standard Oil Company of New York) and has a revenue of 268.9 billion dollars. ExxonMobil deals with crude oil, natural gas, petrochemicals, and other oil products. The company is criticized for its slow response to environmental pollution including the cleaning up of oil spills. Environmental Effects Of Oil
Some of the oil companies have been responsible for environmental pollution through by-products and oil spills. The oil industry is the largest source of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), the chemicals responsible for smog and ground-level ozone. Combustion of fossil fuels emits greenhouse gasses and other pollutants such as heavy metals. Biggest Oil Companies In The World
Rank
Company
Revenue (Billions of US Dollars)
Country of Origin
1
Saudi Aramco
465.49
Saudi Arabia
2
Sinopec Group
448
China
3
China National Petroleum Corporation
428.62
China
4
Exxon Mobil
268.9
United States
5
Royal Dutch Shell
265
The Netherlands/United Kingdom
6
Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
251.94
Kuwait
7
BP
222.8
United Kingdom
8
Total SA
212
France
9
Lukoil
144.17
Russia
10
Eni
131.82
Italy
Benjamin Elisha Sawe December 5 2018 in Economics
Home
Economics
Biggest Oil Companies In The World

Biggest Oil Companies In The World - WorldAtlas

Biggest Oil Companies In The World
Biggest Oil Companies In The World
The Five Biggest Oil Companies In The World
Saudi Aramco
Sinopec
China National Petroleum Corporation
ExxonMobil
Environmental Effects Of Oil
Biggest Oil Companies In The World

It ranks fourth among the biggest oil companies in the world by revenue generated. The company was founded in 1999 through the merger of Exxon (formerly Standard Oil Company of New Jersey) and Mobil (formerly the Standard Oil Company of New York) and has a revenue of 268.9 billion dollars. ExxonMobil deals with crude oil, natural gas, petrochemicals, and other oil products. The company is criticized for its slow response to environmental pollution including the cleaning up of oil spills. Environmental Effects Of Oil
Some of the oil companies have been responsible for environmental pollution through by-products and oil spills. The oil industry is the largest source of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), the chemicals responsible for smog and ground-level ozone. Combustion of fossil fuels emits greenhouse gasses and other pollutants such as heavy metals. Biggest Oil Companies In The World
Rank
Company
Revenue (Billions of US Dollars)
Country of Origin
1
Saudi Aramco
465.49
Saudi Arabia
2
Sinopec Group
448
China
3
China National Petroleum Corporation
428.62
China
4
Exxon Mobil
268.9
United States
5
Royal Dutch Shell
265
The Netherlands/United Kingdom
6
Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
251.94
Kuwait
7
BP
222.8
United Kingdom
8
Total SA
212
France
9
Lukoil
144.17
Russia
10
Eni
131.82
Italy
Benjamin Elisha Sawe December 5 2018 in Economics
Home
Economics
Biggest Oil Companies In The World

H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990
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H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
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 Foreign Affairs; Interior and Insular Affairs; Science, Space and Technology
Committee Reports: H.Rept 101-242 Part 2; H.Rept 101-242 Part 3; H.Rept 101-242 Part 4; H.Rept 101-242 Part 5; H.Rept 101-242 Part 1; H.Rept 101-653
Latest Action: 08/18/1990 Became Public Law No:

Foreign Affairs; Interior and Insular Affairs; Science, Space and Technology
Committee Reports: H.Rept 101-242 Part 2; H.Rept 101-242 Part 3; H.Rept 101-242 Part 4; H.Rept 101-242 Part 5; H.Rept 101-242 Part 1; H.Rept 101-653
Latest Action: 08/18/1990 Became Public Law No:

Oil Pollution Act of 1973 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1973
Oil Pollution Act of 1973
Contents
History of OILPOL
Provisions of the Act
Definitions
Tank Ship Construction Standards
Zone Prohibitions
Oil Record Book
Repeal of Oil Pollution Act of 1973
See also
References
External links
 Contents
1 History of OILPOL
2 Provisions of the Act
2.1 Definitions
2.2 Tank Ship Construction Standards
2.3 Zone Prohibitions
2.4 Oil Record Book
3 Repeal of Oil Pollution Act of 1973
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History of OILPOL
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil (OILPOL) was an international convention organized by the United Kingdom in 1954. The convention was held in London, England from April 26, 1954 to May 12, 1954. The international meeting was convened to recognize the disposal of hazardous waste which could potentially yield toxic contamination to the marine ecosystems. The International Convention for the Prevention of the Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954 original text was authored in English and French. The environmental protocol was amended in 1962, 1969, and 1971. The 1971 OILPOL amendments imposed irrevocable oceanic jurisdictions for the Great Barrier Reef located in the Coral Sea. The international convention amendments introduced design control provisions for sea-going vessels which specified tank formation arrangement and tank size limitations for nautical transport ships . Provisions of the Act
The 1973 amendments accentuated the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954 by complying with the 1969 and 1971 international convention agreement amendments. Definitions
Oily mixture means a mixture with any oil content. Discharge in relation to instantaneous rate of discharge of oil content means the rate of discharge of oil in liters per hour at any instant divided by the speed of the ship in knots at the same instant.

Oil Pollution Act of 1973 - Wikipedia

Oil Pollution Act of 1973
Oil Pollution Act of 1973
Contents
History of OILPOL
Provisions of the Act
Definitions
Tank Ship Construction Standards
Zone Prohibitions
Oil Record Book
Repeal of Oil Pollution Act of 1973
See also
References
External links

What Is The Environmental Impact Of The Petroleum Industry? - WorldAtlas What Is The Environmental Impact Of The Petroleum Industry?
What Is The Environmental Impact Of The Petroleum Industry?
The Petroleum Industry
Impacts Of Drilling For Oil
Environmental Impacts Of Petroleum Refinery
 These complex processes impact the environment in a different way despite the benefit of getting the important oil. The increasing demands of the petroleum products have put a strain on the petroleum industry. Environmental regulations have caused the industries to change their strategies and activities towards clean production. Impacts Of Drilling For Oil
Petroleum companies drill oil from the ground by use of drilling rigs and wells that reaches the pocket of oil bed. The oil is likely to fill the rock layer and spread throughout the open place. The oil may spill into the water bodies like oceans, lakes, or rivers. The crude oil contains toxic material that is lethal to water animals like fish and reptiles and may lead to several deaths within a short time. Distillates of the crude oil and petroleum may also cause congenital disabilities to fish and other animals which come into contact with them. Drilling for oil also requires that the ecology of an area be altered by clearing land to create adequate space for drilling of oil. Environmental Impacts Of Petroleum Refinery
Petroleum refinery is a major source of pollution in areas where they are established.

What Is The Environmental Impact Of The Petroleum Industry? - WorldAtlas

What Is The Environmental Impact Of The Petroleum Industry?
What Is The Environmental Impact Of The Petroleum Industry?
The Petroleum Industry
Impacts Of Drilling For Oil
Environmental Impacts Of Petroleum Refinery

These complex processes impact the environment in a different way despite the benefit of getting the important oil. The increasing demands of the petroleum products have put a strain on the petroleum industry. Environmental regulations have caused the industries to change their strategies and activities towards clean production. Impacts Of Drilling For Oil
Petroleum companies drill oil from the ground by use of drilling rigs and wells that reaches the pocket of oil bed. The oil is likely to fill the rock layer and spread throughout the open place. The oil may spill into the water bodies like oceans, lakes, or rivers. The crude oil contains toxic material that is lethal to water animals like fish and reptiles and may lead to several deaths within a short time. Distillates of the crude oil and petroleum may also cause congenital disabilities to fish and other animals which come into contact with them. Drilling for oil also requires that the ecology of an area be altered by clearing land to create adequate space for drilling of oil. Environmental Impacts Of Petroleum Refinery
Petroleum refinery is a major source of pollution in areas where they are established.

Oil Pollution Act of 1973 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1973
Oil Pollution Act of 1973
Contents
History of OILPOL
Provisions of the Act
Definitions
Tank Ship Construction Standards
Zone Prohibitions
Oil Record Book
Repeal of Oil Pollution Act of 1973
See also
References
External links
 Navigable Waters
U.S.C. sections amended
33 U.S.C. ch. 20 §§ 1001-1016
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 5451 by Leonor Sullivan ( D - MO) on March 8, 1973
Committee consideration by House Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Senate Commerce
Passed the House on May 8, 1973 ( 370-1)
Passed the Senate on September 24, 1973 (passed)
Signed into law by President Richard Nixon on October 4, 1973
The Oil Pollution Act of 1973 or Oil Pollution Act Amendments of 1973, 33 U.S.C. Chapter 20 §§ 1001-1011, was a United States federal law which amended the United States Statute 75 Stat. 402. The Act of Congress sustained the United States commitment to control the discharge of fossil fuel pollutants from nautical vessels and to acknowledge the embargo of coastal zones in trans-boundary waters . The H.R. 5451 legislation was passed by the United States 93rd Congressional session and enacted by the 37th President of the United States Richard Nixon on October 4, 1973. Contents
1 History of OILPOL
2 Provisions of the Act
2.1 Definitions
2.2 Tank Ship Construction Standards
2.3 Zone Prohibitions
2.4 Oil Record Book
3 Repeal of Oil Pollution Act of 1973
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History of OILPOL
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil (OILPOL) was an international convention organized by the United Kingdom in 1954. The convention was held in London, England from April 26, 1954 to May 12, 1954. The international meeting was convened to recognize the disposal of hazardous waste which could potentially yield toxic contamination to the marine ecosystems. The International Convention for the Prevention of the Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954 original text was authored in English and French. The environmental protocol was amended in 1962, 1969, and 1971.

Oil Pollution Act of 1973 - Wikipedia

Oil Pollution - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Oil Pollution
Oil Pollution
OIL POLLUTION
Oil Spillage
Ocean Interfaces & Human Impacts
Introduction
Natural Resource Damage Assessment
31.3 Objectives
Assessment of Potential Oil Spill Risk Along Vishakhaptnam Coast, India: Integrated Approach for Coastal Management
Abstract
Oil Industry and the Health of Communities in the Niger Delta of Nigeria
An Environment under Pressure
Pervasive Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta
Ocean Pollution
4.1 Oil Pollution
Salt Marsh Restoration
5.6.3 Oil
Oceans
Abstract
Pollution prevention
2.6 Oil pollution act
 Oil Pollution - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Oil Pollution
Oil pollution is one of the most disastrous damages to the environment and can cause both short- and long-term side effects to the local ecosystems. From: Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, 2011
Download as PDF
About this page
OIL POLLUTION
Bill Freedman, in Environmental Ecology (Second Edition), 1995
Oil Spillage
Oil pollution can be caused by any spillage of crude oil or its refined products. However, the largest and most damaging pollution events usually involve spills of petroleum or heavy bunker fuel from disabled tankers or drill platforms at sea, from barges or ships on major inland waterways, or from blowouts of wells or broken pipelines on land. A spill on land can occur in many ways, but the largest events generally involve a pipeline rupture or a well blowout. Globally, in 1982 there were 64.5 thousand km of pipeline for the transportation of liquid petroleum and another 136 thousand km of natural gas pipeline (Gilroy, 1983 ). The causes of pipeline ruptures are diverse. They include faulty pumping equipment and pipe seam welds, earthquakes, sabotage, deliberate spillage as in the Gulf War, and sometimes hunters using aboveground pipelines for target practice. The total quantity of oil spilled from pipelines is not well quantified in many parts of the world. However, because of the widespread use of spill sensors and mechanisms for shutting down sections of pipeline, individual events are usually much smaller than can potentially be spilled by oceanic supertankers or by blowouts of offshore platforms.

Oil Pollution - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Oil Pollution
Oil pollution is one of the most disastrous damages to the environment and can cause both short- and long-term side effects to the local ecosystems. From: Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, 2011
Download as PDF
About this page
OIL POLLUTION
Bill Freedman, in Environmental Ecology (Second Edition), 1995
Oil Spillage
Oil pollution can be caused by any spillage of crude oil or its refined products. However, the largest and most damaging pollution events usually involve spills of petroleum or heavy bunker fuel from disabled tankers or drill platforms at sea, from barges or ships on major inland waterways, or from blowouts of wells or broken pipelines on land. A spill on land can occur in many ways, but the largest events generally involve a pipeline rupture or a well blowout. Globally, in 1982 there were 64.5 thousand km of pipeline for the transportation of liquid petroleum and another 136 thousand km of natural gas pipeline (Gilroy, 1983 ). The causes of pipeline ruptures are diverse. They include faulty pumping equipment and pipe seam welds, earthquakes, sabotage, deliberate spillage as in the Gulf War, and sometimes hunters using aboveground pipelines for target practice. The total quantity of oil spilled from pipelines is not well quantified in many parts of the world. However, because of the widespread use of spill sensors and mechanisms for shutting down sections of pipeline, individual events are usually much smaller than can potentially be spilled by oceanic supertankers or by blowouts of offshore platforms.

Oil Pollution - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Oil Pollution
Oil Pollution
OIL POLLUTION
Oil Spillage
Ocean Interfaces & Human Impacts
Introduction
Natural Resource Damage Assessment
31.3 Objectives
Assessment of Potential Oil Spill Risk Along Vishakhaptnam Coast, India: Integrated Approach for Coastal Management
Abstract
Oil Industry and the Health of Communities in the Niger Delta of Nigeria
An Environment under Pressure
Pervasive Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta
Ocean Pollution
4.1 Oil Pollution
Salt Marsh Restoration
5.6.3 Oil
Oceans
Abstract
Pollution prevention
2.6 Oil pollution act
 Globally, in 1982 there were 64.5 thousand km of pipeline for the transportation of liquid petroleum and another 136 thousand km of natural gas pipeline (Gilroy, 1983 ). The causes of pipeline ruptures are diverse. They include faulty pumping equipment and pipe seam welds, earthquakes, sabotage, deliberate spillage as in the Gulf War, and sometimes hunters using aboveground pipelines for target practice. The total quantity of oil spilled from pipelines is not well quantified in many parts of the world. However, because of the widespread use of spill sensors and mechanisms for shutting down sections of pipeline, individual events are usually much smaller than can potentially be spilled by oceanic supertankers or by blowouts of offshore platforms. Because the spread of spilled oil is much more restricted on land than on water, terrestrial spills usually affect relatively localized areas (unless the spilled oil reaches a watercourse). The characteristics and ecological effects of terrestrial spills are described in more detail later in this chapter, in the context of oil spills in the Arctic. Much information is available about the magnitude, behavior, and effects of oil spilled at sea. Recent estimates of the input of petroleum hydrocarbons to the world's oceans during the 1970s and early 1980s ranged from about 3.2 to 6.1 million tonnes/year (Table 6.3 ). This was equivalent to about 0.2–0.3% of the total quantity of petroleum transported by tankers in 1980 and 0.1–0.2% of global petroleum production ( Cormack, 1983 ).

Globally, in 1982 there were 64.5 thousand km of pipeline for the transportation of liquid petroleum and another 136 thousand km of natural gas pipeline (Gilroy, 1983 ). The causes of pipeline ruptures are diverse. They include faulty pumping equipment and pipe seam welds, earthquakes, sabotage, deliberate spillage as in the Gulf War, and sometimes hunters using aboveground pipelines for target practice. The total quantity of oil spilled from pipelines is not well quantified in many parts of the world. However, because of the widespread use of spill sensors and mechanisms for shutting down sections of pipeline, individual events are usually much smaller than can potentially be spilled by oceanic supertankers or by blowouts of offshore platforms. Because the spread of spilled oil is much more restricted on land than on water, terrestrial spills usually affect relatively localized areas (unless the spilled oil reaches a watercourse). The characteristics and ecological effects of terrestrial spills are described in more detail later in this chapter, in the context of oil spills in the Arctic. Much information is available about the magnitude, behavior, and effects of oil spilled at sea. Recent estimates of the input of petroleum hydrocarbons to the world's oceans during the 1970s and early 1980s ranged from about 3.2 to 6.1 million tonnes/year (Table 6.3 ). This was equivalent to about 0.2–0.3% of the total quantity of petroleum transported by tankers in 1980 and 0.1–0.2% of global petroleum production ( Cormack, 1983 ).

Oil Pollution - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Oil Pollution
Oil Pollution
OIL POLLUTION
Oil Spillage
Ocean Interfaces & Human Impacts
Introduction
Natural Resource Damage Assessment
31.3 Objectives
Assessment of Potential Oil Spill Risk Along Vishakhaptnam Coast, India: Integrated Approach for Coastal Management
Abstract
Oil Industry and the Health of Communities in the Niger Delta of Nigeria
An Environment under Pressure
Pervasive Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta
Ocean Pollution
4.1 Oil Pollution
Salt Marsh Restoration
5.6.3 Oil
Oceans
Abstract
Pollution prevention
2.6 Oil pollution act
 Estimates of the daily emission of petroleum from the burning oil wells ranged from 2–6 × 10 6 tonnes/day, with about one-half of the wells being capped within 6 months, and the last one in early November 1991 ( Bakan et al., 1991; Johnson et al., 1991; Popkin, 1991; Warner, 1991; Earle, 1992 ). If a total spilltime of 150 days is assumed, then the aggregate spillage from the blowout wells in Kuwait might have been 42–126 × 10 6 tonnes. Much of the oil burned in the atmosphere, but a large amount of petroleum accumulated locally in oil lakes, which in November 1991 contained an estimated 5–21 × 10 6 tonnes of crude oil ( Hoffman, 1991; Earle, 1992 ).

Estimates of the daily emission of petroleum from the burning oil wells ranged from 2–6 × 10 6 tonnes/day, with about one-half of the wells being capped within 6 months, and the last one in early November 1991 ( Bakan et al., 1991; Johnson et al., 1991; Popkin, 1991; Warner, 1991; Earle, 1992 ). If a total spilltime of 150 days is assumed, then the aggregate spillage from the blowout wells in Kuwait might have been 42–126 × 10 6 tonnes. Much of the oil burned in the atmosphere, but a large amount of petroleum accumulated locally in oil lakes, which in November 1991 contained an estimated 5–21 × 10 6 tonnes of crude oil ( Hoffman, 1991; Earle, 1992 ).

Oil Pollution - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Oil Pollution
Oil Pollution
OIL POLLUTION
Oil Spillage
Ocean Interfaces & Human Impacts
Introduction
Natural Resource Damage Assessment
31.3 Objectives
Assessment of Potential Oil Spill Risk Along Vishakhaptnam Coast, India: Integrated Approach for Coastal Management
Abstract
Oil Industry and the Health of Communities in the Niger Delta of Nigeria
An Environment under Pressure
Pervasive Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta
Ocean Pollution
4.1 Oil Pollution
Salt Marsh Restoration
5.6.3 Oil
Oceans
Abstract
Pollution prevention
2.6 Oil pollution act
 The largest spill event of that war began in March 1983 when Iraq attacked five tankers and damaged three producing wells at the offshore Nowruz facility, causing a massive spill into the Persian Gulf, estimated at more than 260 thousand tonnes ( Holloway and Horgan, 1991; Horgan, 1991 ). The world's largest-ever marine spill occurred during the Gulf War of 1991, when Iraqi forces deliberately released about 0.8 million tonnes of crude oil (the range of estimates is 0.5–2 × 10 6 tonnes) from several tankers and an offshore loading facility into the Persian Gulf at Kuwait's Sea Island Terminal ( Holloway and Horgan, 1991; Horgan, 1991; Jones, 1991; Hopner et al., 1992; Sorkhoh et al., 1992 ). Another, extraordinarily large spillage occurred on land during the Gulf War, beginning in January 1991 when more than 700 Kuwaiti production wells were sabotaged and ignited, resulting in tremendous releases of petroleum to land and the atmosphere.

The largest spill event of that war began in March 1983 when Iraq attacked five tankers and damaged three producing wells at the offshore Nowruz facility, causing a massive spill into the Persian Gulf, estimated at more than 260 thousand tonnes ( Holloway and Horgan, 1991; Horgan, 1991 ). The world's largest-ever marine spill occurred during the Gulf War of 1991, when Iraqi forces deliberately released about 0.8 million tonnes of crude oil (the range of estimates is 0.5–2 × 10 6 tonnes) from several tankers and an offshore loading facility into the Persian Gulf at Kuwait's Sea Island Terminal ( Holloway and Horgan, 1991; Horgan, 1991; Jones, 1991; Hopner et al., 1992; Sorkhoh et al., 1992 ). Another, extraordinarily large spillage occurred on land during the Gulf War, beginning in January 1991 when more than 700 Kuwaiti production wells were sabotaged and ignited, resulting in tremendous releases of petroleum to land and the atmosphere.

Oil Pollution Act of 1973 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1973
Oil Pollution Act of 1973
Contents
History of OILPOL
Provisions of the Act
Definitions
Tank Ship Construction Standards
Zone Prohibitions
Oil Record Book
Repeal of Oil Pollution Act of 1973
See also
References
External links
 Oil Pollution Act of 1973 - Wikipedia
Oil Pollution Act of 1973
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Oil Pollution Act of 1973

Long title
An Act to amend the Oil Pollution Act, 1961 (75 Stat. 402), as amended, to implement the 1969 and 1971 amendments to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954, as amended; and for other purposes. Nicknames
Oil Pollution Act Amendments of 1973
Enacted by
the 93rd United States Congress
Effective
October 4, 1973
Citations
Public law
93-119
Statutes at Large
87 Stat. 424-2
Codification
Acts amended
Oil Pollution Act of 1961
Titles amended
33 U.S.C.: Navigable Waters
U.S.C. sections amended
33 U.S.C. ch. 20 §§ 1001-1016
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 5451 by Leonor Sullivan ( D - MO) on March 8, 1973
Committee consideration by House Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Senate Commerce
Passed the House on May 8, 1973 ( 370-1)
Passed the Senate on September 24, 1973 (passed)
Signed into law by President Richard Nixon on October 4, 1973
The Oil Pollution Act of 1973 or Oil Pollution Act Amendments of 1973, 33 U.S.C. Chapter 20 §§ 1001-1011, was a United States federal law which amended the United States Statute 75 Stat. 402. The Act of Congress sustained the United States commitment to control the discharge of fossil fuel pollutants from nautical vessels and to acknowledge the embargo of coastal zones in trans-boundary waters . The H.R. 5451 legislation was passed by the United States 93rd Congressional session and enacted by the 37th President of the United States Richard Nixon on October 4, 1973.

Oil Pollution Act of 1973 - Wikipedia

Oil Pollution Act of 1973 - Wikipedia
Oil Pollution Act of 1973
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Oil Pollution Act of 1973

Long title
An Act to amend the Oil Pollution Act, 1961 (75 Stat. 402), as amended, to implement the 1969 and 1971 amendments to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954, as amended; and for other purposes. Nicknames
Oil Pollution Act Amendments of 1973
Enacted by
the 93rd United States Congress
Effective
October 4, 1973
Citations
Public law
93-119
Statutes at Large
87 Stat. 424-2
Codification
Acts amended
Oil Pollution Act of 1961
Titles amended
33 U.S.C.: Navigable Waters
U.S.C. sections amended
33 U.S.C. ch. 20 §§ 1001-1016
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 5451 by Leonor Sullivan ( D - MO) on March 8, 1973
Committee consideration by House Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Senate Commerce
Passed the House on May 8, 1973 ( 370-1)
Passed the Senate on September 24, 1973 (passed)
Signed into law by President Richard Nixon on October 4, 1973
The Oil Pollution Act of 1973 or Oil Pollution Act Amendments of 1973, 33 U.S.C. Chapter 20 §§ 1001-1011, was a United States federal law which amended the United States Statute 75 Stat. 402. The Act of Congress sustained the United States commitment to control the discharge of fossil fuel pollutants from nautical vessels and to acknowledge the embargo of coastal zones in trans-boundary waters . The H.R. 5451 legislation was passed by the United States 93rd Congressional session and enacted by the 37th President of the United States Richard Nixon on October 4, 1973.

What Is The Environmental Impact Of The Petroleum Industry? - WorldAtlas What Is The Environmental Impact Of The Petroleum Industry?
What Is The Environmental Impact Of The Petroleum Industry?
The Petroleum Industry
Impacts Of Drilling For Oil
Environmental Impacts Of Petroleum Refinery
 The oil may spill into the water bodies like oceans, lakes, or rivers. The crude oil contains toxic material that is lethal to water animals like fish and reptiles and may lead to several deaths within a short time. Distillates of the crude oil and petroleum may also cause congenital disabilities to fish and other animals which come into contact with them. Drilling for oil also requires that the ecology of an area be altered by clearing land to create adequate space for drilling of oil. Environmental Impacts Of Petroleum Refinery
Petroleum refinery is a major source of pollution in areas where they are established. The refineries are major sources of toxic air pollutants including BTEX compounds, carbon monoxide, particulate matters, and sulfur dioxide. Some of toxic chemicals released into the air are suspect cancer-causing agents and are also responsible for the development of reproductive problems, and respiratory complications. A large amount of carbon monoxide emissions traps the heat in the earth leading to climate change. Petroleum refineries are also major contaminators of surface and ground water. The deep wells for the disposal of waste material end up in aquifers and ground water.

The oil may spill into the water bodies like oceans, lakes, or rivers. The crude oil contains toxic material that is lethal to water animals like fish and reptiles and may lead to several deaths within a short time. Distillates of the crude oil and petroleum may also cause congenital disabilities to fish and other animals which come into contact with them. Drilling for oil also requires that the ecology of an area be altered by clearing land to create adequate space for drilling of oil. Environmental Impacts Of Petroleum Refinery
Petroleum refinery is a major source of pollution in areas where they are established. The refineries are major sources of toxic air pollutants including BTEX compounds, carbon monoxide, particulate matters, and sulfur dioxide. Some of toxic chemicals released into the air are suspect cancer-causing agents and are also responsible for the development of reproductive problems, and respiratory complications. A large amount of carbon monoxide emissions traps the heat in the earth leading to climate change. Petroleum refineries are also major contaminators of surface and ground water. The deep wells for the disposal of waste material end up in aquifers and ground water.

Oil Pollution - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Oil Pollution
Oil Pollution
OIL POLLUTION
Oil Spillage
Ocean Interfaces & Human Impacts
Introduction
Natural Resource Damage Assessment
31.3 Objectives
Assessment of Potential Oil Spill Risk Along Vishakhaptnam Coast, India: Integrated Approach for Coastal Management
Abstract
Oil Industry and the Health of Communities in the Niger Delta of Nigeria
An Environment under Pressure
Pervasive Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta
Ocean Pollution
4.1 Oil Pollution
Salt Marsh Restoration
5.6.3 Oil
Oceans
Abstract
Pollution prevention
2.6 Oil pollution act
 Hopner et al., 1992; Sorkhoh et al., 1992 ). Another, extraordinarily large spillage occurred on land during the Gulf War, beginning in January 1991 when more than 700 Kuwaiti production wells were sabotaged and ignited, resulting in tremendous releases of petroleum to land and the atmosphere. Estimates of the daily emission of petroleum from the burning oil wells ranged from 2–6 × 10 6 tonnes/day, with about one-half of the wells being capped within 6 months, and the last one in early November 1991 ( Bakan et al., 1991; Johnson et al., 1991; Popkin, 1991;

Hopner et al., 1992; Sorkhoh et al., 1992 ). Another, extraordinarily large spillage occurred on land during the Gulf War, beginning in January 1991 when more than 700 Kuwaiti production wells were sabotaged and ignited, resulting in tremendous releases of petroleum to land and the atmosphere. Estimates of the daily emission of petroleum from the burning oil wells ranged from 2–6 × 10 6 tonnes/day, with about one-half of the wells being capped within 6 months, and the last one in early November 1991 ( Bakan et al., 1991; Johnson et al., 1991; Popkin, 1991;

Oil Pollution - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Oil Pollution
Oil Pollution
OIL POLLUTION
Oil Spillage
Ocean Interfaces & Human Impacts
Introduction
Natural Resource Damage Assessment
31.3 Objectives
Assessment of Potential Oil Spill Risk Along Vishakhaptnam Coast, India: Integrated Approach for Coastal Management
Abstract
Oil Industry and the Health of Communities in the Niger Delta of Nigeria
An Environment under Pressure
Pervasive Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta
Ocean Pollution
4.1 Oil Pollution
Salt Marsh Restoration
5.6.3 Oil
Oceans
Abstract
Pollution prevention
2.6 Oil pollution act
 Most of these spillages caused considerable, although not necessarily well documented, ecological damage, as described later in the case studies of large marine oil spills. It is important to emphasize that in itself, the size of the spill does not necessarily tell much about its potential to cause damage. Even a small spill can wreak havoc in an ecologically sensitive environment. For example, near Norway in 1981, a small, operational discharge of oily bilge washings from the tanker Stylis killed an estimated 30 thousand seabirds, because the oil affected a location where birds were seasonally abundant (Kornberg, 1981). In another case, more than 16.5 thousand oiled Magellanic penguins ( Spheniscus magellanicus) were beached along an Argentinean coast, without any direct signs of an oil slick ( Fry, 1992). In addition, the type of petroleum product can influence the severity of the ecological damage. The most important considerations in this respect are the relative toxicities and environmental persistence of the spilled materials (these topics are

Most of these spillages caused considerable, although not necessarily well documented, ecological damage, as described later in the case studies of large marine oil spills. It is important to emphasize that in itself, the size of the spill does not necessarily tell much about its potential to cause damage. Even a small spill can wreak havoc in an ecologically sensitive environment. For example, near Norway in 1981, a small, operational discharge of oily bilge washings from the tanker Stylis killed an estimated 30 thousand seabirds, because the oil affected a location where birds were seasonally abundant (Kornberg, 1981). In another case, more than 16.5 thousand oiled Magellanic penguins ( Spheniscus magellanicus) were beached along an Argentinean coast, without any direct signs of an oil slick ( Fry, 1992). In addition, the type of petroleum product can influence the severity of the ecological damage. The most important considerations in this respect are the relative toxicities and environmental persistence of the spilled materials (these topics are

Oil Pollution - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Oil Pollution
Oil Pollution
OIL POLLUTION
Oil Spillage
Ocean Interfaces & Human Impacts
Introduction
Natural Resource Damage Assessment
31.3 Objectives
Assessment of Potential Oil Spill Risk Along Vishakhaptnam Coast, India: Integrated Approach for Coastal Management
Abstract
Oil Industry and the Health of Communities in the Niger Delta of Nigeria
An Environment under Pressure
Pervasive Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta
Ocean Pollution
4.1 Oil Pollution
Salt Marsh Restoration
5.6.3 Oil
Oceans
Abstract
Pollution prevention
2.6 Oil pollution act
 Warner, 1991; Earle, 1992 ). If a total spilltime of 150 days is assumed, then the aggregate spillage from the blowout wells in Kuwait might have been 42–126 × 10 6 tonnes. Much of the oil burned in the atmosphere, but a large amount of petroleum accumulated locally in oil lakes, which in November 1991 contained an estimated 5–21 × 10 6 tonnes of crude oil ( Hoffman, 1991; Earle, 1992 ). Most of these spillages caused considerable, although not necessarily well documented, ecological damage, as described later in the case studies of large marine oil spills. It is important to emphasize that in itself, the size of the spill does not necessarily tell much about its potential to cause damage. Even a small spill can wreak havoc in an ecologically sensitive environment. For example, near Norway in 1981, a small, operational discharge of oily bilge washings from the tanker Stylis killed an estimated 30 thousand seabirds, because the oil affected a location where birds were seasonally abundant (Kornberg, 1981). In another case, more than 16.5 thousand oiled Magellanic penguins ( Spheniscus magellanicus) were beached along an Argentinean coast, without any direct signs of an oil slick ( Fry, 1992).

Warner, 1991; Earle, 1992 ). If a total spilltime of 150 days is assumed, then the aggregate spillage from the blowout wells in Kuwait might have been 42–126 × 10 6 tonnes. Much of the oil burned in the atmosphere, but a large amount of petroleum accumulated locally in oil lakes, which in November 1991 contained an estimated 5–21 × 10 6 tonnes of crude oil ( Hoffman, 1991; Earle, 1992 ). Most of these spillages caused considerable, although not necessarily well documented, ecological damage, as described later in the case studies of large marine oil spills. It is important to emphasize that in itself, the size of the spill does not necessarily tell much about its potential to cause damage. Even a small spill can wreak havoc in an ecologically sensitive environment. For example, near Norway in 1981, a small, operational discharge of oily bilge washings from the tanker Stylis killed an estimated 30 thousand seabirds, because the oil affected a location where birds were seasonally abundant (Kornberg, 1981). In another case, more than 16.5 thousand oiled Magellanic penguins ( Spheniscus magellanicus) were beached along an Argentinean coast, without any direct signs of an oil slick ( Fry, 1992).

Oil Pollution - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Oil Pollution
Oil Pollution
OIL POLLUTION
Oil Spillage
Ocean Interfaces & Human Impacts
Introduction
Natural Resource Damage Assessment
31.3 Objectives
Assessment of Potential Oil Spill Risk Along Vishakhaptnam Coast, India: Integrated Approach for Coastal Management
Abstract
Oil Industry and the Health of Communities in the Niger Delta of Nigeria
An Environment under Pressure
Pervasive Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta
Ocean Pollution
4.1 Oil Pollution
Salt Marsh Restoration
5.6.3 Oil
Oceans
Abstract
Pollution prevention
2.6 Oil pollution act
 Major oceanic transportation routes for petroleum, from National Academy of Sciences (NAS) (1985b). Massive, accidental spills have also occurred from offshore platforms. The 1979 blowout of the IXTOC-I exploration well in the Gulf of Mexico spilled more than 500 thousand tonnes of petroleum, making it the largest, accidental spill to date [Advisory Committee on Oil Pollution of the Sea (ACOPS), 1980; Koons and Jahns, 1992 )]. Other examples are the 1969 Santa Barbara blowout off the coast of southern California (about 10 thousand tonnes; Foster and Holmes, 1977) and the 1977 Ekofisk blowout in the North Sea off Norway (30 thousand tonnes; Cormack, 1983 ). Petroleum has also been spilled during warfare, as a result of the deliberate targeting of tankers or offshore production platforms, or as a tactical strategy of war. During the Second World War, German submarines sank 42 tankers off the east coast of the United States, resulting in an aggregate spillage of about 417 thousand tonnes of petroleum and refined products ( Koons and Jahns, 1992). During the Iran–Iraq War of 1981–1987, there were 314 attacks on oil tankers, 70% of them carried out by Iraqi forces and 30% by Iranian.

Major oceanic transportation routes for petroleum, from National Academy of Sciences (NAS) (1985b). Massive, accidental spills have also occurred from offshore platforms. The 1979 blowout of the IXTOC-I exploration well in the Gulf of Mexico spilled more than 500 thousand tonnes of petroleum, making it the largest, accidental spill to date [Advisory Committee on Oil Pollution of the Sea (ACOPS), 1980; Koons and Jahns, 1992 )]. Other examples are the 1969 Santa Barbara blowout off the coast of southern California (about 10 thousand tonnes; Foster and Holmes, 1977) and the 1977 Ekofisk blowout in the North Sea off Norway (30 thousand tonnes; Cormack, 1983 ). Petroleum has also been spilled during warfare, as a result of the deliberate targeting of tankers or offshore production platforms, or as a tactical strategy of war. During the Second World War, German submarines sank 42 tankers off the east coast of the United States, resulting in an aggregate spillage of about 417 thousand tonnes of petroleum and refined products ( Koons and Jahns, 1992). During the Iran–Iraq War of 1981–1987, there were 314 attacks on oil tankers, 70% of them carried out by Iraqi forces and 30% by Iranian.

Oil Pollution - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Oil Pollution
Oil Pollution
OIL POLLUTION
Oil Spillage
Ocean Interfaces & Human Impacts
Introduction
Natural Resource Damage Assessment
31.3 Objectives
Assessment of Potential Oil Spill Risk Along Vishakhaptnam Coast, India: Integrated Approach for Coastal Management
Abstract
Oil Industry and the Health of Communities in the Niger Delta of Nigeria
An Environment under Pressure
Pervasive Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta
Ocean Pollution
4.1 Oil Pollution
Salt Marsh Restoration
5.6.3 Oil
Oceans
Abstract
Pollution prevention
2.6 Oil pollution act
 Foster and Holmes, 1977) and the 1977 Ekofisk blowout in the North Sea off Norway (30 thousand tonnes; Cormack, 1983 ). Petroleum has also been spilled during warfare, as a result of the deliberate targeting of tankers or offshore production platforms, or as a tactical strategy of war. During the Second World War, German submarines sank 42 tankers off the east coast of the United States, resulting in an aggregate spillage of about 417 thousand tonnes of petroleum and refined products ( Koons and Jahns, 1992). During the Iran–Iraq War of 1981–1987, there were 314 attacks on oil tankers, 70% of them carried out by Iraqi forces and 30% by Iranian. The largest spill event of that war began in March 1983 when Iraq attacked five tankers and damaged three producing wells at the offshore Nowruz facility, causing a massive spill into the Persian Gulf, estimated at more than 260 thousand tonnes ( Holloway and Horgan, 1991; Horgan, 1991 ). The world's largest-ever marine spill occurred during the Gulf War of 1991, when Iraqi forces deliberately released about 0.8 million tonnes of crude oil (the range of estimates is 0.5–2 × 10 6 tonnes) from several tankers and an offshore loading facility into the Persian Gulf at Kuwait's Sea Island Terminal ( Holloway and Horgan, 1991; Horgan, 1991; Jones, 1991;

Foster and Holmes, 1977) and the 1977 Ekofisk blowout in the North Sea off Norway (30 thousand tonnes; Cormack, 1983 ). Petroleum has also been spilled during warfare, as a result of the deliberate targeting of tankers or offshore production platforms, or as a tactical strategy of war. During the Second World War, German submarines sank 42 tankers off the east coast of the United States, resulting in an aggregate spillage of about 417 thousand tonnes of petroleum and refined products ( Koons and Jahns, 1992). During the Iran–Iraq War of 1981–1987, there were 314 attacks on oil tankers, 70% of them carried out by Iraqi forces and 30% by Iranian. The largest spill event of that war began in March 1983 when Iraq attacked five tankers and damaged three producing wells at the offshore Nowruz facility, causing a massive spill into the Persian Gulf, estimated at more than 260 thousand tonnes ( Holloway and Horgan, 1991; Horgan, 1991 ). The world's largest-ever marine spill occurred during the Gulf War of 1991, when Iraqi forces deliberately released about 0.8 million tonnes of crude oil (the range of estimates is 0.5–2 × 10 6 tonnes) from several tankers and an offshore loading facility into the Persian Gulf at Kuwait's Sea Island Terminal ( Holloway and Horgan, 1991; Horgan, 1991; Jones, 1991;

 The plaintiffs were ultimately awarded $287 million in compensatory damages and $380.6 million in punitive damages. This same incident also derailed the plans to build a facility to remove oil from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Opponents worried about the possible effects of an oil spill on land in a protected habitat. In addition, the 1969 oil spill in Santa Barbara, Calif., caused many laws to be placed on the oil companies operating in and around the United States. It placed a moratorium on the building of new oil refineries and also a number of rules regarding the transport of oil. Related Articles
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How to Remove Oil from Sea Water
What Are the Causes of Animals Becoming Endangered? Oil Drilling Benefits
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Pollution's Effects on Animals
Types of Oil Pollution
What Chemicals Break Down Oil? The Disadvantages of Oil Drilling in Alaska
Difference Between Hydraulic Fluid & Oil
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NOAA:

The plaintiffs were ultimately awarded $287 million in compensatory damages and $380.6 million in punitive damages. This same incident also derailed the plans to build a facility to remove oil from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Opponents worried about the possible effects of an oil spill on land in a protected habitat. In addition, the 1969 oil spill in Santa Barbara, Calif., caused many laws to be placed on the oil companies operating in and around the United States. It placed a moratorium on the building of new oil refineries and also a number of rules regarding the transport of oil. Related Articles
How Does an Oil Spill Affect The Environment? Oil Spill Information for Kids
How to Remove Oil from Sea Water
What Are the Causes of Animals Becoming Endangered? Oil Drilling Benefits
Environmental Impacts of Oil Extraction
Facts About Oil Rigs
Pollution's Effects on Animals
Types of Oil Pollution
What Chemicals Break Down Oil? The Disadvantages of Oil Drilling in Alaska
Difference Between Hydraulic Fluid & Oil
How to Separate Oil & Water Layers
What Happens After a Tsunami Occurs? The Effects of Water Pollution Around the World
The Oily Truth About Palm Oil
Pros & Cons of Drilling for Oil in the U.S.
List of Missouri's Natural Resources
Hazards of Breathing Oil Smoke
The Effects of Oil Pollution on Aquatic Ecosystems
References
The Lasting Legacy of Offshore Drilling
Behavior and Effects of Oil Spills
NOAA:

Oil Pollution - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Oil Pollution
Oil Pollution
OIL POLLUTION
Oil Spillage
Ocean Interfaces & Human Impacts
Introduction
Natural Resource Damage Assessment
31.3 Objectives
Assessment of Potential Oil Spill Risk Along Vishakhaptnam Coast, India: Integrated Approach for Coastal Management
Abstract
Oil Industry and the Health of Communities in the Niger Delta of Nigeria
An Environment under Pressure
Pervasive Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta
Ocean Pollution
4.1 Oil Pollution
Salt Marsh Restoration
5.6.3 Oil
Oceans
Abstract
Pollution prevention
2.6 Oil pollution act
 Thomas, 1977; Anonymous, 1982; Koons and Jahns, 1992 ): (1) the Torrey Canyon in 1967 off southern England with about 117 thousand tonnes spilled, (2) the Arrow incident in 1970 off Nova Scotia (11 thousand tonnes), (3) the Metula in Estrecho de Magallanes (Strait of Magellan) in 1973 (53 thousand tonnes), (4) the Argo Merchant in 1976 off Massachusetts (26 thousand tonnes), (5) the Amoco Cadiz in 1978 in the English Channel (230 thousand tonnes), (6) the Exxon Valdez in 1989 in Prince William Sound in southern Alaska (35 thousand tonnes), and (7) the Braer spill in 1993 off the Shetland Islands of Scotland (84 thousand tonnes). Sign in to download full-size image
Fig. 6.1. Major oceanic transportation routes for petroleum, from National Academy of Sciences (NAS) (1985b). Massive, accidental spills have also occurred from offshore platforms. The 1979 blowout of the IXTOC-I exploration well in the Gulf of Mexico spilled more than 500 thousand tonnes of petroleum, making it the largest, accidental spill to date [Advisory Committee on Oil Pollution of the Sea (ACOPS), 1980; Koons and Jahns, 1992 )]. Other examples are the 1969 Santa Barbara blowout off the coast of southern California (about 10 thousand tonnes;

Thomas, 1977; Anonymous, 1982; Koons and Jahns, 1992 ): (1) the Torrey Canyon in 1967 off southern England with about 117 thousand tonnes spilled, (2) the Arrow incident in 1970 off Nova Scotia (11 thousand tonnes), (3) the Metula in Estrecho de Magallanes (Strait of Magellan) in 1973 (53 thousand tonnes), (4) the Argo Merchant in 1976 off Massachusetts (26 thousand tonnes), (5) the Amoco Cadiz in 1978 in the English Channel (230 thousand tonnes), (6) the Exxon Valdez in 1989 in Prince William Sound in southern Alaska (35 thousand tonnes), and (7) the Braer spill in 1993 off the Shetland Islands of Scotland (84 thousand tonnes). Sign in to download full-size image
Fig. 6.1. Major oceanic transportation routes for petroleum, from National Academy of Sciences (NAS) (1985b). Massive, accidental spills have also occurred from offshore platforms. The 1979 blowout of the IXTOC-I exploration well in the Gulf of Mexico spilled more than 500 thousand tonnes of petroleum, making it the largest, accidental spill to date [Advisory Committee on Oil Pollution of the Sea (ACOPS), 1980; Koons and Jahns, 1992 )]. Other examples are the 1969 Santa Barbara blowout off the coast of southern California (about 10 thousand tonnes;

Serious Effects of Oil Spill on Environment and the Wildlife - Conserve Energy Future What is the Oil Spill?
What is the Oil Spill?
Serious Effects of Oil Spill on Environment and the Wildlife
1. Environmental Effects
2. Effects on Wildlife
3. Impact on Humans
4. Effect on Economy
5. Effect on Tourism Industry
6. Social Effects
About Rinkesh
 Oil spills can affect the air quality in surrounding areas, releasing toxic chemicals into the atmosphere. Following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster, a 2015 study found concentrations of benzene and fine particulate matter around southeast Louisiana that were “high enough to exceed public health criteria, with measurable exposure disparities in the coastal areas closer to the spill and clean-up activities.” A 2019 study in Nigeria, Africa’s most populous country and largest oil producer, discovered that nearby oil spills increased neonatal mortality by 38.3% per 1,000 live births. Further evidence suggesting these effects persist for several years after an oil spill takes place, with the study describing the impact as “an alarming ongoing human tragedy.” Attempts to clean oil spills run the risk of exacerbating problems, such as controlled burnings of oil slicks that can contribute to air pollution or the dispersants used to dissipate oil slicks, which can potentially increase the contamination of surrounding water and wildlife. In colder areas, oil-eating microbes are slowed down, leaving those areas particularly vulnerable to oil spills. 4. Effect on Economy
The second major effect of the oil spill is seen in the economy. When precious crude oil or refined petroleum is lost, it affects the amount of petroleum and gas available for use. This means more barrels have to be imported from other countries.

Serious Effects of Oil Spill on Environment and the Wildlife - Conserve Energy Future

What is the Oil Spill?
What is the Oil Spill?
Serious Effects of Oil Spill on Environment and the Wildlife
1. Environmental Effects
2. Effects on Wildlife
3. Impact on Humans
4. Effect on Economy
5. Effect on Tourism Industry
6. Social Effects
About Rinkesh

Oil spills can affect the air quality in surrounding areas, releasing toxic chemicals into the atmosphere. Following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster, a 2015 study found concentrations of benzene and fine particulate matter around southeast Louisiana that were “high enough to exceed public health criteria, with measurable exposure disparities in the coastal areas closer to the spill and clean-up activities.” A 2019 study in Nigeria, Africa’s most populous country and largest oil producer, discovered that nearby oil spills increased neonatal mortality by 38.3% per 1,000 live births. Further evidence suggesting these effects persist for several years after an oil spill takes place, with the study describing the impact as “an alarming ongoing human tragedy.” Attempts to clean oil spills run the risk of exacerbating problems, such as controlled burnings of oil slicks that can contribute to air pollution or the dispersants used to dissipate oil slicks, which can potentially increase the contamination of surrounding water and wildlife. In colder areas, oil-eating microbes are slowed down, leaving those areas particularly vulnerable to oil spills. 4. Effect on Economy
The second major effect of the oil spill is seen in the economy. When precious crude oil or refined petroleum is lost, it affects the amount of petroleum and gas available for use. This means more barrels have to be imported from other countries.

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ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
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Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution [WHOI]
U.S. Senate Committee on Environment & Public Works
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA]
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Mercury Pollution Cycle
ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
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Turtle Island Restoration Network
European Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL)
Persistent Organic Pollutants [POPs]
What Are The Impacts?
ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
HUMAN HEALTH IMPACT
ECONOMIC IMPACT
Blue Voice
Webpage for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
World Bank
References
 After 20 years, oil pollution from the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill in Alaska persists, in some areas, is nearly as toxic as initial levels (Exxon Valdez Trustee Council 2009; Raloff 2009). Events such as the Exxon Valdez spill and the large spill resulting from the explosion of BP's Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling platform in the Gulf of Mexico have substantial effects that should be visible in regional assessments, but are probably not large enough to be seen in global-scale studies. What Are The Impacts? ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
Oil pollution can degrade or destroy marine ecosystems. Oil pollution can elevate concentrations of toxic elements (e.g. arsenic). Oil pollution can kill marine life through ingestion, inhalation and absorption. Oil pollution can kill marine life through ingestion, inhalation or absorption. Because oil sticks to fur and feathers, seals, sealions and birds lose the insulation that those structures normally provide. Oiled birds are also unable to fly.

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Chemical Pollution Infographic
Oil
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ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
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Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution [WHOI]
U.S. Senate Committee on Environment & Public Works
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA]
Toxic Metals
What Are The Impacts?
Mercury Pollution Cycle
ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
HUMAN HEALTH IMPACT
ECONOMIC IMPACT
What Has Been Done?
Get More Information
United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]
Turtle Island Restoration Network
European Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL)
Persistent Organic Pollutants [POPs]
What Are The Impacts?
ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
HUMAN HEALTH IMPACT
ECONOMIC IMPACT
Blue Voice
Webpage for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
World Bank
References

After 20 years, oil pollution from the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill in Alaska persists, in some areas, is nearly as toxic as initial levels (Exxon Valdez Trustee Council 2009; Raloff 2009). Events such as the Exxon Valdez spill and the large spill resulting from the explosion of BP's Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling platform in the Gulf of Mexico have substantial effects that should be visible in regional assessments, but are probably not large enough to be seen in global-scale studies. What Are The Impacts? ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
Oil pollution can degrade or destroy marine ecosystems. Oil pollution can elevate concentrations of toxic elements (e.g. arsenic). Oil pollution can kill marine life through ingestion, inhalation and absorption. Oil pollution can kill marine life through ingestion, inhalation or absorption. Because oil sticks to fur and feathers, seals, sealions and birds lose the insulation that those structures normally provide. Oiled birds are also unable to fly.

1969 Santa Barbara oil spill changed oil and gas exploration forever - Los Angeles Times The 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill that changed oil and gas exploration forever
The 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill that changed oil and gas exploration forever
Christine Mai-Duc
Advertisement
 A federal moratorium has effectively banned new offshore drilling in the federal waters off California for decades. Today, there are 23 offshore oil and gas leases in state waters, according to the commission. Advertisement
New federal policies established after the disaster required offshore oil platform operators to pay unlimited amounts toward oil spill cleanup costs, along with penalties of up to $35 million. In the aftermath of the spill, President Richard Nixon signed the National Environmental Policy Act in 1969, which requires environmental impact reports, and the California Environmental Quality Act was adopted the next year, says Peter Alagona, an associate professor of environmental studies at UC Santa Barbara. The nation’s first Earth Day, spearheaded by burgeoning grassroots environmental groups, was celebrated in 1970. Laws regulating air and water pollution soon followed, as did legislation protecting sensitive coastal areas and endangered species. Advertisement
“What these laws really did was create an entire new framework for environmental regulation,” one that focused on protecting resources such as air and water, as well as wildlife, rather than on land conservation, Alagona says. Much of the quick action following the 1969 spill can be attributed to the “optics” of the disaster, he says. “What the oil spill did was show a very compelling picture of why we need these protections,” says Kathryn Phillips, director of Sierra Club California. Phillips, who was 13 and living in San Diego at the time of the spill, says she remembers vividly the images of “oiled birds and a vast sea of oil,” and she recalls being very sad about it.

1969 Santa Barbara oil spill changed oil and gas exploration forever - Los Angeles Times

The 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill that changed oil and gas exploration forever
The 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill that changed oil and gas exploration forever
Christine Mai-Duc
Advertisement

Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982 - Wikipedia Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Contents
Background
Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Provisions
Consequences of the Act
Later enactments
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References
 As constituted BNOC was effectively two businesses: firstly for the production of oil, and secondly the trading in oil. In the early 1980s Margaret Thatcher ’s government saw a need to reduce the perceived inefficient state control of the energy sector, and to introduce a market-oriented system through privatization. As the Secretary of State for Energy, Nigel Lawson, said in Parliament at the Second Reading of the Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Bill ‘the proper business of Government is not the government of business... no industrial corporation should be owned and controlled by the State unless there is a positive and specific reason for such an arrangement.’ The Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act enabled the Government to float off and sell shares in the upstream oil-producing business of BNOC and establish a new structure for the trading business of BNOC. It provided new powers for the disposal of assets held by the British Gas Corporation, and ended the corporation's monopoly on the transportation and supply of gas. The Act included miscellaneous provisions for oil and gas industry including the granting of Petroleum Licences, and to the Safety Zones of Offshore Installation partly in response to Alexander L. Keilland disaster in March 1980. Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
The Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982 (1992 c. 23) received Royal Assent on 28 June 1982. Its long title is: ‘ An Act to make further provision with respect to the British National Oil Corporation;

Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982 - Wikipedia

Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Contents
Background
Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Provisions
Consequences of the Act
Later enactments
See also
References

As constituted BNOC was effectively two businesses: firstly for the production of oil, and secondly the trading in oil. In the early 1980s Margaret Thatcher ’s government saw a need to reduce the perceived inefficient state control of the energy sector, and to introduce a market-oriented system through privatization. As the Secretary of State for Energy, Nigel Lawson, said in Parliament at the Second Reading of the Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Bill ‘the proper business of Government is not the government of business... no industrial corporation should be owned and controlled by the State unless there is a positive and specific reason for such an arrangement.’ The Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act enabled the Government to float off and sell shares in the upstream oil-producing business of BNOC and establish a new structure for the trading business of BNOC. It provided new powers for the disposal of assets held by the British Gas Corporation, and ended the corporation's monopoly on the transportation and supply of gas. The Act included miscellaneous provisions for oil and gas industry including the granting of Petroleum Licences, and to the Safety Zones of Offshore Installation partly in response to Alexander L. Keilland disaster in March 1980. Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
The Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982 (1992 c. 23) received Royal Assent on 28 June 1982. Its long title is: ‘ An Act to make further provision with respect to the British National Oil Corporation;

Indian Oil Corp. Ltd | Encyclopedia.com Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
Principal Subsidiary
Further Reading
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
Origins
The Indian Oil Industry Evolves: Late 1940s – 60s
Indian Oil Corporation: 1964 to the 1990s
Company Perspectives:
Changes in the Oil Industry: Late 1990s and Beyond
Key Dates:
1948:
1958:
1959:
1964:
1976:
1981:
1998:
2002:
Principal Subsidiaries
Principal Competitors
Further Reading
 With the severe foreign exchange problems created, the foreign companies feared new Iranian competition within India. Even more important, the government began to discuss setting up a refinery by itself. Between 1954 and 1957 two refineries were built by Burmah-Shell and Standard-Vacuum at Bombay, and another was built at Vizagapatnam by Caltex. During the same period the companies found themselves in increasing conflict with the government. The government came into disagreement with Burmah Oil over the Nahorkatiya oil field shortly after its discovery in 1953. It refused Burmah the right to refine or market this oil and insisted on joint ownership in crude production. Burmah then temporarily suspended all exploration activities in India. Shortly afterward, the government accused the companies of charging excessive prices for importing oil. The companies also refused to refine Soviet oil that the government had secured on very favorable terms. The government was impatient with the companies ’ reluctance to expand refining capacity or train sufficient Indian personnel.

Indian Oil Corp. Ltd | Encyclopedia.com

Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
Principal Subsidiary
Further Reading
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
Origins
The Indian Oil Industry Evolves: Late 1940s – 60s
Indian Oil Corporation: 1964 to the 1990s
Company Perspectives:
Changes in the Oil Industry: Late 1990s and Beyond
Key Dates:
1948:
1958:
1959:
1964:
1976:
1981:
1998:
2002:
Principal Subsidiaries
Principal Competitors
Further Reading

With the severe foreign exchange problems created, the foreign companies feared new Iranian competition within India. Even more important, the government began to discuss setting up a refinery by itself. Between 1954 and 1957 two refineries were built by Burmah-Shell and Standard-Vacuum at Bombay, and another was built at Vizagapatnam by Caltex. During the same period the companies found themselves in increasing conflict with the government. The government came into disagreement with Burmah Oil over the Nahorkatiya oil field shortly after its discovery in 1953. It refused Burmah the right to refine or market this oil and insisted on joint ownership in crude production. Burmah then temporarily suspended all exploration activities in India. Shortly afterward, the government accused the companies of charging excessive prices for importing oil. The companies also refused to refine Soviet oil that the government had secured on very favorable terms. The government was impatient with the companies ’ reluctance to expand refining capacity or train sufficient Indian personnel.

1969 Santa Barbara oil spill changed oil and gas exploration forever - Los Angeles Times The 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill that changed oil and gas exploration forever
The 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill that changed oil and gas exploration forever
Christine Mai-Duc
Advertisement
 The spill became a flashpoint for the founding of the environmental movement as it’s known today. The backlash spawned a flurry of citizen-led environmental groups and advocacy for a slew of new laws and regulations. “Battle Shaping Up Over Offshore Oil,” read a front-page Los Angeles Times headline days later, as oil continued to seep into the ocean. Brewing in those waters was a “free-for-all battle” that could “affect the entire offshore oil industry in California,” the article read. For three years after the 1969 spill, the California State Lands Commission placed a moratorium on all new offshore drilling in state waters, even on existing leases. A federal moratorium has effectively banned new offshore drilling in the federal waters off California for decades. Today, there are 23 offshore oil and gas leases in state waters, according to the commission. Advertisement
New federal policies established after the disaster required offshore oil platform operators to pay unlimited amounts toward oil spill cleanup costs, along with penalties of up to $35 million. In the aftermath of the spill, President Richard Nixon signed the National Environmental Policy Act in 1969, which requires environmental impact reports, and the California Environmental Quality Act was adopted the next year, says Peter Alagona, an associate professor of environmental studies at UC Santa Barbara. The nation’s first Earth Day, spearheaded by burgeoning grassroots environmental groups, was celebrated in 1970.

The spill became a flashpoint for the founding of the environmental movement as it’s known today. The backlash spawned a flurry of citizen-led environmental groups and advocacy for a slew of new laws and regulations. “Battle Shaping Up Over Offshore Oil,” read a front-page Los Angeles Times headline days later, as oil continued to seep into the ocean. Brewing in those waters was a “free-for-all battle” that could “affect the entire offshore oil industry in California,” the article read. For three years after the 1969 spill, the California State Lands Commission placed a moratorium on all new offshore drilling in state waters, even on existing leases. A federal moratorium has effectively banned new offshore drilling in the federal waters off California for decades. Today, there are 23 offshore oil and gas leases in state waters, according to the commission. Advertisement
New federal policies established after the disaster required offshore oil platform operators to pay unlimited amounts toward oil spill cleanup costs, along with penalties of up to $35 million. In the aftermath of the spill, President Richard Nixon signed the National Environmental Policy Act in 1969, which requires environmental impact reports, and the California Environmental Quality Act was adopted the next year, says Peter Alagona, an associate professor of environmental studies at UC Santa Barbara. The nation’s first Earth Day, spearheaded by burgeoning grassroots environmental groups, was celebrated in 1970.

Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982 - Wikipedia Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Contents
Background
Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Provisions
Consequences of the Act
Later enactments
See also
References
 It provided new powers for the disposal of assets held by the British Gas Corporation, and ended the corporation's monopoly on the transportation and supply of gas. The Act included miscellaneous provisions for oil and gas industry including the granting of Petroleum Licences, and to the Safety Zones of Offshore Installation partly in response to Alexander L. Keilland disaster in March 1980. Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
The Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982 (1992 c. 23) received Royal Assent on 28 June 1982. Its long title is: ‘ An Act to make further provision with respect to the British National Oil Corporation; to abolish the National Oil Account; to make further provision with respect to the British Gas Corporation; to make provision for and in connection with the supply of gas through pipes by persons other than the Corporation; to amend the Petroleum (Production) Act 1934 and to make further provision about licences to search for and get petroleum; to repeal and re-enact with amendments sections 2 and 3 of the Continental Shelf Act 1964;

It provided new powers for the disposal of assets held by the British Gas Corporation, and ended the corporation's monopoly on the transportation and supply of gas. The Act included miscellaneous provisions for oil and gas industry including the granting of Petroleum Licences, and to the Safety Zones of Offshore Installation partly in response to Alexander L. Keilland disaster in March 1980. Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
The Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982 (1992 c. 23) received Royal Assent on 28 June 1982. Its long title is: ‘ An Act to make further provision with respect to the British National Oil Corporation; to abolish the National Oil Account; to make further provision with respect to the British Gas Corporation; to make provision for and in connection with the supply of gas through pipes by persons other than the Corporation; to amend the Petroleum (Production) Act 1934 and to make further provision about licences to search for and get petroleum; to repeal and re-enact with amendments sections 2 and 3 of the Continental Shelf Act 1964;

Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982 - Wikipedia Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Contents
Background
Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Provisions
Consequences of the Act
Later enactments
See also
References
 From 1983, with a falling oil price, participation and trading ceased to be profitable for BNOC and the organisation was formally wound up on 27 March 1986. The British Gas Corporation remained an integrated company, and its natural instinct was to discourage new entrants in the gas market from competing against it. Furthermore, BGC had contracted to take all the gas available from UK continental shelf gas fields. Further legislation would be needed to fully open the gas supply industry to competition, this was enacted by the Gas Act 1986. Later enactments
The British gas industry was privatised in 1986 under the provisions of the Gas Act 1986. The Act abolished the British Gas Corporation and established British Gas plc. The 1986 Act also established a licensing regime, a Gas Consumers’ Council, and a regulator for the industry called the Office of Gas Supply (OFGAS). The Oil and Pipelines Act 1985 repealed Part 1 (Sections 1–7) of the 1982 Act and formally abolished the British National Oil Corporation and transferred its property, rights and liabilities to the Oil and Pipelines Agency . Sections 12 to 17 of the 1982 Act were repealed by the 1986 Act. The whole of the 1992 Act except sections 24, 26, 31, 37 and 38 and, in Schedule 3, paragraphs 1, 3, 4, 8 (so far as relating to sections 3 and 9 of the Mineral Workings (Offshore Installations) Act 1971 ), 11, 34, 37 and 39, was repealed by the Petroleum Act 1998.

From 1983, with a falling oil price, participation and trading ceased to be profitable for BNOC and the organisation was formally wound up on 27 March 1986. The British Gas Corporation remained an integrated company, and its natural instinct was to discourage new entrants in the gas market from competing against it. Furthermore, BGC had contracted to take all the gas available from UK continental shelf gas fields. Further legislation would be needed to fully open the gas supply industry to competition, this was enacted by the Gas Act 1986. Later enactments
The British gas industry was privatised in 1986 under the provisions of the Gas Act 1986. The Act abolished the British Gas Corporation and established British Gas plc. The 1986 Act also established a licensing regime, a Gas Consumers’ Council, and a regulator for the industry called the Office of Gas Supply (OFGAS). The Oil and Pipelines Act 1985 repealed Part 1 (Sections 1–7) of the 1982 Act and formally abolished the British National Oil Corporation and transferred its property, rights and liabilities to the Oil and Pipelines Agency . Sections 12 to 17 of the 1982 Act were repealed by the 1986 Act. The whole of the 1992 Act except sections 24, 26, 31, 37 and 38 and, in Schedule 3, paragraphs 1, 3, 4, 8 (so far as relating to sections 3 and 9 of the Mineral Workings (Offshore Installations) Act 1971 ), 11, 34, 37 and 39, was repealed by the Petroleum Act 1998.

Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982 - Wikipedia Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Contents
Background
Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Provisions
Consequences of the Act
Later enactments
See also
References
 Amended
The Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982 (1982 chapter 23) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which started the process of privatisation of the oil and gas industries in the UK. It empowered the government to float off and sell shares in Britoil the upstream production side of the British National Oil Corporation. It ended the British Gas Corporation ’s monopoly on the transportation and supply of gas, opening up the gas market to other gas suppliers. The Act made miscellaneous provisions relating to the oil and gas industries concerning Petroleum Licences and Offshore Installations. Contents
1 Background
2 Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
2.1 Provisions
3 Consequences of the Act
4 Later enactments
5 See also
6 References
Background
The British gas industry had been in state ownership since nationalisation of the industry in 1949. The Gas Act 1972 had established the British Gas Corporation to exercise full responsibility for the oversight, control and operation of the gas industry. The government had established the British National Oil Corporation (BNOC) in 1975 under the provision of the Petroleum and Submarine Pipe-lines Act 1975. BNOC had the power to search for and produce petroleum in underground strata in any part of the world; to move, store and treat petroleum and anything derived from it; and to buy, sell and otherwise deal in petroleum and anything derived from it.

Amended
The Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982 (1982 chapter 23) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which started the process of privatisation of the oil and gas industries in the UK. It empowered the government to float off and sell shares in Britoil the upstream production side of the British National Oil Corporation. It ended the British Gas Corporation ’s monopoly on the transportation and supply of gas, opening up the gas market to other gas suppliers. The Act made miscellaneous provisions relating to the oil and gas industries concerning Petroleum Licences and Offshore Installations. Contents
1 Background
2 Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
2.1 Provisions
3 Consequences of the Act
4 Later enactments
5 See also
6 References
Background
The British gas industry had been in state ownership since nationalisation of the industry in 1949. The Gas Act 1972 had established the British Gas Corporation to exercise full responsibility for the oversight, control and operation of the gas industry. The government had established the British National Oil Corporation (BNOC) in 1975 under the provision of the Petroleum and Submarine Pipe-lines Act 1975. BNOC had the power to search for and produce petroleum in underground strata in any part of the world; to move, store and treat petroleum and anything derived from it; and to buy, sell and otherwise deal in petroleum and anything derived from it.

Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982 - Wikipedia Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Contents
Background
Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Provisions
Consequences of the Act
Later enactments
See also
References
 of pipe-lines belonging to the Gas Corporation, rights to use pipe-lines belonging to the Gas Corporation
PART III Petroleum Licences
Sections 18-20 – Amendment of enabling powers, modification of model clauses in existing licences, modification of model clauses for incorporation in future licences
PART IV Offshore Activities
Sections 21 to 28 – Safety zones around installations, application of criminal and civil law, extended meaning of "offshore installation" and "pipe-line", extended application of the Offshore Petroleum Development (Scotland) Act 1975, prosecutions, Interpretation of Part IV
PART V Miscellaneous and General
Sections 29 to 38 – Northern Ireland and Isle of Man shares of petroleum revenue, payments to petroleum production licence holders, participation agreements, regulations, orders etc., Stamp duty, Trustee Investments Act 1961, financial provisions, general interpretation, amendments and repeals, short title, commencement and extent
Schedules
Schedule 1 – Provisions to transfer property, rights and liabilities
Schedule 2 – Petroleum Production Licences
Schedule 3 – Minor and Consequential Amendments
Schedule 4 – Repeals
Consequences of the Act
The upstream oil exploration and production side of the British National Oil Corporation was transferred to Britoil, a limited liability company. Britoil was floated on the stock market in November 1982 and again in August 1985. At one stage it was of the fourth largest oil and gas producer in the North Sea. Britoil was sold to BP in 1988. From 1983, with a falling oil price, participation and trading ceased to be profitable for BNOC and the organisation was formally wound up on 27 March 1986. The British Gas Corporation remained an integrated company, and its natural instinct was to discourage new entrants in the gas market from competing against it. Furthermore, BGC had contracted to take all the gas available from UK continental shelf gas fields. Further legislation would be needed to fully open the gas supply industry to competition, this was enacted by the Gas Act 1986. Later enactments
The British gas industry was privatised in 1986 under the provisions of the Gas Act 1986.

1969 Santa Barbara oil spill changed oil and gas exploration forever - Los Angeles Times The 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill that changed oil and gas exploration forever
The 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill that changed oil and gas exploration forever
Christine Mai-Duc
Advertisement
 Laws regulating air and water pollution soon followed, as did legislation protecting sensitive coastal areas and endangered species. Advertisement
“What these laws really did was create an entire new framework for environmental regulation,” one that focused on protecting resources such as air and water, as well as wildlife, rather than on land conservation, Alagona says. Much of the quick action following the 1969 spill can be attributed to the “optics” of the disaster, he says. “What the oil spill did was show a very compelling picture of why we need these protections,” says Kathryn Phillips, director of Sierra Club California. Phillips, who was 13 and living in San Diego at the time of the spill, says she remembers vividly the images of “oiled birds and a vast sea of oil,” and she recalls being very sad about it. In the two years after the spill, Sierra Club membership doubled, she says. “America had been riding on a high for a long time, and all of a sudden this big oil spill opened people’s eyes as to what our lifestyles were creating,” says Michael Lyons, president of Get Oil Out, a Santa Barbara organization that was founded soon after the 1969 spill and has been a vocal opponent of drilling for oil in the area. Advertisement
Phillips says that environmental activists have made large gains since then – the fact that the air and water is less polluted in large parts of the state as population has grown is a testament to those successes, she says. But, she adds, Tuesday’s spill serves as a stark reminder of the risks of oil and gas drilling as the Obama administration considers the prospect of opening the nation’s coastlines to new drilling. Although technology and regulation of the oil industry have improved greatly since 1969, Capps says, Tuesday’s spill demonstrates that “nothing about oil drilling is foolproof.

Oil Industry - HISTORY Oil Industry
Oil Industry
Did you know? In 1933, Standard Oil secured the first contract to drill for oil in Saudia Arabia.
 Some marketed, some produced, some refined, and these concerns quickly moved toward vertical integration of their businesses. But the 1911 decision ensured that though the industry might have giants, they at least competed with one another. Increasing sales of gasoline first for automobiles and then for airplanes in the early 1900s came as oil discoveries across the United States mounted. The oil industry had a vast new market for what had been for many years a useless by-product of the distilling process. As soon as the internal combustion engines created demand, refiners sought better methods to produce and improve gasolines. Before its entry into World War I, the United States contributed oil to the Allies, and in 1917 the oil companies cooperated with the Fuel Administration. At war’s end executives who had served with that agency created the American Petroleum Institute (1919), which in time became a major force in the economy and the business. Although the U.S. oil industry had marketed abroad extensively before the war, it owned few foreign properties. Judging from government surveys, many producers believed that a major oil shortage would soon occur. Both Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover and Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes began to pressure American companies to seek oil abroad.

Oil Industry - HISTORY

Oil Industry
Oil Industry
Did you know? In 1933, Standard Oil secured the first contract to drill for oil in Saudia Arabia.

Some marketed, some produced, some refined, and these concerns quickly moved toward vertical integration of their businesses. But the 1911 decision ensured that though the industry might have giants, they at least competed with one another. Increasing sales of gasoline first for automobiles and then for airplanes in the early 1900s came as oil discoveries across the United States mounted. The oil industry had a vast new market for what had been for many years a useless by-product of the distilling process. As soon as the internal combustion engines created demand, refiners sought better methods to produce and improve gasolines. Before its entry into World War I, the United States contributed oil to the Allies, and in 1917 the oil companies cooperated with the Fuel Administration. At war’s end executives who had served with that agency created the American Petroleum Institute (1919), which in time became a major force in the economy and the business. Although the U.S. oil industry had marketed abroad extensively before the war, it owned few foreign properties. Judging from government surveys, many producers believed that a major oil shortage would soon occur. Both Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover and Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes began to pressure American companies to seek oil abroad.

Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982 - Wikipedia Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Contents
Background
Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982
Provisions
Consequences of the Act
Later enactments
See also
References
 The Act abolished the British Gas Corporation and established British Gas plc. The 1986 Act also established a licensing regime, a Gas Consumers’ Council, and a regulator for the industry called the Office of Gas Supply (OFGAS). The Oil and Pipelines Act 1985 repealed Part 1 (Sections 1–7) of the 1982 Act and formally abolished the British National Oil Corporation and transferred its property, rights and liabilities to the Oil and Pipelines Agency . Sections 12 to 17 of the 1982 Act were repealed by the 1986 Act. The whole of the 1992 Act except sections 24, 26, 31, 37 and 38 and, in Schedule 3, paragraphs 1, 3, 4, 8 (so far as relating to sections 3 and 9 of the Mineral Workings (Offshore Installations) Act 1971 ), 11, 34, 37 and 39, was repealed by the Petroleum Act 1998. See also
Oil and gas industry in the United Kingdom
North Sea Oil
References
^ a bWilliams, Trevor I. (1981). A History of the British Gas Industry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.

The Act abolished the British Gas Corporation and established British Gas plc. The 1986 Act also established a licensing regime, a Gas Consumers’ Council, and a regulator for the industry called the Office of Gas Supply (OFGAS). The Oil and Pipelines Act 1985 repealed Part 1 (Sections 1–7) of the 1982 Act and formally abolished the British National Oil Corporation and transferred its property, rights and liabilities to the Oil and Pipelines Agency . Sections 12 to 17 of the 1982 Act were repealed by the 1986 Act. The whole of the 1992 Act except sections 24, 26, 31, 37 and 38 and, in Schedule 3, paragraphs 1, 3, 4, 8 (so far as relating to sections 3 and 9 of the Mineral Workings (Offshore Installations) Act 1971 ), 11, 34, 37 and 39, was repealed by the Petroleum Act 1998. See also
Oil and gas industry in the United Kingdom
North Sea Oil
References
^ a bWilliams, Trevor I. (1981). A History of the British Gas Industry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.

Oil Industry - HISTORY Oil Industry
Oil Industry
Did you know? In 1933, Standard Oil secured the first contract to drill for oil in Saudia Arabia.
 it was more reliable, efficient, and economical than other fuels. Eastern cities linked to the oil fields by rail and boat boomed also. The export trade from Philadelphia, New York, and Baltimore became so important that Standard and other companies located refineries in those cities. As early as 1866 the value of petroleum products exported to Europe provided a trade balance sufficient to pay the interest on U.S. bonds held abroad. When the Civil War interrupted the regular flow of kerosene and other petroleum products to western states, pressure increased to find a better method of utilizing oil found in such states as California. But Standard exhibited little interest in the oil industry on the West Coast before 1900. In that year it purchased the Pacific Coast Oil Company and in 1906 incorporated all its western operations into Pacific Oil, now Chevron. Edward L. Doheny located Los Angeles’s first well in 1892, and five years later there were twenty-five hundred wells and two hundred oil companies in the area. When Standard entered California in 1900, seven integrated oil companies already flourished there. The Union Oil Company was the most important of these.

Oil Industry - HISTORY

it was more reliable, efficient, and economical than other fuels. Eastern cities linked to the oil fields by rail and boat boomed also. The export trade from Philadelphia, New York, and Baltimore became so important that Standard and other companies located refineries in those cities. As early as 1866 the value of petroleum products exported to Europe provided a trade balance sufficient to pay the interest on U.S. bonds held abroad. When the Civil War interrupted the regular flow of kerosene and other petroleum products to western states, pressure increased to find a better method of utilizing oil found in such states as California. But Standard exhibited little interest in the oil industry on the West Coast before 1900. In that year it purchased the Pacific Coast Oil Company and in 1906 incorporated all its western operations into Pacific Oil, now Chevron. Edward L. Doheny located Los Angeles’s first well in 1892, and five years later there were twenty-five hundred wells and two hundred oil companies in the area. When Standard entered California in 1900, seven integrated oil companies already flourished there. The Union Oil Company was the most important of these.

American History USA The 1973 Oil Crisis and Its Effects
The 1973 Oil Crisis and Its Effects The United States did several things to prevent a recurrence of the 1973 oil shock. A national speed limit of 55mph was imposed. Gas mileage standards on cars were put in place under Gerald Ford. The Strategic Petroleum Reserve was established in 1975, and it holds hundreds of millions of barrels of petroleum, intended for use in an energy crisis to mitigate the effects of lost supply. It has been tapped for small amounts on several occasions. The Trans-Alaska Pipeline was built between 1974 and 1977, and transports oil from the Arctic Coast. Closer relationships were cultivated with certain countries, such as Saudi Arabia, to manage the political situation overseas and prevent future supply disruptions (with a huge failure in Iran, in this regard, that led to another price shock in 1979). Finally, the Department of Energy was created in 1977 to oversee some of these measures, and to manage energy and nuclear programs in general. And in the private economy, in spite of continued high usage, the United States is much more efficient with oil than it was in 1973. By one EIA estimate, the amount of oil consumed per dollar of economic activity has declined by over half.

American History USA

The 1973 Oil Crisis and Its Effects
The 1973 Oil Crisis and Its Effects

The United States did several things to prevent a recurrence of the 1973 oil shock. A national speed limit of 55mph was imposed. Gas mileage standards on cars were put in place under Gerald Ford. The Strategic Petroleum Reserve was established in 1975, and it holds hundreds of millions of barrels of petroleum, intended for use in an energy crisis to mitigate the effects of lost supply. It has been tapped for small amounts on several occasions. The Trans-Alaska Pipeline was built between 1974 and 1977, and transports oil from the Arctic Coast. Closer relationships were cultivated with certain countries, such as Saudi Arabia, to manage the political situation overseas and prevent future supply disruptions (with a huge failure in Iran, in this regard, that led to another price shock in 1979). Finally, the Department of Energy was created in 1977 to oversee some of these measures, and to manage energy and nuclear programs in general. And in the private economy, in spite of continued high usage, the United States is much more efficient with oil than it was in 1973. By one EIA estimate, the amount of oil consumed per dollar of economic activity has declined by over half.

Oil Industry - HISTORY Oil Industry
Oil Industry
Did you know? In 1933, Standard Oil secured the first contract to drill for oil in Saudia Arabia.
 But Standard exhibited little interest in the oil industry on the West Coast before 1900. In that year it purchased the Pacific Coast Oil Company and in 1906 incorporated all its western operations into Pacific Oil, now Chevron. Edward L. Doheny located Los Angeles’s first well in 1892, and five years later there were twenty-five hundred wells and two hundred oil companies in the area. When Standard entered California in 1900, seven integrated oil companies already flourished there. The Union Oil Company was the most important of these. Operating difficulties plus the threat of taxation on its out-of-state properties led to the creation of the Standard Oil Trust in 1882. In 1899 the trust created Standard Oil Company ( New Jersey ), which became the parent company. The trust controlled member corporations principally through stock ownership, an arrangement not unlike that of the modern-day holding company. The tremendous growth of Standard did not occur without competition. Pennsylvania producers engineered the creation of an important competitor, the Pure Oil Company, Ltd., in 1895.

Oil Industry - HISTORY

But Standard exhibited little interest in the oil industry on the West Coast before 1900. In that year it purchased the Pacific Coast Oil Company and in 1906 incorporated all its western operations into Pacific Oil, now Chevron. Edward L. Doheny located Los Angeles’s first well in 1892, and five years later there were twenty-five hundred wells and two hundred oil companies in the area. When Standard entered California in 1900, seven integrated oil companies already flourished there. The Union Oil Company was the most important of these. Operating difficulties plus the threat of taxation on its out-of-state properties led to the creation of the Standard Oil Trust in 1882. In 1899 the trust created Standard Oil Company ( New Jersey ), which became the parent company. The trust controlled member corporations principally through stock ownership, an arrangement not unlike that of the modern-day holding company. The tremendous growth of Standard did not occur without competition. Pennsylvania producers engineered the creation of an important competitor, the Pure Oil Company, Ltd., in 1895.

1979 oil crisis - Wikipedia 1979 oil crisis
1979 oil crisis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Iran
Effects
Other OPEC members
United States
Other oil-consuming nations
Automobile fuel economy
See also
References
Further reading
 December 2015)
In response to the high oil prices of the 1970s, industrial nations took steps to reduce their dependence on the Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC) oil. Electric utilities worldwide switched from oil to coal, natural gas, or nuclear power. National governments initiated multibillion-dollar research programs to develop alternatives to oil and commercial exploration developed major non-OPEC oilfields in Siberia, Alaska, North Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. By 1986, daily worldwide demand for oil dropped by 5 million barrels but, non-OPEC production rose by an even-larger amount. Consequently, OPEC's market share reduced from 50 percent in 1979 to 29 percent in 1985. Automobile fuel economy
Main article: Fuel economy in automobiles
See also: Malaise era
At the time, Detroit's "Big Three" automakers ( Ford, Chrysler, GM) were marketing downsized full-sized automobiles like the Chevrolet Caprice, the Ford LTD Crown Victoria and the Dodge St. Regis which met the CAFE fuel economy mandates passed in 1978. Detroit's response to the growing popularity of imported compacts like the Toyota Corolla and the Volkswagen Rabbit was the Chevrolet Citation and the Ford Fairmont. Ford replaced the Ford Pinto with the Ford Escort and Chrysler, on the verge of bankruptcy, introduced the Dodge Aries K. GM was having unfavorable market reactions to the Citation and introduced the Chevrolet Corsica and Chevrolet Beretta in 1987 which did sell better.

1979 oil crisis - Wikipedia

1979 oil crisis
1979 oil crisis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Iran
Effects
Other OPEC members
United States
Other oil-consuming nations
Automobile fuel economy
See also
References
Further reading

December 2015)
In response to the high oil prices of the 1970s, industrial nations took steps to reduce their dependence on the Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC) oil. Electric utilities worldwide switched from oil to coal, natural gas, or nuclear power. National governments initiated multibillion-dollar research programs to develop alternatives to oil and commercial exploration developed major non-OPEC oilfields in Siberia, Alaska, North Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. By 1986, daily worldwide demand for oil dropped by 5 million barrels but, non-OPEC production rose by an even-larger amount. Consequently, OPEC's market share reduced from 50 percent in 1979 to 29 percent in 1985. Automobile fuel economy
Main article: Fuel economy in automobiles
See also: Malaise era
At the time, Detroit's "Big Three" automakers ( Ford, Chrysler, GM) were marketing downsized full-sized automobiles like the Chevrolet Caprice, the Ford LTD Crown Victoria and the Dodge St. Regis which met the CAFE fuel economy mandates passed in 1978. Detroit's response to the growing popularity of imported compacts like the Toyota Corolla and the Volkswagen Rabbit was the Chevrolet Citation and the Ford Fairmont. Ford replaced the Ford Pinto with the Ford Escort and Chrysler, on the verge of bankruptcy, introduced the Dodge Aries K. GM was having unfavorable market reactions to the Citation and introduced the Chevrolet Corsica and Chevrolet Beretta in 1987 which did sell better.

American History USA The 1973 Oil Crisis and Its Effects
The 1973 Oil Crisis and Its Effects First of all, the economy was unprepared for higher prices and struggled with them through the rest of the 1970s. Inflation was a consistent economic ill throughout the Administrations of Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Jimmy Carter. Several times it topped out above 10% annually. There was also a harsh recession from 1973-75 that was made worse by the oil shock. All of this contributed to a general increase in pessimism that was aimed at successive Presidents and leaders. The United States did several things to prevent a recurrence of the 1973 oil shock. A national speed limit of 55mph was imposed. Gas mileage standards on cars were put in place under Gerald Ford. The Strategic Petroleum Reserve was established in 1975, and it holds hundreds of millions of barrels of petroleum, intended for use in an energy crisis to mitigate the effects of lost supply. It has been tapped for small amounts on several occasions.

American History USA

First of all, the economy was unprepared for higher prices and struggled with them through the rest of the 1970s. Inflation was a consistent economic ill throughout the Administrations of Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Jimmy Carter. Several times it topped out above 10% annually. There was also a harsh recession from 1973-75 that was made worse by the oil shock. All of this contributed to a general increase in pessimism that was aimed at successive Presidents and leaders. The United States did several things to prevent a recurrence of the 1973 oil shock. A national speed limit of 55mph was imposed. Gas mileage standards on cars were put in place under Gerald Ford. The Strategic Petroleum Reserve was established in 1975, and it holds hundreds of millions of barrels of petroleum, intended for use in an energy crisis to mitigate the effects of lost supply. It has been tapped for small amounts on several occasions.

1979 oil crisis - Wikipedia 1979 oil crisis
1979 oil crisis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Iran
Effects
Other OPEC members
United States
Other oil-consuming nations
Automobile fuel economy
See also
References
Further reading
 In 1980, the U.S. Government established the Synthetic Fuels Corporation to produce an alternative to imported fossil fuels. When the price of West Texas Intermediate crude oil increased 250 percent between 1978 and 1980, the oil-producing areas of Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Colorado, Wyoming, and Alaska began experiencing an economic boom and population inflows. According to one study, individuals who were between the ages of 15 and 18 during the 1979 oil crisis were substantially less likely to use cars once they were in their mid-30s. Other oil-consuming nations

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( December 2015)
In response to the high oil prices of the 1970s, industrial nations took steps to reduce their dependence on the Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC) oil. Electric utilities worldwide switched from oil to coal, natural gas, or nuclear power. National governments initiated multibillion-dollar research programs to develop alternatives to oil and commercial exploration developed major non-OPEC oilfields in Siberia, Alaska, North Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. By 1986, daily worldwide demand for oil dropped by 5 million barrels but, non-OPEC production rose by an even-larger amount. Consequently, OPEC's market share reduced from 50 percent in 1979 to 29 percent in 1985.

1979 oil crisis - Wikipedia

In 1980, the U.S. Government established the Synthetic Fuels Corporation to produce an alternative to imported fossil fuels. When the price of West Texas Intermediate crude oil increased 250 percent between 1978 and 1980, the oil-producing areas of Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Colorado, Wyoming, and Alaska began experiencing an economic boom and population inflows. According to one study, individuals who were between the ages of 15 and 18 during the 1979 oil crisis were substantially less likely to use cars once they were in their mid-30s. Other oil-consuming nations

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( December 2015)
In response to the high oil prices of the 1970s, industrial nations took steps to reduce their dependence on the Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC) oil. Electric utilities worldwide switched from oil to coal, natural gas, or nuclear power. National governments initiated multibillion-dollar research programs to develop alternatives to oil and commercial exploration developed major non-OPEC oilfields in Siberia, Alaska, North Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. By 1986, daily worldwide demand for oil dropped by 5 million barrels but, non-OPEC production rose by an even-larger amount. Consequently, OPEC's market share reduced from 50 percent in 1979 to 29 percent in 1985.