Question: Is S. saprophyticus UTI common in vegetarians and what antibiotics are effective?

Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? - ScienceDirect Staphylococcus saprophyticus
: Which beta-lactam?

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Short Communication
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam?
Highlights
Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Keywords
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conflict of interest/funding
References
 The adequacy of antimicrobial treatments prescribed for UTI due to S. saprophyticus is not usually questioned. This study described the epidemiology of such infections and assessed the susceptibility of S. saprophyticus to ceftriaxone and amoxicillin–clavulanic acid. Methods
Methicillin-susceptible S. saprophyticus (MSSS) isolated from clinical samples between November 2014 and July 2016 were included. Clinical data were recorded. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amoxicillin–clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone were measured for these MSSS strains and for 17 randomly selected methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) strains. Results
Of the S. saprophyticus isolates from urine, 59.5% were associated with a diagnosis of cystitis and 33.3% with pyelonephritis. Sixty percent of S. saprophyticus cystitis cases and 25% of pyelonephritis cases were given an inappropriate antibiotic regimen. The MICs of ceftriaxone ranged from 4 to >32 μg/ml for MSSS, and from 1.5 to 4 μg/ml for MSSA. Conclusions
Many UTIs were treated with an empirical antibiotic therapy that was ineffective for S. saprophyticus, revealing that S. saprophyticus is an aetiology that is insufficiently considered in UTI. High MICs for ceftriaxone in MSSS were observed, which raises questions about the use of this antibiotic in UTIs due to S. saprophyticus.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? - ScienceDirect

Staphylococcus saprophyticus
: Which beta-lactam?

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Short Communication
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam?
Highlights
Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Keywords
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conflict of interest/funding
References

The adequacy of antimicrobial treatments prescribed for UTI due to S. saprophyticus is not usually questioned. This study described the epidemiology of such infections and assessed the susceptibility of S. saprophyticus to ceftriaxone and amoxicillin–clavulanic acid. Methods
Methicillin-susceptible S. saprophyticus (MSSS) isolated from clinical samples between November 2014 and July 2016 were included. Clinical data were recorded. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amoxicillin–clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone were measured for these MSSS strains and for 17 randomly selected methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) strains. Results
Of the S. saprophyticus isolates from urine, 59.5% were associated with a diagnosis of cystitis and 33.3% with pyelonephritis. Sixty percent of S. saprophyticus cystitis cases and 25% of pyelonephritis cases were given an inappropriate antibiotic regimen. The MICs of ceftriaxone ranged from 4 to >32 μg/ml for MSSS, and from 1.5 to 4 μg/ml for MSSA. Conclusions
Many UTIs were treated with an empirical antibiotic therapy that was ineffective for S. saprophyticus, revealing that S. saprophyticus is an aetiology that is insufficiently considered in UTI. High MICs for ceftriaxone in MSSS were observed, which raises questions about the use of this antibiotic in UTIs due to S. saprophyticus.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? - ScienceDirect Staphylococcus saprophyticus
: Which beta-lactam?

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Short Communication
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam?
Highlights
Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Keywords
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conflict of interest/funding
References
 Discussion
In the literature, the prevalence of MSSS in UTI varies from 3% to 42%, depending on factors such as patient age ( Hur et al., 2016, Lo et al., 2015 ). Complications of UTIs due to MSSS such as pyelonephritis, nephrolithiasis, and in the case of male patients, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis, are uncommonly reported ( Chen, 2014, Hovelius and Mårdh, 1984, Raz et al., 2005 ). The high proportion of pyelonephritis (33.3%) that was recorded in the present study suggests that this clinical feature should be considered. MSSS is often considered as usually susceptible to most antibiotics ( Chen, 2014 ). However, some natural resistance to the antibiotics commonly used for empirical antimicrobial therapy in UTIs, such as cefixime and fosfomycin trometamol, is known for this pathogen. In this study, 60% of cystitis and 25% of pyelonephritis due to MSSS was treated with an ineffective empirical antimicrobial therapy (cefixime, fosfomycin, or amoxicillin). Of the 56 urine samples with Gram-positive cocci observed on direct examination, 50% were treated with an empirical antibiotic therapy that is ineffective against MSSS, underlining the fact that despite suggestive results on direct examination, the hypothesis of MSSS resistance had not been taken into account for empirical treatment.

Discussion
In the literature, the prevalence of MSSS in UTI varies from 3% to 42%, depending on factors such as patient age ( Hur et al., 2016, Lo et al., 2015 ). Complications of UTIs due to MSSS such as pyelonephritis, nephrolithiasis, and in the case of male patients, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis, are uncommonly reported ( Chen, 2014, Hovelius and Mårdh, 1984, Raz et al., 2005 ). The high proportion of pyelonephritis (33.3%) that was recorded in the present study suggests that this clinical feature should be considered. MSSS is often considered as usually susceptible to most antibiotics ( Chen, 2014 ). However, some natural resistance to the antibiotics commonly used for empirical antimicrobial therapy in UTIs, such as cefixime and fosfomycin trometamol, is known for this pathogen. In this study, 60% of cystitis and 25% of pyelonephritis due to MSSS was treated with an ineffective empirical antimicrobial therapy (cefixime, fosfomycin, or amoxicillin). Of the 56 urine samples with Gram-positive cocci observed on direct examination, 50% were treated with an empirical antibiotic therapy that is ineffective against MSSS, underlining the fact that despite suggestive results on direct examination, the hypothesis of MSSS resistance had not been taken into account for empirical treatment.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men:... : Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 11 This test has been validated in many studies. It has emerged as rapid and cost-effective screening method. It is sensitive to most antibiotics used to treat UTI except nalidixic acid. Ishihara et al 7 reported resistance of S. saprophyticus strains to ampicillin, ceftazidime, cefixime, aztreonam, and fosfomycin. There was also no difference in resistance rate on basis of gender. Our isolate was also resistant to β-lactam antibiotics in accordance to other case reports. To summarize, S. saprophyticus is rare but important cause of UTIs in both genders. It should be part of differential diagnosis in complicated UTIs in elderly men. Whether to screen for and eradicate this organism before invasive urogenital procedures in high-risk male patients remains open-ended question, and more studies are needed to answer this. REFERENCES
1.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men:... : Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice

Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

11 This test has been validated in many studies. It has emerged as rapid and cost-effective screening method. It is sensitive to most antibiotics used to treat UTI except nalidixic acid. Ishihara et al 7 reported resistance of S. saprophyticus strains to ampicillin, ceftazidime, cefixime, aztreonam, and fosfomycin. There was also no difference in resistance rate on basis of gender. Our isolate was also resistant to β-lactam antibiotics in accordance to other case reports. To summarize, S. saprophyticus is rare but important cause of UTIs in both genders. It should be part of differential diagnosis in complicated UTIs in elderly men. Whether to screen for and eradicate this organism before invasive urogenital procedures in high-risk male patients remains open-ended question, and more studies are needed to answer this. REFERENCES
1.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Staphylococcus saprophyticus
as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections
Published:
Abstract
Topic:
Issue Section:
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 In young women, S. saprophyticus is, after Escherichia coli, the second-most-frequent causative agent of acute UTI. Patients with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered. The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic appearance microscopically. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colonyforming units (<10 5 cfu/ml) of S. saprophyticus are comparatively often found in the bladder and voided urine. S. saprophyticus is usually susceptible to antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients with UTI, with the exception of nalidixic acid. The bacterium has a capacity for selective adherence to human urothelium. It causes direct hemagglutination. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic

Staphylococcus saprophyticus
as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections
Published:
Abstract
Topic:
Issue Section:
PDF

In young women, S. saprophyticus is, after Escherichia coli, the second-most-frequent causative agent of acute UTI. Patients with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered. The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic appearance microscopically. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colonyforming units (<10 5 cfu/ml) of S. saprophyticus are comparatively often found in the bladder and voided urine. S. saprophyticus is usually susceptible to antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients with UTI, with the exception of nalidixic acid. The bacterium has a capacity for selective adherence to human urothelium. It causes direct hemagglutination. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? - ScienceDirect Staphylococcus saprophyticus
: Which beta-lactam?

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Short Communication
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam?
Highlights
Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Keywords
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conflict of interest/funding
References
 Results
Of the S. saprophyticus isolates from urine, 59.5% were associated with a diagnosis of cystitis and 33.3% with pyelonephritis. Sixty percent of S. saprophyticus cystitis cases and 25% of pyelonephritis cases were given an inappropriate antibiotic regimen. The MICs of ceftriaxone ranged from 4 to >32 μg/ml for MSSS, and from 1.5 to 4 μg/ml for MSSA. Conclusions
Many UTIs were treated with an empirical antibiotic therapy that was ineffective for S. saprophyticus, revealing that S. saprophyticus is an aetiology that is insufficiently considered in UTI. High MICs for ceftriaxone in MSSS were observed, which raises questions about the use of this antibiotic in UTIs due to S. saprophyticus. Previous article
in issue
Next article
in issue
Keywords
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Beta-lactams
Minimum inhibitory concentrations
Ceftriaxone
Amoxicillin–clavulanic acid
Introduction
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive coccus responsible for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections (UTIs), mainly in young women ( Raz et al., 2005 ). The resistance of S. saprophyticus to the antibiotics commonly used in the empirical treatment of cystitis, such as cefixime and fosfomycin trometamol, complicates the treatment of patients infected with this pathogen. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology of UTIs associated with S. saprophyticus at the University Hospital of Angers, and to compare the susceptibility of methicillin-susceptible S. saprophyticus (MSSS) with the susceptibility of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates to amoxicillin–clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone. Methods
All MSSS isolated from clinical samples at the University Hospital of Angers between November 2014 and July 2016 were selected.

Patients with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered. The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic appearance microscopically. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colony-forming units (less than 10(5) cfu/ml) of S. saprophyticus are comparatively often found in the bladder and voided urine. S. saprophyticus is usually susceptible to antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients with UTI, with the exception of nalidixic acid. The bacterium has a capacity for selective adherence to human urothelium. It causes direct hemagglutination. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. This staphylococcal species produces an extracellular enzyme complex that can inhibit growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Patients with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered. The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic appearance microscopically. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colony-forming units (less than 10(5) cfu/ml) of S. saprophyticus are comparatively often found in the bladder and voided urine. S. saprophyticus is usually susceptible to antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients with UTI, with the exception of nalidixic acid. The bacterium has a capacity for selective adherence to human urothelium. It causes direct hemagglutination. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. This staphylococcal species produces an extracellular enzyme complex that can inhibit growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men:... : Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 10
The clinical features of S. saprophyticus resemble those of other UTIs. Bacteremia and systemic toxicity are rare even when upper UTI occurs. In our review of literature, we did not find any report of bacteremia in male patients who have UTI by S. saprophyticus. Our patient also has negative blood cultures. Microbiologically S. saprophyticus can be easily differentiated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci by testing for novobiocin resistance. 11 This test has been validated in many studies. It has emerged as rapid and cost-effective screening method. It is sensitive to most antibiotics used to treat UTI except nalidixic acid. Ishihara et al 7 reported resistance of S. saprophyticus strains to ampicillin, ceftazidime, cefixime, aztreonam, and fosfomycin. There was also no difference in resistance rate on basis of gender.

10
The clinical features of S. saprophyticus resemble those of other UTIs. Bacteremia and systemic toxicity are rare even when upper UTI occurs. In our review of literature, we did not find any report of bacteremia in male patients who have UTI by S. saprophyticus. Our patient also has negative blood cultures. Microbiologically S. saprophyticus can be easily differentiated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci by testing for novobiocin resistance. 11 This test has been validated in many studies. It has emerged as rapid and cost-effective screening method. It is sensitive to most antibiotics used to treat UTI except nalidixic acid. Ishihara et al 7 reported resistance of S. saprophyticus strains to ampicillin, ceftazidime, cefixime, aztreonam, and fosfomycin. There was also no difference in resistance rate on basis of gender.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? - ScienceDirect Staphylococcus saprophyticus
: Which beta-lactam?

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Short Communication
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam?
Highlights
Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Keywords
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conflict of interest/funding
References
 •
This study analysed the epidemiology of S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections. •
Susceptibility of S. saprophyticus to ceftriaxone was studied. •
A high rate of ineffective empirical antibiotic therapy for S. saprophyticus was noted. •
High ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory concentrations were noted for methicillin-susceptible S. saprophyticus. Abstract
Background
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is resistant to the drugs most often used for the empirical treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI). The adequacy of antimicrobial treatments prescribed for UTI due to S. saprophyticus is not usually questioned. This study described the epidemiology of such infections and assessed the susceptibility of S. saprophyticus to ceftriaxone and amoxicillin–clavulanic acid. Methods
Methicillin-susceptible S. saprophyticus (MSSS) isolated from clinical samples between November 2014 and July 2016 were included. Clinical data were recorded. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amoxicillin–clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone were measured for these MSSS strains and for 17 randomly selected methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) strains.

•
This study analysed the epidemiology of S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections. •
Susceptibility of S. saprophyticus to ceftriaxone was studied. •
A high rate of ineffective empirical antibiotic therapy for S. saprophyticus was noted. •
High ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory concentrations were noted for methicillin-susceptible S. saprophyticus. Abstract
Background
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is resistant to the drugs most often used for the empirical treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI). The adequacy of antimicrobial treatments prescribed for UTI due to S. saprophyticus is not usually questioned. This study described the epidemiology of such infections and assessed the susceptibility of S. saprophyticus to ceftriaxone and amoxicillin–clavulanic acid. Methods
Methicillin-susceptible S. saprophyticus (MSSS) isolated from clinical samples between November 2014 and July 2016 were included. Clinical data were recorded. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amoxicillin–clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone were measured for these MSSS strains and for 17 randomly selected methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) strains.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links
 It is identitified as a species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) using the coagulase test. Lastly, S. saprophyticus is differentiated from S. epidermidis, another species of pathogenic CoNS, by testing for susceptibility to the antibiotic novobiocin. S. saprophyticus is novobiocin-resistant, whereas S. epidermidis is novobiocin-sensitive. Treatment
S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections are usually treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with a quinolone such as to be alone norfloxacin. It has also been shown to be susceptible to ampicillin & ceftriaxone. The many home remedies or natural treatments for urinary tract infections are not clinically proven, such as cranberry juice, alkalinization, and many types of common herbs and spices. Some show promise, such as to affect the formation of biofilms on surfaces or medical equipment, and in other in vitro situations. Different subspecies
Two subspecies of S. saprophyticus exist: S. s. bovis and S. s. saprophyticus, the latter has colony diameter of > 5mm, and more commonly found in human UTIs. S. s. saprophyticus is nitrate-reductase negative and pyrrolidonyl-arylamidase negative, while S. saprophyticus bovis has colony diameter of < 5mm, nitrate-reductase positive and pyrolidonyl-arylamidase positive.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia

Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links

It is identitified as a species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) using the coagulase test. Lastly, S. saprophyticus is differentiated from S. epidermidis, another species of pathogenic CoNS, by testing for susceptibility to the antibiotic novobiocin. S. saprophyticus is novobiocin-resistant, whereas S. epidermidis is novobiocin-sensitive. Treatment
S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections are usually treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with a quinolone such as to be alone norfloxacin. It has also been shown to be susceptible to ampicillin & ceftriaxone. The many home remedies or natural treatments for urinary tract infections are not clinically proven, such as cranberry juice, alkalinization, and many types of common herbs and spices. Some show promise, such as to affect the formation of biofilms on surfaces or medical equipment, and in other in vitro situations. Different subspecies
Two subspecies of S. saprophyticus exist: S. s. bovis and S. s. saprophyticus, the latter has colony diameter of > 5mm, and more commonly found in human UTIs. S. s. saprophyticus is nitrate-reductase negative and pyrrolidonyl-arylamidase negative, while S. saprophyticus bovis has colony diameter of < 5mm, nitrate-reductase positive and pyrolidonyl-arylamidase positive.

Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents - ScienceDirect
Pathology
Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents
Summary
Key words
References
 '-3 It appears to be the only CNS that displays any primary pathogenicity at these and is recognized in most communities as the second most common cause of urinary tract infection (UTI), after Escherichiu coli in non-hospitalized females of child bearing age.'. "7 Largely due to its frequency in this age group, sexual transmission has been postulated,"." however, clear evidence supporting this is l a ~ k i n g . ' , ~ . ~ A high level of adherence to uroepithelium has been demonstrated i n Staph. saprophyticus isolates whereas, in comparison, little affinity to epithelia from other body sites was found,','' explaining the apparent tropism of this organism for the urinary tract. Generally, Staph. saprophyticus is susceptible to most antimicrobial agents prescribed for patients with urinary tract infection. Some variation in susceptibility, however, has been reported, especially with tetracycline, ampicillin and the newer quinolones, particularly norflox- Plasmid analysis showed that Staph. acin.

Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents - ScienceDirect

Pathology
Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents
Summary
Key words
References

'-3 It appears to be the only CNS that displays any primary pathogenicity at these and is recognized in most communities as the second most common cause of urinary tract infection (UTI), after Escherichiu coli in non-hospitalized females of child bearing age.'. "7 Largely due to its frequency in this age group, sexual transmission has been postulated,"." however, clear evidence supporting this is l a ~ k i n g . ' , ~ . ~ A high level of adherence to uroepithelium has been demonstrated i n Staph. saprophyticus isolates whereas, in comparison, little affinity to epithelia from other body sites was found,','' explaining the apparent tropism of this organism for the urinary tract. Generally, Staph. saprophyticus is susceptible to most antimicrobial agents prescribed for patients with urinary tract infection. Some variation in susceptibility, however, has been reported, especially with tetracycline, ampicillin and the newer quinolones, particularly norflox- Plasmid analysis showed that Staph. acin.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Staphylococcus saprophyticus
as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections
Published:
Abstract
Topic:
Issue Section:
PDF
 Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colonyforming units (<10 5 cfu/ml) of S. saprophyticus are comparatively often found in the bladder and voided urine. S. saprophyticus is usually susceptible to antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients with UTI, with the exception of nalidixic acid. The bacterium has a capacity for selective adherence to human urothelium. It causes direct hemagglutination. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. This staphylococcal species produces an extracellular enzyme complex that can inhibit growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Topic: antibiotics
neck
urinary tract infections
adhesins, bacterial
bacteriuria
cystitis
gram-negative bacteria
gram-positive bacteria
gram-positive bacterial infections
gram-positive cocci
gram-positive rods
hemagglutination
multienzyme complexes
nalidixic acid
staphylococcus
urothelium
infections
bacteria
urinary bladder
kidney
urine
staphylococcus, coagulase negative
urinary sediment
escherichia coli
urinary tract infection, acute
staphylococcus saprophyticus
chemical analysis
Issue Section: Review Articles
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Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colonyforming units (<10 5 cfu/ml) of S. saprophyticus are comparatively often found in the bladder and voided urine. S. saprophyticus is usually susceptible to antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients with UTI, with the exception of nalidixic acid. The bacterium has a capacity for selective adherence to human urothelium. It causes direct hemagglutination. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. This staphylococcal species produces an extracellular enzyme complex that can inhibit growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Topic: antibiotics
neck
urinary tract infections
adhesins, bacterial
bacteriuria
cystitis
gram-negative bacteria
gram-positive bacteria
gram-positive bacterial infections
gram-positive cocci
gram-positive rods
hemagglutination
multienzyme complexes
nalidixic acid
staphylococcus
urothelium
infections
bacteria
urinary bladder
kidney
urine
staphylococcus, coagulase negative
urinary sediment
escherichia coli
urinary tract infection, acute
staphylococcus saprophyticus
chemical analysis
Issue Section: Review Articles
PDF
This content is only available as a PDF. © 1984 by The University of Chicago
Download all slides
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Staphylococcus Saprophyticus Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus morphology and culture
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus diseases
Antibiotic therapy
Diagnosis
 Infections occur mostly postcoitum. Staphylococcus Saprophyticus is also responsible for a portion of nonspecific urethritis in sexually active men. Symptoms are dysuric complaints. Pathogenically significant is that S. saprophyticus is able to adhere to the epithelial cells of the urogenital tract. In individual cases, pyelonephritis may occur. In the case of complicated urinary tract infections, it is generally regarded as a colonization nucleus. Nosocomial infections are virtually non-existent. Antibiotic therapy
Acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections in young women generally refer to short-term therapy over three days. Ciprofloxacin (CIPROBAY URO, CIPROHEXAL, among others) or ofloxacin (TARIVID, OFLOHEXAL et al.) Can be used as active ingredients, such as cotrimoxazole (EUSAPRIM and others), trimethoprim (INFECTOTRIMET and others) or quinolones of groups I and II ).

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus morphology and culture
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus diseases
Antibiotic therapy
Diagnosis

Infections occur mostly postcoitum. Staphylococcus Saprophyticus is also responsible for a portion of nonspecific urethritis in sexually active men. Symptoms are dysuric complaints. Pathogenically significant is that S. saprophyticus is able to adhere to the epithelial cells of the urogenital tract. In individual cases, pyelonephritis may occur. In the case of complicated urinary tract infections, it is generally regarded as a colonization nucleus. Nosocomial infections are virtually non-existent. Antibiotic therapy
Acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections in young women generally refer to short-term therapy over three days. Ciprofloxacin (CIPROBAY URO, CIPROHEXAL, among others) or ofloxacin (TARIVID, OFLOHEXAL et al.) Can be used as active ingredients, such as cotrimoxazole (EUSAPRIM and others), trimethoprim (INFECTOTRIMET and others) or quinolones of groups I and II ).

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus morphology and culture
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus diseases
Antibiotic therapy
Diagnosis
 Novobiocin-sensitive strains belong to the S. epidermidis group, novobiocin-resistant strains (minimum inhibitory concentration> 1.6 mg / l) to the S. saprophyticus group. Novobiocin is an inhibitor of gyrase, which is not approved as a human antibiotic in Germany. Like other KNS, S. saprophyticus strains are often resistant to B-lactam antibiotics. According to data from a European-wide study, S. saprophyticus strains of patients with acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections are almost always sensitive to co-trimoxazole (EUSAPRIM et al.), Trimethoprim (INFECTOTRIMET et al.) And quinolones.

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus

Novobiocin-sensitive strains belong to the S. epidermidis group, novobiocin-resistant strains (minimum inhibitory concentration> 1.6 mg / l) to the S. saprophyticus group. Novobiocin is an inhibitor of gyrase, which is not approved as a human antibiotic in Germany. Like other KNS, S. saprophyticus strains are often resistant to B-lactam antibiotics. According to data from a European-wide study, S. saprophyticus strains of patients with acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections are almost always sensitive to co-trimoxazole (EUSAPRIM et al.), Trimethoprim (INFECTOTRIMET et al.) And quinolones.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? - ScienceDirect Staphylococcus saprophyticus
: Which beta-lactam?

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Short Communication
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam?
Highlights
Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Keywords
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conflict of interest/funding
References
 Previous article
in issue
Next article
in issue
Keywords
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Beta-lactams
Minimum inhibitory concentrations
Ceftriaxone
Amoxicillin–clavulanic acid
Introduction
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive coccus responsible for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections (UTIs), mainly in young women ( Raz et al., 2005 ). The resistance of S. saprophyticus to the antibiotics commonly used in the empirical treatment of cystitis, such as cefixime and fosfomycin trometamol, complicates the treatment of patients infected with this pathogen. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology of UTIs associated with S. saprophyticus at the University Hospital of Angers, and to compare the susceptibility of methicillin-susceptible S. saprophyticus (MSSS) with the susceptibility of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates to amoxicillin–clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone. Methods
All MSSS isolated from clinical samples at the University Hospital of Angers between November 2014 and July 2016 were selected. These strains were categorized as susceptible to oxacillin by the Vitek 2 System (bioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France) and by the disc diffusion method (cefoxitin diameter ≥22 mm according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) recommendations). Eighty-five S. saprophyticus strains met these criteria. For every S. saprophyticus isolate, data on the type of infection, direct examination of the urine sample, the clinical ward, and the empirical antibiotic therapy used were recorded. In parallel, 17 MSSA isolates were randomly selected based on the same criteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amoxicillin–clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone were determined using Etest strips (bioMérieux) and broth microdilution (Sensititre;

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus | Medical Laboratories Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
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Treatment:
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 In females 17–27 years old, it is the second most common cause of community-acquired UTI, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTI because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname “honeymoon cystitis”. Laboratory diagnosis: Urinalysis and Urine Culture
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Catalase Test is Positive
Coagulase Test is Negative
Lastly, S. saprophyticus is differentiated from S. epidermidis which another species Staphylococcus genus by testing for susceptibility to the antibiotic novobiocin. S. saprophyticus is novobiocin-resistant, whereas S. epidermidis is novobiocin-sensitive. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Treatment: S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections are usually treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with a quinolone
Source: Wikipedia & Others
Tags: coagulase-negative, community-acquired infection, honeymoon cystitis, Staphylococcus Saprophyticus, urinary tract infections, UTI
Dr.

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus | Medical Laboratories

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Laboratory diagnosis:
Treatment:
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In females 17–27 years old, it is the second most common cause of community-acquired UTI, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTI because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname “honeymoon cystitis”. Laboratory diagnosis: Urinalysis and Urine Culture
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Catalase Test is Positive
Coagulase Test is Negative
Lastly, S. saprophyticus is differentiated from S. epidermidis which another species Staphylococcus genus by testing for susceptibility to the antibiotic novobiocin. S. saprophyticus is novobiocin-resistant, whereas S. epidermidis is novobiocin-sensitive. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Treatment: S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections are usually treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with a quinolone
Source: Wikipedia & Others
Tags: coagulase-negative, community-acquired infection, honeymoon cystitis, Staphylococcus Saprophyticus, urinary tract infections, UTI
Dr.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links
 Laboratory diagnosis
The urine sediment of a patient with a S. saprophyticus urinary tract infection has a characteristic appearance under the microscope manifesting leukocytes, erythrocytes, and clumping due to cocci adhering to cellular elements. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria, such as, urine nitrate and glucose do not always detect S. saprophyticus infection. This is because unlike Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae urinary tract infections, S. saprophyticus does not reduce nitrate and has a longer generation time, thus does not consume glucose as rapidly. Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colony-forming units (less than 10 5 cfu/ml) are often present. S. saprophyticus is identified as belonging to the genus Staphylococcus using the Gram stain and catalase test. It is identitified as a species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) using the coagulase test. Lastly, S. saprophyticus is differentiated from S. epidermidis, another species of pathogenic CoNS, by testing for susceptibility to the antibiotic novobiocin. S. saprophyticus is novobiocin-resistant, whereas S. epidermidis is novobiocin-sensitive. Treatment
S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections are usually treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with a quinolone such as to be alone norfloxacin. It has also been shown to be susceptible to ampicillin & ceftriaxone.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men:... : Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 Our isolate was also resistant to β-lactam antibiotics in accordance to other case reports. To summarize, S. saprophyticus is rare but important cause of UTIs in both genders. It should be part of differential diagnosis in complicated UTIs in elderly men. Whether to screen for and eradicate this organism before invasive urogenital procedures in high-risk male patients remains open-ended question, and more studies are needed to answer this. REFERENCES
1. Pereira AT. Coagulase-negative strains of staphylococcus possessing antigen 51 as agents of urinary infection. J Clin Pathol. 1962;15: 252-253.

Our isolate was also resistant to β-lactam antibiotics in accordance to other case reports. To summarize, S. saprophyticus is rare but important cause of UTIs in both genders. It should be part of differential diagnosis in complicated UTIs in elderly men. Whether to screen for and eradicate this organism before invasive urogenital procedures in high-risk male patients remains open-ended question, and more studies are needed to answer this. REFERENCES
1. Pereira AT. Coagulase-negative strains of staphylococcus possessing antigen 51 as agents of urinary infection. J Clin Pathol. 1962;15: 252-253.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? - ScienceDirect Staphylococcus saprophyticus
: Which beta-lactam?

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Short Communication
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam?
Highlights
Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Keywords
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conflict of interest/funding
References
 Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? - ScienceDirect
International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Volume 65, December 2017, Pages 63-66
Short Communication
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? Author links open overlay panel
HélènePailhoriès VivianeCassisa RachelChenouard Marie Kempf MatthieuEveillard CaroleLemarié
Outline
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2017.10.001 Get rights and content
Under a Creative Commons license
open access
Highlights
•
The treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus urinary tract infections is difficult. •
This study analysed the epidemiology of S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections. •
Susceptibility of S. saprophyticus to ceftriaxone was studied. •
A high rate of ineffective empirical antibiotic therapy for S. saprophyticus was noted. •
High ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory concentrations were noted for methicillin-susceptible S. saprophyticus. Abstract
Background
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is resistant to the drugs most often used for the empirical treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI).

Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? - ScienceDirect
International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Volume 65, December 2017, Pages 63-66
Short Communication
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? Author links open overlay panel
HélènePailhoriès VivianeCassisa RachelChenouard Marie Kempf MatthieuEveillard CaroleLemarié
Outline
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2017.10.001 Get rights and content
Under a Creative Commons license
open access
Highlights
•
The treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus urinary tract infections is difficult. •
This study analysed the epidemiology of S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections. •
Susceptibility of S. saprophyticus to ceftriaxone was studied. •
A high rate of ineffective empirical antibiotic therapy for S. saprophyticus was noted. •
High ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory concentrations were noted for methicillin-susceptible S. saprophyticus. Abstract
Background
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is resistant to the drugs most often used for the empirical treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI).

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - microbewiki Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
Classification
Higher order taxa
Species
Description and significance
Genome structure
Cell structure and metabolism
Ecology
Pathology
Application to Biotechnology
Current Research
References
 An extended-release drug, Ciprofloxacin and another drug Levofloxacin were tested. Levoflaxacin was shown to be more effective than Ciprofoxacin against S. saprophyticus. This was a lab study and not a clinical study. Only 12 volunteers were used. “The presence of peptidoglycan O-acetyltransferase in various staphylococcal species correlates with lysozyme resistance and pathogenicity” [9]
The ability to resist the attacks of lysozymes allows microbes to infect and colonize more effectively. In this study, it was found that O acetylation of peptidoglycans confers resistance to lysozymes. S. saprophyticus was found to have O acetylation of its cell walls but not as much as other more pathenogenic organisms. S. saprophyticus is now shown to be an opportunistic infection. “Whole genome sequence of Staphylococcus saprophyticus reveals the pathogenesis of uncomplicated urinary tract infection” [1]
Japanese researchers used whole-genome shotgun sequencing to sequence the entire genome of Staphylococcus saprophyticus. They sequenced in 1-2 or 10 kb inserts.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - microbewiki

Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
Classification
Higher order taxa
Species
Description and significance
Genome structure
Cell structure and metabolism
Ecology
Pathology
Application to Biotechnology
Current Research
References

An extended-release drug, Ciprofloxacin and another drug Levofloxacin were tested. Levoflaxacin was shown to be more effective than Ciprofoxacin against S. saprophyticus. This was a lab study and not a clinical study. Only 12 volunteers were used. “The presence of peptidoglycan O-acetyltransferase in various staphylococcal species correlates with lysozyme resistance and pathogenicity” [9]
The ability to resist the attacks of lysozymes allows microbes to infect and colonize more effectively. In this study, it was found that O acetylation of peptidoglycans confers resistance to lysozymes. S. saprophyticus was found to have O acetylation of its cell walls but not as much as other more pathenogenic organisms. S. saprophyticus is now shown to be an opportunistic infection. “Whole genome sequence of Staphylococcus saprophyticus reveals the pathogenesis of uncomplicated urinary tract infection” [1]
Japanese researchers used whole-genome shotgun sequencing to sequence the entire genome of Staphylococcus saprophyticus. They sequenced in 1-2 or 10 kb inserts.

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus morphology and culture
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus diseases
Antibiotic therapy
Diagnosis
 The decrease in symptoms should be done at least 48 hours after this therapy. Otherwise, cultivation and further diagnostic measures are required. In most studies, the treatment with the said active substances was somewhat less effective than the short-term therapy over three days. Visit at ndrugs.com for medications. Name
Dosage

Linezolid
400 - 600 mgs
twice a day for 10-14 days ( enterococcal infections - 600 mgs for 14 - 28 days)
Levofloxacin
250 - 750 mgs
once a day
Ciprofloxacin
500 mgs
twice a day for 7 - 14 days
Diagnosis
An important feature of species differentiation is the resistance to novobiocin. Novobiocin-sensitive strains belong to the S. epidermidis group, novobiocin-resistant strains (minimum inhibitory concentration> 1.6 mg / l) to the S. saprophyticus group. Novobiocin is an inhibitor of gyrase, which is not approved as a human antibiotic in Germany. Like other KNS, S. saprophyticus strains are often resistant to B-lactam antibiotics. According to data from a European-wide study, S. saprophyticus strains of patients with acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections are almost always sensitive to co-trimoxazole (EUSAPRIM et al.), Trimethoprim (INFECTOTRIMET et al.)

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus

The decrease in symptoms should be done at least 48 hours after this therapy. Otherwise, cultivation and further diagnostic measures are required. In most studies, the treatment with the said active substances was somewhat less effective than the short-term therapy over three days. Visit at ndrugs.com for medications. Name
Dosage

Linezolid
400 - 600 mgs
twice a day for 10-14 days ( enterococcal infections - 600 mgs for 14 - 28 days)
Levofloxacin
250 - 750 mgs
once a day
Ciprofloxacin
500 mgs
twice a day for 7 - 14 days
Diagnosis
An important feature of species differentiation is the resistance to novobiocin. Novobiocin-sensitive strains belong to the S. epidermidis group, novobiocin-resistant strains (minimum inhibitory concentration> 1.6 mg / l) to the S. saprophyticus group. Novobiocin is an inhibitor of gyrase, which is not approved as a human antibiotic in Germany. Like other KNS, S. saprophyticus strains are often resistant to B-lactam antibiotics. According to data from a European-wide study, S. saprophyticus strains of patients with acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections are almost always sensitive to co-trimoxazole (EUSAPRIM et al.), Trimethoprim (INFECTOTRIMET et al.)

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men:... : Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 His other vitals were stable. His physical examination was unremarkable except for the presence of foley catheter that he had for a long time because of his underlying mental condition. Laboratory workup revealed high white blood cell count of 27×10 9 /L and urine analysis consistent with UTI (positive leukocyte esterase, many white blood cells, and many bacteria). The chest radiograph was normal. Patient was started on intravenous gatifloxacin for urosepsis. The blood cultures (2/2) were negative, but urine culture grew >10 5 colonies of S. saprophyticus with sensitivity pattern as shown in Table 1. Patient responded very well to treatment with resolution of symptoms within 24 hours. TABLE 1: Antimicrobial Susceptibility ofS. saprophyticus
DISCUSSION
Pereira described novobiocin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from bacteriuric patients in 1962. 1 Mitchell identified these organisms from women with UTI and placed them in micrococci subgroup.

His other vitals were stable. His physical examination was unremarkable except for the presence of foley catheter that he had for a long time because of his underlying mental condition. Laboratory workup revealed high white blood cell count of 27×10 9 /L and urine analysis consistent with UTI (positive leukocyte esterase, many white blood cells, and many bacteria). The chest radiograph was normal. Patient was started on intravenous gatifloxacin for urosepsis. The blood cultures (2/2) were negative, but urine culture grew >10 5 colonies of S. saprophyticus with sensitivity pattern as shown in Table 1. Patient responded very well to treatment with resolution of symptoms within 24 hours. TABLE 1: Antimicrobial Susceptibility ofS. saprophyticus
DISCUSSION
Pereira described novobiocin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from bacteriuric patients in 1962. 1 Mitchell identified these organisms from women with UTI and placed them in micrococci subgroup.

 S. saprophyticus is usually susceptible to antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients with UTI, with the exception of nalidixic acid. The bacterium has a capacity for selective adherence to human urothelium. It causes direct hemagglutination. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. This staphylococcal species produces an extracellular enzyme complex that can inhibit growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Publication types

Comparative Study

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Review

MeSH terms

Adhesiveness

Adolescent

Adult

Animals

Anti-Bacterial Agents / therapeutic use

Bacteriuria / microbiology

Chlorocebus aethiops

Disease Models, Animal

Female

Hemagglutination

Humans

Male

Middle Aged

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / etiology

Recurrence

Sex Factors

Skin / microbiology

Staphylococcal Infections / drug therapy

Staphylococcal Infections / epidemiology

Staphylococcal Infections / microbiology*

Staphylococcus* / isolation & purification

Staphylococcus* / physiology

Urinary Calculi / complications

Urinary Tract Infections / drug therapy

Urinary Tract Infections / epidemiology

Urinary Tract Infections / microbiology*

Substances

Anti-Bacterial Agents

S. saprophyticus is usually susceptible to antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients with UTI, with the exception of nalidixic acid. The bacterium has a capacity for selective adherence to human urothelium. It causes direct hemagglutination. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. This staphylococcal species produces an extracellular enzyme complex that can inhibit growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Publication types

Comparative Study

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Review

MeSH terms

Adhesiveness

Adolescent

Adult

Animals

Anti-Bacterial Agents / therapeutic use

Bacteriuria / microbiology

Chlorocebus aethiops

Disease Models, Animal

Female

Hemagglutination

Humans

Male

Middle Aged

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / etiology

Recurrence

Sex Factors

Skin / microbiology

Staphylococcal Infections / drug therapy

Staphylococcal Infections / epidemiology

Staphylococcal Infections / microbiology*

Staphylococcus* / isolation & purification

Staphylococcus* / physiology

Urinary Calculi / complications

Urinary Tract Infections / drug therapy

Urinary Tract Infections / epidemiology

Urinary Tract Infections / microbiology*

Substances

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents - ScienceDirect
Pathology
Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents
Summary
Key words
References
 saprophyticus isolates whereas, in comparison, little affinity to epithelia from other body sites was found,','' explaining the apparent tropism of this organism for the urinary tract. Generally, Staph. saprophyticus is susceptible to most antimicrobial agents prescribed for patients with urinary tract infection. Some variation in susceptibility, however, has been reported, especially with tetracycline, ampicillin and the newer quinolones, particularly norflox- Plasmid analysis showed that Staph. acin. 3 ,6 -8 .1 I , 12 suphrophyticus may ha rbor plasmids encoding antimicrobial resistance12 and beta-lactamase activity has been observed in some clinical isolate^.^,'^ Because of the importance of Staph. saprophyticus as a urinary pathogen, empirical therapy should be chosen to include an antibiotic active against this organism. The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of Staph. saprophyticus to a selection of antimicrobial agents likely to be used in the therapy of community- acquired urinary tract infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolures All isolates of Stuph.

saprophyticus isolates whereas, in comparison, little affinity to epithelia from other body sites was found,','' explaining the apparent tropism of this organism for the urinary tract. Generally, Staph. saprophyticus is susceptible to most antimicrobial agents prescribed for patients with urinary tract infection. Some variation in susceptibility, however, has been reported, especially with tetracycline, ampicillin and the newer quinolones, particularly norflox- Plasmid analysis showed that Staph. acin. 3 ,6 -8 .1 I , 12 suphrophyticus may ha rbor plasmids encoding antimicrobial resistance12 and beta-lactamase activity has been observed in some clinical isolate^.^,'^ Because of the importance of Staph. saprophyticus as a urinary pathogen, empirical therapy should be chosen to include an antibiotic active against this organism. The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of Staph. saprophyticus to a selection of antimicrobial agents likely to be used in the therapy of community- acquired urinary tract infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolures All isolates of Stuph.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - microbewiki Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
Classification
Higher order taxa
Species
Description and significance
Genome structure
Cell structure and metabolism
Ecology
Pathology
Application to Biotechnology
Current Research
References
 3]
Recent research has shown that S. saprophyticus is an opportunistic infection. [ 10]
Application to Biotechnology
There seem to be no positive uses for Staphylococcus saprophyticus as it is a pathogen. Current Research
Some of the recent research on Staphylcoccus saprophyticus: “Urinary Bactericidal Activity of Extended-Release Ciprofloxacin (1,000 Milligrams) versus Levofloxacin (500 Milligrams) in Healthy Volunteers Receiving a Single Oral Dose” [8]
Flouroquinolones are the drug of choice for treating UTIs, but their effectiveness is affected by urine pH and contents. Research was done on 2 drugs from German pharmaceutical companies. An extended-release drug, Ciprofloxacin and another drug Levofloxacin were tested. Levoflaxacin was shown to be more effective than Ciprofoxacin against S. saprophyticus. This was a lab study and not a clinical study. Only 12 volunteers were used. “The presence of peptidoglycan O-acetyltransferase in various staphylococcal species correlates with lysozyme resistance and pathogenicity” [9]
The ability to resist the attacks of lysozymes allows microbes to infect and colonize more effectively.

3]
Recent research has shown that S. saprophyticus is an opportunistic infection. [ 10]
Application to Biotechnology
There seem to be no positive uses for Staphylococcus saprophyticus as it is a pathogen. Current Research
Some of the recent research on Staphylcoccus saprophyticus: “Urinary Bactericidal Activity of Extended-Release Ciprofloxacin (1,000 Milligrams) versus Levofloxacin (500 Milligrams) in Healthy Volunteers Receiving a Single Oral Dose” [8]
Flouroquinolones are the drug of choice for treating UTIs, but their effectiveness is affected by urine pH and contents. Research was done on 2 drugs from German pharmaceutical companies. An extended-release drug, Ciprofloxacin and another drug Levofloxacin were tested. Levoflaxacin was shown to be more effective than Ciprofoxacin against S. saprophyticus. This was a lab study and not a clinical study. Only 12 volunteers were used. “The presence of peptidoglycan O-acetyltransferase in various staphylococcal species correlates with lysozyme resistance and pathogenicity” [9]
The ability to resist the attacks of lysozymes allows microbes to infect and colonize more effectively.

Tips From Other Journals - American Family Physician Managing Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
Tips
From Other Journals
Managing Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
View/Print Table
Antibiotic Therapy for Urinary Tract Infections
 Jancel and Dudas review the prevention and treatment of uncomplicated cystitis. Uncomplicated infections are generally benign but, if not treated, can interfere with daily life. In healthy women, long-term adverse effects are rare. As many as 80 percent of infections are caused by Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus accounts for another 5 to 15 percent. A small number of infections are caused by Enterococci, Klebsiella species and Proteus mirabilis. Antibiotics that are most useful to treat uncomplicated cystitis are well-tolerated, cover expected uropathogens, and have favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. The best tolerated cures use antibiotics, such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) or fluoroquinolones, that have little effect on vaginal and fecal bacterial flora. It is important for physicians to know local resistance patterns because most uncomplicated UTIs are treated empirically. Resistance to TMP-SMX, ampicillin, and first-generation cephalosporins has been increasing in some communities. In 1998, resistance to E. coli was twice as common in the western United States than in the Northeast.

Tips From Other Journals - American Family Physician

Managing Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
Tips
From Other Journals
Managing Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
View/Print Table
Antibiotic Therapy for Urinary Tract Infections

Jancel and Dudas review the prevention and treatment of uncomplicated cystitis. Uncomplicated infections are generally benign but, if not treated, can interfere with daily life. In healthy women, long-term adverse effects are rare. As many as 80 percent of infections are caused by Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus accounts for another 5 to 15 percent. A small number of infections are caused by Enterococci, Klebsiella species and Proteus mirabilis. Antibiotics that are most useful to treat uncomplicated cystitis are well-tolerated, cover expected uropathogens, and have favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. The best tolerated cures use antibiotics, such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) or fluoroquinolones, that have little effect on vaginal and fecal bacterial flora. It is important for physicians to know local resistance patterns because most uncomplicated UTIs are treated empirically. Resistance to TMP-SMX, ampicillin, and first-generation cephalosporins has been increasing in some communities. In 1998, resistance to E. coli was twice as common in the western United States than in the Northeast.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? - ScienceDirect Staphylococcus saprophyticus
: Which beta-lactam?

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Short Communication
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam?
Highlights
Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Keywords
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conflict of interest/funding
References
 Download : Download high-res image (208KB)
Download : Download full-size image
Figure 2. Distribution of Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of ceftriaxone and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid of Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus aureus strains tested by broth microdilution method. S. saprophyticus strains are represented by the black bars, and S. aureus by the white ones. Discussion
In the literature, the prevalence of MSSS in UTI varies from 3% to 42%, depending on factors such as patient age ( Hur et al., 2016, Lo et al., 2015 ). Complications of UTIs due to MSSS such as pyelonephritis, nephrolithiasis, and in the case of male patients, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis, are uncommonly reported ( Chen, 2014, Hovelius and Mårdh, 1984, Raz et al., 2005 ).

Download : Download high-res image (208KB)
Download : Download full-size image
Figure 2. Distribution of Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of ceftriaxone and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid of Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus aureus strains tested by broth microdilution method. S. saprophyticus strains are represented by the black bars, and S. aureus by the white ones. Discussion
In the literature, the prevalence of MSSS in UTI varies from 3% to 42%, depending on factors such as patient age ( Hur et al., 2016, Lo et al., 2015 ). Complications of UTIs due to MSSS such as pyelonephritis, nephrolithiasis, and in the case of male patients, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis, are uncommonly reported ( Chen, 2014, Hovelius and Mårdh, 1984, Raz et al., 2005 ).

 StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan.
2020 Jun 28. Authors

Sarah Ehlers 1
              , Stefan A. Merrill 1

Affiliation

1Kingman Regional Medical Center
PMID: 29493989

Bookshelf ID: NBK482367

Excerpt

Staphylococcus saprophyticusis a Gram-positive, coagulase negative, non-hemolytic coccus that is a common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females. Less commonly, it is responsible for complications including acute pyelonephritis, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis. An acute uncomplicated UTI is characterized by dysuria and frequency in an immunocompetent, non-pregnant adult female and is the most common bacterial infection in women. A complicated infection typically involves a patient that is immunocompromised, elderly, male, pregnant, diabetic, and/or with urologic abnormalities such as indwelling catheters or kidney disease. S. saprophyticus can be differentiated from another coagulase-negative staphylococcus by its resistance to Novobiocin. Like other uropathogens, S. saprophyticusutilizes urease to produce ammonia.

StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan.
2020 Jun 28. Authors

Sarah Ehlers 1
              , Stefan A. Merrill 1

Affiliation

1Kingman Regional Medical Center
PMID: 29493989

Bookshelf ID: NBK482367

Excerpt

Staphylococcus saprophyticusis a Gram-positive, coagulase negative, non-hemolytic coccus that is a common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females. Less commonly, it is responsible for complications including acute pyelonephritis, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis. An acute uncomplicated UTI is characterized by dysuria and frequency in an immunocompetent, non-pregnant adult female and is the most common bacterial infection in women. A complicated infection typically involves a patient that is immunocompromised, elderly, male, pregnant, diabetic, and/or with urologic abnormalities such as indwelling catheters or kidney disease. S. saprophyticus can be differentiated from another coagulase-negative staphylococcus by its resistance to Novobiocin. Like other uropathogens, S. saprophyticusutilizes urease to produce ammonia.

 Less commonly, it is responsible for complications including acute pyelonephritis, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis. An acute uncomplicated UTI is characterized by dysuria and frequency in an immunocompetent, non-pregnant adult female and is the most common bacterial infection in women. A complicated infection typically involves a patient that is immunocompromised, elderly, male, pregnant, diabetic, and/or with urologic abnormalities such as indwelling catheters or kidney disease. S. saprophyticus can be differentiated from another coagulase-negative staphylococcus by its resistance to Novobiocin. Like other uropathogens, S. saprophyticusutilizes urease to produce ammonia. However, unlike many of these organisms, it cannot reduce nitrate. S. saprophyticusis part of the normal human flora that colonizes the perineum, rectum, urethra, cervix, and gastrointestinal tract. It has also been found that S. saprophyticus is a common gastrointestinal flora in pigs and cows and thus may be transferred to humans through eating these respective foods. Copyright © 2021, StatPearls Publishing LLC. Sections

Continuing Education Activity

Introduction

Etiology

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology

History and Physical

Evaluation

Treatment / Management

Differential Diagnosis

Prognosis

Pearls and Other Issues

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

Continuing Education / Review Questions

References

Publication types

Review

Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents - ScienceDirect
Pathology
Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents
Summary
Key words
References
 RILEY? * Western Diagnostic Pathology, Myuree, Western Australia ? Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia and Sir Charles Guirdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Auslraliu Summary The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 10 antimicrobial agents for 96 urinary isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus cultured from symptomatic females in the Western Australian general community are reported. All antimicrobial agents tested showed good activjty, with the exceptions of norfloxacin (MESo 8 mg/L) and ampicillin (MIC9,, 0.5 mg/L). Eighty-three of 96 isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested. One isolate was resistant to both tetracycline and trimethoprim. The remainder were resistant to a single antimicrobial agent; 10 to tetracycline and 2 to trimethoprim. None of the isolates exhibited any detectable beta-lactamase activity when tested by the chro- mogenic cephalosporin method. Synergy between trimethoprim and sulphafurazole against Staph.

RILEY? * Western Diagnostic Pathology, Myuree, Western Australia ? Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia and Sir Charles Guirdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Auslraliu Summary The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 10 antimicrobial agents for 96 urinary isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus cultured from symptomatic females in the Western Australian general community are reported. All antimicrobial agents tested showed good activjty, with the exceptions of norfloxacin (MESo 8 mg/L) and ampicillin (MIC9,, 0.5 mg/L). Eighty-three of 96 isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested. One isolate was resistant to both tetracycline and trimethoprim. The remainder were resistant to a single antimicrobial agent; 10 to tetracycline and 2 to trimethoprim. None of the isolates exhibited any detectable beta-lactamase activity when tested by the chro- mogenic cephalosporin method. Synergy between trimethoprim and sulphafurazole against Staph.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - microbewiki Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
Classification
Higher order taxa
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 3] The more severe diseases caused by infection are pyelonephritis, septicemia, nephrolithiasis, and endocarditis. [ 3] It was found that risk of infection increases in summer and spring months, with contact to domesticated animals (cows, sheep, pigs), and through swimming outdoors. “The virulence factors of S. saprophyticus include adherence to urothelial cells by means of a surface-associated protein, lipoteichoic acid; a hemagglutinin that binds to fibronectin, a hemolysin; and production of extracellular slime.” [ 3]
Recent research has shown that S. saprophyticus is an opportunistic infection. [ 10]
Application to Biotechnology
There seem to be no positive uses for Staphylococcus saprophyticus as it is a pathogen. Current Research
Some of the recent research on Staphylcoccus saprophyticus: “Urinary Bactericidal Activity of Extended-Release Ciprofloxacin (1,000 Milligrams) versus Levofloxacin (500 Milligrams) in Healthy Volunteers Receiving a Single Oral Dose” [8]
Flouroquinolones are the drug of choice for treating UTIs, but their effectiveness is affected by urine pH and contents. Research was done on 2 drugs from German pharmaceutical companies.

3] The more severe diseases caused by infection are pyelonephritis, septicemia, nephrolithiasis, and endocarditis. [ 3] It was found that risk of infection increases in summer and spring months, with contact to domesticated animals (cows, sheep, pigs), and through swimming outdoors. “The virulence factors of S. saprophyticus include adherence to urothelial cells by means of a surface-associated protein, lipoteichoic acid; a hemagglutinin that binds to fibronectin, a hemolysin; and production of extracellular slime.” [ 3]
Recent research has shown that S. saprophyticus is an opportunistic infection. [ 10]
Application to Biotechnology
There seem to be no positive uses for Staphylococcus saprophyticus as it is a pathogen. Current Research
Some of the recent research on Staphylcoccus saprophyticus: “Urinary Bactericidal Activity of Extended-Release Ciprofloxacin (1,000 Milligrams) versus Levofloxacin (500 Milligrams) in Healthy Volunteers Receiving a Single Oral Dose” [8]
Flouroquinolones are the drug of choice for treating UTIs, but their effectiveness is affected by urine pH and contents. Research was done on 2 drugs from German pharmaceutical companies.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? - ScienceDirect Staphylococcus saprophyticus
: Which beta-lactam?

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Short Communication
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam?
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Abstract
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References
 According to this rule, all of the MSSS isolates included in this study must be interpreted as susceptible to ceftriaxone. Considering the ceftriaxone MIC values observed for MSSS isolates, this raises questions about a lower susceptibility of MSSS to cephalosporins. Recommendations for the treatment of acute pyelonephritis often include an initial intravenous treatment with ceftriaxone ( Gupta et al., 2011 ). Concurrently, the MIC values of ciprofloxacin were ≤1 μg/ml for all MSSS isolates included in the study, suggesting the possibility of using fluoroquinolones instead of ceftriaxone in pyelonephritis due to MSSS. In this context, these data suggest that treatment with ciprofloxacin should be considered instead. The natural resistance of S. saprophyticus to the antibiotics recommended for the treatment of acute cystitis, such as fosfomycin trometamol, and the high ceftriaxone MIC values for MSSS isolates, complicate the handling of UTIs associated with S. saprophyticus. This study suggests that early results (Gram-positive cocci on Gram staining examination and leukocyte count >104 /ml) indicating uncomplicated S. saprophyticus cystitis in urine sampled from young wome

According to this rule, all of the MSSS isolates included in this study must be interpreted as susceptible to ceftriaxone. Considering the ceftriaxone MIC values observed for MSSS isolates, this raises questions about a lower susceptibility of MSSS to cephalosporins. Recommendations for the treatment of acute pyelonephritis often include an initial intravenous treatment with ceftriaxone ( Gupta et al., 2011 ). Concurrently, the MIC values of ciprofloxacin were ≤1 μg/ml for all MSSS isolates included in the study, suggesting the possibility of using fluoroquinolones instead of ceftriaxone in pyelonephritis due to MSSS. In this context, these data suggest that treatment with ciprofloxacin should be considered instead. The natural resistance of S. saprophyticus to the antibiotics recommended for the treatment of acute cystitis, such as fosfomycin trometamol, and the high ceftriaxone MIC values for MSSS isolates, complicate the handling of UTIs associated with S. saprophyticus. This study suggests that early results (Gram-positive cocci on Gram staining examination and leukocyte count >104 /ml) indicating uncomplicated S. saprophyticus cystitis in urine sampled from young wome

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men:... : Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 6 Evidences suggest that about 75% of patients have predisposing cause or have undertaken iatrogenic measures, and almost half of patients have indwelling foley catheters. 6-8 Thus, although S. saprophyticus causes uncomplicated UTI in women, it causes complicated UTI in men. The reason for this variation is unclear and warrants further investigation. In addition to UTIs, it may be an important pathogen in bacterial prostatitis. 9 In one series, it was isolated from urethral specimens of 35/170 men with symptoms of urethritis, suggesting that it may be an etiologic agent in some cases of nongonococcal urethritis. 10
The clinical features of S. saprophyticus resemble those of other UTIs. Bacteremia and systemic toxicity are rare even when upper UTI occurs. In our review of literature, we did not find any report of bacteremia in male patients who have UTI by S. saprophyticus. Our patient also has negative blood cultures. Microbiologically S. saprophyticus can be easily differentiated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci by testing for novobiocin resistance.

6 Evidences suggest that about 75% of patients have predisposing cause or have undertaken iatrogenic measures, and almost half of patients have indwelling foley catheters. 6-8 Thus, although S. saprophyticus causes uncomplicated UTI in women, it causes complicated UTI in men. The reason for this variation is unclear and warrants further investigation. In addition to UTIs, it may be an important pathogen in bacterial prostatitis. 9 In one series, it was isolated from urethral specimens of 35/170 men with symptoms of urethritis, suggesting that it may be an etiologic agent in some cases of nongonococcal urethritis. 10
The clinical features of S. saprophyticus resemble those of other UTIs. Bacteremia and systemic toxicity are rare even when upper UTI occurs. In our review of literature, we did not find any report of bacteremia in male patients who have UTI by S. saprophyticus. Our patient also has negative blood cultures. Microbiologically S. saprophyticus can be easily differentiated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci by testing for novobiocin resistance.

Urinary Tract Infections URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS (Urethritis, Cystitis, Pyelonephritis)
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS (Urethritis, Cystitis, Pyelonephritis)
Etiology
Manifestations
Epidemiology
Risk factors for UTI’s:
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Diagnosis should also involve the determination of the site of infection (i.e., kidney or bladder-urethra). This may be suggested by the clinical manifestations and preliminary lab tests.
Therapy and Prevention
A. The clinical manifestations determine the initial step in therapy.
B. General guidelines
 Strict anaerobic bacteria rarely cause UTI’s. 75-90% of acute UTI’s in patients with normal anatomic structure and function are caused by uropathogenic strains of E coli. Ten to 20% of acute UTI’s are caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young sexually active females) and 5% or less are caused by other gram negative rods (Klebsiella, Proteus, Citrobacter) or Enterococcus species. A high pH in the urine is indicative of a Proteus infection. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a common inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract. Young women are more susceptible than other ages of women. Sexual intercourse promotes colonization and infections are more common in the late summer to fall seasons. S saprophyticus is the second most common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI) in sexually active young (13-40 years of age) women following E coli. In complicated cases of UTI, such as UTI's resulting from anatomic obstructions, from catheterization, or diabetes the most common cause of UTI is E. coli. Klebsiella, Proteus, Citrobacter, Acinetobacter, Morganella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are less common causes of UTI in these patients.

Urinary Tract Infections

URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS (Urethritis, Cystitis, Pyelonephritis)
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS (Urethritis, Cystitis, Pyelonephritis)
Etiology
Manifestations
Epidemiology
Risk factors for UTI’s:
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Diagnosis should also involve the determination of the site of infection (i.e., kidney or bladder-urethra). This may be suggested by the clinical manifestations and preliminary lab tests.
Therapy and Prevention
A. The clinical manifestations determine the initial step in therapy.
B. General guidelines

Strict anaerobic bacteria rarely cause UTI’s. 75-90% of acute UTI’s in patients with normal anatomic structure and function are caused by uropathogenic strains of E coli. Ten to 20% of acute UTI’s are caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young sexually active females) and 5% or less are caused by other gram negative rods (Klebsiella, Proteus, Citrobacter) or Enterococcus species. A high pH in the urine is indicative of a Proteus infection. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a common inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract. Young women are more susceptible than other ages of women. Sexual intercourse promotes colonization and infections are more common in the late summer to fall seasons. S saprophyticus is the second most common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI) in sexually active young (13-40 years of age) women following E coli. In complicated cases of UTI, such as UTI's resulting from anatomic obstructions, from catheterization, or diabetes the most common cause of UTI is E. coli. Klebsiella, Proteus, Citrobacter, Acinetobacter, Morganella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are less common causes of UTI in these patients.

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus | Medical Laboratories Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
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 S. saprophyticus is novobiocin-resistant, whereas S. epidermidis is novobiocin-sensitive. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Treatment: S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections are usually treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with a quinolone
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Tags: coagulase-negative, community-acquired infection, honeymoon cystitis, Staphylococcus Saprophyticus, urinary tract infections, UTI
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S. saprophyticus is novobiocin-resistant, whereas S. epidermidis is novobiocin-sensitive. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Treatment: S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections are usually treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with a quinolone
Source: Wikipedia & Others
Tags: coagulase-negative, community-acquired infection, honeymoon cystitis, Staphylococcus Saprophyticus, urinary tract infections, UTI
Dr. AG
Medical Laboratory Doctor
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Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Staphylococcus saprophyticus
as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections
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 31 May 1983
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Birgitta Hovelius, Per-Anders Mårdh, Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections, Reviews of Infectious Diseases, Volume 6, Issue 3, May 1984, Pages 328–337, https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/6.3.328
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Abstract
Until the last decade, coagulase-negative staphylococci occurring in urine specimens were usually regarded as a contaminant. In the early 1970s,Le., more than ten years after the original demonstration of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine specimens, this species became recognized as a frequent cause of urinary tract infections (UTI). In young women, S. saprophyticus is, after Escherichia coli, the second-most-frequent causative agent of acute UTI. Patients with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered. The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic appearance microscopically. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus.

Bacterial Infections: Gram-Positive Cocci | Medical Library Bacterial Infections: Gram-Positive Cocci
Bacterial Infections: Gram-Positive Cocci
Staphylococci
Staphylococcus aureus
Morphology and culture
Virulence factors
Diagnostics
Clinical picture
Treatment
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Morphology and culture
Virulence factors
Diagnosis
Clinical picture
Treatment
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Morphology and culture
Virulence factors
Diagnostics
Clinical picture
Treatment
Streptococci
Group A: Streptococcus pyogenes
Morphology and culture
Virulence factors
Diagnostics
Clinical picture
Treatment
Group B: Streptococcus agalactiae
Morphology and culture
Virulence factors
Diagnostics
Clinical picture
Treatment
Group C
Group D: Enterococci
Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium
Morphology and culture
Virulence factors
Diagnosis
Clinical picture
Treatment
Alpha-hemolytic streptococci
Morphology and culture
Virulence factors
Diagnosis
Clinical picture
Treatment
Streptococcus viridans
Morphology and culture (Streptococcus viridans)
Virulence factors
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 Diagnostics
S. saprophyticus is a coagulase-negative staphylococcus, yielding a negative result when tested for the clumping factor. To distinguish it from other coagulase-negative staphylococci, in particular from S. epidermidis, one can take advantage of its resistance to novobiocin. The test is simple: by putting a tablet of novobiocin on the agar and measuring the zone of inhibition, one can easily detect novobiocin-resistance. Clinical picture
S. saprophyticus is particularly associated with urinary tract infections. It is responsible for 10–20% of uncomplicated cystitis and urethritis in young women, while it can cause unspecific urethritis in men. It is also a trigger of the so-called honeymoon cystitis since its occurrence is associated with sexual intercourse. Treatment
S. saprophyticus is naturally resistant to several common antibiotics. It is, however, most sensitive to cotrimoxazole, which is therefore frequently used as a treatment. Streptococci
Streptococci are gram-positive bacteria with an oval or round shape that grows in chains or pairs.

Bacterial Infections: Gram-Positive Cocci | Medical Library

Bacterial Infections: Gram-Positive Cocci
Bacterial Infections: Gram-Positive Cocci
Staphylococci
Staphylococcus aureus
Morphology and culture
Virulence factors
Diagnostics
Clinical picture
Treatment
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Morphology and culture
Virulence factors
Diagnosis
Clinical picture
Treatment
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Morphology and culture
Virulence factors
Diagnostics
Clinical picture
Treatment
Streptococci
Group A: Streptococcus pyogenes
Morphology and culture
Virulence factors
Diagnostics
Clinical picture
Treatment
Group B: Streptococcus agalactiae
Morphology and culture
Virulence factors
Diagnostics
Clinical picture
Treatment
Group C
Group D: Enterococci
Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium
Morphology and culture
Virulence factors
Diagnosis
Clinical picture
Treatment
Alpha-hemolytic streptococci
Morphology and culture
Virulence factors
Diagnosis
Clinical picture
Treatment
Streptococcus viridans
Morphology and culture (Streptococcus viridans)
Virulence factors
Diagnosis
Clinical picture
Treatment
Learn. Apply. Retain.
References
Rate this article
About the Lecturio Medical Online Library
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Diagnostics
S. saprophyticus is a coagulase-negative staphylococcus, yielding a negative result when tested for the clumping factor. To distinguish it from other coagulase-negative staphylococci, in particular from S. epidermidis, one can take advantage of its resistance to novobiocin. The test is simple: by putting a tablet of novobiocin on the agar and measuring the zone of inhibition, one can easily detect novobiocin-resistance. Clinical picture
S. saprophyticus is particularly associated with urinary tract infections. It is responsible for 10–20% of uncomplicated cystitis and urethritis in young women, while it can cause unspecific urethritis in men. It is also a trigger of the so-called honeymoon cystitis since its occurrence is associated with sexual intercourse. Treatment
S. saprophyticus is naturally resistant to several common antibiotics. It is, however, most sensitive to cotrimoxazole, which is therefore frequently used as a treatment. Streptococci
Streptococci are gram-positive bacteria with an oval or round shape that grows in chains or pairs.

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus | Medical Laboratories Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Laboratory diagnosis:
Treatment:
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 Staphylococcus Saprophyticus | Medical Laboratories
Home Bacteriology Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
7 years ago by Dr. AG 0
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative bacterium. Staphylococcus saprophyticus gram stain
S. Saprophyticus is a common cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections. S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. S. saprophyticus causes 10-20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In females 17–27 years old, it is the second most common cause of community-acquired UTI, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTI because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname “honeymoon cystitis”. Laboratory diagnosis: Urinalysis and Urine Culture
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Catalase Test is Positive
Coagulase Test is Negative
Lastly, S. saprophyticus is differentiated from S. epidermidis which another species Staphylococcus genus by testing for susceptibility to the antibiotic novobiocin.

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus | Medical Laboratories
Home Bacteriology Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
7 years ago by Dr. AG 0
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative bacterium. Staphylococcus saprophyticus gram stain
S. Saprophyticus is a common cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections. S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. S. saprophyticus causes 10-20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In females 17–27 years old, it is the second most common cause of community-acquired UTI, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTI because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname “honeymoon cystitis”. Laboratory diagnosis: Urinalysis and Urine Culture
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Catalase Test is Positive
Coagulase Test is Negative
Lastly, S. saprophyticus is differentiated from S. epidermidis which another species Staphylococcus genus by testing for susceptibility to the antibiotic novobiocin.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links
 Staphylococcaceae
Genus: Staphylococcus
Species: S. saprophyticus
Binomial name
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
(Fairbrother 1940) Shaw et al. 1951
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive coccus belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. S. saprophyticus is a common cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections. Contents
1 History
2 Epidemiology and pathogenesis
3 Clinical features
4 Laboratory diagnosis
5 Treatment
6 Different subspecies
7 References
8 External links
History
S. saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase -negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Staphylococcaceae
Genus: Staphylococcus
Species: S. saprophyticus
Binomial name
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
(Fairbrother 1940) Shaw et al. 1951
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive coccus belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. S. saprophyticus is a common cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections. Contents
1 History
2 Epidemiology and pathogenesis
3 Clinical features
4 Laboratory diagnosis
5 Treatment
6 Different subspecies
7 References
8 External links
History
S. saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase -negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links
 The many home remedies or natural treatments for urinary tract infections are not clinically proven, such as cranberry juice, alkalinization, and many types of common herbs and spices. Some show promise, such as to affect the formation of biofilms on surfaces or medical equipment, and in other in vitro situations. Different subspecies
Two subspecies of S. saprophyticus exist: S. s. bovis and S. s. saprophyticus, the latter has colony diameter of > 5mm, and more commonly found in human UTIs. S. s. saprophyticus is nitrate-reductase negative and pyrrolidonyl-arylamidase negative, while S. saprophyticus bovis has colony diameter of < 5mm, nitrate-reductase positive and pyrolidonyl-arylamidase positive. References
^ Schleifer, KH; Kloos, WE (1975). " Isolation and characterization of Staphylococci from human skin I. Amended descriptions of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus and descriptions of three new species: Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus xylosus ". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology.

The many home remedies or natural treatments for urinary tract infections are not clinically proven, such as cranberry juice, alkalinization, and many types of common herbs and spices. Some show promise, such as to affect the formation of biofilms on surfaces or medical equipment, and in other in vitro situations. Different subspecies
Two subspecies of S. saprophyticus exist: S. s. bovis and S. s. saprophyticus, the latter has colony diameter of > 5mm, and more commonly found in human UTIs. S. s. saprophyticus is nitrate-reductase negative and pyrrolidonyl-arylamidase negative, while S. saprophyticus bovis has colony diameter of < 5mm, nitrate-reductase positive and pyrolidonyl-arylamidase positive. References
^ Schleifer, KH; Kloos, WE (1975). " Isolation and characterization of Staphylococci from human skin I. Amended descriptions of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus and descriptions of three new species: Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus xylosus ". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men:... : Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 The blood cultures (2/2) were negative, but urine culture grew >10 5 colonies of S. saprophyticus with sensitivity pattern as shown in Table 1. Patient responded very well to treatment with resolution of symptoms within 24 hours. TABLE 1: Antimicrobial Susceptibility ofS. saprophyticus
DISCUSSION
Pereira described novobiocin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from bacteriuric patients in 1962. 1 Mitchell identified these organisms from women with UTI and placed them in micrococci subgroup. 2 These were reclassified and renamed as Staphylococcus saprophyticus in 1974. 3 In 1970s, these were recognized as cause of uncomplicated UTI in women. 4 They are responsible for 7% to 30% of UTI in women, second only to Escherichia coli. Kauffman et al 5 cultured 9314 urine specimens from male patients and isolated coagulase-negative staphylococci from 143 specimens (121 patients). However, only 3 isolates (2 patients) grew S. saprophyticus.

The blood cultures (2/2) were negative, but urine culture grew >10 5 colonies of S. saprophyticus with sensitivity pattern as shown in Table 1. Patient responded very well to treatment with resolution of symptoms within 24 hours. TABLE 1: Antimicrobial Susceptibility ofS. saprophyticus
DISCUSSION
Pereira described novobiocin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from bacteriuric patients in 1962. 1 Mitchell identified these organisms from women with UTI and placed them in micrococci subgroup. 2 These were reclassified and renamed as Staphylococcus saprophyticus in 1974. 3 In 1970s, these were recognized as cause of uncomplicated UTI in women. 4 They are responsible for 7% to 30% of UTI in women, second only to Escherichia coli. Kauffman et al 5 cultured 9314 urine specimens from male patients and isolated coagulase-negative staphylococci from 143 specimens (121 patients). However, only 3 isolates (2 patients) grew S. saprophyticus.

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infections
Bacteria
Non-Neoplastic Diseases of the Urinary Bladder
BACTERIAL CYSTITIS
Bacterial Infections
Infectious Agents
Urinary Tract Infections in Adults
Etiologic Agents
Urinary Tract Infection, Lower (Cystitis), Uncomplicated
What Not To Do:
Cystitis
Etiology
Cystitis and Urethral Syndromes
Infecting Organisms
Immuno-Biosensor
5.5 Urinary Tract Infection Diagnosis
Staphylococcal Infections
Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
Urinary Tract Infection, Pyelonephritis, and Reflux Nephropathy
Bacterial Pathogens
 51.3 ). S. saprophyticus only rarely causes acute pyelonephritis. 14 Less common causes of uncomplicated UTI include other Enterobacteriaceae, such as Proteus mirabilis or Klebsiella species; enterococci; group B streptococci; and rarely Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter species, or other uropathogens. A broader range of bacteria can cause complicated UTI, and many are resistant to broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. Although E. coli is the most common, Citrobacter species, Enterobacter species, P. aeruginosa, enterococci, and S. aureus account for a relatively higher proportion of cases compared with uncomplicated UTIs (see Fig. 51.3 ). 1 The proportion of infections caused by fungi, especially Candida species, is increasing (see Chapter 53 ).

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infections
Bacteria
Non-Neoplastic Diseases of the Urinary Bladder
BACTERIAL CYSTITIS
Bacterial Infections
Infectious Agents
Urinary Tract Infections in Adults
Etiologic Agents
Urinary Tract Infection, Lower (Cystitis), Uncomplicated
What Not To Do:
Cystitis
Etiology
Cystitis and Urethral Syndromes
Infecting Organisms
Immuno-Biosensor
5.5 Urinary Tract Infection Diagnosis
Staphylococcal Infections
Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
Urinary Tract Infection, Pyelonephritis, and Reflux Nephropathy
Bacterial Pathogens

51.3 ). S. saprophyticus only rarely causes acute pyelonephritis. 14 Less common causes of uncomplicated UTI include other Enterobacteriaceae, such as Proteus mirabilis or Klebsiella species; enterococci; group B streptococci; and rarely Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter species, or other uropathogens. A broader range of bacteria can cause complicated UTI, and many are resistant to broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. Although E. coli is the most common, Citrobacter species, Enterobacter species, P. aeruginosa, enterococci, and S. aureus account for a relatively higher proportion of cases compared with uncomplicated UTIs (see Fig. 51.3 ). 1 The proportion of infections caused by fungi, especially Candida species, is increasing (see Chapter 53 ).

UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI - Stop UTI forever UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI
UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI
Some examples of gram-negative bacteria that cause urinary tract infections include:
Some examples of gram-positive bacteria causing UTI are:
Who gets what bacteria?
E. coli UTI
Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus aureus
Enterococci
Urinary Tract Infection caused by Group B Streptococcus
UTI caused by multiple disease-causing bacteria (Polymicrobial UTI)
Groups at risk:
Other Rare, Emerging UTI Bugs
Different tests for different bacteria
What tests can be helpful if infected?
The Pitfalls of Urine Dipstick
The Drawbacks of Urine Culture
 S. saprophyticus shares many clinical features of urinary tract infection caused by Escherichia coli, but this bacteria have some very unusual characteristics. For example, they are normally found in the urinary tract of predominantly girls and young women during late summer and early fall seasons. Post-menopausal women are rarely diagnosed with a UTI caused by this bacterium, and this bacteria decreases its appearance in winter and spring. While S. saprophyticus infection is rare in males, it could affect elderly or hospitalized men. On the bright side, S. saprophyticus UTI is less likely to cause bacteremia (blood infection) and is generally susceptible to most antibiotics, including penicillin. Staphylococcus aureus
Unlike S. saprophyticus, S. aureus UTI usually affects individuals with a urinary catheter and pregnant women. In addition, the majority of S. aureus superstrains are resistant to Methicillin. Enterococci
Enterococci are Gram-positive, lactic acid bacteria that can survive and grow with or without oxygen as well as bear temperatures ranging from 10–45°C and pH of 4.6 to 9. A urinary catheter is a major risk factor with enterococci accounting for about 15 to 30% of CAUTIs. Enterococci are also the third leading cause of UTIs acquired in hospital settings.

UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI - Stop UTI forever

UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI
UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI
Some examples of gram-negative bacteria that cause urinary tract infections include:
Some examples of gram-positive bacteria causing UTI are:
Who gets what bacteria?
E. coli UTI
Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus aureus
Enterococci
Urinary Tract Infection caused by Group B Streptococcus
UTI caused by multiple disease-causing bacteria (Polymicrobial UTI)
Groups at risk:
Other Rare, Emerging UTI Bugs
Different tests for different bacteria
What tests can be helpful if infected?
The Pitfalls of Urine Dipstick
The Drawbacks of Urine Culture

S. saprophyticus shares many clinical features of urinary tract infection caused by Escherichia coli, but this bacteria have some very unusual characteristics. For example, they are normally found in the urinary tract of predominantly girls and young women during late summer and early fall seasons. Post-menopausal women are rarely diagnosed with a UTI caused by this bacterium, and this bacteria decreases its appearance in winter and spring. While S. saprophyticus infection is rare in males, it could affect elderly or hospitalized men. On the bright side, S. saprophyticus UTI is less likely to cause bacteremia (blood infection) and is generally susceptible to most antibiotics, including penicillin. Staphylococcus aureus
Unlike S. saprophyticus, S. aureus UTI usually affects individuals with a urinary catheter and pregnant women. In addition, the majority of S. aureus superstrains are resistant to Methicillin. Enterococci
Enterococci are Gram-positive, lactic acid bacteria that can survive and grow with or without oxygen as well as bear temperatures ranging from 10–45°C and pH of 4.6 to 9. A urinary catheter is a major risk factor with enterococci accounting for about 15 to 30% of CAUTIs. Enterococci are also the third leading cause of UTIs acquired in hospital settings.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview | Microbe Notes Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview
Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview
Table of Contents
What is Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Classification of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Habitat of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Morphology of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Cultural Characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Nutrient Agar (NA)
2. Mannitol Agar
3. Blood agar (BA)
4. P agar
5. Thioglycolate medium
Biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Fermentation
Enzymatic Reactions
Virulence factors of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Surface proteins
2. Enzymes
3. Biofilm formation
Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Adhesion/ Attachment/ Colonization
2. Invasion
Catheters-related infections
Clinical manifestations of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Lab Diagnosis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Morphological characteristics and Biochemical tests
2. Rapid Identification kits
3. Molecular diagnosis
Treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
Prevention of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
References
Sources
 Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative coccus that is an important part of the group of microorganisms causing urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females. Like all Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is also clustering Gram-positive cocci, nonmotile, non-spore-forming, and facultatively anaerobic. S. saprophyticus is a part of the normal flora in humans that colonizes the areas like the perineum, rectum, urethra, cervix, and gastrointestinal tract. This bacterium is also a common gastrointestinal flora in pigs and cows and may be transferred to humans by eating these respective foods. Besides humans, it can also be isolated from other environmental sources like meat and dairy products. It is the second most common cause of UTIs in young and middle-aged women, next to Escherichia coli. Less commonly, it is also responsible for complications like acute pyelonephritis, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis. Among staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is the only species that is typically uropathogenic which is due to its ability to adhere to uroepithelial cells and persistently grow in the urinary tract. S. saprophyticus is different from S. aureus in that it is coagulase-negative, meaning it lacks the enzyme coagulase. It can be differentiated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci by its resistance to Novobiocin.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview | Microbe Notes

Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview
Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview
Table of Contents
What is Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Classification of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Habitat of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Morphology of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Cultural Characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Nutrient Agar (NA)
2. Mannitol Agar
3. Blood agar (BA)
4. P agar
5. Thioglycolate medium
Biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Fermentation
Enzymatic Reactions
Virulence factors of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Surface proteins
2. Enzymes
3. Biofilm formation
Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Adhesion/ Attachment/ Colonization
2. Invasion
Catheters-related infections
Clinical manifestations of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Lab Diagnosis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Morphological characteristics and Biochemical tests
2. Rapid Identification kits
3. Molecular diagnosis
Treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
Prevention of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
References
Sources

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links
 1951
Contents
1
History
2
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
3
Clinical features
4
Laboratory diagnosis
5
Treatment
6
Different subspecies
7
References
8
External links
History
S. saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase -negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In females 17–27 years old, it is the second-most common cause of community-acquired UTIs, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTIs because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname "honeymoon cystitis". S. saprophyticus has the capacity to selectively adhere to human urothelium. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure.

1951
Contents
1
History
2
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
3
Clinical features
4
Laboratory diagnosis
5
Treatment
6
Different subspecies
7
References
8
External links
History
S. saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase -negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In females 17–27 years old, it is the second-most common cause of community-acquired UTIs, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTIs because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname "honeymoon cystitis". S. saprophyticus has the capacity to selectively adhere to human urothelium. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure.

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 There is one puzzling report of the recovery of coagulase-negative staphylococci in 15.6% of young Israeli women with UTI who have been recently sexually active [ 17 ]. Unfortunately, the bacterial isolates were not further identified. These significant differences in incidence could be attributed to different techniques of sampling, delivery, culture, and interpretation of cultures used by different authors. Although S. saprophyticus mainly infects young women, other coagulase-negative staphylococci are usually isolated from hospitalized elderly patients with urinary indwelling catheters or other manipulations of the urinary tract. The main reason for this difference is the capacity of S. saprophyticus to adhere to the uroepithelial cells, and other coagulase-negative staphylococci have the ability to colonize indwelling catheters. Another factor that should be considered when data from different sources are analyzed is that most laboratories base the identification of S. saprophyticus on novobiocin resistance. Other staphylococci can show resistance [ 18 ]. In addition, different laboratories use different identification methods (e.g., colony appearance on chromogenic agar and automated phenotypic methods, among others), making data collected from different sources incomparable. In future epidemiological studies, well-defined methods of comparison should be used. Pathogenesis.

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic

Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links
 Contents
1 History
2 Epidemiology and pathogenesis
3 Clinical features
4 Laboratory diagnosis
5 Treatment
6 Different subspecies
7 References
8 External links
History
S. saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase -negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In females 17–27 years old, it is the second-most common cause of community-acquired UTIs, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTIs because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname "honeymoon cystitis". S. saprophyticus has the capacity to selectively adhere to human urothelium. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure.

Contents
1 History
2 Epidemiology and pathogenesis
3 Clinical features
4 Laboratory diagnosis
5 Treatment
6 Different subspecies
7 References
8 External links
History
S. saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase -negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In females 17–27 years old, it is the second-most common cause of community-acquired UTIs, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTIs because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname "honeymoon cystitis". S. saprophyticus has the capacity to selectively adhere to human urothelium. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure.

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 Approximately 65% of strains are yellow, and 35% are white [ 3 ]. Testing of novobiocin susceptibility is reported to be 100% sensitive and 96% specific [ 4 ]. This provides a simple and reliable screening method to differentiate the presence of S. saprophyticus from the presence of other coagulase-negative staphylococci, but further tests are recommended for final identification. Epidemiology. S. saprophyticus is second only to E. coli as the most frequent causative organism of uncomplicated UTI in women. The more severe complications include acute pyelonephritis [ 6 ], septicemia [ 7 ], nephrolithiasis [ 5 ], and endocarditis [ 8 ]. The vast majority of infections occur in young sexually active women. Wallmark et al. [ 9] isolated S. saprophyticus from the urine of 173 of 787 (22%) consecutive female patients found to have bacteriuria. The highest rate of S. saprophyticus infection was 42.3%, among women aged 16–25 years included in the study.

Approximately 65% of strains are yellow, and 35% are white [ 3 ]. Testing of novobiocin susceptibility is reported to be 100% sensitive and 96% specific [ 4 ]. This provides a simple and reliable screening method to differentiate the presence of S. saprophyticus from the presence of other coagulase-negative staphylococci, but further tests are recommended for final identification. Epidemiology. S. saprophyticus is second only to E. coli as the most frequent causative organism of uncomplicated UTI in women. The more severe complications include acute pyelonephritis [ 6 ], septicemia [ 7 ], nephrolithiasis [ 5 ], and endocarditis [ 8 ]. The vast majority of infections occur in young sexually active women. Wallmark et al. [ 9] isolated S. saprophyticus from the urine of 173 of 787 (22%) consecutive female patients found to have bacteriuria. The highest rate of S. saprophyticus infection was 42.3%, among women aged 16–25 years included in the study.

 Authors

B Hovelius, P A Mårdh
PMID: 6377440

DOI: 10.1093/clinids/6.3.328

Abstract

Until the last decade, coagulase-negative staphylococci occurring in urine specimens were usually regarded as a contaminant. In the early 1970s, i.e., more than ten years after the original demonstration of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine specimens, this species became recognized as a frequent cause of urinary tract infections (UTI). In young women, S. saprophyticus is, after Escherichia coli, the second-most-frequent causative agent of acute UTI. Patients with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered. The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic appearance microscopically. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colony-forming units (less than 10(5) cfu/ml) of S. saprophyticus are comparatively often found in the bladder and voided urine.

Authors

B Hovelius, P A Mårdh
PMID: 6377440

DOI: 10.1093/clinids/6.3.328

Abstract

Until the last decade, coagulase-negative staphylococci occurring in urine specimens were usually regarded as a contaminant. In the early 1970s, i.e., more than ten years after the original demonstration of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine specimens, this species became recognized as a frequent cause of urinary tract infections (UTI). In young women, S. saprophyticus is, after Escherichia coli, the second-most-frequent causative agent of acute UTI. Patients with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered. The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic appearance microscopically. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colony-forming units (less than 10(5) cfu/ml) of S. saprophyticus are comparatively often found in the bladder and voided urine.

UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI - Stop UTI forever UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI
UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI
Some examples of gram-negative bacteria that cause urinary tract infections include:
Some examples of gram-positive bacteria causing UTI are:
Who gets what bacteria?
E. coli UTI
Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus aureus
Enterococci
Urinary Tract Infection caused by Group B Streptococcus
UTI caused by multiple disease-causing bacteria (Polymicrobial UTI)
Groups at risk:
Other Rare, Emerging UTI Bugs
Different tests for different bacteria
What tests can be helpful if infected?
The Pitfalls of Urine Dipstick
The Drawbacks of Urine Culture
 For example, carrier rates of K. pneumoniae in the community are significantly higher in certain parts of the world, as well as in a hospital setting. Specifically, patients of Asian ethnicity have an increased risk for intestinal colonization with this bacterium. Some studies estimate stool carrier rates of K. pneumoniae in healthy adults range from 19% in Japan to 88% in Malaysia. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus (or S. saprophyticus) cause 10-15% of UTI cases and are gram-positive bacteria. About 40% of S. saprophyticus UTIs occur in young, sexually-active women. S. saprophyticus shares many clinical features of urinary tract infection caused by Escherichia coli, but this bacteria have some very unusual characteristics. For example, they are normally found in the urinary tract of predominantly girls and young women during late summer and early fall seasons. Post-menopausal women are rarely diagnosed with a UTI caused by this bacterium, and this bacteria decreases its appearance in winter and spring. While S. saprophyticus infection is rare in males, it could affect elderly or hospitalized men. On the bright side, S. saprophyticus UTI is less likely to cause bacteremia (blood infection) and is generally susceptible to most antibiotics, including penicillin.

For example, carrier rates of K. pneumoniae in the community are significantly higher in certain parts of the world, as well as in a hospital setting. Specifically, patients of Asian ethnicity have an increased risk for intestinal colonization with this bacterium. Some studies estimate stool carrier rates of K. pneumoniae in healthy adults range from 19% in Japan to 88% in Malaysia. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus (or S. saprophyticus) cause 10-15% of UTI cases and are gram-positive bacteria. About 40% of S. saprophyticus UTIs occur in young, sexually-active women. S. saprophyticus shares many clinical features of urinary tract infection caused by Escherichia coli, but this bacteria have some very unusual characteristics. For example, they are normally found in the urinary tract of predominantly girls and young women during late summer and early fall seasons. Post-menopausal women are rarely diagnosed with a UTI caused by this bacterium, and this bacteria decreases its appearance in winter and spring. While S. saprophyticus infection is rare in males, it could affect elderly or hospitalized men. On the bright side, S. saprophyticus UTI is less likely to cause bacteremia (blood infection) and is generally susceptible to most antibiotics, including penicillin.

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 Gupta et al. [ 10] reported a prevalence of 8% among 665 young women with UTI. In a study conducted in Australia, S. saprophyticus was isolated from 15.2% of the women aged 13–40 years with UTI [ 11 ]. There are also several case reports of infections in young girls [ 12 ]. S. saprophyticus can also cause UTI in males of all ages; the organism has been isolated in young boys [ 13 ], male homosexuals, and elderly men with indwelling urinary catheters [ 14 ]. It also can cause urethritis, epididimitis, prostatitis, and nephrolithiasis in men, and is relatively rare in hospitalized men [ 15 ]. In contrast, S. saprophyticus appears to be unusual in Israel. In a study performed 20 years ago [ 16 ], we did not find any cases of S. saprophyticus infection among 198 young women with acute UTI. In addition, only 103 (0.3%) of 35,580 and 88 (0.6%) of 15,206 urine cultures performed at 2 microbiological laboratories in Northern Israel that were positive for a pathogen yielded S. saprophyticus (unpublished data).

Gupta et al. [ 10] reported a prevalence of 8% among 665 young women with UTI. In a study conducted in Australia, S. saprophyticus was isolated from 15.2% of the women aged 13–40 years with UTI [ 11 ]. There are also several case reports of infections in young girls [ 12 ]. S. saprophyticus can also cause UTI in males of all ages; the organism has been isolated in young boys [ 13 ], male homosexuals, and elderly men with indwelling urinary catheters [ 14 ]. It also can cause urethritis, epididimitis, prostatitis, and nephrolithiasis in men, and is relatively rare in hospitalized men [ 15 ]. In contrast, S. saprophyticus appears to be unusual in Israel. In a study performed 20 years ago [ 16 ], we did not find any cases of S. saprophyticus infection among 198 young women with acute UTI. In addition, only 103 (0.3%) of 35,580 and 88 (0.6%) of 15,206 urine cultures performed at 2 microbiological laboratories in Northern Israel that were positive for a pathogen yielded S. saprophyticus (unpublished data).

Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents - ScienceDirect
Pathology
Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents
Summary
Key words
References
 Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents - ScienceDirect
Pathology
Volume 23, Issue 2, 1991, Pages 135-138
Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents
Author links open overlay panel
Paul F.Schneider* Thomas V.Riley†
https://doi.org/10.3109/00313029109060812 Get rights and content
Summary
The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 10 antimicrobial agents for 96 urinary isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus cultured from symptomatic females in the Western Australian general community are reported. All antimicrobial agents tested showed good activity, with the exceptions of norfloxacin (MIC 90 8 mg/L) and ampicillin (MIC 90 0.5 mg/L). Eighty-three of 96 isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested. One isolate was resistant to both tetracycline and trimethoprim. The remainder were resistant to a single antimicrobial agent; 10 to tetracycline and 2 to trimethoprim. None of the isolates exhibited any detectable beta-lactamase activity when tested by the chro-mogenic cephalosporin method. Synergy between trimethoprim and sulphafurazole against Staph, saprophyticus was demonstrated in only 2 of 5 strains having an increased MIC of one or both of these agents. Previous article
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Key words
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
urinary iraci infection
antimicrobial agents
susceptibility testing
Pathology (1991), 23, pp. 135-138 SUSCEPTIBILITY OF URINE ISOLATES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS SAPROPHYTlCUS TO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS PAUL F. SCHNEIDER* AND THOMAS V .

Compare Current Staphylococcus Saprophyticus Infection of Urinary Tract Drugs and Medications with Ratings & Reviews Drugs & Medications A-Z
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39 medications found for staphylococcus saprophyticus infection of urinary tract
 Compare Current Staphylococcus Saprophyticus Infection of Urinary Tract Drugs and Medications with Ratings & Reviews
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The display and use of drug information on this site is subject to express terms of use. By continuing to view the drug information, you agree to abide by such terms of use. Considering taking medication to treat staphylococcus saprophyticus infection of urinary tract? Below is a list of common medications used to treat or reduce the symptoms of staphylococcus saprophyticus infection of urinary tract. Follow the links to read common uses, side effects, dosage details and read user reviews for the drugs listed below. 39 medications found for staphylococcus saprophyticus infection of urinary tract
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632 Reviews
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levofloxacin Solution
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nitrofurantoin Suspension, (Final Dose Form)
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250 Reviews
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nitrofurantoin MONO-MACRO
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nitrofurantoin
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trimethoprim
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38 Reviews
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ciprofloxacin HCl
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cefpodoxime PROXETIL
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norfloxacin tablet
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Cipro Solution
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Trimethoprim HCl 50 mg/5 mL oral solution
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Compare Current Staphylococcus Saprophyticus Infection of Urinary Tract Drugs and Medications with Ratings & Reviews

Drugs & Medications A-Z
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39 medications found for staphylococcus saprophyticus infection of urinary tract

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links
 In females 17–27 years old, it is the second-most common cause of community-acquired UTIs, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTIs because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname "honeymoon cystitis". S. saprophyticus has the capacity to selectively adhere to human urothelium. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. S. saprophyticus produces no exotoxins. Clinical features
Patients with urinary tract infections caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Symptoms include a burning sensation when passing urine, the urge to urinate more often than usual, a 'dripping effect' after urination, weak bladder, a bloated feeling with sharp razor pains in the lower abdomen around the bladder and ovary areas, and razor-like pains during sexual intercourse. Flank pain may occur due to infection of the upper urinary tract, such as pyelonephritis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered.

In females 17–27 years old, it is the second-most common cause of community-acquired UTIs, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTIs because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname "honeymoon cystitis". S. saprophyticus has the capacity to selectively adhere to human urothelium. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. S. saprophyticus produces no exotoxins. Clinical features
Patients with urinary tract infections caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Symptoms include a burning sensation when passing urine, the urge to urinate more often than usual, a 'dripping effect' after urination, weak bladder, a bloated feeling with sharp razor pains in the lower abdomen around the bladder and ovary areas, and razor-like pains during sexual intercourse. Flank pain may occur due to infection of the upper urinary tract, such as pyelonephritis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered.

Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents - ScienceDirect
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Susceptibility of urine isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus to antimicrobial agents
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 10 to tetracycline and 2 to trimethoprim. None of the isolates exhibited any detectable beta-lactamase activity when tested by the chro-mogenic cephalosporin method. Synergy between trimethoprim and sulphafurazole against Staph, saprophyticus was demonstrated in only 2 of 5 strains having an increased MIC of one or both of these agents. Previous article
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Staphylococcus saprophyticus
urinary iraci infection
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Pathology (1991), 23, pp. 135-138 SUSCEPTIBILITY OF URINE ISOLATES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS SAPROPHYTlCUS TO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS PAUL F. SCHNEIDER* AND THOMAS V . RILEY? * Western Diagnostic Pathology, Myuree, Western Australia ? Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia and Sir Charles Guirdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Auslraliu Summary The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 10 antimicrobial agents for 96 urinary isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus cultured from symptomatic females in the Western Australian general community are reported. All antimicrobial agents tested showed good activjty, with the exceptions of norfloxacin (MESo 8 mg/L) and ampicillin (MIC9,, 0.5 mg/L). Eighty-three of 96 isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested.

10 to tetracycline and 2 to trimethoprim. None of the isolates exhibited any detectable beta-lactamase activity when tested by the chro-mogenic cephalosporin method. Synergy between trimethoprim and sulphafurazole against Staph, saprophyticus was demonstrated in only 2 of 5 strains having an increased MIC of one or both of these agents. Previous article
in issue
Next article
in issue
Key words
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
urinary iraci infection
antimicrobial agents
susceptibility testing
Pathology (1991), 23, pp. 135-138 SUSCEPTIBILITY OF URINE ISOLATES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS SAPROPHYTlCUS TO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS PAUL F. SCHNEIDER* AND THOMAS V . RILEY? * Western Diagnostic Pathology, Myuree, Western Australia ? Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia and Sir Charles Guirdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Auslraliu Summary The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 10 antimicrobial agents for 96 urinary isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus cultured from symptomatic females in the Western Australian general community are reported. All antimicrobial agents tested showed good activjty, with the exceptions of norfloxacin (MESo 8 mg/L) and ampicillin (MIC9,, 0.5 mg/L). Eighty-three of 96 isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men:... : Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 Hovelius et al 6 reported frequency of isolate as 0.5% in their series. Therefore unlike in women, S. saprophyticus rarely causes UTIs in men. Because it is a colonizer of skin, UTI by this organism is believed to be of endogenous origin with ascending infection. UTIs caused by S. saprophyticus in men differ from their counterparts in various aspects including age, seasonal variation, and clinical characteristics. Unlike young women, it causes UTIs in elderly men. In one series, median age of patients was 70 years. 6 In men, there is no seasonal predisposition. In females, incidence is generally higher in summer and fall, then in the winter and spring. 4 Although no reason has been found so far, it is possible that because of salt-tolerant nature of this organism, sweating in summer and fall is favorable for colonization or infection. 7
Of the male patients, approximately 50% are hospitalized, while females are almost entirely outpatients.

Hovelius et al 6 reported frequency of isolate as 0.5% in their series. Therefore unlike in women, S. saprophyticus rarely causes UTIs in men. Because it is a colonizer of skin, UTI by this organism is believed to be of endogenous origin with ascending infection. UTIs caused by S. saprophyticus in men differ from their counterparts in various aspects including age, seasonal variation, and clinical characteristics. Unlike young women, it causes UTIs in elderly men. In one series, median age of patients was 70 years. 6 In men, there is no seasonal predisposition. In females, incidence is generally higher in summer and fall, then in the winter and spring. 4 Although no reason has been found so far, it is possible that because of salt-tolerant nature of this organism, sweating in summer and fall is favorable for colonization or infection. 7
Of the male patients, approximately 50% are hospitalized, while females are almost entirely outpatients.

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infections
Bacteria
Non-Neoplastic Diseases of the Urinary Bladder
BACTERIAL CYSTITIS
Bacterial Infections
Infectious Agents
Urinary Tract Infections in Adults
Etiologic Agents
Urinary Tract Infection, Lower (Cystitis), Uncomplicated
What Not To Do:
Cystitis
Etiology
Cystitis and Urethral Syndromes
Infecting Organisms
Immuno-Biosensor
5.5 Urinary Tract Infection Diagnosis
Staphylococcal Infections
Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
Urinary Tract Infection, Pyelonephritis, and Reflux Nephropathy
Bacterial Pathogens
 Staphylococcus Saprophyticus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is instead a constituent of the normal genitourinary tract flora and can cause urinary tract infections, especially in young women (it is the second most common etiologic agent of female cystitis, after Escherichia coli) [82]. From: Pet-To-Man Travelling Staphylococci, 2018
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About this page
Urinary Tract Infections
Catharina Svanborg, in Encyclopedia of Immunology (Second Edition), 1998
Bacteria
Escherichia coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Staphylococcus saprophyticus are the most common etiologic agents in UTI. E. coli dominate in both outpatient and hospitalized populations and are the most extensively characterized regarding mechanisms of virulence. The population structure of E. coli is clonal, i.e. genetic elements occur in nonrandom, relatively stable combinations. Uropathogenic E. coli are a selected subset of the E. coli flora at large. The pyelonephritogenic clones are identified by a limited number of surface antigen serotypes (O: K: H: F = lipopolysaccharide (LPS), capsular polysaccharide, flagellar and fimbrial antigens) and intracellular isoenzyme patterns (electrophoretic types), and by the expression of molecules which damage the host tissues.

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is instead a constituent of the normal genitourinary tract flora and can cause urinary tract infections, especially in young women (it is the second most common etiologic agent of female cystitis, after Escherichia coli) [82]. From: Pet-To-Man Travelling Staphylococci, 2018
Download as PDF
About this page
Urinary Tract Infections
Catharina Svanborg, in Encyclopedia of Immunology (Second Edition), 1998
Bacteria
Escherichia coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Staphylococcus saprophyticus are the most common etiologic agents in UTI. E. coli dominate in both outpatient and hospitalized populations and are the most extensively characterized regarding mechanisms of virulence. The population structure of E. coli is clonal, i.e. genetic elements occur in nonrandom, relatively stable combinations. Uropathogenic E. coli are a selected subset of the E. coli flora at large. The pyelonephritogenic clones are identified by a limited number of surface antigen serotypes (O: K: H: F = lipopolysaccharide (LPS), capsular polysaccharide, flagellar and fimbrial antigens) and intracellular isoenzyme patterns (electrophoretic types), and by the expression of molecules which damage the host tissues.

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 The organism was found to belong to micrococcus subgroup 3. It was later reclassified as S. saprophyticus. Urease production is another important characteristic, and renal and ureteral stones were found to be associated with S. saprophyticus infection [ 5 ]. Laboratory diagnosis. Laboratory identification of S. saprophyticus is made on the basis of resistance to novobiocin, the absence of hemolysin and coagulase, and intense pigment production. Approximately 65% of strains are yellow, and 35% are white [ 3 ]. Testing of novobiocin susceptibility is reported to be 100% sensitive and 96% specific [ 4 ]. This provides a simple and reliable screening method to differentiate the presence of S. saprophyticus from the presence of other coagulase-negative staphylococci, but further tests are recommended for final identification. Epidemiology. S. saprophyticus is second only to E. coli as the most frequent causative organism of uncomplicated UTI in women.

The organism was found to belong to micrococcus subgroup 3. It was later reclassified as S. saprophyticus. Urease production is another important characteristic, and renal and ureteral stones were found to be associated with S. saprophyticus infection [ 5 ]. Laboratory diagnosis. Laboratory identification of S. saprophyticus is made on the basis of resistance to novobiocin, the absence of hemolysin and coagulase, and intense pigment production. Approximately 65% of strains are yellow, and 35% are white [ 3 ]. Testing of novobiocin susceptibility is reported to be 100% sensitive and 96% specific [ 4 ]. This provides a simple and reliable screening method to differentiate the presence of S. saprophyticus from the presence of other coagulase-negative staphylococci, but further tests are recommended for final identification. Epidemiology. S. saprophyticus is second only to E. coli as the most frequent causative organism of uncomplicated UTI in women.

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 Much more needs to be learned about the epidemiology and natural history of UTI caused by S. saprophyticus as well as the role of S. saprophyticus in human and animal health and disease. A series of research questions are offered to address these issues. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were considered to be urinary contaminants prior to the 1960s. In 1962, Torres Pereira [ 1] reported the isolation of coagulase-negative staphylococci possessing antigen 51 from the urine of women with acute UTI. In subsequent years, additional reports supported this concept [ 2 ]. The organism was found to belong to micrococcus subgroup 3. It was later reclassified as S. saprophyticus. Urease production is another important characteristic, and renal and ureteral stones were found to be associated with S. saprophyticus infection [ 5 ]. Laboratory diagnosis. Laboratory identification of S. saprophyticus is made on the basis of resistance to novobiocin, the absence of hemolysin and coagulase, and intense pigment production.

Much more needs to be learned about the epidemiology and natural history of UTI caused by S. saprophyticus as well as the role of S. saprophyticus in human and animal health and disease. A series of research questions are offered to address these issues. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were considered to be urinary contaminants prior to the 1960s. In 1962, Torres Pereira [ 1] reported the isolation of coagulase-negative staphylococci possessing antigen 51 from the urine of women with acute UTI. In subsequent years, additional reports supported this concept [ 2 ]. The organism was found to belong to micrococcus subgroup 3. It was later reclassified as S. saprophyticus. Urease production is another important characteristic, and renal and ureteral stones were found to be associated with S. saprophyticus infection [ 5 ]. Laboratory diagnosis. Laboratory identification of S. saprophyticus is made on the basis of resistance to novobiocin, the absence of hemolysin and coagulase, and intense pigment production.

Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections - American Family Physician Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
View/Print Table
SORT: KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
View/Print Table
Antimicrobial Agents for the Management of Uncomplicated UTIs
NONPHARMACOLOGIC THERAPIES
OLDER WOMEN
MEN
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Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
The Author
REFERENCES
Continue reading from August 1, 2005
 Other Enterobacteriaceae, such as Klebsiella and Proteus, occasionally cause UTI. 2, 3, 5 Although S. saprophyticus is less common than E. coli, it is more aggressive. Approximately one half of patients infected with S. saprophyticus present with upper urinary tract involvement, and these patients are more likely to have recurrent infection. 3
Diagnosis
Jump to section +
Abstract
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Recommendations
References
Uncomplicated UTI occurs in patients who have a normal, unobstructed genitourinary tract, who have no history of recent instrumentation, and whose symptoms are confined to the lower urinary tract. Uncomplicated UTIs are most common in young, sexually active women. Patients usually present with dysuria, urinary frequency, urinary urgency, and/or suprapubic pain. Fever or costovertebral angle tenderness indicates upper urinary tract involvement. Studies show that no laboratory tests, including urinalysis and culture, can predict clinical outcomes in women 18 to 70 years of age who present with acute dysuria or urgency. 7 Dipstick urinalysis, however, is a widely used diagnostic tool. A dipstick urinalysis positive for leukocyte esterase and/or nitrites in a midstream-void specimen reinforces the clinical diagnosis of UTI.

Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections - American Family Physician

Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
View/Print Table
SORT: KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
View/Print Table
Antimicrobial Agents for the Management of Uncomplicated UTIs
NONPHARMACOLOGIC THERAPIES
OLDER WOMEN
MEN
Recommendations
View/Print Figure
Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
The Author
REFERENCES
Continue reading from August 1, 2005

Other Enterobacteriaceae, such as Klebsiella and Proteus, occasionally cause UTI. 2, 3, 5 Although S. saprophyticus is less common than E. coli, it is more aggressive. Approximately one half of patients infected with S. saprophyticus present with upper urinary tract involvement, and these patients are more likely to have recurrent infection. 3
Diagnosis
Jump to section +
Abstract
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Recommendations
References
Uncomplicated UTI occurs in patients who have a normal, unobstructed genitourinary tract, who have no history of recent instrumentation, and whose symptoms are confined to the lower urinary tract. Uncomplicated UTIs are most common in young, sexually active women. Patients usually present with dysuria, urinary frequency, urinary urgency, and/or suprapubic pain. Fever or costovertebral angle tenderness indicates upper urinary tract involvement. Studies show that no laboratory tests, including urinalysis and culture, can predict clinical outcomes in women 18 to 70 years of age who present with acute dysuria or urgency. 7 Dipstick urinalysis, however, is a widely used diagnostic tool. A dipstick urinalysis positive for leukocyte esterase and/or nitrites in a midstream-void specimen reinforces the clinical diagnosis of UTI.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men:... : Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 E-mail: drbharatmotwani@yahoo.com. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice: November 2004 - Volume 12 - Issue 6 - p 341-342
doi: 10.1097/01.idc.0000144903.43451.82
Free
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is one of the coagulase-negative staphylococci. It commonly causes urinary tract infection (UTI) in young sexually active women. Its role in causing UTI in men is not well defined, although data are emerging. Here we report a case of elderly man who had UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. We also reviewed medical literature on this infection. CASE
A 90-year-old nursing home resident with history of dementia presented with suprapubic pain of 1-day duration.

E-mail: drbharatmotwani@yahoo.com. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice: November 2004 - Volume 12 - Issue 6 - p 341-342
doi: 10.1097/01.idc.0000144903.43451.82
Free
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is one of the coagulase-negative staphylococci. It commonly causes urinary tract infection (UTI) in young sexually active women. Its role in causing UTI in men is not well defined, although data are emerging. Here we report a case of elderly man who had UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. We also reviewed medical literature on this infection. CASE
A 90-year-old nursing home resident with history of dementia presented with suprapubic pain of 1-day duration.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men:... : Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 2 These were reclassified and renamed as Staphylococcus saprophyticus in 1974. 3 In 1970s, these were recognized as cause of uncomplicated UTI in women. 4 They are responsible for 7% to 30% of UTI in women, second only to Escherichia coli. Kauffman et al 5 cultured 9314 urine specimens from male patients and isolated coagulase-negative staphylococci from 143 specimens (121 patients). However, only 3 isolates (2 patients) grew S. saprophyticus. Hovelius et al 6 reported frequency of isolate as 0.5% in their series. Therefore unlike in women, S. saprophyticus rarely causes UTIs in men. Because it is a colonizer of skin, UTI by this organism is believed to be of endogenous origin with ascending infection. UTIs caused by S. saprophyticus in men differ from their counterparts in various aspects including age, seasonal variation, and clinical characteristics. Unlike young women, it causes UTIs in elderly men.

2 These were reclassified and renamed as Staphylococcus saprophyticus in 1974. 3 In 1970s, these were recognized as cause of uncomplicated UTI in women. 4 They are responsible for 7% to 30% of UTI in women, second only to Escherichia coli. Kauffman et al 5 cultured 9314 urine specimens from male patients and isolated coagulase-negative staphylococci from 143 specimens (121 patients). However, only 3 isolates (2 patients) grew S. saprophyticus. Hovelius et al 6 reported frequency of isolate as 0.5% in their series. Therefore unlike in women, S. saprophyticus rarely causes UTIs in men. Because it is a colonizer of skin, UTI by this organism is believed to be of endogenous origin with ascending infection. UTIs caused by S. saprophyticus in men differ from their counterparts in various aspects including age, seasonal variation, and clinical characteristics. Unlike young women, it causes UTIs in elderly men.

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 It is responsible for 10–20% of uncomplicated cystitis and urethritis in young women, while it can cause unspecific urethritis in men. It is also a trigger of the so-called honeymoon cystitis since its occurrence is associated with sexual intercourse. Treatment
S. saprophyticus is naturally resistant to several common antibiotics. It is, however, most sensitive to cotrimoxazole, which is therefore frequently used as a treatment. Streptococci
Streptococci are gram-positive bacteria with an oval or round shape that grows in chains or pairs. They are catalase-negative, do not form spores, and are non-motile. Their classification is based on the grade of hemolysis when grown on blood agar and on their so-called Lancefield antigen. Lancefield antigens are different carbohydrate polymers in the cell wall of some bacteria. The following table shows a classification of the most important streptococcal pathogens: Hemolysis pattern
Lancefield antigen
Name
β (= large, yellowish zone of hemolysis)
A antigen
S. pyogenes
B antigen
S. agalactiae
α (= green hemolysis)
No antigen
Viridans streptococci, pneumococci
γ (= no hemolysis)
D antigen
Enterococci
Group A:

It is responsible for 10–20% of uncomplicated cystitis and urethritis in young women, while it can cause unspecific urethritis in men. It is also a trigger of the so-called honeymoon cystitis since its occurrence is associated with sexual intercourse. Treatment
S. saprophyticus is naturally resistant to several common antibiotics. It is, however, most sensitive to cotrimoxazole, which is therefore frequently used as a treatment. Streptococci
Streptococci are gram-positive bacteria with an oval or round shape that grows in chains or pairs. They are catalase-negative, do not form spores, and are non-motile. Their classification is based on the grade of hemolysis when grown on blood agar and on their so-called Lancefield antigen. Lancefield antigens are different carbohydrate polymers in the cell wall of some bacteria. The following table shows a classification of the most important streptococcal pathogens: Hemolysis pattern
Lancefield antigen
Name
β (= large, yellowish zone of hemolysis)
A antigen
S. pyogenes
B antigen
S. agalactiae
α (= green hemolysis)
No antigen
Viridans streptococci, pneumococci
γ (= no hemolysis)
D antigen
Enterococci
Group A:

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 the most common site of colonization was the rectum (40%). The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic microscopic appearance; methods of chemical screening for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs in the bladder, comparatively low numbers of colony-forming units (⩽10 5 cfu/mL) are found in the bladder and voided urine. The American Society of Microbiology's Manual of Clinical Microbiology [ 20] recommends a cut-off value of between 10 2 and 10 5 cfu/mL for the diagnosis of significant bacteriuria, but there is not a worldwide consensus for these values. Colonization is more frequent during the summer and fall. Hovelius et al. [ 21] showed that women with S. saprophyticus colonization were more likely to have had a symptomatic UTI during the previous 12 months, to have recently had a menstrual period, and to have had sexual intercourse concurrent with vaginal candidiasis than were women without colonization. None of the women developed symptomatic UTI during the next 6 months. Further support for the existence of a rectal reservoir was the isolation of the same plasmid-identified clone from both urine and stool samples [ 22 ].

the most common site of colonization was the rectum (40%). The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic microscopic appearance; methods of chemical screening for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs in the bladder, comparatively low numbers of colony-forming units (⩽10 5 cfu/mL) are found in the bladder and voided urine. The American Society of Microbiology's Manual of Clinical Microbiology [ 20] recommends a cut-off value of between 10 2 and 10 5 cfu/mL for the diagnosis of significant bacteriuria, but there is not a worldwide consensus for these values. Colonization is more frequent during the summer and fall. Hovelius et al. [ 21] showed that women with S. saprophyticus colonization were more likely to have had a symptomatic UTI during the previous 12 months, to have recently had a menstrual period, and to have had sexual intercourse concurrent with vaginal candidiasis than were women without colonization. None of the women developed symptomatic UTI during the next 6 months. Further support for the existence of a rectal reservoir was the isolation of the same plasmid-identified clone from both urine and stool samples [ 22 ].

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men:... : Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 It commonly causes urinary tract infection (UTI) in young sexually active women. Its role in causing UTI in men is not well defined, although data are emerging. Here we report a case of elderly man who had UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. We also reviewed medical literature on this infection. CASE
A 90-year-old nursing home resident with history of dementia presented with suprapubic pain of 1-day duration. He also vomited once 2 hours before transfer to hospital. He was also found to have low blood pressure of 60/40 mm Hg at nursing home. Review of system was negative for other symptoms. On admission, he appeared ill. He was afebrile, and his blood pressure was 110/60 mm Hg after 1 L of fluid resuscitation during transfer.

It commonly causes urinary tract infection (UTI) in young sexually active women. Its role in causing UTI in men is not well defined, although data are emerging. Here we report a case of elderly man who had UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. We also reviewed medical literature on this infection. CASE
A 90-year-old nursing home resident with history of dementia presented with suprapubic pain of 1-day duration. He also vomited once 2 hours before transfer to hospital. He was also found to have low blood pressure of 60/40 mm Hg at nursing home. Review of system was negative for other symptoms. On admission, he appeared ill. He was afebrile, and his blood pressure was 110/60 mm Hg after 1 L of fluid resuscitation during transfer.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
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Laboratory diagnosis
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 Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Species of bacterium
Staphylococcus saprophyticus

S. saprophyticus on Mueller-Hinton agar exhibiting resistance to novobiocin characteristic for species identification
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Firmicutes
Class: Bacilli
Order: Bacillales
Family: Staphylococcaceae
Genus: Staphylococcus
Species: S. saprophyticus
Binomial name
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
(Fairbrother 1940) Shaw et al. 1951
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive coccus belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. S. saprophyticus is a common cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Species of bacterium
Staphylococcus saprophyticus

S. saprophyticus on Mueller-Hinton agar exhibiting resistance to novobiocin characteristic for species identification
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Firmicutes
Class: Bacilli
Order: Bacillales
Family: Staphylococcaceae
Genus: Staphylococcus
Species: S. saprophyticus
Binomial name
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
(Fairbrother 1940) Shaw et al. 1951
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive coccus belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. S. saprophyticus is a common cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections.

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 The gastrointestinal tract is the major reservoir of S. saprophyticus. In an early study, Latham et al. [ 19] noted that rectal, vaginal, and urethral colonization of S. saprophyticus was associated with UTI caused by this organism. Rupp et al. [ 18] determined that the prevalence of colonization of S. saprophyticus of the urogenital tract among healthy women was 6.9%; the most common site of colonization was the rectum (40%). The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic microscopic appearance; methods of chemical screening for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs in the bladder, comparatively low numbers of colony-forming units (⩽10 5 cfu/mL) are found in the bladder and voided urine. The American Society of Microbiology's Manual of Clinical Microbiology [ 20] recommends a cut-off value of between 10 2 and 10 5 cfu/mL for the diagnosis of significant bacteriuria, but there is not a worldwide consensus for these values.

The gastrointestinal tract is the major reservoir of S. saprophyticus. In an early study, Latham et al. [ 19] noted that rectal, vaginal, and urethral colonization of S. saprophyticus was associated with UTI caused by this organism. Rupp et al. [ 18] determined that the prevalence of colonization of S. saprophyticus of the urogenital tract among healthy women was 6.9%; the most common site of colonization was the rectum (40%). The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic microscopic appearance; methods of chemical screening for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs in the bladder, comparatively low numbers of colony-forming units (⩽10 5 cfu/mL) are found in the bladder and voided urine. The American Society of Microbiology's Manual of Clinical Microbiology [ 20] recommends a cut-off value of between 10 2 and 10 5 cfu/mL for the diagnosis of significant bacteriuria, but there is not a worldwide consensus for these values.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links
 Bacilli
Order: Bacillales
Family: Staphylococcaceae
Genus: Staphylococcus
Species: S. saprophyticus
Binomial name
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
(Fairbrother 1940) Shaw et al. 1951
Contents
1
History
2
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
3
Clinical features
4
Laboratory diagnosis
5
Treatment
6
Different subspecies
7
References
8
External links
History
S. saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase -negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Bacilli
Order: Bacillales
Family: Staphylococcaceae
Genus: Staphylococcus
Species: S. saprophyticus
Binomial name
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
(Fairbrother 1940) Shaw et al. 1951
Contents
1
History
2
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
3
Clinical features
4
Laboratory diagnosis
5
Treatment
6
Different subspecies
7
References
8
External links
History
S. saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase -negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 Topic: urinary tract infections
cystitis
signs and symptoms
escherichia coli
microorganisms
staphylococcus saprophyticus
seasonal variation
Issue Section: BRIEF REPORTS
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is uniquely associated with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) in humans. It has special urotropic and ecologic features that are distinctly different from other staphylococci and from Escherichia coli. This article will consider the epidemiology, ecology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of infections caused by this microorganism. Much more needs to be learned about the epidemiology and natural history of UTI caused by S. saprophyticus as well as the role of S. saprophyticus in human and animal health and disease. A series of research questions are offered to address these issues. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were considered to be urinary contaminants prior to the 1960s. In 1962, Torres Pereira [ 1] reported the isolation of coagulase-negative staphylococci possessing antigen 51 from the urine of women with acute UTI. In subsequent years, additional reports supported this concept [ 2 ].

Topic: urinary tract infections
cystitis
signs and symptoms
escherichia coli
microorganisms
staphylococcus saprophyticus
seasonal variation
Issue Section: BRIEF REPORTS
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is uniquely associated with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) in humans. It has special urotropic and ecologic features that are distinctly different from other staphylococci and from Escherichia coli. This article will consider the epidemiology, ecology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of infections caused by this microorganism. Much more needs to be learned about the epidemiology and natural history of UTI caused by S. saprophyticus as well as the role of S. saprophyticus in human and animal health and disease. A series of research questions are offered to address these issues. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were considered to be urinary contaminants prior to the 1960s. In 1962, Torres Pereira [ 1] reported the isolation of coagulase-negative staphylococci possessing antigen 51 from the urine of women with acute UTI. In subsequent years, additional reports supported this concept [ 2 ].

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links
 S. saprophyticus produces no exotoxins. Clinical features
Patients with urinary tract infections caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Symptoms include a burning sensation when passing urine, the urge to urinate more often than usual, a 'dripping effect' after urination, weak bladder, a bloated feeling with sharp razor pains in the lower abdomen around the bladder and ovary areas, and razor-like pains during sexual intercourse. Flank pain may occur due to infection of the upper urinary tract, such as pyelonephritis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered. Laboratory diagnosis
The urine sediment of a patient with a S. saprophyticus urinary tract infection has a characteristic appearance under the microscope manifesting leukocytes, erythrocytes, and clumping due to cocci adhering to cellular elements. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria, such as, urine nitrate and glucose do not always detect S. saprophyticus infection. This is because unlike Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae urinary tract infections, S. saprophyticus does not reduce nitrate and has a longer generation time, thus does not consume glucose as rapidly. Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colony-forming units (less than 10 5 cfu/ml) are often present. S. saprophyticus is identified as belonging to the genus Staphylococcus using the Gram stain and catalase test.

Urinary Tract Infection Symptoms and Treatment, Bladder Infection Symptoms | Patient Urinary Tract Infection in Adults
Urinary Tract Infection in Adults
This article is for Medical Professionals
In this article
Definitions
Pathogenesis
Trending Articles
Epidemiology
Risk factors
Presentation
Differential diagnosis
Investigations
Indications for referral
Editor's note
Management
General measures
Pharmacological
Complications
Join our weekly wellness digest
from the best health experts in the business
Further reading and references
 24
The truth about getting pregnant after 40
25
When to worry about spots on the penis
26
What could be causing your pins and needles? 27
Understanding your cholesterol levels
28
Gout diet sheet
29
What happens to your body when you come off the pill? 30
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Proteus mirabilis
Enterococci
Infection with less common organisms is more likely to occur in patients who have underlying pathology and/or frequent infections, are immunosuppressed, or who are catheterised. Organisms which may produce infection under these circumstances include: Klebsiella spp. Proteus vulgaris
Candida albicans
Pseudomonas spp. Epidemiology
UTIs are common in general practice, accounting for 1-3% of all consultations. UTI is the second most common clinical indication for empirical antibiotic treatment in primary and secondary care, and urine samples constitute the largest category of specimens examined in most medical microbiology laboratories. Around one in three women have had a UTI by the age of 24 and around half of all women report at least one UTI sometime during their lifetime. UTIs occur much less frequently in men at all ages, although they occur more commonly in older men.

Urinary Tract Infection Symptoms and Treatment, Bladder Infection Symptoms | Patient

Urinary Tract Infection in Adults
Urinary Tract Infection in Adults
This article is for Medical Professionals
In this article
Definitions
Pathogenesis
Trending Articles
Epidemiology
Risk factors
Presentation
Differential diagnosis
Investigations
Indications for referral
Editor's note
Management
General measures
Pharmacological
Complications
Join our weekly wellness digest
from the best health experts in the business
Further reading and references

24
The truth about getting pregnant after 40
25
When to worry about spots on the penis
26
What could be causing your pins and needles? 27
Understanding your cholesterol levels
28
Gout diet sheet
29
What happens to your body when you come off the pill? 30
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Proteus mirabilis
Enterococci
Infection with less common organisms is more likely to occur in patients who have underlying pathology and/or frequent infections, are immunosuppressed, or who are catheterised. Organisms which may produce infection under these circumstances include: Klebsiella spp. Proteus vulgaris
Candida albicans
Pseudomonas spp. Epidemiology
UTIs are common in general practice, accounting for 1-3% of all consultations. UTI is the second most common clinical indication for empirical antibiotic treatment in primary and secondary care, and urine samples constitute the largest category of specimens examined in most medical microbiology laboratories. Around one in three women have had a UTI by the age of 24 and around half of all women report at least one UTI sometime during their lifetime. UTIs occur much less frequently in men at all ages, although they occur more commonly in older men.

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 the organism has been isolated in young boys [ 13 ], male homosexuals, and elderly men with indwelling urinary catheters [ 14 ]. It also can cause urethritis, epididimitis, prostatitis, and nephrolithiasis in men, and is relatively rare in hospitalized men [ 15 ]. In contrast, S. saprophyticus appears to be unusual in Israel. In a study performed 20 years ago [ 16 ], we did not find any cases of S. saprophyticus infection among 198 young women with acute UTI. In addition, only 103 (0.3%) of 35,580 and 88 (0.6%) of 15,206 urine cultures performed at 2 microbiological laboratories in Northern Israel that were positive for a pathogen yielded S. saprophyticus (unpublished data). There is one puzzling report of the recovery of coagulase-negative staphylococci in 15.6% of young Israeli women with UTI who have been recently sexually active [ 17 ]. Unfortunately, the bacterial isolates were not further identified. These significant differences in incidence could be attributed to different techniques of sampling, delivery, culture, and interpretation of cultures used by different authors. Although S. saprophyticus mainly infects young women, other coagulase-negative staphylococci are usually isolated from hospitalized elderly patients with urinary indwelling catheters or other manipulations of the urinary tract. The main reason for this difference is the capacity of S. saprophyticus to adhere to the uroepithelial cells, and other coagulase-negative staphylococci have the ability to colonize indwelling catheters.

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 Colonization is more frequent during the summer and fall. Hovelius et al. [ 21] showed that women with S. saprophyticus colonization were more likely to have had a symptomatic UTI during the previous 12 months, to have recently had a menstrual period, and to have had sexual intercourse concurrent with vaginal candidiasis than were women without colonization. None of the women developed symptomatic UTI during the next 6 months. Further support for the existence of a rectal reservoir was the isolation of the same plasmid-identified clone from both urine and stool samples [ 22 ]. The remarkable selective susceptibility of young women to colonization by S. saprophyticus is further emphasized by a study by Schneider and Riley [ 11 ]. They isolated the microorganism from the genital tracts of 4.6% of women aged 13–40 years, but not from older women or men. These observations are in accord with numerous clinical reports [ 9–17] that UTI caused by S. saprophyticus is associated with recent sexual intercourse and occurs more often during late summer and fall [ 19 ]. The microorganisms colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, particularly during the gastroenteritis season in the summer and fall, and this is probably the reason for this seasonal variation in the incidence of UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. However, there was no seasonal variation in Western Australia and Israel [ 11, 16 ].

When is hospitalization necessary for patients with urinary tract infection (UTI)? When is hospitalization necessary for patients with urinary tract infection (UTI)?
When is hospitalization necessary for patients with urinary tract infection (UTI)? Medline]. Adeghate J, Juhász E, Pongrácz J, Rimanóczy É, Kristóf K. Does Staphylococcus Saprophyticus Cause Acute Cystitis only in Young Females, or is there more to the Story? A One-Year Comprehensive Study Done in Budapest, Hungary. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2016 Mar. 63 (1):57-67. [ Medline]. Kanj SS, Kanafani ZA. Current concepts in antimicrobial therapy against resistant gram-negative organisms: extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mayo Clin Proc.

When is hospitalization necessary for patients with urinary tract infection (UTI)?

When is hospitalization necessary for patients with urinary tract infection (UTI)?
When is hospitalization necessary for patients with urinary tract infection (UTI)?

Medline]. Adeghate J, Juhász E, Pongrácz J, Rimanóczy É, Kristóf K. Does Staphylococcus Saprophyticus Cause Acute Cystitis only in Young Females, or is there more to the Story? A One-Year Comprehensive Study Done in Budapest, Hungary. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2016 Mar. 63 (1):57-67. [ Medline]. Kanj SS, Kanafani ZA. Current concepts in antimicrobial therapy against resistant gram-negative organisms: extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mayo Clin Proc.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - microbewiki Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
Classification
Higher order taxa
Species
Description and significance
Genome structure
Cell structure and metabolism
Ecology
Pathology
Application to Biotechnology
Current Research
References
 Like other Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is globular and resembles clusters of grapes. S. saprophyticus colonizes in the urinary tract of humans and is isolated from urine samples. Young women are more susceptible to colonization in the urinary tracts and sexual intercourse promotes its spread. [ 3] S. saprophyticus is not normally present in the body. [ 5] It is also isolated from the carcasses of dead animals. [ 3]
In 1962, Torres Pereira first isolated a coagulase-negative Staphylococci with antigen 51 from women with acute UTI. [ 4]. This antigen was later classified as S. saprophyticus. [ 3] Laboratory tests to identify S. saprophyticus are based on its resistance to the antibiotic Novobiocin and the absence of coagulase. [ 3]
Genome structure
As of 2005, the genome of S. saprophyticus (strain ATCC 15305) has been fully sequenced by Japanese researchers. [

Like other Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is globular and resembles clusters of grapes. S. saprophyticus colonizes in the urinary tract of humans and is isolated from urine samples. Young women are more susceptible to colonization in the urinary tracts and sexual intercourse promotes its spread. [ 3] S. saprophyticus is not normally present in the body. [ 5] It is also isolated from the carcasses of dead animals. [ 3]
In 1962, Torres Pereira first isolated a coagulase-negative Staphylococci with antigen 51 from women with acute UTI. [ 4]. This antigen was later classified as S. saprophyticus. [ 3] Laboratory tests to identify S. saprophyticus are based on its resistance to the antibiotic Novobiocin and the absence of coagulase. [ 3]
Genome structure
As of 2005, the genome of S. saprophyticus (strain ATCC 15305) has been fully sequenced by Japanese researchers. [

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men:... : Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 2001;57:17-20. Cited Here |
PubMed | CrossRef
8. Hovelius B, Mardh P-A. Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a common cause of urinary tract infections. Rev Infect Dis. 1984;6:328-337. Cited Here |
PubMed
9. Carson CC, McGraw VD, Zwadyk P. Bacterial prostatitis caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Urology. 1982;19:576. Cited Here
10.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

2001;57:17-20. Cited Here |
PubMed | CrossRef
8. Hovelius B, Mardh P-A. Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a common cause of urinary tract infections. Rev Infect Dis. 1984;6:328-337. Cited Here |
PubMed
9. Carson CC, McGraw VD, Zwadyk P. Bacterial prostatitis caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Urology. 1982;19:576. Cited Here
10.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - microbewiki Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
Classification
Higher order taxa
Species
Description and significance
Genome structure
Cell structure and metabolism
Ecology
Pathology
Application to Biotechnology
Current Research
References
 Bacilli; Bacillales; Staphylococcaceae
Species
NCBI: Taxonomy
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Description and significance
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative facultative species of Staphylococcus, which is a leading cause of cystisis in women and is associated with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) in humans. [ 3] It is the second most common pathogen associated with UTIs [5], causing 10-20% of all UTIs in sexually active young women. Like other Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is globular and resembles clusters of grapes. S. saprophyticus colonizes in the urinary tract of humans and is isolated from urine samples. Young women are more susceptible to colonization in the urinary tracts and sexual intercourse promotes its spread. [ 3] S. saprophyticus is not normally present in the body. [ 5] It is also isolated from the carcasses of dead animals. [

Bacilli; Bacillales; Staphylococcaceae
Species
NCBI: Taxonomy
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Description and significance
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative facultative species of Staphylococcus, which is a leading cause of cystisis in women and is associated with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) in humans. [ 3] It is the second most common pathogen associated with UTIs [5], causing 10-20% of all UTIs in sexually active young women. Like other Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is globular and resembles clusters of grapes. S. saprophyticus colonizes in the urinary tract of humans and is isolated from urine samples. Young women are more susceptible to colonization in the urinary tracts and sexual intercourse promotes its spread. [ 3] S. saprophyticus is not normally present in the body. [ 5] It is also isolated from the carcasses of dead animals. [

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
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Abstract
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References
 04 November 2004
Published: 15 March 2005
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Raul Raz, Raul Colodner, Calvin M. Kunin, Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 40, Issue 6, 15 March 2005, Pages 896–898, https://doi.org/10.1086/428353
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Abstract
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a leading cause of cystitis in young women. S. saprophyticus shares many clinical features of urinary tract infection caused by Escherichia coli, but differs in pathogenesis, seasonal variation, and geographic distribution. This review summarizes what is known and what still needs to be learned about this microorganism. Topic: urinary tract infections
cystitis
signs and symptoms
escherichia coli
microorganisms
staphylococcus saprophyticus
seasonal variation
Issue Section: BRIEF REPORTS
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is uniquely associated with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) in humans. It has special urotropic and ecologic features that are distinctly different from other staphylococci and from Escherichia coli. This article will consider the epidemiology, ecology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of infections caused by this microorganism.

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 The remarkable selective susceptibility of young women to colonization by S. saprophyticus is further emphasized by a study by Schneider and Riley [ 11 ]. They isolated the microorganism from the genital tracts of 4.6% of women aged 13–40 years, but not from older women or men. These observations are in accord with numerous clinical reports [ 9–17] that UTI caused by S. saprophyticus is associated with recent sexual intercourse and occurs more often during late summer and fall [ 19 ]. The microorganisms colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, particularly during the gastroenteritis season in the summer and fall, and this is probably the reason for this seasonal variation in the incidence of UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. However, there was no seasonal variation in Western Australia and Israel [ 11, 16 ]. There is a strong association between the use of condoms coated with nonoxynol 9 and the occurrence of UTI [ 23 ], which suggests that vaginal spermicides interfere with the normal vaginal flora and promote colonization by S. saprophyticus. Other associations include outdoor swimming prior to colonization and occupations relate

The remarkable selective susceptibility of young women to colonization by S. saprophyticus is further emphasized by a study by Schneider and Riley [ 11 ]. They isolated the microorganism from the genital tracts of 4.6% of women aged 13–40 years, but not from older women or men. These observations are in accord with numerous clinical reports [ 9–17] that UTI caused by S. saprophyticus is associated with recent sexual intercourse and occurs more often during late summer and fall [ 19 ]. The microorganisms colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, particularly during the gastroenteritis season in the summer and fall, and this is probably the reason for this seasonal variation in the incidence of UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. However, there was no seasonal variation in Western Australia and Israel [ 11, 16 ]. There is a strong association between the use of condoms coated with nonoxynol 9 and the occurrence of UTI [ 23 ], which suggests that vaginal spermicides interfere with the normal vaginal flora and promote colonization by S. saprophyticus. Other associations include outdoor swimming prior to colonization and occupations relate

Bacterial Infections: Gram-Positive Cocci | Medical Library Bacterial Infections: Gram-Positive Cocci
Bacterial Infections: Gram-Positive Cocci
Staphylococci
Staphylococcus aureus
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Staphylococcus epidermidis
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Morphology and culture
Like other staphylococci, S. saprophyticus appears as blue grape-shaped clusters of cocci when viewed through a microscope. Colonies of S. saprophyticus grow on blood agar and are whitish or yellowish without hemolysis. S. saprophyticus does not form spores. Virulence factors
S.saprophyticus adheres to the urothelium where it produces ureases. These are enzymes that hydrolyse urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia. Diagnostics
S. saprophyticus is a coagulase-negative staphylococcus, yielding a negative result when tested for the clumping factor. To distinguish it from other coagulase-negative staphylococci, in particular from S. epidermidis, one can take advantage of its resistance to novobiocin. The test is simple: by putting a tablet of novobiocin on the agar and measuring the zone of inhibition, one can easily detect novobiocin-resistance. Clinical picture
S. saprophyticus is particularly associated with urinary tract infections.

CC BY-SA 3.0
Morphology and culture
Like other staphylococci, S. saprophyticus appears as blue grape-shaped clusters of cocci when viewed through a microscope. Colonies of S. saprophyticus grow on blood agar and are whitish or yellowish without hemolysis. S. saprophyticus does not form spores. Virulence factors
S.saprophyticus adheres to the urothelium where it produces ureases. These are enzymes that hydrolyse urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia. Diagnostics
S. saprophyticus is a coagulase-negative staphylococcus, yielding a negative result when tested for the clumping factor. To distinguish it from other coagulase-negative staphylococci, in particular from S. epidermidis, one can take advantage of its resistance to novobiocin. The test is simple: by putting a tablet of novobiocin on the agar and measuring the zone of inhibition, one can easily detect novobiocin-resistance. Clinical picture
S. saprophyticus is particularly associated with urinary tract infections.

Gram-positive uropathogens: Empirical treatment and emerging antimicrobial resistance
Gram-positive uropathogens: Empirical treatment and emerging antimicrobial resistance
Abstract
Key words
Abbreviations
Introduction
Methods and materials
Data collection
Study design and specimen collection
Bacterial isolation and identification
Antimicrobial sensitivity assessment
Detection of β-lactamase and quinolone-resistant genes
Statistical analyses
Results
Demographics of the study population
Isolation and identification of gram-positive UTI pathogens
Antimicrobial resistance pattern of the UTI gram-positive isolates
Antibiotic resistant genes in gram-positive uropathogens
Discussion
Ethics statement
Acknowledgments
Disclosure
References
Articles
Journal Home
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 Urinary Tract Infection
Introduction
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases. The major causative agents of UTIs are Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae. The remaining proportions are associated with a variety of organisms, including the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus, GBS), and other less frequently isolated organisms [1-3]. Most prevalent gram-positive uropathogenic bacteria include Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Enterococcus facecalis [4-6]. Gram-positive uropathogens were reported in multiple countries in both uncomplicated and complicated UTI [7-9]. There are no such exclusive studies have been done in Bangladeshi population to seek gram-positive UTI etiology. Without proper diagnosis, there is a high possibility of getting wrong and inappropriate medications and subsequent adverse side-effects of the associated treatment. Gram-positive bacteria are found more often as etiologic agents of UTI among pregnant women and the elderly [10]. Further, complicated UTIs often occur in nosocomial and/or institutional settings and these individuals are at greater risk of gram-positive and polymicrobial UTI [4,5]. It accounts for a large proportion of antibiotic consumption and has a large socioeconomic impact and may contribute to bacterial resistance [11,12].

Gram-positive uropathogens: Empirical treatment and emerging antimicrobial resistance

Gram-positive uropathogens: Empirical treatment and emerging antimicrobial resistance
Abstract
Key words
Abbreviations
Introduction
Methods and materials
Data collection
Study design and specimen collection
Bacterial isolation and identification
Antimicrobial sensitivity assessment
Detection of β-lactamase and quinolone-resistant genes
Statistical analyses
Results
Demographics of the study population
Isolation and identification of gram-positive UTI pathogens
Antimicrobial resistance pattern of the UTI gram-positive isolates
Antibiotic resistant genes in gram-positive uropathogens
Discussion
Ethics statement
Acknowledgments
Disclosure
References
Articles
Journal Home
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Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview | Microbe Notes Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview
Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview
Table of Contents
What is Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Classification of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Habitat of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Morphology of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Cultural Characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Nutrient Agar (NA)
2. Mannitol Agar
3. Blood agar (BA)
4. P agar
5. Thioglycolate medium
Biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Fermentation
Enzymatic Reactions
Virulence factors of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Surface proteins
2. Enzymes
3. Biofilm formation
Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Adhesion/ Attachment/ Colonization
2. Invasion
Catheters-related infections
Clinical manifestations of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Lab Diagnosis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Morphological characteristics and Biochemical tests
2. Rapid Identification kits
3. Molecular diagnosis
Treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
Prevention of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
References
Sources
 Adhesion/ Attachment/ Colonization
2. Invasion
Catheters-related infections
Clinical manifestations of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Lab Diagnosis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Morphological characteristics and Biochemical tests
2. Rapid Identification kits
3. Molecular diagnosis
Treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
Prevention of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
References
Sources
What is Staphylococcus saprophyticus? Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative coccus that is an important part of the group of microorganisms causing urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females. Like all Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is also clustering Gram-positive cocci, nonmotile, non-spore-forming, and facultatively anaerobic. S. saprophyticus is a part of the normal flora in humans that colonizes the areas like the perineum, rectum, urethra, cervix, and gastrointestinal tract. This bacterium is also a common gastrointestinal flora in pigs and cows and may be transferred to humans by eating these respective foods. Besides humans, it can also be isolated from other environmental sources like meat and dairy products.

Adhesion/ Attachment/ Colonization
2. Invasion
Catheters-related infections
Clinical manifestations of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Lab Diagnosis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Morphological characteristics and Biochemical tests
2. Rapid Identification kits
3. Molecular diagnosis
Treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
Prevention of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
References
Sources
What is Staphylococcus saprophyticus? Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative coccus that is an important part of the group of microorganisms causing urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females. Like all Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is also clustering Gram-positive cocci, nonmotile, non-spore-forming, and facultatively anaerobic. S. saprophyticus is a part of the normal flora in humans that colonizes the areas like the perineum, rectum, urethra, cervix, and gastrointestinal tract. This bacterium is also a common gastrointestinal flora in pigs and cows and may be transferred to humans by eating these respective foods. Besides humans, it can also be isolated from other environmental sources like meat and dairy products.

Gram-positive uropathogens: Empirical treatment and emerging antimicrobial resistance
Gram-positive uropathogens: Empirical treatment and emerging antimicrobial resistance
Abstract
Key words
Abbreviations
Introduction
Methods and materials
Data collection
Study design and specimen collection
Bacterial isolation and identification
Antimicrobial sensitivity assessment
Detection of β-lactamase and quinolone-resistant genes
Statistical analyses
Results
Demographics of the study population
Isolation and identification of gram-positive UTI pathogens
Antimicrobial resistance pattern of the UTI gram-positive isolates
Antibiotic resistant genes in gram-positive uropathogens
Discussion
Ethics statement
Acknowledgments
Disclosure
References
Articles
Journal Home
Jump to
 MHA: Muller Hinton Agar; PBS: Phosphate Buffered Saline; UTI: Urinary Tract Infection
Introduction
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases. The major causative agents of UTIs are Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae. The remaining proportions are associated with a variety of organisms, including the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus, GBS), and other less frequently isolated organisms [1-3]. Most prevalent gram-positive uropathogenic bacteria include Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Enterococcus facecalis [4-6]. Gram-positive uropathogens were reported in multiple countries in both uncomplicated and complicated UTI [7-9].

MHA: Muller Hinton Agar; PBS: Phosphate Buffered Saline; UTI: Urinary Tract Infection
Introduction
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases. The major causative agents of UTIs are Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae. The remaining proportions are associated with a variety of organisms, including the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus, GBS), and other less frequently isolated organisms [1-3]. Most prevalent gram-positive uropathogenic bacteria include Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Enterococcus facecalis [4-6]. Gram-positive uropathogens were reported in multiple countries in both uncomplicated and complicated UTI [7-9].

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links
 ^ Hovelius, B; Mårdh, PA (May 1984). " Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a common cause of urinary tract infections". Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 6 (3): 328–37. doi: 10.1093/clinids/6.3.328. PMID 6377440. ^ Marrie TJ, Kwan C (1982). "

Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links

^ Hovelius, B; Mårdh, PA (May 1984). " Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a common cause of urinary tract infections". Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 6 (3): 328–37. doi: 10.1093/clinids/6.3.328. PMID 6377440. ^ Marrie TJ, Kwan C (1982). "

What antibiotic treatment is effective to treat UTIs caused by aerococcus bacteria? - Medivizor What antibiotic treatment is effective to treat UTIs caused by aerococcus bacteria?
What antibiotic treatment is effective to treat UTIs caused by aerococcus bacteria?
In a nutshell
Some background
Methods & findings
The bottom line
The fine print
What’s next?
Published By :
Date :
Original Title :
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Posted by Medivizor on Jan 26, 2018 in Urinary tract infection | 0 comments
In a nutshell
This study looked at different treatments for urinary tract infections (UTIs – infection of the urethra or bladder) caused by aerococcus bacteria. The study found that nitrofurantoin (Macrobid), pivmecillinam (Selexid) and ciprofloxacin (Cipro) were effective antibiotic treatments for UTIs caused by aerococcus. Some background
UTIs are a common problem that can be caused by different bacteria. Aerococcus is a type of bacteria that can cause UTIs. These can cause some complications such as problems in the blood and heart. It is important to research antibiotic treatment for UTIs caused by aerococcus. Methods & findings
31,629 urine samples were analyzed. 144 samples had aerococcus growing in them and 72 patients with UTI had antibiotic treatment. Nitrofurantoin was the most common treatment and had 71-76% effectiveness in treating one type of aerococcus ( A.urinae) and 42-50% in another type ( A. sanguinicola ).

What antibiotic treatment is effective to treat UTIs caused by aerococcus bacteria? - Medivizor

What antibiotic treatment is effective to treat UTIs caused by aerococcus bacteria?
What antibiotic treatment is effective to treat UTIs caused by aerococcus bacteria?
In a nutshell
Some background
Methods & findings
The bottom line
The fine print
What’s next?
Published By :
Date :
Original Title :

You can also sign up for free to receive medical information specific to your situation. Sign Up Continue
Posted by Medivizor on Jan 26, 2018 in Urinary tract infection | 0 comments
In a nutshell
This study looked at different treatments for urinary tract infections (UTIs – infection of the urethra or bladder) caused by aerococcus bacteria. The study found that nitrofurantoin (Macrobid), pivmecillinam (Selexid) and ciprofloxacin (Cipro) were effective antibiotic treatments for UTIs caused by aerococcus. Some background
UTIs are a common problem that can be caused by different bacteria. Aerococcus is a type of bacteria that can cause UTIs. These can cause some complications such as problems in the blood and heart. It is important to research antibiotic treatment for UTIs caused by aerococcus. Methods & findings
31,629 urine samples were analyzed. 144 samples had aerococcus growing in them and 72 patients with UTI had antibiotic treatment. Nitrofurantoin was the most common treatment and had 71-76% effectiveness in treating one type of aerococcus ( A.urinae) and 42-50% in another type ( A. sanguinicola ).

 The sensitivity was cross checked by Hicomb MIC strips before handing out the susceptibility results. The patient was successfully treated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for one week along with physiotherapy. Although the VGS is a known commensal organism in the human mucosa of the oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, female genital tract, and gastrointestinal tract; it has been documented to be a frequent cause of endocarditis, meningitis, pneumonia, and bacteremia particularly in patients with immunosuppressive conditions.[2,3] There are occasional reports of genito-urinary infection by VGS, but UTI by S. mitisis unusual.[4] In our case, risk factors for this infection were diabetes and the urethrocele. The patient was asymptomatic after proper antibiotic treatment along with control of blood sugar. Though 16S rRNA gene sequencing is the surest method for identification of S. mitis, VITEK-2 system is also one of the important aid in resource poor setting. Thus, isolation and knowledge of S. mitisas a causative agent of UTI will help in avoiding misrecognition of it as a mere contaminant and ensuring appropriate treatment. REFERENCES
1. Warren JW. Clinical presentations and epidemiology of urinary tract infection.

The sensitivity was cross checked by Hicomb MIC strips before handing out the susceptibility results. The patient was successfully treated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for one week along with physiotherapy. Although the VGS is a known commensal organism in the human mucosa of the oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, female genital tract, and gastrointestinal tract; it has been documented to be a frequent cause of endocarditis, meningitis, pneumonia, and bacteremia particularly in patients with immunosuppressive conditions.[2,3] There are occasional reports of genito-urinary infection by VGS, but UTI by S. mitisis unusual.[4] In our case, risk factors for this infection were diabetes and the urethrocele. The patient was asymptomatic after proper antibiotic treatment along with control of blood sugar. Though 16S rRNA gene sequencing is the surest method for identification of S. mitis, VITEK-2 system is also one of the important aid in resource poor setting. Thus, isolation and knowledge of S. mitisas a causative agent of UTI will help in avoiding misrecognition of it as a mere contaminant and ensuring appropriate treatment. REFERENCES
1. Warren JW. Clinical presentations and epidemiology of urinary tract infection.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men:... : Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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Case Reports and Reviews: Case Report
Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Motwani, Bharat MD; Khayr, Walid MD
Author Information
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, FUHS/The Chicago Medical School, Chicago, IL. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Bharat Motwani, MD, 9120 N Lincoln Drive, Apt 2D, Des Plaines, IL. E-mail: drbharatmotwani@yahoo.com. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice: November 2004 - Volume 12 - Issue 6 - p 341-342
doi: 10.1097/01.idc.0000144903.43451.82
Free
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is one of the coagulase-negative staphylococci.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men:... : Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice

Export to
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Case Reports and Reviews: Case Report
Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Motwani, Bharat MD; Khayr, Walid MD
Author Information
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, FUHS/The Chicago Medical School, Chicago, IL. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Bharat Motwani, MD, 9120 N Lincoln Drive, Apt 2D, Des Plaines, IL. E-mail: drbharatmotwani@yahoo.com. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice: November 2004 - Volume 12 - Issue 6 - p 341-342
doi: 10.1097/01.idc.0000144903.43451.82
Free
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is one of the coagulase-negative staphylococci.

UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI - Stop UTI forever UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI
UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI
Some examples of gram-negative bacteria that cause urinary tract infections include:
Some examples of gram-positive bacteria causing UTI are:
Who gets what bacteria?
E. coli UTI
Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus aureus
Enterococci
Urinary Tract Infection caused by Group B Streptococcus
UTI caused by multiple disease-causing bacteria (Polymicrobial UTI)
Groups at risk:
Other Rare, Emerging UTI Bugs
Different tests for different bacteria
What tests can be helpful if infected?
The Pitfalls of Urine Dipstick
The Drawbacks of Urine Culture
 Unfortunately, P. aeruginosa UTIs are notoriously hard to treat. Not only does this bacterium possess a variety of virulent mechanisms helping it to spread and withstand antibiotics, but it also quickly forms biofilms on the surface of catheters further avoiding antibiotic attacks. Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is particularly known to cause UTI and sepsis in newborns as well as hospital-acquired urinary tract infections in adults. This gram-negative bacterium is also notorious for developing antibiotic resistance, including to carbapenem antibiotics. K. pneumoniae bacteria naturally reside in humans, but the rate at which these bacteria are found depends on a variety of factors. For example, carrier rates of K. pneumoniae in the community are significantly higher in certain parts of the world, as well as in a hospital setting. Specifically, patients of Asian ethnicity have an increased risk for intestinal colonization with this bacterium. Some studies estimate stool carrier rates of K. pneumoniae in healthy adults range from 19% in Japan to 88% in Malaysia. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus (or S. saprophyticus) cause 10-15% of UTI cases and are gram-positive bacteria. About 40% of S. saprophyticus UTIs occur in young, sexually-active women.

Unfortunately, P. aeruginosa UTIs are notoriously hard to treat. Not only does this bacterium possess a variety of virulent mechanisms helping it to spread and withstand antibiotics, but it also quickly forms biofilms on the surface of catheters further avoiding antibiotic attacks. Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is particularly known to cause UTI and sepsis in newborns as well as hospital-acquired urinary tract infections in adults. This gram-negative bacterium is also notorious for developing antibiotic resistance, including to carbapenem antibiotics. K. pneumoniae bacteria naturally reside in humans, but the rate at which these bacteria are found depends on a variety of factors. For example, carrier rates of K. pneumoniae in the community are significantly higher in certain parts of the world, as well as in a hospital setting. Specifically, patients of Asian ethnicity have an increased risk for intestinal colonization with this bacterium. Some studies estimate stool carrier rates of K. pneumoniae in healthy adults range from 19% in Japan to 88% in Malaysia. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus (or S. saprophyticus) cause 10-15% of UTI cases and are gram-positive bacteria. About 40% of S. saprophyticus UTIs occur in young, sexually-active women.

Novobiocin Differentiation Disk - for identification of Staphylococcus saprophyticus NOVOBIOCIN DIFFERENTIATION DISKS
NOVOBIOCIN DIFFERENTIATION DISKS
INTENDED USE
SUMMARY
FORMULA
STORAGE AND SHELF LIFE
PRECAUTIONS
PROCEDURE
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
LIMITATIONS
MATERIALS REQUIRED BUT NOT PROVIDED
QUALITY CONTROL
User Quality Control
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
REFERENCES
 By the mid-1970's, microbiologists were becoming aware that CoNS could indeed be pathogenic, especially in compromised hosts. ( 10) Today, S. saprophyticus has proven to be an important uropathogen. ( 9) It is second only to E. coli as the most common cause of cystitis and acute urinary tract infection (UTI) in healthy, young adult women. ( 5) S. saprophyticus tends to adhere to uroepithelial cells more often and more successfully than other staphylococcal species, this is believed to partially explain the organism's frequent role in urinary tract infections. ( 5,8)
The HardyDisk™ Novobiocin Differentiation Disks are useful in presumptively distinguishing S. saprophyticus from other CoNS. Other human staphylococcal species that are novobiocin-resistant ( S. cohnii, S. xylosus, S. pulvereri) are rarely isolated from patients. ( 2-5) The novobiocin susceptibility test can be done using a plate method (18-24 hour test) or a tube method (5 hour test). A study conducted by Harrington and Gaydos in 1984, concluded that the novobiocin tube test is an acceptable method when performed using Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB), 3ml, and has the advantage of taking only 5 hours. ( 6) While the plate method is the more common approach of the two, both procedures are outlined in the section entitled "Procedure". FORMULA
Each HardyDisk™ Novobiocin Differentiation Disk is prepared by impregnating 5ug of novobiocin onto high quality 6mm diameter filter paper disks.

Novobiocin Differentiation Disk - for identification of Staphylococcus saprophyticus

NOVOBIOCIN DIFFERENTIATION DISKS
NOVOBIOCIN DIFFERENTIATION DISKS
INTENDED USE
SUMMARY
FORMULA
STORAGE AND SHELF LIFE
PRECAUTIONS
PROCEDURE
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
LIMITATIONS
MATERIALS REQUIRED BUT NOT PROVIDED
QUALITY CONTROL
User Quality Control
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
REFERENCES

What are the diagnostic criteria for urinary tract infection (UTI) in patients with spinal cord injury? What are the diagnostic criteria for urinary tract infection (UTI) in patients with spinal cord injury?
What are the diagnostic criteria for urinary tract infection (UTI) in patients with spinal cord injury? 2009 Aug 15. 200 (4):528-36. [ Medline]. Adeghate J, Juhász E, Pongrácz J, Rimanóczy É, Kristóf K. Does Staphylococcus Saprophyticus Cause Acute Cystitis only in Young Females, or is there more to the Story? A One-Year Comprehensive Study Done in Budapest, Hungary. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2016 Mar. 63 (1):57-67. [ Medline]. Kanj SS, Kanafani ZA. Current concepts in antimicrobial therapy against resistant gram-negative organisms:

What are the diagnostic criteria for urinary tract infection (UTI) in patients with spinal cord injury?

What are the diagnostic criteria for urinary tract infection (UTI) in patients with spinal cord injury?
What are the diagnostic criteria for urinary tract infection (UTI) in patients with spinal cord injury?

2009 Aug 15. 200 (4):528-36. [ Medline]. Adeghate J, Juhász E, Pongrácz J, Rimanóczy É, Kristóf K. Does Staphylococcus Saprophyticus Cause Acute Cystitis only in Young Females, or is there more to the Story? A One-Year Comprehensive Study Done in Budapest, Hungary. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2016 Mar. 63 (1):57-67. [ Medline]. Kanj SS, Kanafani ZA. Current concepts in antimicrobial therapy against resistant gram-negative organisms:

What role do nitrite tests play in urinary tract infection (UTI) diagnosis? What role do nitrite tests play in urinary tract infection (UTI) diagnosis?
What role do nitrite tests play in urinary tract infection (UTI) diagnosis? Adeghate J, Juhász E, Pongrácz J, Rimanóczy É, Kristóf K. Does Staphylococcus Saprophyticus Cause Acute Cystitis only in Young Females, or is there more to the Story? A One-Year Comprehensive Study Done in Budapest, Hungary. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2016 Mar. 63 (1):57-67. [ Medline]. Kanj SS, Kanafani ZA. Current concepts in antimicrobial therapy against resistant gram-negative organisms: extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011 Mar. 86 (3):250-9. [

What role do nitrite tests play in urinary tract infection (UTI) diagnosis?

What role do nitrite tests play in urinary tract infection (UTI) diagnosis?
What role do nitrite tests play in urinary tract infection (UTI) diagnosis?

Adeghate J, Juhász E, Pongrácz J, Rimanóczy É, Kristóf K. Does Staphylococcus Saprophyticus Cause Acute Cystitis only in Young Females, or is there more to the Story? A One-Year Comprehensive Study Done in Budapest, Hungary. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2016 Mar. 63 (1):57-67. [ Medline]. Kanj SS, Kanafani ZA. Current concepts in antimicrobial therapy against resistant gram-negative organisms: extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011 Mar. 86 (3):250-9. [

Gram-positive uropathogens: Empirical treatment and emerging antimicrobial resistance
Gram-positive uropathogens: Empirical treatment and emerging antimicrobial resistance
Abstract
Key words
Abbreviations
Introduction
Methods and materials
Data collection
Study design and specimen collection
Bacterial isolation and identification
Antimicrobial sensitivity assessment
Detection of β-lactamase and quinolone-resistant genes
Statistical analyses
Results
Demographics of the study population
Isolation and identification of gram-positive UTI pathogens
Antimicrobial resistance pattern of the UTI gram-positive isolates
Antibiotic resistant genes in gram-positive uropathogens
Discussion
Ethics statement
Acknowledgments
Disclosure
References
Articles
Journal Home
Jump to
 Male and female were found to be infected equally by gram-positive UTI pathogens. Most of the earlier publication shows that female is more vulnerable to gram-negative UTI bacteria. Unlikely, our findings look males are equally vulnerable by gram-positive in comparison to females. Further studies with more sample sizes can warrant the preliminary findings. Antibiogram analyses showed amikacin and gentamicin as the most effective antibiotics against our tested isolates. In contrast, nitrofurantoin was found the most ineffective drug in this study. Findings of the study could help in prescribing antibiotics from this evidence-based study. Key words
uropathogen, UTI, antimicrobial resistance, empirical treatment, Bangladesh
Abbreviations
API: Analytic Profile Index; CLSI:

Male and female were found to be infected equally by gram-positive UTI pathogens. Most of the earlier publication shows that female is more vulnerable to gram-negative UTI bacteria. Unlikely, our findings look males are equally vulnerable by gram-positive in comparison to females. Further studies with more sample sizes can warrant the preliminary findings. Antibiogram analyses showed amikacin and gentamicin as the most effective antibiotics against our tested isolates. In contrast, nitrofurantoin was found the most ineffective drug in this study. Findings of the study could help in prescribing antibiotics from this evidence-based study. Key words
uropathogen, UTI, antimicrobial resistance, empirical treatment, Bangladesh
Abbreviations
API: Analytic Profile Index; CLSI:

Urinary Tract Infections Natural Ways to Avoid Urinary Tract Infections
Natural Ways to Avoid Urinary Tract Infections
What is a Urinary Tract Infection?
What Are the Symptoms of Urinary Tract Infections?
What Causes Urinary Tract Infections?
Who is at Risk
Babies born with urinary tract abnormalities.
Eat Your Way to a Healthy Urinary Tract
Dietary changes can be powerful!
Plant base diets
Reduce your sugar intake
Drink cranberry juice
Keep your fluids up
Cinnamon
Add naturally fermented foods to your diet
Keep your bladder healthy
Nutritional Supplements
Herbal Remedies
Lifestyle Interventions
The following tips may help reduce your risk of recurring UTIs:
www.superpharmacy.com.au Australia’s best online discount chemist
 Antibiofilm effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde on uropathogenic Escherichia coli. The Journal of Urology, 184 (1), 358–63. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.006 Barsotti, G., Morelli, E., Cupisti, A., et al. ( 1996). A low-nitrogen low-phosphorus Vegan diet for patients with chronic renal failure. Nephron, 74 (2), 390–4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8893161 Foxman, B., & Buxton, M. (2013). Alternative approaches to conventional treatment of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women. Current Infectious Disease Reports, 15 (2), 124–9. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-013-0317-5 Foxman, B., W Cronenwett, A. E., Spino, C., Berger, M. B., & Morgan, D. M. (2015).

Urinary Tract Infections

Natural Ways to Avoid Urinary Tract Infections
Natural Ways to Avoid Urinary Tract Infections
What is a Urinary Tract Infection?
What Are the Symptoms of Urinary Tract Infections?
What Causes Urinary Tract Infections?
Who is at Risk
Babies born with urinary tract abnormalities.
Eat Your Way to a Healthy Urinary Tract
Dietary changes can be powerful!
Plant base diets
Reduce your sugar intake
Drink cranberry juice
Keep your fluids up
Cinnamon
Add naturally fermented foods to your diet
Keep your bladder healthy
Nutritional Supplements
Herbal Remedies
Lifestyle Interventions
The following tips may help reduce your risk of recurring UTIs:
www.superpharmacy.com.au Australia’s best online discount chemist

Antibiofilm effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde on uropathogenic Escherichia coli. The Journal of Urology, 184 (1), 358–63. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.006 Barsotti, G., Morelli, E., Cupisti, A., et al. ( 1996). A low-nitrogen low-phosphorus Vegan diet for patients with chronic renal failure. Nephron, 74 (2), 390–4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8893161 Foxman, B., & Buxton, M. (2013). Alternative approaches to conventional treatment of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women. Current Infectious Disease Reports, 15 (2), 124–9. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-013-0317-5 Foxman, B., W Cronenwett, A. E., Spino, C., Berger, M. B., & Morgan, D. M. (2015).

 Question # 5What
type of UTI does this patient likely
have? How would you treat this man, and forhow long? Question # 6A 28-year
old male had a sexual
encounter with a prostitute while on abusiness trip in Seattle 1 week ago. After returning home, he noted a burningsensation on urination and a yellowdischarge in his underwear. Microscopicexamination of the discharge reveals 4+leukocyte esterase, and the followinggram stain. Related Interests
Urinary Tract Infection
Medicine
Clinical Medicine
Medical Specialties
Diseases And Disorders
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7 Best Foods That Beat Out UTIs | Eu Natural 7 Best Foods That Beat Out UTIs
7 Best Foods That Beat Out UTIs
Foods And Drinks That Heal
Hydration: Water
Probiotics: Yogurt, Kefir, Sauerkraut, and Fermented Produce
Epicatechin and Antioxidants: Berries
Vitamin A: Sweet Potatoes, Carrots, Apricots, and Cantaloupe
Vitamin C: Kale, Brussels Sprouts, Broccoli, and Red Peppers
Allicin: Garlic
EGC: Green Tea
Foods And Drinks That Harm
Sugar + Artificial Sweeteners
Spicy Foods + Acidic Foods
Coffee + Alcohol
Conclusion
Sources
 Probiotics: Yogurt, Kefir, Sauerkraut, and Fermented Produce
If you are suffering from a UTI, have ever suffered from a UTI, or struggle with recurrent UTIs, probiotics is a no-brainer choice for you diet: Probiotics have been shown to be effective treatments for all sorts of urological conditions
Probiotics have been shown to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections in women
Probiotics help keep your body healthy after a round of antibiotics (or multiple rounds of antibiotics for recurrent infections) by replenishing the good bacteria
You can benefit from taking a probiotic supplement, but also by adding in foods with active cultures. If you want to learn how to ferment your own vegetables for probiotics, check out this helpful video: YouTube
Naturalvita Family
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7 Best Foods That Beat Out UTIs | Eu Natural

7 Best Foods That Beat Out UTIs
7 Best Foods That Beat Out UTIs
Foods And Drinks That Heal
Hydration: Water
Probiotics: Yogurt, Kefir, Sauerkraut, and Fermented Produce
Epicatechin and Antioxidants: Berries
Vitamin A: Sweet Potatoes, Carrots, Apricots, and Cantaloupe
Vitamin C: Kale, Brussels Sprouts, Broccoli, and Red Peppers
Allicin: Garlic
EGC: Green Tea
Foods And Drinks That Harm
Sugar + Artificial Sweeteners
Spicy Foods + Acidic Foods
Coffee + Alcohol
Conclusion
Sources

Probiotics: Yogurt, Kefir, Sauerkraut, and Fermented Produce
If you are suffering from a UTI, have ever suffered from a UTI, or struggle with recurrent UTIs, probiotics is a no-brainer choice for you diet: Probiotics have been shown to be effective treatments for all sorts of urological conditions
Probiotics have been shown to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections in women
Probiotics help keep your body healthy after a round of antibiotics (or multiple rounds of antibiotics for recurrent infections) by replenishing the good bacteria
You can benefit from taking a probiotic supplement, but also by adding in foods with active cultures. If you want to learn how to ferment your own vegetables for probiotics, check out this helpful video: YouTube
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Homemade Probiotics || Save Money By Fermenting Vegetables Quick & Easy
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