Question: definition secondary trauma

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
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In this section...
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress?
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Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress?
 What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? Secondary traumatic stress disorder can occur in anyone who hears the firsthand account of a trauma experienced by another person. That trauma experienced by the individual then affects the second individual intensely, causing symptoms that mimic PTSD or post-traumatic stress disorder, a psychological disorder that affects survivors of a traumatic incident. Secondary Traumatic Stress may also be referred to as compassion fatigue or vicarious trauma. We can help you find treatment for secondary trauma. Call toll free today. In this section...
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress? Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress? Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress?

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
We can help you find treatment for secondary trauma. Call toll free today.
In this section...
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress?
You don’t have to struggle with secondary traumatic stress alone. Call toll free to find help today.
Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress?

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? Secondary traumatic stress disorder can occur in anyone who hears the firsthand account of a trauma experienced by another person. That trauma experienced by the individual then affects the second individual intensely, causing symptoms that mimic PTSD or post-traumatic stress disorder, a psychological disorder that affects survivors of a traumatic incident. Secondary Traumatic Stress may also be referred to as compassion fatigue or vicarious trauma. We can help you find treatment for secondary trauma. Call toll free today. In this section...
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress? Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress? Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress?

 Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

 Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions: Secondary

Traumatic

Stress/Vicarious

Trauma

(STS/VT): STS

is

a

secondary

trauma

which

results

from

indirect

exposure

to

trauma. Defined

by

Dr.

Charles

Figley,

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Disorder

is

“the

natural

consequent

behaviors

resulting

from

knowledge

about

a

traumatizing

event

experienced

by

a

significant

other. It

is

the

stress

resulting

from

helping

or

wanting

to

help

a

traumatized

or

suffering

person”

(Figley,

1995). Burnout: Although

burnout

has

many

of

the

same

causes

and

symptoms

of

secondary

trauma,

burnout

results

from

long

term

non-supportive

work

environments. It

differs

from

secondary

trauma

in

that

exposure

to

clients’

trauma

is

not

the

precipitating

factor

(Siegfried,

2008). Post

Traumatic

Stress

Disorder

(PTSD): PTSD

is

a

primary

trauma

which

results

from

direct

exposure

to

the

traumatic

experience.

Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions: Secondary

Traumatic

Stress/Vicarious

Trauma

(STS/VT): STS

is

a

secondary

trauma

which

results

from

indirect

exposure

to

trauma. Defined

by

Dr.

Charles

Figley,

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Disorder

is

“the

natural

consequent

behaviors

resulting

from

knowledge

about

a

traumatizing

event

experienced

by

a

significant

other. It

is

the

stress

resulting

from

helping

or

wanting

to

help

a

traumatized

or

suffering

person”

(Figley,

1995). Burnout: Although

burnout

has

many

of

the

same

causes

and

symptoms

of

secondary

trauma,

burnout

results

from

long

term

non-supportive

work

environments. It

differs

from

secondary

trauma

in

that

exposure

to

clients’

trauma

is

not

the

precipitating

factor

(Siegfried,

2008). Post

Traumatic

Stress

Disorder

(PTSD): PTSD

is

a

primary

trauma

which

results

from

direct

exposure

to

the

traumatic

experience.

Secondary Traumatic Stress | The National Child Traumatic Stress Network Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Introduction
NCTSN Resources
 Secondary Traumatic Stress | The National Child Traumatic Stress Network
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Back to top
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary traumatic stress is the emotional duress that results when an individual hears about the firsthand trauma experiences of another. Each year more than 10 million children in the United States endure the trauma of abuse, violence, natural disasters, and other adverse events. These experiences can give rise to significant emotional and behavioral problems that can profoundly disrupt the children’s lives and bring them in contact with child-serving professionals. For therapists, child welfare workers, case managers, and other helping professionals involved in the care of traumatized children and their families, the essential act of listening to trauma stories may take an emotional toll that compromises professional functioning and diminishes quality of life. Individual and supervisory awareness of the effects of this indirect trauma exposure is a basic part of protecting the health of the worker and ensuring that children consistently receive the best possible care from those who are committed to helping them. Introduction
The development of secondary traumatic stress is recognized as a common occupational hazard for professionals working with traumatized children. view
NCTSN Resources
The following resources on Secondary Traumatic Stress were developed by the NCTSN. view

Secondary Traumatic Stress | The National Child Traumatic Stress Network

Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Introduction
NCTSN Resources

Secondary Traumatic Stress | The National Child Traumatic Stress Network
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Back to top
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary traumatic stress is the emotional duress that results when an individual hears about the firsthand trauma experiences of another. Each year more than 10 million children in the United States endure the trauma of abuse, violence, natural disasters, and other adverse events. These experiences can give rise to significant emotional and behavioral problems that can profoundly disrupt the children’s lives and bring them in contact with child-serving professionals. For therapists, child welfare workers, case managers, and other helping professionals involved in the care of traumatized children and their families, the essential act of listening to trauma stories may take an emotional toll that compromises professional functioning and diminishes quality of life. Individual and supervisory awareness of the effects of this indirect trauma exposure is a basic part of protecting the health of the worker and ensuring that children consistently receive the best possible care from those who are committed to helping them. Introduction
The development of secondary traumatic stress is recognized as a common occupational hazard for professionals working with traumatized children. view
NCTSN Resources
The following resources on Secondary Traumatic Stress were developed by the NCTSN. view

Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress - Tend Academy Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress
Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Vicarious Trauma? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
 Again, examples of this abound and vary based on the type of work that we do. Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) is a concept that was developed by trauma specialists Beth Stamm, Charles Figley and others in the early 1990s as they sought to understand why service providers seemed to be exhibiting symptoms similar to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) without having necessarily been exposed to direct trauma themselves. VT/STS can occur in professionals who work in high-stress and trauma-exposed fields (child abuse investigators, prosecutors, judges, therapists, health care professionals, animal shelter workers and many others) but it can also affect civilians who do not work in high-trauma fields but are deeply impacted by stories that they are exposed to (maybe graphic news accounts, a friend sharing details of a traumatic event they experienced, again, there are many examples of ways in which this may occur.) Direct trauma, in contrast, refers to a traumatic event that occurs directly to us. A paramedic who is called to a catastrophic car accident may have direct trauma as a result of what he/she sees at the crash site. The person in the car may also experience a direct trauma experience. Individuals who hear details of the crash after the fact, or see it on the news may have indirect trauma exposure as a result. Whether someone will develop serious negative consequences as a result of VT/STS exposure depends on many factors which will we discuss below. When you look through the literature, you may see these terms used interchangeably, and sometimes they are referred to as “Compassion Fatigue” or “Burnout”. At TEND, we believe that Compassion Fatigue and Burnout are related phenomenon but do not necessarily always co-occur.

Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress - Tend Academy

Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress
Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Vicarious Trauma? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?

Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
How is Compassion Fatigue Different?
12 Therapeutic Strategies for Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress
Self-Care is an Essential
 Sometimes the terms Secondary Traumatic Stress and Compassion Fatigue are used interchangeably. Some professionals agree however, that the two terms should be separated based on the severity and varying degrees of stress symptoms. This article is not meant to diagnose or treat symptoms. Please contact a licensed mental healthcare professional with concerns about diagnosis. What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? Secondary Traumatic Stress is a lasting or even recurring emotional anguish that results when an individual learns about the firsthand experiences of another person or animal’s traumatic experience. The experience of stress, trauma or an onset of PTSD symptoms can be triggered from: indirect exposure to traumatic material. empathetic engagement with someone who has been traumatized. repeated exposure to either of the above.

Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue

Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
How is Compassion Fatigue Different?
12 Therapeutic Strategies for Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress
Self-Care is an Essential

Sometimes the terms Secondary Traumatic Stress and Compassion Fatigue are used interchangeably. Some professionals agree however, that the two terms should be separated based on the severity and varying degrees of stress symptoms. This article is not meant to diagnose or treat symptoms. Please contact a licensed mental healthcare professional with concerns about diagnosis. What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? Secondary Traumatic Stress is a lasting or even recurring emotional anguish that results when an individual learns about the firsthand experiences of another person or animal’s traumatic experience. The experience of stress, trauma or an onset of PTSD symptoms can be triggered from: indirect exposure to traumatic material. empathetic engagement with someone who has been traumatized. repeated exposure to either of the above.

Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress - Tend Academy Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress
Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Vicarious Trauma? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
 This can occur by viewing graphic news reports, gruesome or frightening television shows and various other media, hearing a detailed traumatic story from another person, viewing crime scene evidence, working in a court room, attending a debriefing or a conference where disturbing images are described or shown, and many other ways in which we can be indirectly affected by the content or visuals of some other living creature’s suffering. The term Vicarious traumatization (VT) was coined by Pearlman & Saakvitne (1995) to describe the profound shift in world view that occurs in helping professionals when they work with individuals who have experienced trauma: helpers notice that their fundamental beliefs about the world are altered and possibly damaged by being repeatedly exposed to traumatic material. A domestic violence shelter worker may stop being able to believe that any relationship can be healthy. A child abuse investigator may lose trust in anyone who approaches their child. Again, examples of this abound and vary based on the type of work that we do. Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) is a concept that was developed by trauma specialists Beth Stamm, Charles Figley and others in the early 1990s as they sought to understand why service providers seemed to be exhibiting symptoms similar to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) without having necessarily been exposed to direct trauma themselves. VT/STS can occur in professionals who work in high-stress and trauma-exposed fields (child abuse investigators, prosecutors, judges, therapists, health care professionals, animal shelter workers and many others) but it can also affect civilians who do not work in high-trauma fields but are deeply impacted by stories that they are exposed to (maybe graphic news accounts, a friend sharing details of a traumatic event they experienced, again, there are many examples of ways in which this may occur.) Direct trauma, in contrast, refers to a traumatic event that occurs directly to us. A paramedic who is called to a catastrophic car accident may have direct trauma as a result of what he/she sees at the crash site.

Definitions Related to TBI – Traumatic Brain Injury Definitions Related to TBI
Definitions Related to TBI
Secondary Injury Includes:
Need Help? Get in Contact with an Advocate.
 Causes direct injury by impact and pushing skull fragments into the brain. Secondary Injury – swelling and release of chemicals that promote inflammation and cell injury or death. This causes swelling in the brain which may increase the intracranial pressure and prevent the cerebrospinal fluid from draining out of the skull. This causes further increase in pressure and brain damage. If this is not controlled or prevented the brain can herniate (push through) the base of the skull and cause respiratory failure and death. The only way to prevent the primary injury is to prevent the trauma. The prevention of this secondary injury is the focus of the acute medical care after injury. Secondary Injury Includes: Intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding inside the skull)
Brain swelling
Increased intracranial pressure (pressure inside the skull)
Brain damage associated with lack of oxygen
Infection inside the skull, common with penetrating trauma
Chemical changes leading to cell death
Increased fluid inside the skull (hydrocephalus)
Acquired Brain Injury– injuries other than congenital, birth trauma, hereditary or degenerative. This includes traumatic brain injury.

Definitions Related to TBI – Traumatic Brain Injury

Definitions Related to TBI
Definitions Related to TBI
Secondary Injury Includes:
Need Help? Get in Contact with an Advocate.

Causes direct injury by impact and pushing skull fragments into the brain. Secondary Injury – swelling and release of chemicals that promote inflammation and cell injury or death. This causes swelling in the brain which may increase the intracranial pressure and prevent the cerebrospinal fluid from draining out of the skull. This causes further increase in pressure and brain damage. If this is not controlled or prevented the brain can herniate (push through) the base of the skull and cause respiratory failure and death. The only way to prevent the primary injury is to prevent the trauma. The prevention of this secondary injury is the focus of the acute medical care after injury. Secondary Injury Includes: Intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding inside the skull)
Brain swelling
Increased intracranial pressure (pressure inside the skull)
Brain damage associated with lack of oxygen
Infection inside the skull, common with penetrating trauma
Chemical changes leading to cell death
Increased fluid inside the skull (hydrocephalus)
Acquired Brain Injury– injuries other than congenital, birth trauma, hereditary or degenerative. This includes traumatic brain injury.

Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
How is Compassion Fatigue Different?
12 Therapeutic Strategies for Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress
Self-Care is an Essential
 Secondary Traumatic Stress is a lasting or even recurring emotional anguish that results when an individual learns about the firsthand experiences of another person or animal’s traumatic experience. The experience of stress, trauma or an onset of PTSD symptoms can be triggered from: indirect exposure to traumatic material. empathetic engagement with someone who has been traumatized. repeated exposure to either of the above. Symptoms can also be triggered from exposure to violence in entertainment. For example, exposure to successive images of violence and victimization from incidents happening in the news media, and from experiencing traumatic scenes in TV shows, movies and videos. You do not have to be working in a particular industry to experience symptoms. However, the following people can potentially be at higher risk for developing them: Nurses, emergency hotline workers, child welfare workers, abuse counselors, animal welfare activists, journalists, photographers, Highly Sensitive Persons (HSP’s), energy healers, mediums and animal communicators and especially empaths.

Secondary Traumatic Stress is a lasting or even recurring emotional anguish that results when an individual learns about the firsthand experiences of another person or animal’s traumatic experience. The experience of stress, trauma or an onset of PTSD symptoms can be triggered from: indirect exposure to traumatic material. empathetic engagement with someone who has been traumatized. repeated exposure to either of the above. Symptoms can also be triggered from exposure to violence in entertainment. For example, exposure to successive images of violence and victimization from incidents happening in the news media, and from experiencing traumatic scenes in TV shows, movies and videos. You do not have to be working in a particular industry to experience symptoms. However, the following people can potentially be at higher risk for developing them: Nurses, emergency hotline workers, child welfare workers, abuse counselors, animal welfare activists, journalists, photographers, Highly Sensitive Persons (HSP’s), energy healers, mediums and animal communicators and especially empaths.

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
 Secondary trauma - Wikipedia
Secondary trauma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Secondary Trauma)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Secondary trauma can be incurred when an individual is exposed to people who have been traumatized themselves, disturbing descriptions of traumatic events by a survivor, or others inflicting cruelty on one another. Symptoms of secondary trauma are similar to those of PTSD (e.g. intrusive re-experiencing of the traumatic material, avoidance of trauma triggers /emotions, negative changes in beliefs and feelings and hyperarousal). Secondary trauma has been researched in first responders, nurses and physicians, mental health care workers, and children of traumatized parents. Contents
1 Affected populations
1.1 Mental health care workers/social workers
1.2 First responders
1.3 Nurses and physicians
1.4 Children of traumatized parents
2 Sex differences
3 Measurements
4 Interventions
5 Similar concepts
5.1 Compassion fatigue
5.2 Vicarious trauma
5.3 Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
5.4 Job burnout
6 References
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) impacts many individuals in the mental health field and as of 2013 the prevalence rates for STS amongst different professions is as follows: 15.2% among social workers, 16.3% in oncology staff, 19% in substance abuse counselors, 32.8% in emergency nurses, 34% in child protective services workers, and 39% in juvenile justice education workers There is a strong correlation between burnout and secondary traumatic stress among mental health care professionals who are indirectly exposed to trauma and there are a multitude of different risk factors that contribute to the likelihood of developing secondary traumatic stress amongst individuals who conduct therapy with trauma victims. Workers who have had a history of trauma are more likely to develop STS. Additionally, individuals who have less work support as well as less social support are at higher risk for developing STS. Lastly, as the number of patients seen by these workers increases, so do the chances of developing STS. Some of the protective factors for mental health care workers include years of experience in the profession, more time spent in self-care activities and high self-efficacy. First responders
Studies explain how secondary traumatic stress can negatively impact job performance in first responders which can lead to adverse outcomes not only for the first responders, but for the victims they seek to help.

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia

Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References

Secondary Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury: What to Expect Secondary Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury: What to Expect
Secondary Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury: What to Expect
Secondary Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury
Physical Effects
Cognitive & Perceptual Effects
Emotional Effects
Sensory Effects
Treatment of TBI Secondary Effects
Understanding Secondary Effects of TBI
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 To help you understand what to expect following a TBI, this article will go over some of the most common secondary effects. Secondary Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury
Secondary effects of TBI refer to conditions that occur as a result of the initial brain injury. Some complications may not develop until several months later while others will be present immediately. Fortunately, many of these effects are treatable, especially if you can catch them early. That’s why it’s essential to be aware of potential complications that may arise after a TBI and keep an eye out for early signs of them. Below, we’ll discuss the various secondary effects that may occur after TBI. All the links in this post contain in-depth information on each secondary effect of TBI. Physical Effects
The primary motor cortex controls most intentional physical movements. Therefore, some of the most common effects of traumatic brain injury are mobility impairments and specific movement disorders. Motor impairments after TBI occur because motor signals from the brain cannot reach the muscles.

Secondary Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury: What to Expect

Secondary Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury: What to Expect
Secondary Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury: What to Expect
Secondary Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury
Physical Effects
Cognitive & Perceptual Effects
Emotional Effects
Sensory Effects
Treatment of TBI Secondary Effects
Understanding Secondary Effects of TBI
Keep It Going: Download Our Stroke Recovery Ebook for Free
Get Inspired with This Stroke Survivor Story
Mom gets better every day!

To help you understand what to expect following a TBI, this article will go over some of the most common secondary effects. Secondary Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury
Secondary effects of TBI refer to conditions that occur as a result of the initial brain injury. Some complications may not develop until several months later while others will be present immediately. Fortunately, many of these effects are treatable, especially if you can catch them early. That’s why it’s essential to be aware of potential complications that may arise after a TBI and keep an eye out for early signs of them. Below, we’ll discuss the various secondary effects that may occur after TBI. All the links in this post contain in-depth information on each secondary effect of TBI. Physical Effects
The primary motor cortex controls most intentional physical movements. Therefore, some of the most common effects of traumatic brain injury are mobility impairments and specific movement disorders. Motor impairments after TBI occur because motor signals from the brain cannot reach the muscles.

Secondary Traumatic Stress | The Administration for Children and Families Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Common Compassion Fatigue Symptoms
Why Secondary Traumatic Stress is Important for Human Services Agencies
Relevant Interventions and Approaches
Individual Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Organizational Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Resources for Further Learning
References
 Secondary Traumatic Stress | The Administration for Children and Families
Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? Compassion fatigue, or secondary traumatic stress disorder, is a natural but disruptive by-product of working with traumatized clients. It is a set of observable reactions to working with people who have been traumatized and mirrors the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Osofsky, Putnam & Lederman, 2008; Figley, 1995). Many types of professionals, such as physicians, psychotherapists, human service workers and emergency workers, are vulnerable to developing this type of stress, though only a subset of such workers experience it. The symptoms of compassion fatigue may include feelings of isolation, anxiety, dissociation, physical ailments, and sleep disturbances. Additionally, compassion fatigue is associated with a sense of confusion, helplessness, and a greater sense of isolation from supporters than is seen with burnout. ( Figley, 1995, 2002). It is preventable and treatable, however, if unaddressed, the symptoms can result in problems with mental and physical health, strained personal relationships, and poor work performance Pryce, Shackelford, & Pryce, 2007). Evidence of compassion fatigue can be difficult to recognize in oneself or even in others.

Secondary Traumatic Stress | The Administration for Children and Families

Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Common Compassion Fatigue Symptoms
Why Secondary Traumatic Stress is Important for Human Services Agencies
Relevant Interventions and Approaches
Individual Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Organizational Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Resources for Further Learning
References

Secondary Traumatic Stress | The Administration for Children and Families
Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? Compassion fatigue, or secondary traumatic stress disorder, is a natural but disruptive by-product of working with traumatized clients. It is a set of observable reactions to working with people who have been traumatized and mirrors the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Osofsky, Putnam & Lederman, 2008; Figley, 1995). Many types of professionals, such as physicians, psychotherapists, human service workers and emergency workers, are vulnerable to developing this type of stress, though only a subset of such workers experience it. The symptoms of compassion fatigue may include feelings of isolation, anxiety, dissociation, physical ailments, and sleep disturbances. Additionally, compassion fatigue is associated with a sense of confusion, helplessness, and a greater sense of isolation from supporters than is seen with burnout. ( Figley, 1995, 2002). It is preventable and treatable, however, if unaddressed, the symptoms can result in problems with mental and physical health, strained personal relationships, and poor work performance Pryce, Shackelford, & Pryce, 2007). Evidence of compassion fatigue can be difficult to recognize in oneself or even in others.

Vicarious Victimization and Related Forms of Secondary Traumatization - Criminology - Oxford Bibliographies
by
Kelly E. Knight, Colter Ellis, Samuel T. Murphy, Heather Olson, Greer Wagner, Terra Dion, Rachel Gemar
LAST MODIFIED: 26 April 2018
DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780195396607-0242
Introduction
Definitions
How to Subscribe
 In Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators. 2d ed. Edited by B. H. Stamm, 3–28. Baltimore: Sidran. In this book chapter, Figley defines secondary traumatic stress as the behaviors and emotions that result from knowing about a significant other’s traumatic experience. Figley describes the context in which secondary traumatic stress can arise and contrasts it with other related concepts to help provide conceptual clarity. Figley, C. R. 2002. Compassion fatigue:

Vicarious Victimization and Related Forms of Secondary Traumatization - Criminology - Oxford Bibliographies

by
Kelly E. Knight, Colter Ellis, Samuel T. Murphy, Heather Olson, Greer Wagner, Terra Dion, Rachel Gemar
LAST MODIFIED: 26 April 2018
DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780195396607-0242
Introduction
Definitions
How to Subscribe

In Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators. 2d ed. Edited by B. H. Stamm, 3–28. Baltimore: Sidran. In this book chapter, Figley defines secondary traumatic stress as the behaviors and emotions that result from knowing about a significant other’s traumatic experience. Figley describes the context in which secondary traumatic stress can arise and contrasts it with other related concepts to help provide conceptual clarity. Figley, C. R. 2002. Compassion fatigue:

 Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

 The

symptoms

of

primary

and

secondary

trauma

can

be

similar

(Conrad). Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress: Secondary

Trauma

can

be

experienced

after

one

exposure

or

over

a

prolonged

period

of

time. Exposure

to

potentially

traumatic

sources

is

inherent

in

a

child

caseworker’s

job,

but

the

potential

for

STS

and

the

severity

of

symptoms

that

occur

can

be

mitigated. “Common

sources

of

secondary

trauma

in

social

workers

include: “Facing

the

death

of

a

child

or

adult

family

member

on

the

worker’s

caseload

Investigating

a

vicious

abuse/neglect

report

Frequent/chronic

exposure

to

emotional

and

detailed

accounts

by

children

of

traumatic

events

Photographic

images

of

horrific

injuries

or

scenes

of

a

recent

serious

injury

or

death

Continuing

work

with

families

in

which

serious

maltreatment,

domestic

violence,

or

sexual

abuse

is

occurring

Helping

support

grieving

family

members

following

a

child

abuse

death,

including

siblings

of

a

deceased

child”

(Siegfried,

2008). Statistics: In

a

study

done

among

child

protection

staff

in

Colorado,

approximately

50%

of

the

staff

was

found

to

be

suffering

from

“high

or

very

high

levels

of

compassion

fatigue,”

yet

70%

reported

“high

or

good

potential

for

compassion

satisfaction”

(DePanfilis,

2006). In

a

study

done

by

Bride

(2007),

“70.2%

of

workers

experienced

at

least

one

of

the

core

symptoms

of

STS

in

the

previous

week”

(Siegfried,

2008). How

to

recognize

it?

The

symptoms

of

primary

and

secondary

trauma

can

be

similar

(Conrad). Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress: Secondary

Trauma

can

be

experienced

after

one

exposure

or

over

a

prolonged

period

of

time. Exposure

to

potentially

traumatic

sources

is

inherent

in

a

child

caseworker’s

job,

but

the

potential

for

STS

and

the

severity

of

symptoms

that

occur

can

be

mitigated. “Common

sources

of

secondary

trauma

in

social

workers

include: “Facing

the

death

of

a

child

or

adult

family

member

on

the

worker’s

caseload

Investigating

a

vicious

abuse/neglect

report

Frequent/chronic

exposure

to

emotional

and

detailed

accounts

by

children

of

traumatic

events

Photographic

images

of

horrific

injuries

or

scenes

of

a

recent

serious

injury

or

death

Continuing

work

with

families

in

which

serious

maltreatment,

domestic

violence,

or

sexual

abuse

is

occurring

Helping

support

grieving

family

members

following

a

child

abuse

death,

including

siblings

of

a

deceased

child”

(Siegfried,

2008). Statistics: In

a

study

done

among

child

protection

staff

in

Colorado,

approximately

50%

of

the

staff

was

found

to

be

suffering

from

“high

or

very

high

levels

of

compassion

fatigue,”

yet

70%

reported

“high

or

good

potential

for

compassion

satisfaction”

(DePanfilis,

2006). In

a

study

done

by

Bride

(2007),

“70.2%

of

workers

experienced

at

least

one

of

the

core

symptoms

of

STS

in

the

previous

week”

(Siegfried,

2008). How

to

recognize

it?

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures) What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
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Jillian O Keeffe
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 Secondary PTSD may affect the close relatives of the individual who is suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Normally, PTSD or secondary PTSD diagnoses require the person to display serious psychological symptoms. These symptoms are usually severe enough to affect the person's normal way of living and interacting with others. Secondary PTSD, however, is not as well recognized as PTSD, and the diagnosis may also go by other names. Examples of these include secondary trauma, compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma. Military personnel are prone to developing secondary PTSD. Those who may experience secondary PTSD are those people who suffer emotionally through exposure to a traumatized person. Families and friends of some military veterans are one such group, as they have to deal both with the trauma their loved one went through, and the resultant stress of living with the person and trying to help. People who come into contact with PTSD sufferers through their work can also develop secondary trauma as a result. These include nurses, doctors and psychiatric personnel, who help the traumatized people after the event, and who may, over time, be exposed to many different people with PTSD.

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
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Jillian O Keeffe
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Secondary PTSD may affect the close relatives of the individual who is suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Normally, PTSD or secondary PTSD diagnoses require the person to display serious psychological symptoms. These symptoms are usually severe enough to affect the person's normal way of living and interacting with others. Secondary PTSD, however, is not as well recognized as PTSD, and the diagnosis may also go by other names. Examples of these include secondary trauma, compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma. Military personnel are prone to developing secondary PTSD. Those who may experience secondary PTSD are those people who suffer emotionally through exposure to a traumatized person. Families and friends of some military veterans are one such group, as they have to deal both with the trauma their loved one went through, and the resultant stress of living with the person and trying to help. People who come into contact with PTSD sufferers through their work can also develop secondary trauma as a result. These include nurses, doctors and psychiatric personnel, who help the traumatized people after the event, and who may, over time, be exposed to many different people with PTSD.

The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators — Page 2 of 3 — TTT4U The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators
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Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Managing Secondary Traumatic Stress
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 The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators — Page 2 of 3 — TTT4U
The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators
Secondary traumatic stress is not uncommon for educators who work with traumatized children. Teachers, principals, and school staff members who deal with these children develop their own symptoms of traumatic stress. This is called secondary traumatic stress (STS). Other names for secondary traumatic stress are compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma. Per The National Child Traumatic Stress Network, secondary traumatic stress is the emotional duress that results when an individual hears about the first-hand trauma experiences of another. Most don’t know that about half of American school children suffer or experienced some form of trauma from abuse, neglect, or violence. This statistic crosses ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic lines. In response to the shock, educators take on the role of counselor or social worker to support the emotional healing of the students. Teachers are trained to help the academic growth of students, not necessarily their social-emotional needs. If we want success for our students and good health and success for our educators, we must begin to acknowledge the effects of secondary traumatic stress on our staff members.

The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators — Page 2 of 3 — TTT4U

The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators
The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators
Risk Factors and Causes
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Managing Secondary Traumatic Stress
Blog Posts
Archives

The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators — Page 2 of 3 — TTT4U
The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators
Secondary traumatic stress is not uncommon for educators who work with traumatized children. Teachers, principals, and school staff members who deal with these children develop their own symptoms of traumatic stress. This is called secondary traumatic stress (STS). Other names for secondary traumatic stress are compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma. Per The National Child Traumatic Stress Network, secondary traumatic stress is the emotional duress that results when an individual hears about the first-hand trauma experiences of another. Most don’t know that about half of American school children suffer or experienced some form of trauma from abuse, neglect, or violence. This statistic crosses ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic lines. In response to the shock, educators take on the role of counselor or social worker to support the emotional healing of the students. Teachers are trained to help the academic growth of students, not necessarily their social-emotional needs. If we want success for our students and good health and success for our educators, we must begin to acknowledge the effects of secondary traumatic stress on our staff members.

Secondary Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury: What to Expect Secondary Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury: What to Expect
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Secondary Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury
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Cognitive & Perceptual Effects
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Sensory Effects
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 Secondary Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury: What to Expect
Home » Neurological Recovery Blog » Traumatic Brain Injury » Secondary Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury: What to Expect
Secondary Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury: What to Expect
Last updated on May 21, 2021
Depending on the location and severity of one’s traumatic brain injury (TBI), individuals may experience a wide variety of secondary effects. Because no two brain injuries are exactly the same, each person experiences TBI and its effects differently. To help you understand what to expect following a TBI, this article will go over some of the most common secondary effects. Secondary Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury
Secondary effects of TBI refer to conditions that occur as a result of the initial brain injury. Some complications may not develop until several months later while others will be present immediately. Fortunately, many of these effects are treatable, especially if you can catch them early. That’s why it’s essential to be aware of potential complications that may arise after a TBI and keep an eye out for early signs of them.

Secondary Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury: What to Expect
Home » Neurological Recovery Blog » Traumatic Brain Injury » Secondary Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury: What to Expect
Secondary Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury: What to Expect
Last updated on May 21, 2021
Depending on the location and severity of one’s traumatic brain injury (TBI), individuals may experience a wide variety of secondary effects. Because no two brain injuries are exactly the same, each person experiences TBI and its effects differently. To help you understand what to expect following a TBI, this article will go over some of the most common secondary effects. Secondary Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury
Secondary effects of TBI refer to conditions that occur as a result of the initial brain injury. Some complications may not develop until several months later while others will be present immediately. Fortunately, many of these effects are treatable, especially if you can catch them early. That’s why it’s essential to be aware of potential complications that may arise after a TBI and keep an eye out for early signs of them.

 Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

 Burnout: Although

burnout

has

many

of

the

same

causes

and

symptoms

of

secondary

trauma,

burnout

results

from

long

term

non-supportive

work

environments. It

differs

from

secondary

trauma

in

that

exposure

to

clients’

trauma

is

not

the

precipitating

factor

(Siegfried,

2008). Post

Traumatic

Stress

Disorder

(PTSD): PTSD

is

a

primary

trauma

which

results

from

direct

exposure

to

the

traumatic

experience. The

symptoms

of

primary

and

secondary

trauma

can

be

similar

(Conrad). Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress: Secondary

Trauma

can

be

experienced

after

one

exposure

or

over

a

prolonged

period

of

time. Exposure

to

potentially

traumatic

sources

is

inherent

in

a

child

caseworker’s

job,

but

the

potential

for

STS

and

the

severity

of

symptoms

that

occur

can

be

mitigated. “Common

sources

of

secondary

trauma

in

social

workers

include:

Burnout: Although

burnout

has

many

of

the

same

causes

and

symptoms

of

secondary

trauma,

burnout

results

from

long

term

non-supportive

work

environments. It

differs

from

secondary

trauma

in

that

exposure

to

clients’

trauma

is

not

the

precipitating

factor

(Siegfried,

2008). Post

Traumatic

Stress

Disorder

(PTSD): PTSD

is

a

primary

trauma

which

results

from

direct

exposure

to

the

traumatic

experience. The

symptoms

of

primary

and

secondary

trauma

can

be

similar

(Conrad). Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress: Secondary

Trauma

can

be

experienced

after

one

exposure

or

over

a

prolonged

period

of

time. Exposure

to

potentially

traumatic

sources

is

inherent

in

a

child

caseworker’s

job,

but

the

potential

for

STS

and

the

severity

of

symptoms

that

occur

can

be

mitigated. “Common

sources

of

secondary

trauma

in

social

workers

include:

The Impact of Second-Hand Trauma The Impact of Second-Hand Trauma
The Impact of Second-Hand Trauma
Treatment for Second-Hand Trauma:
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
Seek Professional Help
 The Impact of Second-Hand Trauma
The Impact of Second-Hand Trauma
July 6, 2016 by Susan Daniel
These days, there seems to be no escaping disturbing news coverage of shocking events around our nation. With increasing reports of mass shootings on school campuses, in movie theaters, and most recently, the Pulse Nightclub in Orlando, these tragedies not only affect the families and friends of the victims, first responders, hospital workers, and law enforcement, but also the general public who are reliving these horrific incidents vicariously through the media. Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) is a genuine disorder that affects individuals who did not witness the traumatic event first-hand, but was exposed to it in other ways such as their profession (clergy, counselor, emergency personnel, etc.), familiarity with someone who was impacted, or repeated exposure through the media. The symptoms are comparable to those of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) or other trauma disorders that may include: Agitation or irritability
Confusion
Intense fear
Hypervigilant
Angry outbursts
Sad or depressed
Feelings of guilt or hopelessness
Nightmares or sleeplessness
Constantly worried about death
Unable to focus or concentrate
Avoidance of public places
Chronic illness (i.e. headaches, stomach pain)
Socially withdrawn or dissociated
Insensitive to violence
Treatment for Second-Hand Trauma: Knowing and understanding that second-hand trauma is a real disorder that can affect daily lives is the first step to recovery. The second step is connecting with a qualified therapist who can provide counseling along with a treatment plan to bring balance back into everyday living. With treatment, symptoms can go away as early as a few weeks. However, without counseling the symptoms can last for months or years, and morph into other types of disorders and behaviors that may include the abuse of drugs or alcohol.

The Impact of Second-Hand Trauma

The Impact of Second-Hand Trauma
The Impact of Second-Hand Trauma
Treatment for Second-Hand Trauma:
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
Seek Professional Help

 Vicarious trauma can be described as a cumulative ‘negative transformation’ that impacts the physical and mental health of a healthcare worker, permeating all aspects of work and home life. It builds up over time, intruding on everyday life, and has the potential to drastically alter an individual’s character and belief systems (The Lookout 2017; Dragon 2019). Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary trauma is the development of PTSD-like symptoms without directly witnessing or having being involved in a traumatic event. In healthcare, the traumatising event of a patient can become a traumatising event for the healthcare worker (Sudden 2019). Unlike vicarious trauma, which accumulates over time, secondary trauma can occur unexpectedly and suddenly (Sudden 2019). Secondary trauma is the sometimes sudden development of PTSD-like symptoms without directly witnessing or having being involved in a traumatic event. Compassion Fatigue
Compassion fatigue is a type of indirect trauma specific to healthcare professionals, caused by the emotional ‘residue’ of working with those who have experienced trauma. It may cause emotional exhaustion and lack of empathy towards clients (Sudden 2019; AIS 2017).

Vicarious trauma can be described as a cumulative ‘negative transformation’ that impacts the physical and mental health of a healthcare worker, permeating all aspects of work and home life. It builds up over time, intruding on everyday life, and has the potential to drastically alter an individual’s character and belief systems (The Lookout 2017; Dragon 2019). Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary trauma is the development of PTSD-like symptoms without directly witnessing or having being involved in a traumatic event. In healthcare, the traumatising event of a patient can become a traumatising event for the healthcare worker (Sudden 2019). Unlike vicarious trauma, which accumulates over time, secondary trauma can occur unexpectedly and suddenly (Sudden 2019). Secondary trauma is the sometimes sudden development of PTSD-like symptoms without directly witnessing or having being involved in a traumatic event. Compassion Fatigue
Compassion fatigue is a type of indirect trauma specific to healthcare professionals, caused by the emotional ‘residue’ of working with those who have experienced trauma. It may cause emotional exhaustion and lack of empathy towards clients (Sudden 2019; AIS 2017).

What is Head Trauma? What is Head Trauma?
What is Head Trauma?
Closed or open injury
Closed injury
Open injury
Concussion
Primary or secondary lesion
Primary injury
Secondary injury
Head trauma severity
Mild injury
Severe head injury
References
Further Reading
Sally Robertson
 Primary injury
Primary injury is an injury that occurs as a direct result of the initial head trauma. Examples of primary injury include contusion (bruising or hematoma), vascular damage, and axonal shearing (torn and stretched nerve axons). Primary injury can damage the blood–brain barrier and meninges and lead to neuronal death, which may occur in a random manner. Different brain areas may sustain different levels of damage depending on their sensitivity to mechanical loading. Two main causes of primary injury are a blow to the head received by an object and the brain hitting against the inside of the skull. Secondary injury
A secondary injury is one that is not mechanically induced but occurs as a result of the primary injury causing complications such as inadequate blood flow in the brain (ischemia), reduced availability of oxygen (hypoxia) in the brain, low blood pressure, increased intracranial pressure (pressure inside the skull), or swelling in the brain (cerebral edema). Other causes of secondary injury include meningitis, brain abscess, increased carbon dioxide levels, free radical damage, and acidosis. Head trauma severity
Head trauma is also classified according to how mild or severe it is, which affects how the injury is managed. Mild injury
Mild head injuries are common amongst all age groups. Symptoms are usually short-lived, with no permanent damage caused.

What is Head Trauma?

What is Head Trauma?
What is Head Trauma?
Closed or open injury
Closed injury
Open injury
Concussion
Primary or secondary lesion
Primary injury
Secondary injury
Head trauma severity
Mild injury
Severe head injury
References
Further Reading
Sally Robertson

Primary injury
Primary injury is an injury that occurs as a direct result of the initial head trauma. Examples of primary injury include contusion (bruising or hematoma), vascular damage, and axonal shearing (torn and stretched nerve axons). Primary injury can damage the blood–brain barrier and meninges and lead to neuronal death, which may occur in a random manner. Different brain areas may sustain different levels of damage depending on their sensitivity to mechanical loading. Two main causes of primary injury are a blow to the head received by an object and the brain hitting against the inside of the skull. Secondary injury
A secondary injury is one that is not mechanically induced but occurs as a result of the primary injury causing complications such as inadequate blood flow in the brain (ischemia), reduced availability of oxygen (hypoxia) in the brain, low blood pressure, increased intracranial pressure (pressure inside the skull), or swelling in the brain (cerebral edema). Other causes of secondary injury include meningitis, brain abscess, increased carbon dioxide levels, free radical damage, and acidosis. Head trauma severity
Head trauma is also classified according to how mild or severe it is, which affects how the injury is managed. Mild injury
Mild head injuries are common amongst all age groups. Symptoms are usually short-lived, with no permanent damage caused.

Primary and secondary brain injury - Wikipedia Primary and secondary brain injury
Primary and secondary brain injury
Contents
Primary
Secondary
Prevention
See also
References
 Thus some tissues may experience more force and be more injured in the primary injury. The primary injury leads to the secondary injury. Secondary
Secondary injury is an indirect result of the injury. It results from processes initiated by the trauma. It occurs in the hours and days following the primary injury and plays a large role in the brain damage and death that results from TBI. Unlike in most forms of trauma a large percentage of the people killed by brain trauma do not die right away but rather days to weeks after the event. In addition, rather than improving after being hospitalized as most patients with other types of injuries do, about 40% of people with TBI deteriorate. This is often a result of secondary injury, which can damage neurons that were unharmed in the primary injury. It occurs after a variety of brain injury including subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, and traumatic brain injury and involves metabolic cascades. Secondary injury can result from complications of the injury.

Primary and secondary brain injury - Wikipedia

Primary and secondary brain injury
Primary and secondary brain injury
Contents
Primary
Secondary
Prevention
See also
References

Thus some tissues may experience more force and be more injured in the primary injury. The primary injury leads to the secondary injury. Secondary
Secondary injury is an indirect result of the injury. It results from processes initiated by the trauma. It occurs in the hours and days following the primary injury and plays a large role in the brain damage and death that results from TBI. Unlike in most forms of trauma a large percentage of the people killed by brain trauma do not die right away but rather days to weeks after the event. In addition, rather than improving after being hospitalized as most patients with other types of injuries do, about 40% of people with TBI deteriorate. This is often a result of secondary injury, which can damage neurons that were unharmed in the primary injury. It occurs after a variety of brain injury including subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, and traumatic brain injury and involves metabolic cascades. Secondary injury can result from complications of the injury.

Vicarious Victimization and Related Forms of Secondary Traumatization - Criminology - Oxford Bibliographies
by
Kelly E. Knight, Colter Ellis, Samuel T. Murphy, Heather Olson, Greer Wagner, Terra Dion, Rachel Gemar
LAST MODIFIED: 26 April 2018
DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780195396607-0242
Introduction
Definitions
How to Subscribe
 Sidran. In this book chapter, Figley defines secondary traumatic stress as the behaviors and emotions that result from knowing about a significant other’s traumatic experience. Figley describes the context in which secondary traumatic stress can arise and contrasts it with other related concepts to help provide conceptual clarity. Figley, C. R. 2002. Compassion fatigue: Psychotherapists’ chronic lack of self care. Journal of Clinical Psychology 58.11: 1433–1441. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.10090
In this essay, Figley defines compassion fatigue as a state of tension and preoccupation associated with traumatized patients and discusses an etiological model linking empathetic ability and compassion fatigue.

Sidran. In this book chapter, Figley defines secondary traumatic stress as the behaviors and emotions that result from knowing about a significant other’s traumatic experience. Figley describes the context in which secondary traumatic stress can arise and contrasts it with other related concepts to help provide conceptual clarity. Figley, C. R. 2002. Compassion fatigue: Psychotherapists’ chronic lack of self care. Journal of Clinical Psychology 58.11: 1433–1441. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.10090
In this essay, Figley defines compassion fatigue as a state of tension and preoccupation associated with traumatized patients and discusses an etiological model linking empathetic ability and compassion fatigue.

How Social Workers Can Prioritize Self-Care in High-Stress Working Environments | USC Social Work How Social Workers Can Prioritize Self-Care in High-Stress Working Environments
News & Events
How Social Workers Can Prioritize Self-Care in High-Stress Working Environments
Understanding secondary trauma
Understanding burnout
Guidelines for practicing effective self-care
1. Practice self-awareness
2. Divide the mission of self-care into categories
3. Create a detailed self-care plan
4. Stay accountable
Creating increased awareness about the stress of social work
 Understanding secondary trauma
“Among the most common negative mental health effects of dealing with others’ trauma every day is secondary trauma,” said Hydon, whose expertise in secondary traumatic stress has informed research and intervention strategies for K-12 teachers across Los Angeles County. Secondary trauma, also referred to as vicarious trauma or compassion fatigue, is the indirect exposure to trauma through the reception of a firsthand account of another’s traumatic experience. According to the American Counseling Association, care providers may experience secondary trauma as a result of becoming “witnesses to the pain, fear, and terror that trauma survivors have endured.” This phenomenon can lead to a symptomology comparable to that of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including reexperiencing, hyperarousal and avoidance. Clinicians who have experienced secondary trauma may find themselves unable to stop thinking about a certain client’s traumatic past, or alternatively, may find themselves purposefully avoiding the subject or even feeling numb toward it. While there is a lack of consensus in the psychological community as to whether secondary traumatic stress can be fully pathologized or should be understood solely as a reaction, a small percentage of clinicians do develop fully diagnosable PTSD as a result of their work. Understanding burnout
Conversely, Hydon said, “burnout occurs over time, rather than in response to a singular narrative or experience.” According to the Mayo Clinic, work-related burnout is “a state of physical or emotional exhaustion that also involves a sense of reduced accomplishment and loss of personal identity.” Changes in somatic and behavioral functioning may also occur as a result of burnout, says Christina Maslach, a pioneering researcher of the phenomenon and creator of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (a scale for measuring burnout levels). As research published in the Journal of Mental Health points out, even within service-focused roles, social workers may experience higher levels of stress and burnout than those in comparable occupational jobs.

How Social Workers Can Prioritize Self-Care in High-Stress Working Environments | USC Social Work

How Social Workers Can Prioritize Self-Care in High-Stress Working Environments
News & Events
How Social Workers Can Prioritize Self-Care in High-Stress Working Environments
Understanding secondary trauma
Understanding burnout
Guidelines for practicing effective self-care
1. Practice self-awareness
2. Divide the mission of self-care into categories
3. Create a detailed self-care plan
4. Stay accountable
Creating increased awareness about the stress of social work

Preventing Retraumatization: A Macro Social Work Approach to Trauma-Informed Practices & Policies - SocialWorker.com Preventing Retraumatization: A Macro Social Work Approach to Trauma-Informed Practices & Policies
Preventing Retraumatization: A Macro Social Work Approach to Trauma-Informed Practices & Policies
by Patricia Shelly, MSW, Shelley Hitzel, MSW, and Karen Zgoda, MSW, LCSW
Defining Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) and Retraumatization
How Systems Can Be Traumatizing
Elements in Building Systems To Prevent Retraumatization
Specific Examples of Trauma-Informed Policy by Area:
Tags
 All social workers and other professionals who work with people who have experienced trauma are at risk of being personally affected by that trauma. Secondary traumatic stress (STS) -- sometimes called compassion fatigue -- and retraumatization are common among helping professionals. We typically think about how to avoid retraumatizing our clients. But what about considering a trauma-informed approach to the systems in which we work? How can we build system-wide policies and practices that minimize retraumatization? For social work practice and systems policy-setting, we propose a macro approach to preventing re-traumatization. Defining Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) and Retraumatization
Secondary traumatic stress can follow exposure to another’s experience of trauma, resulting in emotional distress and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is as if we take in a portion of the trauma that the other has survived. Unlike burnout, which is a gradual process, STS can result from a single exposure to another’s trauma. Retraumatization is a conscious or unconscious reminder of past trauma that results in a re-experiencing of the initial trauma event.

Preventing Retraumatization: A Macro Social Work Approach to Trauma-Informed Practices & Policies - SocialWorker.com

Preventing Retraumatization: A Macro Social Work Approach to Trauma-Informed Practices & Policies
Preventing Retraumatization: A Macro Social Work Approach to Trauma-Informed Practices & Policies
by Patricia Shelly, MSW, Shelley Hitzel, MSW, and Karen Zgoda, MSW, LCSW
Defining Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) and Retraumatization
How Systems Can Be Traumatizing
Elements in Building Systems To Prevent Retraumatization
Specific Examples of Trauma-Informed Policy by Area:
Tags

All social workers and other professionals who work with people who have experienced trauma are at risk of being personally affected by that trauma. Secondary traumatic stress (STS) -- sometimes called compassion fatigue -- and retraumatization are common among helping professionals. We typically think about how to avoid retraumatizing our clients. But what about considering a trauma-informed approach to the systems in which we work? How can we build system-wide policies and practices that minimize retraumatization? For social work practice and systems policy-setting, we propose a macro approach to preventing re-traumatization. Defining Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) and Retraumatization
Secondary traumatic stress can follow exposure to another’s experience of trauma, resulting in emotional distress and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is as if we take in a portion of the trauma that the other has survived. Unlike burnout, which is a gradual process, STS can result from a single exposure to another’s trauma. Retraumatization is a conscious or unconscious reminder of past trauma that results in a re-experiencing of the initial trauma event.

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures) What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
Join the Community
Jillian O Keeffe
📦Amazon Doesn't Want You to Know About This Plugin
 February 20, 2021
Secondary PTSD often occurs after a traumatic event. Post- traumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that can arise after a person has been through a traumatic experience. Symptoms include emotional detachment from normal life and an abnormal sense of fear or alertness. Often, those in familiar contact with people suffering from PTSD become stressed from the actions or the knowledge of the person's trauma. Sometimes, if the family, friends or health-care workers involved with this person become seriously emotionally altered by the situation, they too can suffer from PTSD symptoms, in a related condition known as secondary PTSD. Secondary PTSD may affect the close relatives of the individual who is suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Normally, PTSD or secondary PTSD diagnoses require the person to display serious psychological symptoms. These symptoms are usually severe enough to affect the person's normal way of living and interacting with others. Secondary PTSD, however, is not as well recognized as PTSD, and the diagnosis may also go by other names. Examples of these include secondary trauma, compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma.

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)

February 20, 2021
Secondary PTSD often occurs after a traumatic event. Post- traumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that can arise after a person has been through a traumatic experience. Symptoms include emotional detachment from normal life and an abnormal sense of fear or alertness. Often, those in familiar contact with people suffering from PTSD become stressed from the actions or the knowledge of the person's trauma. Sometimes, if the family, friends or health-care workers involved with this person become seriously emotionally altered by the situation, they too can suffer from PTSD symptoms, in a related condition known as secondary PTSD. Secondary PTSD may affect the close relatives of the individual who is suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Normally, PTSD or secondary PTSD diagnoses require the person to display serious psychological symptoms. These symptoms are usually severe enough to affect the person's normal way of living and interacting with others. Secondary PTSD, however, is not as well recognized as PTSD, and the diagnosis may also go by other names. Examples of these include secondary trauma, compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma.

Secondary Traumatic Stress - Child Welfare Information Gateway Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Spotlight on Secondary Trauma and Professionals’ Well-Being
Episode 4: Secondary Traumatic Stress [Podcast]
 Secondary Traumatic Stress - Child Welfare Information Gateway
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Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary traumatic stress (STS) can occur when a professional experiences high stress or symptoms of trauma when working with people who have experienced trauma that mimic posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. People with careers in the helping professions, like child welfare workers and child welfare-related professionals, are particularly vulnerable to experiencing STS. The following resources provide further understanding of what STS is, its impact, how to identify symptoms, and how it can be prevented and mitigated on an individual and organizational level. The Cost of Caring: Secondary Traumatic Stress and the Impact of Working With High-Risk Children and Families (PDF - 894 KB)
Perry (2014)
ChildTrauma Academy
Presents an overview of secondary traumatic stress and teaches child welfare workers, as well as leaders, approaches and strategies to decrease risk and prepare for intervention of secondary traumatic stress. The resource utilizes case examples to describe secondary trauma and breaks down the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder that secondary traumatic stress can mimic. Reducing Burnout, Enhancing Resilience & Caring for Self/Others in Child Death Review (PDF - 866 KB) [Presentation Slides]
Klomp (2018)
National Center for Fatality Review and Prevention at the National Child Death Review Conference
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Discusses the impact of witnessing and hearing about trauma in the context of child death reviews and the importance of resilience and self-care. Various types of stressors and the human response to them are discussed. Additional resources are also provided. The Relationship Between Vicarious Trauma and Turnover Among Child Welfare Professionals (PDF - 526 KB)
Middleton & Potter (2015)
Journal of Public Child Welfare, 9 (2)
Explores the relationship between child welfare workers experiencing vicarious trauma and their intent to leave their job.

Secondary Traumatic Stress - Child Welfare Information Gateway

Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Spotlight on Secondary Trauma and Professionals’ Well-Being
Episode 4: Secondary Traumatic Stress [Podcast]

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
 Thoughts and impressions, 4. Emotional reactions, 5. Normalization, 6. Future planning/coping and 7. Disengagement. This has been shown by multiple studies to have damaging effects on the survivors and actually exacerbates the trauma symptoms present. CISM is another one session exposure-based intervention aimed at reducing distress by having the client recall and explain the traumatic event but has a follow up component. CISM consists of 3 phases: 1. Pre-trauma training, 2.

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia

Thoughts and impressions, 4. Emotional reactions, 5. Normalization, 6. Future planning/coping and 7. Disengagement. This has been shown by multiple studies to have damaging effects on the survivors and actually exacerbates the trauma symptoms present. CISM is another one session exposure-based intervention aimed at reducing distress by having the client recall and explain the traumatic event but has a follow up component. CISM consists of 3 phases: 1. Pre-trauma training, 2.

Spinal Cord Injury's Secondary Injury Cascade Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury's Secondary Injury Cascade
Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury's Secondary Injury Cascade
The secondary injury cascade is a series of changes that begin within just a few hours after the SCI and may continue months past the initial injury.
Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Primary and Secondary Injuries
Acute Injury Phase
Subacute Injury Phase
Intermediate-Chronic Injury Phase
Current Research Supports the Spine’s Ability to Self-Heal
 Spinal Cord Injury's Secondary Injury Cascade
Conditions › Spinal Cord Injury › Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury's Secondary Injury Cascade
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Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury's Secondary Injury Cascade
The secondary injury cascade is a series of changes that begin within just a few hours after the SCI and may continue months past the initial injury. Written by Michael G. Fehlings, MD, PhD, FRCSC, FACS
If you’ve endured a traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), the damage to your spine can continue and evolve long past the initial injury. This is because traumatic SCI produces 2 types of injuries: primary and secondary. The primary injury is caused by the initial traumatic event, and the secondary injury is created by a series of biological and functional changes. Your doctor may refer to the later changes as the secondary injury cascade. Emergency medical technicians protect the injured person’s spinal cord by stabilizing the neck with a cervical brace and transporting them on a backboard. Photo Source: 123RF.com. Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury:

Spinal Cord Injury's Secondary Injury Cascade

Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury's Secondary Injury Cascade
Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury's Secondary Injury Cascade
The secondary injury cascade is a series of changes that begin within just a few hours after the SCI and may continue months past the initial injury.
Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Primary and Secondary Injuries
Acute Injury Phase
Subacute Injury Phase
Intermediate-Chronic Injury Phase
Current Research Supports the Spine’s Ability to Self-Heal

Spinal Cord Injury's Secondary Injury Cascade
Conditions › Spinal Cord Injury › Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury's Secondary Injury Cascade
Email
Print
Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury's Secondary Injury Cascade
The secondary injury cascade is a series of changes that begin within just a few hours after the SCI and may continue months past the initial injury. Written by Michael G. Fehlings, MD, PhD, FRCSC, FACS
If you’ve endured a traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), the damage to your spine can continue and evolve long past the initial injury. This is because traumatic SCI produces 2 types of injuries: primary and secondary. The primary injury is caused by the initial traumatic event, and the secondary injury is created by a series of biological and functional changes. Your doctor may refer to the later changes as the secondary injury cascade. Emergency medical technicians protect the injured person’s spinal cord by stabilizing the neck with a cervical brace and transporting them on a backboard. Photo Source: 123RF.com. Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury:

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
 The facilitator then provides education on the reasons for the symptoms and processes of trauma in a safe environment. The seven-phase debriefing technique includes: 1. Introduction, 2. Expectations and facts, 3. Thoughts and impressions, 4. Emotional reactions, 5. Normalization, 6. Future planning/coping and 7. Disengagement.

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia

The facilitator then provides education on the reasons for the symptoms and processes of trauma in a safe environment. The seven-phase debriefing technique includes: 1. Introduction, 2. Expectations and facts, 3. Thoughts and impressions, 4. Emotional reactions, 5. Normalization, 6. Future planning/coping and 7. Disengagement.

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures) What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
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 What Is Secondary PTSD? ( with pictures)
What Is Secondary PTSD? ( with pictures)
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Last Modified Date: February 20, 2021
Jillian O Keeffe
Date: February 20, 2021
Secondary PTSD often occurs after a traumatic event. Post- traumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that can arise after a person has been through a traumatic experience. Symptoms include emotional detachment from normal life and an abnormal sense of fear or alertness. Often, those in familiar contact with people suffering from PTSD become stressed from the actions or the knowledge of the person's trauma. Sometimes, if the family, friends or health-care workers involved with this person become seriously emotionally altered by the situation, they too can suffer from PTSD symptoms, in a related condition known as secondary PTSD.

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)

What Is Secondary PTSD? ( with pictures)
What Is Secondary PTSD? ( with pictures)
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Last Modified Date: February 20, 2021
Jillian O Keeffe
Date: February 20, 2021
Secondary PTSD often occurs after a traumatic event. Post- traumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that can arise after a person has been through a traumatic experience. Symptoms include emotional detachment from normal life and an abnormal sense of fear or alertness. Often, those in familiar contact with people suffering from PTSD become stressed from the actions or the knowledge of the person's trauma. Sometimes, if the family, friends or health-care workers involved with this person become seriously emotionally altered by the situation, they too can suffer from PTSD symptoms, in a related condition known as secondary PTSD.

 Although there is some discrepancy in the definitions, and these feelings may co-exist, it is important to be able to differentiate between the terms (Blue Knot Foundation 2018). This will help how we identify, respond and prevent the emotional impact of stress and trauma at work. Vicarious Trauma
Vicarious trauma occurs from repeated exposure to other people’s trauma. Over time, workers begin to mirror the bio-psychosocial effects shown by the victims of trauma (Tabor 2011; The Lookout 2017). Vicarious trauma can be described as a cumulative ‘negative transformation’ that impacts the physical and mental health of a healthcare worker, permeating all aspects of work and home life. It builds up over time, intruding on everyday life, and has the potential to drastically alter an individual’s character and belief systems (The Lookout 2017; Dragon 2019). Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary trauma is the development of PTSD-like symptoms without directly witnessing or having being involved in a traumatic event. In healthcare, the traumatising event of a patient can become a traumatising event for the healthcare worker (Sudden 2019).

Although there is some discrepancy in the definitions, and these feelings may co-exist, it is important to be able to differentiate between the terms (Blue Knot Foundation 2018). This will help how we identify, respond and prevent the emotional impact of stress and trauma at work. Vicarious Trauma
Vicarious trauma occurs from repeated exposure to other people’s trauma. Over time, workers begin to mirror the bio-psychosocial effects shown by the victims of trauma (Tabor 2011; The Lookout 2017). Vicarious trauma can be described as a cumulative ‘negative transformation’ that impacts the physical and mental health of a healthcare worker, permeating all aspects of work and home life. It builds up over time, intruding on everyday life, and has the potential to drastically alter an individual’s character and belief systems (The Lookout 2017; Dragon 2019). Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary trauma is the development of PTSD-like symptoms without directly witnessing or having being involved in a traumatic event. In healthcare, the traumatising event of a patient can become a traumatising event for the healthcare worker (Sudden 2019).

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures) What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
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 Psychiatric diagnoses need specific symptoms and conditions to be present for the correct diagnosis and therefore the correct treatment. Although the use of the term "secondary PTSD" may be in common use for people who are suffering from psychological problems due to the trauma of a loved one or client, it may not always be an accurate diagnosis. Often, similar diagnoses such as "caretaker stress" display some of the same symptoms but requires different modes of treatment. 📦Amazon Doesn't Want You to Know About This Plugin
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Secondary PTSD often occurs after a traumatic event. Secondary PTSD may affect the close relatives of the individual who is suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Military personnel are prone to developing secondary PTSD.

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)

Psychiatric diagnoses need specific symptoms and conditions to be present for the correct diagnosis and therefore the correct treatment. Although the use of the term "secondary PTSD" may be in common use for people who are suffering from psychological problems due to the trauma of a loved one or client, it may not always be an accurate diagnosis. Often, similar diagnoses such as "caretaker stress" display some of the same symptoms but requires different modes of treatment. 📦Amazon Doesn't Want You to Know About This Plugin
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Secondary PTSD often occurs after a traumatic event. Secondary PTSD may affect the close relatives of the individual who is suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Military personnel are prone to developing secondary PTSD.

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
 Similar concepts
Secondary trauma is often used interchangeably with several terms that have similar meanings including compassion fatigue, vicarious trauma, second victim syndrome, and job burnout. Although there is an overlap in terminology, there are nuanced differences. Compassion fatigue
Compassion fatigue refers to a reduced capacity to help as a health care professional after being exposed to the suffering and distress of their patients. Secondary traumatic stress was later renamed compassion fatigue in 1995 by Charles Figley who described compassion fatigue as the natural emotions that arise as a result of learning about a significant others' experience with a traumatic event. Overall, compassion fatigue is often used interchangeably with secondary traumatic stress but the difference between the two is that STS is specific to individuals who treat traumatized populations whereas CF generalizes to individuals who treat an array of other populations. Vicarious trauma
Vicarious traumatization (VT) is defined as a transformation of a helper's inner experience that is a result of empathic engagement with a client's traumatic experiences. This engagement with the client results in a shift in the cognitive schemas about oneself

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia

Similar concepts
Secondary trauma is often used interchangeably with several terms that have similar meanings including compassion fatigue, vicarious trauma, second victim syndrome, and job burnout. Although there is an overlap in terminology, there are nuanced differences. Compassion fatigue
Compassion fatigue refers to a reduced capacity to help as a health care professional after being exposed to the suffering and distress of their patients. Secondary traumatic stress was later renamed compassion fatigue in 1995 by Charles Figley who described compassion fatigue as the natural emotions that arise as a result of learning about a significant others' experience with a traumatic event. Overall, compassion fatigue is often used interchangeably with secondary traumatic stress but the difference between the two is that STS is specific to individuals who treat traumatized populations whereas CF generalizes to individuals who treat an array of other populations. Vicarious trauma
Vicarious traumatization (VT) is defined as a transformation of a helper's inner experience that is a result of empathic engagement with a client's traumatic experiences. This engagement with the client results in a shift in the cognitive schemas about oneself

TSA | Managing secondary traumatic stress for educators Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Risk Factors & Causes of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Managing Secondary Traumatic Stress
 TSA | Managing secondary traumatic stress for educators
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Coping with the effects of others' trauma can be draining and can have lasting negative effects. It is not uncommon for educators who deal with traumatized children to develop their own symptoms of traumatic stress. This is known as secondary traumatic stress. In order to best serve their students and and maintain their own health, educators must be alert to the signs of secondary traumatic stress in themselves and their coworkers. In a trauma-informed school, staff should be encouraged to practice self-care along with other strategies to guard against or heal from the effects of secondary traumatic stress. Risk Factors & Causes of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Certain circumstances can cause you to be more susceptible to secondary traumatic stress. Seek support and practice self-care to manage the possible effects of these experiences: Personal exposure to a traumatic event (s) or to individuals who are coping with their own reactions to trauma
Direct contact with children’s traumatic stories
Helping others and neglecting yourself
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary traumatic stress can impact all areas of your life. The effects can range from mild to debilitating. If you think you might be at risk, be alert for any of the following symptoms:

TSA | Managing secondary traumatic stress for educators

Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Risk Factors & Causes of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Managing Secondary Traumatic Stress

TSA | Managing secondary traumatic stress for educators
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Coping with the effects of others' trauma can be draining and can have lasting negative effects. It is not uncommon for educators who deal with traumatized children to develop their own symptoms of traumatic stress. This is known as secondary traumatic stress. In order to best serve their students and and maintain their own health, educators must be alert to the signs of secondary traumatic stress in themselves and their coworkers. In a trauma-informed school, staff should be encouraged to practice self-care along with other strategies to guard against or heal from the effects of secondary traumatic stress. Risk Factors & Causes of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Certain circumstances can cause you to be more susceptible to secondary traumatic stress. Seek support and practice self-care to manage the possible effects of these experiences: Personal exposure to a traumatic event (s) or to individuals who are coping with their own reactions to trauma
Direct contact with children’s traumatic stories
Helping others and neglecting yourself
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary traumatic stress can impact all areas of your life. The effects can range from mild to debilitating. If you think you might be at risk, be alert for any of the following symptoms:

Definitions Related to TBI – Traumatic Brain Injury Definitions Related to TBI
Definitions Related to TBI
Secondary Injury Includes:
Need Help? Get in Contact with an Advocate.
 They are damaged or torn by the rapid deceleration. The injury is from the shearing force disrupting the axons which compose the white matter of the brain. Contusion – a bruise to a part of the brain. Like a bruise on the body, this is bleeding into the tissue. Penetrating Trauma – any object that enters the brain. Causes direct injury by impact and pushing skull fragments into the brain. Secondary Injury – swelling and release of chemicals that promote inflammation and cell injury or death. This causes swelling in the brain which may increase the intracranial pressure and prevent the cerebrospinal fluid from draining out of the skull. This causes further increase in pressure and brain damage. If this is not controlled or prevented the brain can herniate (push through) the base of the skull and cause respiratory failure and death.

They are damaged or torn by the rapid deceleration. The injury is from the shearing force disrupting the axons which compose the white matter of the brain. Contusion – a bruise to a part of the brain. Like a bruise on the body, this is bleeding into the tissue. Penetrating Trauma – any object that enters the brain. Causes direct injury by impact and pushing skull fragments into the brain. Secondary Injury – swelling and release of chemicals that promote inflammation and cell injury or death. This causes swelling in the brain which may increase the intracranial pressure and prevent the cerebrospinal fluid from draining out of the skull. This causes further increase in pressure and brain damage. If this is not controlled or prevented the brain can herniate (push through) the base of the skull and cause respiratory failure and death.

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures) What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
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 Military personnel are prone to developing secondary PTSD. Those who may experience secondary PTSD are those people who suffer emotionally through exposure to a traumatized person. Families and friends of some military veterans are one such group, as they have to deal both with the trauma their loved one went through, and the resultant stress of living with the person and trying to help. People who come into contact with PTSD sufferers through their work can also develop secondary trauma as a result. These include nurses, doctors and psychiatric personnel, who help the traumatized people after the event, and who may, over time, be exposed to many different people with PTSD. Is Amazon actually giving you the best price? This little known plugin reveals the answer. Shared characteristics between secondary PTSD and PTSD include increased alertness and jumpiness, along with nightmares and an increased tendency to avoid social situations. Like people who suffer from PTSD, those with secondary PTSD may feel less attached to their loved ones, and experience a reduced sense of purpose. As people with secondary PTSD have perhaps had their view of life and the ability of other people to inflict pain changed for the worse, they may also become judgmental and disillusioned, and experience anger at the world and the people in it.

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)

Military personnel are prone to developing secondary PTSD. Those who may experience secondary PTSD are those people who suffer emotionally through exposure to a traumatized person. Families and friends of some military veterans are one such group, as they have to deal both with the trauma their loved one went through, and the resultant stress of living with the person and trying to help. People who come into contact with PTSD sufferers through their work can also develop secondary trauma as a result. These include nurses, doctors and psychiatric personnel, who help the traumatized people after the event, and who may, over time, be exposed to many different people with PTSD. Is Amazon actually giving you the best price? This little known plugin reveals the answer. Shared characteristics between secondary PTSD and PTSD include increased alertness and jumpiness, along with nightmares and an increased tendency to avoid social situations. Like people who suffer from PTSD, those with secondary PTSD may feel less attached to their loved ones, and experience a reduced sense of purpose. As people with secondary PTSD have perhaps had their view of life and the ability of other people to inflict pain changed for the worse, they may also become judgmental and disillusioned, and experience anger at the world and the people in it.

General - Secondary PTSD - An Overview | My PTSD Forum General
Secondary PTSD - An Overview

General Secondary PTSD - An Overview
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 DSM-IV now defines the stressor event to include learning of a trauma occurring to a loved one. Parents who are traumatized when they learn of their child’s trauma are classified as having PTSD. In the past, many theorists might have classified the parents as having secondary exposure because they were not directly exposed to the traumatic event. However, in the language of DSM-IV, the traumatic event is the discovery that a loved one has been in a trauma. This still differs from the experience of interacting with that trauma survivor. It is within the domain of interacting with someone affected by trauma that the concept of secondary stress remains applicable. Since parents may both learn of a trauma to a loved one and subsequently interact with the survivor, they are subject to both direct and secondary exposure. The professional helper, on the other hand, is usually not involved with the survivor until after the trauma has occurred. Thus, the professional helper’s experience is generally confined to secondary exposure. The exception is in the case of disasters, where helpers may be on the scene either while the disaster is still in progress or while victims are still being rescued.

General - Secondary PTSD - An Overview | My PTSD Forum

General
Secondary PTSD - An Overview

General Secondary PTSD - An Overview
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My new partner did not respond well AT ALL when I opened up about past sexual abuse and assault. He is a CSA survivor, so I'm confused
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DSM-IV now defines the stressor event to include learning of a trauma occurring to a loved one. Parents who are traumatized when they learn of their child’s trauma are classified as having PTSD. In the past, many theorists might have classified the parents as having secondary exposure because they were not directly exposed to the traumatic event. However, in the language of DSM-IV, the traumatic event is the discovery that a loved one has been in a trauma. This still differs from the experience of interacting with that trauma survivor. It is within the domain of interacting with someone affected by trauma that the concept of secondary stress remains applicable. Since parents may both learn of a trauma to a loved one and subsequently interact with the survivor, they are subject to both direct and secondary exposure. The professional helper, on the other hand, is usually not involved with the survivor until after the trauma has occurred. Thus, the professional helper’s experience is generally confined to secondary exposure. The exception is in the case of disasters, where helpers may be on the scene either while the disaster is still in progress or while victims are still being rescued.

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
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What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress?
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 These can include: Social discomfort and withdrawal
Fear
Exhaustion
Disconnection from others
Hopelessness
Guilt
Avoidance symptoms (such as avoiding the person who gave them the first-hand account of the trauma)
Sudden outbursts of anger
An inability to care for oneself or a disinterest in self-care
Insomnia
Hypersensitivity
Irritability
An inability to care for or help others
Intense nightmares
Problems focusing
Stress is another of the most intensive symptoms and that which may be noticed by other individuals. Secondary traumatic stress can cause its own set of symptoms that, while similar to those of PTSD, can often be more difficult for individuals to notice within themselves. Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress? This syndrome, according to the VA, is commonly experienced by “supporters/helpers of those experiencing PTSD.” This can include clinicians such as doctors and nurses, caseworkers, therapists, counselors, and other people who dedicate their lives to helping those who have been through terrible traumas. It is vey likely to occur in those who work with veterans, rape survivors, and children with histories of abuse. Though these individuals have taken jobs where they want to help others through these terrible events and the lasting impressions they have left, it can be extremely difficult to do it every day. Sometimes, a certain case may particularly affect an individual in this position, or this disorder may be caused by a long string of cases that eventually make the person feel miserable and burnt out. You don’t have to struggle with secondary traumatic stress alone.

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
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In this section...
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress?
You don’t have to struggle with secondary traumatic stress alone. Call toll free to find help today.
Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress?

General - Secondary PTSD - An Overview | My PTSD Forum General
Secondary PTSD - An Overview

General Secondary PTSD - An Overview
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Other Everything filtered through trauma lens, getting past it? Suggestions?
 It is within the domain of interacting with someone affected by trauma that the concept of secondary stress remains applicable. Since parents may both learn of a trauma to a loved one and subsequently interact with the survivor, they are subject to both direct and secondary exposure. The professional helper, on the other hand, is usually not involved with the survivor until after the trauma has occurred. Thus, the professional helper’s experience is generally confined to secondary exposure. The exception is in the case of disasters, where helpers may be on the scene either while the disaster is still in progress or while victims are still being rescued. Secondary Exposure
The literature on secondary exposure has largely focused on the development of trauma symptoms. Several terms have been advanced to describe apparent cases of PTSD that do not qualify for the official PTSD diagnosis because the exposure was secondary rather than direct. Instead, the individual has been said to have a different disorder, usually called Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder (STSD), vicarious traumatization, compassion fatigue or empathic strain. Regardless of which term is used, there is evidence indicating that these cases do exist and have occurred among professional helpers. Although it is not yet clear how often secondary exposure leads to the development of trauma symptoms, it is probably safe to say that it is fairly infrequent that secondary exposure produces the complete PTSD syndrome.

It is within the domain of interacting with someone affected by trauma that the concept of secondary stress remains applicable. Since parents may both learn of a trauma to a loved one and subsequently interact with the survivor, they are subject to both direct and secondary exposure. The professional helper, on the other hand, is usually not involved with the survivor until after the trauma has occurred. Thus, the professional helper’s experience is generally confined to secondary exposure. The exception is in the case of disasters, where helpers may be on the scene either while the disaster is still in progress or while victims are still being rescued. Secondary Exposure
The literature on secondary exposure has largely focused on the development of trauma symptoms. Several terms have been advanced to describe apparent cases of PTSD that do not qualify for the official PTSD diagnosis because the exposure was secondary rather than direct. Instead, the individual has been said to have a different disorder, usually called Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder (STSD), vicarious traumatization, compassion fatigue or empathic strain. Regardless of which term is used, there is evidence indicating that these cases do exist and have occurred among professional helpers. Although it is not yet clear how often secondary exposure leads to the development of trauma symptoms, it is probably safe to say that it is fairly infrequent that secondary exposure produces the complete PTSD syndrome.

Primary and secondary brain injury - Wikipedia Primary and secondary brain injury
Primary and secondary brain injury
Contents
Primary
Secondary
Prevention
See also
References
 Cells are killed in a nonspecific manner in primary injury. Tissues have a deformation threshold: if they are deformed past this threshold they are injured. Different regions in the brain may be more sensitive to mechanical loading due to differences in their properties that result from differences in their makeup; for example, myelinated tissues may have different properties than other tissues. Thus some tissues may experience more force and be more injured in the primary injury. The primary injury leads to the secondary injury. Secondary
Secondary injury is an indirect result of the injury. It results from processes initiated by the trauma. It occurs in the hours and days following the primary injury and plays a large role in the brain damage and death that results from TBI.

Cells are killed in a nonspecific manner in primary injury. Tissues have a deformation threshold: if they are deformed past this threshold they are injured. Different regions in the brain may be more sensitive to mechanical loading due to differences in their properties that result from differences in their makeup; for example, myelinated tissues may have different properties than other tissues. Thus some tissues may experience more force and be more injured in the primary injury. The primary injury leads to the secondary injury. Secondary
Secondary injury is an indirect result of the injury. It results from processes initiated by the trauma. It occurs in the hours and days following the primary injury and plays a large role in the brain damage and death that results from TBI.

General - Secondary PTSD - An Overview | My PTSD Forum General
Secondary PTSD - An Overview

General Secondary PTSD - An Overview
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General Secondary PTSD - An Overview
Thread starter
anthony
Start date
Dec 22, 2009
Status
Not open for further replies. Dec 22, 2009
#1
Secondary Stress and the Professional Helper
Don R. Catherall
For more than a decade, the field of traumatology has recognized that those who interact with trauma survivors are themselves exposed to a form of traumatic stress. Whereas the trauma survivor is exposed to a primary trauma and the accompanying traumatic stress, the helper is exposed to the trauma survivor and an accompanying secondary traumatic stress. This distinction between primary and secondary exposure is blurred somewhat by the evolution of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual’s definition of PTSD. DSM-IV now defines the stressor event to include learning of a trauma occurring to a loved one. Parents who are traumatized when they learn of their child’s trauma are classified as having PTSD. In the past, many theorists might have classified the parents as having secondary exposure because they were not directly exposed to the traumatic event. However, in the language of DSM-IV, the traumatic event is the discovery that a loved one has been in a trauma. This still differs from the experience of interacting with that trauma survivor.

Secondary Traumatic Stress | The Administration for Children and Families Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Common Compassion Fatigue Symptoms
Why Secondary Traumatic Stress is Important for Human Services Agencies
Relevant Interventions and Approaches
Individual Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Organizational Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Resources for Further Learning
References
 How to maintain emotional health when working with trauma. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 59 (4), 91-102. Pryce, J., Shackelford, K. & Pryce, D. (2007). Secondary traumatic stress and the child welfare professional. Chicago, IL: Lyceum Books, Inc.
Return to Resource Guide to Trauma-Informed Human Services

How to maintain emotional health when working with trauma. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 59 (4), 91-102. Pryce, J., Shackelford, K. & Pryce, D. (2007). Secondary traumatic stress and the child welfare professional. Chicago, IL: Lyceum Books, Inc.
Return to Resource Guide to Trauma-Informed Human Services

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
 Job context is a greater risk factor for developing STS in first responders compared to the job content. This highlights the need for strategies targeted toward the organizational and systemic level in addition to the individual level. Organizational changes that can be addressed include work culture, workload, group support, supervision and education, and the modification of the work environment. Changes in these areas would foster resiliency for developing STS. Nurses and physicians
Similarly, research highlights the importance of psychological services for nurses and medical professionals. Services similar to the ones listed above for the first responder population were valuable for reducing secondary traumatic stress symptoms amongst medical staff working with traumatic populations in hospital settings. Children of traumatized parents
Van Ijzendoorn et al. ( 2003) conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies with 4,418 participants in which they explored secondary trauma in children of Holocaust survivors. The authors found that in non-clinical studies no evidence of secondary traumatization, while clinical studies only showed evidence for secondary traumatization when additional stressors were also present. Intergenerational trauma or transgenerational trauma is also applied to describe the process by which parental traumatic experiences may lead to secondary trauma symptoms in their offspring, when additional stressors, such as war, famine, or displacement are present.

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia

Job context is a greater risk factor for developing STS in first responders compared to the job content. This highlights the need for strategies targeted toward the organizational and systemic level in addition to the individual level. Organizational changes that can be addressed include work culture, workload, group support, supervision and education, and the modification of the work environment. Changes in these areas would foster resiliency for developing STS. Nurses and physicians
Similarly, research highlights the importance of psychological services for nurses and medical professionals. Services similar to the ones listed above for the first responder population were valuable for reducing secondary traumatic stress symptoms amongst medical staff working with traumatic populations in hospital settings. Children of traumatized parents
Van Ijzendoorn et al. ( 2003) conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies with 4,418 participants in which they explored secondary trauma in children of Holocaust survivors. The authors found that in non-clinical studies no evidence of secondary traumatization, while clinical studies only showed evidence for secondary traumatization when additional stressors were also present. Intergenerational trauma or transgenerational trauma is also applied to describe the process by which parental traumatic experiences may lead to secondary trauma symptoms in their offspring, when additional stressors, such as war, famine, or displacement are present.

Secondary Traumatic Stress | The Administration for Children and Families Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Common Compassion Fatigue Symptoms
Why Secondary Traumatic Stress is Important for Human Services Agencies
Relevant Interventions and Approaches
Individual Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Organizational Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Resources for Further Learning
References
 Resources for Further Learning
American Psychological Association
Visit disclaimer page
The National Child Traumatic Stress Network
Visit disclaimer page
Secondary Trauma for Caseworkers
Visit disclaimer page
References
Bell, H., Kulkarni, S. & Dalton. ( 2003). Organizational prevention of vicarious trauma. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 84, 463-470. Figley, C. (1995). Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized. New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge.

Resources for Further Learning
American Psychological Association
Visit disclaimer page
The National Child Traumatic Stress Network
Visit disclaimer page
Secondary Trauma for Caseworkers
Visit disclaimer page
References
Bell, H., Kulkarni, S. & Dalton. ( 2003). Organizational prevention of vicarious trauma. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 84, 463-470. Figley, C. (1995). Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized. New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge.

 Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

 Compassion

fatigue: Coping

with

secondary

traumatic

stress

in

those

who

treat

the

traumatized. New

York: Brunner/Mazel. Siegfried,

C.

B.,

(March

2008). Child

Welfare

Work

and

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress. Child

Welfare

Trauma

Training

Toolkit: Secondary

Traumatic

Stress. The

National

Child

Traumatic

Stress

Network. Module

6,

Activity

6c.

Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

Compassion

fatigue: Coping

with

secondary

traumatic

stress

in

those

who

treat

the

traumatized. New

York: Brunner/Mazel. Siegfried,

C.

B.,

(March

2008). Child

Welfare

Work

and

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress. Child

Welfare

Trauma

Training

Toolkit: Secondary

Traumatic

Stress. The

National

Child

Traumatic

Stress

Network. Module

6,

Activity

6c.

Preventing Retraumatization: A Macro Social Work Approach to Trauma-Informed Practices & Policies - SocialWorker.com Preventing Retraumatization: A Macro Social Work Approach to Trauma-Informed Practices & Policies
Preventing Retraumatization: A Macro Social Work Approach to Trauma-Informed Practices & Policies
by Patricia Shelly, MSW, Shelley Hitzel, MSW, and Karen Zgoda, MSW, LCSW
Defining Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) and Retraumatization
How Systems Can Be Traumatizing
Elements in Building Systems To Prevent Retraumatization
Specific Examples of Trauma-Informed Policy by Area:
Tags
 For social work practice and systems policy-setting, we propose a macro approach to preventing re-traumatization. Defining Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) and Retraumatization
Secondary traumatic stress can follow exposure to another’s experience of trauma, resulting in emotional distress and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is as if we take in a portion of the trauma that the other has survived. Unlike burnout, which is a gradual process, STS can result from a single exposure to another’s trauma. Retraumatization is a conscious or unconscious reminder of past trauma that results in a re-experiencing of the initial trauma event. It can be triggered by a situation, an attitude or expression, or by certain environments that replicate the dynamics (loss of power/control/safety) of the original trauma. ×
Expand
Impact of Retraumatization on Service Recipients
Smyth, N.J. (2015). Trauma-Informed Social Work: What is it, and Why Should We Care? [ PowerPoint slides].

For social work practice and systems policy-setting, we propose a macro approach to preventing re-traumatization. Defining Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) and Retraumatization
Secondary traumatic stress can follow exposure to another’s experience of trauma, resulting in emotional distress and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is as if we take in a portion of the trauma that the other has survived. Unlike burnout, which is a gradual process, STS can result from a single exposure to another’s trauma. Retraumatization is a conscious or unconscious reminder of past trauma that results in a re-experiencing of the initial trauma event. It can be triggered by a situation, an attitude or expression, or by certain environments that replicate the dynamics (loss of power/control/safety) of the original trauma. ×
Expand
Impact of Retraumatization on Service Recipients
Smyth, N.J. (2015). Trauma-Informed Social Work: What is it, and Why Should We Care? [ PowerPoint slides].

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures) What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
Join the Community
Jillian O Keeffe
📦Amazon Doesn't Want You to Know About This Plugin
 Is Amazon actually giving you the best price? This little known plugin reveals the answer. Shared characteristics between secondary PTSD and PTSD include increased alertness and jumpiness, along with nightmares and an increased tendency to avoid social situations. Like people who suffer from PTSD, those with secondary PTSD may feel less attached to their loved ones, and experience a reduced sense of purpose. As people with secondary PTSD have perhaps had their view of life and the ability of other people to inflict pain changed for the worse, they may also become judgmental and disillusioned, and experience anger at the world and the people in it. Psychiatric diagnoses need specific symptoms and conditions to be present for the correct diagnosis and therefore the correct treatment. Although the use of the term "secondary PTSD" may be in common use for people who are suffering from psychological problems due to the trauma of a loved one or client, it may not always be an accurate diagnosis. Often, similar diagnoses such as "caretaker stress" display some of the same symptoms but requires different modes of treatment. 📦Amazon Doesn't Want You to Know About This Plugin
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Secondary PTSD often occurs after a traumatic event.

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)

Is Amazon actually giving you the best price? This little known plugin reveals the answer. Shared characteristics between secondary PTSD and PTSD include increased alertness and jumpiness, along with nightmares and an increased tendency to avoid social situations. Like people who suffer from PTSD, those with secondary PTSD may feel less attached to their loved ones, and experience a reduced sense of purpose. As people with secondary PTSD have perhaps had their view of life and the ability of other people to inflict pain changed for the worse, they may also become judgmental and disillusioned, and experience anger at the world and the people in it. Psychiatric diagnoses need specific symptoms and conditions to be present for the correct diagnosis and therefore the correct treatment. Although the use of the term "secondary PTSD" may be in common use for people who are suffering from psychological problems due to the trauma of a loved one or client, it may not always be an accurate diagnosis. Often, similar diagnoses such as "caretaker stress" display some of the same symptoms but requires different modes of treatment. 📦Amazon Doesn't Want You to Know About This Plugin
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Secondary PTSD often occurs after a traumatic event.

What is trauma? Types, symptoms, and treatments What is trauma? What to know
What is trauma? What to know
What is trauma?
Symptoms
Emotional and psychological responses
Physical responses
Traumatic experiences
PTSD
Childhood trauma
Treatment
Therapy
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
Somatic therapies
Medications
Self-care
Exercise
Mindfulness
Connection with others
A balanced lifestyle
Support
When to seek help
Summary
 Acute trauma: This results from a single stressful or dangerous event. Chronic trauma: This results from repeated and prolonged exposure to highly stressful events. Examples include cases of child abuse, bullying, or domestic violence. Complex trauma: This results from exposure to multiple traumatic events. Secondary trauma, or vicarious trauma, is another form of trauma. With this form of trauma, a person develops trauma symptoms from close contact with someone who has experienced a traumatic event. Family members, mental health professionals, and others who care for those who have experienced a traumatic event are at risk of vicarious trauma.

What is trauma? Types, symptoms, and treatments

What is trauma? What to know
What is trauma? What to know
What is trauma?
Symptoms
Emotional and psychological responses
Physical responses
Traumatic experiences
PTSD
Childhood trauma
Treatment
Therapy
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
Somatic therapies
Medications
Self-care
Exercise
Mindfulness
Connection with others
A balanced lifestyle
Support
When to seek help
Summary

Acute trauma: This results from a single stressful or dangerous event. Chronic trauma: This results from repeated and prolonged exposure to highly stressful events. Examples include cases of child abuse, bullying, or domestic violence. Complex trauma: This results from exposure to multiple traumatic events. Secondary trauma, or vicarious trauma, is another form of trauma. With this form of trauma, a person develops trauma symptoms from close contact with someone who has experienced a traumatic event. Family members, mental health professionals, and others who care for those who have experienced a traumatic event are at risk of vicarious trauma.

 Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

 create

lower

morale,

and

less

effective

workers. Consequently,

this

can

produce

poorer

outcomes

for

children

and

families. One

of

the

reasons

that

child

case

workers

prematurely

leave

their

jobs

is

thought

to

be

exposure

to

Secondary

Trauma

(Siegfried,

2008). High

turnover

increases

agency

costs

in

the

recruiting,

hiring,

and

training

of

new

staff. Prevention: “Experience

has

shown

that

a

systemic

prevention

program

can

maintain

helpers’

wellbeing

and

decrease

individual

and

organizational

losses

like

turn

over

(Stamm,

2002).” By

showing

recognition

of

secondary

trauma

agencies

can

begin

to

show

workers

that

the

agency

cares

about

their

health

and

well-being. Education

on

trauma

informed

care

including

secondary

trauma

is

crucial

in

prevention

and

in

the

retention

of

workers. Agency

acknowledgement

helps

to

reduce

the

stigma

and

silence

around

the

impact

of

their

cases. Knowing

others

are

experiencing

similar

affects,

feeling

supported

and

prepared

to

deal

with

cases

can

reduce

the

negative

impacts

on

caseworkers

and

decrease

the

potential

for

secondary

trauma.

create

lower

morale,

and

less

effective

workers. Consequently,

this

can

produce

poorer

outcomes

for

children

and

families. One

of

the

reasons

that

child

case

workers

prematurely

leave

their

jobs

is

thought

to

be

exposure

to

Secondary

Trauma

(Siegfried,

2008). High

turnover

increases

agency

costs

in

the

recruiting,

hiring,

and

training

of

new

staff. Prevention: “Experience

has

shown

that

a

systemic

prevention

program

can

maintain

helpers’

wellbeing

and

decrease

individual

and

organizational

losses

like

turn

over

(Stamm,

2002).” By

showing

recognition

of

secondary

trauma

agencies

can

begin

to

show

workers

that

the

agency

cares

about

their

health

and

well-being. Education

on

trauma

informed

care

including

secondary

trauma

is

crucial

in

prevention

and

in

the

retention

of

workers. Agency

acknowledgement

helps

to

reduce

the

stigma

and

silence

around

the

impact

of

their

cases. Knowing

others

are

experiencing

similar

affects,

feeling

supported

and

prepared

to

deal

with

cases

can

reduce

the

negative

impacts

on

caseworkers

and

decrease

the

potential

for

secondary

trauma.

 Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

 Child

Welfare

Work

and

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress. Child

Welfare

Trauma

Training

Toolkit: Secondary

Traumatic

Stress. The

National

Child

Traumatic

Stress

Network. Module

6,

Activity

6c. Stamm,

B.

H.,

Varra,

E.M.,

Pearlman,

L.A.,

&

Giller,

E.

(2002). The

Helper’s

Power

to

Heal

and

To

Be

Hurt-

Or

Helped-By

Trying. Washington,

D.C.: Register

Report: A

Publication

of

the

National

Register

of

Health

Service

Providers

in

Psychology.

Child

Welfare

Work

and

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress. Child

Welfare

Trauma

Training

Toolkit: Secondary

Traumatic

Stress. The

National

Child

Traumatic

Stress

Network. Module

6,

Activity

6c. Stamm,

B.

H.,

Varra,

E.M.,

Pearlman,

L.A.,

&

Giller,

E.

(2002). The

Helper’s

Power

to

Heal

and

To

Be

Hurt-

Or

Helped-By

Trying. Washington,

D.C.: Register

Report: A

Publication

of

the

National

Register

of

Health

Service

Providers

in

Psychology.

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
We can help you find treatment for secondary trauma. Call toll free today.
In this section...
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress?
You don’t have to struggle with secondary traumatic stress alone. Call toll free to find help today.
Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress?
 800-598-5053 Who Answers? Caring specialists are available right now to help you find a treatment solution that’s right for you. Don’t wait... CALL NOW! What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress? The common symptoms of this disorder are similar to those experienced by those who have undergone the traumatic event or events themselves. These can include: Social discomfort and withdrawal
Fear
Exhaustion
Disconnection from others
Hopelessness
Guilt
Avoidance symptoms (such as avoiding the person who gave them the first-hand account of the trauma)
Sudden outbursts of anger
An inability to care for oneself or a disinterest in self-care
Insomnia
Hypersensitivity
Irritability
An inability to care for or help others
Intense nightmares
Problems focusing
Stress is another of the most intensive symptoms and that which may be noticed by other individuals. Secondary traumatic stress can cause its own set of symptoms that, while similar to those of PTSD, can often be more difficult for individuals to notice within themselves. Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress? This syndrome, according to the VA, is commonly experienced by “supporters/helpers of those experiencing PTSD.”

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?

800-598-5053 Who Answers? Caring specialists are available right now to help you find a treatment solution that’s right for you. Don’t wait... CALL NOW! What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress? The common symptoms of this disorder are similar to those experienced by those who have undergone the traumatic event or events themselves. These can include: Social discomfort and withdrawal
Fear
Exhaustion
Disconnection from others
Hopelessness
Guilt
Avoidance symptoms (such as avoiding the person who gave them the first-hand account of the trauma)
Sudden outbursts of anger
An inability to care for oneself or a disinterest in self-care
Insomnia
Hypersensitivity
Irritability
An inability to care for or help others
Intense nightmares
Problems focusing
Stress is another of the most intensive symptoms and that which may be noticed by other individuals. Secondary traumatic stress can cause its own set of symptoms that, while similar to those of PTSD, can often be more difficult for individuals to notice within themselves. Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress? This syndrome, according to the VA, is commonly experienced by “supporters/helpers of those experiencing PTSD.”

Secondary Traumatic Stress | The Administration for Children and Families Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Common Compassion Fatigue Symptoms
Why Secondary Traumatic Stress is Important for Human Services Agencies
Relevant Interventions and Approaches
Individual Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Organizational Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Resources for Further Learning
References
 Figley, C. (1995). Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized. New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge. Figley, C. (2002). Compassion fatigue: Psychotherapists’ chronic lack of self-care. Psychotherapy in Practice, 58 (11), 1433-1441. Osofsky, J.D., Putnam, F.W., & Lederman, C. (2008).

Figley, C. (1995). Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized. New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge. Figley, C. (2002). Compassion fatigue: Psychotherapists’ chronic lack of self-care. Psychotherapy in Practice, 58 (11), 1433-1441. Osofsky, J.D., Putnam, F.W., & Lederman, C. (2008).

 Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

 “Experience

has

shown

that

a

systemic

prevention

program

can

maintain

helpers’

wellbeing

and

decrease

individual

and

organizational

losses

like

turn

over

(Stamm,

2002).” By

showing

recognition

of

secondary

trauma

agencies

can

begin

to

show

workers

that

the

agency

cares

about

their

health

and

well-being. Education

on

trauma

informed

care

including

secondary

trauma

is

crucial

in

prevention

and

in

the

retention

of

workers. Agency

acknowledgement

helps

to

reduce

the

stigma

and

silence

around

the

impact

of

their

cases. Knowing

others

are

experiencing

similar

affects,

feeling

supported

and

prepared

to

deal

with

cases

can

reduce

the

negative

impacts

on

caseworkers

and

decrease

the

potential

for

secondary

trauma. Methods: Methods

to

prevent

and

decrease

exposure

to

secondary

trauma

can

include: Senior

leadership

and

recognition

of

STS; creating

an

agency

statement

regarding

trauma

support; agency

encouragement

and

support

of

a

healthy

work

life

balance

and

wellness;

“Experience

has

shown

that

a

systemic

prevention

program

can

maintain

helpers’

wellbeing

and

decrease

individual

and

organizational

losses

like

turn

over

(Stamm,

2002).” By

showing

recognition

of

secondary

trauma

agencies

can

begin

to

show

workers

that

the

agency

cares

about

their

health

and

well-being. Education

on

trauma

informed

care

including

secondary

trauma

is

crucial

in

prevention

and

in

the

retention

of

workers. Agency

acknowledgement

helps

to

reduce

the

stigma

and

silence

around

the

impact

of

their

cases. Knowing

others

are

experiencing

similar

affects,

feeling

supported

and

prepared

to

deal

with

cases

can

reduce

the

negative

impacts

on

caseworkers

and

decrease

the

potential

for

secondary

trauma. Methods: Methods

to

prevent

and

decrease

exposure

to

secondary

trauma

can

include: Senior

leadership

and

recognition

of

STS; creating

an

agency

statement

regarding

trauma

support; agency

encouragement

and

support

of

a

healthy

work

life

balance

and

wellness;

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
We can help you find treatment for secondary trauma. Call toll free today.
In this section...
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress?
You don’t have to struggle with secondary traumatic stress alone. Call toll free to find help today.
Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress?
 We can help you find treatment for secondary trauma. Call toll free today. In this section...
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress? Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress? Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress? 800-598-5053 Who Answers? Caring specialists are available right now to help you find a treatment solution that’s right for you. Don’t wait... CALL NOW! What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress? The common symptoms of this disorder are similar to those experienced by those who have undergone the traumatic event or events themselves.

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?

We can help you find treatment for secondary trauma. Call toll free today. In this section...
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress? Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress? Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress? 800-598-5053 Who Answers? Caring specialists are available right now to help you find a treatment solution that’s right for you. Don’t wait... CALL NOW! What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress? The common symptoms of this disorder are similar to those experienced by those who have undergone the traumatic event or events themselves.

 Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

 As

a

result,

staff

longevity

will

increase

and

the

high

costs

of

turnover

will

subside

creating

better

outcomes

for

children

and

families. Conrad,

D.,

Secondary

Trauma

and

Child

Welfare

Staff: Understanding

its

impact

and

Taking

Steps

to

Protect

Them. DePanfilis,

D.,

(September

2006). Compassion

fatigue,

burnout,

and

compassion

satisfaction: Implications

for

retention

of

workers. University

of

Maryland

School

of

Social

Work. Child

Abuse

&

Neglect,

30,

1067-1069. Figley,

C.R.

(Ed.) (1995).

As

a

result,

staff

longevity

will

increase

and

the

high

costs

of

turnover

will

subside

creating

better

outcomes

for

children

and

families. Conrad,

D.,

Secondary

Trauma

and

Child

Welfare

Staff: Understanding

its

impact

and

Taking

Steps

to

Protect

Them. DePanfilis,

D.,

(September

2006). Compassion

fatigue,

burnout,

and

compassion

satisfaction: Implications

for

retention

of

workers. University

of

Maryland

School

of

Social

Work. Child

Abuse

&

Neglect,

30,

1067-1069. Figley,

C.R.

(Ed.) (1995).

Secondary Traumatic Stress - Child Welfare Information Gateway Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Spotlight on Secondary Trauma and Professionals’ Well-Being
Episode 4: Secondary Traumatic Stress [Podcast]
 Also available: PowerPoint Slides: Supporting Child Welfare Staff: The Critical First 3 Months (PDF - 686 KB) View Abstract and Document
Summary: Supporting Child Welfare Staff: The Critical First Three Months (PDF - 459 KB) View Abstract and Document
Using the Secondary Traumatic Stress Core Competencies in Trauma-Informed Supervision (PDF - 2,324 KB)
National Child Traumatic Stress Network (2018)
Outlines nine core competencies for supervisors providing support to workers at risk for secondary traumatic stress. It can be used by individual supervisors to assess knowledge and help identify resources based on the results, as well as by organizations to guide their supervisors in a self-evaluation of the competencies. The information within the tool can also be used to identify needed resources and develop training. ( Back to Top)
Spotlight on Secondary Trauma and Professionals’ Well-Being
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children's Bureau (2016)
Children's Bureau Express, 17 (5)
Episode 4: Secondary Traumatic Stress [Podcast]
Child Welfare Information Gateway (2016)

Also available: PowerPoint Slides: Supporting Child Welfare Staff: The Critical First 3 Months (PDF - 686 KB) View Abstract and Document
Summary: Supporting Child Welfare Staff: The Critical First Three Months (PDF - 459 KB) View Abstract and Document
Using the Secondary Traumatic Stress Core Competencies in Trauma-Informed Supervision (PDF - 2,324 KB)
National Child Traumatic Stress Network (2018)
Outlines nine core competencies for supervisors providing support to workers at risk for secondary traumatic stress. It can be used by individual supervisors to assess knowledge and help identify resources based on the results, as well as by organizations to guide their supervisors in a self-evaluation of the competencies. The information within the tool can also be used to identify needed resources and develop training. ( Back to Top)
Spotlight on Secondary Trauma and Professionals’ Well-Being
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children's Bureau (2016)
Children's Bureau Express, 17 (5)
Episode 4: Secondary Traumatic Stress [Podcast]
Child Welfare Information Gateway (2016)

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
We can help you find treatment for secondary trauma. Call toll free today.
In this section...
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress?
You don’t have to struggle with secondary traumatic stress alone. Call toll free to find help today.
Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress?
 This can include clinicians such as doctors and nurses, caseworkers, therapists, counselors, and other people who dedicate their lives to helping those who have been through terrible traumas. It is vey likely to occur in those who work with veterans, rape survivors, and children with histories of abuse. Though these individuals have taken jobs where they want to help others through these terrible events and the lasting impressions they have left, it can be extremely difficult to do it every day. Sometimes, a certain case may particularly affect an individual in this position, or this disorder may be caused by a long string of cases that eventually make the person feel miserable and burnt out. You don’t have to struggle with secondary traumatic stress alone. Call toll free to find help today. Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress? People can be profoundly impacted by the traumas that others have experienced. Yes, there are ways in which a person can be treated for this disorder. The USDHHS “addresses the challenges professionals face” in dealing with patients who have undergone severe trauma and discusses “ways to cope” with the development of this disorder that include
Individualized therapy
Support groups/organizations
Internet resources
In addition, the CWLA states that a program was developed called The Resilience Alliance Program in order to “address secondary traumatic disorder and reduce attrition among Child Protective Services staff.”

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?

This can include clinicians such as doctors and nurses, caseworkers, therapists, counselors, and other people who dedicate their lives to helping those who have been through terrible traumas. It is vey likely to occur in those who work with veterans, rape survivors, and children with histories of abuse. Though these individuals have taken jobs where they want to help others through these terrible events and the lasting impressions they have left, it can be extremely difficult to do it every day. Sometimes, a certain case may particularly affect an individual in this position, or this disorder may be caused by a long string of cases that eventually make the person feel miserable and burnt out. You don’t have to struggle with secondary traumatic stress alone. Call toll free to find help today. Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress? People can be profoundly impacted by the traumas that others have experienced. Yes, there are ways in which a person can be treated for this disorder. The USDHHS “addresses the challenges professionals face” in dealing with patients who have undergone severe trauma and discusses “ways to cope” with the development of this disorder that include
Individualized therapy
Support groups/organizations
Internet resources
In addition, the CWLA states that a program was developed called The Resilience Alliance Program in order to “address secondary traumatic disorder and reduce attrition among Child Protective Services staff.”

Secondary Traumatic Stress | The Administration for Children and Families Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Common Compassion Fatigue Symptoms
Why Secondary Traumatic Stress is Important for Human Services Agencies
Relevant Interventions and Approaches
Individual Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Organizational Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Resources for Further Learning
References
 Figley, C. (2002). Compassion fatigue: Psychotherapists’ chronic lack of self-care. Psychotherapy in Practice, 58 (11), 1433-1441. Osofsky, J.D., Putnam, F.W., & Lederman, C. (2008). How to maintain emotional health when working with trauma. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 59 (4), 91-102. Pryce, J., Shackelford, K. & Pryce, D. (2007). Secondary traumatic stress and the child welfare professional. Chicago, IL:

Figley, C. (2002). Compassion fatigue: Psychotherapists’ chronic lack of self-care. Psychotherapy in Practice, 58 (11), 1433-1441. Osofsky, J.D., Putnam, F.W., & Lederman, C. (2008). How to maintain emotional health when working with trauma. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 59 (4), 91-102. Pryce, J., Shackelford, K. & Pryce, D. (2007). Secondary traumatic stress and the child welfare professional. Chicago, IL:

Primary and secondary brain injury - Wikipedia Primary and secondary brain injury
Primary and secondary brain injury
Contents
Primary
Secondary
Prevention
See also
References
 Primary and secondary brain injury - Wikipedia
Primary and secondary brain injury
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Examples in traumatic brain injury
Primary
Secondary
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Subdural hemorrhage
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Epidural hemorrhage
Cerebral contusion
Cerebral laceration
Axonal stretch injury
Cerebral edema
Impaired metabolism
Altered cerebral blood flow
Free radical formation
Excitotoxicity
Primary and secondary brain injury are ways to classify the injury processes that occur in brain injury. In traumatic brain injury (TBI), primary brain injury occurs during the initial insult, and results from displacement of the physical structures of the brain. Secondary brain injury occurs gradually and may involve an array of cellular processes. Secondary injury, which is not caused by mechanical damage, can result from the primary injury or be independent of it. The fact that people sometimes deteriorate after brain injury was originally taken to mean that secondary injury was occurring. It is not well understood how much of a contribution primary and secondary injuries respectively have to the clinical manifestations of TBI. Primary and secondary injuries occur in instances other than a TBI, such as spinal cord injury and stroke . Contents
1 Primary
2 Secondary
3 Prevention
4 See also
5 References
Primary
In TBI, primary injuries result immediately from the initial trauma. Primary injury occurs at the moment of trauma and includes contusion, damage to blood vessels, and axonal shearing, in which the axons of neurons are stretched and torn. The blood brain barrier and meninges may be damaged in the primary injury, and neurons may die.

 Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

 Signs

of

STS

can

include: fatigue

or

illness,

cynicism,

irritability,

reduced

productivity,

feelings

of

hopelessness,

anger,

despair,

sadness,

feelings

of

re-experiencing

of

the

event,

nightmares,

anxiety,

avoidance

of

people

or

activities,

or

persistent

anger

and

sadness(Siegfried,

2008

&

Conrad). Affects: “Feelings

of

professional

isolation,

larger

case

loads,

and

frequent

contact

with

traumatized

people

can

exacerbate

effects

of

Secondary

Trauma

(Stamm,

2002).” STS

may

lead

to

workers

use

of

more

sick

leaves; create

lower

morale,

and

less

effective

workers. Consequently,

this

can

produce

poorer

outcomes

for

children

and

families. One

of

the

reasons

that

child

case

workers

prematurely

leave

their

jobs

is

thought

to

be

exposure

to

Secondary

Trauma

(Siegfried,

2008). High

turnover

increases

agency

costs

in

the

recruiting,

hiring,

and

training

of

new

staff. Prevention:

Signs

of

STS

can

include: fatigue

or

illness,

cynicism,

irritability,

reduced

productivity,

feelings

of

hopelessness,

anger,

despair,

sadness,

feelings

of

re-experiencing

of

the

event,

nightmares,

anxiety,

avoidance

of

people

or

activities,

or

persistent

anger

and

sadness(Siegfried,

2008

&

Conrad). Affects: “Feelings

of

professional

isolation,

larger

case

loads,

and

frequent

contact

with

traumatized

people

can

exacerbate

effects

of

Secondary

Trauma

(Stamm,

2002).” STS

may

lead

to

workers

use

of

more

sick

leaves; create

lower

morale,

and

less

effective

workers. Consequently,

this

can

produce

poorer

outcomes

for

children

and

families. One

of

the

reasons

that

child

case

workers

prematurely

leave

their

jobs

is

thought

to

be

exposure

to

Secondary

Trauma

(Siegfried,

2008). High

turnover

increases

agency

costs

in

the

recruiting,

hiring,

and

training

of

new

staff. Prevention:

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
We can help you find treatment for secondary trauma. Call toll free today.
In this section...
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress?
You don’t have to struggle with secondary traumatic stress alone. Call toll free to find help today.
Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress?
 Call toll free to find help today. Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress? People can be profoundly impacted by the traumas that others have experienced. Yes, there are ways in which a person can be treated for this disorder. The USDHHS “addresses the challenges professionals face” in dealing with patients who have undergone severe trauma and discusses “ways to cope” with the development of this disorder that include
Individualized therapy
Support groups/organizations
Internet resources
In addition, the CWLA states that a program was developed called The Resilience Alliance Program in order to “address secondary traumatic disorder and reduce attrition among Child Protective Services staff.” The program is meant to be preventative and to help train counselors and other individuals who may be in danger of experiencing this disorder to guard against it. Secondary traumatic stress disorder can be extremely troubling because many caregivers do not realize that it may become a possibility, and others do not know how to reach out for help once they are affected by it. Discussing the disorder has helped its prevention, diagnosis, and treatment become more widely understood in the case of supporters who treat trauma survivors and those living with PTSD. Therapists Treatment Centers Psychiatrists 800-598-5053
Who Answers?

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?

Call toll free to find help today. Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress? People can be profoundly impacted by the traumas that others have experienced. Yes, there are ways in which a person can be treated for this disorder. The USDHHS “addresses the challenges professionals face” in dealing with patients who have undergone severe trauma and discusses “ways to cope” with the development of this disorder that include
Individualized therapy
Support groups/organizations
Internet resources
In addition, the CWLA states that a program was developed called The Resilience Alliance Program in order to “address secondary traumatic disorder and reduce attrition among Child Protective Services staff.” The program is meant to be preventative and to help train counselors and other individuals who may be in danger of experiencing this disorder to guard against it. Secondary traumatic stress disorder can be extremely troubling because many caregivers do not realize that it may become a possibility, and others do not know how to reach out for help once they are affected by it. Discussing the disorder has helped its prevention, diagnosis, and treatment become more widely understood in the case of supporters who treat trauma survivors and those living with PTSD. Therapists Treatment Centers Psychiatrists 800-598-5053
Who Answers?

Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
How is Compassion Fatigue Different?
12 Therapeutic Strategies for Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress
Self-Care is an Essential
 In fact, if you actively engage in activities promoting compassionate or heart-based living, or that encourages interaction with the sick, dying, the less fortunate, and victims of trauma (people and animals) even by way of healing and prayer, you are probably just as likely to develop symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress over time from repeated indirect exposure to violence and trauma as a healthcare worker is. What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress? Some symptoms include but are not limited to persistent feelings of the following, resulting from one or more of the triggers listed above: victimization/violation, heartbreak, restlessness, hopelessness, despair, anxiety, grief, shame, emptiness, survival guilt, hyper-vigilance, physical pain, heart palpitations, self-medicating with food/alcohol/other, emotional swings, emotional breakdowns, intrusive thoughts, irrational fear, ruminating or repeatedly re-living the story of the traumatic experience (s). It is common for people who are anguishing with Secondary Traumatic Stress to invalidate or hide their feelings because a traumatic incident affecting them didn’t happen directly to them. They can have anxiety about their feelings because their career is not related to healthcare or community service. A person can even become fixated on not wanting to forget the pain so that the trauma victim can. They can also feel embarrassed or ashamed to be “an emotional wreck over someone else’s problems.” How is Compassion Fatigue Different? Compassion Fatigue can arguably be described as a stage of trying to cope with repeated exposure to trauma.

Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
How is Compassion Fatigue Different?
12 Therapeutic Strategies for Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress
Self-Care is an Essential

What is Head Trauma? What is Head Trauma?
What is Head Trauma?
Closed or open injury
Closed injury
Open injury
Concussion
Primary or secondary lesion
Primary injury
Secondary injury
Head trauma severity
Mild injury
Severe head injury
References
Further Reading
Sally Robertson
 Primary or secondary lesion
Head injury may be classified according to the type of lesion involved. The two main types of lesions that occur in head trauma are primary lesions and secondary lesions. Primary lesions occur as a direct result of initial injury to the head causing displacement of the physical brain structures. Secondary injuries occur over time and may involve several cellular processes rather than mechanical damage. Secondary lesions can occur as a result of the primary lesion or they may be unrelated to it. Primary injury
Primary injury is an injury that occurs as a direct result of the initial head trauma. Examples of primary injury include contusion (bruising or hematoma), vascular damage, and axonal shearing (torn and stretched nerve axons). Primary injury can damage the blood–brain barrier and meninges and lead to neuronal death, which may occur in a random manner. Different brain areas may sustain different levels of damage depending on their sensitivity to mechanical loading. Two main causes of primary injury are a blow to the head received by an object and the brain hitting against the inside of the skull.

What is Head Trauma?

Primary or secondary lesion
Head injury may be classified according to the type of lesion involved. The two main types of lesions that occur in head trauma are primary lesions and secondary lesions. Primary lesions occur as a direct result of initial injury to the head causing displacement of the physical brain structures. Secondary injuries occur over time and may involve several cellular processes rather than mechanical damage. Secondary lesions can occur as a result of the primary lesion or they may be unrelated to it. Primary injury
Primary injury is an injury that occurs as a direct result of the initial head trauma. Examples of primary injury include contusion (bruising or hematoma), vascular damage, and axonal shearing (torn and stretched nerve axons). Primary injury can damage the blood–brain barrier and meninges and lead to neuronal death, which may occur in a random manner. Different brain areas may sustain different levels of damage depending on their sensitivity to mechanical loading. Two main causes of primary injury are a blow to the head received by an object and the brain hitting against the inside of the skull.

 Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

 Implications

for

retention

of

workers. University

of

Maryland

School

of

Social

Work. Child

Abuse

&

Neglect,

30,

1067-1069. Figley,

C.R.

(Ed.) (1995). Compassion

fatigue: Coping

with

secondary

traumatic

stress

in

those

who

treat

the

traumatized. New

York: Brunner/Mazel. Siegfried,

C.

B.,

(March

2008).

Implications

for

retention

of

workers. University

of

Maryland

School

of

Social

Work. Child

Abuse

&

Neglect,

30,

1067-1069. Figley,

C.R.

(Ed.) (1995). Compassion

fatigue: Coping

with

secondary

traumatic

stress

in

those

who

treat

the

traumatized. New

York: Brunner/Mazel. Siegfried,

C.

B.,

(March

2008).

General - Secondary PTSD - An Overview | My PTSD Forum General
Secondary PTSD - An Overview

General Secondary PTSD - An Overview
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 Secondary Exposure
The literature on secondary exposure has largely focused on the development of trauma symptoms. Several terms have been advanced to describe apparent cases of PTSD that do not qualify for the official PTSD diagnosis because the exposure was secondary rather than direct. Instead, the individual has been said to have a different disorder, usually called Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder (STSD), vicarious traumatization, compassion fatigue or empathic strain. Regardless of which term is used, there is evidence indicating that these cases do exist and have occurred among professional helpers. Although it is not yet clear how often secondary exposure leads to the development of trauma symptoms, it is probably safe to say that it is fairly infrequent that secondary exposure produces the complete PTSD syndrome. But does this mean that it is safe to say that professional helpers are only infrequently affected by their secondary exposure to trauma survivors? I believe the answer is no. The development of dramatic PTSD symptoms is only one of the ways in which professional helpers are affected by their exposure to secondary traumatic stress
The ways in which professional helpers are affected may not be as obvious only because we don't think of them as symptoms. For example, can you imagine a professional helper coming home from performing a critical incident debriefing and going right to bed? It's highly unlikely.

Secondary Exposure
The literature on secondary exposure has largely focused on the development of trauma symptoms. Several terms have been advanced to describe apparent cases of PTSD that do not qualify for the official PTSD diagnosis because the exposure was secondary rather than direct. Instead, the individual has been said to have a different disorder, usually called Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder (STSD), vicarious traumatization, compassion fatigue or empathic strain. Regardless of which term is used, there is evidence indicating that these cases do exist and have occurred among professional helpers. Although it is not yet clear how often secondary exposure leads to the development of trauma symptoms, it is probably safe to say that it is fairly infrequent that secondary exposure produces the complete PTSD syndrome. But does this mean that it is safe to say that professional helpers are only infrequently affected by their secondary exposure to trauma survivors? I believe the answer is no. The development of dramatic PTSD symptoms is only one of the ways in which professional helpers are affected by their exposure to secondary traumatic stress
The ways in which professional helpers are affected may not be as obvious only because we don't think of them as symptoms. For example, can you imagine a professional helper coming home from performing a critical incident debriefing and going right to bed? It's highly unlikely.

Secondary Traumatic Stress | The Administration for Children and Families Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Common Compassion Fatigue Symptoms
Why Secondary Traumatic Stress is Important for Human Services Agencies
Relevant Interventions and Approaches
Individual Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Organizational Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Resources for Further Learning
References
 Relevant Interventions and Approaches
Addressing compassion fatigue needs to occur at both the individual and organizational levels and falls into two categories: prevention and treatment. Helpers can adopt lifestyle and work habits that help them maintain strong practice approaches and personal boundaries that can be protective in relation to a helping role. Sometimes even the most seasoned and personally balanced professionals find themselves struggling with secondary traumatization. Individual Prevention Strategies to Consider: Life balance – work to establish and maintain a diversity of interests, activities and relationships. Relaxation techniques – ensure downtime by practicing meditation or guided imagery. Contact with nature – garden or hike to remain connected to the earth and help maintain perspective about the world. Creative expression – things like drawing, cooking, or photography expand emotional experiences. Assertiveness training – learn to be able to say “no” and to set limits when necessary.

Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Common Compassion Fatigue Symptoms
Why Secondary Traumatic Stress is Important for Human Services Agencies
Relevant Interventions and Approaches
Individual Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Organizational Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Resources for Further Learning
References

Relevant Interventions and Approaches
Addressing compassion fatigue needs to occur at both the individual and organizational levels and falls into two categories: prevention and treatment. Helpers can adopt lifestyle and work habits that help them maintain strong practice approaches and personal boundaries that can be protective in relation to a helping role. Sometimes even the most seasoned and personally balanced professionals find themselves struggling with secondary traumatization. Individual Prevention Strategies to Consider: Life balance – work to establish and maintain a diversity of interests, activities and relationships. Relaxation techniques – ensure downtime by practicing meditation or guided imagery. Contact with nature – garden or hike to remain connected to the earth and help maintain perspective about the world. Creative expression – things like drawing, cooking, or photography expand emotional experiences. Assertiveness training – learn to be able to say “no” and to set limits when necessary.

Primary and secondary brain injury - Wikipedia Primary and secondary brain injury
Primary and secondary brain injury
Contents
Primary
Secondary
Prevention
See also
References
 Excitotoxicity can cause a variety of negative effects, including damage to cells by free radicals, potentially leading to neurodegeneration. Another factor in secondary injury is loss of cerebral autoregulation, the ability of the brain's blood vessels to regulate cerebral blood flow. Other factors in secondary damage are breakdown of the blood–brain barrier, edema, ischemia and hypoxia. Ischemia is one of the leading causes of secondary brain damage after head trauma. Similar mechanisms are involved in secondary injury after ischemia, trauma, and injuries resulting when a person does not get enough oxygen. After stroke, an ischemic cascade, a set of biochemical cascades takes place. Prevention
Since primary injury occurs at the moment of trauma and is over so rapidly, little can be done to interfere with it other than prevention of the trauma itself. However, since secondary injury occurs over time, it can be prevented in part by taking measures to prevent complications such as hypoxia (oxygen deficiency). Furthermore, secondary injury presents opportunities for researchers to find drug therapies to limit or prevent the damage. Since a variety of processes occur in secondary injury, any treatments that are developed to halt or mitigate it will need to address more than one of these mechanisms.

Excitotoxicity can cause a variety of negative effects, including damage to cells by free radicals, potentially leading to neurodegeneration. Another factor in secondary injury is loss of cerebral autoregulation, the ability of the brain's blood vessels to regulate cerebral blood flow. Other factors in secondary damage are breakdown of the blood–brain barrier, edema, ischemia and hypoxia. Ischemia is one of the leading causes of secondary brain damage after head trauma. Similar mechanisms are involved in secondary injury after ischemia, trauma, and injuries resulting when a person does not get enough oxygen. After stroke, an ischemic cascade, a set of biochemical cascades takes place. Prevention
Since primary injury occurs at the moment of trauma and is over so rapidly, little can be done to interfere with it other than prevention of the trauma itself. However, since secondary injury occurs over time, it can be prevented in part by taking measures to prevent complications such as hypoxia (oxygen deficiency). Furthermore, secondary injury presents opportunities for researchers to find drug therapies to limit or prevent the damage. Since a variety of processes occur in secondary injury, any treatments that are developed to halt or mitigate it will need to address more than one of these mechanisms.

Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
How is Compassion Fatigue Different?
12 Therapeutic Strategies for Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress
Self-Care is an Essential
 Symptoms can also be triggered from exposure to violence in entertainment. For example, exposure to successive images of violence and victimization from incidents happening in the news media, and from experiencing traumatic scenes in TV shows, movies and videos. You do not have to be working in a particular industry to experience symptoms. However, the following people can potentially be at higher risk for developing them: Nurses, emergency hotline workers, child welfare workers, abuse counselors, animal welfare activists, journalists, photographers, Highly Sensitive Persons (HSP’s), energy healers, mediums and animal communicators and especially empaths. In fact, if you actively engage in activities promoting compassionate or heart-based living, or that encourages interaction with the sick, dying, the less fortunate, and victims of trauma (people and animals) even by way of healing and prayer, you are probably just as likely to develop symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress over time from repeated indirect exposure to violence and trauma as a healthcare worker is. What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress? Some symptoms include but are not limited to persistent feelings of the following, resulting from one or more of the triggers listed above: victimization/violation, heartbreak, restlessness, hopelessness, despair, anxiety, grief, shame, emptiness, survival guilt, hyper-vigilance, physical pain, heart palpitations, self-medicating with food/alcohol/other, emotional swings, emotional breakdowns, intrusive thoughts, irrational fear, ruminating or repeatedly re-living the story of the traumatic experience (s). It is common for people who are anguishing with Secondary Traumatic Stress to invalidate or hide their feelings because a traumatic incident affecting them didn’t happen directly to them.

Primary and secondary brain injury - Wikipedia Primary and secondary brain injury
Primary and secondary brain injury
Contents
Primary
Secondary
Prevention
See also
References
 After stroke, an ischemic cascade, a set of biochemical cascades takes place. Prevention
Since primary injury occurs at the moment of trauma and is over so rapidly, little can be done to interfere with it other than prevention of the trauma itself. However, since secondary injury occurs over time, it can be prevented in part by taking measures to prevent complications such as hypoxia (oxygen deficiency). Furthermore, secondary injury presents opportunities for researchers to find drug therapies to limit or prevent the damage. Since a variety of processes occur in secondary injury, any treatments that are developed to halt or mitigate it will need to address more than one of these mechanisms. Thus efforts to reduce disability and death from TBI are thought to be best aimed at secondary injury, because the primary injury is thought to be irreversible. See also
Wallerian degeneration
References
^ a b cHammeke TA, Gennarelli TA (2003). " Traumatic brain injury". In Schiffer RB, Rao SM, Fogel BS (eds.). Neuropsychiatry.

After stroke, an ischemic cascade, a set of biochemical cascades takes place. Prevention
Since primary injury occurs at the moment of trauma and is over so rapidly, little can be done to interfere with it other than prevention of the trauma itself. However, since secondary injury occurs over time, it can be prevented in part by taking measures to prevent complications such as hypoxia (oxygen deficiency). Furthermore, secondary injury presents opportunities for researchers to find drug therapies to limit or prevent the damage. Since a variety of processes occur in secondary injury, any treatments that are developed to halt or mitigate it will need to address more than one of these mechanisms. Thus efforts to reduce disability and death from TBI are thought to be best aimed at secondary injury, because the primary injury is thought to be irreversible. See also
Wallerian degeneration
References
^ a b cHammeke TA, Gennarelli TA (2003). " Traumatic brain injury". In Schiffer RB, Rao SM, Fogel BS (eds.). Neuropsychiatry.

TSA | Managing secondary traumatic stress for educators Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Risk Factors & Causes of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Managing Secondary Traumatic Stress
 Risk Factors & Causes of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Certain circumstances can cause you to be more susceptible to secondary traumatic stress. Seek support and practice self-care to manage the possible effects of these experiences: Personal exposure to a traumatic event (s) or to individuals who are coping with their own reactions to trauma
Direct contact with children’s traumatic stories
Helping others and neglecting yourself
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary traumatic stress can impact all areas of your life. The effects can range from mild to debilitating. If you think you might be at risk, be alert for any of the following symptoms: Emotional — feeling numb or detached; feeling overwhelmed or maybe even hopeless. Physical — having low energy or feeling fatigued. Behavioral — changing your routine or engaging in self-destructive coping mechanisms. Professional — experiencing low performance of job tasks and responsibilities;

Risk Factors & Causes of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Certain circumstances can cause you to be more susceptible to secondary traumatic stress. Seek support and practice self-care to manage the possible effects of these experiences: Personal exposure to a traumatic event (s) or to individuals who are coping with their own reactions to trauma
Direct contact with children’s traumatic stories
Helping others and neglecting yourself
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary traumatic stress can impact all areas of your life. The effects can range from mild to debilitating. If you think you might be at risk, be alert for any of the following symptoms: Emotional — feeling numb or detached; feeling overwhelmed or maybe even hopeless. Physical — having low energy or feeling fatigued. Behavioral — changing your routine or engaging in self-destructive coping mechanisms. Professional — experiencing low performance of job tasks and responsibilities;

Secondary Traumatic Stress | The Administration for Children and Families Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Common Compassion Fatigue Symptoms
Why Secondary Traumatic Stress is Important for Human Services Agencies
Relevant Interventions and Approaches
Individual Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Organizational Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Resources for Further Learning
References
 Focusing on self-care – making a healthy diet, exercise, and regular sleep priorities reduces adverse stress effects. Journaling – writing about feelings related to helping or care giving and about anything that has helped or been comforting can help make meaning out of negative experiences. Seeking professional support – working with a counselor who specializes in trauma to process distressing symptoms and experiences provides additional perspectives and ideas. Joining a support group – talking through experiences and coping strategies with others who have similar circumstances can enhance optimism and hope. Learning new self-care strategies – adopting a new stress management technique such as yoga or progressive muscle relaxation can reduce adverse physical stress symptoms. Asking for help – asking social supports or co-workers to assist with tasks or responsibilities can hasten healing. Recognizing success and creating meaning – identifying aspects of helping that have been positive and important to others assists with resolving trauma and distress. Organizational Prevention Strategies to Consider: Create an organizational culture that normalizes the effects of working with trauma survivors. Adopt policies that promote and support staff self-care.

Focusing on self-care – making a healthy diet, exercise, and regular sleep priorities reduces adverse stress effects. Journaling – writing about feelings related to helping or care giving and about anything that has helped or been comforting can help make meaning out of negative experiences. Seeking professional support – working with a counselor who specializes in trauma to process distressing symptoms and experiences provides additional perspectives and ideas. Joining a support group – talking through experiences and coping strategies with others who have similar circumstances can enhance optimism and hope. Learning new self-care strategies – adopting a new stress management technique such as yoga or progressive muscle relaxation can reduce adverse physical stress symptoms. Asking for help – asking social supports or co-workers to assist with tasks or responsibilities can hasten healing. Recognizing success and creating meaning – identifying aspects of helping that have been positive and important to others assists with resolving trauma and distress. Organizational Prevention Strategies to Consider: Create an organizational culture that normalizes the effects of working with trauma survivors. Adopt policies that promote and support staff self-care.

Secondary and Associated Signs of PTSD Secondary and Associated Signs of PTSD
Secondary and Associated Signs of PTSD
Secondary and Associated Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms
 Secondary and Associated Signs of PTSD

Secondary and Associated Signs of PTSD
Secondary and Associated Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms
Secondary symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder are problems that arise because of the re-experiencing and avoidance symptoms themselves. For example, because a person wants to avoid talking about a traumatic event, she might cut off from friends, which would eventually cause her to feel lonely and depressed. As time passes after a traumatic experience, more secondary symptoms may develop. Over time, these can become more troubling and disabling than the original symptoms of re-experiencing and avoidance. Associated symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder don't come directly from being overwhelmed with fear; they occur because of other things that were going on at the time of the trauma. For example, a person who is psychologically traumatized in a car accident might also be physically injured and then get depressed because he can't work or leave the house. Common secondary or associated post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms include: Depression
Despair and hopelessness
Loss of important beliefs
Aggressive behavior toward oneself or others
Self-blame, guilt, and shame
Relationship problems
Detachment from others
Being argumentative
Loss of interest in things you used to enjoy doing
Social isolation
Health problems
Drug and alcohol abuse. Each of these symptoms is discussed in more detail in the following sections.

Secondary and Associated Signs of PTSD

Secondary and Associated Signs of PTSD
Secondary and Associated Signs of PTSD
Secondary and Associated Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms

Secondary and Associated Signs of PTSD

Secondary and Associated Signs of PTSD
Secondary and Associated Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms
Secondary symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder are problems that arise because of the re-experiencing and avoidance symptoms themselves. For example, because a person wants to avoid talking about a traumatic event, she might cut off from friends, which would eventually cause her to feel lonely and depressed. As time passes after a traumatic experience, more secondary symptoms may develop. Over time, these can become more troubling and disabling than the original symptoms of re-experiencing and avoidance. Associated symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder don't come directly from being overwhelmed with fear; they occur because of other things that were going on at the time of the trauma. For example, a person who is psychologically traumatized in a car accident might also be physically injured and then get depressed because he can't work or leave the house. Common secondary or associated post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms include: Depression
Despair and hopelessness
Loss of important beliefs
Aggressive behavior toward oneself or others
Self-blame, guilt, and shame
Relationship problems
Detachment from others
Being argumentative
Loss of interest in things you used to enjoy doing
Social isolation
Health problems
Drug and alcohol abuse. Each of these symptoms is discussed in more detail in the following sections.

Secondary Traumatic Stress - Child Welfare Information Gateway Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Spotlight on Secondary Trauma and Professionals’ Well-Being
Episode 4: Secondary Traumatic Stress [Podcast]
 The resource utilizes case examples to describe secondary trauma and breaks down the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder that secondary traumatic stress can mimic. Reducing Burnout, Enhancing Resilience & Caring for Self/Others in Child Death Review (PDF - 866 KB) [Presentation Slides]
Klomp (2018)
National Center for Fatality Review and Prevention at the National Child Death Review Conference
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Discusses the impact of witnessing and hearing about trauma in the context of child death reviews and the importance of resilience and self-care. Various types of stressors and the human response to them are discussed. Additional resources are also provided. The Relationship Between Vicarious Trauma and Turnover Among Child Welfare Professionals (PDF - 526 KB)
Middleton & Potter (2015)
Journal of Public Child Welfare, 9 (2)
Explores the relationship between child welfare workers experiencing vicarious trauma and their intent to leave their job. The study found that vicarious traumatization of workers is likely a contributing factor to high turnover in child welfare agencies, and implications for the field are shared due to this finding. Secondary Trauma and Child Welfare Staff: Guidance for Supervisors and Administrators (PDF - 785 KB)
National Child Traumatic Stress Network (2016)
Provides information on how secondary traumatic stress (STS) manifests, who in the child welfare field is at risk for STS, and strategies for prevention of and intervention for STS. The tip sheet for supervisors and administrators lists STS assessment tools and offers recommendations for professional development efforts that focus on building skills associated with resilience. Secondary Traumatic Stress in Child Welfare Practice:

TSA | Managing secondary traumatic stress for educators Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Risk Factors & Causes of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Managing Secondary Traumatic Stress
 Emotional — feeling numb or detached; feeling overwhelmed or maybe even hopeless. Physical — having low energy or feeling fatigued. Behavioral — changing your routine or engaging in self-destructive coping mechanisms. Professional — experiencing low performance of job tasks and responsibilities; feeling low job morale. Cognitive — experiencing confusion, diminished concentration, and difficulty with decision making; experiencing trauma imagery, which is seeing events over and over again. Spiritual — questioning the meaning of life or lacking self-satisfaction. Interpersonal — physically withdrawing or becoming emotionally unavailable to your co-workers or your family.

Emotional — feeling numb or detached; feeling overwhelmed or maybe even hopeless. Physical — having low energy or feeling fatigued. Behavioral — changing your routine or engaging in self-destructive coping mechanisms. Professional — experiencing low performance of job tasks and responsibilities; feeling low job morale. Cognitive — experiencing confusion, diminished concentration, and difficulty with decision making; experiencing trauma imagery, which is seeing events over and over again. Spiritual — questioning the meaning of life or lacking self-satisfaction. Interpersonal — physically withdrawing or becoming emotionally unavailable to your co-workers or your family.

Spinal Cord Injury's Secondary Injury Cascade Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury's Secondary Injury Cascade
Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury's Secondary Injury Cascade
The secondary injury cascade is a series of changes that begin within just a few hours after the SCI and may continue months past the initial injury.
Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Primary and Secondary Injuries
Acute Injury Phase
Subacute Injury Phase
Intermediate-Chronic Injury Phase
Current Research Supports the Spine’s Ability to Self-Heal
 Accessed January 10, 2018. Spinal Cord Injury. Facts and figures at a glance. National SCI Statistical Center (NSCISC). 2017. Updated on: 08/01/19
Continue Reading
Diagnosis of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
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Accessed January 10, 2018. Spinal Cord Injury. Facts and figures at a glance. National SCI Statistical Center (NSCISC). 2017. Updated on: 08/01/19
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Diagnosis of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
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Secondary Traumatic Stress | The Administration for Children and Families Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Common Compassion Fatigue Symptoms
Why Secondary Traumatic Stress is Important for Human Services Agencies
Relevant Interventions and Approaches
Individual Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Organizational Prevention Strategies to Consider:
Resources for Further Learning
References
 Life balance – work to establish and maintain a diversity of interests, activities and relationships. Relaxation techniques – ensure downtime by practicing meditation or guided imagery. Contact with nature – garden or hike to remain connected to the earth and help maintain perspective about the world. Creative expression – things like drawing, cooking, or photography expand emotional experiences. Assertiveness training – learn to be able to say “no” and to set limits when necessary. Interpersonal communication skills – improve written and verbal communication to enhance social and professional support. Cognitive restructuring – regularly evaluate experiences and apply problem-solving techniques to challenges. Time management – set priorities and remain productive and effective. Plan for coping – determine skills and strategies to adopt or enhance when signs of compassion fatigue begin to surface. Individual Treatment Strategies to Consider:

Life balance – work to establish and maintain a diversity of interests, activities and relationships. Relaxation techniques – ensure downtime by practicing meditation or guided imagery. Contact with nature – garden or hike to remain connected to the earth and help maintain perspective about the world. Creative expression – things like drawing, cooking, or photography expand emotional experiences. Assertiveness training – learn to be able to say “no” and to set limits when necessary. Interpersonal communication skills – improve written and verbal communication to enhance social and professional support. Cognitive restructuring – regularly evaluate experiences and apply problem-solving techniques to challenges. Time management – set priorities and remain productive and effective. Plan for coping – determine skills and strategies to adopt or enhance when signs of compassion fatigue begin to surface. Individual Treatment Strategies to Consider:

Spinal Cord Injury's Secondary Injury Cascade Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury's Secondary Injury Cascade
Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury's Secondary Injury Cascade
The secondary injury cascade is a series of changes that begin within just a few hours after the SCI and may continue months past the initial injury.
Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Primary and Secondary Injuries
Acute Injury Phase
Subacute Injury Phase
Intermediate-Chronic Injury Phase
Current Research Supports the Spine’s Ability to Self-Heal
 View Sources
Ahuja CS, Wilson JR, Nori S, Kotter M RN, Druschel C, Curt A, Fehlings MG. Traumatic spinal cord injury. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 3, 17018. https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201718. Accessed January 10, 2018. Spinal Cord Injury. Facts and figures at a glance. National SCI Statistical Center (NSCISC). 2017.

View Sources
Ahuja CS, Wilson JR, Nori S, Kotter M RN, Druschel C, Curt A, Fehlings MG. Traumatic spinal cord injury. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 3, 17018. https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201718. Accessed January 10, 2018. Spinal Cord Injury. Facts and figures at a glance. National SCI Statistical Center (NSCISC). 2017.

Primary and secondary brain injury - Wikipedia Primary and secondary brain injury
Primary and secondary brain injury
Contents
Primary
Secondary
Prevention
See also
References
 Unlike in most forms of trauma a large percentage of the people killed by brain trauma do not die right away but rather days to weeks after the event. In addition, rather than improving after being hospitalized as most patients with other types of injuries do, about 40% of people with TBI deteriorate. This is often a result of secondary injury, which can damage neurons that were unharmed in the primary injury. It occurs after a variety of brain injury including subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, and traumatic brain injury and involves metabolic cascades. Secondary injury can result from complications of the injury. These include ischemia (insufficient blood flow); cerebral hypoxia (insufficient oxygen in the brain); hypotension (low blood pressure ); cerebral edema (swelling of the brain); changes in the blood flow to the brain;

Unlike in most forms of trauma a large percentage of the people killed by brain trauma do not die right away but rather days to weeks after the event. In addition, rather than improving after being hospitalized as most patients with other types of injuries do, about 40% of people with TBI deteriorate. This is often a result of secondary injury, which can damage neurons that were unharmed in the primary injury. It occurs after a variety of brain injury including subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, and traumatic brain injury and involves metabolic cascades. Secondary injury can result from complications of the injury. These include ischemia (insufficient blood flow); cerebral hypoxia (insufficient oxygen in the brain); hypotension (low blood pressure ); cerebral edema (swelling of the brain); changes in the blood flow to the brain;

Types Of Trauma | The Trauma Practice Types of trauma
Types of trauma
Type 1 Trauma
Type 2 Trauma
Historical, Collective or Intergenerational Trauma
Vicarious or Secondary Trauma
Little t trauma
 Severe illness or injury
Violent assault
Sexual assault
Traumatic loss
Mugging or robbery
Being a victim of or witness to violence
Witnessing a terrorist attack
Witnessing a natural disaster
Road accident
Military combat incident
Hospitalisation
Psychiatric hospitalisation
Childbirth
Medical trauma
Post suicide attempt trauma
Life threatening illness or diagnosis
Type 2 Trauma
Complex trauma describes trauma which may have been experienced as part of childhood or early stages of development. Repetitive trauma refers to trauma which has been repeated over a period of time and is often part of an interpersonal relationship where someone might feel trapped emotionally or physically. They may also feel as if they have been coerced or powerless to prevent the trauma. A condition related to type 2 trauma is Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Examples of type 2 trauma include: Sibling abuse
Childhood emotional abuse
Domestic violence
Emotional neglect and attachment trauma
Abandonment
Verbal abuse
Coercion
Domestic physical abuse
Long term misdiagnosis of a health problem
Bullying at home at school or in a work setting
Sexual abuse
Emotional abuse
Physical neglect
Overly strict upbringing sometimes religious
Historical, Collective or Intergenerational Trauma
This trauma is characterized by psychological or emotional difficulties which can affect different communities, cultural groups and generations. Adaptive coping patterns can be passed intergenerationally. Examples might include: Racism
Slavery
Forcible removal from a family or community
Genocide
War
Vicarious or Secondary Trauma
This type of trauma can occur when someone speaks to someone who has experienced a trauma or witnessed a trauma first hand. The person listening can experience secondary trauma and experience symptoms experienced by the person explaining the trauma.

Types Of Trauma | The Trauma Practice

Types of trauma
Types of trauma
Type 1 Trauma
Type 2 Trauma
Historical, Collective or Intergenerational Trauma
Vicarious or Secondary Trauma
Little t trauma

Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Definition
Changing One's Beliefs About Emotions
How Therapy Can Help
A Word From Verywell
 Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
PTSD
Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
By
Matthew Tull, PhD
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Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial process
Matthew Tull, PhD
Reviewed by
Reviewed by David Susman, PhD on April 26, 2020
David Susman, PhD is a licensed clinical psychologist with experience providing treatment to individuals with mental illness and substance use concerns. Learn about our Review Board
David Susman, PhD
on April 26, 2020
sturti / Getty Images
What is the definition of secondary emotions? Find out what these emotions are and why people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health problems are vulnerable to them. Definition
Secondary emotions are emotional reactions we have to other emotions. For example, a person may feel ashamed as a result of becoming anxious or sad. In this case, anxiety would be the primary emotion while shame would be the secondary emotion. Secondary emotions are often caused by the beliefs we have about experiencing certain emotions. Some people may believe that being anxious or sad is a sign of weakness or says something negative about them as people. Therefore, whenever these emotions are experienced, these thoughts come up, which trigger secondary emotions.

Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Definition
Changing One's Beliefs About Emotions
How Therapy Can Help
A Word From Verywell

Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
PTSD
Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
By
Matthew Tull, PhD
twitter
Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial process
Matthew Tull, PhD
Reviewed by
Reviewed by David Susman, PhD on April 26, 2020
David Susman, PhD is a licensed clinical psychologist with experience providing treatment to individuals with mental illness and substance use concerns. Learn about our Review Board
David Susman, PhD
on April 26, 2020
sturti / Getty Images
What is the definition of secondary emotions? Find out what these emotions are and why people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health problems are vulnerable to them. Definition
Secondary emotions are emotional reactions we have to other emotions. For example, a person may feel ashamed as a result of becoming anxious or sad. In this case, anxiety would be the primary emotion while shame would be the secondary emotion. Secondary emotions are often caused by the beliefs we have about experiencing certain emotions. Some people may believe that being anxious or sad is a sign of weakness or says something negative about them as people. Therefore, whenever these emotions are experienced, these thoughts come up, which trigger secondary emotions.

Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
How is Compassion Fatigue Different?
12 Therapeutic Strategies for Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress
Self-Care is an Essential
 Practice giving and receiving hugs more often. A positive experience connecting with humans and animals is helpful. Humor heals. Laughter is wonderful medicine. It releases tension and stress from the body. So, watch your favorite comedy again! Have a good cry. Because a good release can be so liberating! Search positive imagery. Seek out thoughtful quotes, images of sunshine, your favorite animals and scenes in nature.

Practice giving and receiving hugs more often. A positive experience connecting with humans and animals is helpful. Humor heals. Laughter is wonderful medicine. It releases tension and stress from the body. So, watch your favorite comedy again! Have a good cry. Because a good release can be so liberating! Search positive imagery. Seek out thoughtful quotes, images of sunshine, your favorite animals and scenes in nature.

The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators — Page 2 of 3 — TTT4U The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators
The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators
Risk Factors and Causes
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Managing Secondary Traumatic Stress
Blog Posts
Archives
 They listen and observe what children live through and try to help with limited resources or training. A third risk factor of secondary traumatic stress is many educators help others and neglect themselves. This is prevalent among teachers. School employees are nurturers and caretakers for students, parents, and community members. At some point, educators have no time or energy to take care of themselves. Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Recognizing the effects of secondary traumatic stress on educators means that one must know the signs. Here are seven signs of compassion fatigue or STS. Emotional – feeling numb, detached, overwhelmed or hopeless
Physical – low energy or fatigued
Behavioral – changing your routine or engaging in self-destructive behavior
Professional – low performance or low morale
Cognitive – confused, can’t focus or make decisions
Spiritual – questioning the meaning of life or lack of self-satisfaction
Interpersonal – physically or emotional withdrawing from co-workers and friends
Managing Secondary Traumatic Stress
The first area of managing secondary traumatic stress is awareness. Know that it exists in our schools and among the educators in the building. Secondly, school administrators need to admit the existence of compassion fatigue or vicarious trauma among teachers and staff members.

The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators
The Effects of Secondary Traumatic Stress on Educators
Risk Factors and Causes
Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Managing Secondary Traumatic Stress
Blog Posts
Archives

They listen and observe what children live through and try to help with limited resources or training. A third risk factor of secondary traumatic stress is many educators help others and neglect themselves. This is prevalent among teachers. School employees are nurturers and caretakers for students, parents, and community members. At some point, educators have no time or energy to take care of themselves. Signs of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Recognizing the effects of secondary traumatic stress on educators means that one must know the signs. Here are seven signs of compassion fatigue or STS. Emotional – feeling numb, detached, overwhelmed or hopeless
Physical – low energy or fatigued
Behavioral – changing your routine or engaging in self-destructive behavior
Professional – low performance or low morale
Cognitive – confused, can’t focus or make decisions
Spiritual – questioning the meaning of life or lack of self-satisfaction
Interpersonal – physically or emotional withdrawing from co-workers and friends
Managing Secondary Traumatic Stress
The first area of managing secondary traumatic stress is awareness. Know that it exists in our schools and among the educators in the building. Secondly, school administrators need to admit the existence of compassion fatigue or vicarious trauma among teachers and staff members.

Types of Trauma Disorders | High Focus Centers Trauma Disorders: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment
Trauma Disorders: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Learn more about the signs, symptoms, and treatment for PTSD
Complex PTSD
Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
Secondhand Trauma
Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED)
Adjustment Disorders
Other and Unspecified Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders Treatment
 If symptoms persist beyond a month, the individual has developed PTSD. Secondhand Trauma
Secondhand trauma is also known as trauma exposure response or secondary traumatic stress disorder. It results from exposure to the firsthand trauma of other people. Symptoms of secondary traumatic stress include: A sense of hopelessness or helplessness
Feeling like you can never do enough to help
Hypervigilance
Guilt
Fear
Anger
Negativity/cynicism
Chronic fatigue
Secondhand trauma can happen to anyone, but it commonly affects professionals who work with trauma victims such as counselors, social workers, first responders, doctors, nurses and other healthcare workers. Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)
Reactive attachment disorder occurs in children who cannot form stable attachments to their caregivers. If a child’s basic needs are not met or they are frequently placed with new caregivers, they are at increased risk of developing RAD. Symptoms may include: Emotional withdrawal or inhibition
Lack of response to comfort from caregivers
Impaired emotional response to others
Limited ability to experience positive emotions
Episodes of irritability, sadness, or fearfulness, often without cause
Although rare, this condition can be devastating to a child’s normal development and may affect their lives into adulthood. However, treatment can help.

Types of Trauma Disorders | High Focus Centers

Trauma Disorders: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment
Trauma Disorders: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Learn more about the signs, symptoms, and treatment for PTSD
Complex PTSD
Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
Secondhand Trauma
Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED)
Adjustment Disorders
Other and Unspecified Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders Treatment

If symptoms persist beyond a month, the individual has developed PTSD. Secondhand Trauma
Secondhand trauma is also known as trauma exposure response or secondary traumatic stress disorder. It results from exposure to the firsthand trauma of other people. Symptoms of secondary traumatic stress include: A sense of hopelessness or helplessness
Feeling like you can never do enough to help
Hypervigilance
Guilt
Fear
Anger
Negativity/cynicism
Chronic fatigue
Secondhand trauma can happen to anyone, but it commonly affects professionals who work with trauma victims such as counselors, social workers, first responders, doctors, nurses and other healthcare workers. Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)
Reactive attachment disorder occurs in children who cannot form stable attachments to their caregivers. If a child’s basic needs are not met or they are frequently placed with new caregivers, they are at increased risk of developing RAD. Symptoms may include: Emotional withdrawal or inhibition
Lack of response to comfort from caregivers
Impaired emotional response to others
Limited ability to experience positive emotions
Episodes of irritability, sadness, or fearfulness, often without cause
Although rare, this condition can be devastating to a child’s normal development and may affect their lives into adulthood. However, treatment can help.

The Impact of Second-Hand Trauma The Impact of Second-Hand Trauma
The Impact of Second-Hand Trauma
Treatment for Second-Hand Trauma:
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
Seek Professional Help
 Agitation or irritability
Confusion
Intense fear
Hypervigilant
Angry outbursts
Sad or depressed
Feelings of guilt or hopelessness
Nightmares or sleeplessness
Constantly worried about death
Unable to focus or concentrate
Avoidance of public places
Chronic illness (i.e. headaches, stomach pain)
Socially withdrawn or dissociated
Insensitive to violence
Treatment for Second-Hand Trauma: Knowing and understanding that second-hand trauma is a real disorder that can affect daily lives is the first step to recovery. The second step is connecting with a qualified therapist who can provide counseling along with a treatment plan to bring balance back into everyday living. With treatment, symptoms can go away as early as a few weeks. However, without counseling the symptoms can last for months or years, and morph into other types of disorders and behaviors that may include the abuse of drugs or alcohol. There are two very effective forms of treatment for second-hand trauma outlined below: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is an effective form of treatment that can include relaxation techniques, psychological crisis management, and other special treatments as needed. Individuals are also taught coping skills and how to understand the anxiety associated with the traumatic event. Sometimes medication may also be needed to help the person deal with anxiety, depression, or agitation. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a form of therapy that is used to help millions of people of all ages according to the EMDR International Association.

The Impact of Second-Hand Trauma

The Impact of Second-Hand Trauma
The Impact of Second-Hand Trauma
Treatment for Second-Hand Trauma:
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
Seek Professional Help

Primary and secondary brain injury - Wikipedia Primary and secondary brain injury
Primary and secondary brain injury
Contents
Primary
Secondary
Prevention
See also
References
 Elsevier. pp. 13–19. ISBN 978-0-444-53017-2. Retrieved 2008-06-10. ^ a b Granacher RP (2007). Traumatic Brain Injury: Methods for Clinical & Forensic Neuropsychiatric Assessment, Second Edition. Boca Raton: CRC.

Primary and secondary brain injury
Primary and secondary brain injury
Contents
Primary
Secondary
Prevention
See also
References

Elsevier. pp. 13–19. ISBN 978-0-444-53017-2. Retrieved 2008-06-10. ^ a b Granacher RP (2007). Traumatic Brain Injury: Methods for Clinical & Forensic Neuropsychiatric Assessment, Second Edition. Boca Raton: CRC.

Blast injury - Wikipedia Blast injury
Blast injury
Contents
Classification
Primary injuries
Secondary injuries
Tertiary injuries
Quaternary injuries
Mechanism
Neurotrauma
Blast wave PTSD research
Casualty estimates and triage
See also
References
General
External links
 Secondary injuries
Secondary injuries are caused by fragmentation and other objects propelled by the explosion. These injuries may affect any part of the body and sometimes result in penetrating trauma with visible bleeding. At times the propelled object may become embedded in the body, obstructing the loss of blood to the outside. However, there may be extensive blood loss within the body cavities. Fragmentation wounds may be lethal and therefore many anti-personnel bombs are designed to generate fragments. Most casualties are caused by secondary injuries as generally a larger geographic area is affected by this form of injury than the primary blast site as debris can easily be propelled for hundreds to thousands of meters. Some explosives, such as nail bombs, are deliberately designed to increase the likelihood of secondary injuries. In other instances, the target provides the raw material for the objects thrown into people, e.g., shattered glass from a blasted-out window or the glass facade of a building. Tertiary injuries
Displacement of air by the explosion creates a blast wind that can throw victims against solid objects. Injuries resulting from this type of traumatic impact are referred to as tertiary blast injuries.

Blast injury - Wikipedia

Blast injury
Blast injury
Contents
Classification
Primary injuries
Secondary injuries
Tertiary injuries
Quaternary injuries
Mechanism
Neurotrauma
Blast wave PTSD research
Casualty estimates and triage
See also
References
General
External links

Secondary injuries
Secondary injuries are caused by fragmentation and other objects propelled by the explosion. These injuries may affect any part of the body and sometimes result in penetrating trauma with visible bleeding. At times the propelled object may become embedded in the body, obstructing the loss of blood to the outside. However, there may be extensive blood loss within the body cavities. Fragmentation wounds may be lethal and therefore many anti-personnel bombs are designed to generate fragments. Most casualties are caused by secondary injuries as generally a larger geographic area is affected by this form of injury than the primary blast site as debris can easily be propelled for hundreds to thousands of meters. Some explosives, such as nail bombs, are deliberately designed to increase the likelihood of secondary injuries. In other instances, the target provides the raw material for the objects thrown into people, e.g., shattered glass from a blasted-out window or the glass facade of a building. Tertiary injuries
Displacement of air by the explosion creates a blast wind that can throw victims against solid objects. Injuries resulting from this type of traumatic impact are referred to as tertiary blast injuries.

Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Secondary Emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Definition
Changing One's Beliefs About Emotions
How Therapy Can Help
A Word From Verywell
 For example, a person may feel ashamed as a result of becoming anxious or sad. In this case, anxiety would be the primary emotion while shame would be the secondary emotion. Secondary emotions are often caused by the beliefs we have about experiencing certain emotions. Some people may believe that being anxious or sad is a sign of weakness or says something negative about them as people. Therefore, whenever these emotions are experienced, these thoughts come up, which trigger secondary emotions. 1
Because people with PTSD often experience uncomfortable emotions such as anxiety, anger , or fear, they're particularly at risk of experiencing secondary emotions. Changing One's Beliefs About Emotions
Since secondary emotions are often rooted in one's belief system, changing one's beliefs can help alleviate secondary emotions. A number of individuals grow up hearing that boys don't cry or girls don't get angry. Race may also play a role in how certain emotions are perceived. 2  A Black man may have grown up hearing that he shouldn't get angry, lest he scare people.

For example, a person may feel ashamed as a result of becoming anxious or sad. In this case, anxiety would be the primary emotion while shame would be the secondary emotion. Secondary emotions are often caused by the beliefs we have about experiencing certain emotions. Some people may believe that being anxious or sad is a sign of weakness or says something negative about them as people. Therefore, whenever these emotions are experienced, these thoughts come up, which trigger secondary emotions. 1
Because people with PTSD often experience uncomfortable emotions such as anxiety, anger , or fear, they're particularly at risk of experiencing secondary emotions. Changing One's Beliefs About Emotions
Since secondary emotions are often rooted in one's belief system, changing one's beliefs can help alleviate secondary emotions. A number of individuals grow up hearing that boys don't cry or girls don't get angry. Race may also play a role in how certain emotions are perceived. 2  A Black man may have grown up hearing that he shouldn't get angry, lest he scare people.

Primary and secondary brain injury - Wikipedia Primary and secondary brain injury
Primary and secondary brain injury
Contents
Primary
Secondary
Prevention
See also
References
 ^ a b c Gennarelli GA, Graham DI (2005). " Neuropathology". In Silver JM, McAllister TW, Yudofsky SC (eds.). Textbook Of Traumatic Brain Injury. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. pp. 27–33. ISBN 1-58562-105-6. Retrieved 2008-06-10.

^ a b c Gennarelli GA, Graham DI (2005). " Neuropathology". In Silver JM, McAllister TW, Yudofsky SC (eds.). Textbook Of Traumatic Brain Injury. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. pp. 27–33. ISBN 1-58562-105-6. Retrieved 2008-06-10.

Primary and secondary brain injury - Wikipedia Primary and secondary brain injury
Primary and secondary brain injury
Contents
Primary
Secondary
Prevention
See also
References
 Epidemiology of trauma deaths: A reassessment". J Trauma. 38 (2): 185–93. doi: 10.1097/00005373-199502000-00006. PMID 7869433. ^ Narayan RK, Michel ME, Ansell B, et al. ( May 2002). "

Epidemiology of trauma deaths: A reassessment". J Trauma. 38 (2): 185–93. doi: 10.1097/00005373-199502000-00006. PMID 7869433. ^ Narayan RK, Michel ME, Ansell B, et al. ( May 2002). "

Primary and secondary brain injury - Wikipedia Primary and secondary brain injury
Primary and secondary brain injury
Contents
Primary
Secondary
Prevention
See also
References
 10.1016/S0306-4522 (00)00380-8. PMID 11074152. S2CID 20457228. ^ Sauaia A, Moore FA, Moore EE, et al. ( February 1995). " Epidemiology of trauma deaths: A reassessment". J Trauma. 38 (2): 185–93.

10.1016/S0306-4522 (00)00380-8. PMID 11074152. S2CID 20457228. ^ Sauaia A, Moore FA, Moore EE, et al. ( February 1995). " Epidemiology of trauma deaths: A reassessment". J Trauma. 38 (2): 185–93.

Secondary Stressors and Extreme Events and Disasters: A Systematic Review of Primary Research from 2010-2011 – PLOS Currents Disasters Secondary Stressors and Extreme Events and Disasters: A Systematic Review of Primary Research from 2010-2011
Secondary Stressors and Extreme Events and Disasters: A Systematic Review of Primary Research from 2010-2011
Authors
Abstract
Funding Statement
Introduction
Methods
Results
General findings
Table 1: Extreme event by country
Primary stressors, concurrent life events or secondary stressors
A typology of secondary stressors
Table 2: A Typology of Secodary Stressors
Discussion
Key findings
Mechanisms of interaction
Fig. 1: Suggested Pathway between an Extreme Event, Stressors and Distress or Mental Disorders.
Limitations
Future research
Conclusions
Competing Interests
Appendix 1
PRISMA Checklist
References
 Secondary stressors, by contrast, are circumstances, events or policies that are indirectly related or ‘ non-inherent and consequential’ 2 to the index extreme event. Typically, the term is used to describe situations that persist for longer than the events. Some secondary stressors are entities in themselves, whereas others are unresolved and persisting primary stressors. They can include problems such as infrastructure failure and challenges to returning to normality and repairing structures. They may also include the impacts of policies and plans made prior to events that inadvertently limit people’s recovery or adaptation. Much of the focus of previous research has been to identify primary stressors and provide evidence and strategies to tackle these problems and minimise their impact 2, 3. However, recent initiatives have resulted in increasing awareness of the importance of secondary stressors and their potential to lengthen the impact and distress caused by a disaster 2, 3, 4. There is plentiful evidence that the likelihood of people developing distress or going on to develop a mental disorder is increased in line with the intensity and persistence of both primary and secondary stressors. Despite this, however, there is a lack of a clear typology to describe these secondary stressors. We believe that it is important to be able to group the secondary stressors that occur after an extreme event.

Secondary Stressors and Extreme Events and Disasters: A Systematic Review of Primary Research from 2010-2011 – PLOS Currents Disasters

Secondary Stressors and Extreme Events and Disasters: A Systematic Review of Primary Research from 2010-2011
Secondary Stressors and Extreme Events and Disasters: A Systematic Review of Primary Research from 2010-2011
Authors
Abstract
Funding Statement
Introduction
Methods
Results
General findings
Table 1: Extreme event by country
Primary stressors, concurrent life events or secondary stressors
A typology of secondary stressors
Table 2: A Typology of Secodary Stressors
Discussion
Key findings
Mechanisms of interaction
Fig. 1: Suggested Pathway between an Extreme Event, Stressors and Distress or Mental Disorders.
Limitations
Future research
Conclusions
Competing Interests
Appendix 1
PRISMA Checklist
References

Secondary stressors, by contrast, are circumstances, events or policies that are indirectly related or ‘ non-inherent and consequential’ 2 to the index extreme event. Typically, the term is used to describe situations that persist for longer than the events. Some secondary stressors are entities in themselves, whereas others are unresolved and persisting primary stressors. They can include problems such as infrastructure failure and challenges to returning to normality and repairing structures. They may also include the impacts of policies and plans made prior to events that inadvertently limit people’s recovery or adaptation. Much of the focus of previous research has been to identify primary stressors and provide evidence and strategies to tackle these problems and minimise their impact 2, 3. However, recent initiatives have resulted in increasing awareness of the importance of secondary stressors and their potential to lengthen the impact and distress caused by a disaster 2, 3, 4. There is plentiful evidence that the likelihood of people developing distress or going on to develop a mental disorder is increased in line with the intensity and persistence of both primary and secondary stressors. Despite this, however, there is a lack of a clear typology to describe these secondary stressors. We believe that it is important to be able to group the secondary stressors that occur after an extreme event.

Blast injury - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Blast injury
Blast injury
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Explosions
Injury classification
Primary injuries
Secondary injuries
Tertiary injuries
Quaternary injuries
Quinary injuries
Psychological trauma
Neurotrauma
Tertiary blast injury
References
Other websites
 Most casualties in an explosion are caused by secondary blast injuries. These injuries may be caused by fragments of the explosive device and other objects within the blast zone being propelled by the force of the explosion. These objects may strike any part of the body resulting in penetrating trauma. The severity of the penetrating trauma depends to a degree on the size of the object, the depth of penetration, and the part of the body hit. Secondary blast injuries are common in deliberate explosions such as those caused by terrorist bombs. The bombs are often designed with objects such as nails, or ball bearings packed in and around the explosive device to act as shrapnel. These injuries may also occur in accidental explosions - such as may occur in an industrial accident - when objects in the environment affected by the blast, such as shattered glass take the role of shrapnel. Tertiary injuries
Displacement of air by the explosion creates a blast wind that can throw victims against solid objects. Injuries resulting from this type of traumatic impact are referred to as tertiary blast injuries. Tertiary injuries may present as some combination of blunt and penetrating trauma, including bone fractures and coup contre-coup injuries.

Blast injury - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Blast injury
Blast injury
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Explosions
Injury classification
Primary injuries
Secondary injuries
Tertiary injuries
Quaternary injuries
Quinary injuries
Psychological trauma
Neurotrauma
Tertiary blast injury
References
Other websites

Most casualties in an explosion are caused by secondary blast injuries. These injuries may be caused by fragments of the explosive device and other objects within the blast zone being propelled by the force of the explosion. These objects may strike any part of the body resulting in penetrating trauma. The severity of the penetrating trauma depends to a degree on the size of the object, the depth of penetration, and the part of the body hit. Secondary blast injuries are common in deliberate explosions such as those caused by terrorist bombs. The bombs are often designed with objects such as nails, or ball bearings packed in and around the explosive device to act as shrapnel. These injuries may also occur in accidental explosions - such as may occur in an industrial accident - when objects in the environment affected by the blast, such as shattered glass take the role of shrapnel. Tertiary injuries
Displacement of air by the explosion creates a blast wind that can throw victims against solid objects. Injuries resulting from this type of traumatic impact are referred to as tertiary blast injuries. Tertiary injuries may present as some combination of blunt and penetrating trauma, including bone fractures and coup contre-coup injuries.

Secondary Stressors and Extreme Events and Disasters: A Systematic Review of Primary Research from 2010-2011 – PLOS Currents Disasters Secondary Stressors and Extreme Events and Disasters: A Systematic Review of Primary Research from 2010-2011
Secondary Stressors and Extreme Events and Disasters: A Systematic Review of Primary Research from 2010-2011
Authors
Abstract
Funding Statement
Introduction
Methods
Results
General findings
Table 1: Extreme event by country
Primary stressors, concurrent life events or secondary stressors
A typology of secondary stressors
Table 2: A Typology of Secodary Stressors
Discussion
Key findings
Mechanisms of interaction
Fig. 1: Suggested Pathway between an Extreme Event, Stressors and Distress or Mental Disorders.
Limitations
Future research
Conclusions
Competing Interests
Appendix 1
PRISMA Checklist
References
 Secondary stressors such as a lack of financial assistance, the gruelling process of submitting an insurance claim, parents’ worries about their children, and continued lack of infrastructure can manifest their effects shortly after a disaster and persist for extended periods of time. Secondary stressors, and their roles in affecting people’s longer-term mental health, should not be overlooked. We draw attention in this review to the nature of secondary stressors that are commonly identified in the literature, assess how they are measured, and develop a typology of these stressors that often affect people after extreme events. Methods
We searched for relevant papers from 2010 and 2011 using MEDLINE®, Embase and PsycINFO®. We selected primary research papers that evaluated the associations between secondary stressors and distress or mental disorders following extreme events, and were published in English. We extracted information on which secondary stressors were assessed, and used thematic analysis to group the secondary stressors into a typology. Results
Thirty-two relevant articles published in 2010 and 2011 were identified. Many secondary stressors were poorly defined and difficult to differentiate from primary stressors or other life events. We identified 11 categories of secondary stressors, though some extend over more than one category. The categories include:

Secondary stressors such as a lack of financial assistance, the gruelling process of submitting an insurance claim, parents’ worries about their children, and continued lack of infrastructure can manifest their effects shortly after a disaster and persist for extended periods of time. Secondary stressors, and their roles in affecting people’s longer-term mental health, should not be overlooked. We draw attention in this review to the nature of secondary stressors that are commonly identified in the literature, assess how they are measured, and develop a typology of these stressors that often affect people after extreme events. Methods
We searched for relevant papers from 2010 and 2011 using MEDLINE®, Embase and PsycINFO®. We selected primary research papers that evaluated the associations between secondary stressors and distress or mental disorders following extreme events, and were published in English. We extracted information on which secondary stressors were assessed, and used thematic analysis to group the secondary stressors into a typology. Results
Thirty-two relevant articles published in 2010 and 2011 were identified. Many secondary stressors were poorly defined and difficult to differentiate from primary stressors or other life events. We identified 11 categories of secondary stressors, though some extend over more than one category. The categories include:

Blast injury - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Blast injury
Blast injury
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Explosions
Injury classification
Primary injuries
Secondary injuries
Tertiary injuries
Quaternary injuries
Quinary injuries
Psychological trauma
Neurotrauma
Tertiary blast injury
References
Other websites
 Blast injury - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Blast injury
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

The English used in this article or section may not be easy for everybody to understand. You can help Wikipedia by reading Wikipedia: How to write Simple English pages, then simplifying the article. ( May 2013)
Blast injury
Classification and external resources
Secondary blast injuries to both legs
eMedicine
emerg/63
MeSH
D001753
A blast injury is a wound caused by direct or indirect exposure to an explosive blast. Physical blast injuries are divided into four categories, with a fifth for secondary illnesses caused by the blast, and a sixth category for the effects of associated post-blast psychological trauma such as post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Contents
1 Explosions
2 Injury classification
2.1 Primary injuries
2.2 Secondary injuries
2.3 Tertiary injuries
2.4 Quaternary injuries
2.5 Quinary injuries
2.6 Psychological trauma
2.7 Neurotrauma
3 References
4 Other websites
Explosions
Explosive fragment Fragment of pressure cooker used to make an Improvised Explosive Device (IED) detonated at the 2013 Boston Marathon. Gunpowder - a low order explosive - was used in the IED. Fragments such as this cause secondary blast injuries. Blast environment Redirection of blast force of a terrorist bomb placed in public area trashcan designed to reduce risk potential. The environment in which an explosion occurs is one of the factors in determining blast injuries.

Blast injury - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Blast injury
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

The English used in this article or section may not be easy for everybody to understand. You can help Wikipedia by reading Wikipedia: How to write Simple English pages, then simplifying the article. ( May 2013)
Blast injury
Classification and external resources
Secondary blast injuries to both legs
eMedicine
emerg/63
MeSH
D001753
A blast injury is a wound caused by direct or indirect exposure to an explosive blast. Physical blast injuries are divided into four categories, with a fifth for secondary illnesses caused by the blast, and a sixth category for the effects of associated post-blast psychological trauma such as post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Contents
1 Explosions
2 Injury classification
2.1 Primary injuries
2.2 Secondary injuries
2.3 Tertiary injuries
2.4 Quaternary injuries
2.5 Quinary injuries
2.6 Psychological trauma
2.7 Neurotrauma
3 References
4 Other websites
Explosions
Explosive fragment Fragment of pressure cooker used to make an Improvised Explosive Device (IED) detonated at the 2013 Boston Marathon. Gunpowder - a low order explosive - was used in the IED. Fragments such as this cause secondary blast injuries. Blast environment Redirection of blast force of a terrorist bomb placed in public area trashcan designed to reduce risk potential. The environment in which an explosion occurs is one of the factors in determining blast injuries.

Secondary Stressors and Extreme Events and Disasters: A Systematic Review of Primary Research from 2010-2011 – PLOS Currents Disasters Secondary Stressors and Extreme Events and Disasters: A Systematic Review of Primary Research from 2010-2011
Secondary Stressors and Extreme Events and Disasters: A Systematic Review of Primary Research from 2010-2011
Authors
Abstract
Funding Statement
Introduction
Methods
Results
General findings
Table 1: Extreme event by country
Primary stressors, concurrent life events or secondary stressors
A typology of secondary stressors
Table 2: A Typology of Secodary Stressors
Discussion
Key findings
Mechanisms of interaction
Fig. 1: Suggested Pathway between an Extreme Event, Stressors and Distress or Mental Disorders.
Limitations
Future research
Conclusions
Competing Interests
Appendix 1
PRISMA Checklist
References
 Much of the focus of previous research has been to identify primary stressors and provide evidence and strategies to tackle these problems and minimise their impact 2, 3. However, recent initiatives have resulted in increasing awareness of the importance of secondary stressors and their potential to lengthen the impact and distress caused by a disaster 2, 3, 4. There is plentiful evidence that the likelihood of people developing distress or going on to develop a mental disorder is increased in line with the intensity and persistence of both primary and secondary stressors. Despite this, however, there is a lack of a clear typology to describe these secondary stressors. We believe that it is important to be able to group the secondary stressors that occur after an extreme event. This should enable improved application of past experience with a view to recognising potentially important secondary stressors earlier, and, preferably, even before a disaster occurs. In this review we aimed to: determine if secondary stressors that affect people exposed to extreme events and disasters are commonly recognised in the literature; identify how they are measured; and produce a typology of secondary stressors.

Much of the focus of previous research has been to identify primary stressors and provide evidence and strategies to tackle these problems and minimise their impact 2, 3. However, recent initiatives have resulted in increasing awareness of the importance of secondary stressors and their potential to lengthen the impact and distress caused by a disaster 2, 3, 4. There is plentiful evidence that the likelihood of people developing distress or going on to develop a mental disorder is increased in line with the intensity and persistence of both primary and secondary stressors. Despite this, however, there is a lack of a clear typology to describe these secondary stressors. We believe that it is important to be able to group the secondary stressors that occur after an extreme event. This should enable improved application of past experience with a view to recognising potentially important secondary stressors earlier, and, preferably, even before a disaster occurs. In this review we aimed to: determine if secondary stressors that affect people exposed to extreme events and disasters are commonly recognised in the literature; identify how they are measured; and produce a typology of secondary stressors.

Blast injury - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Blast injury
Blast injury
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Explosions
Injury classification
Primary injuries
Secondary injuries
Tertiary injuries
Quaternary injuries
Quinary injuries
Psychological trauma
Neurotrauma
Tertiary blast injury
References
Other websites
 Air and fluid-filled internal organs are most commonly affected, but the blast wave may also cause external injuries such as traumatic amputation. The structures of the internal ears are most often affected by the blast wave, with perforated ear drums the most common injury. The most common fatal injury in victims who survive the initial blast is blast lung. Blast lung can result in pulmonary contusions, bleeding and fluid build-up in the lungs with damage to airways and blood vessels. Secondary injuries
Secondary blast injury Shrapnel wounds from an Improvised Explosive Device ( IED ). Most casualties in an explosion are caused by secondary blast injuries. These injuries may be caused by fragments of the explosive device and other objects within the blast zone being propelled by the force of the explosion. These objects may strike any part of the body resulting in penetrating trauma. The severity of the penetrating trauma depends to a degree on the size of the object, the depth of penetration, and the part of the body hit. Secondary blast injuries are common in deliberate explosions such as those caused by terrorist bombs.

Air and fluid-filled internal organs are most commonly affected, but the blast wave may also cause external injuries such as traumatic amputation. The structures of the internal ears are most often affected by the blast wave, with perforated ear drums the most common injury. The most common fatal injury in victims who survive the initial blast is blast lung. Blast lung can result in pulmonary contusions, bleeding and fluid build-up in the lungs with damage to airways and blood vessels. Secondary injuries
Secondary blast injury Shrapnel wounds from an Improvised Explosive Device ( IED ). Most casualties in an explosion are caused by secondary blast injuries. These injuries may be caused by fragments of the explosive device and other objects within the blast zone being propelled by the force of the explosion. These objects may strike any part of the body resulting in penetrating trauma. The severity of the penetrating trauma depends to a degree on the size of the object, the depth of penetration, and the part of the body hit. Secondary blast injuries are common in deliberate explosions such as those caused by terrorist bombs.

Definition of Secondary Stress - IADC Lexicon Secondary Stress
Secondary Stress
Definition (s)
Secondary stress
Secondary stress
Secondary stress
Secondary stress
 Definition of Secondary Stress - IADC Lexicon
Secondary Stress
Definition (s)
Secondary stress
Any normal or shear stress that develops as a result of material constraint. NOTE This type of stress is self-limiting, which means that local yielding can relieve the conditions that cause the stress, and single application of load will not cause failure. NOTE Definition taken from API 2RD. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards
Secondary stress
Stress developed by constraint due to a geometrical discontinuity, by the use of materials of different elastic moduli under external load, by constraint due to differential thermal expansion, or by assembly load (preload) that does not impair the sealing performance of a connector. NOTE 1 Only stresses that are distributed linearly across the thickness are considered secondary stresses. For nonlinearly distributed stresses, the secondary stresses are those of the equivalent linear distribution. NOTE 2 With respect to the mechanical behaviour of the structure, the basic characteristic of secondary stresses is that they lead to plastic deformation when equalizing different local distortions in the case of excess of the yield strength. Characteristic for a secondary stress is that it is self-limiting, i.e. local flow deformation leads to a limitation of the stress.

Definition of Secondary Stress - IADC Lexicon

Secondary Stress
Secondary Stress
Definition (s)
Secondary stress
Secondary stress
Secondary stress
Secondary stress

Definition of Secondary Stress - IADC Lexicon
Secondary Stress
Definition (s)
Secondary stress
Any normal or shear stress that develops as a result of material constraint. NOTE This type of stress is self-limiting, which means that local yielding can relieve the conditions that cause the stress, and single application of load will not cause failure. NOTE Definition taken from API 2RD. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards
Secondary stress
Stress developed by constraint due to a geometrical discontinuity, by the use of materials of different elastic moduli under external load, by constraint due to differential thermal expansion, or by assembly load (preload) that does not impair the sealing performance of a connector. NOTE 1 Only stresses that are distributed linearly across the thickness are considered secondary stresses. For nonlinearly distributed stresses, the secondary stresses are those of the equivalent linear distribution. NOTE 2 With respect to the mechanical behaviour of the structure, the basic characteristic of secondary stresses is that they lead to plastic deformation when equalizing different local distortions in the case of excess of the yield strength. Characteristic for a secondary stress is that it is self-limiting, i.e. local flow deformation leads to a limitation of the stress.

Blast injury types, signs, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment Blast injury
Blast injury
Blast injury
Blast injury causes
Blast injury types
Primary blast injury
Secondary blast injury
Tertiary blast injury
Quaternary blast injury
Quinary blast injury
Blast injury signs and symptoms
Primary blast injuries include:
Secondary blast injuries include:
Tertiary blast injuries include:
Quaternary blast injury include:
Quaternary blast injury include:
Blast injury diagnosis
Physical examination
Lab tests
Imaging studies
Blast injury treatment
Prehospital care
Emergency department care
MOST POPULAR
 Secondary blast injuries account for the majority of injuries from an explosion event. The blast wave can carry debris a considerable distance causing injuries to anyone in its path. In intentional explosive devices, often they are constructed with the intent to injure as many people as possible. The device could be constructed with nails, metal ball bearings, screws, or other objects with the intent that they will be forcefully displaced during the blast to increase injuries to anyone in their path. Secondary blast injuries are more common than primary blast injuries. Secondary blast injuries are the most common cause of mortality in victims of an explosion. Exposed areas of the victims’ body are at high risk for penetration of debris that is propelled by the explosion. Often areas of highest risk for injury are the head, neck, and extremities. Secondary blast injuries can be obvious or be deceiving. The force of the explosion can propel debris many times faster than a bullet.

Blast injury types, signs, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment

Blast injury
Blast injury
Blast injury
Blast injury causes
Blast injury types
Primary blast injury
Secondary blast injury
Tertiary blast injury
Quaternary blast injury
Quinary blast injury
Blast injury signs and symptoms
Primary blast injuries include:
Secondary blast injuries include:
Tertiary blast injuries include:
Quaternary blast injury include:
Quaternary blast injury include:
Blast injury diagnosis
Physical examination
Lab tests
Imaging studies
Blast injury treatment
Prehospital care
Emergency department care
MOST POPULAR

Secondary blast injuries account for the majority of injuries from an explosion event. The blast wave can carry debris a considerable distance causing injuries to anyone in its path. In intentional explosive devices, often they are constructed with the intent to injure as many people as possible. The device could be constructed with nails, metal ball bearings, screws, or other objects with the intent that they will be forcefully displaced during the blast to increase injuries to anyone in their path. Secondary blast injuries are more common than primary blast injuries. Secondary blast injuries are the most common cause of mortality in victims of an explosion. Exposed areas of the victims’ body are at high risk for penetration of debris that is propelled by the explosion. Often areas of highest risk for injury are the head, neck, and extremities. Secondary blast injuries can be obvious or be deceiving. The force of the explosion can propel debris many times faster than a bullet.

Blast injury types, signs, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment Blast injury
Blast injury
Blast injury
Blast injury causes
Blast injury types
Primary blast injury
Secondary blast injury
Tertiary blast injury
Quaternary blast injury
Quinary blast injury
Blast injury signs and symptoms
Primary blast injuries include:
Secondary blast injuries include:
Tertiary blast injuries include:
Quaternary blast injury include:
Quaternary blast injury include:
Blast injury diagnosis
Physical examination
Lab tests
Imaging studies
Blast injury treatment
Prehospital care
Emergency department care
MOST POPULAR
 In victims with multiple presenting injuries or in incidents with multiple causalities, the injuries could be easy to miss. Victims of primary blast injuries may not initially show any obvious signs of injury. Secondary blast injury
Secondary blast injuries are caused by the impact of airborne debris onto body. The secondary blast injuries are caused by debris that penetrates or interacts with the body surface. The debris can be from pieces of the explosive device itself and its contents, or material located around the initial blast device at the time of the explosion. Secondary blast injuries account for the majority of injuries from an explosion event. The blast wave can carry debris a considerable distance causing injuries to anyone in its path. In intentional explosive devices, often they are constructed with the intent to injure as many people as possible. The device could be constructed with nails, metal ball bearings, screws, or other objects with the intent that they will be forcefully displaced during the blast to increase injuries to anyone in their path. Secondary blast injuries are more common than primary blast injuries.

In victims with multiple presenting injuries or in incidents with multiple causalities, the injuries could be easy to miss. Victims of primary blast injuries may not initially show any obvious signs of injury. Secondary blast injury
Secondary blast injuries are caused by the impact of airborne debris onto body. The secondary blast injuries are caused by debris that penetrates or interacts with the body surface. The debris can be from pieces of the explosive device itself and its contents, or material located around the initial blast device at the time of the explosion. Secondary blast injuries account for the majority of injuries from an explosion event. The blast wave can carry debris a considerable distance causing injuries to anyone in its path. In intentional explosive devices, often they are constructed with the intent to injure as many people as possible. The device could be constructed with nails, metal ball bearings, screws, or other objects with the intent that they will be forcefully displaced during the blast to increase injuries to anyone in their path. Secondary blast injuries are more common than primary blast injuries.

Level 2 Trauma Center definition - Law Insider Level 2 Trauma Center
definition

Level 2 Trauma Center definition
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 Level 2 Trauma Center definition - Law Insider
Level 2 Trauma Center definition
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Level 2 Trauma Center means a regional trauma center with the capability to provide initial care for all trauma patients. Most patients would continue to be cared for in this center; there may be some complex cases which would require transfer for the depth of services of a regional Level 1 or specialty center. Sample 1
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KMC is a Level 2 trauma center that provides comprehensive indigent care and high risk inpatient, outpatient and ancillary services. In addition KMC desires a GPO whose selection of supplier vendors have the ability to support the mission and goals of a Level 2 trauma center and teaching hospital. MidHudson Regional HospitalMidHudson Regional Hospital on the WMCHealth Poughkeepsie campus is home to a well-regarded community hospital and Level 2 trauma center, which includes 243 community-hospital and inpatient psychiatric and detox beds, as well as several community-based, home care and early education programs in the Mid- Hudson region. If there were only one Level 2 trauma center, the volume would be 400 at that center — far greater than the guideline of 240. Since most patients with ISS greater than 15 should be treated at a Level 2 trauma center, a reasonable way to plan for the number of Level 2 trauma centers is to plan for those patients with ISS greater than 15. Most Referenced Clauses
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Level 2 Trauma Center definition - Law Insider

Level 2 Trauma Center
definition

Level 2 Trauma Center definition
Examples of Level 2 Trauma Center in a sentence
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