Question: motivational theories

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Motivational Theories definition
Motivational theory is tasked with discovering what drives individuals to work towards a goal or outcome. Businesses are interested in motivational theory because motivated individuals are more productive, leading to more economic use of resources. Most motivational theories differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic factors: the former are concerned with an individual's interest, enjoyment and willingness to partake in an activity. People with higher self-confidence and beliefs that their own abilities will lead to success are more likely to have high levels of intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivations focus on the outcome of the activity i.e. individuals are driven by the outcome rather than the activity itself. Frequently-cited motivational theories include the escape-seeking dichotomy model, drive-reduction theory, cognitive dissonance theory, and motivations driven by Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Mono-motivational theories reduce the aspects that drive individuals to act into one term.

What are Motivational Theories? | HRZone

What are Motivational Theories?
What are Motivational Theories?

What are Motivational Theories? | HRZone
What are Motivational Theories? Advertisement
Motivational Theories definition
Motivational theory is tasked with discovering what drives individuals to work towards a goal or outcome. Businesses are interested in motivational theory because motivated individuals are more productive, leading to more economic use of resources. Most motivational theories differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic factors: the former are concerned with an individual's interest, enjoyment and willingness to partake in an activity. People with higher self-confidence and beliefs that their own abilities will lead to success are more likely to have high levels of intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivations focus on the outcome of the activity i.e. individuals are driven by the outcome rather than the activity itself. Frequently-cited motivational theories include the escape-seeking dichotomy model, drive-reduction theory, cognitive dissonance theory, and motivations driven by Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Mono-motivational theories reduce the aspects that drive individuals to act into one term.

What are Motivational Theories? | HRZone What are Motivational Theories?
What are Motivational Theories? the former are concerned with an individual's interest, enjoyment and willingness to partake in an activity. People with higher self-confidence and beliefs that their own abilities will lead to success are more likely to have high levels of intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivations focus on the outcome of the activity i.e. individuals are driven by the outcome rather than the activity itself. Frequently-cited motivational theories include the escape-seeking dichotomy model, drive-reduction theory, cognitive dissonance theory, and motivations driven by Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Mono-motivational theories reduce the aspects that drive individuals to act into one term. Evolutionary psychology and economics both provide mono-motivational theories – survival and self-interest respectively. Some theories break down motivational drive into conscious and unconscious factors, which both influence behaviour. Self-interest, for example, could be the unconscious factor influencing the desire to work, with duty to family the conscious factor. Machiavellianism is a personality trait said to influence motivation, characterised by narcissism, self-interest and the desire for power and strength. Some commentators argue that Machiavellianism is more common among high-powered individuals, such as CEOs and sportspeople, than in the general population, although it may be that these positions encourage Machiavellian qualities to develop – 'those in power crave more power.'

Motivation Theories [5 Famous Motivation Theories] Motivation Theories
Motivation Theories
1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
2. Hertzberg’s two factor theory
3. McClelland’s theory of needs
4. Vroom’s theory of expectancy
5. McGregor’s theory X and theory Y
Conclusion
Suggested Tutorials
 These motivation theories provide great understanding on how people behave and what motivates them. Motivation is a huge field of study. There are many theories of motivation. Some of the famous motivation theories include the following: 1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow postulated that a person will be motivated when his needs are fulfilled. The need starts from the lowest level basic needs and keeps moving up as a lower level need is fulfilled. Below is the hierarchy of needs: Physiological: Physical survival necessities such as food, water, and shelter.

Motivation Theories [5 Famous Motivation Theories]

Motivation Theories
Motivation Theories
1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
2. Hertzberg’s two factor theory
3. McClelland’s theory of needs
4. Vroom’s theory of expectancy
5. McGregor’s theory X and theory Y
Conclusion
Suggested Tutorials

These motivation theories provide great understanding on how people behave and what motivates them. Motivation is a huge field of study. There are many theories of motivation. Some of the famous motivation theories include the following: 1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow postulated that a person will be motivated when his needs are fulfilled. The need starts from the lowest level basic needs and keeps moving up as a lower level need is fulfilled. Below is the hierarchy of needs: Physiological: Physical survival necessities such as food, water, and shelter.

Motivation Theories [5 Famous Motivation Theories] Motivation Theories
Motivation Theories
1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
2. Hertzberg’s two factor theory
3. McClelland’s theory of needs
4. Vroom’s theory of expectancy
5. McGregor’s theory X and theory Y
Conclusion
Suggested Tutorials
 The first is basically negative, labelled as Theory X, and the other is basically positive, labelled as Theory Y. Both kinds of people exist. Based on their nature they need to be managed accordingly. Theory X: The traditional view of the work force holds that workers are inherently lazy, self-centred, and lacking ambition. Therefore, an appropriate management style is strong, top-down control. Theory Y: This view postulates that workers are inherently motivated and eager to accept responsibility. An appropriate management style is to focus on creating a productive work environment coupled with positive rewards and reinforcement. Conclusion
Motivation is the state of mind which pushes all human being to perform things with the highest spirit and with positivity. The leader will have to ensure that every individual in the team and the organization is motivated.

The first is basically negative, labelled as Theory X, and the other is basically positive, labelled as Theory Y. Both kinds of people exist. Based on their nature they need to be managed accordingly. Theory X: The traditional view of the work force holds that workers are inherently lazy, self-centred, and lacking ambition. Therefore, an appropriate management style is strong, top-down control. Theory Y: This view postulates that workers are inherently motivated and eager to accept responsibility. An appropriate management style is to focus on creating a productive work environment coupled with positive rewards and reinforcement. Conclusion
Motivation is the state of mind which pushes all human being to perform things with the highest spirit and with positivity. The leader will have to ensure that every individual in the team and the organization is motivated.

Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
11 Types of Theories of Motivation
4 Early Theories of Motivation
7 Modern or Contemporary Theories of Motivation
 Modern or contemporary motivation theories are; Acquired Needs Theory by McClelland’s. Goal Setting Theory by Edwin Locke. Theory of Self Efficacy by Albert Bandura. Reinforcement Theory by B.F. Skinner and his associates,
Cognitive Evaluation Theory,
Expectancy Theory by Victor H. Vroom,
Equity Theory of J. Stacy Adams. In a nutshell, we can say that motivation is a means of inspiring people to intensify their desire and willingness to discharge their duties efficiently and to co-operate for the achievement of common objectives. Understanding these motivation theories shows the motivation process in management and organizational behavior.

Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation

Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
11 Types of Theories of Motivation
4 Early Theories of Motivation
7 Modern or Contemporary Theories of Motivation

Modern or contemporary motivation theories are; Acquired Needs Theory by McClelland’s. Goal Setting Theory by Edwin Locke. Theory of Self Efficacy by Albert Bandura. Reinforcement Theory by B.F. Skinner and his associates,
Cognitive Evaluation Theory,
Expectancy Theory by Victor H. Vroom,
Equity Theory of J. Stacy Adams. In a nutshell, we can say that motivation is a means of inspiring people to intensify their desire and willingness to discharge their duties efficiently and to co-operate for the achievement of common objectives. Understanding these motivation theories shows the motivation process in management and organizational behavior.

Motivation Theories [5 Famous Motivation Theories] Motivation Theories
Motivation Theories
1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
2. Hertzberg’s two factor theory
3. McClelland’s theory of needs
4. Vroom’s theory of expectancy
5. McGregor’s theory X and theory Y
Conclusion
Suggested Tutorials
 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow postulated that a person will be motivated when his needs are fulfilled. The need starts from the lowest level basic needs and keeps moving up as a lower level need is fulfilled. Below is the hierarchy of needs: Physiological: Physical survival necessities such as food, water, and shelter. Safety: Protection from threats, deprivation, and other dangers. Social (belongingness and love): The need for association, affiliation, friendship, and so on. Self-esteem:

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow postulated that a person will be motivated when his needs are fulfilled. The need starts from the lowest level basic needs and keeps moving up as a lower level need is fulfilled. Below is the hierarchy of needs: Physiological: Physical survival necessities such as food, water, and shelter. Safety: Protection from threats, deprivation, and other dangers. Social (belongingness and love): The need for association, affiliation, friendship, and so on. Self-esteem:

Motivation theories Motivation Theories
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Motivation Theories
See also
 Consistency Theory: we seek the comfort of  internal alignment. Control Theory: we seek to control the world around us. Disconfirmation bias: Agreeing with what supports beliefs and vice versa. Drive Theory: We seek to satisfy needs. Endowed Progress Effect: Progress is motivating.

Motivation theories

Motivation Theories
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Motivation Theories
See also

Consistency Theory: we seek the comfort of  internal alignment. Control Theory: we seek to control the world around us. Disconfirmation bias: Agreeing with what supports beliefs and vice versa. Drive Theory: We seek to satisfy needs. Endowed Progress Effect: Progress is motivating.

Motivation Theories [5 Famous Motivation Theories] Motivation Theories
Motivation Theories
1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
2. Hertzberg’s two factor theory
3. McClelland’s theory of needs
4. Vroom’s theory of expectancy
5. McGregor’s theory X and theory Y
Conclusion
Suggested Tutorials
 Motivation Theories [5 Famous Motivation Theories]
Motivation Theories
Motivation is a state-of-mind, filled with energy and enthusiasm, which drives a person to work in a certain way to achieve desired goals. Motivation is a force which pushes a person to work with high level of commitment and focus even if things are against him. Motivation translates into a certain kind of human behaviour. It is important to ensure that every team member in an organization is motivated. Various psychologists have studied human behaviour and have formalized their findings in the form various motivation theories. These motivation theories provide great understanding on how people behave and what motivates them. Motivation is a huge field of study. There are many theories of motivation. Some of the famous motivation theories include the following: 1.

Motivation Theories [5 Famous Motivation Theories]
Motivation Theories
Motivation is a state-of-mind, filled with energy and enthusiasm, which drives a person to work in a certain way to achieve desired goals. Motivation is a force which pushes a person to work with high level of commitment and focus even if things are against him. Motivation translates into a certain kind of human behaviour. It is important to ensure that every team member in an organization is motivated. Various psychologists have studied human behaviour and have formalized their findings in the form various motivation theories. These motivation theories provide great understanding on how people behave and what motivates them. Motivation is a huge field of study. There are many theories of motivation. Some of the famous motivation theories include the following: 1.

Motivation Theories [5 Famous Motivation Theories] Motivation Theories
Motivation Theories
1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
2. Hertzberg’s two factor theory
3. McClelland’s theory of needs
4. Vroom’s theory of expectancy
5. McGregor’s theory X and theory Y
Conclusion
Suggested Tutorials
 3. McClelland’s theory of needs
McClelland affirms that we all have three motivating drivers, and it does not depend on our gender or age. One of these drives will be dominant in our behaviour. The dominant drive depends on our life experiences. The three motivators are: Achievement: a need to accomplish and demonstrate own competence People with a high need for achievement prefer tasks that provide for personal responsibility and results based on their own efforts. They also prefer quick acknowledgement of their progress. Affiliation: a need for love, belonging and social acceptance People with a high need for affiliation are motivated by being liked and accepted by others.

3. McClelland’s theory of needs
McClelland affirms that we all have three motivating drivers, and it does not depend on our gender or age. One of these drives will be dominant in our behaviour. The dominant drive depends on our life experiences. The three motivators are: Achievement: a need to accomplish and demonstrate own competence People with a high need for achievement prefer tasks that provide for personal responsibility and results based on their own efforts. They also prefer quick acknowledgement of their progress. Affiliation: a need for love, belonging and social acceptance People with a high need for affiliation are motivated by being liked and accepted by others.

Motivation Theories: Top 3 Theories of Motivation | Business Management Motivation Theories: Top 3 Theories of Motivation | Business Management
Motivation Theories: Top 3 Theories of Motivation | Business Management
This article throws light upon the top three theories of motivation. The three theories are: 1. Maslow’s Theory of Need Hierarchy 2. Herzberg’s Two Factors or Motivation-Hygiene Theory 3. Mc. Gregor’s Theory X and Theory Y.
Motivation Theory # 1. Maslow’s Theory of Need Hierarchy:
The basic human needs identified by Maslow in an ascending order of importance are as under:
1. Physiological Needs:
2. Safety Needs:
3. Social Needs:
4. Esteem Needs:
5. Self-actualization Needs:
All these observations in regard to motivation are based on the following propositions about human behaviour:
Criticism:
But the hierarchy of needs theory has been widely criticised in the following respects:
Motivation Theory # 2. Herzberg’s Two Factors or Motivation-Hygiene Theory:
(i) Hygiene Factors:
These factors are related to the work environment. According to Herzberg the following factors are included in this category:
(ii) Motivating Factors:
These are:
Criticism:
However, Herzberg’s model is not applied in all conditions. It has the following weaknesses:
Motivation Theory # 3. Mc. Gregor’s Theory X and Theory Y:
The basic assumptions about human nature and behaviour in working according to both these theories are given below:
Theory ‘X’:
According to the traditional view of human behaviour, the following assumptions hold good about the work behaviour of people:
Theory ‘Y’:
Theory ‘Y’ is based on the following assumptions:
 If his basic needs are not met, efforts to satisfy higher level needs should be postponed. Abraham H. Maslow, a famous American Social Scientist, has developed a general theory of motivation, known as the ‘Need Hierarchy Theory’. The essence of this theory is that motivation of an individual is based on a predetermined hierarchy of needs. He has skillfully arranged the range of human needs in terms of a hierarchy with physiological needs at the bottom level and self-actualization needs at the top level as shown in Fig. 5.1
The basic human needs identified by Maslow in an ascending order of importance are as under: 1. Physiological Needs: The starting point of motivation is the physiological needs which stand at the lowest level of the need hierarchy. These needs are for food, water, air, clothing, shelter, sleep, etc. which are essential for the existence of life.

Motivation Theories: Top 3 Theories of Motivation | Business Management

If his basic needs are not met, efforts to satisfy higher level needs should be postponed. Abraham H. Maslow, a famous American Social Scientist, has developed a general theory of motivation, known as the ‘Need Hierarchy Theory’. The essence of this theory is that motivation of an individual is based on a predetermined hierarchy of needs. He has skillfully arranged the range of human needs in terms of a hierarchy with physiological needs at the bottom level and self-actualization needs at the top level as shown in Fig. 5.1
The basic human needs identified by Maslow in an ascending order of importance are as under: 1. Physiological Needs: The starting point of motivation is the physiological needs which stand at the lowest level of the need hierarchy. These needs are for food, water, air, clothing, shelter, sleep, etc. which are essential for the existence of life.

Theories on Motivation | Bizfluent Theories on Motivation
Theories on Motivation
Business Motivation Theories
Psychological Motivation Theories
Economic Motivation Theories
Biological Motivation Theories
 Business Motivation Theories
Business motivation theories are created to help managers motivate employees. Most of these theories are popular rather than academic. Some popular business motivation theories include "type theory," which states that type A personalities are self-motivated whereas type B personalities require extra guidance. Herzberg theory says that employees need to gradually be given a greater variety of tasks and more complex tasks to feel fulfilled at work. Psychological Motivation Theories
Psychological motivation theories are developed by psychologists to help better understand human nature. Psychological theories are abstract and may or may not be of value for practical purposes. Among the psychological motivation theories is the acquired needs theory, which states that people are motivated by the need to acquire power, accomplishments or social bonds. Another example is cognitive dissonance theory, which states that people are motivated by a desire to rationalize contradictory or hypocritical behavior. 00:00
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Economic Motivation Theories
Economics has its own set of ideas about human motivation. Economists believe that humans are naturally inclined to follow incentives and thus seek benefits and avoid costs.

Theories on Motivation | Bizfluent

Theories on Motivation
Theories on Motivation
Business Motivation Theories
Psychological Motivation Theories
Economic Motivation Theories
Biological Motivation Theories

Business Motivation Theories
Business motivation theories are created to help managers motivate employees. Most of these theories are popular rather than academic. Some popular business motivation theories include "type theory," which states that type A personalities are self-motivated whereas type B personalities require extra guidance. Herzberg theory says that employees need to gradually be given a greater variety of tasks and more complex tasks to feel fulfilled at work. Psychological Motivation Theories
Psychological motivation theories are developed by psychologists to help better understand human nature. Psychological theories are abstract and may or may not be of value for practical purposes. Among the psychological motivation theories is the acquired needs theory, which states that people are motivated by the need to acquire power, accomplishments or social bonds. Another example is cognitive dissonance theory, which states that people are motivated by a desire to rationalize contradictory or hypocritical behavior. 00:00
00:00 00:00
GO LIVE
Facebook
Twitter
Email
Embed
Speed Normal
Autoplay
Brought to you by Techwalla
Brought to you by Techwalla
Economic Motivation Theories
Economics has its own set of ideas about human motivation. Economists believe that humans are naturally inclined to follow incentives and thus seek benefits and avoid costs.

Motivation Theories [5 Famous Motivation Theories] Motivation Theories
Motivation Theories
1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
2. Hertzberg’s two factor theory
3. McClelland’s theory of needs
4. Vroom’s theory of expectancy
5. McGregor’s theory X and theory Y
Conclusion
Suggested Tutorials
 Vroom’s theory of expectancy
Victor Vroom stated that people will be highly productive and motivated if two conditions are met: 1) people believe it is likely that their efforts will lead to successful results and 2) those people also believe they will be rewarded for their success. People will be motivated to exert a high level of effort when they believe there are relationships between the efforts they put forth, the performance they achieve, and the outcomes/ rewards they receive. 5. McGregor’s theory X and theory Y
Douglas McGregor formulated two distinct views of human being based on participation of workers. The first is basically negative, labelled as Theory X, and the other is basically positive, labelled as Theory Y. Both kinds of people exist. Based on their nature they need to be managed accordingly. Theory X: The traditional view of the work force holds that workers are inherently lazy, self-centred, and lacking ambition. Therefore, an appropriate management style is strong, top-down control.

Vroom’s theory of expectancy
Victor Vroom stated that people will be highly productive and motivated if two conditions are met: 1) people believe it is likely that their efforts will lead to successful results and 2) those people also believe they will be rewarded for their success. People will be motivated to exert a high level of effort when they believe there are relationships between the efforts they put forth, the performance they achieve, and the outcomes/ rewards they receive. 5. McGregor’s theory X and theory Y
Douglas McGregor formulated two distinct views of human being based on participation of workers. The first is basically negative, labelled as Theory X, and the other is basically positive, labelled as Theory Y. Both kinds of people exist. Based on their nature they need to be managed accordingly. Theory X: The traditional view of the work force holds that workers are inherently lazy, self-centred, and lacking ambition. Therefore, an appropriate management style is strong, top-down control.

Motivation Theories [5 Famous Motivation Theories] Motivation Theories
Motivation Theories
1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
2. Hertzberg’s two factor theory
3. McClelland’s theory of needs
4. Vroom’s theory of expectancy
5. McGregor’s theory X and theory Y
Conclusion
Suggested Tutorials
 Theory Y: This view postulates that workers are inherently motivated and eager to accept responsibility. An appropriate management style is to focus on creating a productive work environment coupled with positive rewards and reinforcement. Conclusion
Motivation is the state of mind which pushes all human being to perform things with the highest spirit and with positivity. The leader will have to ensure that every individual in the team and the organization is motivated. The various motivation theories helps in understanding what will motivate people. 32-A Monte Carlo Analysis
34-A Negotiation Skills
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PRINCE2 Tutorial [Video]
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Theory Y: This view postulates that workers are inherently motivated and eager to accept responsibility. An appropriate management style is to focus on creating a productive work environment coupled with positive rewards and reinforcement. Conclusion
Motivation is the state of mind which pushes all human being to perform things with the highest spirit and with positivity. The leader will have to ensure that every individual in the team and the organization is motivated. The various motivation theories helps in understanding what will motivate people. 32-A Monte Carlo Analysis
34-A Negotiation Skills
Suggested Tutorials
PRINCE2 Tutorial [Video]
By KnowledgeHut
PRINCE2 Tutorial [Video]

Motivation Theories: Top 3 Theories of Motivation | Business Management Motivation Theories: Top 3 Theories of Motivation | Business Management
Motivation Theories: Top 3 Theories of Motivation | Business Management
This article throws light upon the top three theories of motivation. The three theories are: 1. Maslow’s Theory of Need Hierarchy 2. Herzberg’s Two Factors or Motivation-Hygiene Theory 3. Mc. Gregor’s Theory X and Theory Y.
Motivation Theory # 1. Maslow’s Theory of Need Hierarchy:
The basic human needs identified by Maslow in an ascending order of importance are as under:
1. Physiological Needs:
2. Safety Needs:
3. Social Needs:
4. Esteem Needs:
5. Self-actualization Needs:
All these observations in regard to motivation are based on the following propositions about human behaviour:
Criticism:
But the hierarchy of needs theory has been widely criticised in the following respects:
Motivation Theory # 2. Herzberg’s Two Factors or Motivation-Hygiene Theory:
(i) Hygiene Factors:
These factors are related to the work environment. According to Herzberg the following factors are included in this category:
(ii) Motivating Factors:
These are:
Criticism:
However, Herzberg’s model is not applied in all conditions. It has the following weaknesses:
Motivation Theory # 3. Mc. Gregor’s Theory X and Theory Y:
The basic assumptions about human nature and behaviour in working according to both these theories are given below:
Theory ‘X’:
According to the traditional view of human behaviour, the following assumptions hold good about the work behaviour of people:
Theory ‘Y’:
Theory ‘Y’ is based on the following assumptions:
 Gregor’s Theory X and Theory Y.
Motivation Theory # 1. Maslow’s Theory of Need Hierarchy: The behaviour of an individual at a particular moment is usually determined by his strongest need. Psychologists claim that, as the basic needs are satisfied, an individual seeks to satisfy the higher level needs. ADVERTISEMENTS: If his basic needs are not met, efforts to satisfy higher level needs should be postponed. Abraham H. Maslow, a famous American Social Scientist, has developed a general theory of motivation, known as the ‘Need Hierarchy Theory’. The essence of this theory is that motivation of an individual is based on a predetermined hierarchy of needs. He has skillfully arranged the range of human needs in terms of a hierarchy with physiological needs at the bottom level and self-actualization needs at the top level as shown in Fig. 5.1
The basic human needs identified by Maslow in an ascending order of importance are as under:

Gregor’s Theory X and Theory Y.
Motivation Theory # 1. Maslow’s Theory of Need Hierarchy: The behaviour of an individual at a particular moment is usually determined by his strongest need. Psychologists claim that, as the basic needs are satisfied, an individual seeks to satisfy the higher level needs. ADVERTISEMENTS: If his basic needs are not met, efforts to satisfy higher level needs should be postponed. Abraham H. Maslow, a famous American Social Scientist, has developed a general theory of motivation, known as the ‘Need Hierarchy Theory’. The essence of this theory is that motivation of an individual is based on a predetermined hierarchy of needs. He has skillfully arranged the range of human needs in terms of a hierarchy with physiological needs at the bottom level and self-actualization needs at the top level as shown in Fig. 5.1
The basic human needs identified by Maslow in an ascending order of importance are as under:

Theories on Motivation | Bizfluent Theories on Motivation
Theories on Motivation
Business Motivation Theories
Psychological Motivation Theories
Economic Motivation Theories
Biological Motivation Theories
 Theories on Motivation | Bizfluent
Theories on Motivation
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By: Andrew Button
Updated September 26, 2017
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There are many well-known theories on motivation described in psychological textbooks. Many of these theories exist to help managers motivate their employees effectively; however, many others exist for purely academic reasons. Some of the most popular theories on motivation include business motivation theories, psychological motivation theories and economic motivation theories. Business Motivation Theories
Business motivation theories are created to help managers motivate employees. Most of these theories are popular rather than academic. Some popular business motivation theories include "type theory," which states that type A personalities are self-motivated whereas type B personalities require extra guidance. Herzberg theory says that employees need to gradually be given a greater variety of tasks and more complex tasks to feel fulfilled at work. Psychological Motivation Theories
Psychological motivation theories are developed by psychologists to help better understand human nature.

Theories on Motivation | Bizfluent

Theories on Motivation | Bizfluent
Theories on Motivation
Jupiterimages/PhotoObjects.net/Getty Images
By: Andrew Button
Updated September 26, 2017
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Organizational Behavior and Theories of Motivation
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There are many well-known theories on motivation described in psychological textbooks. Many of these theories exist to help managers motivate their employees effectively; however, many others exist for purely academic reasons. Some of the most popular theories on motivation include business motivation theories, psychological motivation theories and economic motivation theories. Business Motivation Theories
Business motivation theories are created to help managers motivate employees. Most of these theories are popular rather than academic. Some popular business motivation theories include "type theory," which states that type A personalities are self-motivated whereas type B personalities require extra guidance. Herzberg theory says that employees need to gradually be given a greater variety of tasks and more complex tasks to feel fulfilled at work. Psychological Motivation Theories
Psychological motivation theories are developed by psychologists to help better understand human nature.

Motivation Management Theories | Bizfluent Motivation Management Theories
Motivation Management Theories
Acquired Needs Theory
Owen and Motivation in Management
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Two Factor Theory
The ERG Theory
 Motivation Management Theories | Bizfluent
Motivation Management Theories
motivation black image by pdesign from Fotolia.com
By: Nicole Papa
Reviewed by: Jayne Thompson, LLB, LLM
Updated January 22, 2019
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Motivation is the psychological process of providing purpose and intention to behavior – it explains why people behave the way they do. By using motivation theories, management can inspire customers to choose the brand and encourage employees to take action and become self-directed. Various theories of motivation in psychology exist that have been studied and implemented in management regarding motivation. Acquired Needs Theory
This theory states that every person has the same needs, but each individual prioritizes them differently. The theory identifies three needs: achievement, power and affiliation. The need for achievement is the desire to do well at a task, the need for power demonstrates itself through influence over other people, and the need for affiliation is the yearning for meaningful relationships. Management needs to identify each person's first priority need and adjust the working situation accordingly to optimize each person's performance.

Motivation Management Theories | Bizfluent

Motivation Management Theories
Motivation Management Theories
Acquired Needs Theory
Owen and Motivation in Management
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Two Factor Theory
The ERG Theory

Motivation Management Theories | Bizfluent
Motivation Management Theories
motivation black image by pdesign from Fotolia.com
By: Nicole Papa
Reviewed by: Jayne Thompson, LLB, LLM
Updated January 22, 2019
Share It
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Post
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Related
Supervision Models & Theories
Learn More →
Motivation is the psychological process of providing purpose and intention to behavior – it explains why people behave the way they do. By using motivation theories, management can inspire customers to choose the brand and encourage employees to take action and become self-directed. Various theories of motivation in psychology exist that have been studied and implemented in management regarding motivation. Acquired Needs Theory
This theory states that every person has the same needs, but each individual prioritizes them differently. The theory identifies three needs: achievement, power and affiliation. The need for achievement is the desire to do well at a task, the need for power demonstrates itself through influence over other people, and the need for affiliation is the yearning for meaningful relationships. Management needs to identify each person's first priority need and adjust the working situation accordingly to optimize each person's performance.

Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained! Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained!
Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained!
1. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory:
These are now discussed one by one:
1. Physiological Needs:
2. Safety Needs:
3. Social Needs:
4. Esteem Needs:
5. Self-Actualisation Needs:
The main criticisms of the theory include the following:
2. Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory:
He asked these people to describe two important incidents at their jobs:
However, Herzberg’s model is labeled with the following criticism also:
3. McClelland’s Need Theory:
They are defined as follows:
Need for Achievement:
Through his research, McClelland identified the following three characteristics of high-need achievers:
Need for Power:
People who have a high need for power are characterized by:
Need for Affiliation:
The people with high need for affiliation have these characteristics:
4. McGregor’s Participation Theory:
Theory X is based on the following assumptions:
On the contrary, Theory Y assumes that:
5. Urwick’s Theory Z:
The two propositions in Urwicks’s theory are that:
Theory Z is based on the following four postulates:
6. Argyris’s Theory:
7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory:
Thus, the key constructs in the expectancy theory of motivation are:
1. Valence:
2. Expectancy:
3. Instrumentality:
However, Vroom’s expectancy theory has its critics. The important ones are:
8. Porter and Lawler’s Expectancy Theory:
Effort:
Performance:
Satisfaction:
 Porter and Lawler’s Expectancy Theory. From the very beginning, when the human organisations were established, various thinkers have tried to find out the answer to what motivates people to work. Different approaches applied by them have resulted in a number of theories concerning motivation. These are discussed in brief in that order. 1. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory: It is probably safe to say that the most well-known theory of motivation is Maslow’s need hierarchy theory Maslow’s theory is based on the human needs. Drawing chiefly on his clinical experience, he classified all human needs into a hierarchical manner from the lower to the higher order. ADVERTISEMENTS: In essence, he believed that once a given level of need is satisfied, it no longer serves to motivate man.

Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained!

Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained!
Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained!
1. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory:
These are now discussed one by one:
1. Physiological Needs:
2. Safety Needs:
3. Social Needs:
4. Esteem Needs:
5. Self-Actualisation Needs:
The main criticisms of the theory include the following:
2. Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory:
He asked these people to describe two important incidents at their jobs:
However, Herzberg’s model is labeled with the following criticism also:
3. McClelland’s Need Theory:
They are defined as follows:
Need for Achievement:
Through his research, McClelland identified the following three characteristics of high-need achievers:
Need for Power:
People who have a high need for power are characterized by:
Need for Affiliation:
The people with high need for affiliation have these characteristics:
4. McGregor’s Participation Theory:
Theory X is based on the following assumptions:
On the contrary, Theory Y assumes that:
5. Urwick’s Theory Z:
The two propositions in Urwicks’s theory are that:
Theory Z is based on the following four postulates:
6. Argyris’s Theory:
7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory:
Thus, the key constructs in the expectancy theory of motivation are:
1. Valence:
2. Expectancy:
3. Instrumentality:
However, Vroom’s expectancy theory has its critics. The important ones are:
8. Porter and Lawler’s Expectancy Theory:
Effort:
Performance:
Satisfaction:

Porter and Lawler’s Expectancy Theory. From the very beginning, when the human organisations were established, various thinkers have tried to find out the answer to what motivates people to work. Different approaches applied by them have resulted in a number of theories concerning motivation. These are discussed in brief in that order. 1. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory: It is probably safe to say that the most well-known theory of motivation is Maslow’s need hierarchy theory Maslow’s theory is based on the human needs. Drawing chiefly on his clinical experience, he classified all human needs into a hierarchical manner from the lower to the higher order. ADVERTISEMENTS: In essence, he believed that once a given level of need is satisfied, it no longer serves to motivate man.

Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Home → Fundamentals of Management
Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Table of Contents
Theories of Motivation
1. Content or Need Theories:
(i) Acquired – Needs Theory:
(ii) ERG theory:
(iii) Two-factor theory:
(iv) Need Hierarchy Theory:
2. Cognitive Theories:
(i) Expectancy Theory:
(ii) Goal-Setting Theory:
3. Reinforcement Theory:
4. Behavioral Theories:
(i) Theory X and Theory Y:
Theory X:
Theory Y:
(ii) Theory Z:
So, this is the full explanation on the topic of theories of motivation…
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 This theory-based on the following points like: Satisfaction
Efforts
Performance
Rewards
(ii) Goal-Setting Theory: Edwin A. Locke and Gary P.Lathman declare that the setting of goals can also be an inspirational or motivational factor affecting human behavior. If goals are measurable, attainable, and challenging, people will be motivated to work towards the achievement of goals. When an individual feels committed to business goals, they are motivated to achieve those goals and also combine their hard work with best returns and rewards. 3. Reinforcement Theory: This theory is written by the behavioral psychologist, B.F. Skinner. According to him, previous actions and their outcomes affect the present and future actions. Past behaviors associated with positive returns are repeated in future and behaviors associated with negative returns are not repeated.

Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management

Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Home → Fundamentals of Management
Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Table of Contents
Theories of Motivation
1. Content or Need Theories:
(i) Acquired – Needs Theory:
(ii) ERG theory:
(iii) Two-factor theory:
(iv) Need Hierarchy Theory:
2. Cognitive Theories:
(i) Expectancy Theory:
(ii) Goal-Setting Theory:
3. Reinforcement Theory:
4. Behavioral Theories:
(i) Theory X and Theory Y:
Theory X:
Theory Y:
(ii) Theory Z:
So, this is the full explanation on the topic of theories of motivation…
Comments (0)

This theory-based on the following points like: Satisfaction
Efforts
Performance
Rewards
(ii) Goal-Setting Theory: Edwin A. Locke and Gary P.Lathman declare that the setting of goals can also be an inspirational or motivational factor affecting human behavior. If goals are measurable, attainable, and challenging, people will be motivated to work towards the achievement of goals. When an individual feels committed to business goals, they are motivated to achieve those goals and also combine their hard work with best returns and rewards. 3. Reinforcement Theory: This theory is written by the behavioral psychologist, B.F. Skinner. According to him, previous actions and their outcomes affect the present and future actions. Past behaviors associated with positive returns are repeated in future and behaviors associated with negative returns are not repeated.

Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Home → Fundamentals of Management
Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Table of Contents
Theories of Motivation
1. Content or Need Theories:
(i) Acquired – Needs Theory:
(ii) ERG theory:
(iii) Two-factor theory:
(iv) Need Hierarchy Theory:
2. Cognitive Theories:
(i) Expectancy Theory:
(ii) Goal-Setting Theory:
3. Reinforcement Theory:
4. Behavioral Theories:
(i) Theory X and Theory Y:
Theory X:
Theory Y:
(ii) Theory Z:
So, this is the full explanation on the topic of theories of motivation…
Comments (0)
 Their absence gives no motivation but their presence gives a high degree of motivation and morale. Motivation factors appear as follows: Motivation factors include achievement, advancement, growth, recognition, etc. (iv) Need Hierarchy Theory: The need hierarchy theory was written by Abraham Maslow. He promotes a hierarchy of needs present in all peoples. It consists of five types of needs such as:-
This diagram shows the various kinds of Maslow’s Hierarchy theory of needs. (a) Physiological needs: These needs are very basic that people want to satisfy. They are the need for shelter, food, clothing, and other important necessities of life.

Their absence gives no motivation but their presence gives a high degree of motivation and morale. Motivation factors appear as follows: Motivation factors include achievement, advancement, growth, recognition, etc. (iv) Need Hierarchy Theory: The need hierarchy theory was written by Abraham Maslow. He promotes a hierarchy of needs present in all peoples. It consists of five types of needs such as:-
This diagram shows the various kinds of Maslow’s Hierarchy theory of needs. (a) Physiological needs: These needs are very basic that people want to satisfy. They are the need for shelter, food, clothing, and other important necessities of life.

Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Home → Fundamentals of Management
Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Table of Contents
Theories of Motivation
1. Content or Need Theories:
(i) Acquired – Needs Theory:
(ii) ERG theory:
(iii) Two-factor theory:
(iv) Need Hierarchy Theory:
2. Cognitive Theories:
(i) Expectancy Theory:
(ii) Goal-Setting Theory:
3. Reinforcement Theory:
4. Behavioral Theories:
(i) Theory X and Theory Y:
Theory X:
Theory Y:
(ii) Theory Z:
So, this is the full explanation on the topic of theories of motivation…
Comments (0)
 Cognitive Theories: (i) Expectancy Theory: This theory of motivation was written by Victor H. Vroom and later extended by Lyman Porter and Edward Lawler. Both theories are briefly discussed below: (a) Vroom’s expectancy theory: According to this motivational theory, individual expect to achieve some goals out of their actions and also feel motivated to perform those tasks and actions. Vroom’s theory explains that motivation is a product of expectancy and valence. Motivation or Force= Expectancy x Valence. Force indicates the term motivation that influences an individual to behave in a specific manner. Valence indicates the strength of an opinion that an individual holds about the outcome of his action.

Cognitive Theories: (i) Expectancy Theory: This theory of motivation was written by Victor H. Vroom and later extended by Lyman Porter and Edward Lawler. Both theories are briefly discussed below: (a) Vroom’s expectancy theory: According to this motivational theory, individual expect to achieve some goals out of their actions and also feel motivated to perform those tasks and actions. Vroom’s theory explains that motivation is a product of expectancy and valence. Motivation or Force= Expectancy x Valence. Force indicates the term motivation that influences an individual to behave in a specific manner. Valence indicates the strength of an opinion that an individual holds about the outcome of his action.

Motivation Theories [5 Famous Motivation Theories] Motivation Theories
Motivation Theories
1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
2. Hertzberg’s two factor theory
3. McClelland’s theory of needs
4. Vroom’s theory of expectancy
5. McGregor’s theory X and theory Y
Conclusion
Suggested Tutorials
 They tend to participate in social gatherings and may be uncomfortable with conflict. Power: a need for control own work or the work of others People with a high need for power desire situations in which they exercise power and influence over others. They aspire for positions with status and authority and tend to be more concerned about their level of influence than about effective work performance. 4. Vroom’s theory of expectancy
Victor Vroom stated that people will be highly productive and motivated if two conditions are met: 1) people believe it is likely that their efforts will lead to successful results and 2) those people also believe they will be rewarded for their success. People will be motivated to exert a high level of effort when they believe there are relationships between the efforts they put forth, the performance they achieve, and the outcomes/ rewards they receive. 5. McGregor’s theory X and theory Y
Douglas McGregor formulated two distinct views of human being based on participation of workers.

They tend to participate in social gatherings and may be uncomfortable with conflict. Power: a need for control own work or the work of others People with a high need for power desire situations in which they exercise power and influence over others. They aspire for positions with status and authority and tend to be more concerned about their level of influence than about effective work performance. 4. Vroom’s theory of expectancy
Victor Vroom stated that people will be highly productive and motivated if two conditions are met: 1) people believe it is likely that their efforts will lead to successful results and 2) those people also believe they will be rewarded for their success. People will be motivated to exert a high level of effort when they believe there are relationships between the efforts they put forth, the performance they achieve, and the outcomes/ rewards they receive. 5. McGregor’s theory X and theory Y
Douglas McGregor formulated two distinct views of human being based on participation of workers.

Theories of Motivation | Motivation Training from EPM Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories vs. Process Theories
1. Content Theories
2. Process Theories
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
2. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
3. McClelland’s Three Needs Theory
4. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
a. Theory X
b. Theory Y
5. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
6. Adam’s Equity Theory
7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
8. Taylor’s Motivation Theory – Scientific Management
9. Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory of Motivation
10. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory of Motivation
11. Mayo’s Motivation Theory
12. Locke’s Goal Setting Theory
Theories of Motivation: Summary
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 Theories of Motivation | Motivation Training from EPM
Theories of Motivation
Since the beginning of industrialization and the advent of factories, people have been trying to figure out what motivates employees. One of the very first theories was developed by Frederick Taylor, who wrote, “The Principles of Scientific Management” in 1911. More recent theories of motivation include ERG Theory (1972) by Alderfer and the Equity Theory of Motivation (1963) by Adams. Unfortunately, most of the theories of motivation differ in what they think the best way to motivate employees is. The reason the theories draw different conclusions is that motivation is somewhat of a black box, where it’s difficult to see what’s going on inside our heads, and each of us is unique enough to make it very difficult to draw anything other than very general conclusions. Theories of Motivation
In a general sense, you can think of motivation as working as follows: As you can see, each of us has needs. Your needs will be different from my needs. But each of us is motivated by our needs to exhibit certain behaviors. The aim of our behaviors is obviously to meet our needs.

Theories of Motivation | Motivation Training from EPM

Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories vs. Process Theories
1. Content Theories
2. Process Theories
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
2. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
3. McClelland’s Three Needs Theory
4. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
a. Theory X
b. Theory Y
5. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
6. Adam’s Equity Theory
7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
8. Taylor’s Motivation Theory – Scientific Management
9. Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory of Motivation
10. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory of Motivation
11. Mayo’s Motivation Theory
12. Locke’s Goal Setting Theory
Theories of Motivation: Summary
Ready to start your own business?

Theories of Motivation | Motivation Training from EPM
Theories of Motivation
Since the beginning of industrialization and the advent of factories, people have been trying to figure out what motivates employees. One of the very first theories was developed by Frederick Taylor, who wrote, “The Principles of Scientific Management” in 1911. More recent theories of motivation include ERG Theory (1972) by Alderfer and the Equity Theory of Motivation (1963) by Adams. Unfortunately, most of the theories of motivation differ in what they think the best way to motivate employees is. The reason the theories draw different conclusions is that motivation is somewhat of a black box, where it’s difficult to see what’s going on inside our heads, and each of us is unique enough to make it very difficult to draw anything other than very general conclusions. Theories of Motivation
In a general sense, you can think of motivation as working as follows: As you can see, each of us has needs. Your needs will be different from my needs. But each of us is motivated by our needs to exhibit certain behaviors. The aim of our behaviors is obviously to meet our needs.

Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained! Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained!
Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained!
1. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory:
These are now discussed one by one:
1. Physiological Needs:
2. Safety Needs:
3. Social Needs:
4. Esteem Needs:
5. Self-Actualisation Needs:
The main criticisms of the theory include the following:
2. Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory:
He asked these people to describe two important incidents at their jobs:
However, Herzberg’s model is labeled with the following criticism also:
3. McClelland’s Need Theory:
They are defined as follows:
Need for Achievement:
Through his research, McClelland identified the following three characteristics of high-need achievers:
Need for Power:
People who have a high need for power are characterized by:
Need for Affiliation:
The people with high need for affiliation have these characteristics:
4. McGregor’s Participation Theory:
Theory X is based on the following assumptions:
On the contrary, Theory Y assumes that:
5. Urwick’s Theory Z:
The two propositions in Urwicks’s theory are that:
Theory Z is based on the following four postulates:
6. Argyris’s Theory:
7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory:
Thus, the key constructs in the expectancy theory of motivation are:
1. Valence:
2. Expectancy:
3. Instrumentality:
However, Vroom’s expectancy theory has its critics. The important ones are:
8. Porter and Lawler’s Expectancy Theory:
Effort:
Performance:
Satisfaction:
 Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained! Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained! Article shared by : ADVERTISEMENTS: Some of the most important theories of motivation are as follows: 1. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory 2. Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory 3.

Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained! Motivation Theories: Top 8 Theories of Motivation – Explained! Article shared by : ADVERTISEMENTS: Some of the most important theories of motivation are as follows: 1. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory 2. Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory 3.

20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology 20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
This Article Contains:
What is Motivation Psychology?
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG theory
McClelland’s achievement motivation theory
Immanuel Kant
Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
Process Theories of Motivation
Reinforcement theory
Adams’ equity theory of motivation
Vroom’s expectancy theory
Locke’s goal-setting theory
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Motivational Theories in Business
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory Z
The Hawthorne Effect
Motivational Theories in Sports Psychology
Optimal functioning hypothesis
Hull–Spence drive theory
Arousal-biased competition theory
Two memory systems theory
Processing efficiency theory
Textbooks on Motivation
1. Understanding Motivation and Emotion – Johnmarshall Reeve
2. Motivation: Theories and Principles – Robert C. Beck
3. Motivation – Lambert Deckers
4. Motivation and Emotion Evolutionary Physiological, Developmental, and Social Perspectives – Denys A. deCatanzaro
5. Motivation: A Biosocial and Cognitive Integration of Motivation and Emotion – Eva Dreikus Ferguson
6. Human Motivation – Robert E. Franken
7. The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior – Peter M. Gollwitzer and John Bargh
8. Motivation and Self-Regulation ccross the Life Span – Jutta Heckhausen and Carol S. Dweck
9. Reclaiming Cognition: The Primacy of Action, Intention, and Emotion (Journal of Consciousness Studies) – Rafael Nunez and Walter J. Freeman
10. Motivation: Theory, Research, and Applications – Herbert L. Petri and John M. Govern
11. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Search for Optimal Motivation and Performance – Carol Sansone and Judith M. Harackiewicz
12. Current Directions in Motivation and Emotion – Association for Psychological Science and Kennon Sheldon
13. The Psychobiology of Human Motivation (Psychology Focus) – Hugh Wagner
A Take-Home Message
References
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 20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
Home
Motivation & Goals
20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
Beata Souders, MSc., PsyD candidate
19
22-05-2021
To describe the indescribable seems to be the ambitious undertaking of motivation theories. The many approaches to defining what drives human behavior are best understood when considering the very purpose of creating them, be it increased performance, goal pursuit, resilience, or relapse prevention, to name a few. There is nothing more practical than a good theory. Kurt Lewin
There is no single motivation theory that explains all aspects of human motivation, but these theoretical explanations do often serve as the basis for the development of approaches and techniques to increase motivation in distinct areas of human endeavor. This article briefly summarizes existing theories of motivation and their potential real-world applications. Before you continue, we thought you might like to download our three Goal Achievement Exercises for free. These detailed, science-based exercises will help you or your clients create actionable goals and master techniques to create lasting behavior change. This Article Contains: What is Motivation Psychology?

20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology

20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
Home
Motivation & Goals
20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
Beata Souders, MSc., PsyD candidate
19
22-05-2021
To describe the indescribable seems to be the ambitious undertaking of motivation theories. The many approaches to defining what drives human behavior are best understood when considering the very purpose of creating them, be it increased performance, goal pursuit, resilience, or relapse prevention, to name a few. There is nothing more practical than a good theory. Kurt Lewin
There is no single motivation theory that explains all aspects of human motivation, but these theoretical explanations do often serve as the basis for the development of approaches and techniques to increase motivation in distinct areas of human endeavor. This article briefly summarizes existing theories of motivation and their potential real-world applications. Before you continue, we thought you might like to download our three Goal Achievement Exercises for free. These detailed, science-based exercises will help you or your clients create actionable goals and master techniques to create lasting behavior change. This Article Contains: What is Motivation Psychology?

20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology 20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
This Article Contains:
What is Motivation Psychology?
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG theory
McClelland’s achievement motivation theory
Immanuel Kant
Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
Process Theories of Motivation
Reinforcement theory
Adams’ equity theory of motivation
Vroom’s expectancy theory
Locke’s goal-setting theory
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Motivational Theories in Business
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory Z
The Hawthorne Effect
Motivational Theories in Sports Psychology
Optimal functioning hypothesis
Hull–Spence drive theory
Arousal-biased competition theory
Two memory systems theory
Processing efficiency theory
Textbooks on Motivation
1. Understanding Motivation and Emotion – Johnmarshall Reeve
2. Motivation: Theories and Principles – Robert C. Beck
3. Motivation – Lambert Deckers
4. Motivation and Emotion Evolutionary Physiological, Developmental, and Social Perspectives – Denys A. deCatanzaro
5. Motivation: A Biosocial and Cognitive Integration of Motivation and Emotion – Eva Dreikus Ferguson
6. Human Motivation – Robert E. Franken
7. The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior – Peter M. Gollwitzer and John Bargh
8. Motivation and Self-Regulation ccross the Life Span – Jutta Heckhausen and Carol S. Dweck
9. Reclaiming Cognition: The Primacy of Action, Intention, and Emotion (Journal of Consciousness Studies) – Rafael Nunez and Walter J. Freeman
10. Motivation: Theory, Research, and Applications – Herbert L. Petri and John M. Govern
11. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Search for Optimal Motivation and Performance – Carol Sansone and Judith M. Harackiewicz
12. Current Directions in Motivation and Emotion – Association for Psychological Science and Kennon Sheldon
13. The Psychobiology of Human Motivation (Psychology Focus) – Hugh Wagner
A Take-Home Message
References
How useful was this article to you?
About the Author
Categories
Legal
Company Details
Contact
 See our discussion of the motivation cycle and process in the blog post entitled What is Motivation. Theories of Motivation
Theories of motivation are often separated into content theories and process theories. In short, content theories explain what motivation is, and process theories describe how motivation occurs. There are also a large number of cognitive theories that relate to motivation and explain how our way of thinking and perceiving ourselves and the world around us can influence our motives. From self-concept, dissonance and mindset to values, orientation and perceived control, these theories explain how our preference toward certain mental constructs can increase or impair our ability to take goal-directed action. Theories of motivation are also grouped by the field of human endeavor they apply to. Several theories relate to motivating employees where incentives and needs take a central stage as well as theories used in sports and performance psychology where affect is considered a more prominent driver of human behavior. Some of these theories are also applied to education and learning. Read our insightful post on motivation in education. Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs, Alderfer’s ERG theory, McClelland’s achievement motivation theory, and Herzberg’s two-factor theory focused on what motivates people and addressed specific factors like individual needs and goals.

See our discussion of the motivation cycle and process in the blog post entitled What is Motivation. Theories of Motivation
Theories of motivation are often separated into content theories and process theories. In short, content theories explain what motivation is, and process theories describe how motivation occurs. There are also a large number of cognitive theories that relate to motivation and explain how our way of thinking and perceiving ourselves and the world around us can influence our motives. From self-concept, dissonance and mindset to values, orientation and perceived control, these theories explain how our preference toward certain mental constructs can increase or impair our ability to take goal-directed action. Theories of motivation are also grouped by the field of human endeavor they apply to. Several theories relate to motivating employees where incentives and needs take a central stage as well as theories used in sports and performance psychology where affect is considered a more prominent driver of human behavior. Some of these theories are also applied to education and learning. Read our insightful post on motivation in education. Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs, Alderfer’s ERG theory, McClelland’s achievement motivation theory, and Herzberg’s two-factor theory focused on what motivates people and addressed specific factors like individual needs and goals.

Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Home → Fundamentals of Management
Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Table of Contents
Theories of Motivation
1. Content or Need Theories:
(i) Acquired – Needs Theory:
(ii) ERG theory:
(iii) Two-factor theory:
(iv) Need Hierarchy Theory:
2. Cognitive Theories:
(i) Expectancy Theory:
(ii) Goal-Setting Theory:
3. Reinforcement Theory:
4. Behavioral Theories:
(i) Theory X and Theory Y:
Theory X:
Theory Y:
(ii) Theory Z:
So, this is the full explanation on the topic of theories of motivation…
Comments (0)
 According to this motivational theory, individual expect to achieve some goals out of their actions and also feel motivated to perform those tasks and actions. Vroom’s theory explains that motivation is a product of expectancy and valence. Motivation or Force= Expectancy x Valence. Force indicates the term motivation that influences an individual to behave in a specific manner. Valence indicates the strength of an opinion that an individual holds about the outcome of his action. It may be positive or negative depending on his preference for an outcome. Expectancy is a type of belief that the action will lead to an outcome. Theories of Motivation- Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
(b) Porter-Lawler expectancy theory: This theory believes that job satisfaction does not lead to good performance but job performance leads to job satisfaction (i.e, it helps to increase production or sales). The theory maintains that effort to perform a task is affected not only by the rewards or outcomes of performance but also the ability to perform that task and understanding of the job.

According to this motivational theory, individual expect to achieve some goals out of their actions and also feel motivated to perform those tasks and actions. Vroom’s theory explains that motivation is a product of expectancy and valence. Motivation or Force= Expectancy x Valence. Force indicates the term motivation that influences an individual to behave in a specific manner. Valence indicates the strength of an opinion that an individual holds about the outcome of his action. It may be positive or negative depending on his preference for an outcome. Expectancy is a type of belief that the action will lead to an outcome. Theories of Motivation- Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
(b) Porter-Lawler expectancy theory: This theory believes that job satisfaction does not lead to good performance but job performance leads to job satisfaction (i.e, it helps to increase production or sales). The theory maintains that effort to perform a task is affected not only by the rewards or outcomes of performance but also the ability to perform that task and understanding of the job.

Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Home → Fundamentals of Management
Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Table of Contents
Theories of Motivation
1. Content or Need Theories:
(i) Acquired – Needs Theory:
(ii) ERG theory:
(iii) Two-factor theory:
(iv) Need Hierarchy Theory:
2. Cognitive Theories:
(i) Expectancy Theory:
(ii) Goal-Setting Theory:
3. Reinforcement Theory:
4. Behavioral Theories:
(i) Theory X and Theory Y:
Theory X:
Theory Y:
(ii) Theory Z:
So, this is the full explanation on the topic of theories of motivation…
Comments (0)
 These needs help to inspire an individual to develop to his maximum attention or power. They are placed at the top of the need hierarchy. These needs also help to achieve any goal. The motivators provide opportunities for future growth and innovation, participative decision making, opportunities, etc. 2. Cognitive Theories: (i) Expectancy Theory: This theory of motivation was written by Victor H. Vroom and later extended by Lyman Porter and Edward Lawler. Both theories are briefly discussed below: (a) Vroom’s expectancy theory:

These needs help to inspire an individual to develop to his maximum attention or power. They are placed at the top of the need hierarchy. These needs also help to achieve any goal. The motivators provide opportunities for future growth and innovation, participative decision making, opportunities, etc. 2. Cognitive Theories: (i) Expectancy Theory: This theory of motivation was written by Victor H. Vroom and later extended by Lyman Porter and Edward Lawler. Both theories are briefly discussed below: (a) Vroom’s expectancy theory:

Theories of Motivation | Motivation Training from EPM Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories vs. Process Theories
1. Content Theories
2. Process Theories
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
2. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
3. McClelland’s Three Needs Theory
4. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
a. Theory X
b. Theory Y
5. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
6. Adam’s Equity Theory
7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
8. Taylor’s Motivation Theory – Scientific Management
9. Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory of Motivation
10. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory of Motivation
11. Mayo’s Motivation Theory
12. Locke’s Goal Setting Theory
Theories of Motivation: Summary
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 Content Theories
Content theories are also sometimes called needs theories. They look at motivation from the perspective of our needs and aspirations. The theories then discuss motivation in terms of filling these needs. You can think of content theories of motivation as focusing on WHAT will motivate us. The main content theories of motivation are – Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Alderfer’s ERG Theory, McClelland’s Three Needs Theory, Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory, and McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y.
2. Process Theories
Process theories look at how people are motivated. They are concerned with the process by which motivation occurs, and how we can adjust our processes to alter motivation levels. You can think of process theories of motivation as focusing on HOW motivation occurs. The main process theories of motivation are – Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory, Vroom’s Expectancy Theory, Adam’s Equity Theory, and Locke’s Goal Setting Theory. The diagram below shows how the different motivation theories fit within the scheme of things.

Content Theories
Content theories are also sometimes called needs theories. They look at motivation from the perspective of our needs and aspirations. The theories then discuss motivation in terms of filling these needs. You can think of content theories of motivation as focusing on WHAT will motivate us. The main content theories of motivation are – Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Alderfer’s ERG Theory, McClelland’s Three Needs Theory, Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory, and McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y.
2. Process Theories
Process theories look at how people are motivated. They are concerned with the process by which motivation occurs, and how we can adjust our processes to alter motivation levels. You can think of process theories of motivation as focusing on HOW motivation occurs. The main process theories of motivation are – Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory, Vroom’s Expectancy Theory, Adam’s Equity Theory, and Locke’s Goal Setting Theory. The diagram below shows how the different motivation theories fit within the scheme of things.

Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
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Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Table of Contents
Theories of Motivation
1. Content or Need Theories:
(i) Acquired – Needs Theory:
(ii) ERG theory:
(iii) Two-factor theory:
(iv) Need Hierarchy Theory:
2. Cognitive Theories:
(i) Expectancy Theory:
(ii) Goal-Setting Theory:
3. Reinforcement Theory:
4. Behavioral Theories:
(i) Theory X and Theory Y:
Theory X:
Theory Y:
(ii) Theory Z:
So, this is the full explanation on the topic of theories of motivation…
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 It may be positive or negative depending on his preference for an outcome. Expectancy is a type of belief that the action will lead to an outcome. Theories of Motivation- Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
(b) Porter-Lawler expectancy theory: This theory believes that job satisfaction does not lead to good performance but job performance leads to job satisfaction (i.e, it helps to increase production or sales). The theory maintains that effort to perform a task is affected not only by the rewards or outcomes of performance but also the ability to perform that task and understanding of the job. This theory-based on the following points like: Satisfaction
Efforts
Performance
Rewards
(ii) Goal-Setting Theory: Edwin A. Locke and Gary P.Lathman declare that the setting of goals can also be an inspirational or motivational factor affecting human behavior. If goals are measurable, attainable, and challenging, people will be motivated to work towards the achievement of goals. When an individual feels committed to business goals, they are motivated to achieve those goals and also combine their hard work with best returns and rewards.

It may be positive or negative depending on his preference for an outcome. Expectancy is a type of belief that the action will lead to an outcome. Theories of Motivation- Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
(b) Porter-Lawler expectancy theory: This theory believes that job satisfaction does not lead to good performance but job performance leads to job satisfaction (i.e, it helps to increase production or sales). The theory maintains that effort to perform a task is affected not only by the rewards or outcomes of performance but also the ability to perform that task and understanding of the job. This theory-based on the following points like: Satisfaction
Efforts
Performance
Rewards
(ii) Goal-Setting Theory: Edwin A. Locke and Gary P.Lathman declare that the setting of goals can also be an inspirational or motivational factor affecting human behavior. If goals are measurable, attainable, and challenging, people will be motivated to work towards the achievement of goals. When an individual feels committed to business goals, they are motivated to achieve those goals and also combine their hard work with best returns and rewards.

Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Home → Fundamentals of Management
Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Table of Contents
Theories of Motivation
1. Content or Need Theories:
(i) Acquired – Needs Theory:
(ii) ERG theory:
(iii) Two-factor theory:
(iv) Need Hierarchy Theory:
2. Cognitive Theories:
(i) Expectancy Theory:
(ii) Goal-Setting Theory:
3. Reinforcement Theory:
4. Behavioral Theories:
(i) Theory X and Theory Y:
Theory X:
Theory Y:
(ii) Theory Z:
So, this is the full explanation on the topic of theories of motivation…
Comments (0)
 Humans have different perceptions and needs about how they will satisfy those basic needs. All types of motivational theories focus on these relationships (individual needs and perceptions about how to satisfy them) but in another way. Some of the important theories of motivation are as follows:-
1. Content or Need Theories-
Acquired-Needs theory- By David C. McClelland
ERG theory- By Clayton Alderfer
Two-factor theory- By Frederick Herzberg
Need hierarchy theory- By Maslow
2. Cognitive Theories-
Expectancy theory- By Victor H. Vroom and Porter
Goal Setting theory- By Locke and Latham
3. Reinforcement Theory-
4. Behavioral Theories-
Theory X and Theory Y- By McGregor
Theory Z- Ouchi
Table of Contents
Theories of Motivation
1. Content or Need Theories: (i) Acquired – Needs Theory: (ii) ERG theory:

Humans have different perceptions and needs about how they will satisfy those basic needs. All types of motivational theories focus on these relationships (individual needs and perceptions about how to satisfy them) but in another way. Some of the important theories of motivation are as follows:-
1. Content or Need Theories-
Acquired-Needs theory- By David C. McClelland
ERG theory- By Clayton Alderfer
Two-factor theory- By Frederick Herzberg
Need hierarchy theory- By Maslow
2. Cognitive Theories-
Expectancy theory- By Victor H. Vroom and Porter
Goal Setting theory- By Locke and Latham
3. Reinforcement Theory-
4. Behavioral Theories-
Theory X and Theory Y- By McGregor
Theory Z- Ouchi
Table of Contents
Theories of Motivation
1. Content or Need Theories: (i) Acquired – Needs Theory: (ii) ERG theory:

Four Main Theories of Motivation | Bizfluent Four Main Theories of Motivation
Four Main Theories of Motivation
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Dual-Factor Theory
Need for Achievement
Expectancy Theory
 Four Main Theories of Motivation | Bizfluent
Four Main Theories of Motivation
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By: Emily Anderson
Updated September 26, 2017
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Motivation is the reason why human beings complete tasks. Motivation is a difficult quality to define as people seem to have many different reasons for doing the things they do. For hundreds of years, scientists have offered many theories from different perspectives (scientific, psychological, physiological, anthropological and sociological) to offer explanations for where motivation comes for and how to increase it. Motivation theory can be especially useful in a workplace setting. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that human beings are motivated to do things in a specific order required for survival. According to this theory, human beings cannot fulfill their needs in a higher category if they are not fulfilled in the lower categories first. The needs, in order, are: physiological, safety, love and affection, esteem and self-actualization (achievement of personal goals). Dual-Factor Theory
Frederick Herzberg's dual-factor theory, or two-factor theory, states that two consistent factors play into motivation, specifically in the workplace:

Four Main Theories of Motivation | Bizfluent

Four Main Theories of Motivation
Four Main Theories of Motivation
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Dual-Factor Theory
Need for Achievement
Expectancy Theory

Four Main Theories of Motivation | Bizfluent
Four Main Theories of Motivation
Jupiterimages/Creatas/Getty Images
By: Emily Anderson
Updated September 26, 2017
Share It
Share
Tweet
Post
Email
Print
Related
Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories
Learn More →
Motivation is the reason why human beings complete tasks. Motivation is a difficult quality to define as people seem to have many different reasons for doing the things they do. For hundreds of years, scientists have offered many theories from different perspectives (scientific, psychological, physiological, anthropological and sociological) to offer explanations for where motivation comes for and how to increase it. Motivation theory can be especially useful in a workplace setting. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that human beings are motivated to do things in a specific order required for survival. According to this theory, human beings cannot fulfill their needs in a higher category if they are not fulfilled in the lower categories first. The needs, in order, are: physiological, safety, love and affection, esteem and self-actualization (achievement of personal goals). Dual-Factor Theory
Frederick Herzberg's dual-factor theory, or two-factor theory, states that two consistent factors play into motivation, specifically in the workplace:

3 Main Theories of Motivation Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Three Main Theories on Motivation are 1. Optimal-level Theory, 2. Psychoanalytic Theory 3. Humanistic Theory!
1. Optimal-level Theory:
2. Psychoanalytic Theory:
There are two groups of instincts with opposite nature:
3. Humanistic Theory:
These are:
 Disequilibrium leads to displeasure. Hence, every individual strives to avoid disequilibrium by maintaining optimal level of the needs like food, water, body temperature, etc. 2. Psychoanalytic Theory: This theory which has been explained by Sigmund Freud, deals with unconscious motivation. According to Freud, the inborn tendencies called instincts influence our behaviour. There are two groups of instincts with opposite nature: (a) Life instincts (Eros): these instincts have the life energy called Libido-which motivates the individual towards constructive activities like love, sympathy/helping others, etc. (b) Death instincts (Thanatos)-motivate the individual for destructive activities like murder, suicides, aggression, attack, etc.

3 Main Theories of Motivation

Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Three Main Theories on Motivation are 1. Optimal-level Theory, 2. Psychoanalytic Theory 3. Humanistic Theory!
1. Optimal-level Theory:
2. Psychoanalytic Theory:
There are two groups of instincts with opposite nature:
3. Humanistic Theory:
These are:

Disequilibrium leads to displeasure. Hence, every individual strives to avoid disequilibrium by maintaining optimal level of the needs like food, water, body temperature, etc. 2. Psychoanalytic Theory: This theory which has been explained by Sigmund Freud, deals with unconscious motivation. According to Freud, the inborn tendencies called instincts influence our behaviour. There are two groups of instincts with opposite nature: (a) Life instincts (Eros): these instincts have the life energy called Libido-which motivates the individual towards constructive activities like love, sympathy/helping others, etc. (b) Death instincts (Thanatos)-motivate the individual for destructive activities like murder, suicides, aggression, attack, etc.

20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology 20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
This Article Contains:
What is Motivation Psychology?
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG theory
McClelland’s achievement motivation theory
Immanuel Kant
Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
Process Theories of Motivation
Reinforcement theory
Adams’ equity theory of motivation
Vroom’s expectancy theory
Locke’s goal-setting theory
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Motivational Theories in Business
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory Z
The Hawthorne Effect
Motivational Theories in Sports Psychology
Optimal functioning hypothesis
Hull–Spence drive theory
Arousal-biased competition theory
Two memory systems theory
Processing efficiency theory
Textbooks on Motivation
1. Understanding Motivation and Emotion – Johnmarshall Reeve
2. Motivation: Theories and Principles – Robert C. Beck
3. Motivation – Lambert Deckers
4. Motivation and Emotion Evolutionary Physiological, Developmental, and Social Perspectives – Denys A. deCatanzaro
5. Motivation: A Biosocial and Cognitive Integration of Motivation and Emotion – Eva Dreikus Ferguson
6. Human Motivation – Robert E. Franken
7. The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior – Peter M. Gollwitzer and John Bargh
8. Motivation and Self-Regulation ccross the Life Span – Jutta Heckhausen and Carol S. Dweck
9. Reclaiming Cognition: The Primacy of Action, Intention, and Emotion (Journal of Consciousness Studies) – Rafael Nunez and Walter J. Freeman
10. Motivation: Theory, Research, and Applications – Herbert L. Petri and John M. Govern
11. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Search for Optimal Motivation and Performance – Carol Sansone and Judith M. Harackiewicz
12. Current Directions in Motivation and Emotion – Association for Psychological Science and Kennon Sheldon
13. The Psychobiology of Human Motivation (Psychology Focus) – Hugh Wagner
A Take-Home Message
References
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 This article briefly summarizes existing theories of motivation and their potential real-world applications. Before you continue, we thought you might like to download our three Goal Achievement Exercises for free. These detailed, science-based exercises will help you or your clients create actionable goals and master techniques to create lasting behavior change. This Article Contains: What is Motivation Psychology? Theories of Motivation
Content Theories of Motivation
Process Theories of Motivation
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Motivational Theories in Business
Motivational Theories in Sports Psychology
Textbooks on Motivation
A Take-Home Message
References
What is Motivation Psychology? Motivation psychologists usually attempt to show how motivation varies within a person at different times or among different people at the same time. The purpose of the psychology of motivation is to explain how and why that happens. Broad views of how to understand motivation were created by psychologists based on various types of analyses. Cognitive analyses, behavioral anticipation, and affective devices are often used to account for motivation in terms of expecting an end-state or goal.

This article briefly summarizes existing theories of motivation and their potential real-world applications. Before you continue, we thought you might like to download our three Goal Achievement Exercises for free. These detailed, science-based exercises will help you or your clients create actionable goals and master techniques to create lasting behavior change. This Article Contains: What is Motivation Psychology? Theories of Motivation
Content Theories of Motivation
Process Theories of Motivation
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Motivational Theories in Business
Motivational Theories in Sports Psychology
Textbooks on Motivation
A Take-Home Message
References
What is Motivation Psychology? Motivation psychologists usually attempt to show how motivation varies within a person at different times or among different people at the same time. The purpose of the psychology of motivation is to explain how and why that happens. Broad views of how to understand motivation were created by psychologists based on various types of analyses. Cognitive analyses, behavioral anticipation, and affective devices are often used to account for motivation in terms of expecting an end-state or goal.

3 Main Theories of Motivation Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Three Main Theories on Motivation are 1. Optimal-level Theory, 2. Psychoanalytic Theory 3. Humanistic Theory!
1. Optimal-level Theory:
2. Psychoanalytic Theory:
There are two groups of instincts with opposite nature:
3. Humanistic Theory:
These are:
 Carl Rogers, as a humanist believes in the strength and potentialities of human beings. According to him all human beings have a natural inclination for learning and a desire to grow and progress known as self-actualizing tendency. Every individual will strive to realise his potentialities and to grow to become a fully functioning person. Hence in the view of Rogers, the motivation for self-growth and becoming a fully functioning person are important concepts. Home ›› Theories
Theories
Emotional Intelligence: Short Essay on Emotional Intelligence
Theories of Emotions: Notes on 3 Theories of Emotions

3 Main Theories of Motivation

Carl Rogers, as a humanist believes in the strength and potentialities of human beings. According to him all human beings have a natural inclination for learning and a desire to grow and progress known as self-actualizing tendency. Every individual will strive to realise his potentialities and to grow to become a fully functioning person. Hence in the view of Rogers, the motivation for self-growth and becoming a fully functioning person are important concepts. Home ›› Theories
Theories
Emotional Intelligence: Short Essay on Emotional Intelligence
Theories of Emotions: Notes on 3 Theories of Emotions

A Biological Theory Of Motivation A Biological Theory Of Motivation
A Biological Theory Of Motivation There have been five well known theories of motivation, which seek to explain the reasons why a few people spend more energy than others to achieve their goals. All these theories essentially outline the crucial impact of neural activities on motivation. The Instinct Theory suggests that motivated behavior is a biological instinct. The Drive Reduction Theory suggests that motivated behavior seeks to reduce the tension of drives triggered by sensations such as hunger or pain. The Arousal Theory suggests that motivated behavior is the result of a search for an optimum level of arousal. The Psychoanalytic Theory suggests that motivated behaviors follow fundamental drives to survive and avoid death. The Humanistic Theory presents the Maslow Hierarchy, where people strive to achieve their maximum potential. Instinctual responses, drive reduction, arousal, psychological and humanistic drives are the varied aspects of the powerful neural drives, which ultimately motivate people. The Intuition Theory suggests that these drives are powered by the intuitive choices of the mind. Intuition focuses the nervous system on an activity.

A Biological Theory Of Motivation

A Biological Theory Of Motivation
A Biological Theory Of Motivation

There have been five well known theories of motivation, which seek to explain the reasons why a few people spend more energy than others to achieve their goals. All these theories essentially outline the crucial impact of neural activities on motivation. The Instinct Theory suggests that motivated behavior is a biological instinct. The Drive Reduction Theory suggests that motivated behavior seeks to reduce the tension of drives triggered by sensations such as hunger or pain. The Arousal Theory suggests that motivated behavior is the result of a search for an optimum level of arousal. The Psychoanalytic Theory suggests that motivated behaviors follow fundamental drives to survive and avoid death. The Humanistic Theory presents the Maslow Hierarchy, where people strive to achieve their maximum potential. Instinctual responses, drive reduction, arousal, psychological and humanistic drives are the varied aspects of the powerful neural drives, which ultimately motivate people. The Intuition Theory suggests that these drives are powered by the intuitive choices of the mind. Intuition focuses the nervous system on an activity.

3 Main Theories of Motivation Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Three Main Theories on Motivation are 1. Optimal-level Theory, 2. Psychoanalytic Theory 3. Humanistic Theory!
1. Optimal-level Theory:
2. Psychoanalytic Theory:
There are two groups of instincts with opposite nature:
3. Humanistic Theory:
These are:
 There are different views on motivation. These views are explained as theories of motivation. ADVERTISEMENTS: The theories of motivation, try to provide general sets of principles to guide our understanding of the urges, wants, needs, desires, strivings and goals that come under the heading motivation. 1. Optimal-level Theory: This is also called as theory of homeostasis. Claud Bernard coined the word homeostasis to explain the state of equilibrium in the body. This is a ‘hedonistic’ (hedonism- doctrine that happiness is the highest good) theory which says that, there is a certain optimal level for normal functioning of the body. Maintenance of optimal level leads to equilibrium which gives pleasure.

3 Main Theories of Motivation

There are different views on motivation. These views are explained as theories of motivation. ADVERTISEMENTS: The theories of motivation, try to provide general sets of principles to guide our understanding of the urges, wants, needs, desires, strivings and goals that come under the heading motivation. 1. Optimal-level Theory: This is also called as theory of homeostasis. Claud Bernard coined the word homeostasis to explain the state of equilibrium in the body. This is a ‘hedonistic’ (hedonism- doctrine that happiness is the highest good) theory which says that, there is a certain optimal level for normal functioning of the body. Maintenance of optimal level leads to equilibrium which gives pleasure.

3 Main Theories of Motivation Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Three Main Theories on Motivation are 1. Optimal-level Theory, 2. Psychoanalytic Theory 3. Humanistic Theory!
1. Optimal-level Theory:
2. Psychoanalytic Theory:
There are two groups of instincts with opposite nature:
3. Humanistic Theory:
These are:
 Optimal-level Theory: This is also called as theory of homeostasis. Claud Bernard coined the word homeostasis to explain the state of equilibrium in the body. This is a ‘hedonistic’ (hedonism- doctrine that happiness is the highest good) theory which says that, there is a certain optimal level for normal functioning of the body. Maintenance of optimal level leads to equilibrium which gives pleasure. Disequilibrium leads to displeasure. Hence, every individual strives to avoid disequilibrium by maintaining optimal level of the needs like food, water, body temperature, etc. 2. Psychoanalytic Theory: This theory which has been explained by Sigmund Freud, deals with unconscious motivation.

3 Main Theories of Motivation

Optimal-level Theory: This is also called as theory of homeostasis. Claud Bernard coined the word homeostasis to explain the state of equilibrium in the body. This is a ‘hedonistic’ (hedonism- doctrine that happiness is the highest good) theory which says that, there is a certain optimal level for normal functioning of the body. Maintenance of optimal level leads to equilibrium which gives pleasure. Disequilibrium leads to displeasure. Hence, every individual strives to avoid disequilibrium by maintaining optimal level of the needs like food, water, body temperature, etc. 2. Psychoanalytic Theory: This theory which has been explained by Sigmund Freud, deals with unconscious motivation.

Theories of Motivation | Motivation Training from EPM Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories vs. Process Theories
1. Content Theories
2. Process Theories
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
2. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
3. McClelland’s Three Needs Theory
4. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
a. Theory X
b. Theory Y
5. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
6. Adam’s Equity Theory
7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
8. Taylor’s Motivation Theory – Scientific Management
9. Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory of Motivation
10. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory of Motivation
11. Mayo’s Motivation Theory
12. Locke’s Goal Setting Theory
Theories of Motivation: Summary
Ready to start your own business?
 Now, each individual’s needs are changing all the time, but at any time, an employer can use the hierarchy to try and determine what is going to motivate an employee. The five levels of the hierarchy are: Physiological needs: such as food and water. Safety needs: such as being free from war, natural disasters, and having job security. Social needs: such as having relationships and belonging to groups. Esteem needs: such as receiving praise, recognition, and status.

Now, each individual’s needs are changing all the time, but at any time, an employer can use the hierarchy to try and determine what is going to motivate an employee. The five levels of the hierarchy are: Physiological needs: such as food and water. Safety needs: such as being free from war, natural disasters, and having job security. Social needs: such as having relationships and belonging to groups. Esteem needs: such as receiving praise, recognition, and status.

20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology 20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
This Article Contains:
What is Motivation Psychology?
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG theory
McClelland’s achievement motivation theory
Immanuel Kant
Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
Process Theories of Motivation
Reinforcement theory
Adams’ equity theory of motivation
Vroom’s expectancy theory
Locke’s goal-setting theory
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Motivational Theories in Business
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory Z
The Hawthorne Effect
Motivational Theories in Sports Psychology
Optimal functioning hypothesis
Hull–Spence drive theory
Arousal-biased competition theory
Two memory systems theory
Processing efficiency theory
Textbooks on Motivation
1. Understanding Motivation and Emotion – Johnmarshall Reeve
2. Motivation: Theories and Principles – Robert C. Beck
3. Motivation – Lambert Deckers
4. Motivation and Emotion Evolutionary Physiological, Developmental, and Social Perspectives – Denys A. deCatanzaro
5. Motivation: A Biosocial and Cognitive Integration of Motivation and Emotion – Eva Dreikus Ferguson
6. Human Motivation – Robert E. Franken
7. The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior – Peter M. Gollwitzer and John Bargh
8. Motivation and Self-Regulation ccross the Life Span – Jutta Heckhausen and Carol S. Dweck
9. Reclaiming Cognition: The Primacy of Action, Intention, and Emotion (Journal of Consciousness Studies) – Rafael Nunez and Walter J. Freeman
10. Motivation: Theory, Research, and Applications – Herbert L. Petri and John M. Govern
11. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Search for Optimal Motivation and Performance – Carol Sansone and Judith M. Harackiewicz
12. Current Directions in Motivation and Emotion – Association for Psychological Science and Kennon Sheldon
13. The Psychobiology of Human Motivation (Psychology Focus) – Hugh Wagner
A Take-Home Message
References
How useful was this article to you?
About the Author
Categories
Legal
Company Details
Contact
 Motivation psychology is a study of how biological, psychological, and environmental variables contribute to motivation. That is, what do the body and brain contribute to motivation; what mental processes contribute; and finally, how material incentives, goals, and their mental representations motivate individuals. Psychologists research motivation through the use of two different methods. Experimental research is usually conducted in a laboratory and involves manipulating a motivational variable to determine its effects on behavior. Correlational research involves measuring an existing motivational variable to determine how the measured values are associated with behavioral indicators of motivation. Whether you think you can, or think you can’t, you’re right. Henry Ford, 1863–1947
To be motivated means to be moved into action. We are induced into action or thought by either the push of a motive or the pull of an incentive or goal toward some end-state.

Motivation psychology is a study of how biological, psychological, and environmental variables contribute to motivation. That is, what do the body and brain contribute to motivation; what mental processes contribute; and finally, how material incentives, goals, and their mental representations motivate individuals. Psychologists research motivation through the use of two different methods. Experimental research is usually conducted in a laboratory and involves manipulating a motivational variable to determine its effects on behavior. Correlational research involves measuring an existing motivational variable to determine how the measured values are associated with behavioral indicators of motivation. Whether you think you can, or think you can’t, you’re right. Henry Ford, 1863–1947
To be motivated means to be moved into action. We are induced into action or thought by either the push of a motive or the pull of an incentive or goal toward some end-state.

3 Main Theories of Motivation Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Three Main Theories on Motivation are 1. Optimal-level Theory, 2. Psychoanalytic Theory 3. Humanistic Theory!
1. Optimal-level Theory:
2. Psychoanalytic Theory:
There are two groups of instincts with opposite nature:
3. Humanistic Theory:
These are:
 According to Freud, the inborn tendencies called instincts influence our behaviour. There are two groups of instincts with opposite nature: (a) Life instincts (Eros): these instincts have the life energy called Libido-which motivates the individual towards constructive activities like love, sympathy/helping others, etc. (b) Death instincts (Thanatos)-motivate the individual for destructive activities like murder, suicides, aggression, attack, etc. Freud has emphasised that the unconscious motives play more dominant role in determining our behaviour, than conscious or preconscious. He pointed that, our actions are determined by our unconscious motives. According to him, our unconscious mannerisms, slips of tongue and pen, phobias are the result of these hidden motives. These hidden motives may also drive the people towards various psychosomatic disorders like chronic headaches, insomnia, gastric troubles, etc. Our motives also appear in the form of dreams according to Freud.

3 Main Theories of Motivation

According to Freud, the inborn tendencies called instincts influence our behaviour. There are two groups of instincts with opposite nature: (a) Life instincts (Eros): these instincts have the life energy called Libido-which motivates the individual towards constructive activities like love, sympathy/helping others, etc. (b) Death instincts (Thanatos)-motivate the individual for destructive activities like murder, suicides, aggression, attack, etc. Freud has emphasised that the unconscious motives play more dominant role in determining our behaviour, than conscious or preconscious. He pointed that, our actions are determined by our unconscious motives. According to him, our unconscious mannerisms, slips of tongue and pen, phobias are the result of these hidden motives. These hidden motives may also drive the people towards various psychosomatic disorders like chronic headaches, insomnia, gastric troubles, etc. Our motives also appear in the form of dreams according to Freud.

Theories of Motivation | Motivation Training from EPM Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories vs. Process Theories
1. Content Theories
2. Process Theories
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
2. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
3. McClelland’s Three Needs Theory
4. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
a. Theory X
b. Theory Y
5. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
6. Adam’s Equity Theory
7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
8. Taylor’s Motivation Theory – Scientific Management
9. Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory of Motivation
10. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory of Motivation
11. Mayo’s Motivation Theory
12. Locke’s Goal Setting Theory
Theories of Motivation: Summary
Ready to start your own business?
 Process Theories
Process theories look at how people are motivated. They are concerned with the process by which motivation occurs, and how we can adjust our processes to alter motivation levels. You can think of process theories of motivation as focusing on HOW motivation occurs. The main process theories of motivation are – Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory, Vroom’s Expectancy Theory, Adam’s Equity Theory, and Locke’s Goal Setting Theory. The diagram below shows how the different motivation theories fit within the scheme of things. Let’s now give a brief overview of each of these theories of motivation. If you’d like to dig deeper, then we have provided links to an article covering the theory in greater depth. 1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow described needs in terms of a hierarchy. The concept being that needs at the bottom of the hierarchy must be satisfied before an individual can move to the next level and seek to satisfy those needs.

Process Theories
Process theories look at how people are motivated. They are concerned with the process by which motivation occurs, and how we can adjust our processes to alter motivation levels. You can think of process theories of motivation as focusing on HOW motivation occurs. The main process theories of motivation are – Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory, Vroom’s Expectancy Theory, Adam’s Equity Theory, and Locke’s Goal Setting Theory. The diagram below shows how the different motivation theories fit within the scheme of things. Let’s now give a brief overview of each of these theories of motivation. If you’d like to dig deeper, then we have provided links to an article covering the theory in greater depth. 1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow described needs in terms of a hierarchy. The concept being that needs at the bottom of the hierarchy must be satisfied before an individual can move to the next level and seek to satisfy those needs.

A Biological Theory Of Motivation A Biological Theory Of Motivation
A Biological Theory Of Motivation The Psychoanalytic Theory suggests that motivated behaviors follow fundamental drives to survive and avoid death. The Humanistic Theory presents the Maslow Hierarchy, where people strive to achieve their maximum potential. Instinctual responses, drive reduction, arousal, psychological and humanistic drives are the varied aspects of the powerful neural drives, which ultimately motivate people. The Intuition Theory suggests that these drives are powered by the intuitive choices of the mind. Intuition focuses the nervous system on an activity. Wisdom, or emotions decide. Strategic drives use coded knowledge to achieve objectives. Motivation is limited by neural wisdom. Excellence is delivered by wider knowledge and skills. Excellence results in flow.

A Biological Theory Of Motivation

The Psychoanalytic Theory suggests that motivated behaviors follow fundamental drives to survive and avoid death. The Humanistic Theory presents the Maslow Hierarchy, where people strive to achieve their maximum potential. Instinctual responses, drive reduction, arousal, psychological and humanistic drives are the varied aspects of the powerful neural drives, which ultimately motivate people. The Intuition Theory suggests that these drives are powered by the intuitive choices of the mind. Intuition focuses the nervous system on an activity. Wisdom, or emotions decide. Strategic drives use coded knowledge to achieve objectives. Motivation is limited by neural wisdom. Excellence is delivered by wider knowledge and skills. Excellence results in flow.

20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology 20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
This Article Contains:
What is Motivation Psychology?
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG theory
McClelland’s achievement motivation theory
Immanuel Kant
Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
Process Theories of Motivation
Reinforcement theory
Adams’ equity theory of motivation
Vroom’s expectancy theory
Locke’s goal-setting theory
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Motivational Theories in Business
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory Z
The Hawthorne Effect
Motivational Theories in Sports Psychology
Optimal functioning hypothesis
Hull–Spence drive theory
Arousal-biased competition theory
Two memory systems theory
Processing efficiency theory
Textbooks on Motivation
1. Understanding Motivation and Emotion – Johnmarshall Reeve
2. Motivation: Theories and Principles – Robert C. Beck
3. Motivation – Lambert Deckers
4. Motivation and Emotion Evolutionary Physiological, Developmental, and Social Perspectives – Denys A. deCatanzaro
5. Motivation: A Biosocial and Cognitive Integration of Motivation and Emotion – Eva Dreikus Ferguson
6. Human Motivation – Robert E. Franken
7. The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior – Peter M. Gollwitzer and John Bargh
8. Motivation and Self-Regulation ccross the Life Span – Jutta Heckhausen and Carol S. Dweck
9. Reclaiming Cognition: The Primacy of Action, Intention, and Emotion (Journal of Consciousness Studies) – Rafael Nunez and Walter J. Freeman
10. Motivation: Theory, Research, and Applications – Herbert L. Petri and John M. Govern
11. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Search for Optimal Motivation and Performance – Carol Sansone and Judith M. Harackiewicz
12. Current Directions in Motivation and Emotion – Association for Psychological Science and Kennon Sheldon
13. The Psychobiology of Human Motivation (Psychology Focus) – Hugh Wagner
A Take-Home Message
References
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About the Author
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Legal
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 Theories of motivation are also grouped by the field of human endeavor they apply to. Several theories relate to motivating employees where incentives and needs take a central stage as well as theories used in sports and performance psychology where affect is considered a more prominent driver of human behavior. Some of these theories are also applied to education and learning. Read our insightful post on motivation in education. Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs, Alderfer’s ERG theory, McClelland’s achievement motivation theory, and Herzberg’s two-factor theory focused on what motivates people and addressed specific factors like individual needs and goals. Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
The most recognized content theory of motivation is that of Abraham Maslow, who explained motivation through the satisfaction of needs arranged in a hierarchical order. As satisfied needs do not motivate, it is the dissatisfaction that moves us in the direction of fulfillment. Needs are conditions within the individual that are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and the nurturance of growth and well-being. Hunger and thirst exemplify two biological needs that arise from the body’s requirement for food and water. These are required nutriments for the maintenance of life.

Theories of motivation are also grouped by the field of human endeavor they apply to. Several theories relate to motivating employees where incentives and needs take a central stage as well as theories used in sports and performance psychology where affect is considered a more prominent driver of human behavior. Some of these theories are also applied to education and learning. Read our insightful post on motivation in education. Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs, Alderfer’s ERG theory, McClelland’s achievement motivation theory, and Herzberg’s two-factor theory focused on what motivates people and addressed specific factors like individual needs and goals. Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
The most recognized content theory of motivation is that of Abraham Maslow, who explained motivation through the satisfaction of needs arranged in a hierarchical order. As satisfied needs do not motivate, it is the dissatisfaction that moves us in the direction of fulfillment. Needs are conditions within the individual that are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and the nurturance of growth and well-being. Hunger and thirst exemplify two biological needs that arise from the body’s requirement for food and water. These are required nutriments for the maintenance of life.

Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Home → Fundamentals of Management
Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Table of Contents
Theories of Motivation
1. Content or Need Theories:
(i) Acquired – Needs Theory:
(ii) ERG theory:
(iii) Two-factor theory:
(iv) Need Hierarchy Theory:
2. Cognitive Theories:
(i) Expectancy Theory:
(ii) Goal-Setting Theory:
3. Reinforcement Theory:
4. Behavioral Theories:
(i) Theory X and Theory Y:
Theory X:
Theory Y:
(ii) Theory Z:
So, this is the full explanation on the topic of theories of motivation…
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 Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Home → Fundamentals of Management
Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
In: Fundamentals of Management | Last Updated: July 15, 2019
Read this article to learn about the different theories of motivation in management or an organization like need or content theory, cognitive theory, reinforcement theory, and behavioral theory…
The motivational theories are very different from the perspective of human beings and their behaviors. Humans have different perceptions and needs about how they will satisfy those basic needs. All types of motivational theories focus on these relationships (individual needs and perceptions about how to satisfy them) but in another way. Some of the important theories of motivation are as follows:-
1. Content or Need Theories-
Acquired-Needs theory- By David C. McClelland
ERG theory- By Clayton Alderfer
Two-factor theory- By Frederick Herzberg
Need hierarchy theory- By Maslow
2. Cognitive Theories-
Expectancy theory- By Victor H. Vroom and Porter
Goal Setting theory- By Locke and Latham
3.

Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
Home → Fundamentals of Management
Motivation Theories: Top 4 Theories of Motivation in Management
In: Fundamentals of Management | Last Updated: July 15, 2019
Read this article to learn about the different theories of motivation in management or an organization like need or content theory, cognitive theory, reinforcement theory, and behavioral theory…
The motivational theories are very different from the perspective of human beings and their behaviors. Humans have different perceptions and needs about how they will satisfy those basic needs. All types of motivational theories focus on these relationships (individual needs and perceptions about how to satisfy them) but in another way. Some of the important theories of motivation are as follows:-
1. Content or Need Theories-
Acquired-Needs theory- By David C. McClelland
ERG theory- By Clayton Alderfer
Two-factor theory- By Frederick Herzberg
Need hierarchy theory- By Maslow
2. Cognitive Theories-
Expectancy theory- By Victor H. Vroom and Porter
Goal Setting theory- By Locke and Latham
3.

3 Main Theories of Motivation Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Three Main Theories on Motivation are 1. Optimal-level Theory, 2. Psychoanalytic Theory 3. Humanistic Theory!
1. Optimal-level Theory:
2. Psychoanalytic Theory:
There are two groups of instincts with opposite nature:
3. Humanistic Theory:
These are:
 Freud has emphasised that the unconscious motives play more dominant role in determining our behaviour, than conscious or preconscious. He pointed that, our actions are determined by our unconscious motives. According to him, our unconscious mannerisms, slips of tongue and pen, phobias are the result of these hidden motives. These hidden motives may also drive the people towards various psychosomatic disorders like chronic headaches, insomnia, gastric troubles, etc. Our motives also appear in the form of dreams according to Freud. 3. Humanistic Theory: This theory believes in striving tendency of the individual for realizing his potentialities, especially creative ones, strengthening self-confidence and attaining the ideal self. There are two important persons related to this theory— Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. These are:

3 Main Theories of Motivation

Freud has emphasised that the unconscious motives play more dominant role in determining our behaviour, than conscious or preconscious. He pointed that, our actions are determined by our unconscious motives. According to him, our unconscious mannerisms, slips of tongue and pen, phobias are the result of these hidden motives. These hidden motives may also drive the people towards various psychosomatic disorders like chronic headaches, insomnia, gastric troubles, etc. Our motives also appear in the form of dreams according to Freud. 3. Humanistic Theory: This theory believes in striving tendency of the individual for realizing his potentialities, especially creative ones, strengthening self-confidence and attaining the ideal self. There are two important persons related to this theory— Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. These are:

20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology 20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
This Article Contains:
What is Motivation Psychology?
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG theory
McClelland’s achievement motivation theory
Immanuel Kant
Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
Process Theories of Motivation
Reinforcement theory
Adams’ equity theory of motivation
Vroom’s expectancy theory
Locke’s goal-setting theory
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Motivational Theories in Business
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory Z
The Hawthorne Effect
Motivational Theories in Sports Psychology
Optimal functioning hypothesis
Hull–Spence drive theory
Arousal-biased competition theory
Two memory systems theory
Processing efficiency theory
Textbooks on Motivation
1. Understanding Motivation and Emotion – Johnmarshall Reeve
2. Motivation: Theories and Principles – Robert C. Beck
3. Motivation – Lambert Deckers
4. Motivation and Emotion Evolutionary Physiological, Developmental, and Social Perspectives – Denys A. deCatanzaro
5. Motivation: A Biosocial and Cognitive Integration of Motivation and Emotion – Eva Dreikus Ferguson
6. Human Motivation – Robert E. Franken
7. The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior – Peter M. Gollwitzer and John Bargh
8. Motivation and Self-Regulation ccross the Life Span – Jutta Heckhausen and Carol S. Dweck
9. Reclaiming Cognition: The Primacy of Action, Intention, and Emotion (Journal of Consciousness Studies) – Rafael Nunez and Walter J. Freeman
10. Motivation: Theory, Research, and Applications – Herbert L. Petri and John M. Govern
11. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Search for Optimal Motivation and Performance – Carol Sansone and Judith M. Harackiewicz
12. Current Directions in Motivation and Emotion – Association for Psychological Science and Kennon Sheldon
13. The Psychobiology of Human Motivation (Psychology Focus) – Hugh Wagner
A Take-Home Message
References
How useful was this article to you?
About the Author
Categories
Legal
Company Details
Contact
 Theories of Motivation
Content Theories of Motivation
Process Theories of Motivation
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Motivational Theories in Business
Motivational Theories in Sports Psychology
Textbooks on Motivation
A Take-Home Message
References
What is Motivation Psychology? Motivation psychologists usually attempt to show how motivation varies within a person at different times or among different people at the same time. The purpose of the psychology of motivation is to explain how and why that happens. Broad views of how to understand motivation were created by psychologists based on various types of analyses. Cognitive analyses, behavioral anticipation, and affective devices are often used to account for motivation in terms of expecting an end-state or goal. Motivation psychology is a study of how biological, psychological, and environmental variables contribute to motivation. That is, what do the body and brain contribute to motivation; what mental processes contribute; and finally, how material incentives, goals, and their mental representations motivate individuals. Psychologists research motivation through the use of two different methods.

Theories of Motivation
Content Theories of Motivation
Process Theories of Motivation
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Motivational Theories in Business
Motivational Theories in Sports Psychology
Textbooks on Motivation
A Take-Home Message
References
What is Motivation Psychology? Motivation psychologists usually attempt to show how motivation varies within a person at different times or among different people at the same time. The purpose of the psychology of motivation is to explain how and why that happens. Broad views of how to understand motivation were created by psychologists based on various types of analyses. Cognitive analyses, behavioral anticipation, and affective devices are often used to account for motivation in terms of expecting an end-state or goal. Motivation psychology is a study of how biological, psychological, and environmental variables contribute to motivation. That is, what do the body and brain contribute to motivation; what mental processes contribute; and finally, how material incentives, goals, and their mental representations motivate individuals. Psychologists research motivation through the use of two different methods.

Theories of Motivation | Motivation Training from EPM Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories vs. Process Theories
1. Content Theories
2. Process Theories
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
2. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
3. McClelland’s Three Needs Theory
4. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
a. Theory X
b. Theory Y
5. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
6. Adam’s Equity Theory
7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
8. Taylor’s Motivation Theory – Scientific Management
9. Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory of Motivation
10. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory of Motivation
11. Mayo’s Motivation Theory
12. Locke’s Goal Setting Theory
Theories of Motivation: Summary
Ready to start your own business?
 Self-actualization needs: such as wanted to be the best we can be. When using Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, a business should offer different rewards to encourage employees to keep moving up the hierarchy. This will keep employees motivated. 2. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
Herzberg argued that there are two factors which are essential in the motivation of employees. These are motivators and hygiene factors. Motivators: these encourage employees to work harder if present. Examples of motivators include having an interesting job, advancement, and growth.

Self-actualization needs: such as wanted to be the best we can be. When using Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, a business should offer different rewards to encourage employees to keep moving up the hierarchy. This will keep employees motivated. 2. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
Herzberg argued that there are two factors which are essential in the motivation of employees. These are motivators and hygiene factors. Motivators: these encourage employees to work harder if present. Examples of motivators include having an interesting job, advancement, and growth.

Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
11 Types of Theories of Motivation
4 Early Theories of Motivation
7 Modern or Contemporary Theories of Motivation
 Many theories of motivation are developed by phycologists and human resources specialists. 11 Types of Theories of Motivation
4 Early Theories of Motivation
Early theories are important as they represent a foundation from which contemporary theories have grown. Practicing managers still regularly use these theories and their terminology in explaining employee motivation. Early theories of motivation are; Hierarchy of Needs Theory by Maslow,
ERG Theory, developed by Clayton Alderfer. Theory X and Theory Y by Mcgregor, and
The Two-Factor Theory of Motivation – Hygiene and Motivational Factor of Herzberg. In the 1950s, three specific theories were formulated and are the best known. They are; Hierarchy of Needs Theory by Maslow, Theory X and Theory Y by Mcgregor and Two-factor theory of Herzberg. 7 Modern or Contemporary Theories of Motivation
The following theories are considered contemporary or modern not only because they necessarily were developed recently, but because they represent the current state of the art in explaining employee motivation.

Many theories of motivation are developed by phycologists and human resources specialists. 11 Types of Theories of Motivation
4 Early Theories of Motivation
Early theories are important as they represent a foundation from which contemporary theories have grown. Practicing managers still regularly use these theories and their terminology in explaining employee motivation. Early theories of motivation are; Hierarchy of Needs Theory by Maslow,
ERG Theory, developed by Clayton Alderfer. Theory X and Theory Y by Mcgregor, and
The Two-Factor Theory of Motivation – Hygiene and Motivational Factor of Herzberg. In the 1950s, three specific theories were formulated and are the best known. They are; Hierarchy of Needs Theory by Maslow, Theory X and Theory Y by Mcgregor and Two-factor theory of Herzberg. 7 Modern or Contemporary Theories of Motivation
The following theories are considered contemporary or modern not only because they necessarily were developed recently, but because they represent the current state of the art in explaining employee motivation.

3 Main Theories of Motivation Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Three Main Theories on Motivation are 1. Optimal-level Theory, 2. Psychoanalytic Theory 3. Humanistic Theory!
1. Optimal-level Theory:
2. Psychoanalytic Theory:
There are two groups of instincts with opposite nature:
3. Humanistic Theory:
These are:
 3. Humanistic Theory: This theory believes in striving tendency of the individual for realizing his potentialities, especially creative ones, strengthening self-confidence and attaining the ideal self. There are two important persons related to this theory— Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. These are: a. Biological motives like hunger, thirst, etc. b. Safety and security needs (protection from external threats)
c. Love and belongingness needs (Affection, warmth, etc.) d. Esteem needs (self-esteem, respect, approval, etc.) e. Self-actualisation motive (achieving maximum development of one’s potentialities). Maslow has explained that every individual struggles to fulfil basic needs first, and then followed by safety, love, esteem and finally actualisation needs.

3 Main Theories of Motivation

3. Humanistic Theory: This theory believes in striving tendency of the individual for realizing his potentialities, especially creative ones, strengthening self-confidence and attaining the ideal self. There are two important persons related to this theory— Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. These are: a. Biological motives like hunger, thirst, etc. b. Safety and security needs (protection from external threats)
c. Love and belongingness needs (Affection, warmth, etc.) d. Esteem needs (self-esteem, respect, approval, etc.) e. Self-actualisation motive (achieving maximum development of one’s potentialities). Maslow has explained that every individual struggles to fulfil basic needs first, and then followed by safety, love, esteem and finally actualisation needs.

Theories of Motivation | Motivation Training from EPM Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories vs. Process Theories
1. Content Theories
2. Process Theories
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
2. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
3. McClelland’s Three Needs Theory
4. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
a. Theory X
b. Theory Y
5. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
6. Adam’s Equity Theory
7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
8. Taylor’s Motivation Theory – Scientific Management
9. Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory of Motivation
10. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory of Motivation
11. Mayo’s Motivation Theory
12. Locke’s Goal Setting Theory
Theories of Motivation: Summary
Ready to start your own business?
 Need for affiliation: for example if you are motivated by collaborating with others or being accepted as part of a group. Need for power: for example if you are motivated by being in charge of others, or if you are motivated by having high status. Some people live at the extremes for each of these needs. For example, a team member with no need for power might be subordinate and overly dependent, whereas a team member with too much need for power might exaggerate their own abilities. Managers can use the Three Needs Theory to set motivational targets tailored to each member of their team. 4. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y puts employees into two broad categories. a. Theory X
Theory X assumes that team members are intrinsically lazy and unmotivated, and will avoid doing work if any opportunity presents itself.

Need for affiliation: for example if you are motivated by collaborating with others or being accepted as part of a group. Need for power: for example if you are motivated by being in charge of others, or if you are motivated by having high status. Some people live at the extremes for each of these needs. For example, a team member with no need for power might be subordinate and overly dependent, whereas a team member with too much need for power might exaggerate their own abilities. Managers can use the Three Needs Theory to set motivational targets tailored to each member of their team. 4. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y puts employees into two broad categories. a. Theory X
Theory X assumes that team members are intrinsically lazy and unmotivated, and will avoid doing work if any opportunity presents itself.

A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory | A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory
A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory
What is Motivation?
1. Content Theories about Motivation
Incentive Theory
2. Process Theories about Motivation
Expectancy Theory
Goal Theory
Like this:
 Maslow, Alderfer, Herzberg and McCelland studied motivation from a “content” perspective. Process Theories deal with the “process” of motivation and is concerned with “how” motivation occurs. Vroom, Porter & Lawler, Adams and Locke studied motivation from a “process” perspective. 1. Content Theories about Motivation
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
When motivation theory is being considered the first theory that is being recalled is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs which he has introduced in his 1943 article named as “A Theory of Human Motivation”. According to this theory, individual strives to seek a higher need when lower needs are fulfilled. Once a lower-level need is satisfied, it no longer serves as a source of motivation. Needs are motivators only when they are unsatisfied. In the first level, physiological needs exist which include the most basic needs for humans to survive, such as air, water and food. In the second level, safety needs exist which include personal security, health, well-being and safety against accidents remain.

A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory |

A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory
A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory
What is Motivation?
1. Content Theories about Motivation
Incentive Theory
2. Process Theories about Motivation
Expectancy Theory
Goal Theory
Like this:

Maslow, Alderfer, Herzberg and McCelland studied motivation from a “content” perspective. Process Theories deal with the “process” of motivation and is concerned with “how” motivation occurs. Vroom, Porter & Lawler, Adams and Locke studied motivation from a “process” perspective. 1. Content Theories about Motivation
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
When motivation theory is being considered the first theory that is being recalled is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs which he has introduced in his 1943 article named as “A Theory of Human Motivation”. According to this theory, individual strives to seek a higher need when lower needs are fulfilled. Once a lower-level need is satisfied, it no longer serves as a source of motivation. Needs are motivators only when they are unsatisfied. In the first level, physiological needs exist which include the most basic needs for humans to survive, such as air, water and food. In the second level, safety needs exist which include personal security, health, well-being and safety against accidents remain.

20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology 20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
This Article Contains:
What is Motivation Psychology?
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG theory
McClelland’s achievement motivation theory
Immanuel Kant
Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
Process Theories of Motivation
Reinforcement theory
Adams’ equity theory of motivation
Vroom’s expectancy theory
Locke’s goal-setting theory
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Motivational Theories in Business
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory Z
The Hawthorne Effect
Motivational Theories in Sports Psychology
Optimal functioning hypothesis
Hull–Spence drive theory
Arousal-biased competition theory
Two memory systems theory
Processing efficiency theory
Textbooks on Motivation
1. Understanding Motivation and Emotion – Johnmarshall Reeve
2. Motivation: Theories and Principles – Robert C. Beck
3. Motivation – Lambert Deckers
4. Motivation and Emotion Evolutionary Physiological, Developmental, and Social Perspectives – Denys A. deCatanzaro
5. Motivation: A Biosocial and Cognitive Integration of Motivation and Emotion – Eva Dreikus Ferguson
6. Human Motivation – Robert E. Franken
7. The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior – Peter M. Gollwitzer and John Bargh
8. Motivation and Self-Regulation ccross the Life Span – Jutta Heckhausen and Carol S. Dweck
9. Reclaiming Cognition: The Primacy of Action, Intention, and Emotion (Journal of Consciousness Studies) – Rafael Nunez and Walter J. Freeman
10. Motivation: Theory, Research, and Applications – Herbert L. Petri and John M. Govern
11. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Search for Optimal Motivation and Performance – Carol Sansone and Judith M. Harackiewicz
12. Current Directions in Motivation and Emotion – Association for Psychological Science and Kennon Sheldon
13. The Psychobiology of Human Motivation (Psychology Focus) – Hugh Wagner
A Take-Home Message
References
How useful was this article to you?
About the Author
Categories
Legal
Company Details
Contact
 Here a motive is understood as an internal disposition that pushes an individual toward a desired end-state where the motive is satisfied, and a goal is defined as the cognitive representation of the desired outcome that an individual attempts to achieve. While a goal guides a behavior that results in achieving it, an incentive is an anticipated feature of the environment that pulls an individual toward or away from a goal. Incentives usually enhance motivation for goal achievement. Emotions act like motives as well. They motivate an individual in a coordinated fashion along multiple channels of affect, physiology, and behavior to adapt to significant environmental changes. See our discussion of the motivation cycle and process in the blog post entitled What is Motivation. Theories of Motivation
Theories of motivation are often separated into content theories and process theories. In short, content theories explain what motivation is, and process theories describe how motivation occurs. There are also a large number of cognitive theories that relate to motivation and explain how our way of thinking and perceiving ourselves and the world around us can influence our motives. From self-concept, dissonance and mindset to values, orientation and perceived control, these theories explain how our preference toward certain mental constructs can increase or impair our ability to take goal-directed action.

Here a motive is understood as an internal disposition that pushes an individual toward a desired end-state where the motive is satisfied, and a goal is defined as the cognitive representation of the desired outcome that an individual attempts to achieve. While a goal guides a behavior that results in achieving it, an incentive is an anticipated feature of the environment that pulls an individual toward or away from a goal. Incentives usually enhance motivation for goal achievement. Emotions act like motives as well. They motivate an individual in a coordinated fashion along multiple channels of affect, physiology, and behavior to adapt to significant environmental changes. See our discussion of the motivation cycle and process in the blog post entitled What is Motivation. Theories of Motivation
Theories of motivation are often separated into content theories and process theories. In short, content theories explain what motivation is, and process theories describe how motivation occurs. There are also a large number of cognitive theories that relate to motivation and explain how our way of thinking and perceiving ourselves and the world around us can influence our motives. From self-concept, dissonance and mindset to values, orientation and perceived control, these theories explain how our preference toward certain mental constructs can increase or impair our ability to take goal-directed action.

20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology 20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
This Article Contains:
What is Motivation Psychology?
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG theory
McClelland’s achievement motivation theory
Immanuel Kant
Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
Process Theories of Motivation
Reinforcement theory
Adams’ equity theory of motivation
Vroom’s expectancy theory
Locke’s goal-setting theory
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Motivational Theories in Business
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory Z
The Hawthorne Effect
Motivational Theories in Sports Psychology
Optimal functioning hypothesis
Hull–Spence drive theory
Arousal-biased competition theory
Two memory systems theory
Processing efficiency theory
Textbooks on Motivation
1. Understanding Motivation and Emotion – Johnmarshall Reeve
2. Motivation: Theories and Principles – Robert C. Beck
3. Motivation – Lambert Deckers
4. Motivation and Emotion Evolutionary Physiological, Developmental, and Social Perspectives – Denys A. deCatanzaro
5. Motivation: A Biosocial and Cognitive Integration of Motivation and Emotion – Eva Dreikus Ferguson
6. Human Motivation – Robert E. Franken
7. The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior – Peter M. Gollwitzer and John Bargh
8. Motivation and Self-Regulation ccross the Life Span – Jutta Heckhausen and Carol S. Dweck
9. Reclaiming Cognition: The Primacy of Action, Intention, and Emotion (Journal of Consciousness Studies) – Rafael Nunez and Walter J. Freeman
10. Motivation: Theory, Research, and Applications – Herbert L. Petri and John M. Govern
11. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Search for Optimal Motivation and Performance – Carol Sansone and Judith M. Harackiewicz
12. Current Directions in Motivation and Emotion – Association for Psychological Science and Kennon Sheldon
13. The Psychobiology of Human Motivation (Psychology Focus) – Hugh Wagner
A Take-Home Message
References
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 Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
The most recognized content theory of motivation is that of Abraham Maslow, who explained motivation through the satisfaction of needs arranged in a hierarchical order. As satisfied needs do not motivate, it is the dissatisfaction that moves us in the direction of fulfillment. Needs are conditions within the individual that are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and the nurturance of growth and well-being. Hunger and thirst exemplify two biological needs that arise from the body’s requirement for food and water. These are required nutriments for the maintenance of life. The body of man is a machine which winds its own spring. J. O. De La Mettrie
Competence and belongingness exemplify two psychological needs that arise from the self’s requirement for environmental mastery and warm interpersonal relationships. These are required nutriments for growth and well-being. Needs serve the organism, and they do so by: generating wants, desires, and strivings that motivate whatever behaviors are necessary for the maintenance of life and the promotion of growth and well-being, and
generating a deep sense of need satisfaction from doing so.

Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
The most recognized content theory of motivation is that of Abraham Maslow, who explained motivation through the satisfaction of needs arranged in a hierarchical order. As satisfied needs do not motivate, it is the dissatisfaction that moves us in the direction of fulfillment. Needs are conditions within the individual that are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and the nurturance of growth and well-being. Hunger and thirst exemplify two biological needs that arise from the body’s requirement for food and water. These are required nutriments for the maintenance of life. The body of man is a machine which winds its own spring. J. O. De La Mettrie
Competence and belongingness exemplify two psychological needs that arise from the self’s requirement for environmental mastery and warm interpersonal relationships. These are required nutriments for growth and well-being. Needs serve the organism, and they do so by: generating wants, desires, and strivings that motivate whatever behaviors are necessary for the maintenance of life and the promotion of growth and well-being, and
generating a deep sense of need satisfaction from doing so.

Three Major Theories of Motivation | Your Business Three Major Theories of Motivation
Three Major Theories of Motivation
by Freddie Silver
What is Motivation?
Taylor's Theory of Scientifc Management
Mayo's Theory of Human Relations
Maslow and Herzberg's Theory of Human Needs
Expectancy Theory in Business Organizations
 A basic understanding of three major motivation theories helps us to see how motivation can be applied in the workplace. What is Motivation? Stated simply, motivation is the driving force behind all people's actions. Behavioral psychologists have conducted research investigating why people behave the way they do. Entrepreneurs who understand the theories that were developed from this research about what makes people tick learn how to motivate purchasers to buy their products and use their services. Employers also want to find the key that motivates workers to work diligently and productively. Taylor's Theory of Scientifc Management
Frederick Taylor's theory of motivation states that most workers are motivated solely by the pay they receive for the work they do. He postulated that most workers do not enjoy the work they do and only perform when given the direct reward of monetary payment. His ideas were adopted by Henry Ford and other industrialists who paid their factory workers according to the number of items produced. This theory lost favor as workers became frustrated and production was frequently halted due to strikes by disgruntled employees.

Three Major Theories of Motivation | Your Business

Three Major Theories of Motivation
Three Major Theories of Motivation
by Freddie Silver
What is Motivation?
Taylor's Theory of Scientifc Management
Mayo's Theory of Human Relations
Maslow and Herzberg's Theory of Human Needs
Expectancy Theory in Business Organizations

A basic understanding of three major motivation theories helps us to see how motivation can be applied in the workplace. What is Motivation? Stated simply, motivation is the driving force behind all people's actions. Behavioral psychologists have conducted research investigating why people behave the way they do. Entrepreneurs who understand the theories that were developed from this research about what makes people tick learn how to motivate purchasers to buy their products and use their services. Employers also want to find the key that motivates workers to work diligently and productively. Taylor's Theory of Scientifc Management
Frederick Taylor's theory of motivation states that most workers are motivated solely by the pay they receive for the work they do. He postulated that most workers do not enjoy the work they do and only perform when given the direct reward of monetary payment. His ideas were adopted by Henry Ford and other industrialists who paid their factory workers according to the number of items produced. This theory lost favor as workers became frustrated and production was frequently halted due to strikes by disgruntled employees.

Theories of Motivation | Motivation Training from EPM Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories vs. Process Theories
1. Content Theories
2. Process Theories
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
2. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
3. McClelland’s Three Needs Theory
4. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
a. Theory X
b. Theory Y
5. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
6. Adam’s Equity Theory
7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
8. Taylor’s Motivation Theory – Scientific Management
9. Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory of Motivation
10. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory of Motivation
11. Mayo’s Motivation Theory
12. Locke’s Goal Setting Theory
Theories of Motivation: Summary
Ready to start your own business?
 Instrumentality: The belief that you will receive a reward if you hit your targets. Valence: You must value and want the prize on offer. You can determine the motivation level of any employee by multiplying expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. The higher the result, the higher the motivation. 8. Taylor’s Motivation Theory – Scientific Management
Taylor’s Scientific Management was one of the first motivation theories. Taylor’s theory can be broken down into two parts. A Theory about how employees behave.

Instrumentality: The belief that you will receive a reward if you hit your targets. Valence: You must value and want the prize on offer. You can determine the motivation level of any employee by multiplying expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. The higher the result, the higher the motivation. 8. Taylor’s Motivation Theory – Scientific Management
Taylor’s Scientific Management was one of the first motivation theories. Taylor’s theory can be broken down into two parts. A Theory about how employees behave.

20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology 20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
This Article Contains:
What is Motivation Psychology?
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG theory
McClelland’s achievement motivation theory
Immanuel Kant
Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
Process Theories of Motivation
Reinforcement theory
Adams’ equity theory of motivation
Vroom’s expectancy theory
Locke’s goal-setting theory
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Motivational Theories in Business
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory Z
The Hawthorne Effect
Motivational Theories in Sports Psychology
Optimal functioning hypothesis
Hull–Spence drive theory
Arousal-biased competition theory
Two memory systems theory
Processing efficiency theory
Textbooks on Motivation
1. Understanding Motivation and Emotion – Johnmarshall Reeve
2. Motivation: Theories and Principles – Robert C. Beck
3. Motivation – Lambert Deckers
4. Motivation and Emotion Evolutionary Physiological, Developmental, and Social Perspectives – Denys A. deCatanzaro
5. Motivation: A Biosocial and Cognitive Integration of Motivation and Emotion – Eva Dreikus Ferguson
6. Human Motivation – Robert E. Franken
7. The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior – Peter M. Gollwitzer and John Bargh
8. Motivation and Self-Regulation ccross the Life Span – Jutta Heckhausen and Carol S. Dweck
9. Reclaiming Cognition: The Primacy of Action, Intention, and Emotion (Journal of Consciousness Studies) – Rafael Nunez and Walter J. Freeman
10. Motivation: Theory, Research, and Applications – Herbert L. Petri and John M. Govern
11. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Search for Optimal Motivation and Performance – Carol Sansone and Judith M. Harackiewicz
12. Current Directions in Motivation and Emotion – Association for Psychological Science and Kennon Sheldon
13. The Psychobiology of Human Motivation (Psychology Focus) – Hugh Wagner
A Take-Home Message
References
How useful was this article to you?
About the Author
Categories
Legal
Company Details
Contact
 Maslow’s legacy is the order of needs progressing in the ever-increasing complexity, starting with basic physiological and psychological needs and ending with the need for self-actualization. While basic needs are experienced as a sense of deficiency, the higher needs are experienced more in terms of the need for growth and fulfillment. Maslow pyramid adapted from “Renovating the Pyramid of Needs: Contemporary Extensions Built upon Ancient Foundations” by D. T. Kenrick et al., 2010, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 292–314 (see p. 293), and from “A Theory of Human Needs Should Be Human-Centered, Not Animal-Centered: Commentary on Kenrick et al. ( 2010)” by S. Kesebir et al., 2010, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 315–319 (see p. 316), and from “Human Motives, Happiness, and the Puzzle of Parenthood: Commentary on Kenrick et al. ( 2010)” by S. Lyubormirsky & J. K. Boehm, 2010, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 327–334.

Maslow’s legacy is the order of needs progressing in the ever-increasing complexity, starting with basic physiological and psychological needs and ending with the need for self-actualization. While basic needs are experienced as a sense of deficiency, the higher needs are experienced more in terms of the need for growth and fulfillment. Maslow pyramid adapted from “Renovating the Pyramid of Needs: Contemporary Extensions Built upon Ancient Foundations” by D. T. Kenrick et al., 2010, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 292–314 (see p. 293), and from “A Theory of Human Needs Should Be Human-Centered, Not Animal-Centered: Commentary on Kenrick et al. ( 2010)” by S. Kesebir et al., 2010, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 315–319 (see p. 316), and from “Human Motives, Happiness, and the Puzzle of Parenthood: Commentary on Kenrick et al. ( 2010)” by S. Lyubormirsky & J. K. Boehm, 2010, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 327–334.

What are the Theories of Motivation? definition and meaning - Business Jargons Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation The content theories find the answer to what motivates an individual and is concerned with individual needs and wants. Following theorists have given their theories of motivation in content perspective: Maslow’s need Hierarchy
Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
McClelland’s Needs Theory
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
Process Theories: The process theories deal with “How” the motivation occurs, i.e. the process of motivation and following theories were given in this context: Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
Adam’s Equity Theory
Reinforcement Theory
Carrot and Stick Approach to Motivation
Thus, these theories posit that how an individual gets motivated to perform the task and what are the factors that contribute towards the motivation. Reader Interactions

What are the Theories of Motivation? definition and meaning - Business Jargons

Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation

The content theories find the answer to what motivates an individual and is concerned with individual needs and wants. Following theorists have given their theories of motivation in content perspective: Maslow’s need Hierarchy
Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
McClelland’s Needs Theory
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
Process Theories: The process theories deal with “How” the motivation occurs, i.e. the process of motivation and following theories were given in this context: Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
Adam’s Equity Theory
Reinforcement Theory
Carrot and Stick Approach to Motivation
Thus, these theories posit that how an individual gets motivated to perform the task and what are the factors that contribute towards the motivation. Reader Interactions

Theories of Motivation | Motivation Training from EPM Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories vs. Process Theories
1. Content Theories
2. Process Theories
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
2. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
3. McClelland’s Three Needs Theory
4. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
a. Theory X
b. Theory Y
5. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
6. Adam’s Equity Theory
7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
8. Taylor’s Motivation Theory – Scientific Management
9. Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory of Motivation
10. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory of Motivation
11. Mayo’s Motivation Theory
12. Locke’s Goal Setting Theory
Theories of Motivation: Summary
Ready to start your own business?
 such as being free from war, natural disasters, and having job security. Social needs: such as having relationships and belonging to groups. Esteem needs: such as receiving praise, recognition, and status. Self-actualization needs: such as wanted to be the best we can be. When using Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, a business should offer different rewards to encourage employees to keep moving up the hierarchy. This will keep employees motivated. 2.

such as being free from war, natural disasters, and having job security. Social needs: such as having relationships and belonging to groups. Esteem needs: such as receiving praise, recognition, and status. Self-actualization needs: such as wanted to be the best we can be. When using Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, a business should offer different rewards to encourage employees to keep moving up the hierarchy. This will keep employees motivated. 2.

What are the Theories of Motivation? definition and meaning - Business Jargons Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation With the establishment of human organizations, people tried to find out the answer to, what motivates an employee in the organization the most. This gave birth to several content theories and process theories of motivation. The content theories deal with “what” motivates people, whereas the process theories deal with, “How” motivation occurs. Thus, theories of motivation can be broadly classified as: Content Theories: The content theories find the answer to what motivates an individual and is concerned with individual needs and wants. Following theorists have given their theories of motivation in content perspective: Maslow’s need Hierarchy
Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
McClelland’s Needs Theory
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
Process Theories: The process theories deal with “How” the motivation occurs, i.e. the process of motivation and following theories were given in this context: Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
Adam’s Equity Theory
Reinforcement Theory
Carrot and Stick Approach to Motivation
Thus, these theories posit that how an individual gets motivated to perform the task and what are the factors that contribute towards the motivation.

With the establishment of human organizations, people tried to find out the answer to, what motivates an employee in the organization the most. This gave birth to several content theories and process theories of motivation. The content theories deal with “what” motivates people, whereas the process theories deal with, “How” motivation occurs. Thus, theories of motivation can be broadly classified as: Content Theories: The content theories find the answer to what motivates an individual and is concerned with individual needs and wants. Following theorists have given their theories of motivation in content perspective: Maslow’s need Hierarchy
Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
McClelland’s Needs Theory
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
Process Theories: The process theories deal with “How” the motivation occurs, i.e. the process of motivation and following theories were given in this context: Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
Adam’s Equity Theory
Reinforcement Theory
Carrot and Stick Approach to Motivation
Thus, these theories posit that how an individual gets motivated to perform the task and what are the factors that contribute towards the motivation.

20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology 20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
This Article Contains:
What is Motivation Psychology?
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG theory
McClelland’s achievement motivation theory
Immanuel Kant
Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
Process Theories of Motivation
Reinforcement theory
Adams’ equity theory of motivation
Vroom’s expectancy theory
Locke’s goal-setting theory
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Motivational Theories in Business
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory Z
The Hawthorne Effect
Motivational Theories in Sports Psychology
Optimal functioning hypothesis
Hull–Spence drive theory
Arousal-biased competition theory
Two memory systems theory
Processing efficiency theory
Textbooks on Motivation
1. Understanding Motivation and Emotion – Johnmarshall Reeve
2. Motivation: Theories and Principles – Robert C. Beck
3. Motivation – Lambert Deckers
4. Motivation and Emotion Evolutionary Physiological, Developmental, and Social Perspectives – Denys A. deCatanzaro
5. Motivation: A Biosocial and Cognitive Integration of Motivation and Emotion – Eva Dreikus Ferguson
6. Human Motivation – Robert E. Franken
7. The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior – Peter M. Gollwitzer and John Bargh
8. Motivation and Self-Regulation ccross the Life Span – Jutta Heckhausen and Carol S. Dweck
9. Reclaiming Cognition: The Primacy of Action, Intention, and Emotion (Journal of Consciousness Studies) – Rafael Nunez and Walter J. Freeman
10. Motivation: Theory, Research, and Applications – Herbert L. Petri and John M. Govern
11. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Search for Optimal Motivation and Performance – Carol Sansone and Judith M. Harackiewicz
12. Current Directions in Motivation and Emotion – Association for Psychological Science and Kennon Sheldon
13. The Psychobiology of Human Motivation (Psychology Focus) – Hugh Wagner
A Take-Home Message
References
How useful was this article to you?
About the Author
Categories
Legal
Company Details
Contact
 McClelland’s achievement motivation theory
McClelland took a different approach to conceptualize needs and argued that needs are developed and learned, and focused his research away from satisfaction. He was also adamant that only one dominant motive can be present in our behavior at a time. McClelland categorized the needs or motives into achievement, affiliation, and power and saw them as being influenced by either internal drivers or extrinsic factors. Among all the prospects which man can have, the most comforting is, on the basis of his present moral condition, to look forward to something permanent and to further progress toward a still better prospect. Immanuel Kant
The drive for achievement arises out of the psychological need for competence and is defined as a striving for excellence against a standard that can originate from three sources of competition: the task itself, the competition with the self, and the competition against others. High need for achievement can come from one’s social environment and socialization influences, like parents who promote and value pursuit and standards of excellence, but it can also be developed throughout life as a need for personal growth towards complexity (Reeve, 2014). Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
Herzberg’s two-factor theory, also known as motivation-hygiene theory, was originally intended to address employee motivation and recognized two sources of job satisfaction. He argued that motivating factors influence job satisfaction because they are based on an individual’s need for personal growth: achievement, recognition, work itself, responsibility, and advancement.

Theories of Motivation | Motivation Training from EPM Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories vs. Process Theories
1. Content Theories
2. Process Theories
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
2. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
3. McClelland’s Three Needs Theory
4. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
a. Theory X
b. Theory Y
5. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
6. Adam’s Equity Theory
7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
8. Taylor’s Motivation Theory – Scientific Management
9. Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory of Motivation
10. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory of Motivation
11. Mayo’s Motivation Theory
12. Locke’s Goal Setting Theory
Theories of Motivation: Summary
Ready to start your own business?
 Theories of Motivation
In a general sense, you can think of motivation as working as follows: As you can see, each of us has needs. Your needs will be different from my needs. But each of us is motivated by our needs to exhibit certain behaviors. The aim of our behaviors is obviously to meet our needs. Whether our needs are satisfied or not can then cause us to change our needs. In this way, the cycle begins again with our new needs, potentially causing us to exhibit new behavior. Content Theories vs. Process Theories
As we’ve already discussed, there are many different theories of motivation in existence, and each of them is different. However, they can be categorized into two groups, known as Content Theories and Process Theories. 1.

Theories of Motivation
In a general sense, you can think of motivation as working as follows: As you can see, each of us has needs. Your needs will be different from my needs. But each of us is motivated by our needs to exhibit certain behaviors. The aim of our behaviors is obviously to meet our needs. Whether our needs are satisfied or not can then cause us to change our needs. In this way, the cycle begins again with our new needs, potentially causing us to exhibit new behavior. Content Theories vs. Process Theories
As we’ve already discussed, there are many different theories of motivation in existence, and each of them is different. However, they can be categorized into two groups, known as Content Theories and Process Theories. 1.

Contemporary Motivation Theories - Organisational Behaviour Notes Contemporary Motivation Theories
Contemporary Motivation Theories
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
Self-determination theory
Goal setting theory
Self-efficacy theory
Reinforcement theory
Equity theory
Expectancy theory
 Contemporary Motivation Theories - Organisational Behaviour Notes
Contemporary Motivation Theories
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
Early motivation theories were based on the assumptions and sometime these theories were not supported by strong evidence. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a good example of this approach. Therefore, alternative theories of motivation have been put forward over time. Self-determination theory
Self-determination theory of motivation and argues that people often seek control of their actions. Goal setting theory
Goal setting theory is based on the view that challenging objectives should aid and improve workplace performance. In this theory, it is assumed that an employee is committed to the firm’s goals and desires to make a positive contribution. It is important that the set goals are also perceived as achievable. Self-efficacy theory
Self-efficacy theory is based upon an employee’s view about their ability to perform the tasks of their job role. This theory is also known as social learning theory or social cognitive theory. If an employee has a high self-efficacy, then they will be more confident and have a greater chance of success.

Contemporary Motivation Theories - Organisational Behaviour Notes

Contemporary Motivation Theories
Contemporary Motivation Theories
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
Self-determination theory
Goal setting theory
Self-efficacy theory
Reinforcement theory
Equity theory
Expectancy theory

Contemporary Motivation Theories - Organisational Behaviour Notes
Contemporary Motivation Theories
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
Early motivation theories were based on the assumptions and sometime these theories were not supported by strong evidence. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a good example of this approach. Therefore, alternative theories of motivation have been put forward over time. Self-determination theory
Self-determination theory of motivation and argues that people often seek control of their actions. Goal setting theory
Goal setting theory is based on the view that challenging objectives should aid and improve workplace performance. In this theory, it is assumed that an employee is committed to the firm’s goals and desires to make a positive contribution. It is important that the set goals are also perceived as achievable. Self-efficacy theory
Self-efficacy theory is based upon an employee’s view about their ability to perform the tasks of their job role. This theory is also known as social learning theory or social cognitive theory. If an employee has a high self-efficacy, then they will be more confident and have a greater chance of success.

Motivation Psychology Motivation Psychology
Motivation Psychology
Introduction
A Simple Understanding Of Motivation Psychology
Types of Motivation in Psychology
Theories of Motivation in Psychology
Motivation Psychology Articles
What Is Motivation Theory?
What Are the Different Theories of Motivation?
What Is the Humanistic Approach to Motivation?
What Is a Motivated Behavior?
What Is Physiological Motivation?
RESOURCES
 Motivational Theory
Motivation Psychology Articles
Motivation Techniques & Strategies
Motivation For Success In Life & Business
How To Get Motivated
Motivation to Work
Motivation to Clean Room or House
What Is Motivation Theory? Being that there are many different theories about motivation, a common question that is brought up is what, exactly, is a motivation theory? The human brain is a complicated organ. Scientists are still trying to figure out how everything works, and they may not have all the answers anytime in the near future. There are some people who may grow up in incredibly familiar environments and exposed to the same basic stimuli as one another but who have different motivating factors for their adult life. Different theories can highlight various components that become instrumental in understanding why a person acts, behaves, or does certain things he or she does. What Are the Different Theories of Motivation? Some of the theories of motivation include Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, Expectancy Theory, Three-Dimensional Theory of Attribution, and the Hawthorne Effect. We already discussed Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in short, and Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory differs in that it focuses on motivator factors and hygiene factors. Motivator factors are those that can lead to satisfaction, either internally or externally.

Motivation Psychology

Motivation Psychology
Motivation Psychology
Introduction
A Simple Understanding Of Motivation Psychology
Types of Motivation in Psychology
Theories of Motivation in Psychology
Motivation Psychology Articles
What Is Motivation Theory?
What Are the Different Theories of Motivation?
What Is the Humanistic Approach to Motivation?
What Is a Motivated Behavior?
What Is Physiological Motivation?
RESOURCES

Motivational Theory
Motivation Psychology Articles
Motivation Techniques & Strategies
Motivation For Success In Life & Business
How To Get Motivated
Motivation to Work
Motivation to Clean Room or House
What Is Motivation Theory? Being that there are many different theories about motivation, a common question that is brought up is what, exactly, is a motivation theory? The human brain is a complicated organ. Scientists are still trying to figure out how everything works, and they may not have all the answers anytime in the near future. There are some people who may grow up in incredibly familiar environments and exposed to the same basic stimuli as one another but who have different motivating factors for their adult life. Different theories can highlight various components that become instrumental in understanding why a person acts, behaves, or does certain things he or she does. What Are the Different Theories of Motivation? Some of the theories of motivation include Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, Expectancy Theory, Three-Dimensional Theory of Attribution, and the Hawthorne Effect. We already discussed Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in short, and Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory differs in that it focuses on motivator factors and hygiene factors. Motivator factors are those that can lead to satisfaction, either internally or externally.

Motivation and Motivation Theory - levels, system, model, hierarchy, workplace, business, system, Historical development, Major content theories MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION THEORY
MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION THEORY
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS.
ALDERFER'S ERG THEORY.
MOTIVATOR-HYGIENE THEORY.
MCCLELLAND'S LEARNED NEEDS THEORY.
MAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
EXPECTANCY THEORY.
EQUITY THEORY.
GOAL-SETTING THEORY.
REINFORCEMENT THEORY.
FURTHER READING:
 Motivation and Motivation Theory - levels, system, model, hierarchy, workplace, business, system, Historical development, Major content theories
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Motivation and Motivation Theory
MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION THEORY
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The term motivation is derived from the Latin word movere, meaning "to move." Motivation can be broadly defined as the  forces acting on or within a person that cause the arousal, direction, and  persistence of goal-directed, voluntary effort. Motivation theory is thus  concerned with the processes that explain why and how human behavior is  activated. The broad rubric of motivation and motivation theory is one of the most  frequently studied and written-about topics in the organizational  sciences, and is considered one of the most important areas of study in  the field of organizational behavior. Despite the magnitude of the effort  that has been devoted to the study of motivation, there is no single  theory of motivation that is universally accepted. The lack of a unified  theory of motivation reflects both the complexity of the construct and the  diverse backgrounds and aims of those who study it. To delineate these  crucial points, it is illuminating to consider the development of  motivation and motivation theory as the objects of scientific inquiry. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Early explanations of motivation focused on instincts. Psychologists  writing in the late 19th and early twentieth centuries suggested that  human beings were basically programmed to behave in certain ways,  depending upon the behavioral cues to which they were exposed.

Motivation and Motivation Theory - levels, system, model, hierarchy, workplace, business, system, Historical development, Major content theories

MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION THEORY
MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION THEORY
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS.
ALDERFER'S ERG THEORY.
MOTIVATOR-HYGIENE THEORY.
MCCLELLAND'S LEARNED NEEDS THEORY.
MAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
EXPECTANCY THEORY.
EQUITY THEORY.
GOAL-SETTING THEORY.
REINFORCEMENT THEORY.
FURTHER READING:

20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology 20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
This Article Contains:
What is Motivation Psychology?
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG theory
McClelland’s achievement motivation theory
Immanuel Kant
Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
Process Theories of Motivation
Reinforcement theory
Adams’ equity theory of motivation
Vroom’s expectancy theory
Locke’s goal-setting theory
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Motivational Theories in Business
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory Z
The Hawthorne Effect
Motivational Theories in Sports Psychology
Optimal functioning hypothesis
Hull–Spence drive theory
Arousal-biased competition theory
Two memory systems theory
Processing efficiency theory
Textbooks on Motivation
1. Understanding Motivation and Emotion – Johnmarshall Reeve
2. Motivation: Theories and Principles – Robert C. Beck
3. Motivation – Lambert Deckers
4. Motivation and Emotion Evolutionary Physiological, Developmental, and Social Perspectives – Denys A. deCatanzaro
5. Motivation: A Biosocial and Cognitive Integration of Motivation and Emotion – Eva Dreikus Ferguson
6. Human Motivation – Robert E. Franken
7. The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior – Peter M. Gollwitzer and John Bargh
8. Motivation and Self-Regulation ccross the Life Span – Jutta Heckhausen and Carol S. Dweck
9. Reclaiming Cognition: The Primacy of Action, Intention, and Emotion (Journal of Consciousness Studies) – Rafael Nunez and Walter J. Freeman
10. Motivation: Theory, Research, and Applications – Herbert L. Petri and John M. Govern
11. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Search for Optimal Motivation and Performance – Carol Sansone and Judith M. Harackiewicz
12. Current Directions in Motivation and Emotion – Association for Psychological Science and Kennon Sheldon
13. The Psychobiology of Human Motivation (Psychology Focus) – Hugh Wagner
A Take-Home Message
References
How useful was this article to you?
About the Author
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 Alderfer’s ERG theory
Alderfer’s theory of motivation expands on the work of Maslow and takes the premise of need categories a bit further. He observes that when lower needs are satisfied, they occupy less of our attention, but the higher needs tend to become more important, the more we pursue them. He also observed a phenomenon that he called the frustration-regression process where when our higher needs are thwarted, we may regress to lower needs. This is especially important when it comes to motivating employees. When a sense of autonomy or the need for mastery is compromised, say because of the structure of the work environment, the employee may focus more on the sense of security or relatedness the job provides. McClelland’s achievement motivation theory
McClelland took a different approach to conceptualize needs and argued that needs are developed and learned, and focused his research away from satisfaction. He was also adamant that only one dominant motive can be present in our behavior at a time. McClelland categorized the needs or motives into achievement, affiliation, and power and saw them as being influenced by either internal drivers or extrinsic factors. Among all the prospects which man can have, the most comforting is, on the basis of his present moral condition, to look forward to something permanent and to further progress toward a still better prospect. Immanuel Kant
The drive for achievement arises out of the psychological need for competence and is defined as a striving for excellence against a standard that can originate from three sources of competition:

A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory | A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory
A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory
What is Motivation?
1. Content Theories about Motivation
Incentive Theory
2. Process Theories about Motivation
Expectancy Theory
Goal Theory
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 A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory |
A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory
Management Theories > Motivation Theory
What is Motivation? Motivation is the answer to the question “ Why we do what we do ?”. The motivation theories try to figure out what the “ M ” is in the equation: “ M motivates P ” (Motivator motivates the Person). It is one of most important duty of an entrepreneur to motivate people. ( I strongly belive that motivating people with visionary and shared goals is more favorable than motivating through tactics, incentives or manipulation through simple carrot and stick approaches because motivating with vision is natural wheras the former is artificial and ephemeral). Now, lets rise on the shoulders of the giants : A Classification of Motivation Theories (Content vs. Process)
Motivation theories can be classified broadly into two different perspectives: Content and Process theories. Content Theories deal with “what” motivates people and it is concerned with individual needs and goals.

A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory |
A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory
Management Theories > Motivation Theory
What is Motivation? Motivation is the answer to the question “ Why we do what we do ?”. The motivation theories try to figure out what the “ M ” is in the equation: “ M motivates P ” (Motivator motivates the Person). It is one of most important duty of an entrepreneur to motivate people. ( I strongly belive that motivating people with visionary and shared goals is more favorable than motivating through tactics, incentives or manipulation through simple carrot and stick approaches because motivating with vision is natural wheras the former is artificial and ephemeral). Now, lets rise on the shoulders of the giants : A Classification of Motivation Theories (Content vs. Process)
Motivation theories can be classified broadly into two different perspectives: Content and Process theories. Content Theories deal with “what” motivates people and it is concerned with individual needs and goals.

3 Main Theories of Motivation Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Three Main Theories on Motivation are 1. Optimal-level Theory, 2. Psychoanalytic Theory 3. Humanistic Theory!
1. Optimal-level Theory:
2. Psychoanalytic Theory:
There are two groups of instincts with opposite nature:
3. Humanistic Theory:
These are:
 3 Main Theories of Motivation
Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
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ADVERTISEMENTS: Three Main Theories on Motivation are 1. Optimal-level Theory, 2. Psychoanalytic Theory 3. Humanistic Theory! There are different views on motivation. These views are explained as theories of motivation. ADVERTISEMENTS: The theories of motivation, try to provide general sets of principles to guide our understanding of the urges, wants, needs, desires, strivings and goals that come under the heading motivation. 1.

3 Main Theories of Motivation

3 Main Theories of Motivation
Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
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ADVERTISEMENTS: Three Main Theories on Motivation are 1. Optimal-level Theory, 2. Psychoanalytic Theory 3. Humanistic Theory! There are different views on motivation. These views are explained as theories of motivation. ADVERTISEMENTS: The theories of motivation, try to provide general sets of principles to guide our understanding of the urges, wants, needs, desires, strivings and goals that come under the heading motivation. 1.

3 Main Theories of Motivation Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Notes on 3 Main Theories of Motivation (Psychology)
Three Main Theories on Motivation are 1. Optimal-level Theory, 2. Psychoanalytic Theory 3. Humanistic Theory!
1. Optimal-level Theory:
2. Psychoanalytic Theory:
There are two groups of instincts with opposite nature:
3. Humanistic Theory:
These are:
 According to him the needs at one level should be satisfied at least partially, before the next level needs become active. Most of the people end their struggle to reach third or fourth level needs. Only a few will aspire for self-actualisation which is the ultimate goal of life. Self-actualisation means becoming everything one is capable of, or becoming what he can, that is, fulfillment of his basic potentialities. Maslow explains that the self- actualised people experience, what he calls the ‘peak experiences’, when they fulfill the need for self-actualisation (The triangular Figure 4.1 signifies the decreasing size of population in their effort to fulfil the higher order needs). Carl Rogers, as a humanist believes in the strength and potentialities of human beings. According to him all human beings have a natural inclination for learning and a desire to grow and progress known as self-actualizing tendency. Every individual will strive to realise his potentialities and to grow to become a fully functioning person. Hence in the view of Rogers, the motivation for self-growth and becoming a fully functioning person are important concepts. Home ›› Theories
Theories
Emotional Intelligence:

3 Main Theories of Motivation

According to him the needs at one level should be satisfied at least partially, before the next level needs become active. Most of the people end their struggle to reach third or fourth level needs. Only a few will aspire for self-actualisation which is the ultimate goal of life. Self-actualisation means becoming everything one is capable of, or becoming what he can, that is, fulfillment of his basic potentialities. Maslow explains that the self- actualised people experience, what he calls the ‘peak experiences’, when they fulfill the need for self-actualisation (The triangular Figure 4.1 signifies the decreasing size of population in their effort to fulfil the higher order needs). Carl Rogers, as a humanist believes in the strength and potentialities of human beings. According to him all human beings have a natural inclination for learning and a desire to grow and progress known as self-actualizing tendency. Every individual will strive to realise his potentialities and to grow to become a fully functioning person. Hence in the view of Rogers, the motivation for self-growth and becoming a fully functioning person are important concepts. Home ›› Theories
Theories
Emotional Intelligence:

20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology 20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
This Article Contains:
What is Motivation Psychology?
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG theory
McClelland’s achievement motivation theory
Immanuel Kant
Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
Process Theories of Motivation
Reinforcement theory
Adams’ equity theory of motivation
Vroom’s expectancy theory
Locke’s goal-setting theory
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Motivational Theories in Business
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory Z
The Hawthorne Effect
Motivational Theories in Sports Psychology
Optimal functioning hypothesis
Hull–Spence drive theory
Arousal-biased competition theory
Two memory systems theory
Processing efficiency theory
Textbooks on Motivation
1. Understanding Motivation and Emotion – Johnmarshall Reeve
2. Motivation: Theories and Principles – Robert C. Beck
3. Motivation – Lambert Deckers
4. Motivation and Emotion Evolutionary Physiological, Developmental, and Social Perspectives – Denys A. deCatanzaro
5. Motivation: A Biosocial and Cognitive Integration of Motivation and Emotion – Eva Dreikus Ferguson
6. Human Motivation – Robert E. Franken
7. The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior – Peter M. Gollwitzer and John Bargh
8. Motivation and Self-Regulation ccross the Life Span – Jutta Heckhausen and Carol S. Dweck
9. Reclaiming Cognition: The Primacy of Action, Intention, and Emotion (Journal of Consciousness Studies) – Rafael Nunez and Walter J. Freeman
10. Motivation: Theory, Research, and Applications – Herbert L. Petri and John M. Govern
11. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Search for Optimal Motivation and Performance – Carol Sansone and Judith M. Harackiewicz
12. Current Directions in Motivation and Emotion – Association for Psychological Science and Kennon Sheldon
13. The Psychobiology of Human Motivation (Psychology Focus) – Hugh Wagner
A Take-Home Message
References
How useful was this article to you?
About the Author
Categories
Legal
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Contact
 Commentary on Kenrick et al. ( 2010)” by S. Kesebir et al., 2010, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 315–319 (see p. 316), and from “Human Motives, Happiness, and the Puzzle of Parenthood: Commentary on Kenrick et al. ( 2010)” by S. Lyubormirsky & J. K. Boehm, 2010, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 327–334. Alderfer’s ERG theory
Alderfer’s theory of motivation expands on the work of Maslow and takes the premise of need categories a bit further. He observes that when lower needs are satisfied, they occupy less of our attention, but the higher needs tend to become more important, the more we pursue them. He also observed a phenomenon that he called the frustration-regression process where when our higher needs are thwarted, we may regress to lower needs. This is especially important when it comes to motivating employees. When a sense of autonomy or the need for mastery is compromised, say because of the structure of the work environment, the employee may focus more on the sense of security or relatedness the job provides.

Commentary on Kenrick et al. ( 2010)” by S. Kesebir et al., 2010, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 315–319 (see p. 316), and from “Human Motives, Happiness, and the Puzzle of Parenthood: Commentary on Kenrick et al. ( 2010)” by S. Lyubormirsky & J. K. Boehm, 2010, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 327–334. Alderfer’s ERG theory
Alderfer’s theory of motivation expands on the work of Maslow and takes the premise of need categories a bit further. He observes that when lower needs are satisfied, they occupy less of our attention, but the higher needs tend to become more important, the more we pursue them. He also observed a phenomenon that he called the frustration-regression process where when our higher needs are thwarted, we may regress to lower needs. This is especially important when it comes to motivating employees. When a sense of autonomy or the need for mastery is compromised, say because of the structure of the work environment, the employee may focus more on the sense of security or relatedness the job provides.

Theories of Motivation: 4 Theories | Psychology Theories of Motivation: 4 Theories | Psychology
Theories of Motivation: 4 Theories | Psychology
Some important theories of motivation have been listed here:
(1) Kurt Lewin’s Theory of Motivation:
Method of Cognitive Field of Psychology:
The following terms are summarised the concept of field theory:
Person (P):
Person’s Need:
Environment:
Theory of Vector Analysis:
Vector is a force which has got three characteristics:
Valence:
Locomotion:
Tension:
Goal:
Force:
Life Space:
Level of Aspiration:
Goal Discrepancy:
Risk Taking Behaviour:
Approach to Success:
Approach the Failure:
(2) The Instincts Theory of Motivation by Mc Dougall:
McDougall has defined the term instinct:
Instincts as complex inherited tendencies common to all members of a species compelling each individual:
McDougall prepared a list of twelve original instincts which was extended to eighteen instincts or basic propensities such as:
The theory of instincts was rejected by other psychologists on the basis of the following reasons:
The following four meaning of the term drive have been enumerated:
(3) Theory of Achievement Motivation—McClelland:
He defines the term motive:
The two factor:
Development of Achievement Motive:
Propositions of Achievement Motive Theory:
McClelland (1965) enumerated twelve propositions for developing new motives in human beings:
(4) The Hygiene Theory of Motivation:
He classifies human needs into two categories:
(i) Hygiene Factors:
These are:
(ii) Motivation:
These motivators are helpful in realizing the following facts:
Measurement of Achievement Motive:
The Role of Teacher in Developing Achievement Motivation:
The teacher can play a crucial role in developing achievement motive by the following ways:
The Teacher Should:
 It is difficult to provide a comprehensive definition of the term motivation. Psychologists have developed several theories of motivation to explain and understand the nature of motivation. Some important theories of motivation have been listed here: (1) Kurt Lewin’s Theory of Motivation: ADVERTISEMENTS: Kurt Lewin considered psychology a science, closely related to everyday life, the pivot of Kurt Lewin psychology was in the motivating condition of a person’s—environment situation. Further-more he was extremely in democratic practice and principle, although the field psychology appliances all fields of psychology it is particularly useful in social-personality and educational psychology. Kurt Lewin’s goal was to make the concept of field psychology of sufficient scope that applicable to all kind of behaviour and yet specific enough to permit representation of definite person in concert situation. He observed that S-R association psychology are based on statistical prediction may apply to the average of children or to the typical behaviour age group. Method of Cognitive Field of Psychology:

Theories of Motivation: 4 Theories | Psychology

It is difficult to provide a comprehensive definition of the term motivation. Psychologists have developed several theories of motivation to explain and understand the nature of motivation. Some important theories of motivation have been listed here: (1) Kurt Lewin’s Theory of Motivation: ADVERTISEMENTS: Kurt Lewin considered psychology a science, closely related to everyday life, the pivot of Kurt Lewin psychology was in the motivating condition of a person’s—environment situation. Further-more he was extremely in democratic practice and principle, although the field psychology appliances all fields of psychology it is particularly useful in social-personality and educational psychology. Kurt Lewin’s goal was to make the concept of field psychology of sufficient scope that applicable to all kind of behaviour and yet specific enough to permit representation of definite person in concert situation. He observed that S-R association psychology are based on statistical prediction may apply to the average of children or to the typical behaviour age group. Method of Cognitive Field of Psychology:

20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology 20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
This Article Contains:
What is Motivation Psychology?
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG theory
McClelland’s achievement motivation theory
Immanuel Kant
Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
Process Theories of Motivation
Reinforcement theory
Adams’ equity theory of motivation
Vroom’s expectancy theory
Locke’s goal-setting theory
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Motivational Theories in Business
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory Z
The Hawthorne Effect
Motivational Theories in Sports Psychology
Optimal functioning hypothesis
Hull–Spence drive theory
Arousal-biased competition theory
Two memory systems theory
Processing efficiency theory
Textbooks on Motivation
1. Understanding Motivation and Emotion – Johnmarshall Reeve
2. Motivation: Theories and Principles – Robert C. Beck
3. Motivation – Lambert Deckers
4. Motivation and Emotion Evolutionary Physiological, Developmental, and Social Perspectives – Denys A. deCatanzaro
5. Motivation: A Biosocial and Cognitive Integration of Motivation and Emotion – Eva Dreikus Ferguson
6. Human Motivation – Robert E. Franken
7. The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior – Peter M. Gollwitzer and John Bargh
8. Motivation and Self-Regulation ccross the Life Span – Jutta Heckhausen and Carol S. Dweck
9. Reclaiming Cognition: The Primacy of Action, Intention, and Emotion (Journal of Consciousness Studies) – Rafael Nunez and Walter J. Freeman
10. Motivation: Theory, Research, and Applications – Herbert L. Petri and John M. Govern
11. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Search for Optimal Motivation and Performance – Carol Sansone and Judith M. Harackiewicz
12. Current Directions in Motivation and Emotion – Association for Psychological Science and Kennon Sheldon
13. The Psychobiology of Human Motivation (Psychology Focus) – Hugh Wagner
A Take-Home Message
References
How useful was this article to you?
About the Author
Categories
Legal
Company Details
Contact
 Experimental research is usually conducted in a laboratory and involves manipulating a motivational variable to determine its effects on behavior. Correlational research involves measuring an existing motivational variable to determine how the measured values are associated with behavioral indicators of motivation. Whether you think you can, or think you can’t, you’re right. Henry Ford, 1863–1947
To be motivated means to be moved into action. We are induced into action or thought by either the push of a motive or the pull of an incentive or goal toward some end-state. Here a motive is understood as an internal disposition that pushes an individual toward a desired end-state where the motive is satisfied, and a goal is defined as the cognitive representation of the desired outcome that an individual attempts to achieve. While a goal guides a behavior that results in achieving it, an incentive is an anticipated feature of the environment that pulls an individual toward or away from a goal. Incentives usually enhance motivation for goal achievement. Emotions act like motives as well. They motivate an individual in a coordinated fashion along multiple channels of affect, physiology, and behavior to adapt to significant environmental changes.

Experimental research is usually conducted in a laboratory and involves manipulating a motivational variable to determine its effects on behavior. Correlational research involves measuring an existing motivational variable to determine how the measured values are associated with behavioral indicators of motivation. Whether you think you can, or think you can’t, you’re right. Henry Ford, 1863–1947
To be motivated means to be moved into action. We are induced into action or thought by either the push of a motive or the pull of an incentive or goal toward some end-state. Here a motive is understood as an internal disposition that pushes an individual toward a desired end-state where the motive is satisfied, and a goal is defined as the cognitive representation of the desired outcome that an individual attempts to achieve. While a goal guides a behavior that results in achieving it, an incentive is an anticipated feature of the environment that pulls an individual toward or away from a goal. Incentives usually enhance motivation for goal achievement. Emotions act like motives as well. They motivate an individual in a coordinated fashion along multiple channels of affect, physiology, and behavior to adapt to significant environmental changes.

Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
Hypotheses and theory
Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
Reuben M. Badubi
Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
1. Introduction
2. Motivation
2.1 Job Satisfaction
3. Theories of Motivation
3.1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
3.2. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory/Motivator-Hygiene
3.3. McGregor’s X and Y Theories
3.4. McClelland’s Need Achievement Theory
3.5. The Equity Theory
3.6. Value – Percept Theory
3.7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
3.8. Porter-Lawler Model
4. Risk Analysis of De-Motivated Employees in Organizations
4.1. Operational Risks
4.2. Personnel Risks
4.3. Reputational Risks
4.4. Environmental Risks
4.5. Health Risks
4.6. Financial Risks
5. Importance of Motivation in the Workplace
6. Conclusion
References
theories of motivation
 A qualitative approach and theory based application were considered for this study. theories of motivation
Keywords: Motivation, Job Satisfaction, Intrinsic, Extrinsic
Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
1. Introduction
In all enterprises whether private or state owned, motivation plays a key role in driving employees towards achieving their goals, organizational goals and to a certain extent the dreams of their nations. There are many theories of motivation, and they mostly give a relation or influence the outcomes of employee job satisfaction. There are three main theory categories, namely content theories, process theories and contemporary theories (Saif, Nawaz, Jan & Khan, 2012). Generally speaking, these theories include Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Herzberg’s motivator-hygiene (or two-factor) theory, Alderfer’s Existence, Relatedness and Growth theory, and McClelland’s needs theory. How motivation comes about and how it leads to satisfaction is explained by process theories; theories that fall into this category include Porter-Lawler’s model and expectancy theory by Vroom.

Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations

Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
Hypotheses and theory
Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
Reuben M. Badubi
Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
1. Introduction
2. Motivation
2.1 Job Satisfaction
3. Theories of Motivation
3.1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
3.2. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory/Motivator-Hygiene
3.3. McGregor’s X and Y Theories
3.4. McClelland’s Need Achievement Theory
3.5. The Equity Theory
3.6. Value – Percept Theory
3.7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
3.8. Porter-Lawler Model
4. Risk Analysis of De-Motivated Employees in Organizations
4.1. Operational Risks
4.2. Personnel Risks
4.3. Reputational Risks
4.4. Environmental Risks
4.5. Health Risks
4.6. Financial Risks
5. Importance of Motivation in the Workplace
6. Conclusion
References
theories of motivation

A qualitative approach and theory based application were considered for this study. theories of motivation
Keywords: Motivation, Job Satisfaction, Intrinsic, Extrinsic
Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
1. Introduction
In all enterprises whether private or state owned, motivation plays a key role in driving employees towards achieving their goals, organizational goals and to a certain extent the dreams of their nations. There are many theories of motivation, and they mostly give a relation or influence the outcomes of employee job satisfaction. There are three main theory categories, namely content theories, process theories and contemporary theories (Saif, Nawaz, Jan & Khan, 2012). Generally speaking, these theories include Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Herzberg’s motivator-hygiene (or two-factor) theory, Alderfer’s Existence, Relatedness and Growth theory, and McClelland’s needs theory. How motivation comes about and how it leads to satisfaction is explained by process theories; theories that fall into this category include Porter-Lawler’s model and expectancy theory by Vroom.

Three Major Theories of Motivation | Your Business Three Major Theories of Motivation
Three Major Theories of Motivation
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Taylor's Theory of Scientifc Management
Mayo's Theory of Human Relations
Maslow and Herzberg's Theory of Human Needs
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Motivated employees are more productive and creative than those who are unmotivated. They enjoy their work more and experience less stress. Managers usually strive to find ways to motivate their staff. Behavioral psychologists have developed various theories about motivation in an attempt to better understand and control human behavior. A basic understanding of three major motivation theories helps us to see how motivation can be applied in the workplace. What is Motivation? Stated simply, motivation is the driving force behind all people's actions. Behavioral psychologists have conducted research investigating why people behave the way they do. Entrepreneurs who understand the theories that were developed from this research about what makes people tick learn how to motivate purchasers to buy their products and use their services.

Three Major Theories of Motivation | Your Business
Expectancy Theory in Business Organizations
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Share on Facebook
Motivated employees are more productive and creative than those who are unmotivated. They enjoy their work more and experience less stress. Managers usually strive to find ways to motivate their staff. Behavioral psychologists have developed various theories about motivation in an attempt to better understand and control human behavior. A basic understanding of three major motivation theories helps us to see how motivation can be applied in the workplace. What is Motivation? Stated simply, motivation is the driving force behind all people's actions. Behavioral psychologists have conducted research investigating why people behave the way they do. Entrepreneurs who understand the theories that were developed from this research about what makes people tick learn how to motivate purchasers to buy their products and use their services.

Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
Hypotheses and theory
Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
Reuben M. Badubi
Theories of Motivation and Their Application in Organizations: A Risk Analysis
1. Introduction
2. Motivation
2.1 Job Satisfaction
3. Theories of Motivation
3.1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
3.2. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory/Motivator-Hygiene
3.3. McGregor’s X and Y Theories
3.4. McClelland’s Need Achievement Theory
3.5. The Equity Theory
3.6. Value – Percept Theory
3.7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
3.8. Porter-Lawler Model
4. Risk Analysis of De-Motivated Employees in Organizations
4.1. Operational Risks
4.2. Personnel Risks
4.3. Reputational Risks
4.4. Environmental Risks
4.5. Health Risks
4.6. Financial Risks
5. Importance of Motivation in the Workplace
6. Conclusion
References
theories of motivation
 There are many theories of motivation, and they mostly give a relation or influence the outcomes of employee job satisfaction. There are three main theory categories, namely content theories, process theories and contemporary theories (Saif, Nawaz, Jan & Khan, 2012). Generally speaking, these theories include Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Herzberg’s motivator-hygiene (or two-factor) theory, Alderfer’s Existence, Relatedness and Growth theory, and McClelland’s needs theory. How motivation comes about and how it leads to satisfaction is explained by process theories; theories that fall into this category include Porter-Lawler’s model and expectancy theory by Vroom. Contemporary theories of motivation incorporate equity, control and agency theory, as well as goal setting, reinforcement, and job design theory. The theories of motivation maybe categorized according to their definitions and purpose but critical analysis reveal that they are all linked, they lead to serving satisfaction in employees. The use of both content and process theories must be put into practice to motivate employees effectively. In extrinsic motivation, the factors (hygiene’s) that satisfy lower-level needs are different from those (motivators) that satisfy or partially satisfy higher–level needs. If hygiene factors (factors outside the job itself, such as working conditions, salary and incentive pay) are inadequate, employees become dissatisfied.

There are many theories of motivation, and they mostly give a relation or influence the outcomes of employee job satisfaction. There are three main theory categories, namely content theories, process theories and contemporary theories (Saif, Nawaz, Jan & Khan, 2012). Generally speaking, these theories include Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Herzberg’s motivator-hygiene (or two-factor) theory, Alderfer’s Existence, Relatedness and Growth theory, and McClelland’s needs theory. How motivation comes about and how it leads to satisfaction is explained by process theories; theories that fall into this category include Porter-Lawler’s model and expectancy theory by Vroom. Contemporary theories of motivation incorporate equity, control and agency theory, as well as goal setting, reinforcement, and job design theory. The theories of motivation maybe categorized according to their definitions and purpose but critical analysis reveal that they are all linked, they lead to serving satisfaction in employees. The use of both content and process theories must be put into practice to motivate employees effectively. In extrinsic motivation, the factors (hygiene’s) that satisfy lower-level needs are different from those (motivators) that satisfy or partially satisfy higher–level needs. If hygiene factors (factors outside the job itself, such as working conditions, salary and incentive pay) are inadequate, employees become dissatisfied.

20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology 20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
This Article Contains:
What is Motivation Psychology?
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG theory
McClelland’s achievement motivation theory
Immanuel Kant
Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
Process Theories of Motivation
Reinforcement theory
Adams’ equity theory of motivation
Vroom’s expectancy theory
Locke’s goal-setting theory
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Motivational Theories in Business
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory Z
The Hawthorne Effect
Motivational Theories in Sports Psychology
Optimal functioning hypothesis
Hull–Spence drive theory
Arousal-biased competition theory
Two memory systems theory
Processing efficiency theory
Textbooks on Motivation
1. Understanding Motivation and Emotion – Johnmarshall Reeve
2. Motivation: Theories and Principles – Robert C. Beck
3. Motivation – Lambert Deckers
4. Motivation and Emotion Evolutionary Physiological, Developmental, and Social Perspectives – Denys A. deCatanzaro
5. Motivation: A Biosocial and Cognitive Integration of Motivation and Emotion – Eva Dreikus Ferguson
6. Human Motivation – Robert E. Franken
7. The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior – Peter M. Gollwitzer and John Bargh
8. Motivation and Self-Regulation ccross the Life Span – Jutta Heckhausen and Carol S. Dweck
9. Reclaiming Cognition: The Primacy of Action, Intention, and Emotion (Journal of Consciousness Studies) – Rafael Nunez and Walter J. Freeman
10. Motivation: Theory, Research, and Applications – Herbert L. Petri and John M. Govern
11. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Search for Optimal Motivation and Performance – Carol Sansone and Judith M. Harackiewicz
12. Current Directions in Motivation and Emotion – Association for Psychological Science and Kennon Sheldon
13. The Psychobiology of Human Motivation (Psychology Focus) – Hugh Wagner
A Take-Home Message
References
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 The body of man is a machine which winds its own spring. J. O. De La Mettrie
Competence and belongingness exemplify two psychological needs that arise from the self’s requirement for environmental mastery and warm interpersonal relationships. These are required nutriments for growth and well-being. Needs serve the organism, and they do so by: generating wants, desires, and strivings that motivate whatever behaviors are necessary for the maintenance of life and the promotion of growth and well-being, and
generating a deep sense of need satisfaction from doing so. Maslow’s legacy is the order of needs progressing in the ever-increasing complexity, starting with basic physiological and psychological needs and ending with the need for self-actualization. While basic needs are experienced as a sense of deficiency, the higher needs are experienced more in terms of the need for growth and fulfillment. Maslow pyramid adapted from “Renovating the Pyramid of Needs: Contemporary Extensions Built upon Ancient Foundations” by D. T. Kenrick et al., 2010, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 292–314 (see p. 293), and from “A Theory of Human Needs Should Be Human-Centered, Not Animal-Centered:

The body of man is a machine which winds its own spring. J. O. De La Mettrie
Competence and belongingness exemplify two psychological needs that arise from the self’s requirement for environmental mastery and warm interpersonal relationships. These are required nutriments for growth and well-being. Needs serve the organism, and they do so by: generating wants, desires, and strivings that motivate whatever behaviors are necessary for the maintenance of life and the promotion of growth and well-being, and
generating a deep sense of need satisfaction from doing so. Maslow’s legacy is the order of needs progressing in the ever-increasing complexity, starting with basic physiological and psychological needs and ending with the need for self-actualization. While basic needs are experienced as a sense of deficiency, the higher needs are experienced more in terms of the need for growth and fulfillment. Maslow pyramid adapted from “Renovating the Pyramid of Needs: Contemporary Extensions Built upon Ancient Foundations” by D. T. Kenrick et al., 2010, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 292–314 (see p. 293), and from “A Theory of Human Needs Should Be Human-Centered, Not Animal-Centered:

Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories | Bizfluent Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories
Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Incentive Theory
Self-Determination Theory
 Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories | Bizfluent
Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories
By: Kristyn Hammond
Reviewed by: Michelle Seidel, B.Sc., LL.B., MBA
Updated November 08, 2018
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Strengths & Weaknesses of the Expectancy Theory
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What makes people do what they do? What motivates them to make changes? Motivational theories try to explain why people make the decisions that they make, while providing some explanation for how they can motivate themselves and others to improve their behaviors. Each theory is unique. While there are many motivational theories, each having their pros and cons and their supporters and detractors, several are often named when the subject of motivational theories comes up. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Fredrick Herzberg's theory suggests that two motivating factors govern behavior: those that increase an individual’s overall satisfaction, and hygiene factors that provide no satisfaction, but create severe dissatisfaction if absent.

Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories | Bizfluent

Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories
Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Incentive Theory
Self-Determination Theory

Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories | Bizfluent
Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories
By: Kristyn Hammond
Reviewed by: Michelle Seidel, B.Sc., LL.B., MBA
Updated November 08, 2018
Share It
Share
Tweet
Post
Email
Print
Related
Strengths & Weaknesses of the Expectancy Theory
Learn More →
What makes people do what they do? What motivates them to make changes? Motivational theories try to explain why people make the decisions that they make, while providing some explanation for how they can motivate themselves and others to improve their behaviors. Each theory is unique. While there are many motivational theories, each having their pros and cons and their supporters and detractors, several are often named when the subject of motivational theories comes up. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Fredrick Herzberg's theory suggests that two motivating factors govern behavior: those that increase an individual’s overall satisfaction, and hygiene factors that provide no satisfaction, but create severe dissatisfaction if absent.

Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
11 Types of Theories of Motivation
4 Early Theories of Motivation
7 Modern or Contemporary Theories of Motivation
 Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
Motivation theories are used to understand, explain, and influence human behavior. Early and modern theories of motivation allow a manager to find the reasons for people’s actions, desires, and needs. Motivation theories also explain how to influence one’s direction to behavior that allows controlling and guiding employees’ actions. Many theories of motivation are developed by phycologists and human resources specialists. 11 Types of Theories of Motivation
4 Early Theories of Motivation
Early theories are important as they represent a foundation from which contemporary theories have grown. Practicing managers still regularly use these theories and their terminology in explaining employee motivation. Early theories of motivation are; Hierarchy of Needs Theory by Maslow,
ERG Theory, developed by Clayton Alderfer.

Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
11 Types of Theories of Motivation
4 Early Theories of Motivation
7 Modern or Contemporary Theories of Motivation

Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
Motivation Theories: Early and Contemporary (Modern)Theories of Motivation
Motivation theories are used to understand, explain, and influence human behavior. Early and modern theories of motivation allow a manager to find the reasons for people’s actions, desires, and needs. Motivation theories also explain how to influence one’s direction to behavior that allows controlling and guiding employees’ actions. Many theories of motivation are developed by phycologists and human resources specialists. 11 Types of Theories of Motivation
4 Early Theories of Motivation
Early theories are important as they represent a foundation from which contemporary theories have grown. Practicing managers still regularly use these theories and their terminology in explaining employee motivation. Early theories of motivation are; Hierarchy of Needs Theory by Maslow,
ERG Theory, developed by Clayton Alderfer.

Motivation and Motivation Theory - levels, system, model, hierarchy, workplace, business, system, Historical development, Major content theories MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION THEORY
MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION THEORY
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS.
ALDERFER'S ERG THEORY.
MOTIVATOR-HYGIENE THEORY.
MCCLELLAND'S LEARNED NEEDS THEORY.
MAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
EXPECTANCY THEORY.
EQUITY THEORY.
GOAL-SETTING THEORY.
REINFORCEMENT THEORY.
FURTHER READING:
 Over time, these major theoretical streams of  research in motivation were classified into two major schools: the content  theories of motivation and the process theories of motivation. MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
Content (or need) theories of motivation focus on factors internal to the  individual that energize and direct behavior. In general, such theories  regard motivation as the product of internal drives that compel an  individual to act or move (hence, "motivate") toward the  satisfaction of individual needs. The content theories of motivation are  based in large part on early theories of motivation that traced the paths  of action backward to their perceived origin in internal drives. Major  content theories of motivation are Maslow's hierarchy of needs,  Alderfer's ERG theory, Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory,  and McClelland's learned needs or three-needs theory. MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS. Abraham Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs, which suggests that  individual needs exist in a hierarchy consisting of physiological needs,  security needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization  needs. Physiological needs are the most basic needs for food, water, and  other factors necessary for survival. Security needs include needs for  safety in one's physical environment, stability, and freedom from  emotional distress.

Over time, these major theoretical streams of  research in motivation were classified into two major schools: the content  theories of motivation and the process theories of motivation. MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
Content (or need) theories of motivation focus on factors internal to the  individual that energize and direct behavior. In general, such theories  regard motivation as the product of internal drives that compel an  individual to act or move (hence, "motivate") toward the  satisfaction of individual needs. The content theories of motivation are  based in large part on early theories of motivation that traced the paths  of action backward to their perceived origin in internal drives. Major  content theories of motivation are Maslow's hierarchy of needs,  Alderfer's ERG theory, Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory,  and McClelland's learned needs or three-needs theory. MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS. Abraham Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs, which suggests that  individual needs exist in a hierarchy consisting of physiological needs,  security needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization  needs. Physiological needs are the most basic needs for food, water, and  other factors necessary for survival. Security needs include needs for  safety in one's physical environment, stability, and freedom from  emotional distress.

Theories of Motivation | Motivation Training from EPM Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories vs. Process Theories
1. Content Theories
2. Process Theories
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
2. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
3. McClelland’s Three Needs Theory
4. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
a. Theory X
b. Theory Y
5. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
6. Adam’s Equity Theory
7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
8. Taylor’s Motivation Theory – Scientific Management
9. Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory of Motivation
10. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory of Motivation
11. Mayo’s Motivation Theory
12. Locke’s Goal Setting Theory
Theories of Motivation: Summary
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 Because of this, management must work tirelessly and continually to build systems of control and supervision over employees. b. Theory Y
Theory Y assumes that team members are ambitious and self-motivated. A Theory Y manager holds the view that if provided with the right conditions, team members will perform well. McGregor himself was in favor of adopting a Theory Y style of management in most cases. Employers looking to use Theory Y might: Use job enlargement to increase job satisfaction. Use a collaborative style of management, so employees feel they are a crucial part of decision making. Set targets that encourage employees to challenge themselves. 5. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
You can think of the ERG Theory of Motivation is being a simplified version of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.

Because of this, management must work tirelessly and continually to build systems of control and supervision over employees. b. Theory Y
Theory Y assumes that team members are ambitious and self-motivated. A Theory Y manager holds the view that if provided with the right conditions, team members will perform well. McGregor himself was in favor of adopting a Theory Y style of management in most cases. Employers looking to use Theory Y might: Use job enlargement to increase job satisfaction. Use a collaborative style of management, so employees feel they are a crucial part of decision making. Set targets that encourage employees to challenge themselves. 5. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
You can think of the ERG Theory of Motivation is being a simplified version of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.

Motivation - Basic Concepts and Theories Motivation – Basic Concepts and Theories
Motivation – Basic Concepts and Theories
Furthermore, literature distinguishes 2 types of factors that influence motivation:
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
McClelland’s needs
Process cognitive theory
Expectancy theory by Vroom
Reactance theory by Brehm
Equity theory by Adams
Other theories
Our book recommendations on motivation
 They do not unlock human potential. Fortunately, there is an alternative, acknowledgement. Taking People with You: The Only Way to Make Big Things Happen
David Novak
Novak knows that managers don’t need leadership platitudes or business school theories. So he cuts right to the chase with a step-by- step guide to setting big goals, getting people to work together, blowing past your targets, and celebrating after you shock the skeptics. And then doing it again and again until consistent excellence becomes a core element of your culture.

Motivation - Basic Concepts and Theories

Motivation – Basic Concepts and Theories
Motivation – Basic Concepts and Theories
Furthermore, literature distinguishes 2 types of factors that influence motivation:
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
McClelland’s needs
Process cognitive theory
Expectancy theory by Vroom
Reactance theory by Brehm
Equity theory by Adams
Other theories
Our book recommendations on motivation

They do not unlock human potential. Fortunately, there is an alternative, acknowledgement. Taking People with You: The Only Way to Make Big Things Happen
David Novak
Novak knows that managers don’t need leadership platitudes or business school theories. So he cuts right to the chase with a step-by- step guide to setting big goals, getting people to work together, blowing past your targets, and celebrating after you shock the skeptics. And then doing it again and again until consistent excellence becomes a core element of your culture.

20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology 20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
20 Most Popular Theories of Motivation in Psychology
This Article Contains:
What is Motivation Psychology?
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG theory
McClelland’s achievement motivation theory
Immanuel Kant
Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
Process Theories of Motivation
Reinforcement theory
Adams’ equity theory of motivation
Vroom’s expectancy theory
Locke’s goal-setting theory
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Motivational Theories in Business
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory Z
The Hawthorne Effect
Motivational Theories in Sports Psychology
Optimal functioning hypothesis
Hull–Spence drive theory
Arousal-biased competition theory
Two memory systems theory
Processing efficiency theory
Textbooks on Motivation
1. Understanding Motivation and Emotion – Johnmarshall Reeve
2. Motivation: Theories and Principles – Robert C. Beck
3. Motivation – Lambert Deckers
4. Motivation and Emotion Evolutionary Physiological, Developmental, and Social Perspectives – Denys A. deCatanzaro
5. Motivation: A Biosocial and Cognitive Integration of Motivation and Emotion – Eva Dreikus Ferguson
6. Human Motivation – Robert E. Franken
7. The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior – Peter M. Gollwitzer and John Bargh
8. Motivation and Self-Regulation ccross the Life Span – Jutta Heckhausen and Carol S. Dweck
9. Reclaiming Cognition: The Primacy of Action, Intention, and Emotion (Journal of Consciousness Studies) – Rafael Nunez and Walter J. Freeman
10. Motivation: Theory, Research, and Applications – Herbert L. Petri and John M. Govern
11. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Search for Optimal Motivation and Performance – Carol Sansone and Judith M. Harackiewicz
12. Current Directions in Motivation and Emotion – Association for Psychological Science and Kennon Sheldon
13. The Psychobiology of Human Motivation (Psychology Focus) – Hugh Wagner
A Take-Home Message
References
How useful was this article to you?
About the Author
Categories
Legal
Company Details
Contact
 the task itself, the competition with the self, and the competition against others. High need for achievement can come from one’s social environment and socialization influences, like parents who promote and value pursuit and standards of excellence, but it can also be developed throughout life as a need for personal growth towards complexity (Reeve, 2014). Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
Herzberg’s two-factor theory, also known as motivation-hygiene theory, was originally intended to address employee motivation and recognized two sources of job satisfaction. He argued that motivating factors influence job satisfaction because they are based on an individual’s need for personal growth: achievement, recognition, work itself, responsibility, and advancement. On the other hand, hygiene factors, which represented deficiency needs, defined the job context and could make individuals unhappy with their job: company policy and administration, supervision, salary, interpersonal relationships, and working conditions. Process Theories of Motivation
Process theories like Skinner’s reinforcement theory, Victor Vroom’s ex

the task itself, the competition with the self, and the competition against others. High need for achievement can come from one’s social environment and socialization influences, like parents who promote and value pursuit and standards of excellence, but it can also be developed throughout life as a need for personal growth towards complexity (Reeve, 2014). Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
Herzberg’s two-factor theory, also known as motivation-hygiene theory, was originally intended to address employee motivation and recognized two sources of job satisfaction. He argued that motivating factors influence job satisfaction because they are based on an individual’s need for personal growth: achievement, recognition, work itself, responsibility, and advancement. On the other hand, hygiene factors, which represented deficiency needs, defined the job context and could make individuals unhappy with their job: company policy and administration, supervision, salary, interpersonal relationships, and working conditions. Process Theories of Motivation
Process theories like Skinner’s reinforcement theory, Victor Vroom’s ex

Motivation and Motivation Theory - levels, system, model, hierarchy, workplace, business, system, Historical development, Major content theories MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION THEORY
MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION THEORY
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS.
ALDERFER'S ERG THEORY.
MOTIVATOR-HYGIENE THEORY.
MCCLELLAND'S LEARNED NEEDS THEORY.
MAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
EXPECTANCY THEORY.
EQUITY THEORY.
GOAL-SETTING THEORY.
REINFORCEMENT THEORY.
FURTHER READING:
 Sigmund  Freud, for example, argued that the most powerful determinants of  individual behavior were those of which the individual was not consciously  aware. According to Motivation and Leadership at Work (Steers, Porter, and Bigley, 1996), in the early twentieth century  researchers began to examine other possible explanations for differences  in individual motivation. Some researchers focused on internal drives as  an explanation for motivated behavior. Others studied the effect of learning and how individuals base current behavior on the  consequences of past behavior. Still others examined the influence of  individuals' cognitive processes, such as the beliefs they have  about future events. Over time, these major theoretical streams of  research in motivation were classified into two major schools: the content  theories of motivation and the process theories of motivation. MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
Content (or need) theories of motivation focus on factors internal to the  individual that energize and direct behavior. In general, such theories  regard motivation as the product of internal drives that compel an  individual to act or move (hence, "motivate") toward the  satisfaction of individual needs. The content theories of motivation are  based in large part on early theories of motivation that traced the paths  of action backward to their perceived origin in internal drives.

Sigmund  Freud, for example, argued that the most powerful determinants of  individual behavior were those of which the individual was not consciously  aware. According to Motivation and Leadership at Work (Steers, Porter, and Bigley, 1996), in the early twentieth century  researchers began to examine other possible explanations for differences  in individual motivation. Some researchers focused on internal drives as  an explanation for motivated behavior. Others studied the effect of learning and how individuals base current behavior on the  consequences of past behavior. Still others examined the influence of  individuals' cognitive processes, such as the beliefs they have  about future events. Over time, these major theoretical streams of  research in motivation were classified into two major schools: the content  theories of motivation and the process theories of motivation. MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
Content (or need) theories of motivation focus on factors internal to the  individual that energize and direct behavior. In general, such theories  regard motivation as the product of internal drives that compel an  individual to act or move (hence, "motivate") toward the  satisfaction of individual needs. The content theories of motivation are  based in large part on early theories of motivation that traced the paths  of action backward to their perceived origin in internal drives.

Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories | Bizfluent Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories
Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Incentive Theory
Self-Determination Theory
 Motivational theories try to explain why people make the decisions that they make, while providing some explanation for how they can motivate themselves and others to improve their behaviors. Each theory is unique. While there are many motivational theories, each having their pros and cons and their supporters and detractors, several are often named when the subject of motivational theories comes up. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Fredrick Herzberg's theory suggests that two motivating factors govern behavior: those that increase an individual’s overall satisfaction, and hygiene factors that provide no satisfaction, but create severe dissatisfaction if absent. This theory differentiates between behavioral needs, describing the reasons why employees need specific things and allowing a manager to better direct their motivation. The disadvantage of this theory is that factors that motivate can change during an individual's lifetime. A young employee, for example, sees job security as a hygiene factor, whereas an older employee who relies more on his job, sees it as a motivator. 00:00
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy suggests that every individual has levels of need, requiring lower, more fundamental, needs to be met before higher needs. The advantage of this theory is that it motivates individuals to move from fundamental needs toward higher needs, providing a clear map for personal growth.

What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
Instinct Theory of Motivation
Drive Theory
Arousal Theory
Humanistic Theory
Incentive Theory
Expectancy Theory
A Word From Verywell
 However, by looking at the key ideas behind each theory, you can gain a better understanding of motivation as a whole. Motivation is the force that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It is what causes us to take action, whether to grab a snack to reduce hunger or enroll in college to earn a degree. The forces that lie beneath motivation can be biological, social, emotional, or cognitive in nature. Let's take a look at each one. The Psychology of What Motivates Us
Instinct Theory of Motivation
Poncho / Getty Images
According to instinct theories, people are motivated to behave in certain ways because they are evolutionarily programmed to do so. An example of this in the animal world is seasonal migration. Animals do not learn to migrate to certain places at certain times each year; it is instead an inborn pattern of behavior. Instincts motivate some species to do this.

What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior

What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
Instinct Theory of Motivation
Drive Theory
Arousal Theory
Humanistic Theory
Incentive Theory
Expectancy Theory
A Word From Verywell

However, by looking at the key ideas behind each theory, you can gain a better understanding of motivation as a whole. Motivation is the force that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It is what causes us to take action, whether to grab a snack to reduce hunger or enroll in college to earn a degree. The forces that lie beneath motivation can be biological, social, emotional, or cognitive in nature. Let's take a look at each one. The Psychology of What Motivates Us
Instinct Theory of Motivation
Poncho / Getty Images
According to instinct theories, people are motivated to behave in certain ways because they are evolutionarily programmed to do so. An example of this in the animal world is seasonal migration. Animals do not learn to migrate to certain places at certain times each year; it is instead an inborn pattern of behavior. Instincts motivate some species to do this.

Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories | Bizfluent Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories
Pros and Cons of the Motivational Theories
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Incentive Theory
Self-Determination Theory
 This theory differentiates between behavioral needs, describing the reasons why employees need specific things and allowing a manager to better direct their motivation. The disadvantage of this theory is that factors that motivate can change during an individual's lifetime. A young employee, for example, sees job security as a hygiene factor, whereas an older employee who relies more on his job, sees it as a motivator. 00:00
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Embed
Speed Normal
Autoplay
An unknown error has occurred
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy suggests that every individual has levels of need, requiring lower, more fundamental, needs to be met before higher needs. The advantage of this theory is that it motivates individuals to move from fundamental needs toward higher needs, providing a clear map for personal growth. Conversely, it fails to explain why some individuals prefer to ignore lesser needs in search of higher ones, such as when individuals choose to forgo paying bills in order to take a vacation. Incentive Theory
Incentive theory sees the establishment of a reward system as the positive, reinforcing motivation to inspire improved behaviors. This theory concentrates on the positive results of people’s actions, creating an environment that is upbeat and focused on success. Unfortunately, the incentive theory is so heavily reliant on rewards that it requires a consistent supply of incentives. Additionally, incentives must be universally desired by everyone under the system.

Techniques and Theories of Employee Motivation - MyVenturePad.com Techniques and Theories of Employee Motivation
Techniques and Theories of Employee Motivation
Techniques and Theories of Employee Motivation
Employee Motivation
Techniques of Motivation
Job Design
Job Enlargement
Job Enrichment
Job Rotation
Job Simplification
Rewards
Intrinsic Rewards
Extrinsic Reward
Employee participation:
Quality of work life programs
Theories of motivation
Maslow’s need hierarchy:
Physiological needs
Safety needs
Belonging needs
Esteem needs
Lower version
Higher version
Self-actualization needs
Herzberg’s two-factor theory
Vroom’s expectancy theory
Hawthorne effect
 Herzberg believes that these extrinsic factors can prevent dissatisfaction but cannot lead to satisfaction. Vroom’s expectancy theory
Victor Vroom proposed this motivation theory and he believed that the motivation arises from the expectations of desired outcomes. This theory is based on three concepts such as valence, expectancy, and force. Employees work towards fulfilling the goals if they believe or perceive that their efforts will lead to the achievement of the objectives. Hawthorne effect
Henry A. Landsberger proposed this theory. According to this theory employees can perform well if better working conditions are provided. Such as physical conditions, working hours and breaks etc. researchers concluded that by changing the physical conditions like lighting and working hours employees can perform better.

Techniques and Theories of Employee Motivation - MyVenturePad.com

Techniques and Theories of Employee Motivation
Techniques and Theories of Employee Motivation
Techniques and Theories of Employee Motivation
Employee Motivation
Techniques of Motivation
Job Design
Job Enlargement
Job Enrichment
Job Rotation
Job Simplification
Rewards
Intrinsic Rewards
Extrinsic Reward
Employee participation:
Quality of work life programs
Theories of motivation
Maslow’s need hierarchy:
Physiological needs
Safety needs
Belonging needs
Esteem needs
Lower version
Higher version
Self-actualization needs
Herzberg’s two-factor theory
Vroom’s expectancy theory
Hawthorne effect

Herzberg believes that these extrinsic factors can prevent dissatisfaction but cannot lead to satisfaction. Vroom’s expectancy theory
Victor Vroom proposed this motivation theory and he believed that the motivation arises from the expectations of desired outcomes. This theory is based on three concepts such as valence, expectancy, and force. Employees work towards fulfilling the goals if they believe or perceive that their efforts will lead to the achievement of the objectives. Hawthorne effect
Henry A. Landsberger proposed this theory. According to this theory employees can perform well if better working conditions are provided. Such as physical conditions, working hours and breaks etc. researchers concluded that by changing the physical conditions like lighting and working hours employees can perform better.

What are the Modern Theories of Motivation? | Synonym What are the Modern Theories of Motivation?
What are the Modern Theories of Motivation?
Explore this article
1 ERG Theory
2 McClelland’s Theory of Needs
3 Goal-Setting Theory of Motivation
4 Reinforcement Theory of Motivation
5 Equity Theory of Motivation
6 Expectancy Theory of Motivation
 What are the Modern Theories of Motivation? | Synonym
What are the Modern Theories of Motivation? What motivates humans to behave in certain ways has been an area of study for scholars for many centuries. As of 2011, there are six main theories of motivation. These modern theories take into account past theories presented by theorists such as Abraham Maslow. Motivation theories have been utilized to understand human behavior in work settings, educational endeavors and interpersonal relationships. Explore this article
ERG Theory
McClelland’s Theory of Needs
Goal-Setting Theory of Motivation
Reinforcement Theory of Motivation
Equity Theory of Motivation
Expectancy Theory of Motivation
1 ERG Theory
Clayton Paul Alderfer, an American psychologist, proposed his ERG (Existence, Relatedness and Growth needs) Theory as redefining Maslow’s need hierarchy motivational theory based on new empirical research. Alderfer's theory puts Maslow’s need hierarchy into three short needs categories. His lowest-level needs are the existence needs, which include the need for basic human necessities. The next level of needs is the relatedness needs, which deal with a person’s aspirations for the maintenance of interpersonal relationships, as well as a need for recognition and fame.

What are the Modern Theories of Motivation? | Synonym

What are the Modern Theories of Motivation?
What are the Modern Theories of Motivation?
Explore this article
1 ERG Theory
2 McClelland’s Theory of Needs
3 Goal-Setting Theory of Motivation
4 Reinforcement Theory of Motivation
5 Equity Theory of Motivation
6 Expectancy Theory of Motivation

What are the Modern Theories of Motivation? | Synonym
What are the Modern Theories of Motivation? What motivates humans to behave in certain ways has been an area of study for scholars for many centuries. As of 2011, there are six main theories of motivation. These modern theories take into account past theories presented by theorists such as Abraham Maslow. Motivation theories have been utilized to understand human behavior in work settings, educational endeavors and interpersonal relationships. Explore this article
ERG Theory
McClelland’s Theory of Needs
Goal-Setting Theory of Motivation
Reinforcement Theory of Motivation
Equity Theory of Motivation
Expectancy Theory of Motivation
1 ERG Theory
Clayton Paul Alderfer, an American psychologist, proposed his ERG (Existence, Relatedness and Growth needs) Theory as redefining Maslow’s need hierarchy motivational theory based on new empirical research. Alderfer's theory puts Maslow’s need hierarchy into three short needs categories. His lowest-level needs are the existence needs, which include the need for basic human necessities. The next level of needs is the relatedness needs, which deal with a person’s aspirations for the maintenance of interpersonal relationships, as well as a need for recognition and fame.

5 Psychological Theories of Motivation to Increase Productivity 5 Psychological Theories of Motivation to Increase Productivity
5 Psychological Theories of Motivation to Increase Productivity
1. Hertzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
2. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
3. Hawthorne Effect
4. Expectancy Theory
5. Three-Dimensional Theory of Attribution
 5 Psychological Theories of Motivation to Increase Productivity
5 Psychological Theories of Motivation to Increase Productivity
June 10, 2019
Mark
23 Comments
Productivity Hacks
Contactzilla is simple, secure contact management that blends into your existing workflow seamlessly. Share address books with your colleagues, collaborate on keeping contacts up to date, sync with your phone and never be without the right phone number or email address again. Find out more. We all want to be more productive but getting motivated enough to actually get things done can seem impossible. Social scientists have been studying motivation for decades, trying to find out what motivates our behaviour, how and why. Dozens of theories of motivation have been proposed over the years. Here are 5 popular theories of motivation that can help you increase workplace productivity…
1. Hertzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
The Two-Factor Theory of motivation (otherwise known as dual-factor theory or motivation-hygiene theory) was developed by psychologist Frederick Herzberg in the 1950s. Analysing the responses of 200 accountants and engineers who were asked about their positive and negative feelings about their work, Herzberg found 2 factors that influence employee motivation and satisfaction…
1. Motivator factors – Simply put, these are factors that lead to satisfaction and motivate employees to work harder.

5 Psychological Theories of Motivation to Increase Productivity

5 Psychological Theories of Motivation to Increase Productivity
5 Psychological Theories of Motivation to Increase Productivity
1. Hertzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
2. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
3. Hawthorne Effect
4. Expectancy Theory
5. Three-Dimensional Theory of Attribution

5 Psychological Theories of Motivation to Increase Productivity
5 Psychological Theories of Motivation to Increase Productivity
June 10, 2019
Mark
23 Comments
Productivity Hacks
Contactzilla is simple, secure contact management that blends into your existing workflow seamlessly. Share address books with your colleagues, collaborate on keeping contacts up to date, sync with your phone and never be without the right phone number or email address again. Find out more. We all want to be more productive but getting motivated enough to actually get things done can seem impossible. Social scientists have been studying motivation for decades, trying to find out what motivates our behaviour, how and why. Dozens of theories of motivation have been proposed over the years. Here are 5 popular theories of motivation that can help you increase workplace productivity…
1. Hertzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
The Two-Factor Theory of motivation (otherwise known as dual-factor theory or motivation-hygiene theory) was developed by psychologist Frederick Herzberg in the 1950s. Analysing the responses of 200 accountants and engineers who were asked about their positive and negative feelings about their work, Herzberg found 2 factors that influence employee motivation and satisfaction…
1. Motivator factors – Simply put, these are factors that lead to satisfaction and motivate employees to work harder.

Process Theories of Motivation: How You Are Really Motivated. Process Theories of Motivation: How You Are Really Motivated.
Process Theories of Motivation: How You Are Really Motivated.
Table of Contents
1) Skinner’s Reinforcement Process Theory of Motivation:
Examples:
Examples:
2) Adam’s Equity Process Theory of Motivation:
a) Overpaid Inequity:
b) Underpaid Inequity:
c) Equity:
3) Vroom’s Expectancy Process Theory of Motivation:
4) The Carrot and Stick Approach:
 That’s pretty much your brain coming back to it’s senses – a phenomenon which many psychologists have spent years on studying, and which now comes under the theories of motivation, and more specifically, it’s process theories. So what are Process Theories of Motivation? These theories aim to study how exactly does motivation occur in an individual. Despite the popular belief of every student, motivation doesn’t just magically appear at three in the morning and disappear by first light. Its actually much more simple and yet complicated at the same time. For years, psychologist and theorists have struggled trying to point out the what and the how of motivation, and now finally, we have our answers. We have complied together a detailed discussion on the four most basic of the Process Theories of Motivation, under the very intriguing topic of Motivation in Psychology. The theories include: B.F. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory or Operant Conditioning. Adam’s Equity Process Theory of Motivation.

Process Theories of Motivation: How You Are Really Motivated.

Process Theories of Motivation: How You Are Really Motivated.
Process Theories of Motivation: How You Are Really Motivated.
Table of Contents
1) Skinner’s Reinforcement Process Theory of Motivation:
Examples:
Examples:
2) Adam’s Equity Process Theory of Motivation:
a) Overpaid Inequity:
b) Underpaid Inequity:
c) Equity:
3) Vroom’s Expectancy Process Theory of Motivation:
4) The Carrot and Stick Approach:

That’s pretty much your brain coming back to it’s senses – a phenomenon which many psychologists have spent years on studying, and which now comes under the theories of motivation, and more specifically, it’s process theories. So what are Process Theories of Motivation? These theories aim to study how exactly does motivation occur in an individual. Despite the popular belief of every student, motivation doesn’t just magically appear at three in the morning and disappear by first light. Its actually much more simple and yet complicated at the same time. For years, psychologist and theorists have struggled trying to point out the what and the how of motivation, and now finally, we have our answers. We have complied together a detailed discussion on the four most basic of the Process Theories of Motivation, under the very intriguing topic of Motivation in Psychology. The theories include: B.F. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory or Operant Conditioning. Adam’s Equity Process Theory of Motivation.

What are the Modern Theories of Motivation? | Synonym What are the Modern Theories of Motivation?
What are the Modern Theories of Motivation?
Explore this article
1 ERG Theory
2 McClelland’s Theory of Needs
3 Goal-Setting Theory of Motivation
4 Reinforcement Theory of Motivation
5 Equity Theory of Motivation
6 Expectancy Theory of Motivation
 Motivation theories have been utilized to understand human behavior in work settings, educational endeavors and interpersonal relationships. Explore this article
ERG Theory
McClelland’s Theory of Needs
Goal-Setting Theory of Motivation
Reinforcement Theory of Motivation
Equity Theory of Motivation
Expectancy Theory of Motivation
1 ERG Theory
Clayton Paul Alderfer, an American psychologist, proposed his ERG (Existence, Relatedness and Growth needs) Theory as redefining Maslow’s need hierarchy motivational theory based on new empirical research. Alderfer's theory puts Maslow’s need hierarchy into three short needs categories. His lowest-level needs are the existence needs, which include the need for basic human necessities. The next level of needs is the relatedness needs, which deal with a person’s aspirations for the maintenance of interpersonal relationships, as well as a need for recognition and fame. The highest level of needs is the growth category, which is about an individual’s need for self-development, advancement and personal growth. 2 McClelland’s Theory of Needs
Psychological theorist David McClelland believed that human behavior is motivated by three needs: the need for power, achievement and affiliation. According to McClelland, the power need is based on a person’s desire to influence others to his wishes. An individual’s need for achievement is manifested through his need to excel and achieve a certain level of success.

Motivation theories have been utilized to understand human behavior in work settings, educational endeavors and interpersonal relationships. Explore this article
ERG Theory
McClelland’s Theory of Needs
Goal-Setting Theory of Motivation
Reinforcement Theory of Motivation
Equity Theory of Motivation
Expectancy Theory of Motivation
1 ERG Theory
Clayton Paul Alderfer, an American psychologist, proposed his ERG (Existence, Relatedness and Growth needs) Theory as redefining Maslow’s need hierarchy motivational theory based on new empirical research. Alderfer's theory puts Maslow’s need hierarchy into three short needs categories. His lowest-level needs are the existence needs, which include the need for basic human necessities. The next level of needs is the relatedness needs, which deal with a person’s aspirations for the maintenance of interpersonal relationships, as well as a need for recognition and fame. The highest level of needs is the growth category, which is about an individual’s need for self-development, advancement and personal growth. 2 McClelland’s Theory of Needs
Psychological theorist David McClelland believed that human behavior is motivated by three needs: the need for power, achievement and affiliation. According to McClelland, the power need is based on a person’s desire to influence others to his wishes. An individual’s need for achievement is manifested through his need to excel and achieve a certain level of success.

Three Major Theories of Motivation | Your Business Three Major Theories of Motivation
Three Major Theories of Motivation
by Freddie Silver
What is Motivation?
Taylor's Theory of Scientifc Management
Mayo's Theory of Human Relations
Maslow and Herzberg's Theory of Human Needs
Expectancy Theory in Business Organizations
 Mayo's Theory of Human Relations
Elton Mayo's theory of motivation examined the social needs of the worker. He believed that pay alone was not sufficient to motivate employees to put forth their best effort. He believed that the social needs of the workers should be taken into consideration. He recommended employers treat their workers in a caring and humane fashion that demonstrates an interest in the individual in order to have them produce their best work. Maslow and Herzberg's Theory of Human Needs
Abraham Maslow and Frederick Irving Herzberg believed that psychological forces drive human behavior. Their theory postulated a graduated scale of human needs ranging from basic, physical ones such as hunger and thirst to higher level ones such as the need to be loved and the need for self-fulfillment. They believed employers would see better results from workers if they recognized the various needs of individual workers and if they varied the rewards offered to them. References
Tutor To You: People - Theories of Motivation
Analytic Tech: Theories of Motivation
Business Management:

Mayo's Theory of Human Relations
Elton Mayo's theory of motivation examined the social needs of the worker. He believed that pay alone was not sufficient to motivate employees to put forth their best effort. He believed that the social needs of the workers should be taken into consideration. He recommended employers treat their workers in a caring and humane fashion that demonstrates an interest in the individual in order to have them produce their best work. Maslow and Herzberg's Theory of Human Needs
Abraham Maslow and Frederick Irving Herzberg believed that psychological forces drive human behavior. Their theory postulated a graduated scale of human needs ranging from basic, physical ones such as hunger and thirst to higher level ones such as the need to be loved and the need for self-fulfillment. They believed employers would see better results from workers if they recognized the various needs of individual workers and if they varied the rewards offered to them. References
Tutor To You: People - Theories of Motivation
Analytic Tech: Theories of Motivation
Business Management:

What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
Instinct Theory of Motivation
Drive Theory
Arousal Theory
Humanistic Theory
Incentive Theory
Expectancy Theory
A Word From Verywell
 What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
Theories
Behavioral Psychology
What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
By
Kendra Cherry
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Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on February 24, 2020
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Amy Morin, LCSW, is the Editor-in-Chief of Verywell Mind. She's also a psychotherapist, the author of the bestselling book "13 Things Mentally Strong People Don't Do," and the host of The Verywell Mind Podcast. Learn about our Review Board
Amy Morin, LCSW
Updated on April 17, 2021
Researchers have developed a number of theories to explain motivation. Each individual theory tends to be rather limited in scope. However, by looking at the key ideas behind each theory, you can gain a better understanding of motivation as a whole. Motivation is the force that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It is what causes us to take action, whether to grab a snack to reduce hunger or enroll in college to earn a degree. The forces that lie beneath motivation can be biological, social, emotional, or cognitive in nature. Let's take a look at each one.

What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
Theories
Behavioral Psychology
What Motivation Theory Can Tell Us About Human Behavior
By
Kendra Cherry
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twitter
Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial process
Kendra Cherry
Reviewed by
Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on February 24, 2020
facebook
twitter
linkedin
instagram
Amy Morin, LCSW, is the Editor-in-Chief of Verywell Mind. She's also a psychotherapist, the author of the bestselling book "13 Things Mentally Strong People Don't Do," and the host of The Verywell Mind Podcast. Learn about our Review Board
Amy Morin, LCSW
Updated on April 17, 2021
Researchers have developed a number of theories to explain motivation. Each individual theory tends to be rather limited in scope. However, by looking at the key ideas behind each theory, you can gain a better understanding of motivation as a whole. Motivation is the force that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It is what causes us to take action, whether to grab a snack to reduce hunger or enroll in college to earn a degree. The forces that lie beneath motivation can be biological, social, emotional, or cognitive in nature. Let's take a look at each one.

Process Theories of Motivation: How You Are Really Motivated. Process Theories of Motivation: How You Are Really Motivated.
Process Theories of Motivation: How You Are Really Motivated.
Table of Contents
1) Skinner’s Reinforcement Process Theory of Motivation:
Examples:
Examples:
2) Adam’s Equity Process Theory of Motivation:
a) Overpaid Inequity:
b) Underpaid Inequity:
c) Equity:
3) Vroom’s Expectancy Process Theory of Motivation:
4) The Carrot and Stick Approach:
 Process Theories of Motivation: How You Are Really Motivated. PSYCHOLOGY
Process Theories of Motivation: How You Are Really Motivated. By Muzna Waseem
Isn’t it truly magical, when you get that sudden spurt of motivation and you almost feel like you could defeat the world in that moment? That’s pretty much your brain coming back to it’s senses – a phenomenon which many psychologists have spent years on studying, and which now comes under the theories of motivation, and more specifically, it’s process theories. So what are Process Theories of Motivation? These theories aim to study how exactly does motivation occur in an individual. Despite the popular belief of every student, motivation doesn’t just magically appear at three in the morning and disappear by first light. Its actually much more simple and yet complicated at the same time.

Process Theories of Motivation: How You Are Really Motivated. PSYCHOLOGY
Process Theories of Motivation: How You Are Really Motivated. By Muzna Waseem
Isn’t it truly magical, when you get that sudden spurt of motivation and you almost feel like you could defeat the world in that moment? That’s pretty much your brain coming back to it’s senses – a phenomenon which many psychologists have spent years on studying, and which now comes under the theories of motivation, and more specifically, it’s process theories. So what are Process Theories of Motivation? These theories aim to study how exactly does motivation occur in an individual. Despite the popular belief of every student, motivation doesn’t just magically appear at three in the morning and disappear by first light. Its actually much more simple and yet complicated at the same time.

What are the Theories of Motivation? definition and meaning - Business Jargons Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation What are the Theories of Motivation? definition and meaning - Business Jargons
Theories of Motivation
Definition: There are several Theories of Motivation that are developed to explain the concept of “Motivation”. The motivation is a drive that forces an individual to work in a certain way. It is the energy that pushes us to work hard to accomplish the goals, even if the conditions are not going our way. With the establishment of human organizations, people tried to find out the answer to, what motivates an employee in the organization the most. This gave birth to several content theories and process theories of motivation. The content theories deal with “what” motivates people, whereas the process theories deal with, “How” motivation occurs. Thus, theories of motivation can be broadly classified as: Content Theories:

What are the Theories of Motivation? definition and meaning - Business Jargons
Theories of Motivation
Definition: There are several Theories of Motivation that are developed to explain the concept of “Motivation”. The motivation is a drive that forces an individual to work in a certain way. It is the energy that pushes us to work hard to accomplish the goals, even if the conditions are not going our way. With the establishment of human organizations, people tried to find out the answer to, what motivates an employee in the organization the most. This gave birth to several content theories and process theories of motivation. The content theories deal with “what” motivates people, whereas the process theories deal with, “How” motivation occurs. Thus, theories of motivation can be broadly classified as: Content Theories:

Arousal Theory of Motivation - Psychestudy Arousal Theory of Motivation
Arousal Theory of Motivation
How does Arousal Theory of Motivation Work?
Assumption
Arousal and performance
 Arousal Theory of Motivation - Psychestudy
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Motivation Emotion
Arousal Theory of Motivation
Motivation Emotion
Arousal Theory of Motivation
by Praveen Shrestha in Motivation Emotion
Updated November 17, 2017
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Cite this article as: Praveen Shrestha, "Arousal Theory of Motivation," in Psychestudy, November 17, 2017, https://www.psychestudy.com/general/motivation-emotion/arousal-theory-motivation. Motivation can be defined as a reason (or reasons) which lead an individual to act in a certain way. The reasons might not always be the same between two individuals acting in a certain way, but almost every action is directed by certain motivation. Different theories have been proposed over the years to explain motivation, one of which is Arousal Theory of Motivation. The theory states that the major reason people are driven to perform any action is to maintain the optimal level of physiological arousal. The optimal level of arousal varies from one person to the next. Arousal is one of the fundamental aspects required for attention and information process. So, maintaining the optimal arousal level is vital for a person’s task performance. Research has shown that psychological factor responsible for arousal of motivation also has a relationship with the performance.

Arousal Theory of Motivation - Psychestudy

Arousal Theory of Motivation
Arousal Theory of Motivation
How does Arousal Theory of Motivation Work?
Assumption
Arousal and performance

Arousal Theory of Motivation - Psychestudy
Home
General
Motivation Emotion
Arousal Theory of Motivation
Motivation Emotion
Arousal Theory of Motivation
by Praveen Shrestha in Motivation Emotion
Updated November 17, 2017
Tweet
Cite this article as: Praveen Shrestha, "Arousal Theory of Motivation," in Psychestudy, November 17, 2017, https://www.psychestudy.com/general/motivation-emotion/arousal-theory-motivation. Motivation can be defined as a reason (or reasons) which lead an individual to act in a certain way. The reasons might not always be the same between two individuals acting in a certain way, but almost every action is directed by certain motivation. Different theories have been proposed over the years to explain motivation, one of which is Arousal Theory of Motivation. The theory states that the major reason people are driven to perform any action is to maintain the optimal level of physiological arousal. The optimal level of arousal varies from one person to the next. Arousal is one of the fundamental aspects required for attention and information process. So, maintaining the optimal arousal level is vital for a person’s task performance. Research has shown that psychological factor responsible for arousal of motivation also has a relationship with the performance.

Needs-Based Theories of Motivation | Principles of Management Needs-Based Theories of Motivation
Needs-Based Theories of Motivation
Learning Outcomes
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Two-Factor Theory
ERG Theory
Acquired Needs Theory
 Providing and encouraging acknowledgment of good work will motivate people with a high need for affiliation. Employees with a high need for power will be looking for opportunities with more influence and decision making. Abraham H. Maslow, “A Theory of Human Motivation,” Psychological Review 50 (1943): 370–396 ↵
Abraham H. Maslow, Motivation and personality, New York: Harper, 1954 ↵
David C. McClelland and Richard E. Boyatzis, “Leadership Motive Pattern and Long-Term Success in Management,” Journal of Applied Psychology 67 (1982): 737–743 ↵
CC licensed content, Original
Needs-Based Theories of Motivation. Authored by: David J. Thompson and Lumen Learning. License: CC BY:

Needs-Based Theories of Motivation | Principles of Management

Needs-Based Theories of Motivation
Needs-Based Theories of Motivation
Learning Outcomes
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Two-Factor Theory
ERG Theory
Acquired Needs Theory

Providing and encouraging acknowledgment of good work will motivate people with a high need for affiliation. Employees with a high need for power will be looking for opportunities with more influence and decision making. Abraham H. Maslow, “A Theory of Human Motivation,” Psychological Review 50 (1943): 370–396 ↵
Abraham H. Maslow, Motivation and personality, New York: Harper, 1954 ↵
David C. McClelland and Richard E. Boyatzis, “Leadership Motive Pattern and Long-Term Success in Management,” Journal of Applied Psychology 67 (1982): 737–743 ↵
CC licensed content, Original
Needs-Based Theories of Motivation. Authored by: David J. Thompson and Lumen Learning. License: CC BY:

Content theory - Wikipedia Content theory
Content theory
Contents
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
ERG theory
Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene theory (Two-factor theory)
Need theory
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Sex, Hedonism, and Evolution
Self-determination theory
"16 basic desires" theory
Natural theories
Self-management through teamwork
Wage incentives
Autonomy: increased motivation for autonomous tasks
Rational motivations
Incentive theories: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation
Flow theory
Behaviorist theories
Classical and operant conditioning
Incentive motivation
Motivating operations
Motivation and psychotherapy
Socio-cultural theory
Push and pull
Push
Pull
Self-control
Drives
Drive-reduction theory
Cognitive dissonance theory
Temporal motivation theory
Achievement motivation
Cognitive theories
Goal-setting theory
Expectancy theory
Procrastination
Models of behavior change
Thematic apperception test
Attribution theory
Approach versus avoidance
Conditioned taste aversion.
Unconscious Motivation
Priming
Conscious Motivation
Mental Fatigue
Learned Industriousness
Reversal Theory
Sources
Notes
References
 Content theories of motivation often describe a system of needs that motivate peoples' actions. While process theories of motivation attempt to explain how and why our motivations affect our behaviors, content theories of motivation attempt to define what those motives or needs are. Content theory includes the work of David McClelland, Abraham Maslow and other psychologists. Contents
1 McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
2 ERG theory
3 Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene theory (Two-factor theory)
4 Need theory
5 Maslow's hierarchy of needs
6 Sex, Hedonism, and Evolution
7 Self-determination theory
8 "16 basic desires" theory
9 Natural theories
9.1 Self-management through teamwork
9.2 Wage incentives
9.3 Autonomy: increased motivation for autonomous tasks
10 Rational motivations
11 Incentive theories: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
11.1 Intrinsic motivation
11.2 Extrinsic motivation
12 Flow theory
13 Behaviorist theories
13.1 Classical and operant conditioning
13.1.1 Incentive motivation
13.2 Motivating operations
13.3 Motivation and psychotherapy
14 Socio-cultural theory
15 Push and pull
15.1 Push
15.2 Pull
16 Self-control
17 Drives
18 Drive-reduction theory
19 Cognitive dissonance theory
20 Temporal motivation theory
21 Achievement motivation
22 Cognitive theories
22.1 Goal-setting theory
22.2 Expectancy theory
23 Procrastination
24 Models of behavior change
25 Thematic apperception test
26 Attribution theory
27 Approach versus avoidance
28 Unconscious Motivation
28.1 Priming
28.2 Conscious Motivation
29 Mental Fatigue
30 Learned Industriousness
31 Reversal Theory
32 Sources
33 Notes
34 References
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
Douglas McGregor proposed two different motivational theories. Managers tend to believe one or the other and treat their employees accordingly. Theory X states that employees dislike and try to avoid work, so they must be coerced into doing it. Most workers do not want responsibilities, lack ambition, and value job security more than anything else. McGregor personally held that the more optimistic theory, Y, was more valid.

Content theory - Wikipedia

Content theory
Content theory
Contents
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
ERG theory
Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene theory (Two-factor theory)
Need theory
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Sex, Hedonism, and Evolution
Self-determination theory
"16 basic desires" theory
Natural theories
Self-management through teamwork
Wage incentives
Autonomy: increased motivation for autonomous tasks
Rational motivations
Incentive theories: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation
Flow theory
Behaviorist theories
Classical and operant conditioning
Incentive motivation
Motivating operations
Motivation and psychotherapy
Socio-cultural theory
Push and pull
Push
Pull
Self-control
Drives
Drive-reduction theory
Cognitive dissonance theory
Temporal motivation theory
Achievement motivation
Cognitive theories
Goal-setting theory
Expectancy theory
Procrastination
Models of behavior change
Thematic apperception test
Attribution theory
Approach versus avoidance
Conditioned taste aversion.
Unconscious Motivation
Priming
Conscious Motivation
Mental Fatigue
Learned Industriousness
Reversal Theory
Sources
Notes
References

Instinct Theory of Motivation: Overview | Study.com Instinct Theory of Motivation: Overview
Instinct Theory of Motivation: Overview
What are Instinct Theories of Motivation?
Specific Theories
Freud's Death (Thanatos) and Life (Eros) Drives
William James: Our Instinct is to Survive
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Instinct Theory of Motivation: Overview
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Instinct Theory of Motivation: Overview
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 Ever wonder why or how we know how to do certain actions as babies without ever learning them? Babies know how to suck to get nutrition from milk. Birds know how to make nests for shelter. Some would say that this is due to instincts. Learn about instinct theories of motivation in this lesson. Create an account
What are Instinct Theories of Motivation? Well, let's break this down. Motivation is the drive that guides us to behave a certain way. Instincts are our natural responses. For example, if a baby is motivated to live, it naturally sucks on its mother's nipple to gain nutrition to survive.

Instinct Theory of Motivation: Overview | Study.com

Instinct Theory of Motivation: Overview
Instinct Theory of Motivation: Overview
What are Instinct Theories of Motivation?
Specific Theories
Freud's Death (Thanatos) and Life (Eros) Drives
William James: Our Instinct is to Survive
Register to view this lesson
Are you a student or a teacher?
Instinct Theory of Motivation: Overview
Start today. Try it now
Instinct Theory of Motivation: Overview
Related Study Materials

Ever wonder why or how we know how to do certain actions as babies without ever learning them? Babies know how to suck to get nutrition from milk. Birds know how to make nests for shelter. Some would say that this is due to instincts. Learn about instinct theories of motivation in this lesson. Create an account
What are Instinct Theories of Motivation? Well, let's break this down. Motivation is the drive that guides us to behave a certain way. Instincts are our natural responses. For example, if a baby is motivated to live, it naturally sucks on its mother's nipple to gain nutrition to survive.

Incentive Theory of Motivation Incentive Theory of Motivation
Incentive Theory of Motivation
Origin of the Theory
The Theory
Positive Incentives
Negative Incentives
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 Incentive Theory of Motivation

Incentive Theory of Motivation
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A theory that focuses on motivation and behaviour, the Incentive Theory of Motivation involves the concepts of conditioning, homeostasis and positive reinforcement. The theory is one of the motivation theories that are promoted by behaviourists. This article is a part of the guide: Select from one of the other courses available: Scientific Method Research Design Research Basics Experimental Research Sampling Validity and Reliability Write a Paper Biological Psychology Child Development Stress & Coping Motivation and Emotion Memory & Learning Personality Social Psychology Experiments Science Projects for Kids Survey Guide Philosophy of Science Reasoning Ethics in Research Ancient History Renaissance & Enlightenment Medical History Physics Experiments Biology Experiments Zoology Statistics Beginners Guide Statistical Conclusion Statistical Tests Distribution in Statistics
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Don't miss these related articles: Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Instinct Theory Of Motivation
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Motivation and Emotion
Browse Full Outline
1 Motivation and Emotion
2 Biology of Emotion
2.1 Nature of Emotions
2.2 Categorization of Emotions
2.3 Measuring Emotions
2.4 The Sociology of Emotion
2.5 James-Lange Theory of Emotion
2.6 Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
2.7 Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion
3 Motivation
4 Motivation
4.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
4.2 Drive-Reduction Theory
4.3 Two-Factor Theory of Motivation
4.4 Incentive Theory of Motivation
4.5 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
4.6 Instinct Theory Of Motivation
4.7 Cognitive Theories of Motivation
4.8 16 Basic Desires Theory
5 Psychotherapy
5.1 Emotion in Psychotherapy
5.2 Motivation in Psychotherapy
1 Motivation and Emotion 2 Biology of Emotion 3 Motivation 4 Motivation 5 Psychotherapy 5.1 Emotion in Psychotherapy 5.2 Motivation in Psychotherapy
Origin of the Theory
The Incentive Theory of Motivation is a theory that is supported by many behavioural psychologists, the most distinguished one being B.F. Skinner. Skinner and other radical behaviourists believe that a person will more likely to do an action that is positively received, while he will more likely avoid an action that is negatively received (i.e. brings negative reinforcement). The Incentive Theory is said to be different from other theories of motivation in such a way that it views the stimulus as something that attracts a person towards it, rather than something that prompts a person to reduce it or totally eradicate it. The Theory
An incentive is either a promise or an act that is provided for the sake of greater action. In business, an incentive may be an additional benefit or remuneration or job promotion given to an employee either to recognize his achievements or encourage him to perform better.

Incentive Theory of Motivation

Incentive Theory of Motivation
Incentive Theory of Motivation
Origin of the Theory
The Theory
Positive Incentives
Negative Incentives
Application
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Self-Determination Theory (Deci and Ryan) - Learning Theories Self-Determination Theory (Deci and Ryan)
Self-Determination Theory (Deci and Ryan)
Self-Determination Theory (Deci and Ryan)
 Self-Determination Theory (Deci and Ryan) - Learning Theories
Self-Determination Theory (Deci and Ryan)
7 years ago • Motivation Theories • 1
Summary: Self-Determination Theory is a theory of motivation and personality that addresses three universal, innate and psychological needs: competence, autonomy, and psychological relatedness. Originators: Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan, psychologists at the University of Rochester. Key Terms: motivation, competence, autonomy, relatedness
Self-Determination Theory (Deci and Ryan)
Self-Determination Theory (SDT) is an important theory of motivation that addresses issues of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation [1] [2] [3]. People have innate psychological needs: Competence
Relatedness
Autonomy
If these universal needs are met, the theory argues that people will function and grow optimally. To actualize their inherent potential, the social environment needs to nurture these needs.

Self-Determination Theory (Deci and Ryan) - Learning Theories

Self-Determination Theory (Deci and Ryan)
Self-Determination Theory (Deci and Ryan)
Self-Determination Theory (Deci and Ryan)

Self-Determination Theory (Deci and Ryan) - Learning Theories
Self-Determination Theory (Deci and Ryan)
7 years ago • Motivation Theories • 1
Summary: Self-Determination Theory is a theory of motivation and personality that addresses three universal, innate and psychological needs: competence, autonomy, and psychological relatedness. Originators: Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan, psychologists at the University of Rochester. Key Terms: motivation, competence, autonomy, relatedness
Self-Determination Theory (Deci and Ryan)
Self-Determination Theory (SDT) is an important theory of motivation that addresses issues of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation [1] [2] [3]. People have innate psychological needs: Competence
Relatedness
Autonomy
If these universal needs are met, the theory argues that people will function and grow optimally. To actualize their inherent potential, the social environment needs to nurture these needs.