Question: how is the oil pollution act of 1990 effect oil companies

Oil Spill Pollution | Environmental Pollution Centers Oil Spill Pollution
Oil Spill Pollution
Definition
The Oil Pollution Act
How Does Oil Spill Pollution Affect Us?
Directly
Indirectly
How Does an Oil Spill Behave in the Environment?
 Other individual compounds that are present in crude oil and oil discharges include (apart from carbon and hydrogen) sulfur, nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms. The Oil Pollution Act
The Oil Spill Pollution Act - The Oil Pollution Act is an environmental regulation adopted in 1990 in the U.S. to prevent oil spill pollution. In 1990, the Oil Pollution Act was passed by U.S. Congress and amended the existing Clean Water Act, aiming to require oil storage facilities to prepare "Facility Response Plans". Various revisions to the Act have been made in 1994 by the EPA. The revised plan obliged facility owners and operators to prepare and submit plans addressing a "worst-case scenario" of oil discharge. This regulation was meant to prevent and prepare emergency responses to oil spills. The Oil Spill Pollution Act: established new requirements and amended the U.S. Federal Water Pollution Control Act in order to provide enhanced capabilities for oil spill response and natural resource damage assessment; required the Coast Guard to strengthen its regulations on oil tank vessels; included the specification that companies must have a cleanup plan in order to prevent spills that may occur and a detailed containment;

Oil Spill Pollution | Environmental Pollution Centers

Oil Spill Pollution
Oil Spill Pollution
Definition
The Oil Pollution Act
How Does Oil Spill Pollution Affect Us?
Directly
Indirectly
How Does an Oil Spill Behave in the Environment?

Other individual compounds that are present in crude oil and oil discharges include (apart from carbon and hydrogen) sulfur, nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms. The Oil Pollution Act
The Oil Spill Pollution Act - The Oil Pollution Act is an environmental regulation adopted in 1990 in the U.S. to prevent oil spill pollution. In 1990, the Oil Pollution Act was passed by U.S. Congress and amended the existing Clean Water Act, aiming to require oil storage facilities to prepare "Facility Response Plans". Various revisions to the Act have been made in 1994 by the EPA. The revised plan obliged facility owners and operators to prepare and submit plans addressing a "worst-case scenario" of oil discharge. This regulation was meant to prevent and prepare emergency responses to oil spills. The Oil Spill Pollution Act: established new requirements and amended the U.S. Federal Water Pollution Control Act in order to provide enhanced capabilities for oil spill response and natural resource damage assessment; required the Coast Guard to strengthen its regulations on oil tank vessels; included the specification that companies must have a cleanup plan in order to prevent spills that may occur and a detailed containment;

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
What Is the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Key Takeaways
Understanding the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Liability Under the OPA
 Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Commodities Oil
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
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James Chen, CMT, is the former director of investing and trading content at Investopedia. He is an expert trader, investment adviser, and global market strategist. Learn about our editorial policies
James Chen
Updated Oct 8, 2019
What Is the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The U.S. Congress enacted the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) to streamline and strengthen the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) power to prevent oil spills. It was passed as an amendment to the Clean Water Act of 1972 following the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 is one of the most wide-reaching and critical pieces of environmental legislation ever passed. Key Takeaways
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 expanded the power of federal agencies to prevent and punish mass oil spills. It was passed by the U.S. Congress in response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. The act was passed as an amendment to the Clean Water Act of 1972. Understanding the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The Oil Pollution Act was designed to establish a comprehensive federal framework that would prevent future spills and develop cleanup procedures in the case of a spill-related emergency. Primary enforcement and administration of the act are by the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
What Is the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Key Takeaways
Understanding the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Liability Under the OPA

Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Commodities Oil
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
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James Chen, CMT, is the former director of investing and trading content at Investopedia. He is an expert trader, investment adviser, and global market strategist. Learn about our editorial policies
James Chen
Updated Oct 8, 2019
What Is the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The U.S. Congress enacted the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) to streamline and strengthen the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) power to prevent oil spills. It was passed as an amendment to the Clean Water Act of 1972 following the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 is one of the most wide-reaching and critical pieces of environmental legislation ever passed. Key Takeaways
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 expanded the power of federal agencies to prevent and punish mass oil spills. It was passed by the U.S. Congress in response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. The act was passed as an amendment to the Clean Water Act of 1972. Understanding the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The Oil Pollution Act was designed to establish a comprehensive federal framework that would prevent future spills and develop cleanup procedures in the case of a spill-related emergency. Primary enforcement and administration of the act are by the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
What Is the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Key Takeaways
Understanding the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Liability Under the OPA
 Key Takeaways
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 expanded the power of federal agencies to prevent and punish mass oil spills. It was passed by the U.S. Congress in response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. The act was passed as an amendment to the Clean Water Act of 1972. Understanding the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The Oil Pollution Act was designed to establish a comprehensive federal framework that would prevent future spills and develop cleanup procedures in the case of a spill-related emergency. Primary enforcement and administration of the act are by the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Before passage of the OPA, federal pollution legislation had been an ineffective web of weak enforcement and insufficient liability for polluters. The OPA sought to solve this problem by establishing stricter standards for the maritime transportation of oil: New requirements for construction of vessels and training of personnel. Contingency planning requirements. Enhanced federal response capability.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Key Takeaways
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 expanded the power of federal agencies to prevent and punish mass oil spills. It was passed by the U.S. Congress in response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. The act was passed as an amendment to the Clean Water Act of 1972. Understanding the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The Oil Pollution Act was designed to establish a comprehensive federal framework that would prevent future spills and develop cleanup procedures in the case of a spill-related emergency. Primary enforcement and administration of the act are by the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Before passage of the OPA, federal pollution legislation had been an ineffective web of weak enforcement and insufficient liability for polluters. The OPA sought to solve this problem by establishing stricter standards for the maritime transportation of oil: New requirements for construction of vessels and training of personnel. Contingency planning requirements. Enhanced federal response capability.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Language
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Edit
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) (101 H.R.1465, P.L. 101-380) was passed by the 101st United States Congress and signed by President George H. W. Bush. It works to avoid oil spills from vessels and facilities by enforcing removal of spilled oil and assigning liability for the cost of cleanup and damage; requires specific operating procedures; defines responsible parties and financial liability; implements processes for measuring damages; specifies damages for which violators are liable; and establishes a fund for damages, cleanup, and removal costs. This statute has resulted in instrumental changes in the oil production, transportation, and distribution industries. Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Long title
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Public Law 101-380, August 18, 1990
Enacted by
the 101st United States Congress
Effective
August 18, 1990
Citations
Public law
101-380
Statutes at Large
104 Stat. 484
Codification
Titles amended
33 U.S.C.:

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Language
Watch
Edit
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) (101 H.R.1465, P.L. 101-380) was passed by the 101st United States Congress and signed by President George H. W. Bush. It works to avoid oil spills from vessels and facilities by enforcing removal of spilled oil and assigning liability for the cost of cleanup and damage; requires specific operating procedures; defines responsible parties and financial liability; implements processes for measuring damages; specifies damages for which violators are liable; and establishes a fund for damages, cleanup, and removal costs. This statute has resulted in instrumental changes in the oil production, transportation, and distribution industries. Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Long title
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Public Law 101-380, August 18, 1990
Enacted by
the 101st United States Congress
Effective
August 18, 1990
Citations
Public law
101-380
Statutes at Large
104 Stat. 484
Codification
Titles amended
33 U.S.C.:

What is Oil Pollution Act of 1990? definition and meaning - BusinessDictionary.com Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Definition
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 What is Oil Pollution Act of 1990? definition and meaning - BusinessDictionary.com
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Definition
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Popular Terms
A law enacted in 1990 by the U.S. ruling civil liability for removal costs or damages as a result of oil spills in waters of the United States caused by tank vessels or facilities used to explore, drill, produce, store, process, or transport oil. This definition includes motor vehicles, rolling stocks, and pipelines. The law also established provisions related to oil spill prevention, emergency response and cleanup efforts in the event of spills. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 limits the liability of companies for the economic damages caused by oil spills at 75 million dollars.

What is Oil Pollution Act of 1990? definition and meaning - BusinessDictionary.com

Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Definition
+ Create New Flashcard

What is Oil Pollution Act of 1990? definition and meaning - BusinessDictionary.com
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Definition
+ Create New Flashcard
Popular Terms
A law enacted in 1990 by the U.S. ruling civil liability for removal costs or damages as a result of oil spills in waters of the United States caused by tank vessels or facilities used to explore, drill, produce, store, process, or transport oil. This definition includes motor vehicles, rolling stocks, and pipelines. The law also established provisions related to oil spill prevention, emergency response and cleanup efforts in the event of spills. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 limits the liability of companies for the economic damages caused by oil spills at 75 million dollars.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 United States Coast Guard
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA)
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 Oil Pollution Act of 1990
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National Pollution Funds Center
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Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA)
On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez spilled over 11 million gallons of Alaskan crude into the water of Prince William Sound. There were many lessons learned the aftermath of the Valdez oil spill. Two of the most obvious were: The United States lacked adequate resources, particularly Federal funds, to respond to spills, and
The scope of damages compensable under federal law to those impacted by a spill was fairly narrow. Although the environmental damage and massive cleanup efforts were the most visible effects of this casualty, one of the most important outcomes was the enactment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA), which addressed both these deficiencies. OPA Overview
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 ( 33 U.S.C. 2701-2761) amended the Clean Water Act and addressed the wide range of problems associated with preventing, responding to, and paying for oil pollution incidents in navigable waters of the United States. It created a comprehensive prevention, response, liability, and compensation regime to deal with vessel- and facility-caused oil pollution to U.S. navigable waters. OPA greatly increased federal oversight of maritime oil transportation, while providing greater environmental safeguards by: Setting new requirements for vessel construction and crew licensing and manning,
Mandating contingency planning,
Enhancing federal response capability,
Broadening enforcement authority,
Increasing penalties,
Creating new research and development programs,
Increasing potential liabilities, and
Significantly broadening financial responsibility requirements. Title I of OPA
Title I of OPA established new and higher liability limits for oil spills, with commensurate changes to financial responsibility requirements.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990

United States Coast Guard
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA)
OPA Overview
Title I of OPA
NPFC Created to Implement OPA, Title I

Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill | Accurate Essays Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill
Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill
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Ethical and Legal Effects of the Gulf Oil Spill
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 Additionally, the company has an ethical responsibility of cleaning the waters to make them safe for people and animals. The environmental impact of the oil spill is both an ethical and legal issue. Companies hold a responsibility of protecting the environment by ensuring that their operations are in line with the environment protection systems. In this view, the gulf oil spill, presents an ethical responsibility to the companies concerned especially BP. On the legal side, there are several laws that are relevant for this case and may be used against the companies responsible for the spill. One such law is the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990 (Riesel, 2007). This law was passed in 1990 after Exxon Valdez was found responsible for a similar oil spill. This law is the principal governing act on matters related to oil spills in the United States. This law gives a clear guideline on how to deal with oil spillage into the country’s waterways. According to this act, a person or company responsible for oil spillage has the sole responsibility for cleanup and containment of the oil spill.

Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill | Accurate Essays

Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill
Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill
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Date:
Ethical and Legal Effects of the Gulf Oil Spill
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Additionally, the company has an ethical responsibility of cleaning the waters to make them safe for people and animals. The environmental impact of the oil spill is both an ethical and legal issue. Companies hold a responsibility of protecting the environment by ensuring that their operations are in line with the environment protection systems. In this view, the gulf oil spill, presents an ethical responsibility to the companies concerned especially BP. On the legal side, there are several laws that are relevant for this case and may be used against the companies responsible for the spill. One such law is the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990 (Riesel, 2007). This law was passed in 1990 after Exxon Valdez was found responsible for a similar oil spill. This law is the principal governing act on matters related to oil spills in the United States. This law gives a clear guideline on how to deal with oil spillage into the country’s waterways. According to this act, a person or company responsible for oil spillage has the sole responsibility for cleanup and containment of the oil spill.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 specifies damages for which violators are liable; and establishes a fund for damages, cleanup, and removal costs. This statute has resulted in instrumental changes in the oil production, transportation, and distribution industries. Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Long title
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Public Law 101-380, August 18, 1990
Enacted by
the 101st United States Congress
Effective
August 18, 1990
Citations
Public law
101-380
Statutes at Large
104 Stat. 484
Codification
Titles amended
33 U.S.C.: Navigable Waters
U.S.C. sections created
33 U.S.C. ch. 40 § 2701
Legislative history

Contents
1
History/Background
2
Enactment timeline
3
Key Content (Titles)[1]
4
Enforcement
5
Concerns and reactions
6
Long-term effects of OPA
7
International treaties
8
See also
9
References
10
External links
History/Background
Heavy sheens of oil as visible on the surface of the water in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Laws governing oil spills in the United States began in 1851 with the Limitation of Liability Act. This statue, in an attempt to protect the shipping industry, stated that vessel owners were liable for incident-related costs up to the post-incident value of their vessel. The shortcomings of this law were revealed in 1967 with the release of over 100,000 tons of crude oil into the English Channel from the Torrey Canyon.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

specifies damages for which violators are liable; and establishes a fund for damages, cleanup, and removal costs. This statute has resulted in instrumental changes in the oil production, transportation, and distribution industries. Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Long title
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Public Law 101-380, August 18, 1990
Enacted by
the 101st United States Congress
Effective
August 18, 1990
Citations
Public law
101-380
Statutes at Large
104 Stat. 484
Codification
Titles amended
33 U.S.C.: Navigable Waters
U.S.C. sections created
33 U.S.C. ch. 40 § 2701
Legislative history

Contents
1
History/Background
2
Enactment timeline
3
Key Content (Titles)[1]
4
Enforcement
5
Concerns and reactions
6
Long-term effects of OPA
7
International treaties
8
See also
9
References
10
External links
History/Background
Heavy sheens of oil as visible on the surface of the water in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Laws governing oil spills in the United States began in 1851 with the Limitation of Liability Act. This statue, in an attempt to protect the shipping industry, stated that vessel owners were liable for incident-related costs up to the post-incident value of their vessel. The shortcomings of this law were revealed in 1967 with the release of over 100,000 tons of crude oil into the English Channel from the Torrey Canyon.

Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill | Accurate Essays Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill
Ethical and legal effects of the gulf oil spill
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Date:
Ethical and Legal Effects of the Gulf Oil Spill
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 One such law is the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990 (Riesel, 2007). This law was passed in 1990 after Exxon Valdez was found responsible for a similar oil spill. This law is the principal governing act on matters related to oil spills in the United States. This law gives a clear guideline on how to deal with oil spillage into the country’s waterways. According to this act, a person or company responsible for oil spillage has the sole responsibility for cleanup and containment of the oil spill. Even when the government intervenes, the company must cater for all costs for the clean up. This law does not put a limit to the amount of money that a company can pay for the cleanup of the oil spill. In this perspective, BP and its partners have been legally held responsible for the cleanup (Bowman, 2010). Under this law, if the persons or companies responsible for oil spills do not meet the financial responsibilities for the cleanup, additional penalties may be imposed on them. This shows the extent to which a company can be held responsible for the oil cleanup.

One such law is the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990 (Riesel, 2007). This law was passed in 1990 after Exxon Valdez was found responsible for a similar oil spill. This law is the principal governing act on matters related to oil spills in the United States. This law gives a clear guideline on how to deal with oil spillage into the country’s waterways. According to this act, a person or company responsible for oil spillage has the sole responsibility for cleanup and containment of the oil spill. Even when the government intervenes, the company must cater for all costs for the clean up. This law does not put a limit to the amount of money that a company can pay for the cleanup of the oil spill. In this perspective, BP and its partners have been legally held responsible for the cleanup (Bowman, 2010). Under this law, if the persons or companies responsible for oil spills do not meet the financial responsibilities for the cleanup, additional penalties may be imposed on them. This shows the extent to which a company can be held responsible for the oil cleanup.

Summary of the Oil Pollution Act | Laws & Regulations | US EPA Summary of the Oil Pollution Act
Summary of the Oil Pollution Act
33 U.S.C. §2701 et seq. (1990)
 Summary of the Oil Pollution Act | Laws & Regulations | US EPA
Summary of the Oil Pollution Act
Quick Links
The official text of OPA is available in the United States Code, from the U.S. Government Printing Office
33 U.S.C. §2701 et seq. ( 1990)
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990 streamlined and strengthened EPA's ability to prevent and respond to catastrophic oil spills. A trust fund financed by a tax on oil is available to clean up spills when the responsible party is incapable or unwilling to do so. The OPA requires oil storage facilities and vessels to submit to the Federal government plans detailing how they will respond to large discharges. EPA has published regulations for aboveground storage facilities; the Coast Guard has done so for oil tankers. The OPA also requires the development of Area Contingency Plans to prepare and plan for oil spill response on a regional scale. The Office of Emergency Management (OEM) works with other federal partners to prevent accidents as well as to maintain superior response capabilities. Oil Spills Prevention and Preparedness Regulations covers contingency plans in more depth
Contact Us to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem.

Summary of the Oil Pollution Act | Laws & Regulations | US EPA

Summary of the Oil Pollution Act
Summary of the Oil Pollution Act
33 U.S.C. §2701 et seq. (1990)

Summary of the Oil Pollution Act | Laws & Regulations | US EPA
Summary of the Oil Pollution Act
Quick Links
The official text of OPA is available in the United States Code, from the U.S. Government Printing Office
33 U.S.C. §2701 et seq. ( 1990)
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990 streamlined and strengthened EPA's ability to prevent and respond to catastrophic oil spills. A trust fund financed by a tax on oil is available to clean up spills when the responsible party is incapable or unwilling to do so. The OPA requires oil storage facilities and vessels to submit to the Federal government plans detailing how they will respond to large discharges. EPA has published regulations for aboveground storage facilities; the Coast Guard has done so for oil tankers. The OPA also requires the development of Area Contingency Plans to prepare and plan for oil spill response on a regional scale. The Office of Emergency Management (OEM) works with other federal partners to prevent accidents as well as to maintain superior response capabilities. Oil Spills Prevention and Preparedness Regulations covers contingency plans in more depth
Contact Us to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem.

  Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) Funding for Oil Spills
Oil

Spills

January

2006

PURPOSE

OSLTF

FUNDING

FOR

OIL

SPILLS

HOW

IS

RESPONSE

TO

OIL

SPILLS

FUNDED?

ACCESS

TO

THE

OSLTF

What

Can

the

Fund

be

Used

for?

Who

Can

Access

the

Fund?

Limitations

to

Accessing

the

OSLTF

LIABILITY

ISSUES

COFR

Requirements/Role

of

Guarantor

6

6

6

Responsibility

of

RP

to

Respond

to

a

Spill

6

6

6

Responsibility

of

RP

to

Settle

Claims

6

6

6

Multiple

RPs

Impact

of

Liability

Limits

and

OPA

Defenses

6

6

6

6

6

6

FUND

MANAGEMENT

Tracking

Daily

Removal

Costs

6

6

6

OSLTF

Emergency

Fund

Advancement

Authority

6

6

6

6

Funding

Considerations

for

Mixed

Oil

and

Hazardous

Substance

Incidents

6

6

6

V.

CLAIMS

FOR

DAMAGES

AND

REMOVAL

COSTS

The

OSLTF

can

be

used

to

pay

for

claims

for:

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

Factors

that

Impact

Claims

Costs

6

6

6

RP’S

Role

6

6

6

6

6

Claimant’s

Role

6

6

6

6

When

the

RP

Denies

Designation

or

is

Unknown

6

6

6

6

Submitting

Interim

Claims

6

6

6

6

NATURAL

RESOURCE

DAMAGES

Who

are

the

Natural

Resource

Trustees?

6

6

6

Role

of

Trustees

6

6

6

6

6

6

Preassessment

Funding

Submitting

Claims

for

Natural

Resource

Damages

6

6

6

6

NRD

Impact

on

the

Life

Cycle

Cost

of

Spill

6

6

6

ADDITIONAL

RESOURCES

www.uscg.mil/npfc

VIII.

ACRONYM

LIST

P

&

I

PRFA

RP

USCG

 Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) Funding for Oil Spills
NPFCPUB

16465.2

Oil

Spill

Liability

Trust

Fund

(OSLTF)

Funding

for

Oil

Spills

January

2006

PURPOSE

This

document

is

designed

to

help

the

general

public

and

other

readers

understand

how

Federal

response

to

oil

spills

is

funded

under

the

Oil

Pollution

Act

of

1990

(OPA). It

also

describes

the

roles

of

various

parties

involved

in

or

affected

by

an

oil

spill,

including

responsible

parties

and

claimants. The

information

is

provided

as

a

general

summary

and

is

not

intended

to

be

a

complete

statement

of

the

law

in

respect

to

the

rights

and

liabilities

of

polluters

and

those

damaged

by

pollution. This

guidance

does

not

constitute

a

regulation

and

may

not

be

relied

upon

to

create

a

right

or

benefit,

substantive

or

procedural,

enforceable

at

law

or

in

equity

by

any

person. The

U.S.

Coast

Guard

National

Pollution

Funds

Center

may

change

this

guidance

at

any

time,

without

prior

notice,

and

may

act

at

variance

with

this

guidance

or

with

internal

procedures

adopted

hereto. OSLTF

Funding

for

Oil

Spills

i

OSLTF

FUNDING

FOR

OIL

SPILLS

OSLTF

Funding

for

Oil

Spills

ii

I.

HOW

IS

RESPONSE

TO

OIL

SPILLS

FUNDED? The

Oil

Spill

Liability

Trust

Fund

(OSLTF

or

Fund)

is

a

billion-dollar

fund

established

as

a

funding

source

to

pay

removal

costs

and

damages

resulting

from

oil

spills

or

substantial

threats

of

oil

spills

to

navigable

waters

of

the

United

States. The

OSLTF

is

used

for

costs

not

directly

paid

by

the

polluter,

referred

to

as

the

responsible

party

(RP). The

fund

is

also

used

to

pay,

costs

to

respond

to

"mystery

spills,"

for

which

the

source

has

not

been

identified. The

OSLTF

has

two

major

components:

 Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) Funding for Oil Spills
Oil

Spills

January

2006

PURPOSE

OSLTF

FUNDING

FOR

OIL

SPILLS

HOW

IS

RESPONSE

TO

OIL

SPILLS

FUNDED?

ACCESS

TO

THE

OSLTF

What

Can

the

Fund

be

Used

for?

Who

Can

Access

the

Fund?

Limitations

to

Accessing

the

OSLTF

LIABILITY

ISSUES

COFR

Requirements/Role

of

Guarantor

6

6

6

Responsibility

of

RP

to

Respond

to

a

Spill

6

6

6

Responsibility

of

RP

to

Settle

Claims

6

6

6

Multiple

RPs

Impact

of

Liability

Limits

and

OPA

Defenses

6

6

6

6

6

6

FUND

MANAGEMENT

Tracking

Daily

Removal

Costs

6

6

6

OSLTF

Emergency

Fund

Advancement

Authority

6

6

6

6

Funding

Considerations

for

Mixed

Oil

and

Hazardous

Substance

Incidents

6

6

6

V.

CLAIMS

FOR

DAMAGES

AND

REMOVAL

COSTS

The

OSLTF

can

be

used

to

pay

for

claims

for:

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

Factors

that

Impact

Claims

Costs

6

6

6

RP’S

Role

6

6

6

6

6

Claimant’s

Role

6

6

6

6

When

the

RP

Denies

Designation

or

is

Unknown

6

6

6

6

Submitting

Interim

Claims

6

6

6

6

NATURAL

RESOURCE

DAMAGES

Who

are

the

Natural

Resource

Trustees?

6

6

6

Role

of

Trustees

6

6

6

6

6

6

Preassessment

Funding

Submitting

Claims

for

Natural

Resource

Damages

6

6

6

6

NRD

Impact

on

the

Life

Cycle

Cost

of

Spill

6

6

6

ADDITIONAL

RESOURCES

www.uscg.mil/npfc

VIII.

ACRONYM

LIST

P

&

I

PRFA

RP

USCG

Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) Funding for Oil Spills
NPFCPUB

16465.2

Oil

Spill

Liability

Trust

Fund

(OSLTF)

Funding

for

Oil

Spills

January

2006

PURPOSE

This

document

is

designed

to

help

the

general

public

and

other

readers

understand

how

Federal

response

to

oil

spills

is

funded

under

the

Oil

Pollution

Act

of

1990

(OPA). It

also

describes

the

roles

of

various

parties

involved

in

or

affected

by

an

oil

spill,

including

responsible

parties

and

claimants. The

information

is

provided

as

a

general

summary

and

is

not

intended

to

be

a

complete

statement

of

the

law

in

respect

to

the

rights

and

liabilities

of

polluters

and

those

damaged

by

pollution. This

guidance

does

not

constitute

a

regulation

and

may

not

be

relied

upon

to

create

a

right

or

benefit,

substantive

or

procedural,

enforceable

at

law

or

in

equity

by

any

person. The

U.S.

Coast

Guard

National

Pollution

Funds

Center

may

change

this

guidance

at

any

time,

without

prior

notice,

and

may

act

at

variance

with

this

guidance

or

with

internal

procedures

adopted

hereto. OSLTF

Funding

for

Oil

Spills

i

OSLTF

FUNDING

FOR

OIL

SPILLS

OSLTF

Funding

for

Oil

Spills

ii

I.

HOW

IS

RESPONSE

TO

OIL

SPILLS

FUNDED? The

Oil

Spill

Liability

Trust

Fund

(OSLTF

or

Fund)

is

a

billion-dollar

fund

established

as

a

funding

source

to

pay

removal

costs

and

damages

resulting

from

oil

spills

or

substantial

threats

of

oil

spills

to

navigable

waters

of

the

United

States. The

OSLTF

is

used

for

costs

not

directly

paid

by

the

polluter,

referred

to

as

the

responsible

party

(RP). The

fund

is

also

used

to

pay,

costs

to

respond

to

"mystery

spills,"

for

which

the

source

has

not

been

identified. The

OSLTF

has

two

major

components:

Oil Spill Pollution | Environmental Pollution Centers Oil Spill Pollution
Oil Spill Pollution
Definition
The Oil Pollution Act
How Does Oil Spill Pollution Affect Us?
Directly
Indirectly
How Does an Oil Spill Behave in the Environment?
 Oil Spill Pollution | Environmental Pollution Centers
Types »
Contaminants »
Effects »
Oil Spill Pollution
Definition
Oil spills include any spill of crude oil or oil distilled products (e.g., gasoline, diesel fuels, jet fuels, kerosene, Stoddard solvent, hydraulic oils, lubricating oils) that can pollute the surface of the land, air, and water environments. Oil spill pollution may comprise a variety of amounts starting with one or more gallons of oil and up to millions or even hundreds of millions of gallons spilled. The term is usually associated with the oil spills in the ocean and coastal waters. Oil Spill Pollution refers to the negative polluting effects that oil spills have on the environments and living organisms, including humans, due to the environmental discharge of various organic compounds that make up crude oil and oil distillate products, the majority of which include various individual hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are made exclusively from carbon and hydrogen atoms which bind together in various ways, resulting in paraffins (or normal alkanes), isoparaffins (isoalkanes), aromatics (such as benzene or various PAHs), cycloalkanes and unsaturated alkanes (alkenes and alkynes). Other individual compounds that are present in crude oil and oil discharges include (apart from carbon and hydrogen) sulfur, nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms. The Oil Pollution Act
The Oil Spill Pollution Act - The Oil Pollution Act is an environmental regulation adopted in 1990 in the U.S. to prevent oil spill pollution. In 1990, the Oil Pollution Act was passed by U.S. Congress and amended the existing Clean Water Act, aiming to require oil storage facilities to prepare "Facility Response Plans". Various revisions to the Act have been made in 1994 by the EPA. The revised plan obliged facility owners and operators to prepare and submit plans addressing a "worst-case scenario" of oil discharge.

 40 CFR 112
Rule History
Additional Information
Rule Summary
Originally published in 1973 under the authority of §311 of the Clean Water Act, the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation sets forth requirements for: the prevention of,
preparedness for, and
response to oil discharges at specific non-transportation-related facilities. The goal of this regulation is to prevent oil from reaching navigable waters and adjoining shorelines, and to contain discharges of oil. The regulation requires these facilities to develop and implement Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) Plans and establishes procedures, methods, and equipment requirements (Subparts A, B, and C). Full Text of the regulation is available through the U.S. Government Printing Office
Rule History
In 1990, the Oil Pollution Act amended the Clean Water Act to require some oil storage facilities to prepare Facility Response Plans. On July 1, 1994, EPA finalized the revisions that direct facility owners or operators to prepare and submit plans for responding to a worst-case discharge of oil (Subpart D). Following the Floreffe, Pennsylvania oil spillin 1988, EPA formed the SPCC Task Force to examine federal regulations governing oil spills from aboveground storage tanks. The SPCC Task Force recommended that EPA: clarify certain provisions in the Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation,
establish additional technical requirements for regulated facilities, and
require the preparation of facility-specific response plans. In response to the Task Force recommendation, EPA proposed revisions to the Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation in the 1990s and finalized the amendments in 2002.

40 CFR 112
Rule History
Additional Information
Rule Summary
Originally published in 1973 under the authority of §311 of the Clean Water Act, the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation sets forth requirements for: the prevention of,
preparedness for, and
response to oil discharges at specific non-transportation-related facilities. The goal of this regulation is to prevent oil from reaching navigable waters and adjoining shorelines, and to contain discharges of oil. The regulation requires these facilities to develop and implement Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) Plans and establishes procedures, methods, and equipment requirements (Subparts A, B, and C). Full Text of the regulation is available through the U.S. Government Printing Office
Rule History
In 1990, the Oil Pollution Act amended the Clean Water Act to require some oil storage facilities to prepare Facility Response Plans. On July 1, 1994, EPA finalized the revisions that direct facility owners or operators to prepare and submit plans for responding to a worst-case discharge of oil (Subpart D). Following the Floreffe, Pennsylvania oil spillin 1988, EPA formed the SPCC Task Force to examine federal regulations governing oil spills from aboveground storage tanks. The SPCC Task Force recommended that EPA: clarify certain provisions in the Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation,
establish additional technical requirements for regulated facilities, and
require the preparation of facility-specific response plans. In response to the Task Force recommendation, EPA proposed revisions to the Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation in the 1990s and finalized the amendments in 2002.

Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Understanding Oil Spills
How to Report
EPA Oil Spill Program Contacts
How Reports Are Handled
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Discharge of Oil Regulation (40 CFR 110)
Oil Spill Reporting Exemptions
Properly Functioning Vessel Engines
Research and Development Releases
NPDES-Permitted Releases
Discharges Permitted Under MARPOL
More links
 These proposed revisions, in addition to strengthening and clarifying previous regulatory language, outline the additional requirements for regulated oil storage and handling facilities. On July 1, 1994, EPA finalized a second set of revisions to the Oil Pollution Prevention regulations. The revisions incorporate the new requirements added by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 that direct facility owners or operators to prepare, and in some cases submit to the federal government, plans for responding to a worst-case discharge of oil. Discharge of Oil Regulation (40 CFR 110)
Under the legal authority of the Clean Water Act, the Discharge of Oil regulation, more commonly known as the "sheen rule", provides the framework for determining whether an oil spill to inland and coastal waters and/or their adjoining shorelines should be reported to the federal government. In particular, the regulation requires the person in charge of a facility or vessel responsible for discharging oil that may be "harmful to the public health or welfare" to report the spill to the federal government. The regulation establishes the criteria for determining whether an oil spill may be harmful to public health or welfare, thereby triggering the reporting requirements, as follows: Discharges that cause a sheen or discoloration on the surface of a body of water; Discharges that violate applicable water quality standards; and
Discharges that cause a sludge or emulsion to be deposited beneath the surface of the water or on adjoining shorelines. Because the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which amended the Clean Water Act, broadly defines the term "oil," the sheen rule applies to both petroleum and non-petroleum oils (e.g., vegetable oil).

Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know

Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Understanding Oil Spills
How to Report
EPA Oil Spill Program Contacts
How Reports Are Handled
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Discharge of Oil Regulation (40 CFR 110)
Oil Spill Reporting Exemptions
Properly Functioning Vessel Engines
Research and Development Releases
NPDES-Permitted Releases
Discharges Permitted Under MARPOL
More links

These proposed revisions, in addition to strengthening and clarifying previous regulatory language, outline the additional requirements for regulated oil storage and handling facilities. On July 1, 1994, EPA finalized a second set of revisions to the Oil Pollution Prevention regulations. The revisions incorporate the new requirements added by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 that direct facility owners or operators to prepare, and in some cases submit to the federal government, plans for responding to a worst-case discharge of oil. Discharge of Oil Regulation (40 CFR 110)
Under the legal authority of the Clean Water Act, the Discharge of Oil regulation, more commonly known as the "sheen rule", provides the framework for determining whether an oil spill to inland and coastal waters and/or their adjoining shorelines should be reported to the federal government. In particular, the regulation requires the person in charge of a facility or vessel responsible for discharging oil that may be "harmful to the public health or welfare" to report the spill to the federal government. The regulation establishes the criteria for determining whether an oil spill may be harmful to public health or welfare, thereby triggering the reporting requirements, as follows: Discharges that cause a sheen or discoloration on the surface of a body of water; Discharges that violate applicable water quality standards; and
Discharges that cause a sludge or emulsion to be deposited beneath the surface of the water or on adjoining shorelines. Because the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which amended the Clean Water Act, broadly defines the term "oil," the sheen rule applies to both petroleum and non-petroleum oils (e.g., vegetable oil).

Exxon Valdez Oil Spill - HISTORY Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Contents
Oil Spill Cleanup
Environmental And Economic Impacts
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Fate of Exxon Valdez
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
 Water and Air Pollution
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
In the wake of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the U.S. Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which President George H.W. Bush signed into law that year. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 increased penalties for companies responsible for oil spills and required that all oil tankers in United States waters have a double hull. Exxon Valdez was a single-hulled tanker; a double-hull design, by making it less likely that a collision would have spilled oil, might have prevented the Exxon Valdez disaster. Fate of Exxon Valdez
The ship, Exxon Valdez —first commissioned in 1986—was repaired and returned to service a year after the spill in a different ocean and under a different name. The single-hulled ship could no longer transport oil in U.S. waters, due to the new regulations. The ship began running oil transport routes in Europe, where single-hulled oil tankers were still allowed. There it was renamed the Exxon Mediterranean, then the SeaRiver Mediterranean and finally the S/R Mediterranean. In 2002, the European Union banned single-hulled tankers and the former Exxon Valdez moved to Asian waters. Exxon sold the infamous tanker in 2008 to a Hong Kong-based shipping company.

Exxon Valdez Oil Spill - HISTORY

Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Contents
Oil Spill Cleanup
Environmental And Economic Impacts
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Fate of Exxon Valdez
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT

Water and Air Pollution
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
In the wake of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the U.S. Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which President George H.W. Bush signed into law that year. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 increased penalties for companies responsible for oil spills and required that all oil tankers in United States waters have a double hull. Exxon Valdez was a single-hulled tanker; a double-hull design, by making it less likely that a collision would have spilled oil, might have prevented the Exxon Valdez disaster. Fate of Exxon Valdez
The ship, Exxon Valdez —first commissioned in 1986—was repaired and returned to service a year after the spill in a different ocean and under a different name. The single-hulled ship could no longer transport oil in U.S. waters, due to the new regulations. The ship began running oil transport routes in Europe, where single-hulled oil tankers were still allowed. There it was renamed the Exxon Mediterranean, then the SeaRiver Mediterranean and finally the S/R Mediterranean. In 2002, the European Union banned single-hulled tankers and the former Exxon Valdez moved to Asian waters. Exxon sold the infamous tanker in 2008 to a Hong Kong-based shipping company.

Exxon Valdez oil spill | Response, Animals, & Facts | Britannica Exxon Valdez oil spill
Exxon Valdez oil spill
environmental disaster, Prince William Sound, Alaska, United States [1989]
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Exxon Valdez oil spill
 After evidence suggested that Joseph J. Hazelwood, the ship’s captain, had been drinking before the accident, Exxon terminated his employment. In 1990 the U.S. Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act in direct response to the Exxon Valdez accident. Among other measures, the act created procedures for responding to future oil spills, established the legal liabilities of responsible parties, and set a schedule for banning single-hulled tankers from U.S. waters by 2015. Exxon Valdez oil spill: Naked Island
Crews using water from high-pressure hoses to clean oil off rocks on a beach, Naked Island, Alaska, April 21, 1989. The oil had spilled from the tanker Exxon Valdez when it ran aground on a reef. Rob Stapleton—AP/Shutterstock.com
Exxon Valdez oil spill
Workers cleaning rocks coated in oil from the Exxon Valdez, an oil tanker than ran aground (1989) in Prince William Sound, Alaska, U.S.
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council/NOAA (ID: line1532)
The Exxon Valdez itself was repaired and returned to service but was legally prohibited by a clause in the Oil Pollution Act from ever reentering Prince William Sound. Recommissioned the Exxon Mediterranean, it worked the Mediterranean Sea until single-hulled vessels were banned from European waters. In 2008 it was converted by a Hong Kong company to an ore carrier, and in 2012, under the name Oriental Nicety, it was sold for scrapping in Alang, India.

Exxon Valdez oil spill | Response, Animals, & Facts | Britannica

Exxon Valdez oil spill
Exxon Valdez oil spill
environmental disaster, Prince William Sound, Alaska, United States [1989]
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Exxon Valdez oil spill

After evidence suggested that Joseph J. Hazelwood, the ship’s captain, had been drinking before the accident, Exxon terminated his employment. In 1990 the U.S. Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act in direct response to the Exxon Valdez accident. Among other measures, the act created procedures for responding to future oil spills, established the legal liabilities of responsible parties, and set a schedule for banning single-hulled tankers from U.S. waters by 2015. Exxon Valdez oil spill: Naked Island
Crews using water from high-pressure hoses to clean oil off rocks on a beach, Naked Island, Alaska, April 21, 1989. The oil had spilled from the tanker Exxon Valdez when it ran aground on a reef. Rob Stapleton—AP/Shutterstock.com
Exxon Valdez oil spill
Workers cleaning rocks coated in oil from the Exxon Valdez, an oil tanker than ran aground (1989) in Prince William Sound, Alaska, U.S.
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council/NOAA (ID: line1532)
The Exxon Valdez itself was repaired and returned to service but was legally prohibited by a clause in the Oil Pollution Act from ever reentering Prince William Sound. Recommissioned the Exxon Mediterranean, it worked the Mediterranean Sea until single-hulled vessels were banned from European waters. In 2008 it was converted by a Hong Kong company to an ore carrier, and in 2012, under the name Oriental Nicety, it was sold for scrapping in Alang, India.

Air Quality Impacts of Oil and Gas | American Geosciences Institute Air Quality Impacts of Oil and Gas
Air Quality Impacts of Oil and Gas
Emissions from production, processing, refining, and use
Download Print Version
Introduction
Major Air Pollutants and the Regulatory Framework
Ozone and Oil & Gas Production
Air Pollution from Oil Refineries and Gas Processing Plants
Combustion and U.S. Air Quality Over Time
More Resources
References
Petroleum and the Environment
Subscribe to Geoscience Currents
 23
Air Pollution from Oil Refineries and Gas Processing Plants
Oil refineries convert crude oil into a vast array of products, requiring a range of operations that emit a variety of pollutants, both through normal operations and in accidents. The EPA’s enforcement of the Clean Air Act at petroleum refineries has led to dozens of settlements in which companies have agreed to invest billions of dollars in control technologies and supplemental environmental projects. 12 Due largely to this enforcement, from 2000 to 2011, combined SO x and NO x emissions from refineries decreased by 75%. 13 Other regulations control VOC and benzene emissions from equipment at refineries and petroleum product distribution systems. 14
Natural gas processing has fewer air pollution risks, but some plants that process natural gas containing hydrogen sulfide – a poisonous, corrosive, and flammable gas – are regulated as toxic release sites. 15 The range of refinery and processing plant operations and their related emissions are summarized in the EPA’s Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. 16
Refinery emissions can be reduced by many means, including improved furnace efficiency, leak detection and control, gas recycling, reduced flaring and venting, scrubbers, and catalytic reactors. 17,18,19,20 From 1990 to 2013, refinery emissions of air toxics decreased by 66% and VOC emissions decreased by 69%, despite a 14% increase in the amount of crude oil being processed. 21 For communities near refineries, such as Galena Park near Houston, Texas (see figure), sustained future decreases in emissions from refineries and fuel storage facilities are an important part of mitigating the local public health impacts of oil and gas activity. 22
Changes in the average U.S. concentrations of the EPA’s six target air pollutants from 1990-2016.

Air Quality Impacts of Oil and Gas | American Geosciences Institute

Air Quality Impacts of Oil and Gas
Air Quality Impacts of Oil and Gas
Emissions from production, processing, refining, and use
Download Print Version
Introduction
Major Air Pollutants and the Regulatory Framework
Ozone and Oil & Gas Production
Air Pollution from Oil Refineries and Gas Processing Plants
Combustion and U.S. Air Quality Over Time
More Resources
References
Petroleum and the Environment
Subscribe to Geoscience Currents

 Overview of the key sections of the Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation
Overview of the Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) Regulation | Oil Spills Prevention and Preparedness Regulations | US EPA
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Overview of the Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) Regulation
Rule Summary
Basic Information
Legal Authority: Section 311(j)(1)(C) of the Clean Water Act as amended by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Federal Register: Related Federal Register Notices
Code of Federal Regulations: 40 CFR 112
Rule History
Additional Information
Rule Summary
Originally published in 1973 under the authority of §311 of the Clean Water Act, the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation sets forth requirements for: the prevention of,
preparedness for, and
response to oil discharges at specific non-transportation-related facilities. The goal of this regulation is to prevent oil from reaching navigable waters and adjoining shorelines, and to contain discharges of oil. The regulation requires these facilities to develop and implement Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) Plans and establishes procedures, methods, and equipment requirements (Subparts A, B, and C). Full Text of the regulation is available through the U.S. Government Printing Office
Rule History
In 1990, the Oil Pollution Act amended the Clean Water Act to require some oil storage facilities to prepare Facility Response Plans.

Oil Pollution Act Overview | US Environmental Protection Agency Oil Pollution Act Overview
Oil Pollution Act Overview
Overview
Key Provisions of the Oil Pollution Act
For More Information
 Oil Pollution Act Overview | US Environmental Protection Agency
Oil Pollution Act Overview
Overview
Key provisions of Oil Pollution Act
Full Text
For More Information
Overview
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) was signed into law in August 1990, largely in response to rising public concern following the Exxon Valdez incident. The OPA improved the nation's ability to prevent and respond to oil spills by establishing provisions that expand the federal government's ability, and provide the money and resources necessary, to respond to oil spills. The OPA also created the national Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, which is available to provide up to one billion dollars per spill incident. In addition, the OPA provided new requirements for contingency planning both by government and industry. The National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) has been expanded in a three-tiered approach: the Federal government is required to direct all public and private response efforts for certain types of spill events; Area Committees -- composed of federal, state, and local government officials -- must develop detailed, location-specific Area Contingency Plans; and owners or operators of vessels and certain facilities that pose a serious threat to the environment must prepare their own Facility Response Plans. Finally, the OPA increased penalties for regulatory noncompliance, broadened the response and enforcement authorities of the Federal government, and preserved State authority to establish law governing oil spill prevention and response. Key Provisions of the Oil Pollution Act
§1002 (a) Provides that the responsible party for a vessel or facility from which oil is discharged, or which poses a substantial threat of a discharge, is liable for: (

Oil Pollution Act Overview | US Environmental Protection Agency

Oil Pollution Act Overview
Oil Pollution Act Overview
Overview
Key Provisions of the Oil Pollution Act
For More Information

Oil Pollution Act Overview | US Environmental Protection Agency
Oil Pollution Act Overview
Overview
Key provisions of Oil Pollution Act
Full Text
For More Information
Overview
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) was signed into law in August 1990, largely in response to rising public concern following the Exxon Valdez incident. The OPA improved the nation's ability to prevent and respond to oil spills by establishing provisions that expand the federal government's ability, and provide the money and resources necessary, to respond to oil spills. The OPA also created the national Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, which is available to provide up to one billion dollars per spill incident. In addition, the OPA provided new requirements for contingency planning both by government and industry. The National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) has been expanded in a three-tiered approach: the Federal government is required to direct all public and private response efforts for certain types of spill events; Area Committees -- composed of federal, state, and local government officials -- must develop detailed, location-specific Area Contingency Plans; and owners or operators of vessels and certain facilities that pose a serious threat to the environment must prepare their own Facility Response Plans. Finally, the OPA increased penalties for regulatory noncompliance, broadened the response and enforcement authorities of the Federal government, and preserved State authority to establish law governing oil spill prevention and response. Key Provisions of the Oil Pollution Act
§1002 (a) Provides that the responsible party for a vessel or facility from which oil is discharged, or which poses a substantial threat of a discharge, is liable for: (

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Last updated November 17, 2020 • 14 min read
From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Long title
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Public Law 101-380, August 18, 1990
Enacted by
the 101st United States Congress
Effective
August 18, 1990
Citations
Public law
101-380
Statutes at Large
104 Stat. 484
Codification
Titles amended
33 U.S.C.: Navigable Waters
U.S.C. sections created
33 U.S.C. ch. 40 § 2701
Legislative history
Introduced in the Houseas H.R. 1465 by Walter B. Jones, Sr. ( D - NC) on March 16, 1989
Committee consideration by House Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House Public Works and Transportation, House Interior and Insular Affairs, House Foreign Affairs, House Science, Space and Technology
Passed the House on November 9, 1989 ( 375-5)
Passed the Senate on November 19, 1989 (passed voice vote)
Reported by the joint conference committee on August 1, 1990; agreed to by the Senate on August 2, 1990 ( 99-0) and by the House on August 4, 1990 ( 360-0)
Signed into law by President George H. W. Bush on August 18, 1990
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The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) (101 H.R.1465, P.L. 101-380) [1] was passed by the 101st United States Congress and signed by President George H. W. Bush. [ 2] It works to avoid oil spills from vessels and facilities by enforcing removal of spilled oil and assigning liability for the cost of cleanup and damage; requires specific operating procedures; defines responsible parties and financial liability; implements processes for measuring damages;

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader

Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties

Pollution in Canada - Wikipedia Pollution in Canada
Pollution in Canada
Contents
Air pollution
Oil sands pollution
Pollution from oil wells
Canada/United States transboundary pollution
Climate Change Accountability Act
Water pollution
Oil sands pollution
Great Lakes pollution
Arctic waters pollution
Pollution from sewage
Soil pollution
Soil degradation/pollution
Road salt pollution
PCB pollution
Health effects of pollution
Air pollution
Soil pollution
See also
References
External links
 Pollution in Canada - Wikipedia
Pollution in Canada
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Overview of pollution in Canada
Leduc oil
Pollution is an environmental issue in Canada. It has posed health risks to the Canadian population and is an area of concern for Canadian lawmakers. Air, water and soil pollution as well as the health effects associated with these three types of pollution, are prominent points of contention in modern Canadian society. Contents
1 Air pollution
1.1 Oil sands pollution
1.2 Pollution from oil wells
1.3 Canada/United States transboundary pollution
1.4 Climate Change Accountability Act
2 Water pollution
2.1 Oil sands pollution
2.2 Great Lakes pollution
2.3 Arctic waters pollution
2.4 Pollution from sewage
3 Soil pollution
3.1 Soil degradation/pollution
3.2 Road salt pollution
3.3 PCB pollution
4 Health effects of pollution
4.1 Air pollution
4.2 Soil pollution
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Air pollution
Main article: Air Pollution in Canada
Air pollution in Canada is contributed by industrial and vehicular emissions, agriculture, construction, wood burning and energy production. A recent report found that Canadian companies contributed 73% more to air pollution than companies in the United States. Within the 73% more emissions it was found that Canadian companies contributed 29% more respiratory toxins into the air than the U.S." . This can be evidenced with Environment Canada's 2010 document named Air Pollutant Emission Summaries and Historical Emission Trends. This report found that 2010 emissions, when compared to 2009 emissions, saw an overall decrease. Additionally, it was found that heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants ( smog precursors) were at lower levels in 2010 than in 1990.

Pollution in Canada - Wikipedia

Pollution in Canada
Pollution in Canada
Contents
Air pollution
Oil sands pollution
Pollution from oil wells
Canada/United States transboundary pollution
Climate Change Accountability Act
Water pollution
Oil sands pollution
Great Lakes pollution
Arctic waters pollution
Pollution from sewage
Soil pollution
Soil degradation/pollution
Road salt pollution
PCB pollution
Health effects of pollution
Air pollution
Soil pollution
See also
References
External links

Pollution in Canada - Wikipedia
Pollution in Canada
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Overview of pollution in Canada
Leduc oil
Pollution is an environmental issue in Canada. It has posed health risks to the Canadian population and is an area of concern for Canadian lawmakers. Air, water and soil pollution as well as the health effects associated with these three types of pollution, are prominent points of contention in modern Canadian society. Contents
1 Air pollution
1.1 Oil sands pollution
1.2 Pollution from oil wells
1.3 Canada/United States transboundary pollution
1.4 Climate Change Accountability Act
2 Water pollution
2.1 Oil sands pollution
2.2 Great Lakes pollution
2.3 Arctic waters pollution
2.4 Pollution from sewage
3 Soil pollution
3.1 Soil degradation/pollution
3.2 Road salt pollution
3.3 PCB pollution
4 Health effects of pollution
4.1 Air pollution
4.2 Soil pollution
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Air pollution
Main article: Air Pollution in Canada
Air pollution in Canada is contributed by industrial and vehicular emissions, agriculture, construction, wood burning and energy production. A recent report found that Canadian companies contributed 73% more to air pollution than companies in the United States. Within the 73% more emissions it was found that Canadian companies contributed 29% more respiratory toxins into the air than the U.S." . This can be evidenced with Environment Canada's 2010 document named Air Pollutant Emission Summaries and Historical Emission Trends. This report found that 2010 emissions, when compared to 2009 emissions, saw an overall decrease. Additionally, it was found that heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants ( smog precursors) were at lower levels in 2010 than in 1990.

Exxon Valdez Oil Spill - HISTORY Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
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Oil Spill Cleanup
Environmental And Economic Impacts
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Fate of Exxon Valdez
Sources
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 A 2001 study found oil contamination remaining at more than half of the 91 beach sites tested in Prince William Sound. The spill had killed an estimated 40 percent of all sea otters living in the Sound. The sea otter population didn’t recover to its pre-spill levels until 2014, twenty-five years after the spill. Stocks of herring, once a lucrative source of income for Prince William Sound fisherman, have never fully rebounded. READ MORE: Water and Air Pollution
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
In the wake of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the U.S. Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which President George H.W. Bush signed into law that year. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 increased penalties for companies responsible for oil spills and required that all oil tankers in United States waters have a double hull. Exxon Valdez was a single-hulled tanker; a double-hull design, by making it less likely that a collision would have spilled oil, might have prevented the Exxon Valdez disaster. Fate of Exxon Valdez
The ship, Exxon Valdez —first commissioned in 1986—was repaired and returned to service a year after the spill in a different ocean and under a different name.

Exxon Valdez Oil Spill - HISTORY

A 2001 study found oil contamination remaining at more than half of the 91 beach sites tested in Prince William Sound. The spill had killed an estimated 40 percent of all sea otters living in the Sound. The sea otter population didn’t recover to its pre-spill levels until 2014, twenty-five years after the spill. Stocks of herring, once a lucrative source of income for Prince William Sound fisherman, have never fully rebounded. READ MORE: Water and Air Pollution
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
In the wake of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the U.S. Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which President George H.W. Bush signed into law that year. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 increased penalties for companies responsible for oil spills and required that all oil tankers in United States waters have a double hull. Exxon Valdez was a single-hulled tanker; a double-hull design, by making it less likely that a collision would have spilled oil, might have prevented the Exxon Valdez disaster. Fate of Exxon Valdez
The ship, Exxon Valdez —first commissioned in 1986—was repaired and returned to service a year after the spill in a different ocean and under a different name.

The Clean Water Act & The Clean Air Act | Sutori The Clean Water Act & The Clean Air Act
The Clean Water Act & The Clean Air Act
Timeline
MT1221 Signing Ceremony for Clean Air Act Amendments - 15 November 1990
 The Clean Water Act & The Clean Air Act | Sutori
The Clean Water Act & The Clean Air Act
Below is a timeline connecting The Clean Air Act (CAA) and The Clean Water Act (CWA). It shows the acts preceding their creation and the amendments done to them. Timeline
1899: Rivers and Harbors Act
Prohibits the construction of any bridge, dam, dike or causeway over or in navigable waterways of the U.S. without Congressional approval
1912: Public Health Service Act
Acknowledged the poor health of the environment was effecting the publics health
1924: Oil Pollution Act
Passed and prohibited vessels from releasing oil unless they were at least 3 miles offshore from any United States territory
1948: Federal Water Pollution Control Act
The first major U.S. law to address water pollution
Federal research and investigations
State and local governments set regulations
Previous failed attempts included over 100 bills in the past 50 years
Fueled by post-WWII industrial and urban growth polluting the US's waters
Achieved little and led to the creation of the CAA
' [I]n consequence of the benefits resulting to the public health and welfare by the abatement of stream pollution, it is ... the policy of Congress to recognize, preserve, and protect the primary responsibilities and rights of the States in controlling water pollution, to support and aid technical research to devise and perfect methods of treatment of industrial wastes which are not susceptible to known effective methods of treatment, and to provide Federal technical services to State and interstate agencies and to industries, and financial aid to State and interstate agencies and to municipalities, in the formulation and execution of their stream pollution abatement program'
1955: Air Pollution Control Act
The first federal legislation involving air pollution
Provided funds for federal research in air pollution
Signed by President Eisenhower
Precedent to CAA of 1977 and 1990
Provided $5 million over a five-year period for research into the issue
Signaled the federal government’s recognition of air pollution as a growing national problem
1956: Water Pollution Control Act
Authorized federal planning and technical assistance
Research and construction grants for municipal waste-treatment facilities
Encouraged states to set water quality criteria
Federal enforcement assistance to mediate state-polluter disputes
'The new statute: water pollution; (

The Clean Water Act & The Clean Air Act | Sutori

The Clean Water Act & The Clean Air Act
The Clean Water Act & The Clean Air Act
Timeline
MT1221 Signing Ceremony for Clean Air Act Amendments - 15 November 1990

 In the 1980's the United States Congress created a law known as "Superfund," which allocated money for what pressing issue? hazardous waste

Also known as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, "Superfund" allocated money for the clean up of hazardous waste sites throughout the United States. In 1990, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act to establish policies regarding the prevention, containment, and cleanup of oil spills. Which event provided the basis for this legislation? the Exxon Valdez accident

The Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989 was the primary factor behind the unanimous passage of the Oil Pollution Act through both houses of Congress in 1990. The Act established detailed guidelines to prevent oil spills and provide federal support for cleanup efforts. Which is the BEST example of a negative consequence of human modification of the environment in the United States? strip mining and air pollution in Pennsylvania and West Virginia

The BEST example of a negative effect of human modification of the e

In the 1980's the United States Congress created a law known as "Superfund," which allocated money for what pressing issue? hazardous waste

Also known as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, "Superfund" allocated money for the clean up of hazardous waste sites throughout the United States. In 1990, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act to establish policies regarding the prevention, containment, and cleanup of oil spills. Which event provided the basis for this legislation? the Exxon Valdez accident

The Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989 was the primary factor behind the unanimous passage of the Oil Pollution Act through both houses of Congress in 1990. The Act established detailed guidelines to prevent oil spills and provide federal support for cleanup efforts. Which is the BEST example of a negative consequence of human modification of the environment in the United States? strip mining and air pollution in Pennsylvania and West Virginia

The BEST example of a negative effect of human modification of the e

 The plaintiffs were ultimately awarded $287 million in compensatory damages and $380.6 million in punitive damages. This same incident also derailed the plans to build a facility to remove oil from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Opponents worried about the possible effects of an oil spill on land in a protected habitat. In addition, the 1969 oil spill in Santa Barbara, Calif., caused many laws to be placed on the oil companies operating in and around the United States. It placed a moratorium on the building of new oil refineries and also a number of rules regarding the transport of oil. Related Articles
How Does an Oil Spill Affect The Environment? Oil Spill Information for Kids
How to Remove Oil from Sea Water
What Are the Causes of Animals Becoming Endangered? Oil Drilling Benefits
Environmental Impacts of Oil Extraction
Facts About Oil Rigs
Pollution's Effects on Animals
Types of Oil Pollution
What Chemicals Break Down Oil? The Disadvantages of Oil Drilling in Alaska
Difference Between Hydraulic Fluid & Oil
How to Separate Oil & Water Layers
What Happens After a Tsunami Occurs? The Effects of Water Pollution Around the World
The Oily Truth About Palm Oil
Pros & Cons of Drilling for Oil in the U.S.
List of Missouri's Natural Resources
Hazards of Breathing Oil Smoke
The Effects of Oil Pollution on Aquatic Ecosystems
References
The Lasting Legacy of Offshore Drilling
Behavior and Effects of Oil Spills
NOAA:

The plaintiffs were ultimately awarded $287 million in compensatory damages and $380.6 million in punitive damages. This same incident also derailed the plans to build a facility to remove oil from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Opponents worried about the possible effects of an oil spill on land in a protected habitat. In addition, the 1969 oil spill in Santa Barbara, Calif., caused many laws to be placed on the oil companies operating in and around the United States. It placed a moratorium on the building of new oil refineries and also a number of rules regarding the transport of oil. Related Articles
How Does an Oil Spill Affect The Environment? Oil Spill Information for Kids
How to Remove Oil from Sea Water
What Are the Causes of Animals Becoming Endangered? Oil Drilling Benefits
Environmental Impacts of Oil Extraction
Facts About Oil Rigs
Pollution's Effects on Animals
Types of Oil Pollution
What Chemicals Break Down Oil? The Disadvantages of Oil Drilling in Alaska
Difference Between Hydraulic Fluid & Oil
How to Separate Oil & Water Layers
What Happens After a Tsunami Occurs? The Effects of Water Pollution Around the World
The Oily Truth About Palm Oil
Pros & Cons of Drilling for Oil in the U.S.
List of Missouri's Natural Resources
Hazards of Breathing Oil Smoke
The Effects of Oil Pollution on Aquatic Ecosystems
References
The Lasting Legacy of Offshore Drilling
Behavior and Effects of Oil Spills
NOAA:

Certificate of Financial Responsibility (COFRs) Certificate of Financial Responsibility (COFRs)
Certificate of Financial Responsibility (COFRs)
COFR Application Overview
Enter COFR Application
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 Certificate of Financial Responsibility (COFRs)
National Pollution Funds Center
Contact NPFC
Oil Pollution Act (OPA)
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COFRs
Spill Response Funding
Oil Spill Claims
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Certificate of Financial Responsibility (COFRs)
The National Pollution Funds Center is tasked with administering the vessel financial responsibility portions of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA). COFR Application Overview
The COFR Application contains information on the vessels that have been issued COFRs. The data contained therein is updated daily (M-F) as vessels are added or deleted from the list. The site also permits users to apply for, renew, change, and pay for COFR applications via the Web through the E-COFR application. By clicking on the link below, you may: Search for vessel COFR information
Submit and pay for a new COFR, a COFR renewal, a COFR change or update, and/or a COFR replacement
Download COFR application Form CG-5585
Contact marine insurance examiners via e-mail, and
Download COFR regulations. Enter COFR Application
The OPA 90 limits of liability for vessels have been adjusted due to an increase in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The new limits and their effective date can be found here: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2019-08-13/pdf/2019-17234.pdf
Business Hours: Monday through Friday:

Certificate of Financial Responsibility (COFRs)

Certificate of Financial Responsibility (COFRs)
Certificate of Financial Responsibility (COFRs)
COFR Application Overview
Enter COFR Application
Business Hours:
Limits of Liability
E-Tools
More Information

Certificate of Financial Responsibility (COFRs)
National Pollution Funds Center
Contact NPFC
Oil Pollution Act (OPA)
Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF)
COFRs
Spill Response Funding
Oil Spill Claims
Online Services
Forms
Publications
Regulations
Jobs at NPFC
Visitors
Related Links
Contact Webmaster
About NPFC
|
Contact NPFC
|
FAQs
|
Glossary
|
Site Map
|
Announcements
Certificate of Financial Responsibility (COFRs)
The National Pollution Funds Center is tasked with administering the vessel financial responsibility portions of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA). COFR Application Overview
The COFR Application contains information on the vessels that have been issued COFRs. The data contained therein is updated daily (M-F) as vessels are added or deleted from the list. The site also permits users to apply for, renew, change, and pay for COFR applications via the Web through the E-COFR application. By clicking on the link below, you may: Search for vessel COFR information
Submit and pay for a new COFR, a COFR renewal, a COFR change or update, and/or a COFR replacement
Download COFR application Form CG-5585
Contact marine insurance examiners via e-mail, and
Download COFR regulations. Enter COFR Application
The OPA 90 limits of liability for vessels have been adjusted due to an increase in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The new limits and their effective date can be found here: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2019-08-13/pdf/2019-17234.pdf
Business Hours: Monday through Friday:

After the Big Spill, What Happened to the Ship Exxon Valdez? | response.restoration.noaa.gov Office of Response and Restoration
After the Big Spill, What Happened to the Ship Exxon Valdez?
New Law, New Name
A Ship Singled Out?
The End Is Near
 Notwithstanding any other law, tank vessels that have spilled more than 1,000,000 gallons of oil into the marine environment after March 22, 1989, are prohibited from operating on the navigable waters of Prince William Sound, Alaska. (33 U.S.C. § 2737)
With this banishment institutionalized in U.S. law, Exxon Shipping Company shifted the operational area for the ship to the Mediterranean and the Middle East and renamed it accordingly. In 1993, Exxon spun off its shipping arm to a subsidiary, Sea River Maritime, Inc., and the Exxon Mediterranean became the Sea River Mediterranean. This was shortened to S/R Mediterranean. In 2002, the ship was re-assigned to Asian routes and then temporarily mothballed in an undisclosed location. A Ship Singled Out? Exxon filed suit in federal court challenging the provisions of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 that had banned its tanker from the Prince William Sound trade route. In November 2002, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the Oil Pollution Act and its vessel prohibition provision (the Justice Department noting that to that time, 18 vessels had been prevented from entering Prince William Sound). While Sea River had argued that the law unfairly singled out and punished its tanker, and that there was no reason to believe that a tanker guilty of spilling in the past would spill in the future, the three-judge panel disagreed unanimously. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990, the landmark law resulting from the Exxon Valdez oil spill, legislated the phase-out of all single-hulled tankers from U.S. waters by 2015.

After the Big Spill, What Happened to the Ship Exxon Valdez? | response.restoration.noaa.gov

Office of Response and Restoration
After the Big Spill, What Happened to the Ship Exxon Valdez?
New Law, New Name
A Ship Singled Out?
The End Is Near

Notwithstanding any other law, tank vessels that have spilled more than 1,000,000 gallons of oil into the marine environment after March 22, 1989, are prohibited from operating on the navigable waters of Prince William Sound, Alaska. (33 U.S.C. § 2737)
With this banishment institutionalized in U.S. law, Exxon Shipping Company shifted the operational area for the ship to the Mediterranean and the Middle East and renamed it accordingly. In 1993, Exxon spun off its shipping arm to a subsidiary, Sea River Maritime, Inc., and the Exxon Mediterranean became the Sea River Mediterranean. This was shortened to S/R Mediterranean. In 2002, the ship was re-assigned to Asian routes and then temporarily mothballed in an undisclosed location. A Ship Singled Out? Exxon filed suit in federal court challenging the provisions of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 that had banned its tanker from the Prince William Sound trade route. In November 2002, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the Oil Pollution Act and its vessel prohibition provision (the Justice Department noting that to that time, 18 vessels had been prevented from entering Prince William Sound). While Sea River had argued that the law unfairly singled out and punished its tanker, and that there was no reason to believe that a tanker guilty of spilling in the past would spill in the future, the three-judge panel disagreed unanimously. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990, the landmark law resulting from the Exxon Valdez oil spill, legislated the phase-out of all single-hulled tankers from U.S. waters by 2015.

What is the role of an Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO)? What is the role of an Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO)?
What is the role of an Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO)?
Oil Pollution Act
Requirements
Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO)
Management of OSRO Classification
 What is the role of an Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO)? What is the role of an Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO)? The US Coast Guard established the Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO) classification in response to regulatory requirements of OPA 90. OSRO is a voluntary program and was developed to assist oil handling facilities and vessels in preparing spill response plans. Oil Pollution Act
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) was passed in response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. This law forms part of US oil spill governance to mitigate and prevent civil liability from oil spills. OPA 90 requires companies to develop and maintain plans to help prevent spills and detailed plans to contain and respond to spills that may occur. Requirements
Companies who are required to submit a response plan must, amongst other things, identify the personnel and equipment necessary to remove an oil spill and to prevent a substantial threat of such a discharge. The magnitude of the investment, however, in oil recovery equipment, storage and training personnel to remove spills, in all foreseeable locations and operating environments is enormous. Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO)
To meet OPA90's statutory requirements, each response plan must identify the means for accomplishing the response tasks.

What is the role of an Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO)?

What is the role of an Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO)?
What is the role of an Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO)?
Oil Pollution Act
Requirements
Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO)
Management of OSRO Classification

What is the role of an Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO)? What is the role of an Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO)? The US Coast Guard established the Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO) classification in response to regulatory requirements of OPA 90. OSRO is a voluntary program and was developed to assist oil handling facilities and vessels in preparing spill response plans. Oil Pollution Act
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) was passed in response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. This law forms part of US oil spill governance to mitigate and prevent civil liability from oil spills. OPA 90 requires companies to develop and maintain plans to help prevent spills and detailed plans to contain and respond to spills that may occur. Requirements
Companies who are required to submit a response plan must, amongst other things, identify the personnel and equipment necessary to remove an oil spill and to prevent a substantial threat of such a discharge. The magnitude of the investment, however, in oil recovery equipment, storage and training personnel to remove spills, in all foreseeable locations and operating environments is enormous. Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO)
To meet OPA90's statutory requirements, each response plan must identify the means for accomplishing the response tasks.

Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Understanding Oil Spills
How to Report
EPA Oil Spill Program Contacts
How Reports Are Handled
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Discharge of Oil Regulation (40 CFR 110)
Oil Spill Reporting Exemptions
Properly Functioning Vessel Engines
Research and Development Releases
NPDES-Permitted Releases
Discharges Permitted Under MARPOL
More links
 Following the massive Ashland oil spill in 1988, EPA formed the SPCC Task Force to examine federal regulations governing oil spills from aboveground storage tanks. The SPCC Task Force recommended that EPA clarify certain provisions in the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation, establish additional technical requirements for regulated facilities, and require the preparation of facility-specific response plans. In 1990, Congress enacted the Oil Pollution Act which, among other things, required certain oil storage facilities to prepare facility response plans. In response, EPA proposed revisions to the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation in two phases. EPA proposed its first set of revisions to the regulation on October 22, 1991. These proposed revisions, in addition to strengthening and clarifying previous regulatory language, outline the additional requirements for regulated oil storage and handling facilities. On July 1, 1994, EPA finalized a second set of revisions to the Oil Pollution Prevention regulations. The revisions incorporate the new requirements added by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 that direct facility owners or operators to prepare, and in some cases submit to the federal government, plans for responding to a worst-case discharge of oil. Discharge of Oil Regulation (40 CFR 110)
Under the legal authority of the Clean Water Act, the Discharge of Oil regulation, more commonly known as the "sheen rule", provides the framework for determining whether an oil spill to inland and coastal waters and/or their adjoining shorelines should be reported to the federal government. In particular, the regulation requires the person in charge of a facility or vessel responsible for discharging oil that may be "harmful to the public health or welfare" to report the spill to the federal government.

Exxon Valdez 25th Anniversary: 5 Facts About the Historic Spill | Live Science Exxon Valdez 25th Anniversary: 5 Facts About the Historic Spill
Exxon Valdez 25th Anniversary: 5 Facts About the Historic Spill
1. The ship went back to work
2. Wildlife suffered
3. Cleanup measures were scrutinized
4. Oil still lingers
5. It prompted the Oil Pollution Act
 Cleanup measures were scrutinized
Some small areas of the Prince William Sound were intentionally not cleaned because the oil spill offered environmental officials a chance to study cleanup measures, comparing how untreated areas fared against regions cleaned with high-pressure, hot water washing hoses. This type of aggressive washing works, but it can kill plants and animals in the long term and short term, officials confirmed after the Exxon Valdez spill, according to NOAA. Cleanup workers often combine this technique with other methods like containing and collecting oil so that it doesn't disperse elsewhere. 4. Oil still lingers
More than two decades after the spill, oil pockets are still found below the surface of beaches, often in places protected from winds and waves, which would help to break down and remove remaining crude. Along the Shelikof Strait coastline southwest of the spill site, researchers recently found pockets of oil from the Exxon Valdez accident. The oil was hardly weathered, as it had been sheltered behind stable boulders, the scientists said in a presentation at the American Geophysical Union's annual Ocean Sciences Meeting. 5. It prompted the Oil Pollution Act
Largely in response to the Exxon Valdez spill, the Oil Pollution Act became law in 1990. The move required oil companies to make contingency plans to prevent future spills and contain them should a spill occur.

Exxon Valdez 25th Anniversary: 5 Facts About the Historic Spill | Live Science

Exxon Valdez 25th Anniversary: 5 Facts About the Historic Spill
Exxon Valdez 25th Anniversary: 5 Facts About the Historic Spill
1. The ship went back to work
2. Wildlife suffered
3. Cleanup measures were scrutinized
4. Oil still lingers
5. It prompted the Oil Pollution Act

Cleanup measures were scrutinized
Some small areas of the Prince William Sound were intentionally not cleaned because the oil spill offered environmental officials a chance to study cleanup measures, comparing how untreated areas fared against regions cleaned with high-pressure, hot water washing hoses. This type of aggressive washing works, but it can kill plants and animals in the long term and short term, officials confirmed after the Exxon Valdez spill, according to NOAA. Cleanup workers often combine this technique with other methods like containing and collecting oil so that it doesn't disperse elsewhere. 4. Oil still lingers
More than two decades after the spill, oil pockets are still found below the surface of beaches, often in places protected from winds and waves, which would help to break down and remove remaining crude. Along the Shelikof Strait coastline southwest of the spill site, researchers recently found pockets of oil from the Exxon Valdez accident. The oil was hardly weathered, as it had been sheltered behind stable boulders, the scientists said in a presentation at the American Geophysical Union's annual Ocean Sciences Meeting. 5. It prompted the Oil Pollution Act
Largely in response to the Exxon Valdez spill, the Oil Pollution Act became law in 1990. The move required oil companies to make contingency plans to prevent future spills and contain them should a spill occur.

Exxon Valdez 25th Anniversary: 5 Facts About the Historic Spill | Live Science Exxon Valdez 25th Anniversary: 5 Facts About the Historic Spill
Exxon Valdez 25th Anniversary: 5 Facts About the Historic Spill
1. The ship went back to work
2. Wildlife suffered
3. Cleanup measures were scrutinized
4. Oil still lingers
5. It prompted the Oil Pollution Act
 Along the Shelikof Strait coastline southwest of the spill site, researchers recently found pockets of oil from the Exxon Valdez accident. The oil was hardly weathered, as it had been sheltered behind stable boulders, the scientists said in a presentation at the American Geophysical Union's annual Ocean Sciences Meeting. 5. It prompted the Oil Pollution Act
Largely in response to the Exxon Valdez spill, the Oil Pollution Act became law in 1990. The move required oil companies to make contingency plans to prevent future spills and contain them should a spill occur. It also created the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund to help pay for the cleanup of future disasters, granting up to $1 billion per spill. Follow Megan Gannon on Twitter and Google+. Follow us @livescience, Facebook & Google+. Original article on Live Science.

Along the Shelikof Strait coastline southwest of the spill site, researchers recently found pockets of oil from the Exxon Valdez accident. The oil was hardly weathered, as it had been sheltered behind stable boulders, the scientists said in a presentation at the American Geophysical Union's annual Ocean Sciences Meeting. 5. It prompted the Oil Pollution Act
Largely in response to the Exxon Valdez spill, the Oil Pollution Act became law in 1990. The move required oil companies to make contingency plans to prevent future spills and contain them should a spill occur. It also created the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund to help pay for the cleanup of future disasters, granting up to $1 billion per spill. Follow Megan Gannon on Twitter and Google+. Follow us @livescience, Facebook & Google+. Original article on Live Science.

Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) Funding for Oil Spills
NPFCPUB

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Liability

Trust

Fund

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Funding

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January

2006

PURPOSE

This

document

is

designed

to

help

the

general

public

and

other

readers

understand

how

Federal

response

to

oil

spills

is

funded

under

the

Oil

Pollution

Act

of

1990

(OPA). It

also

describes

the

roles

of

various

parties

involved

in

or

affected

by

an

oil

spill,

including

responsible

parties

and

claimants. The

information

is

provided

as

a

general

summary

and

is

not

intended

to

be

a

complete

statement

of

the

law

in

respect

to

the

rights

and

liabilities

of

polluters

and

those

damaged

by

pollution. This

guidance

does

not

constitute

a

regulation

and

may

not

be

relied

upon

to

create

a

right

or

benefit,

substantive

or

procedural,

enforceable

at

law

or

in

equity

by

any

person. The

U.S.

Coast

Guard

National

Pollution

Funds

Center

may

change

this

guidance

at

any

time,

without

prior

notice,

and

may

act

at

variance

with

this

guidance

or

with

internal

procedures

adopted

hereto. OSLTF

Funding

for

Oil

Spills

i

OSLTF

FUNDING

FOR

OIL

SPILLS

OSLTF

Funding

for

Oil

Spills

ii

I.

HOW

IS

RESPONSE

TO

OIL

SPILLS

FUNDED? The

Oil

Spill

Liability

Trust

Fund

(OSLTF

or

Fund)

is

a

billion-dollar

fund

established

as

a

funding

source

to

pay

removal

costs

and

damages

resulting

from

oil

spills

or

substantial

threats

of

oil

spills

to

navigable

waters

of

the

United

States. The

OSLTF

is

used

for

costs

not

directly

paid

by

the

polluter,

referred

to

as

the

responsible

party

(RP). The

fund

is

also

used

to

pay,

costs

to

respond

to

"mystery

spills,"

for

which

the

source

has

not

been

identified. The

OSLTF

has

two

major

components:

 The Department of the Interior was created in 1849 after decades of consideration by the Federal government. Rachel Carson's 1962 Silent Spring was a groundbreaking work regarding what topic? the environment

'Silent Spring' looked at the detrimental effects pesticides had on the environment. She criticized the chemical industry for deceiving the public as to the safety of the pesticides. Her work, along with later efforts by consumer advocate Ralph Nader, hankers back to the 'Muckraker' era of the early 1900;s, when journalists worked to uncover the gross negligence of certain industries. In the 1980's the United States Congress created a law known as "Superfund," which allocated money for what pressing issue? hazardous waste

Also known as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, "Superfund" allocated money for the clean up of hazardous waste sites throughout the United States. In 1990, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act to establish policies regarding the prevention, containment, and cleanup of oil spills. Which event provided the basis for this legislation? the Exxon Valdez accident

The Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989 was the primary factor behind the unanimous passage of the Oil Pollution Act through both houses of Congress in 1990.

The Department of the Interior was created in 1849 after decades of consideration by the Federal government. Rachel Carson's 1962 Silent Spring was a groundbreaking work regarding what topic? the environment

'Silent Spring' looked at the detrimental effects pesticides had on the environment. She criticized the chemical industry for deceiving the public as to the safety of the pesticides. Her work, along with later efforts by consumer advocate Ralph Nader, hankers back to the 'Muckraker' era of the early 1900;s, when journalists worked to uncover the gross negligence of certain industries. In the 1980's the United States Congress created a law known as "Superfund," which allocated money for what pressing issue? hazardous waste

Also known as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, "Superfund" allocated money for the clean up of hazardous waste sites throughout the United States. In 1990, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act to establish policies regarding the prevention, containment, and cleanup of oil spills. Which event provided the basis for this legislation? the Exxon Valdez accident

The Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989 was the primary factor behind the unanimous passage of the Oil Pollution Act through both houses of Congress in 1990.

 40 CFR 112
Rule History
Additional Information
Rule Summary
Originally published in 1973 under the authority of §311 of the Clean Water Act, the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation sets forth requirements for: the prevention of,
preparedness for, and
response to oil discharges at specific non-transportation-related facilities. The goal of this regulation is to prevent oil from reaching navigable waters and adjoining shorelines, and to contain discharges of oil. The regulation requires these facilities to develop and implement Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) Plans and establishes procedures, methods, and equipment requirements (Subparts A, B, and C). Full Text of the regulation is available through the U.S. Government Printing Office
Rule History
In 1990, the Oil Pollution Act amended the Clean Water Act to require some oil storage facilities to prepare Facility Response Plans. On July 1, 1994, EPA finalized the revisions that direct facility owners or operators to prepare and submit plans for responding to a worst-case discharge of oil (Subpart D). Following the Floreffe, Pennsylvania oil spillin 1988, EPA formed the SPCC Task Force to examine federal regulations governing oil spills from aboveground storage tanks. The SPCC Task Force recommended that EPA: clarify certain provisions in the Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation,
establish additional technical requirements for regulated facilities, and
require the preparation of facility-specific response plans. In response to the Task Force recommendation, EPA proposed revisions to the Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation in the 1990s and finalized the amendments in 2002.

40 CFR 112
Rule History
Additional Information
Rule Summary
Originally published in 1973 under the authority of §311 of the Clean Water Act, the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation sets forth requirements for: the prevention of,
preparedness for, and
response to oil discharges at specific non-transportation-related facilities. The goal of this regulation is to prevent oil from reaching navigable waters and adjoining shorelines, and to contain discharges of oil. The regulation requires these facilities to develop and implement Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) Plans and establishes procedures, methods, and equipment requirements (Subparts A, B, and C). Full Text of the regulation is available through the U.S. Government Printing Office
Rule History
In 1990, the Oil Pollution Act amended the Clean Water Act to require some oil storage facilities to prepare Facility Response Plans. On July 1, 1994, EPA finalized the revisions that direct facility owners or operators to prepare and submit plans for responding to a worst-case discharge of oil (Subpart D). Following the Floreffe, Pennsylvania oil spillin 1988, EPA formed the SPCC Task Force to examine federal regulations governing oil spills from aboveground storage tanks. The SPCC Task Force recommended that EPA: clarify certain provisions in the Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation,
establish additional technical requirements for regulated facilities, and
require the preparation of facility-specific response plans. In response to the Task Force recommendation, EPA proposed revisions to the Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation in the 1990s and finalized the amendments in 2002.

These proposed revisions, in addition to strengthening and clarifying previous regulatory language, outline the additional requirements for regulated oil storage and handling facilities. On July 1, 1994, EPA finalized a second set of revisions to the Oil Pollution Prevention regulations. The revisions incorporate the new requirements added by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 that direct facility owners or operators to prepare, and in some cases submit to the federal government, plans for responding to a worst-case discharge of oil. Discharge of Oil Regulation (40 CFR 110)
Under the legal authority of the Clean Water Act, the Discharge of Oil regulation, more commonly known as the "sheen rule", provides the framework for determining whether an oil spill to inland and coastal waters and/or their adjoining shorelines should be reported to the federal government. In particular, the regulation requires the person in charge of a facility or vessel responsible for discharging oil that may be "harmful to the public health or welfare" to report the spill to the federal government. The regulation establishes the criteria for determining whether an oil spill may be harmful to public health or welfare, thereby triggering the reporting requirements, as follows: Discharges that cause a sheen or discoloration on the surface of a body of water; Discharges that violate applicable water quality standards; and
Discharges that cause a sludge or emulsion to be deposited beneath the surface of the water or on adjoining shorelines. Because the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which amended the Clean Water Act, broadly defines the term "oil," the sheen rule applies to both petroleum and non-petroleum oils (e.g., vegetable oil).

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 agreed to by the Senate on August 2, 1990 ( 99-0) and by the House on August 4, 1990 ( 360-0)
Signed into law by President George H. W. Bush on August 18, 1990
Part of a series on
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v
t
e
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) (101 H.R.1465, P.L. 101-380) [1] was passed by the 101st United States Congress and signed by President George H. W. Bush. [ 2] It works to avoid oil spills from vessels and facilities by enforcing removal of spilled oil and assigning liability for the cost of cleanup and damage; requires specific operating procedures; defines responsible parties and financial liability; implements processes for measuring damages; specifies damages for which violators are liable; and establishes a fund for damages, cleanup, and removal costs. This statute has resulted in instrumental changes in the oil production, transportation, and distribution industries. [ 3]
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
History/Background
Heavy sheens of oil as visible on the surface of the water in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Laws governing oil spills in the United States began in 1851 with the Limitation of Liability Act.

Exxon Valdez oil spill | Response, Animals, & Facts | Britannica Exxon Valdez oil spill
Exxon Valdez oil spill
environmental disaster, Prince William Sound, Alaska, United States [1989]
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Exxon Valdez oil spill
 After evidence suggested that Joseph J. Hazelwood, the ship’s captain, had been drinking before the accident, Exxon terminated his employment. In 1990 the U.S. Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act in direct response to the Exxon Valdez accident. Among other measures, the act created procedures for responding to future oil spills, established the legal liabilities of responsible parties, and set a schedule for banning single-hulled tankers from U.S. waters by 2015. Exxon Valdez oil spill: Naked Island
Crews using water from high-pressure hoses to clean oil off rocks on a beach, Naked Island, Alaska, April 21, 1989. The oil had spilled from the tanker Exxon Valdez when it ran aground on a reef. Rob Stapleton—AP/Shutterstock.com
Exxon Valdez oil spill
Workers cleaning rocks coated in oil from the Exxon Valdez, an oil tanker than ran aground (1989) in Prince William Sound, Alaska, U.S.
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council/NOAA (ID: line1532)
The Exxon Valdez itself was repaired and returned to service but was legally prohibited by a clause in the Oil Pollution Act from ever reentering Prince William Sound. Recommissioned the Exxon Mediterranean, it worked the Mediterranean Sea until single-hulled vessels were banned from European waters. In 2008 it was converted by a Hong Kong company to an ore carrier, and in 2012, under the name Oriental Nicety, it was sold for scrapping in Alang, India.

After evidence suggested that Joseph J. Hazelwood, the ship’s captain, had been drinking before the accident, Exxon terminated his employment. In 1990 the U.S. Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act in direct response to the Exxon Valdez accident. Among other measures, the act created procedures for responding to future oil spills, established the legal liabilities of responsible parties, and set a schedule for banning single-hulled tankers from U.S. waters by 2015. Exxon Valdez oil spill: Naked Island
Crews using water from high-pressure hoses to clean oil off rocks on a beach, Naked Island, Alaska, April 21, 1989. The oil had spilled from the tanker Exxon Valdez when it ran aground on a reef. Rob Stapleton—AP/Shutterstock.com
Exxon Valdez oil spill
Workers cleaning rocks coated in oil from the Exxon Valdez, an oil tanker than ran aground (1989) in Prince William Sound, Alaska, U.S.
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council/NOAA (ID: line1532)
The Exxon Valdez itself was repaired and returned to service but was legally prohibited by a clause in the Oil Pollution Act from ever reentering Prince William Sound. Recommissioned the Exxon Mediterranean, it worked the Mediterranean Sea until single-hulled vessels were banned from European waters. In 2008 it was converted by a Hong Kong company to an ore carrier, and in 2012, under the name Oriental Nicety, it was sold for scrapping in Alang, India.

Oil Pollution Act Overview | US Environmental Protection Agency
Oil Pollution Act Overview
Overview
Key provisions of Oil Pollution Act
Full Text
For More Information
Overview
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) was signed into law in August 1990, largely in response to rising public concern following the Exxon Valdez incident. The OPA improved the nation's ability to prevent and respond to oil spills by establishing provisions that expand the federal government's ability, and provide the money and resources necessary, to respond to oil spills. The OPA also created the national Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, which is available to provide up to one billion dollars per spill incident. In addition, the OPA provided new requirements for contingency planning both by government and industry. The National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) has been expanded in a three-tiered approach: the Federal government is required to direct all public and private response efforts for certain types of spill events; Area Committees -- composed of federal, state, and local government officials -- must develop detailed, location-specific Area Contingency Plans; and owners or operators of vessels and certain facilities that pose a serious threat to the environment must prepare their own Facility Response Plans. Finally, the OPA increased penalties for regulatory noncompliance, broadened the response and enforcement authorities of the Federal government, and preserved State authority to establish law governing oil spill prevention and response. Key Provisions of the Oil Pollution Act
§1002 (a) Provides that the responsible party for a vessel or facility from which oil is discharged, or which poses a substantial threat of a discharge, is liable for: (

Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Understanding Oil Spills
How to Report
EPA Oil Spill Program Contacts
How Reports Are Handled
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Discharge of Oil Regulation (40 CFR 110)
Oil Spill Reporting Exemptions
Properly Functioning Vessel Engines
Research and Development Releases
NPDES-Permitted Releases
Discharges Permitted Under MARPOL
More links
 Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Understanding oil spills
How to Report
How reports are handled
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Discharge of Oil Regulation
Oil Spill Reporting Exemptions
Understanding Oil Spills
This 1993 pdf document contains sections that outline what oil spills are, their potential effects on the environment, how they are cleaned up, and how various agencies prepare for spills before they happen. An in-depth look at the Exxon Valdez spill of March 1989 exemplifies the complexities that can potentially be involved in oil spill cleanup activities. Note that the .pdf file does not include photos found in the bound version. How to Report
Reporting a hazardous substance release or oil spill takes only a few minutes. To report a release or spill, contact the federal government's centralized reporting center, the National Response Center (NRC), at 1-800-424-8802. The NRC is staffed 24 hours a day by U.S. Coast Guard personnel, who will ask you to provide as much information about the incident as possible.

Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Understanding oil spills
How to Report
How reports are handled
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Discharge of Oil Regulation
Oil Spill Reporting Exemptions
Understanding Oil Spills
This 1993 pdf document contains sections that outline what oil spills are, their potential effects on the environment, how they are cleaned up, and how various agencies prepare for spills before they happen. An in-depth look at the Exxon Valdez spill of March 1989 exemplifies the complexities that can potentially be involved in oil spill cleanup activities. Note that the .pdf file does not include photos found in the bound version. How to Report
Reporting a hazardous substance release or oil spill takes only a few minutes. To report a release or spill, contact the federal government's centralized reporting center, the National Response Center (NRC), at 1-800-424-8802. The NRC is staffed 24 hours a day by U.S. Coast Guard personnel, who will ask you to provide as much information about the incident as possible.

Oil Pollution Act (OPA) and Federal Facilities | Enforcement | US EPA Oil Pollution Act (OPA) and Federal Facilities
Oil Pollution Act (OPA) and Federal Facilities
On this page
Summary
Federal Facility Responsibilities Under the Oil Pollution Prevention Program
Application of Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation to Federal Facilities
EPA Enforcement
Criminal Enforcement
State Enforcement
Tribal Enforcement
Citizen Enforcement
EPA OPA Regulations
EPA Policies and Guidance
 Oil Pollution Act (OPA) and Federal Facilities | Enforcement | US EPA
Oil Pollution Act (OPA) and Federal Facilities
On this page
Summary
Federal Facility Responsibilities Under the Oil Pollution Prevention Program
Application of Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation to Federal Facilities
EPA Enforcement
State Enforcement
Tribal Enforcement
Citizen Enforcement
OPA Regulations
EPA Policies and Guidance
Summary
Originally published in 1973 under the authority of §311 of the Clean Water Act, the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation sets forth requirements for prevention of, preparedness for, and response to oil discharges at specific non-transportation-related facilities. To prevent oil from reaching navigable waters and adjoining shorelines, and to contain discharges of oil, the regulation requires these facilities to develop and implement Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) Plans and establishes procedures, methods, and equipment requirements (Subparts A, B, and C). In 1990, the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) amended the Clean Water Act to require some oil storage facilities to prepare Facility Response Plans (FRP). On July 1, 1994, EPA finalized the revisions that direct facility owners or operators to prepare and submit plans for responding to a worst-case discharge of oil (Subpart D). Top of Page
Federal Facility Responsibilities Under the Oil Pollution Prevention Program
Developing and updating the facility’s oil spill emergency response plans
Maintaining required records/documentation
Testing emergency response equipment
Periodically performing mock spill response drills
Notifying federal, state, and local agencies in case of an incident
Mitigating all spills and discharges
Ensuring employees have required training
Top of Page
Application of Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation to Federal Facilities
OPA requires EPA to amend the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) to enhance and expand procedures for oil spill response. In addition, OPA requires certain facilities to develop response plans for responding to worst-case discharges of oil and hazardous substances. Federal facility activities subject to OPA requirements include: Storing or handling petroleum, fuel oil, sludge oil, and oil mixed with waste
Transferring oil by using motor vehicles or rolling stocks; Supporting maritime vessel activities or other water-related activities where fuels are used. Top of Page
EPA Enforcement
EPA’s enforcement authorities for OPA violations reside in CWA §311 (e) and §311 (c).

Oil Pollution Act (OPA) and Federal Facilities | Enforcement | US EPA

Oil Pollution Act (OPA) and Federal Facilities
Oil Pollution Act (OPA) and Federal Facilities
On this page
Summary
Federal Facility Responsibilities Under the Oil Pollution Prevention Program
Application of Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation to Federal Facilities
EPA Enforcement
Criminal Enforcement
State Enforcement
Tribal Enforcement
Citizen Enforcement
EPA OPA Regulations
EPA Policies and Guidance

Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Understanding Oil Spills
How to Report
EPA Oil Spill Program Contacts
How Reports Are Handled
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Discharge of Oil Regulation (40 CFR 110)
Oil Spill Reporting Exemptions
Properly Functioning Vessel Engines
Research and Development Releases
NPDES-Permitted Releases
Discharges Permitted Under MARPOL
More links
 EPA Oil Spill Program Contacts
If you need contact information for a specific person in the EPA Oil Spill Program, you can search for his or her contact information in the EPA Employee Directory. How Reports Are Handled
All reports of hazardous substance releases and oil spills made to the federal government are maintained by the National Response Center or NRC. The NRC records and maintains all reports in a computer database called the Emergency Response Notification System, which is available to the public. The NRC relays the release information to an EPA or U.S. Coast Guard On Scene Coordinator (OSC), depending on the location of the incident. In every area of the country, OSCs are on-call and ready to respond to an oil or hazardous substance release at any time of the day. After receiving a report of an oil or hazardous substance release, the federal OSC evaluates the situation and, if the OSC decides that a federal emergency response action is necessary, the National Response System will be activated. Otherwise, the OSC will monitor the clean up activities of the responsible party and the local and state governments, and will assist in the clean up as warranted. This link provides an overview of the National Response Center. Follow this link to visit the National Response Center Web Site . For information on EPA's Oil Spill Program, call the Oil Spill Program Information Line (800)424-9346 or request information via email
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) was signed into law in August 1990, largely in response to rising public concern following the Exxon Valdez incident.

EPA Oil Spill Program Contacts
If you need contact information for a specific person in the EPA Oil Spill Program, you can search for his or her contact information in the EPA Employee Directory. How Reports Are Handled
All reports of hazardous substance releases and oil spills made to the federal government are maintained by the National Response Center or NRC. The NRC records and maintains all reports in a computer database called the Emergency Response Notification System, which is available to the public. The NRC relays the release information to an EPA or U.S. Coast Guard On Scene Coordinator (OSC), depending on the location of the incident. In every area of the country, OSCs are on-call and ready to respond to an oil or hazardous substance release at any time of the day. After receiving a report of an oil or hazardous substance release, the federal OSC evaluates the situation and, if the OSC decides that a federal emergency response action is necessary, the National Response System will be activated. Otherwise, the OSC will monitor the clean up activities of the responsible party and the local and state governments, and will assist in the clean up as warranted. This link provides an overview of the National Response Center. Follow this link to visit the National Response Center Web Site . For information on EPA's Oil Spill Program, call the Oil Spill Program Information Line (800)424-9346 or request information via email
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) was signed into law in August 1990, largely in response to rising public concern following the Exxon Valdez incident.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 Of the $8 million of cleanup-related costs, the owners of the Torrey Canyon were held liable for only $50—the value of the only remaining Torrey Canyon lifeboat. In the meantime, the Oil Pollution Act of 1924 had passed, but this statue only limited liability for deliberate discharge of oil into marine waters. Two years following the Torrey Canyon spill, an oil platform eruption in the Santa Barbara Channel made national headlines and thrust oil pollution into the public spot light. As a result, in 1970, Congress placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the Clean Water Act of 1972 and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability limitations. For example, vessels transporting oil were liable only up to $250,000 or $150 per gross ton. These limitations rarely covered the cost of removal and cleanup, let alone damages. In the decades to follow, several other laws that dealt with oil spill liability and compensation were passed. These statues include: the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973, the Deep Water Port Act of 1974, the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1978, and the Alaska Oil Spill Commission of 1990.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links

Of the $8 million of cleanup-related costs, the owners of the Torrey Canyon were held liable for only $50—the value of the only remaining Torrey Canyon lifeboat. In the meantime, the Oil Pollution Act of 1924 had passed, but this statue only limited liability for deliberate discharge of oil into marine waters. Two years following the Torrey Canyon spill, an oil platform eruption in the Santa Barbara Channel made national headlines and thrust oil pollution into the public spot light. As a result, in 1970, Congress placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the Clean Water Act of 1972 and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability limitations. For example, vessels transporting oil were liable only up to $250,000 or $150 per gross ton. These limitations rarely covered the cost of removal and cleanup, let alone damages. In the decades to follow, several other laws that dealt with oil spill liability and compensation were passed. These statues include: the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973, the Deep Water Port Act of 1974, the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1978, and the Alaska Oil Spill Commission of 1990.

 The plaintiffs were ultimately awarded $287 million in compensatory damages and $380.6 million in punitive damages. This same incident also derailed the plans to build a facility to remove oil from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Opponents worried about the possible effects of an oil spill on land in a protected habitat. In addition, the 1969 oil spill in Santa Barbara, Calif., caused many laws to be placed on the oil companies operating in and around the United States. It placed a moratorium on the building of new oil refineries and also a number of rules regarding the transport of oil. Related Articles
How Does an Oil Spill Affect The Environment? Oil Spill Information for Kids
How to Remove Oil from Sea Water
What Are the Causes of Animals Becoming Endangered? Oil Drilling Benefits
Environmental Impacts of Oil Extraction
Facts About Oil Rigs
Pollution's Effects on Animals
Types of Oil Pollution
What Chemicals Break Down Oil? The Disadvantages of Oil Drilling in Alaska
Difference Between Hydraulic Fluid & Oil
How to Separate Oil & Water Layers
What Happens After a Tsunami Occurs? The Effects of Water Pollution Around the World
The Oily Truth About Palm Oil
Pros & Cons of Drilling for Oil in the U.S.
List of Missouri's Natural Resources
Hazards of Breathing Oil Smoke
The Effects of Oil Pollution on Aquatic Ecosystems
References
The Lasting Legacy of Offshore Drilling
Behavior and Effects of Oil Spills
NOAA:

The plaintiffs were ultimately awarded $287 million in compensatory damages and $380.6 million in punitive damages. This same incident also derailed the plans to build a facility to remove oil from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Opponents worried about the possible effects of an oil spill on land in a protected habitat. In addition, the 1969 oil spill in Santa Barbara, Calif., caused many laws to be placed on the oil companies operating in and around the United States. It placed a moratorium on the building of new oil refineries and also a number of rules regarding the transport of oil. Related Articles
How Does an Oil Spill Affect The Environment? Oil Spill Information for Kids
How to Remove Oil from Sea Water
What Are the Causes of Animals Becoming Endangered? Oil Drilling Benefits
Environmental Impacts of Oil Extraction
Facts About Oil Rigs
Pollution's Effects on Animals
Types of Oil Pollution
What Chemicals Break Down Oil? The Disadvantages of Oil Drilling in Alaska
Difference Between Hydraulic Fluid & Oil
How to Separate Oil & Water Layers
What Happens After a Tsunami Occurs? The Effects of Water Pollution Around the World
The Oily Truth About Palm Oil
Pros & Cons of Drilling for Oil in the U.S.
List of Missouri's Natural Resources
Hazards of Breathing Oil Smoke
The Effects of Oil Pollution on Aquatic Ecosystems
References
The Lasting Legacy of Offshore Drilling
Behavior and Effects of Oil Spills
NOAA:

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Certificate of Financial Responsibility (COFRs)
The National Pollution Funds Center is tasked with administering the vessel financial responsibility portions of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA). COFR Application Overview
The COFR Application contains information on the vessels that have been issued COFRs. The data contained therein is updated daily (M-F) as vessels are added or deleted from the list. The site also permits users to apply for, renew, change, and pay for COFR applications via the Web through the E-COFR application. By clicking on the link below, you may: Search for vessel COFR information
Submit and pay for a new COFR, a COFR renewal, a COFR change or update, and/or a COFR replacement
Download COFR application Form CG-5585
Contact marine insurance examiners via e-mail, and
Download COFR regulations. Enter COFR Application
The OPA 90 limits of liability for vessels have been adjusted due to an increase in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The new limits and their effective date can be found here: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2019-08-13/pdf/2019-17234.pdf
Business Hours: Monday through Friday:

Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Understanding Oil Spills
How to Report
EPA Oil Spill Program Contacts
How Reports Are Handled
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Discharge of Oil Regulation (40 CFR 110)
Oil Spill Reporting Exemptions
Properly Functioning Vessel Engines
Research and Development Releases
NPDES-Permitted Releases
Discharges Permitted Under MARPOL
More links
 In particular, the regulation applies to non-transportation-related facilities that: Have an aboveground storage capacity of more than 660 gallons in a single tank, an aggregate aboveground storage capacity of more than 1,320 gallons, or a total underground storage capacity of 42,000 gallons; and
Could reasonably be expected to discharge oil in harmful quantities into navigable waters of the United States. The regulation requires each owner or operator of a regulated facility to prepare an SPCC Plan. The Plan is required to address the facility's design, operation, and maintenance procedures established to prevent spills from occurring, as well as countermeasures to control, contain, clean up, and mitigate the effects of an oil spill that could affect navigable waters. Following the massive Ashland oil spill in 1988, EPA formed the SPCC Task Force to examine federal regulations governing oil spills from aboveground storage tanks. The SPCC Task Force recommended that EPA clarify certain provisions in the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation, establish additional technical requirements for regulated facilities, and require the preparation of facility-specific response plans. In 1990, Congress enacted the Oil Pollution Act which, among other things, required certain oil storage facilities to prepare facility response plans. In response, EPA proposed revisions to the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation in two phases. EPA proposed its first set of revisions to the regulation on October 22, 1991.

In particular, the regulation applies to non-transportation-related facilities that: Have an aboveground storage capacity of more than 660 gallons in a single tank, an aggregate aboveground storage capacity of more than 1,320 gallons, or a total underground storage capacity of 42,000 gallons; and
Could reasonably be expected to discharge oil in harmful quantities into navigable waters of the United States. The regulation requires each owner or operator of a regulated facility to prepare an SPCC Plan. The Plan is required to address the facility's design, operation, and maintenance procedures established to prevent spills from occurring, as well as countermeasures to control, contain, clean up, and mitigate the effects of an oil spill that could affect navigable waters. Following the massive Ashland oil spill in 1988, EPA formed the SPCC Task Force to examine federal regulations governing oil spills from aboveground storage tanks. The SPCC Task Force recommended that EPA clarify certain provisions in the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation, establish additional technical requirements for regulated facilities, and require the preparation of facility-specific response plans. In 1990, Congress enacted the Oil Pollution Act which, among other things, required certain oil storage facilities to prepare facility response plans. In response, EPA proposed revisions to the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation in two phases. EPA proposed its first set of revisions to the regulation on October 22, 1991.

Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Reporting Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Oil Spills: Everything You Need To Know
Understanding Oil Spills
How to Report
EPA Oil Spill Program Contacts
How Reports Are Handled
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Discharge of Oil Regulation (40 CFR 110)
Oil Spill Reporting Exemptions
Properly Functioning Vessel Engines
Research and Development Releases
NPDES-Permitted Releases
Discharges Permitted Under MARPOL
More links
 After receiving a report of an oil or hazardous substance release, the federal OSC evaluates the situation and, if the OSC decides that a federal emergency response action is necessary, the National Response System will be activated. Otherwise, the OSC will monitor the clean up activities of the responsible party and the local and state governments, and will assist in the clean up as warranted. This link provides an overview of the National Response Center. Follow this link to visit the National Response Center Web Site . For information on EPA's Oil Spill Program, call the Oil Spill Program Information Line (800)424-9346 or request information via email
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) was signed into law in August 1990, largely in response to rising public concern following the Exxon Valdez incident. The OPA improved the nation's ability to prevent and respond to oil spills by establishing provisions that expand the federal government's ability, and provide the money and people necessary, to respond to oil spills. The OPA also created the national Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, which is available to provide up to one billion dollars per spill incident. In addition, the OPA provided new requirements for contingency planning both by government and industry. The National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) has been expanded in a three-tiered approach: the Federal government is required to direct all public and private response efforts for certain types of spill events;

After receiving a report of an oil or hazardous substance release, the federal OSC evaluates the situation and, if the OSC decides that a federal emergency response action is necessary, the National Response System will be activated. Otherwise, the OSC will monitor the clean up activities of the responsible party and the local and state governments, and will assist in the clean up as warranted. This link provides an overview of the National Response Center. Follow this link to visit the National Response Center Web Site . For information on EPA's Oil Spill Program, call the Oil Spill Program Information Line (800)424-9346 or request information via email
Overview of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) was signed into law in August 1990, largely in response to rising public concern following the Exxon Valdez incident. The OPA improved the nation's ability to prevent and respond to oil spills by establishing provisions that expand the federal government's ability, and provide the money and people necessary, to respond to oil spills. The OPA also created the national Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, which is available to provide up to one billion dollars per spill incident. In addition, the OPA provided new requirements for contingency planning both by government and industry. The National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) has been expanded in a three-tiered approach: the Federal government is required to direct all public and private response efforts for certain types of spill events;

Clean Air Act: US History for Kids *** Clean Air Act of 1963, 1970 and 1990
Clean Air Act of 1963, 1970 and 1990 Sulfur dioxide is a waste gas produced by burning coal and oil and by many industrial processes, such as smelting. It is linked with a number of adverse effects on the respiratory system. Sulfur dioxide is a hazardous air pollutant and a major contributor to acid rain. Clean Air Act Facts - 21: Particulate matter: Particulate matter are tiny, fine particles suspended in air many of which are hazardous to the environment. Particulate matter is a complex mixture of extremely small particles in soot, smoke, pollen dirt and liquid droplets with an aerodynamic size less than 10 micrometers. Clean Air Act Facts - 22: Amendments to the Clean Air Act in 1990 focused on further reducing air pollutant emissions and air pollution. In the 1990 law US Congress also recognized that Native American Indian Tribes have the authority to implement air pollution control programs.

Clean Air Act: US History for Kids ***

Clean Air Act of 1963, 1970 and 1990
Clean Air Act of 1963, 1970 and 1990

Sulfur dioxide is a waste gas produced by burning coal and oil and by many industrial processes, such as smelting. It is linked with a number of adverse effects on the respiratory system. Sulfur dioxide is a hazardous air pollutant and a major contributor to acid rain. Clean Air Act Facts - 21: Particulate matter: Particulate matter are tiny, fine particles suspended in air many of which are hazardous to the environment. Particulate matter is a complex mixture of extremely small particles in soot, smoke, pollen dirt and liquid droplets with an aerodynamic size less than 10 micrometers. Clean Air Act Facts - 22: Amendments to the Clean Air Act in 1990 focused on further reducing air pollutant emissions and air pollution. In the 1990 law US Congress also recognized that Native American Indian Tribes have the authority to implement air pollution control programs.

After the Big Spill, What Happened to the Ship Exxon Valdez? | response.restoration.noaa.gov Office of Response and Restoration
After the Big Spill, What Happened to the Ship Exxon Valdez?
New Law, New Name
A Ship Singled Out?
The End Is Near
 A Ship Singled Out? Exxon filed suit in federal court challenging the provisions of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 that had banned its tanker from the Prince William Sound trade route. In November 2002, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the Oil Pollution Act and its vessel prohibition provision (the Justice Department noting that to that time, 18 vessels had been prevented from entering Prince William Sound). While Sea River had argued that the law unfairly singled out and punished its tanker, and that there was no reason to believe that a tanker guilty of spilling in the past would spill in the future, the three-judge panel disagreed unanimously. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990, the landmark law resulting from the Exxon Valdez oil spill, legislated the phase-out of all single-hulled tankers from U.S. waters by 2015. On October 21, 2003, single-hulled tankers carrying heavy oils were banned by the European Union. A complete ban on single-hulled tankers was to be phased in on an accelerated schedule in 2005 and 2010. There remains pressure to eliminate single-hulled tankers from the oil trade worldwide, so their days are clearly numbered. In 2005, the S/R Mediterranean was reflagged under the Marshall Islands after having remained a U.S.-flagged ship for 20 years (reportedly in the hopes that it eventually would have been permitted to re-enter the Alaska – U.S. West Coast – Panama route for which it had been designed). The ship's name became simply Mediterranean.

A Ship Singled Out? Exxon filed suit in federal court challenging the provisions of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 that had banned its tanker from the Prince William Sound trade route. In November 2002, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the Oil Pollution Act and its vessel prohibition provision (the Justice Department noting that to that time, 18 vessels had been prevented from entering Prince William Sound). While Sea River had argued that the law unfairly singled out and punished its tanker, and that there was no reason to believe that a tanker guilty of spilling in the past would spill in the future, the three-judge panel disagreed unanimously. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990, the landmark law resulting from the Exxon Valdez oil spill, legislated the phase-out of all single-hulled tankers from U.S. waters by 2015. On October 21, 2003, single-hulled tankers carrying heavy oils were banned by the European Union. A complete ban on single-hulled tankers was to be phased in on an accelerated schedule in 2005 and 2010. There remains pressure to eliminate single-hulled tankers from the oil trade worldwide, so their days are clearly numbered. In 2005, the S/R Mediterranean was reflagged under the Marshall Islands after having remained a U.S.-flagged ship for 20 years (reportedly in the hopes that it eventually would have been permitted to re-enter the Alaska – U.S. West Coast – Panama route for which it had been designed). The ship's name became simply Mediterranean.

Clean Water Act (CWA) | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Clean Water Act (CWA)
Clean Water Act (CWA)
CWA - Legal Responsibility and Regulatory Enforcement
CWA - Guidelines and Standards
Technology-Based Effluent Limitations Guidelines
New Source Performance Standards
Oil Pollution Prevention
Cooling Water Intake
CWA – Permitting
Status of Current NPDES Permits:
EPA Region 4
EPA Region 6
EPA Region 9
EPA Region 10
 NSPS are based upon the best available demonstrated control technology and are at least as stringent as best available technology. The NPDES guidelines define a new source as any area in which significant site preparation work is done. EPA interprets "significant site preparation" for offshore effluent guidelines as "the process of clearing and preparing an area of the ocean floor for purposes of constructing or placing a development or production facility on or over the site." Thus, development and production facilities at a new site would be new sources. Development and production facilities are existing sources if significant site preparation work took place before NSPS became effective. Exploratory wells are not considered new sources because site preparation is not considered significant. Oil Pollution Prevention
Originally published in 1973 under the authority of Section 311 of the CWA, the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation sets forth requirements for prevention of, preparedness for, and response to oil discharges at specific non-transportation-related facilities. To prevent oil from reaching navigable waters and adjoining shorelines, and to contain discharges of oil, the regulation requires these facilities to develop and implement Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) Plans and establishes procedures, methods, and equipment requirements (Subparts A, B, and C). The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) amended the CWA, and provided new requirements for contingency planning by government and industry under the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan. OPA 90 also increased penalties for regulatory noncompliance, broadened the response and enforcement authorities of the federal government, and preserved state authority to establish laws governing oil spill prevention and response.

Clean Water Act (CWA) | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management

Clean Water Act (CWA)
Clean Water Act (CWA)
CWA - Legal Responsibility and Regulatory Enforcement
CWA - Guidelines and Standards
Technology-Based Effluent Limitations Guidelines
New Source Performance Standards
Oil Pollution Prevention
Cooling Water Intake
CWA – Permitting
Status of Current NPDES Permits:
EPA Region 4
EPA Region 6
EPA Region 9
EPA Region 10

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 United States Coast Guard
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA)
OPA Overview
Title I of OPA
NPFC Created to Implement OPA, Title I
 OPA Overview
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 ( 33 U.S.C. 2701-2761) amended the Clean Water Act and addressed the wide range of problems associated with preventing, responding to, and paying for oil pollution incidents in navigable waters of the United States. It created a comprehensive prevention, response, liability, and compensation regime to deal with vessel- and facility-caused oil pollution to U.S. navigable waters. OPA greatly increased federal oversight of maritime oil transportation, while providing greater environmental safeguards by: Setting new requirements for vessel construction and crew licensing and manning,
Mandating contingency planning,
Enhancing federal response capability,
Broadening enforcement authority,
Increasing penalties,
Creating new research and development programs,
Increasing potential liabilities, and
Significantly broadening financial responsibility requirements. Title I of OPA
Title I of OPA established new and higher liability limits for oil spills, with commensurate changes to financial responsibility requirements. It substantially broadened the scope of damages, including natural resource damages (NRDs), for which polluters are liable. It also authorized the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) up to $1 billion to pay for expeditious oil removal and uncompensated damagesup to $1 billion per incident. The Delaware River Protection Act of 2006, title VI of the Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Act of 2006, increased the limits of liability. NPFC Created to Implement OPA, Title I
OSLTF administration was delegated to the U.S. Coast Guard by Executive Order; and on February 20, 1991, the National Pollution Funds Center (NPFC) was commissioned to:

Oil Pollution Act of 1990

United States Coast Guard
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA)
OPA Overview
Title I of OPA
NPFC Created to Implement OPA, Title I

OPA Overview
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 ( 33 U.S.C. 2701-2761) amended the Clean Water Act and addressed the wide range of problems associated with preventing, responding to, and paying for oil pollution incidents in navigable waters of the United States. It created a comprehensive prevention, response, liability, and compensation regime to deal with vessel- and facility-caused oil pollution to U.S. navigable waters. OPA greatly increased federal oversight of maritime oil transportation, while providing greater environmental safeguards by: Setting new requirements for vessel construction and crew licensing and manning,
Mandating contingency planning,
Enhancing federal response capability,
Broadening enforcement authority,
Increasing penalties,
Creating new research and development programs,
Increasing potential liabilities, and
Significantly broadening financial responsibility requirements. Title I of OPA
Title I of OPA established new and higher liability limits for oil spills, with commensurate changes to financial responsibility requirements. It substantially broadened the scope of damages, including natural resource damages (NRDs), for which polluters are liable. It also authorized the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) up to $1 billion to pay for expeditious oil removal and uncompensated damagesup to $1 billion per incident. The Delaware River Protection Act of 2006, title VI of the Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Act of 2006, increased the limits of liability. NPFC Created to Implement OPA, Title I
OSLTF administration was delegated to the U.S. Coast Guard by Executive Order; and on February 20, 1991, the National Pollution Funds Center (NPFC) was commissioned to:

California Coastal Commission
Why is oil harmful to the environment?
What is the government doing to prevent oil spills?
What can you do to protect the Bay and the ocean?
Classroom activities about oil spills
Oil Spill Glossary
 Many other animals were likely affected but not recovered. Dolphin health was still being impacted years after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon explosion that spilled more than 130 million gallons into Gulf of Mexico waters. More information on the effects of oil on wildlife: International Bird Rescue Research Center
Oiled Wildlife Care Network
NOAA Office of Response and Restoration
What is the government doing to prevent oil spills? After the large Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska in 1989, both the United States and California governments enacted laws to help prevent oil spills. The International Safety Management Code, enforced since 1998, requires ships entering U.S. ports to meet certain standards, including procedures for reporting accidents and requiring qualified crew. In 1990, the U.S. enacted the Oil Pollution Act (OPA). One of the things OPA did was require that oil tankers be double-hulled, and requires the phase out of existing single-hull tankers. A double-hull further protects a ship from damage to its cargo tank, reducing the risk of oil spilling during an accident. California enacted the Oil Spill Prevention and Response Act in 1990, which established the Office of Oil Spill Prevention and Response within the Department of Fish and Game, which is authorized to direct spill response, cleanup, and natural resource damage assessment activities, as well as regulate all private vessels over 300 gross tons (672,000 pounds) that enter California ports.

California Coastal Commission

Why is oil harmful to the environment?
What is the government doing to prevent oil spills?
What can you do to protect the Bay and the ocean?
Classroom activities about oil spills
Oil Spill Glossary

Many other animals were likely affected but not recovered. Dolphin health was still being impacted years after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon explosion that spilled more than 130 million gallons into Gulf of Mexico waters. More information on the effects of oil on wildlife: International Bird Rescue Research Center
Oiled Wildlife Care Network
NOAA Office of Response and Restoration
What is the government doing to prevent oil spills? After the large Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska in 1989, both the United States and California governments enacted laws to help prevent oil spills. The International Safety Management Code, enforced since 1998, requires ships entering U.S. ports to meet certain standards, including procedures for reporting accidents and requiring qualified crew. In 1990, the U.S. enacted the Oil Pollution Act (OPA). One of the things OPA did was require that oil tankers be double-hulled, and requires the phase out of existing single-hull tankers. A double-hull further protects a ship from damage to its cargo tank, reducing the risk of oil spilling during an accident. California enacted the Oil Spill Prevention and Response Act in 1990, which established the Office of Oil Spill Prevention and Response within the Department of Fish and Game, which is authorized to direct spill response, cleanup, and natural resource damage assessment activities, as well as regulate all private vessels over 300 gross tons (672,000 pounds) that enter California ports.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 As a result, in 1970, Congress placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the Clean Water Act of 1972 and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability limitations. For example, vessels transporting oil were liable only up to $250,000 or $150 per gross ton. These limitations rarely covered the cost of removal and cleanup, let alone damages. [ 4]
In the decades to follow, several other laws that dealt with oil spill liability and compensation were passed. These statues include: the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973, the Deep Water Port Act of 1974, the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1978, and the Alaska Oil Spill Commission of 1990. However, this fragmented collection of federal and state laws provided only limited safeguards against the hazards of oils spills. In 1976, a bill to create a cohesive safe measure for oil pollution was introduced to Congress. Neither the House of Representatives nor the Senate could agree on a single statue and the bill fell out of consideration numerous times. [

As a result, in 1970, Congress placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the Clean Water Act of 1972 and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability limitations. For example, vessels transporting oil were liable only up to $250,000 or $150 per gross ton. These limitations rarely covered the cost of removal and cleanup, let alone damages. [ 4]
In the decades to follow, several other laws that dealt with oil spill liability and compensation were passed. These statues include: the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973, the Deep Water Port Act of 1974, the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1978, and the Alaska Oil Spill Commission of 1990. However, this fragmented collection of federal and state laws provided only limited safeguards against the hazards of oils spills. In 1976, a bill to create a cohesive safe measure for oil pollution was introduced to Congress. Neither the House of Representatives nor the Senate could agree on a single statue and the bill fell out of consideration numerous times. [

Facility Response Plan (FRP) Overview | Oil Spills Prevention and Preparedness Regulations | US EPA Facility Response Plan (FRP) Overview
Facility Response Plan (FRP) Overview
Basic Information
FRP Rule Summary
FRP Rule History
Revisions to the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
Denial of Request to Amend the FRP Requirements for Animal Fat/Vegetable Oil Facilities
Amended FRP Requirements for Animal Fat/Vegetable Oil Facilities
Additional Information
 Facility Response Plan (FRP) Overview | Oil Spills Prevention and Preparedness Regulations | US EPA
Facility Response Plan (FRP) Overview
FRP Rule Summary
FRP Rule History
Basic Information
Legal Authority: Section 311 (j) (5) of the Clean Water Act
Federal Register Citation: 59 FR 34070 (July 1,1994)
Code of Federal Regulations: 40 CFR 112.20
40 CFR 112.21
Additional Information
FRP Rule Summary
The Facility Response Plan (FRP) rule requires certain facilities that store and use oil are required to prepare and submit an FRP. An FRP demonstrates a facility's preparedness to respond to a worst case oil discharge. As part of the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation, the FRP rule addresses: FRP applicability
Key elements to be included in an FRP
Certification of the applicability of substantial harm criteria
FRP facilities with existing response or SPCC plans
Top of Page
FRP Rule History
Since 1994, a number of revisions have been discussed or finalized, including modified requirements for an owner or operator of a facility handling, storing, or transporting animal fats or vegetable oils. Revisions to the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
On September 15, 1994 ( 59 FR 47384 ), EPA promulgated revisions to the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP). The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 amends existing provisions of the Clean Water Act and creates major new authorities addressing oil and hazardous substance spill response. The amended Clean Water Act required the President to revise the NCP to reflect these changes.

Facility Response Plan (FRP) Overview | Oil Spills Prevention and Preparedness Regulations | US EPA

Facility Response Plan (FRP) Overview
Facility Response Plan (FRP) Overview
Basic Information
FRP Rule Summary
FRP Rule History
Revisions to the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
Denial of Request to Amend the FRP Requirements for Animal Fat/Vegetable Oil Facilities
Amended FRP Requirements for Animal Fat/Vegetable Oil Facilities
Additional Information

Facility Response Plan (FRP) Overview | Oil Spills Prevention and Preparedness Regulations | US EPA
Facility Response Plan (FRP) Overview
FRP Rule Summary
FRP Rule History
Basic Information
Legal Authority: Section 311 (j) (5) of the Clean Water Act
Federal Register Citation: 59 FR 34070 (July 1,1994)
Code of Federal Regulations: 40 CFR 112.20
40 CFR 112.21
Additional Information
FRP Rule Summary
The Facility Response Plan (FRP) rule requires certain facilities that store and use oil are required to prepare and submit an FRP. An FRP demonstrates a facility's preparedness to respond to a worst case oil discharge. As part of the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation, the FRP rule addresses: FRP applicability
Key elements to be included in an FRP
Certification of the applicability of substantial harm criteria
FRP facilities with existing response or SPCC plans
Top of Page
FRP Rule History
Since 1994, a number of revisions have been discussed or finalized, including modified requirements for an owner or operator of a facility handling, storing, or transporting animal fats or vegetable oils. Revisions to the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
On September 15, 1994 ( 59 FR 47384 ), EPA promulgated revisions to the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP). The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 amends existing provisions of the Clean Water Act and creates major new authorities addressing oil and hazardous substance spill response. The amended Clean Water Act required the President to revise the NCP to reflect these changes.

Conservation, biodiversity sustainability environment issues, automated lobbying database at Information for Action
Oil Pollution Any oil pollution can be traced back to the carrier, in order that the polluter can be specifically targeted. The intention is to make transporters have ownership for the safety of their vessel, and held responsible for their own pollution thus reducing the chance of spills. These types of schemes need to be expanded and funded. The figures show that increased and better enforcement of legislation does work. Between 1981 and 1990 oil pollution from shipping fell from 3.2 million tons to 2.35 million tonnes mainly due to stricter regulations. Optimistic as these figures seem, certain areas still have a very high level of pollution, for example the Caribbean basin and the Northern part of the Indian Ocean due to a high intensity of shipping in those areas. Figures used are only levels of pollution reported and it is though that in actuality the level is much higher. People need to be educated that every time oil pollutes the waterways it has an effect on the complex eco-structure, no matter how small. Return to Oil Pollution Topic

Conservation, biodiversity sustainability environment issues, automated lobbying database at Information for Action

Any oil pollution can be traced back to the carrier, in order that the polluter can be specifically targeted. The intention is to make transporters have ownership for the safety of their vessel, and held responsible for their own pollution thus reducing the chance of spills. These types of schemes need to be expanded and funded. The figures show that increased and better enforcement of legislation does work. Between 1981 and 1990 oil pollution from shipping fell from 3.2 million tons to 2.35 million tonnes mainly due to stricter regulations. Optimistic as these figures seem, certain areas still have a very high level of pollution, for example the Caribbean basin and the Northern part of the Indian Ocean due to a high intensity of shipping in those areas. Figures used are only levels of pollution reported and it is though that in actuality the level is much higher. People need to be educated that every time oil pollutes the waterways it has an effect on the complex eco-structure, no matter how small. Return to Oil Pollution Topic

H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990
101st Congress (1989-1990)

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
Law
Tracker:
Summary (6)
Text (7)
Actions (178)
Titles (11)
Amendments (33)
Cosponsors (79)
Committees (5)
Related Bills (25)
Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Shown Here:
Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)
 H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress
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H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
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Introduced Date: 03/16/1989
Committees: House - Merchant Marine and Fisheries; Public Works and Transportation; Foreign Affairs; Interior and Insular Affairs; Science, Space and Technology
Committee Reports: H.Rept 101-242 Part 2; H.Rept 101-242 Part 3;

H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990
101st Congress (1989-1990)

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
Law
Tracker:
Summary (6)
Text (7)
Actions (178)
Titles (11)
Amendments (33)
Cosponsors (79)
Committees (5)
Related Bills (25)
Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Shown Here:
Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)

H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress
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Home > Legislation > 101st Congress > H.R.1465
H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
Law
Hide Overview
Introduced Date: 03/16/1989
Committees: House - Merchant Marine and Fisheries; Public Works and Transportation; Foreign Affairs; Interior and Insular Affairs; Science, Space and Technology
Committee Reports: H.Rept 101-242 Part 2; H.Rept 101-242 Part 3;

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 BP agreed to pay $20.8 billion to resolve government civil claims. In 2012, BP agreed to plead guilty and pay $4 billion in a separate criminal investigation. EPA rules that took effect in 2015 led to a closing of coal ash basins. Because of the new rules, Duke Energy pleaded guilty to criminal violations of federal water pollution laws and agreed to pay $102 million in fines and remediation. The EPA's environmental areas of concern include: Air Pollution
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Solid Waste
Toxic Tort
The EPA is charged with administering all or a part laws and executive orders help to protect human health and the environment. EPA’s New Source Review initiative under the Clean Air Act (CAA), with special emphasis on coal-fired electric generating plants, pulp and paper manufacturing facilities and similar operations; enforcement action against petroleum pipeline operator alleging violations of the Clean Water Act (CWA), the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (HMTA), and the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Here is a list of major U.S. federal laws pertaining to the environment  from the NRDC (National Resources Defense Council), one of the most powerful US environmental groups. Toxic Waste, Pollution and Hazardous Wastes
The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) was passed in 1976.

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BP agreed to pay $20.8 billion to resolve government civil claims. In 2012, BP agreed to plead guilty and pay $4 billion in a separate criminal investigation. EPA rules that took effect in 2015 led to a closing of coal ash basins. Because of the new rules, Duke Energy pleaded guilty to criminal violations of federal water pollution laws and agreed to pay $102 million in fines and remediation. The EPA's environmental areas of concern include: Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Toxic Waste
Plants and factories
Illegal Dumping
Marine and Ocean Discharges
Heavy Metal Contamination
Asbestos
Chemical Spills
Oil Spills
Solid Waste
Toxic Tort
The EPA is charged with administering all or a part laws and executive orders help to protect human health and the environment. EPA’s New Source Review initiative under the Clean Air Act (CAA), with special emphasis on coal-fired electric generating plants, pulp and paper manufacturing facilities and similar operations; enforcement action against petroleum pipeline operator alleging violations of the Clean Water Act (CWA), the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (HMTA), and the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Here is a list of major U.S. federal laws pertaining to the environment  from the NRDC (National Resources Defense Council), one of the most powerful US environmental groups. Toxic Waste, Pollution and Hazardous Wastes
The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) was passed in 1976.

Pollution in Canada - Wikipedia Pollution in Canada
Pollution in Canada
Contents
Air pollution
Oil sands pollution
Pollution from oil wells
Canada/United States transboundary pollution
Climate Change Accountability Act
Water pollution
Oil sands pollution
Great Lakes pollution
Arctic waters pollution
Pollution from sewage
Soil pollution
Soil degradation/pollution
Road salt pollution
PCB pollution
Health effects of pollution
Air pollution
Soil pollution
See also
References
External links
 A recent report found that Canadian companies contributed 73% more to air pollution than companies in the United States. Within the 73% more emissions it was found that Canadian companies contributed 29% more respiratory toxins into the air than the U.S." . This can be evidenced with Environment Canada's 2010 document named Air Pollutant Emission Summaries and Historical Emission Trends. This report found that 2010 emissions, when compared to 2009 emissions, saw an overall decrease. Additionally, it was found that heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants ( smog precursors) were at lower levels in 2010 than in 1990. Oil sands pollution
Further information: Athabasca oil sands § Environmental impacts
While overall pollution levels have dropped, it was found that oil sands pollution has increased by 20% since 2009. Tar sands facilities were found to be among the top four highest polluters of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)- a major air contaminant. VOCs and other air contaminants are set to increase in the future as a result of continued output from the oil sands. Oil sands pollution is not only set to increase VOCs, but also, acid rain.

Pollution in Canada - Wikipedia

A recent report found that Canadian companies contributed 73% more to air pollution than companies in the United States. Within the 73% more emissions it was found that Canadian companies contributed 29% more respiratory toxins into the air than the U.S." . This can be evidenced with Environment Canada's 2010 document named Air Pollutant Emission Summaries and Historical Emission Trends. This report found that 2010 emissions, when compared to 2009 emissions, saw an overall decrease. Additionally, it was found that heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants ( smog precursors) were at lower levels in 2010 than in 1990. Oil sands pollution
Further information: Athabasca oil sands § Environmental impacts
While overall pollution levels have dropped, it was found that oil sands pollution has increased by 20% since 2009. Tar sands facilities were found to be among the top four highest polluters of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)- a major air contaminant. VOCs and other air contaminants are set to increase in the future as a result of continued output from the oil sands. Oil sands pollution is not only set to increase VOCs, but also, acid rain.

Oil Pollution Act of 1973 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1973
Oil Pollution Act of 1973
Contents
History of OILPOL
Provisions of the Act
Definitions
Tank Ship Construction Standards
Zone Prohibitions
Oil Record Book
Repeal of Oil Pollution Act of 1973
See also
References
External links
 Oil Pollution Act of 1973 - Wikipedia
Oil Pollution Act of 1973
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Oil Pollution Act of 1973

Long title
An Act to amend the Oil Pollution Act, 1961 (75 Stat. 402), as amended, to implement the 1969 and 1971 amendments to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954, as amended; and for other purposes. Nicknames
Oil Pollution Act Amendments of 1973
Enacted by
the 93rd United States Congress
Effective
October 4, 1973
Citations
Public law
93-119
Statutes at Large
87 Stat. 424-2
Codification
Acts amended
Oil Pollution Act of 1961
Titles amended
33 U.S.C.: Navigable Waters
U.S.C. sections amended
33 U.S.C. ch. 20 §§ 1001-1016
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 5451 by Leonor Sullivan ( D - MO) on March 8, 1973
Committee consideration by House Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Senate Commerce
Passed the House on May 8, 1973 ( 370-1)
Passed the Senate on September 24, 1973 (passed)
Signed into law by President Richard Nixon on October 4, 1973
The Oil Pollution Act of 1973 or Oil Pollution Act Amendments of 1973, 33 U.S.C. Chapter 20 §§ 1001-1011, was a United States federal law which amended the United States Statute 75 Stat. 402. The Act of Congress sustained the United States commitment to control the discharge of fossil fuel pollutants from nautical vessels and to acknowledge the embargo of coastal zones in trans-boundary waters . The H.R. 5451 legislation was passed by the United States 93rd Congressional session and enacted by the 37th President of the United States Richard Nixon on October 4, 1973.

Oil Pollution Act of 1973 - Wikipedia

Oil Pollution Act of 1973
Oil Pollution Act of 1973
Contents
History of OILPOL
Provisions of the Act
Definitions
Tank Ship Construction Standards
Zone Prohibitions
Oil Record Book
Repeal of Oil Pollution Act of 1973
See also
References
External links

Oil Pollution Act of 1973 - Wikipedia
Oil Pollution Act of 1973
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Oil Pollution Act of 1973

Long title
An Act to amend the Oil Pollution Act, 1961 (75 Stat. 402), as amended, to implement the 1969 and 1971 amendments to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954, as amended; and for other purposes. Nicknames
Oil Pollution Act Amendments of 1973
Enacted by
the 93rd United States Congress
Effective
October 4, 1973
Citations
Public law
93-119
Statutes at Large
87 Stat. 424-2
Codification
Acts amended
Oil Pollution Act of 1961
Titles amended
33 U.S.C.: Navigable Waters
U.S.C. sections amended
33 U.S.C. ch. 20 §§ 1001-1016
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 5451 by Leonor Sullivan ( D - MO) on March 8, 1973
Committee consideration by House Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Senate Commerce
Passed the House on May 8, 1973 ( 370-1)
Passed the Senate on September 24, 1973 (passed)
Signed into law by President Richard Nixon on October 4, 1973
The Oil Pollution Act of 1973 or Oil Pollution Act Amendments of 1973, 33 U.S.C. Chapter 20 §§ 1001-1011, was a United States federal law which amended the United States Statute 75 Stat. 402. The Act of Congress sustained the United States commitment to control the discharge of fossil fuel pollutants from nautical vessels and to acknowledge the embargo of coastal zones in trans-boundary waters . The H.R. 5451 legislation was passed by the United States 93rd Congressional session and enacted by the 37th President of the United States Richard Nixon on October 4, 1973.

Safe Harbor Pollution Insurance - COFR COFR
COFR Safe Harbor Pollution Insurance - COFR
COFR
A COFR is a vessel Certificate of Financial Responsibility (Water Pollution) issued by the NPFC to a vessel applicant providing evidence of financial responsibility,  in accordance with the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) and CERCLA. This evidence is in the form of a guaranty by some third party or the applicant himself  (in the case of self-insurance). It assures potential claimants, including the Federal Government, that a responsible party can pay its legal liability up to prescribed  limits, in the event of an oil incident or release or threatened release of a hazardous substance. CLICK HERE TO SEARCH FOR A COFR

CLICK HERE FOR E-COFR ENROLLMENT

COFR APPLICATION
COFR Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What Is A COFR? A COFR is a vessel Certificate of Financial  Responsibility (Water Pollution) issued by the NPFC to a vessel applicant providing  evidence of financial responsibility, in accordance with the Oil Pollution Act of 1990  (OPA 90) and CERCLA. This evidence is in the form of a guaranty by some third party or  the applicant himself (in the case of self-insurance). It assures potential claimants,  including the Federal Government, that a responsible party can pay its  legal liability up to prescribed limits, in the event of an oil incident  or release or threatened release of a hazardous substance. Thirty days following the publication of the Final Rule implementing  the new COFR regulations, the Coast Guard will no longer issue paper  COFRs for fleets, master COFRs, or vessel COFRs. The Coast Guard will  transition to a paperless COFR, which is an electronic record accessible on  our website when the COFR is issued. Operators will no longer be required  to carry a paper COFR aboard the vessel.

Safe Harbor Pollution Insurance - COFR

Safe Harbor Pollution Insurance - COFR
COFR
A COFR is a vessel Certificate of Financial Responsibility (Water Pollution) issued by the NPFC to a vessel applicant providing evidence of financial responsibility,  in accordance with the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) and CERCLA. This evidence is in the form of a guaranty by some third party or the applicant himself  (in the case of self-insurance). It assures potential claimants, including the Federal Government, that a responsible party can pay its legal liability up to prescribed  limits, in the event of an oil incident or release or threatened release of a hazardous substance. CLICK HERE TO SEARCH FOR A COFR

CLICK HERE FOR E-COFR ENROLLMENT

COFR APPLICATION
COFR Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What Is A COFR? A COFR is a vessel Certificate of Financial  Responsibility (Water Pollution) issued by the NPFC to a vessel applicant providing  evidence of financial responsibility, in accordance with the Oil Pollution Act of 1990  (OPA 90) and CERCLA. This evidence is in the form of a guaranty by some third party or  the applicant himself (in the case of self-insurance). It assures potential claimants,  including the Federal Government, that a responsible party can pay its  legal liability up to prescribed limits, in the event of an oil incident  or release or threatened release of a hazardous substance. Thirty days following the publication of the Final Rule implementing  the new COFR regulations, the Coast Guard will no longer issue paper  COFRs for fleets, master COFRs, or vessel COFRs. The Coast Guard will  transition to a paperless COFR, which is an electronic record accessible on  our website when the COFR is issued. Operators will no longer be required  to carry a paper COFR aboard the vessel.

Facility Response Plan (FRP) Overview | Oil Spills Prevention and Preparedness Regulations | US EPA Facility Response Plan (FRP) Overview
Facility Response Plan (FRP) Overview
Basic Information
FRP Rule Summary
FRP Rule History
Revisions to the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
Denial of Request to Amend the FRP Requirements for Animal Fat/Vegetable Oil Facilities
Amended FRP Requirements for Animal Fat/Vegetable Oil Facilities
Additional Information
 As part of the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation, the FRP rule addresses: FRP applicability
Key elements to be included in an FRP
Certification of the applicability of substantial harm criteria
FRP facilities with existing response or SPCC plans
Top of Page
FRP Rule History
Since 1994, a number of revisions have been discussed or finalized, including modified requirements for an owner or operator of a facility handling, storing, or transporting animal fats or vegetable oils. Revisions to the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
On September 15, 1994 ( 59 FR 47384 ), EPA promulgated revisions to the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP). The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 amends existing provisions of the Clean Water Act and creates major new authorities addressing oil and hazardous substance spill response. The amended Clean Water Act required the President to revise the NCP to reflect these changes. Denial of Request to Amend the FRP Requirements for Animal Fat/Vegetable Oil Facilities
On October 20, 1997 ( 62 FR 54508 (36 pp, 414 K, About PDF) ), EPA denied the request to amend the FRP rule so that facilities with animal fats and vegetable oils would be treated differently from those facilities with petroleum-based oils. EPA believes that the petition did not substantiate differentiation between the oils. Amended FRP Requirements for Animal Fat/Vegetable Oil Facilities
On June 30, 2000 ( 65 FR 40776 (42 pp, 646 K, About PDF) ), EPA amended the FRP to provide a more specific methodology for calculating planning volumes for a worst case discharge of animal fats and vegetable oils. The revision also includes separate regulatory sections for: animal fats and vegetable oils,
adds new definitions for animal fats and vegetable oils, and
establishes new groups of oils based on the specific gravity of animal fats and vegetable oils.

H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990
101st Congress (1989-1990)

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
Law
Tracker:
Summary (6)
Text (7)
Actions (178)
Titles (11)
Amendments (33)
Cosponsors (79)
Committees (5)
Related Bills (25)
Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Shown Here:
Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)
 Permits the States to impose additional liability or requirements regarding oil discharges within their borders. Retains the rights of the States to maintain a fund for oil pollution compensation. Authorizes States to enforce the financial responsibility requirements of this Act. Title II: Conforming Amendments - Amends the Intervention on the High Seas Act, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Deepwater Port Act, and the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments of 1978 to reflect the provisions of this Act. Title III: International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal - Expresses the sense of the Congress that it is in the best interests of the United States to participate in an international oil pollution liability and compensation scheme that is at least as effective as Federal and State laws in preventing incidents and in guaranteeing compensation for damages resulting from incidents. Directs the Secretary of State to report to the Congress the results of a review of international treaties and agreements with the Government of Canada regarding: ( 1) oil discharge prevention in the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain; ( 2) effective oil and removal;

Permits the States to impose additional liability or requirements regarding oil discharges within their borders. Retains the rights of the States to maintain a fund for oil pollution compensation. Authorizes States to enforce the financial responsibility requirements of this Act. Title II: Conforming Amendments - Amends the Intervention on the High Seas Act, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Deepwater Port Act, and the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments of 1978 to reflect the provisions of this Act. Title III: International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal - Expresses the sense of the Congress that it is in the best interests of the United States to participate in an international oil pollution liability and compensation scheme that is at least as effective as Federal and State laws in preventing incidents and in guaranteeing compensation for damages resulting from incidents. Directs the Secretary of State to report to the Congress the results of a review of international treaties and agreements with the Government of Canada regarding: ( 1) oil discharge prevention in the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain; ( 2) effective oil and removal;

Spill Containment and Spill Prevention and Control Countermeasures Spill Containment and Spill Prevention and Control Countermeasures
Spill Containment and Spill Prevention and Control Countermeasures
Types of Spills
Primary and Secondary Containment
Passive and Active Containment
Active Secondary Containment Measures
Passive Secondary Containment Measures
Hazards of Spill Containment
Controls
Regulations Governing Spill Containment
EPA
OSHA
Other Regulations
Best Practices and Products for Preventing Spills
Spill Prevention and Response Plan
Secondary Containment
Spill Containment: A Big Responsibility
 Your administrative controls will be the active containment methods we discussed above. These will include safe operating procedures, training, and drills. Several regulatory agencies also require you to implement a spill prevention, control, and countermeasures (SPCC) plan that clearly details the responsibilities, procedures, training, and controls to be deployed during spill response. Your engineering controls are the passive containment measures you’ll implement to ensure that the effects of spills are minimized. That brings us to PPE. The PPE used in spill control has to be adequate to the hazards presented by the substance being cleaned. Depending on the material and the extent of the spill, the PPE could be as simple as a pair of protective gloves or as elaborate as a full HAZMAT suit including an SCBA or SABA respirator. Regulations Governing Spill Containment
EPA
The two pieces of legislation form the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that pertain to spills are the Clean Water Act (1972) and the Oil Pollution Act (1990). The Oil Pollution Act includes two sets of requirements, the Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) and the Facility Response Plan (FRP). The SPCC is the cornerstone of the EPA’s spill prevention regulations, while the FRP determines the spill response supplies and training required for facilities handling large amounts of oil.

Spill Containment and Spill Prevention and Control Countermeasures

Spill Containment and Spill Prevention and Control Countermeasures
Spill Containment and Spill Prevention and Control Countermeasures
Types of Spills
Primary and Secondary Containment
Passive and Active Containment
Active Secondary Containment Measures
Passive Secondary Containment Measures
Hazards of Spill Containment
Controls
Regulations Governing Spill Containment
EPA
OSHA
Other Regulations
Best Practices and Products for Preventing Spills
Spill Prevention and Response Plan
Secondary Containment
Spill Containment: A Big Responsibility

Your administrative controls will be the active containment methods we discussed above. These will include safe operating procedures, training, and drills. Several regulatory agencies also require you to implement a spill prevention, control, and countermeasures (SPCC) plan that clearly details the responsibilities, procedures, training, and controls to be deployed during spill response. Your engineering controls are the passive containment measures you’ll implement to ensure that the effects of spills are minimized. That brings us to PPE. The PPE used in spill control has to be adequate to the hazards presented by the substance being cleaned. Depending on the material and the extent of the spill, the PPE could be as simple as a pair of protective gloves or as elaborate as a full HAZMAT suit including an SCBA or SABA respirator. Regulations Governing Spill Containment
EPA
The two pieces of legislation form the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that pertain to spills are the Clean Water Act (1972) and the Oil Pollution Act (1990). The Oil Pollution Act includes two sets of requirements, the Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) and the Facility Response Plan (FRP). The SPCC is the cornerstone of the EPA’s spill prevention regulations, while the FRP determines the spill response supplies and training required for facilities handling large amounts of oil.

Green Fund Definition Green Fund
Green Fund
What Is a Green Fund?
Key Takeaways
Understanding a Green Fund
History of Green Funds
Types of Green Funds
Performance of Green Funds
 Avoiding negative company criteria (businesses such as guns, alcohol, gambling, pornography, animal testing, etc.) Choosing positive company criteria (environmental programs, energy conservation, fair trade, etc.) A combination of both strategies
Based on performance, it is not yet clear whether green funds and socially responsible investing (SRI) can consistently create better returns for investors, but they do represent a proactive step toward environmental consciousness, which many investors see as valuable. History of Green Funds
Some have cited green investing as having begun in earnest during the 1990s, a period where investors were more seriously taking into account the harm businesses or the pressure entire industries were putting on the environment. In the wake of headline-grabbing events like the Exxon Valdez oil spill, and large and protracted fights over logging rights in the Pacific Northwest, a set of investors began to view businesses that were better at managing their environmental impact as more valuable than those who couldn't. These types of businesses, in some investors' eyes, were not only operating in a more ethical manner but had a competitive advantage over companies who were ill-equipped to reduce their impact on the environment. Still, other investors saw an ethical obligation in investing in technologies and businesses that were looking to build a sustainable society through renewable energy sources . Following the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990, which strengthened the powers of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to prevent future oil spills and to punish polluters. Types of Green Funds
Some of the sectors where this investment has been taking place include the renewable energy, and buildings and efficiency sectors. The renewable energy sector is a broad one, including solar energy, wind, battery, and energy storage technologies, as well as the materials that help make those technologies possible.

Green Fund Definition

Green Fund
Green Fund
What Is a Green Fund?
Key Takeaways
Understanding a Green Fund
History of Green Funds
Types of Green Funds
Performance of Green Funds

Pollution in Canada - Wikipedia Pollution in Canada
Pollution in Canada
Contents
Air pollution
Oil sands pollution
Pollution from oil wells
Canada/United States transboundary pollution
Climate Change Accountability Act
Water pollution
Oil sands pollution
Great Lakes pollution
Arctic waters pollution
Pollution from sewage
Soil pollution
Soil degradation/pollution
Road salt pollution
PCB pollution
Health effects of pollution
Air pollution
Soil pollution
See also
References
External links
 In an attempt to combat the pollution a petition was created. In 2006 the petition was filed by thirteen Canadian municipalities to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency calling for a reduction in coal-fired plants. Climate Change Accountability Act
The Climate Change Accountability Act called for greenhouse gas emissions to be 25% below 1990 levels by 2021, and 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. Although the bill was passed by the House of Commons, the bill was defeated by the Senate. Environment Minister Jim Prentice stated in early 2010 that the new goal for greenhouse gas emissions would be 17% below 2005 levels by 2020, the equivalent of a 3% increase from 1990. Water pollution
Main article: Water pollution (Canada)
While most of Canada's surface and ground water is generally clean there is some local and regional water pollution that can be caused by "industrial and municipal discharge, runoff, spills, and deposition of airborne pollutants". Contaminated water can result in a myriad of serious consequences for human health. Oil sands pollution
As previously stated, Alberta's oil sands are set to cause growing levels of acid rain consequentially leading to an increase in water contamination in the area. Acid rain will cause Canada's lakes and rivers to become further acidified.

Pollution in Canada - Wikipedia

Pollution in Canada
Pollution in Canada
Contents
Air pollution
Oil sands pollution
Pollution from oil wells
Canada/United States transboundary pollution
Climate Change Accountability Act
Water pollution
Oil sands pollution
Great Lakes pollution
Arctic waters pollution
Pollution from sewage
Soil pollution
Soil degradation/pollution
Road salt pollution
PCB pollution
Health effects of pollution
Air pollution
Soil pollution
See also
References
External links

In an attempt to combat the pollution a petition was created. In 2006 the petition was filed by thirteen Canadian municipalities to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency calling for a reduction in coal-fired plants. Climate Change Accountability Act
The Climate Change Accountability Act called for greenhouse gas emissions to be 25% below 1990 levels by 2021, and 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. Although the bill was passed by the House of Commons, the bill was defeated by the Senate. Environment Minister Jim Prentice stated in early 2010 that the new goal for greenhouse gas emissions would be 17% below 2005 levels by 2020, the equivalent of a 3% increase from 1990. Water pollution
Main article: Water pollution (Canada)
While most of Canada's surface and ground water is generally clean there is some local and regional water pollution that can be caused by "industrial and municipal discharge, runoff, spills, and deposition of airborne pollutants". Contaminated water can result in a myriad of serious consequences for human health. Oil sands pollution
As previously stated, Alberta's oil sands are set to cause growing levels of acid rain consequentially leading to an increase in water contamination in the area. Acid rain will cause Canada's lakes and rivers to become further acidified.

Exemptions for hydraulic fracturing under United States federal law - Wikipedia Exemptions for hydraulic fracturing under United States federal law
Exemptions for hydraulic fracturing under United States federal law
Contents
Hydraulic fracturing: background
Clean Air Act
Clean Water Act
Safe Drinking Water Act
National Environmental Policy Act
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund)
Debates Surrounding Regulatory Exemptions
References
 In 1977 and 1990, Congress amended the law to create provisions related to the Prevention of Significant Deterioration clauses as well as create programs related to controlling and preventing acid rain, respectively. However, under the act, major sources of hazardous air pollutants are required to obtain a "Title V" permit to ensure that the minimum standards are in place under the regulations, while area sources are not. Most oil and gas production sites are not required to obtain a Title V permit because their emissions threshold is just slightly below the categorical statutory definition. In addition to not having to obtain a Title V permit, the oil and gas exploration and production wells are exempt from the "Aggregation Rule" within the definition of "major source" as defined under the act, essentially to be unregulated under this federal statute. Clean Water Act
The Clean Water Act is a result of the 1972 amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, which was passed to ultimately eliminate pollution discharge into any body of water in the United States. One of the major mechanisms for implementing this statute was to create a permitting process for all discharging methods that involved dumping pollutants into streams, lakes, rivers, wetlands, or creeks. The National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting requirements apply to all phases of the petroleum industry. Petroleum industry waste, including frac flowback and produced water, cannot be discharged to the waters of the United States, except under an NPDES or equivalent state permit. In 1987, Congress amended the Act, requiring the EPA to develop a permitting program for storm water runoff, but the exploration, production, and processing of oil and gas was exempt. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 expanded the exemption to include exemptions for runoff from gas and oil construction activities which include "oil and gas exploration, production, process, or treatment operations and transmission facilities."

Exemptions for hydraulic fracturing under United States federal law - Wikipedia

Exemptions for hydraulic fracturing under United States federal law
Exemptions for hydraulic fracturing under United States federal law
Contents
Hydraulic fracturing: background
Clean Air Act
Clean Water Act
Safe Drinking Water Act
National Environmental Policy Act
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund)
Debates Surrounding Regulatory Exemptions
References

The Clean Water Act & The Clean Air Act | Sutori The Clean Water Act & The Clean Air Act
The Clean Water Act & The Clean Air Act
Timeline
MT1221 Signing Ceremony for Clean Air Act Amendments - 15 November 1990
 Oil Pollution Act
Passed and prohibited vessels from releasing oil unless they were at least 3 miles offshore from any United States territory
1948: Federal Water Pollution Control Act
The first major U.S. law to address water pollution
Federal research and investigations
State and local governments set regulations
Previous failed attempts included over 100 bills in the past 50 years
Fueled by post-WWII industrial and urban growth polluting the US's waters
Achieved little and led to the creation of the CAA
' [I]n consequence of the benefits resulting to the public health and welfare by the abatement of stream pollution, it is ... the policy of Congress to recognize, preserve, and protect the primary responsibilities and rights of the States in controlling water pollution, to support and aid technical research to devise and perfect methods of treatment of industrial wastes which are not susceptible to known effective methods of treatment, and to provide Federal technical services to State and interstate agencies and to industries, and financial aid to State and interstate agencies and to municipalities, in the formulation and execution of their stream pollution abatement program'
1955: Air Pollution Control Act
The first federal legislation involving air pollution
Provided funds for federal research in air pollution
Signed by President Eisenhower
Precedent to CAA of 1977 and 1990
Provided $5 million over a five-year period for research into the issue
Signaled the federal government’s recognition of air pollution as a growing national problem
1956: Water Pollution Control Act
Authorized federal planning and technical assistance
Research and construction grants for municipal waste-treatment facilities
Encouraged states to set water quality criteria
Federal enforcement assistance to mediate state-polluter disputes
'The new statute: water pollution; ( 2) the enactment of improved laws on pollution control; and (3)the establishment of interstate compacts. 4. Authorizes increased technical assistance to states, a broadened research program, the establishment of research fellowships, and the collection and dissemination of basic data on water quality relating to the prevention and control of water pollution. 5.

The Clean Water Act & The Clean Air Act
The Clean Water Act & The Clean Air Act
Timeline
MT1221 Signing Ceremony for Clean Air Act Amendments - 15 November 1990

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 August 4 of 1990: both chambers of Congress had passed the bill in identical form. The final step in the legislative process was for the bill to go to the President to either approve and sign or veto it. August 18 of 1990: the bill was signed by the President and the Oil Pollution Act was officially enacted. Key Content (Titles)
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV. Prevention and Removal
Subtitle A – Prevention
Subtitle B – Removal
Subtitle C – Penalties and Miscellaneous
Title V. Prince William Sound Provisions
Title VI. Miscellaneous
Title VII.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

August 4 of 1990: both chambers of Congress had passed the bill in identical form. The final step in the legislative process was for the bill to go to the President to either approve and sign or veto it. August 18 of 1990: the bill was signed by the President and the Oil Pollution Act was officially enacted. Key Content (Titles)
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV. Prevention and Removal
Subtitle A – Prevention
Subtitle B – Removal
Subtitle C – Penalties and Miscellaneous
Title V. Prince William Sound Provisions
Title VI. Miscellaneous
Title VII.

Exxon Valdez oil spill - Wikipedia Exxon Valdez
oil spill

Exxon Valdez oil spill
Contents
Spill
Clean-up and major effects
Litigation and cleanup costs
Political consequences and reforms
Coast Guard report
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Alaska regulations
Economic and personal impact
Reactions
In popular culture
See also
References
Further reading
External links
 The oil, originally extracted at the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field, eventually affected 1,300 miles (2,100 km) of coastline, of which 200 miles (320 km) were heavily or moderately oiled. Contents
1 Spill
2 Clean-up and major effects
3 Litigation and cleanup costs
4 Political consequences and reforms
4.1 Coast Guard report
4.2 Oil Pollution Act of 1990
4.3 Alaska regulations
5 Economic and personal impact
6 Reactions
6.1 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Spill
The ship was carrying 53.1 million US gallons (1,260,000 bbl; 201,000 m 3) of oil, of which approximately 10.8 million US gallons (260,000 bbl; 41,000 m 3) were spilled into the Prince William Sound. During the first few days of the spill, heavy sheens of oil covered large areas of the surface of Prince William Sound. Multiple factors have been identified as contributing to the incident: Beginning three days after the vessel grounded, a storm pushed large quantities of fresh oil onto the rocky shores of many of the beaches in the Knight Island chain. In this photograph, pooled black oil is shown stranded in the rocks
Exxon Shipping Company failed to supervise the master (ship's captain) and provide a rested and sufficient crew for Exxon Valdez. The NTSB found this practice was widespread throughout the industry, prompting a safety recommendation to Exxon and to the industry. The third mate failed to properly maneuver the vessel, possibly due to fatigue or excessive workload.

Exxon Valdez oil spill - Wikipedia

Exxon Valdez
oil spill

Exxon Valdez oil spill
Contents
Spill
Clean-up and major effects
Litigation and cleanup costs
Political consequences and reforms
Coast Guard report
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Alaska regulations
Economic and personal impact
Reactions
In popular culture
See also
References
Further reading
External links

The oil, originally extracted at the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field, eventually affected 1,300 miles (2,100 km) of coastline, of which 200 miles (320 km) were heavily or moderately oiled. Contents
1 Spill
2 Clean-up and major effects
3 Litigation and cleanup costs
4 Political consequences and reforms
4.1 Coast Guard report
4.2 Oil Pollution Act of 1990
4.3 Alaska regulations
5 Economic and personal impact
6 Reactions
6.1 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Spill
The ship was carrying 53.1 million US gallons (1,260,000 bbl; 201,000 m 3) of oil, of which approximately 10.8 million US gallons (260,000 bbl; 41,000 m 3) were spilled into the Prince William Sound. During the first few days of the spill, heavy sheens of oil covered large areas of the surface of Prince William Sound. Multiple factors have been identified as contributing to the incident: Beginning three days after the vessel grounded, a storm pushed large quantities of fresh oil onto the rocky shores of many of the beaches in the Knight Island chain. In this photograph, pooled black oil is shown stranded in the rocks
Exxon Shipping Company failed to supervise the master (ship's captain) and provide a rested and sufficient crew for Exxon Valdez. The NTSB found this practice was widespread throughout the industry, prompting a safety recommendation to Exxon and to the industry. The third mate failed to properly maneuver the vessel, possibly due to fatigue or excessive workload.

Marine Spill Response Corporation:
Credible Coverage.
Reliable Response.
•••
Credible Coverage.
Reliable Response.
Strategically Positioned.
Ready to Deploy.
The Right Resources.
MSRC 2020 Annual Report
Services
Coverage Map
 Reliable Response. MSRC is the largest oil spill response organization in the U.S.
Strategically Positioned. Ready to Deploy. MSRC’s responders and equipment are always ready to respond. The Right Resources. From a small to a large event, MSRC scales our response to bring only the resources needed. Maritime Shipping
Refining
Exploration & Production
Pipelines & Terminaling
Rail
Offshore Wind
MSRC 2020 Annual Report
Marine Spill Response Corporation (MSRC) is the largest oil spill removal organization (OSRO) in the United States offering complete, credible OSRO coverage across the country. Formed in conjunction with the Marine Preservation Association in 1990 by oil and gas companies, we are a not-for-profit organization with U.S. Coast Guard OSRO classification in every U.S. captain of the port zone except Alaska. MSRC provides a full range of oil spill response services for coastal and inland environments intended to help shippers, E&P operators, refiners, midstream operators, rail and offshore wind operators meet the planning criteria of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90). Above all, we provide our Customers, including the largest private cargo owners in the world, with reliable oil spill response capability for their U.S. operations.

Marine Spill Response Corporation:

Credible Coverage.
Reliable Response.
•••
Credible Coverage.
Reliable Response.
Strategically Positioned.
Ready to Deploy.
The Right Resources.
MSRC 2020 Annual Report
Services
Coverage Map

Reliable Response. MSRC is the largest oil spill response organization in the U.S.
Strategically Positioned. Ready to Deploy. MSRC’s responders and equipment are always ready to respond. The Right Resources. From a small to a large event, MSRC scales our response to bring only the resources needed. Maritime Shipping
Refining
Exploration & Production
Pipelines & Terminaling
Rail
Offshore Wind
MSRC 2020 Annual Report
Marine Spill Response Corporation (MSRC) is the largest oil spill removal organization (OSRO) in the United States offering complete, credible OSRO coverage across the country. Formed in conjunction with the Marine Preservation Association in 1990 by oil and gas companies, we are a not-for-profit organization with U.S. Coast Guard OSRO classification in every U.S. captain of the port zone except Alaska. MSRC provides a full range of oil spill response services for coastal and inland environments intended to help shippers, E&P operators, refiners, midstream operators, rail and offshore wind operators meet the planning criteria of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90). Above all, we provide our Customers, including the largest private cargo owners in the world, with reliable oil spill response capability for their U.S. operations.

United States regulation of point source water pollution - Wikipedia United States regulation of point source water pollution
United States regulation of point source water pollution
Contents
Introduction
Definition
Relevant science
Nature of the problem/context
Water pollution incidents and public response
Regulatory framework
History of regulation
Clean Water Act
Direct dischargers
NPDES Permit Program
Permits
Types of permits
Permitting process
Permit components
Permit violation
Enforcement
Stormwater management permits
Indirect dischargers
National Pretreatment Program
Related programs
EPA water quality trading policy
Other laws that may affect some NPDES permits
Problems/issues/concerns
Funding
Cost issues for monitoring
Enforcement
Self-monitoring and self-reporting
Tensions between state and federal government
Ambiguity of the CWA
Coeur Alaska v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council
Other emerging regulatory approaches
Water quality trading
Definition
Background
Credits and trade ratios
Benefits
Factors influencing success
Obstacles to implementation
Contrast to emissions trading
Dealing with transboundary pollution: a case study of the U.S./Mexico border region
Overview
Policy issues
Policy responses
See also
References
External links
 Water quality is also closely linked with water quantity issues. Water shortages from natural and anthropogenic activity reduce the dilutive properties of water and may concentrate water pollution. Conversely, during flooding events, water pollution may spread to previously uncontaminated waters through surface overflow or the failure of man-made barriers. Nature of the problem/context
Water pollution incidents and public response
Before the CWA was enacted, companies indiscriminately discharged their effluents into water bodies. One such water body was the Cuyahoga River located in north-east Ohio. The river was thrust into the national limelight in 1969 when it caught fire, although the river had been plagued by fires since 1936. Pollution of the river had become prevalent in the early 1800s as contaminants from municipal and industrial discharges, bank erosion, commercial/residential development, atmospheric deposition, hazardous waste disposal sites, urban storm water runoff, combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and wastewater treatment plant bypasses were discharged into the river. Time magazine described the Cuyahoga as the river that "oozes rather than flows" and in which a person "does not drown but decays." The 1969 river fire, and the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill in California—the largest such spill in U.S. history at that time—drew significant public attention to the state of the nation's waterways. Although Congress had been holding hearings and considering additional pollution control legislation in the late 1960s, these widely publicized incidents increased the pressure on Congress to act, which they eventually did with the 1972 Clean Water Act, the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and later the Oil Pollution Act of 1990.

United States regulation of point source water pollution - Wikipedia

United States regulation of point source water pollution
United States regulation of point source water pollution
Contents
Introduction
Definition
Relevant science
Nature of the problem/context
Water pollution incidents and public response
Regulatory framework
History of regulation
Clean Water Act
Direct dischargers
NPDES Permit Program
Permits
Types of permits
Permitting process
Permit components
Permit violation
Enforcement
Stormwater management permits
Indirect dischargers
National Pretreatment Program
Related programs
EPA water quality trading policy
Other laws that may affect some NPDES permits
Problems/issues/concerns
Funding
Cost issues for monitoring
Enforcement
Self-monitoring and self-reporting
Tensions between state and federal government
Ambiguity of the CWA
Coeur Alaska v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council
Other emerging regulatory approaches
Water quality trading
Definition
Background
Credits and trade ratios
Benefits
Factors influencing success
Obstacles to implementation
Contrast to emissions trading
Dealing with transboundary pollution: a case study of the U.S./Mexico border region
Overview
Policy issues
Policy responses
See also
References
External links

Water quality is also closely linked with water quantity issues. Water shortages from natural and anthropogenic activity reduce the dilutive properties of water and may concentrate water pollution. Conversely, during flooding events, water pollution may spread to previously uncontaminated waters through surface overflow or the failure of man-made barriers. Nature of the problem/context
Water pollution incidents and public response
Before the CWA was enacted, companies indiscriminately discharged their effluents into water bodies. One such water body was the Cuyahoga River located in north-east Ohio. The river was thrust into the national limelight in 1969 when it caught fire, although the river had been plagued by fires since 1936. Pollution of the river had become prevalent in the early 1800s as contaminants from municipal and industrial discharges, bank erosion, commercial/residential development, atmospheric deposition, hazardous waste disposal sites, urban storm water runoff, combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and wastewater treatment plant bypasses were discharged into the river. Time magazine described the Cuyahoga as the river that "oozes rather than flows" and in which a person "does not drown but decays." The 1969 river fire, and the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill in California—the largest such spill in U.S. history at that time—drew significant public attention to the state of the nation's waterways. Although Congress had been holding hearings and considering additional pollution control legislation in the late 1960s, these widely publicized incidents increased the pressure on Congress to act, which they eventually did with the 1972 Clean Water Act, the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and later the Oil Pollution Act of 1990.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 a conference committee was created, including members of both the House of Representatives and Senate, in order to resolve differences and propose a final bill for approval. Initially, the Senate agreed to the committee's final proposed report. August 4 of 1990: both chambers of Congress had passed the bill in identical form. The final step in the legislative process was for the bill to go to the President to either approve and sign or veto it. August 18 of 1990: the bill was signed by the President and the Oil Pollution Act was officially enacted. [ 9]
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties

a conference committee was created, including members of both the House of Representatives and Senate, in order to resolve differences and propose a final bill for approval. Initially, the Senate agreed to the committee's final proposed report. August 4 of 1990: both chambers of Congress had passed the bill in identical form. The final step in the legislative process was for the bill to go to the President to either approve and sign or veto it. August 18 of 1990: the bill was signed by the President and the Oil Pollution Act was officially enacted. [ 9]
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV.

History of the TCEQ and Its Predecessor Agencies - Texas Commission on Environmental Quality - www.tceq.texas.gov History of the TCEQ and Its Predecessor Agencies
History of the TCEQ and Its Predecessor Agencies
Time Line
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 Back to top
1990
Congress adopts the Clean Air Act amendments of 1990. Congress passes the Oil Pollution Act. The Texas Water Commission receives initial authority for the federal HSWA. 1991
The Texas Air Control Board is expanded to implement the 1990 Amendments to the federal Clean Air Act. The legislature, in special session, creates the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, to be effective Sept. 1, 1993. Preparation begins for the consolidation of the Texas Water Commission and the Texas Air Control Board into the TNRCC. 1992
The

History of the TCEQ and Its Predecessor Agencies - Texas Commission on Environmental Quality - www.tceq.texas.gov

Back to top
1990
Congress adopts the Clean Air Act amendments of 1990. Congress passes the Oil Pollution Act. The Texas Water Commission receives initial authority for the federal HSWA. 1991
The Texas Air Control Board is expanded to implement the 1990 Amendments to the federal Clean Air Act. The legislature, in special session, creates the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, to be effective Sept. 1, 1993. Preparation begins for the consolidation of the Texas Water Commission and the Texas Air Control Board into the TNRCC. 1992
The

Harvesting Oil from the Earth - Lesson - TeachEngineering Harvesting Oil from the Earth
Lesson Harvesting Oil from the Earth
Summary
Engineering Connection
Learning Objectives
Educational Standards
Each TeachEngineering lesson or activity is correlated to one or more K-12 science,  technology, engineering or math (STEM) educational standards.
All 100,000+ K-12 STEM standards covered in TeachEngineering are collected, maintained and packaged by the Achievement Standards Network (ASN) ,  a project of D2L (www.achievementstandards.org).
In the ASN, standards are hierarchically structured: first by source; e.g., by state; within source by type; e.g., science or mathematics;  within type by subtype, then by grade, etc .
Introduction/Motivation
Lesson Background and Concepts for Teachers
Sedimentary Rocks
How Fossil Fuels are Formed
Processing and Finding Oil
Associated Activities
Lesson Closure
Vocabulary/Definitions
Assessment
Pre-Lesson Assessment
Post-Introduction Assessment
Lesson Summary Assessment
Lesson Extension Activities
References
Copyright
Contributors
Supporting Program
Acknowledgements
 What’s Down There? to have students act as engineers in harvesting and analyzing their own core samples. Unfortunately, many of the steps involved in getting oil to our homes and vehicles have the potential to generate pollution. Pulling oil up to the surface of the Earth can pollute the ground, moving oil to other locations sometimes results in oil spills, and burning oil to get energy for automobiles or to get electricity at power plants can generate air pollution. Despite the potential for pollution, oil provides energy for most of the U.S. Most cars run on gasoline, which is made from oil, and many houses are heated by oil. Engineers need to know about oil reservoirs before they begin the process of drilling wells, which is very costly. Incorrect predictions can be costly errors for oil companies. They need to know about the size and number of pores in reservoir rock. They need to know how fast oil droplets move through these pores. They need to know where the natural fractures are in reserv

Harvesting Oil from the Earth - Lesson - TeachEngineering

Harvesting Oil from the Earth
Lesson Harvesting Oil from the Earth
Summary
Engineering Connection
Learning Objectives
Educational Standards
Each TeachEngineering lesson or activity is correlated to one or more K-12 science,  technology, engineering or math (STEM) educational standards.
All 100,000+ K-12 STEM standards covered in TeachEngineering are collected, maintained and packaged by the Achievement Standards Network (ASN) ,  a project of D2L (www.achievementstandards.org).
In the ASN, standards are hierarchically structured: first by source; e.g., by state; within source by type; e.g., science or mathematics;  within type by subtype, then by grade, etc .
Introduction/Motivation
Lesson Background and Concepts for Teachers
Sedimentary Rocks
How Fossil Fuels are Formed
Processing and Finding Oil
Associated Activities
Lesson Closure
Vocabulary/Definitions
Assessment
Pre-Lesson Assessment
Post-Introduction Assessment
Lesson Summary Assessment
Lesson Extension Activities
References
Copyright
Contributors
Supporting Program
Acknowledgements

What’s Down There? to have students act as engineers in harvesting and analyzing their own core samples. Unfortunately, many of the steps involved in getting oil to our homes and vehicles have the potential to generate pollution. Pulling oil up to the surface of the Earth can pollute the ground, moving oil to other locations sometimes results in oil spills, and burning oil to get energy for automobiles or to get electricity at power plants can generate air pollution. Despite the potential for pollution, oil provides energy for most of the U.S. Most cars run on gasoline, which is made from oil, and many houses are heated by oil. Engineers need to know about oil reservoirs before they begin the process of drilling wells, which is very costly. Incorrect predictions can be costly errors for oil companies. They need to know about the size and number of pores in reservoir rock. They need to know how fast oil droplets move through these pores. They need to know where the natural fractures are in reserv

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
 August 18 of 1990: the bill was signed by the President and the Oil Pollution Act was officially enacted. [ 9]
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV. Prevention and Removal
Subtitle A – Prevention
Subtitle B – Removal
Subtitle C – Penalties and Miscellaneous
Title V. Prince William Sound Provisions
Title VI. Miscellaneous
Title VII. Oil Pollution Research and Development Program
Title VIII. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle A – Improvements to Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle B – Penalties
Subtitle C – Provisions Applicable to Alaska Natives
Title IX. Amendments to Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, Etc.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader

August 18 of 1990: the bill was signed by the President and the Oil Pollution Act was officially enacted. [ 9]
Key Content (Titles) [1]
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV. Prevention and Removal
Subtitle A – Prevention
Subtitle B – Removal
Subtitle C – Penalties and Miscellaneous
Title V. Prince William Sound Provisions
Title VI. Miscellaneous
Title VII. Oil Pollution Research and Development Program
Title VIII. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle A – Improvements to Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Subtitle B – Penalties
Subtitle C – Provisions Applicable to Alaska Natives
Title IX. Amendments to Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, Etc.

Drinking Water Laws and New Rules | Drinking Water in New England | US EPA Drinking Water Laws and New Rules
Region 1: EPA New England
Drinking Water Laws and New Rules
Safe Drinking Water Act
Other Environmental Laws Support the Protection of Drinking Water Sources
Additional Sources of Information
 Proposed Rules
Radon Rule
Lung Cancer, Stomach Cancer: Proposes an MCL for radon in water and includes an alternative MCL based on mitigating radon in indoor air. Top of Page
Other Environmental Laws Support the Protection of Drinking Water Sources
Other environmental laws help to protect drinking water, including the Clean Water Act. The Clean Water Act recommends states to designate surface waters used for drinking water and to establish water quality standards for those waters. The Act also establishes programs to prevent the release of pollution to these waters. Laws regulating the use, transport, storage, release and generation of hazardous waste include the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (commonly known as Superfund ), and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Pesticide affects on drinking water are primarily regulated by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act and Food Quality Protection Act. Shipping of crude oil on the ocean is regulated by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Top of Page
Additional Sources of Information
Safe Drinking Water Act
Major Environmental Laws
Top of Page
Contact Us to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem. New Regulations
Regulation
Health Effects & Description
Final Rules
Filter Backwash Recycle Rule
Gastrointestinal Illness, Cryptosporidiosis:

Drinking Water Laws and New Rules | Drinking Water in New England | US EPA

Drinking Water Laws and New Rules
Region 1: EPA New England
Drinking Water Laws and New Rules
Safe Drinking Water Act
Other Environmental Laws Support the Protection of Drinking Water Sources
Additional Sources of Information

Proposed Rules
Radon Rule
Lung Cancer, Stomach Cancer: Proposes an MCL for radon in water and includes an alternative MCL based on mitigating radon in indoor air. Top of Page
Other Environmental Laws Support the Protection of Drinking Water Sources
Other environmental laws help to protect drinking water, including the Clean Water Act. The Clean Water Act recommends states to designate surface waters used for drinking water and to establish water quality standards for those waters. The Act also establishes programs to prevent the release of pollution to these waters. Laws regulating the use, transport, storage, release and generation of hazardous waste include the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (commonly known as Superfund ), and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Pesticide affects on drinking water are primarily regulated by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act and Food Quality Protection Act. Shipping of crude oil on the ocean is regulated by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Top of Page
Additional Sources of Information
Safe Drinking Water Act
Major Environmental Laws
Top of Page
Contact Us to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem. New Regulations
Regulation
Health Effects & Description
Final Rules
Filter Backwash Recycle Rule
Gastrointestinal Illness, Cryptosporidiosis:

 consider how local decisions may affect distant environments. All of the options involve ethical decisions. All of the options involve ethical decisions. What is the name of the theory which suggests that the environment has direct rights and qualifies for moral personhood? Multiple Choice
environmental justice
resource exploitation
ecocentrism
comprehensive environmental response
ecocentrism
To get around the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 many oil carriers
Multiple Choice
use lightly regulated oil barges pulled by tugboats. have constructed pipelines under the ocean floor. have increased the use of supertankers. use unregulated foreign cruise ships. use lightly regulated oil barges pulled by tugboats. Industries pollute because
Multiple Choice
manufacturing consumes energy and produces waste.

consider how local decisions may affect distant environments. All of the options involve ethical decisions. All of the options involve ethical decisions. What is the name of the theory which suggests that the environment has direct rights and qualifies for moral personhood? Multiple Choice
environmental justice
resource exploitation
ecocentrism
comprehensive environmental response
ecocentrism
To get around the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 many oil carriers
Multiple Choice
use lightly regulated oil barges pulled by tugboats. have constructed pipelines under the ocean floor. have increased the use of supertankers. use unregulated foreign cruise ships. use lightly regulated oil barges pulled by tugboats. Industries pollute because
Multiple Choice
manufacturing consumes energy and produces waste.

EPA's Mercury and Air Toxics Rule: Bottom Lines and Background | NRDC EPA's Mercury and Air Toxics Rule: Bottom Lines and Background
EPA's Mercury and Air Toxics Rule: Bottom Lines and Background
About the Authors
John Walke
 Many other types of industries have been reducing mercury emissions and many other toxic air pollutants under the Clean Air Act’s MACT program. For example, municipal and medical waste incinerators have been achieving 90 percent mercury reductions since the late 1990's using a technology called activated carbon injection (ACI) that many power plant operators also will employ to meet the proposed mercury standards. What toxic air pollutants do coal-burning and oil-burning power plants emit? Power plants emit approximately six dozen toxic air pollutants [pdf] out of the 189 toxic air pollutants specifically listed for regulation in the Clean Air Act. These include mercury, arsenic, dioxins, lead, hydrochloric acid, chromium, nickel and radionuclides. Why did EPA not start reducing toxic air pollutants from power plants after the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments when it started reducing those pollutants from other types of industries? In 1992 EPA published a list of industrial categories for which it would develop toxic air pollution standards under the law's new MACT program. NRDC filed suit against EPA alleging that the agency unlawfully omitted power plants from that list. Under the Act, EPA was supposed to conduct a health effects study addressing whether the agency should regulate toxic air pollution from fossil fuel-fired power plants using MACT standards. The law requires such regulation if EPA determines that it is "appropriate and necessary."

EPA's Mercury and Air Toxics Rule: Bottom Lines and Background | NRDC

EPA's Mercury and Air Toxics Rule: Bottom Lines and Background
EPA's Mercury and Air Toxics Rule: Bottom Lines and Background
About the Authors
John Walke

Many other types of industries have been reducing mercury emissions and many other toxic air pollutants under the Clean Air Act’s MACT program. For example, municipal and medical waste incinerators have been achieving 90 percent mercury reductions since the late 1990's using a technology called activated carbon injection (ACI) that many power plant operators also will employ to meet the proposed mercury standards. What toxic air pollutants do coal-burning and oil-burning power plants emit? Power plants emit approximately six dozen toxic air pollutants [pdf] out of the 189 toxic air pollutants specifically listed for regulation in the Clean Air Act. These include mercury, arsenic, dioxins, lead, hydrochloric acid, chromium, nickel and radionuclides. Why did EPA not start reducing toxic air pollutants from power plants after the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments when it started reducing those pollutants from other types of industries? In 1992 EPA published a list of industrial categories for which it would develop toxic air pollution standards under the law's new MACT program. NRDC filed suit against EPA alleging that the agency unlawfully omitted power plants from that list. Under the Act, EPA was supposed to conduct a health effects study addressing whether the agency should regulate toxic air pollution from fossil fuel-fired power plants using MACT standards. The law requires such regulation if EPA determines that it is "appropriate and necessary."

Top 5 Pieces of Environmental Legislation - ABC News Top 5 Pieces of Environmental Legislation
Top 5 Pieces of Environmental Legislation
Clean Air Act
Environmentalist: Clean Air Act Meant to Be a Work in Progress
Hundreds of Species Saved by Endangered Species Act
Endangered Species Act
Marine Mammal Protection Act Was First Law to Mandate Ecosystem Approach
Montreal Protocol
Montreal Protocol Act Could Be Preventing 11 Billion Tons of CO2 from Entering Earth's Atmosphere
Oil Slick on Cuyahoga River in 1969 Ignited Grassroots Action
Clean Water Act
Study: Water Quality Has Improved But Population Growth, Climate Change Hinder Act's Effectiveness
Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970
 Yes, we're looking at you, Cuyahoga River—or at least the filthy, oily, gaseous 1969 version of you. On June 22, 1969, an oil slick on Ohio's Cuyahoga River caught fire, drawing countrywide eyeballs. With tongue in cheek, a Federal Water Pollution Control Administration official told Time magazine, "The lower Cuyahoga has no visible signs of life, not even low forms such as leeches and sludge worms that usually thrive on wastes." "We're a very visual society," says Clary. " That fire really sparked action. It was really a grassroots call for change." Against this murky backdrop, President Nixon signed the Clean Water Act in 1972, the primary federal law addressing water quality standards for the nation's waterways. The act has been amended many times, most significantly in 1987 to ramp up controls on toxic pollutants, and in 1990 to more adequately address oil spills after the Exxon Valdez disaster. Study: Water Quality Has Improved But Population Growth, Climate Change Hinder Act's Effectiveness
Most importantly, t

Top 5 Pieces of Environmental Legislation - ABC News

Top 5 Pieces of Environmental Legislation
Top 5 Pieces of Environmental Legislation
Clean Air Act
Environmentalist: Clean Air Act Meant to Be a Work in Progress
Hundreds of Species Saved by Endangered Species Act
Endangered Species Act
Marine Mammal Protection Act Was First Law to Mandate Ecosystem Approach
Montreal Protocol
Montreal Protocol Act Could Be Preventing 11 Billion Tons of CO2 from Entering Earth's Atmosphere
Oil Slick on Cuyahoga River in 1969 Ignited Grassroots Action
Clean Water Act
Study: Water Quality Has Improved But Population Growth, Climate Change Hinder Act's Effectiveness
Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970

Yes, we're looking at you, Cuyahoga River—or at least the filthy, oily, gaseous 1969 version of you. On June 22, 1969, an oil slick on Ohio's Cuyahoga River caught fire, drawing countrywide eyeballs. With tongue in cheek, a Federal Water Pollution Control Administration official told Time magazine, "The lower Cuyahoga has no visible signs of life, not even low forms such as leeches and sludge worms that usually thrive on wastes." "We're a very visual society," says Clary. " That fire really sparked action. It was really a grassroots call for change." Against this murky backdrop, President Nixon signed the Clean Water Act in 1972, the primary federal law addressing water quality standards for the nation's waterways. The act has been amended many times, most significantly in 1987 to ramp up controls on toxic pollutants, and in 1990 to more adequately address oil spills after the Exxon Valdez disaster. Study: Water Quality Has Improved But Population Growth, Climate Change Hinder Act's Effectiveness
Most importantly, t

Marine Spill Response Corporation:
Credible Coverage.
Reliable Response.
•••
Credible Coverage.
Reliable Response.
Strategically Positioned.
Ready to Deploy.
The Right Resources.
MSRC 2020 Annual Report
Services
Coverage Map
 From a small to a large event, MSRC scales our response to bring only the resources needed. Maritime Shipping
Refining
Exploration & Production
Pipelines & Terminaling
Rail
Offshore Wind
MSRC 2020 Annual Report
Marine Spill Response Corporation (MSRC) is the largest oil spill removal organization (OSRO) in the United States offering complete, credible OSRO coverage across the country. Formed in conjunction with the Marine Preservation Association in 1990 by oil and gas companies, we are a not-for-profit organization with U.S. Coast Guard OSRO classification in every U.S. captain of the port zone except Alaska. MSRC provides a full range of oil spill response services for coastal and inland environments intended to help shippers, E&P operators, refiners, midstream operators, rail and offshore wind operators meet the planning criteria of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90). Above all, we provide our Customers, including the largest private cargo owners in the world, with reliable oil spill response capability for their U.S. operations. Services
Oil Spill Response
Exercise & Training Support
Spill Prevention & Mitigation
Disaster Recovery Emergency Services
International Response Support
Coverage Map
MSRC provides complete U.S. Coast Guard OSRO coverage in the continuous United States.

Marine Spill Response Corporation:

From a small to a large event, MSRC scales our response to bring only the resources needed. Maritime Shipping
Refining
Exploration & Production
Pipelines & Terminaling
Rail
Offshore Wind
MSRC 2020 Annual Report
Marine Spill Response Corporation (MSRC) is the largest oil spill removal organization (OSRO) in the United States offering complete, credible OSRO coverage across the country. Formed in conjunction with the Marine Preservation Association in 1990 by oil and gas companies, we are a not-for-profit organization with U.S. Coast Guard OSRO classification in every U.S. captain of the port zone except Alaska. MSRC provides a full range of oil spill response services for coastal and inland environments intended to help shippers, E&P operators, refiners, midstream operators, rail and offshore wind operators meet the planning criteria of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90). Above all, we provide our Customers, including the largest private cargo owners in the world, with reliable oil spill response capability for their U.S. operations. Services
Oil Spill Response
Exercise & Training Support
Spill Prevention & Mitigation
Disaster Recovery Emergency Services
International Response Support
Coverage Map
MSRC provides complete U.S. Coast Guard OSRO coverage in the continuous United States.

Oil Spill Pollution | Environmental Pollution Centers Oil Spill Pollution
Oil Spill Pollution
Definition
The Oil Pollution Act
How Does Oil Spill Pollution Affect Us?
Directly
Indirectly
How Does an Oil Spill Behave in the Environment?
 This regulation was meant to prevent and prepare emergency responses to oil spills. The Oil Spill Pollution Act: established new requirements and amended the U.S. Federal Water Pollution Control Act in order to provide enhanced capabilities for oil spill response and natural resource damage assessment; required the Coast Guard to strengthen its regulations on oil tank vessels; included the specification that companies must have a cleanup plan in order to prevent spills that may occur and a detailed containment; imposed liability for injuries, removal costs, and damages from incidents involving the discharge of oil into navigable waters or adjoining shorelines. How Does Oil Spill Pollution Affect Us? These organic compounds may affect the wildlife (including fish and birds) and humans in various ways: Directly
by direct contact with the skin - some of the oil components could be irritants to the skin and may also penetrate into our bodies via skin absorption
through inhalation - many individual components of oil are volatile and thus may easily evaporate and while breathing can enter our bodies. Some less volatile compounds (such as PAHs) may adsorb on dust and other small particulate matter suspended in the breathing air and may get into our bodies through inhalation of small particulate matter from the air
through ingestion of contaminated water and/or particles
through emitted odors - How many of us have smelled gasoline or diesel/fuel oil and noticed the strong unpleasant smell?

Oil Spill Pollution | Environmental Pollution Centers

Oil Spill Pollution
Oil Spill Pollution
Definition
The Oil Pollution Act
How Does Oil Spill Pollution Affect Us?
Directly
Indirectly
How Does an Oil Spill Behave in the Environment?

This regulation was meant to prevent and prepare emergency responses to oil spills. The Oil Spill Pollution Act: established new requirements and amended the U.S. Federal Water Pollution Control Act in order to provide enhanced capabilities for oil spill response and natural resource damage assessment; required the Coast Guard to strengthen its regulations on oil tank vessels; included the specification that companies must have a cleanup plan in order to prevent spills that may occur and a detailed containment; imposed liability for injuries, removal costs, and damages from incidents involving the discharge of oil into navigable waters or adjoining shorelines. How Does Oil Spill Pollution Affect Us? These organic compounds may affect the wildlife (including fish and birds) and humans in various ways: Directly
by direct contact with the skin - some of the oil components could be irritants to the skin and may also penetrate into our bodies via skin absorption
through inhalation - many individual components of oil are volatile and thus may easily evaporate and while breathing can enter our bodies. Some less volatile compounds (such as PAHs) may adsorb on dust and other small particulate matter suspended in the breathing air and may get into our bodies through inhalation of small particulate matter from the air
through ingestion of contaminated water and/or particles
through emitted odors - How many of us have smelled gasoline or diesel/fuel oil and noticed the strong unpleasant smell?

BP Oil Spill Damages to Stretch Insurance Coverage | OilPrice.com BP Oil Spill Damages to Stretch Insurance Coverage
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 Claims related to environmental damage comprise of the vast majority of complaints in the Advisen database at 62%, but 9% of the lawsuits are claiming that the companies violated securities laws and regulations, Bradford said. “This just isn’t an environmental and property damage liability situation,” he added. “ It’s also a management liability situation. A lot of these companies are being sued for basically failing to report to shareholders the extent of their exposure to financial loss from a situation such as this.” Violations of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 will be the basis for many claims, including the cost of removing oil and economic losses related to property damage, but there is uncertainty about the scope of the law, said Stuart Smith, a partner with New Orleans environmental law firm Stag Smith representing the United Commercial Fisherman’s Association and independent fishermen. “The statute itself is very poorly drafted and that’s going to be a big problem in this case because the interpretations of this statute are all over the place,” he said. “ It has not been decided by the Supreme Court as to where the line is going to be drawn and how far removed from the oil are you going to be able to be and still make a claim. There’s going to be a lot of litigation and that’s going to take a long time I’m afraid.” By. Gloria Gonzalez
Source:

BP Oil Spill Damages to Stretch Insurance Coverage | OilPrice.com

BP Oil Spill Damages to Stretch Insurance Coverage
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Claims related to environmental damage comprise of the vast majority of complaints in the Advisen database at 62%, but 9% of the lawsuits are claiming that the companies violated securities laws and regulations, Bradford said. “This just isn’t an environmental and property damage liability situation,” he added. “ It’s also a management liability situation. A lot of these companies are being sued for basically failing to report to shareholders the extent of their exposure to financial loss from a situation such as this.” Violations of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 will be the basis for many claims, including the cost of removing oil and economic losses related to property damage, but there is uncertainty about the scope of the law, said Stuart Smith, a partner with New Orleans environmental law firm Stag Smith representing the United Commercial Fisherman’s Association and independent fishermen. “The statute itself is very poorly drafted and that’s going to be a big problem in this case because the interpretations of this statute are all over the place,” he said. “ It has not been decided by the Supreme Court as to where the line is going to be drawn and how far removed from the oil are you going to be able to be and still make a claim. There’s going to be a lot of litigation and that’s going to take a long time I’m afraid.” By. Gloria Gonzalez
Source:

History of the TCEQ and Its Predecessor Agencies - Texas Commission on Environmental Quality - www.tceq.texas.gov History of the TCEQ and Its Predecessor Agencies
History of the TCEQ and Its Predecessor Agencies
Time Line
1905
1913
1914
1917
1919
1925
1929
1945
1949
1952
1953
1956
1957
1959
1961
1962
1963
1965
1966
1967
1969
1970
1971
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1973
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1975
1976 (–1979)
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1982
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1989
1990
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2019
 Congress amends the Safe Drinking Water Act. 1987
Congress passes the Water Quality Act of 1987. Texas establishes an EPA-approved state wellhead-protection program. 1989
The legislature expands and funds the Petroleum Storage Tank Program. The Texas Radiation Control Act authorizes the Texas Department of Health to license the disposal of radioactive waste. Back to top
1990
Congress adopts the Clean Air Act amendments of 1990. Congress passes the Oil Pollution Act. The Texas Water Commission receives initial authority for the federal HSWA. 1991
The Texas Air Control Board is expanded to implement the 1990 Amendments to the federal Clean Air Act. The legislature, in special session, creates the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, to be effective Sept. 1, 1993.

Congress amends the Safe Drinking Water Act. 1987
Congress passes the Water Quality Act of 1987. Texas establishes an EPA-approved state wellhead-protection program. 1989
The legislature expands and funds the Petroleum Storage Tank Program. The Texas Radiation Control Act authorizes the Texas Department of Health to license the disposal of radioactive waste. Back to top
1990
Congress adopts the Clean Air Act amendments of 1990. Congress passes the Oil Pollution Act. The Texas Water Commission receives initial authority for the federal HSWA. 1991
The Texas Air Control Board is expanded to implement the 1990 Amendments to the federal Clean Air Act. The legislature, in special session, creates the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, to be effective Sept. 1, 1993.

🎈 Public Lab: Hydrogen Sulfide Regulations Hydrogen Sulfide Regulations
Hydrogen Sulfide Regulations
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 it is not included as a regulated criteria or hazardous air pollutant. With the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act, section 112 (n) (5) requested a study of hydrogen sulfide emissions associated with oil and gas extraction. The results of that study can be found in “Hydrogen Sulfide Air Emissions Associated with the Extraction of Oil and Natural Gas” (EPA-453/R-93-045; NTIS publication # PB94-131224). This study did not lead to ambient air quality standards for hydrogen sulfide nor its listing as a hazardous air pollutant. Hydrogen sulfide is regulated with regards to accidental release, as per Clean Air Act section 112 (r). The Risk Management Plan Rule (RMP) implements this part of the Clean Air Act by requiring that any facility that houses a significant quantity of a hazardous chemical develop a risk management plan to reduce the likelihood of chemical spills and accidents, and appropriately respond to accidents. The threshold quantity of hydrogen sulfide over which a site is subject to the RMP rule is 10,000 lbs. Effectively, this means that industries that use hydrogen sulfide, such as sulfur-producing metallurgy or certain types of oil refineries that use hydrogen sulfide as an additive, will need a risk management plan in place, but that industries where hydrogen sulfide is a byproduct, such as pulping or concentrated agricultural feeding operations (CAFOs) often will not need to make a hydrogen sulfide risk management plan. Please note that amendments to improve the RMP rule were passed requested by executive order in 2013 after several hazardous spill events, and finalized in January 2017.

🎈 Public Lab: Hydrogen Sulfide Regulations

Hydrogen Sulfide Regulations
Hydrogen Sulfide Regulations
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Environmental regulations
Federal emissions regulations
State emissions and ambient air regulations
Colorado
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Minnesota
Pennsylvania
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Federal OSHA regulations
State occupational exposure regulations
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Minnesota
Pennsylvania
Texas
Wisconsin
Resources

it is not included as a regulated criteria or hazardous air pollutant. With the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act, section 112 (n) (5) requested a study of hydrogen sulfide emissions associated with oil and gas extraction. The results of that study can be found in “Hydrogen Sulfide Air Emissions Associated with the Extraction of Oil and Natural Gas” (EPA-453/R-93-045; NTIS publication # PB94-131224). This study did not lead to ambient air quality standards for hydrogen sulfide nor its listing as a hazardous air pollutant. Hydrogen sulfide is regulated with regards to accidental release, as per Clean Air Act section 112 (r). The Risk Management Plan Rule (RMP) implements this part of the Clean Air Act by requiring that any facility that houses a significant quantity of a hazardous chemical develop a risk management plan to reduce the likelihood of chemical spills and accidents, and appropriately respond to accidents. The threshold quantity of hydrogen sulfide over which a site is subject to the RMP rule is 10,000 lbs. Effectively, this means that industries that use hydrogen sulfide, such as sulfur-producing metallurgy or certain types of oil refineries that use hydrogen sulfide as an additive, will need a risk management plan in place, but that industries where hydrogen sulfide is a byproduct, such as pulping or concentrated agricultural feeding operations (CAFOs) often will not need to make a hydrogen sulfide risk management plan. Please note that amendments to improve the RMP rule were passed requested by executive order in 2013 after several hazardous spill events, and finalized in January 2017.

Exxon Valdez oil spill - Wikipedia Exxon Valdez
oil spill

Exxon Valdez oil spill
Contents
Spill
Clean-up and major effects
Litigation and cleanup costs
Political consequences and reforms
Coast Guard report
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Alaska regulations
Economic and personal impact
Reactions
In popular culture
See also
References
Further reading
External links
 41,000 m 3) (or 37,000 metric tonnes)
Shoreline impacted
1,300 mi (2,100 km)
The Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, on March 24, 1989, when Exxon Valdez, an oil tanker owned by Exxon Shipping Company that was bound for Long Beach, California struck Prince William Sound 's Bligh Reef, 1.5 mi (2.4 km) west of Tatitlek, Alaska at 12:04 a.m. and spilled 10.8 million US gallons (257,000 bbl) (or 37,000 tonnes) of crude oil over the next few days. It is considered the worst oil spill worldwide in terms of damage to the environment. The Exxon Valdez spill is the second largest in U.S. waters, after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, in terms of volume of oil released. Prince William Sound's remote location, accessible only by helicopter, plane, or boat, made government and industry response efforts difficult and made existing response plans especially hard to implement. The region is a habitat for salmon, sea otters, seals, and seabirds. The oil, originally extracted at the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field, eventually affected 1,300 miles (2,100 km) of coastline, of which 200 miles (320 km) were heavily or moderately oiled. Contents
1 Spill
2 Clean-up and major effects
3 Litigation and cleanup costs
4 Political consequences and reforms
4.1 Coast Guard report
4.2 Oil Pollution Act of 1990
4.3 Alaska regulations
5 Economic and personal impact
6 Reactions
6.1 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Spill
The ship was carrying 53.1 million US gallons (1,260,000 bbl; 201,000 m 3) of oil, of which approximately 10.8 million US gallons (260,000 bbl; 41,000 m 3) were spilled into the Prince William Sound. During the first few days of the spill, heavy sheens of oil covered large areas of the surface of Prince William Sound.

Exxon Valdez oil spill - Wikipedia

H.R.1465 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990
101st Congress (1989-1990)

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
Law
Tracker:
Summary (6)
Text (7)
Actions (178)
Titles (11)
Amendments (33)
Cosponsors (79)
Committees (5)
Related Bills (25)
Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Shown Here:
Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)
 Summary (6) Text (7) Actions (178) Titles (11) Amendments (33) Cosponsors (79) Committees (5) Related Bills (25)
Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Listen to this page
There are 6 summaries for H.R.1465. Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990) Passed Senate amended (11/19/1989) Reported to House amended, Part III (09/20/1989) Reported to House amended, Part II (09/18/1989) Reported to House amended, Part I (09/18/1989) Introduced in House (03/16/1989)
Bill summaries are authored by CRS. Shown Here: Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Title I: Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation - Establishes the Oil Spill Compensation Fund. Makes the responsible party for a vessel or facility from which oil is discharged (or which poses a substantial threat of discharge) liable for removal costs and for economic or natural resource damages, including: ( 1) injury or loss of real or personal property or natural resources; ( 2) loss of use (including subsistence use) of natural resources; ( 3) loss or impairment of income, profits, or earning capacity; (

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990
101st Congress (1989-1990)

H.R.1465 - Oil Pollution Act of 1990 101st Congress (1989-1990)
Law
Tracker:
Summary (6)
Text (7)
Actions (178)
Titles (11)
Amendments (33)
Cosponsors (79)
Committees (5)
Related Bills (25)
Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Shown Here:
Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)

Summary (6) Text (7) Actions (178) Titles (11) Amendments (33) Cosponsors (79) Committees (5) Related Bills (25)
Summary: H.R.1465 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) All Information (Except Text)
Listen to this page
There are 6 summaries for H.R.1465. Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990) Passed Senate amended (11/19/1989) Reported to House amended, Part III (09/20/1989) Reported to House amended, Part II (09/18/1989) Reported to House amended, Part I (09/18/1989) Introduced in House (03/16/1989)
Bill summaries are authored by CRS. Shown Here: Conference report filed in House (08/01/1990)
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Title I: Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation - Establishes the Oil Spill Compensation Fund. Makes the responsible party for a vessel or facility from which oil is discharged (or which poses a substantial threat of discharge) liable for removal costs and for economic or natural resource damages, including: ( 1) injury or loss of real or personal property or natural resources; ( 2) loss of use (including subsistence use) of natural resources; ( 3) loss or impairment of income, profits, or earning capacity; (

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links
 These categories include: natural resource damages, damages to real or personal property, loss of subsistence use, loss of government revenues, loss of profits or impaired earning capacity, damaged public services, and damage assessment costs. Additionally, some categories are recoverable for any person impacted by the incident while others are only recoverable by federal, tribal, and state governments. Furthermore, the Oil Pollution Act proscribes limits to liability for damages based on the responsible party, the particular incident, and the type of vessel or facility from which the discharge occurred. The Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund is a trust fund managed by the federal government and financed by a per-barrel tax on crude oil produced domestically in the United States and on petroleum products imported to the United States for consumption. The fund was created in 1986, but use of the fund was not authorized until the Oil Pollution Act's passage in 1990. The funds may be called upon to cover the cost of federal, tribal, state, and claimant oil spill removal actions and damage assessments as well as unpaid liability and damages claims. No more than one billion dollars may be withdrawn from the fund per spill incident. Over two decades of court cases have demonstrated that obtaining funding from the Oil Pollution Spill Liability Fund can be a difficult task. Concerns and reactions
President Bush acknowledged the changes the world would have to endure when signing the

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 - Wikipedia

Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Contents
History/Background
Enactment timeline
Key Content (Titles)
Enforcement
Concerns and reactions
Long-term effects of OPA
International treaties
See also
References
External links

These categories include: natural resource damages, damages to real or personal property, loss of subsistence use, loss of government revenues, loss of profits or impaired earning capacity, damaged public services, and damage assessment costs. Additionally, some categories are recoverable for any person impacted by the incident while others are only recoverable by federal, tribal, and state governments. Furthermore, the Oil Pollution Act proscribes limits to liability for damages based on the responsible party, the particular incident, and the type of vessel or facility from which the discharge occurred. The Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund is a trust fund managed by the federal government and financed by a per-barrel tax on crude oil produced domestically in the United States and on petroleum products imported to the United States for consumption. The fund was created in 1986, but use of the fund was not authorized until the Oil Pollution Act's passage in 1990. The funds may be called upon to cover the cost of federal, tribal, state, and claimant oil spill removal actions and damage assessments as well as unpaid liability and damages claims. No more than one billion dollars may be withdrawn from the fund per spill incident. Over two decades of court cases have demonstrated that obtaining funding from the Oil Pollution Spill Liability Fund can be a difficult task. Concerns and reactions
President Bush acknowledged the changes the world would have to endure when signing the

After the Big Spill, What Happened to the Ship Exxon Valdez? | response.restoration.noaa.gov Office of Response and Restoration
After the Big Spill, What Happened to the Ship Exxon Valdez?
New Law, New Name
A Ship Singled Out?
The End Is Near
 New Law, New Name
Nearly a year and $30 million later, the ship emerged for sea trials as the Exxon Mediterranean. The Exxon Valdez had suffered the ignominy—and corporate hardship—of effectively being singled out in U.S. legislation ( the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
(link is external)
[PDF]) and banned from a specific U.S. body of water: SEC. 5007. LIMITATION. Notwithstanding any other law, tank vessels that have spilled more than 1,000,000 gallons of oil into the marine environment after March 22, 1989, are prohibited from operating on the navigable waters of Prince William Sound, Alaska. (33 U.S.C. § 2737)
With this banishment institutionalized in U.S. law, Exxon Shipping Company shifted the operational area for the ship to the Mediterranean and the Middle East and renamed it accordingly. In 1993, Exxon spun off its shipping arm to a subsidiary, Sea River Maritime, Inc., and the Exxon Mediterranean became the Sea River Mediterranean. This was shortened to S/R Mediterranean. In 2002, the ship was re-assigned to Asian routes and then temporarily mothballed in an undisclosed location.

After the Big Spill, What Happened to the Ship Exxon Valdez? | response.restoration.noaa.gov

Office of Response and Restoration
After the Big Spill, What Happened to the Ship Exxon Valdez?
New Law, New Name
A Ship Singled Out?
The End Is Near

New Law, New Name
Nearly a year and $30 million later, the ship emerged for sea trials as the Exxon Mediterranean. The Exxon Valdez had suffered the ignominy—and corporate hardship—of effectively being singled out in U.S. legislation ( the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
(link is external)
[PDF]) and banned from a specific U.S. body of water: SEC. 5007. LIMITATION. Notwithstanding any other law, tank vessels that have spilled more than 1,000,000 gallons of oil into the marine environment after March 22, 1989, are prohibited from operating on the navigable waters of Prince William Sound, Alaska. (33 U.S.C. § 2737)
With this banishment institutionalized in U.S. law, Exxon Shipping Company shifted the operational area for the ship to the Mediterranean and the Middle East and renamed it accordingly. In 1993, Exxon spun off its shipping arm to a subsidiary, Sea River Maritime, Inc., and the Exxon Mediterranean became the Sea River Mediterranean. This was shortened to S/R Mediterranean. In 2002, the ship was re-assigned to Asian routes and then temporarily mothballed in an undisclosed location.

 On July 1, 1994, EPA finalized the revisions that direct facility owners or operators to prepare and submit plans for responding to a worst-case discharge of oil (Subpart D). Following the Floreffe, Pennsylvania oil spillin 1988, EPA formed the SPCC Task Force to examine federal regulations governing oil spills from aboveground storage tanks. The SPCC Task Force recommended that EPA: clarify certain provisions in the Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation,
establish additional technical requirements for regulated facilities, and
require the preparation of facility-specific response plans. In response to the Task Force recommendation, EPA proposed revisions to the Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation in the 1990s and finalized the amendments in 2002. EPA has since amended the SPCC requirements of the Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation to extend compliance dates and clarify and/or tailor specific regulatory requirements. Amendments
Milk Exemption under the SPCC Rule
2009 Amendments
Compliance Dates
Mobile Refuelers
Top of Page
Additional Information
Related Federal Register Notices
Related Rules: Discharge of Oil Regulation Overview
SPCC Applicability
A Facility Owner/Operator's Guide to Oil Pollution Prevention
Navigable Waters Protection Rule Overview
Top of Page
Contact Usto ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem. Discover. Accessibility
Budget & Performance
Contracting
Grants
EPA www Web Snapshots
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Privacy
Privacy and Security Notice
Connect.

On July 1, 1994, EPA finalized the revisions that direct facility owners or operators to prepare and submit plans for responding to a worst-case discharge of oil (Subpart D). Following the Floreffe, Pennsylvania oil spillin 1988, EPA formed the SPCC Task Force to examine federal regulations governing oil spills from aboveground storage tanks. The SPCC Task Force recommended that EPA: clarify certain provisions in the Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation,
establish additional technical requirements for regulated facilities, and
require the preparation of facility-specific response plans. In response to the Task Force recommendation, EPA proposed revisions to the Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation in the 1990s and finalized the amendments in 2002. EPA has since amended the SPCC requirements of the Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation to extend compliance dates and clarify and/or tailor specific regulatory requirements. Amendments
Milk Exemption under the SPCC Rule
2009 Amendments
Compliance Dates
Mobile Refuelers
Top of Page
Additional Information
Related Federal Register Notices
Related Rules: Discharge of Oil Regulation Overview
SPCC Applicability
A Facility Owner/Operator's Guide to Oil Pollution Prevention
Navigable Waters Protection Rule Overview
Top of Page
Contact Usto ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem. Discover. Accessibility
Budget & Performance
Contracting
Grants
EPA www Web Snapshots
No FEAR Act Data
Privacy
Privacy and Security Notice
Connect.

Drinking Water Laws and New Rules | Drinking Water in New England | US EPA Drinking Water Laws and New Rules
Region 1: EPA New England
Drinking Water Laws and New Rules
Safe Drinking Water Act
Other Environmental Laws Support the Protection of Drinking Water Sources
Additional Sources of Information
 Laws regulating the use, transport, storage, release and generation of hazardous waste include the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (commonly known as Superfund ), and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Pesticide affects on drinking water are primarily regulated by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act and Food Quality Protection Act. Shipping of crude oil on the ocean is regulated by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Top of Page
Additional Sources of Information
Safe Drinking Water Act
Major Environmental Laws
Top of Page
Contact Us to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem. New Regulations
Regulation
Health Effects & Description
Final Rules
Filter Backwash Recycle Rule
Gastrointestinal Illness, Cryptosporidiosis: Requires treatment of filter backwash water
                  that is recycled within the treatment process. Arsenic Rule
Skin/Bladder Cancer, Cardiovascular
                  Disease, Reproductive/Developmental Effects: Set
                  a new Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for
                  arsenic. ( Under review)
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
                  Rule
Requires monitoring of selected
                  contaminants to develop occurrence data. Radionuclides Rule
Genetic Mutations, Kidney Toxicity,
                  Cancer:

Laws regulating the use, transport, storage, release and generation of hazardous waste include the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (commonly known as Superfund ), and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Pesticide affects on drinking water are primarily regulated by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act and Food Quality Protection Act. Shipping of crude oil on the ocean is regulated by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Top of Page
Additional Sources of Information
Safe Drinking Water Act
Major Environmental Laws
Top of Page
Contact Us to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem. New Regulations
Regulation
Health Effects & Description
Final Rules
Filter Backwash Recycle Rule
Gastrointestinal Illness, Cryptosporidiosis: Requires treatment of filter backwash water
                  that is recycled within the treatment process. Arsenic Rule
Skin/Bladder Cancer, Cardiovascular
                  Disease, Reproductive/Developmental Effects: Set
                  a new Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for
                  arsenic. ( Under review)
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
                  Rule
Requires monitoring of selected
                  contaminants to develop occurrence data. Radionuclides Rule
Genetic Mutations, Kidney Toxicity,
                  Cancer:

Magnolia Petroleum Company - Wikipedia Magnolia Petroleum Company
Magnolia Petroleum Company
See also
References
 Texas State Historical Association. p. 202. ISBN 9780876112366. ^ "Magnolia Petroleum". Retrieved May 4, 2017. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Magnolia Petroleum Company. v
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Nanticoke Refinery
Controversies
Accusations of ExxonMobil human rights violations in Indonesia
Allison v. ExxonMobil Corp.
Exxon Corp. v Exxon Insurance Consultants International Ltd
ExxonMobil climate change controversy
Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corporation
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
People of the State of New York v. Exxon Mobil Corp.
Oil spills
2010 ExxonMobil oil spill
2010 Port Arthur oil spill
2013 Mayflower oil spill
Exxon Valdez oil spill
Greenpoint oil spill
SS Atlantic Empress
SS Esso Brussels
Brands
Coolanol
Mobil 1
On the Run
Speedpass
Oil and gas fields
Colony Shale Oil Project
East-Prinovozemelsky field
Goose Creek Oil Field
Kearl Oil Sands Project
Kizomba deepwater project
Ormen Lange
Pembina oil field
Prudhoe Bay Oil Field
Sable Offshore Energy Project
Sakhalin-I
Tengiz Field
Tern oilfield
Tuapse field
West Qurna Field
Other
ExxonMobil Electrofrac
Mobil Showcase Network
Power Players
Save the Tiger Fund
Authority control
LCCN: n80051171
VIAF: 127837968
WorldCat Identities: lccn-n80051171

This article about a natural gas or petroleum-related company is a stub.

Magnolia Petroleum Company - Wikipedia

Magnolia Petroleum Company
Magnolia Petroleum Company
See also
References

Spill Containment and Spill Prevention and Control Countermeasures Spill Containment and Spill Prevention and Control Countermeasures
Spill Containment and Spill Prevention and Control Countermeasures
Types of Spills
Primary and Secondary Containment
Passive and Active Containment
Active Secondary Containment Measures
Passive Secondary Containment Measures
Hazards of Spill Containment
Controls
Regulations Governing Spill Containment
EPA
OSHA
Other Regulations
Best Practices and Products for Preventing Spills
Spill Prevention and Response Plan
Secondary Containment
Spill Containment: A Big Responsibility
 The PPE used in spill control has to be adequate to the hazards presented by the substance being cleaned. Depending on the material and the extent of the spill, the PPE could be as simple as a pair of protective gloves or as elaborate as a full HAZMAT suit including an SCBA or SABA respirator. Regulations Governing Spill Containment
EPA
The two pieces of legislation form the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that pertain to spills are the Clean Water Act (1972) and the Oil Pollution Act (1990). The Oil Pollution Act includes two sets of requirements, the Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) and the Facility Response Plan (FRP). The SPCC is the cornerstone of the EPA’s spill prevention regulations, while the FRP determines the spill response supplies and training required for facilities handling large amounts of oil. The EPA is the leading federal response agency for spills occurring on land and inland waters, but the U.S. Coast Guard leads spill response for coastal waters and deepwater ports. OSHA
OSHA’s standard is known as HAZWOPER (Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response). It outlines the safety requirements employers must meet in order to respond to and clean up spills. This standard works in conjunction with EPA regulations. Where EPA regulations determine what spills must be responded to and by whom, HAZWOPER lays out how to respond to these spills.

Spill Containment and Spill Prevention and Control Countermeasures
Spill Containment and Spill Prevention and Control Countermeasures
Types of Spills
Primary and Secondary Containment
Passive and Active Containment
Active Secondary Containment Measures
Passive Secondary Containment Measures
Hazards of Spill Containment
Controls
Regulations Governing Spill Containment
EPA
OSHA
Other Regulations
Best Practices and Products for Preventing Spills
Spill Prevention and Response Plan
Secondary Containment
Spill Containment: A Big Responsibility

The PPE used in spill control has to be adequate to the hazards presented by the substance being cleaned. Depending on the material and the extent of the spill, the PPE could be as simple as a pair of protective gloves or as elaborate as a full HAZMAT suit including an SCBA or SABA respirator. Regulations Governing Spill Containment
EPA
The two pieces of legislation form the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that pertain to spills are the Clean Water Act (1972) and the Oil Pollution Act (1990). The Oil Pollution Act includes two sets of requirements, the Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) and the Facility Response Plan (FRP). The SPCC is the cornerstone of the EPA’s spill prevention regulations, while the FRP determines the spill response supplies and training required for facilities handling large amounts of oil. The EPA is the leading federal response agency for spills occurring on land and inland waters, but the U.S. Coast Guard leads spill response for coastal waters and deepwater ports. OSHA
OSHA’s standard is known as HAZWOPER (Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response). It outlines the safety requirements employers must meet in order to respond to and clean up spills. This standard works in conjunction with EPA regulations. Where EPA regulations determine what spills must be responded to and by whom, HAZWOPER lays out how to respond to these spills.

Certificate of Financial Responsibility - Wikipedia Certificate of Financial Responsibility
Certificate of Financial Responsibility
Contents
Administration
Conditions of Compliance
Penalties
See also
Notes
 Certificate of Financial Responsibility - Wikipedia
Certificate of Financial Responsibility
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the car insurance document in the U.S., see SR-22 (insurance). The Certificate of Financial Responsibility (COFR) program was created to ensure that tankers, barges, and other vessels used to transport oil and chemical-based products on U.S. should bear any ensuing cleanup costs from spills or leaks. This is based on the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and other environmental statutes. Contents
1 Administration
2 Conditions of Compliance
3 Penalties
4 See also
5 Notes
Administration
The COFR program is administered by The U.S. Coast Guard ’s National Pollution Funds Center (NPFC). The Vessel Certification Division of the NPFC ensures that responsible parties are identified and held responsible for the expenses incurred during a water pollution incident. A COFR is issued to vessel operators once they have shown the can pay cleanup and damage costs up to the liability limits required by the Oil Pollution Act . Conditions of Compliance
With a few limited exceptions, vessels greater than 300 gross tons and vessels of any size that are transferring oil between vessels or shipping oil in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) are required to comply with the COFR regulations in order to operate in U.S. waters. Penalties
Operators who do not comply with the COFR requirements are subject to: Detainment
Denial of entry into U.S. ports
Civil penalties of up to $32,500 per day
Seizure or forfeiture of the vessel
See also
Shoreline Managers
Notes
^ a b "About Vessel Certification". USCG.mil.

Certificate of Financial Responsibility - Wikipedia

Certificate of Financial Responsibility
Certificate of Financial Responsibility
Contents
Administration
Conditions of Compliance
Penalties
See also
Notes

Certificate of Financial Responsibility - Wikipedia
Certificate of Financial Responsibility
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the car insurance document in the U.S., see SR-22 (insurance). The Certificate of Financial Responsibility (COFR) program was created to ensure that tankers, barges, and other vessels used to transport oil and chemical-based products on U.S. should bear any ensuing cleanup costs from spills or leaks. This is based on the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and other environmental statutes. Contents
1 Administration
2 Conditions of Compliance
3 Penalties
4 See also
5 Notes
Administration
The COFR program is administered by The U.S. Coast Guard ’s National Pollution Funds Center (NPFC). The Vessel Certification Division of the NPFC ensures that responsible parties are identified and held responsible for the expenses incurred during a water pollution incident. A COFR is issued to vessel operators once they have shown the can pay cleanup and damage costs up to the liability limits required by the Oil Pollution Act . Conditions of Compliance
With a few limited exceptions, vessels greater than 300 gross tons and vessels of any size that are transferring oil between vessels or shipping oil in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) are required to comply with the COFR regulations in order to operate in U.S. waters. Penalties
Operators who do not comply with the COFR requirements are subject to: Detainment
Denial of entry into U.S. ports
Civil penalties of up to $32,500 per day
Seizure or forfeiture of the vessel
See also
Shoreline Managers
Notes
^ a b "About Vessel Certification". USCG.mil.

Viability of the "Act of God" Defense in a Superstorm World | The Nickel Report The Nickel Report
The Nickel Report
Viability of the “Act of God” Defense in a Superstorm World
What is the Act of God Defense?
An Exercise in Futility?
Still Worth Asserting
 First, the “act” must be so unusual or extraordinary that it was not foreseeable. Second, the “act” must be the sole cause of the injury, with no human intervention. And third, the defendant’s exercise of reasonable care would not have prevented the injury. The defendant carries the burden of proof on all three elements. In the context of federal environmental laws, three statutes recognize an act of God as a complete defense to liability arising from a discharge or release of oil or a hazardous substance. The Clean Water Act (“CWA”) shields an owner or operator of a vessel, onshore facility or offshore facility from liability for cleanup costs if the discharge of oil or a hazardous substance was caused by an act of God, defined as “an act occasioned by an unanticipated grave natural disaster.” Congress expanded upon the CWA’s definition in the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), otherwise known as the Superfund law. Under CERCLA, an otherwise responsible party is not liable for hazardous substance cleanup costs if that party can prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the release and the resulting damages were caused solely by an act of God. CERCLA defines an act of God as an unanticipated grave natural disaster or other natural phenomenon of an exceptional, inevitable, and irresistible character, the effects of which could not have been prevented or avoided by the exercise of due care or foresight. Congress adopted this same definition verbatim into the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990.

Viability of the "Act of God" Defense in a Superstorm World | The Nickel Report

The Nickel Report
The Nickel Report
Viability of the “Act of God” Defense in a Superstorm World
What is the Act of God Defense?
An Exercise in Futility?
Still Worth Asserting

First, the “act” must be so unusual or extraordinary that it was not foreseeable. Second, the “act” must be the sole cause of the injury, with no human intervention. And third, the defendant’s exercise of reasonable care would not have prevented the injury. The defendant carries the burden of proof on all three elements. In the context of federal environmental laws, three statutes recognize an act of God as a complete defense to liability arising from a discharge or release of oil or a hazardous substance. The Clean Water Act (“CWA”) shields an owner or operator of a vessel, onshore facility or offshore facility from liability for cleanup costs if the discharge of oil or a hazardous substance was caused by an act of God, defined as “an act occasioned by an unanticipated grave natural disaster.” Congress expanded upon the CWA’s definition in the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), otherwise known as the Superfund law. Under CERCLA, an otherwise responsible party is not liable for hazardous substance cleanup costs if that party can prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the release and the resulting damages were caused solely by an act of God. CERCLA defines an act of God as an unanticipated grave natural disaster or other natural phenomenon of an exceptional, inevitable, and irresistible character, the effects of which could not have been prevented or avoided by the exercise of due care or foresight. Congress adopted this same definition verbatim into the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990.

Fossils into Fuels - Transportation and storage of crude oil and natural gas
Transport & Storage of Crude Oil & Natural Gas
Aboveground Tank Storage of Liquid Petroleum Products
-Þ-
 After delivering their cargoes, the vessels return in ballast to loading facilities to repeat the sequence. Oil tankers and barges are vessels designed with the engines and quarters at the rear of the vessel and the remainder of the vessel divided into special compartments (tanks) to carry crude oil and liquid petroleum products in bulk. Cargo pumps are located in pump rooms, and forced ventilation and inerting systems are provided to reduce the risk of fires and explosions in pump rooms and cargo compartments. Modern oil tankers and barges are built with double hulls and other protective and safety features required by the United States Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) tanker safety standards. Some new ship designs extend double hulls up the sides of the tankers to provide additional protection. Generally, large tankers carry crude oil and small tankers and barges carry petroleum products. Supertankers
Ultra-large and very large crude carriers (ULCCs and VLCCs) are restricted by their size and draft to specific routes of travel. ULCCs are vessels whose capacity is over 300,000 SDWTs, and VLCCs have capacities ranging from 160,000 to 300,000 SDWTs. Most large crude carriers are not owned by oil companies, but are chartered from transportation companies which specialize in operating these super-sized vessels. Oil tankers
Oil tankers are smaller than VLCCs, and, in addition to ocean travel, they can navigate restricted passages such as the Suez and Panama Canals, shallow coastal waters and estuaries.

Fossils into Fuels - Transportation and storage of crude oil and natural gas

Transport & Storage of Crude Oil & Natural Gas
Aboveground Tank Storage of Liquid Petroleum Products
-Þ-

After delivering their cargoes, the vessels return in ballast to loading facilities to repeat the sequence. Oil tankers and barges are vessels designed with the engines and quarters at the rear of the vessel and the remainder of the vessel divided into special compartments (tanks) to carry crude oil and liquid petroleum products in bulk. Cargo pumps are located in pump rooms, and forced ventilation and inerting systems are provided to reduce the risk of fires and explosions in pump rooms and cargo compartments. Modern oil tankers and barges are built with double hulls and other protective and safety features required by the United States Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) tanker safety standards. Some new ship designs extend double hulls up the sides of the tankers to provide additional protection. Generally, large tankers carry crude oil and small tankers and barges carry petroleum products. Supertankers
Ultra-large and very large crude carriers (ULCCs and VLCCs) are restricted by their size and draft to specific routes of travel. ULCCs are vessels whose capacity is over 300,000 SDWTs, and VLCCs have capacities ranging from 160,000 to 300,000 SDWTs. Most large crude carriers are not owned by oil companies, but are chartered from transportation companies which specialize in operating these super-sized vessels. Oil tankers
Oil tankers are smaller than VLCCs, and, in addition to ocean travel, they can navigate restricted passages such as the Suez and Panama Canals, shallow coastal waters and estuaries.

Biggest Oil Companies In The World - WorldAtlas Biggest Oil Companies In The World
Biggest Oil Companies In The World
The Five Biggest Oil Companies In The World
Saudi Aramco
Sinopec
China National Petroleum Corporation
ExxonMobil
Environmental Effects Of Oil
Biggest Oil Companies In The World
 The company is ranked third in our list of biggest oil companies in the world with a revenue of 428.62 billion dollars. It is a major employer of more than one million people. The company is involved in the refining, production of natural gas and petrochemicals, exploration of oil fields and marketing of its products. The company has branches and investments in other countries both in Asia and Africa and shares in other oil companies around the world. The company has been held responsible for the pollution of water and air through leaks and destruction of the environment through drilling in the process of exploration
ExxonMobil
ExxonMobil is an American oil company with headquarters in Texas. It ranks fourth among the biggest oil companies in the world by revenue generated. The company was founded in 1999 through the merger of Exxon (formerly Standard Oil Company of New Jersey) and Mobil (formerly the Standard Oil Company of New York) and has a revenue of 268.9 billion dollars. ExxonMobil deals with crude oil, natural gas, petrochemicals, and other oil products. The company is criticized for its slow response to environmental pollution including the cleaning up of oil spills. Environmental Effects Of Oil
Some of the oil companies have been responsible for environmental pollution through by-products and oil spills.

Biggest Oil Companies In The World - WorldAtlas

Biggest Oil Companies In The World
Biggest Oil Companies In The World
The Five Biggest Oil Companies In The World
Saudi Aramco
Sinopec
China National Petroleum Corporation
ExxonMobil
Environmental Effects Of Oil
Biggest Oil Companies In The World

The company is ranked third in our list of biggest oil companies in the world with a revenue of 428.62 billion dollars. It is a major employer of more than one million people. The company is involved in the refining, production of natural gas and petrochemicals, exploration of oil fields and marketing of its products. The company has branches and investments in other countries both in Asia and Africa and shares in other oil companies around the world. The company has been held responsible for the pollution of water and air through leaks and destruction of the environment through drilling in the process of exploration
ExxonMobil
ExxonMobil is an American oil company with headquarters in Texas. It ranks fourth among the biggest oil companies in the world by revenue generated. The company was founded in 1999 through the merger of Exxon (formerly Standard Oil Company of New Jersey) and Mobil (formerly the Standard Oil Company of New York) and has a revenue of 268.9 billion dollars. ExxonMobil deals with crude oil, natural gas, petrochemicals, and other oil products. The company is criticized for its slow response to environmental pollution including the cleaning up of oil spills. Environmental Effects Of Oil
Some of the oil companies have been responsible for environmental pollution through by-products and oil spills.

  A Stakeholder Analysis of the BP Oil Spill and the Compensation Mechanisms Used to Minimize Damage
A

Stakeholder

Analysis

of

the

BP

Oil

Spill

and

the

Compensation

Mechanisms

Used

to

Minimize

Damage

An

Honors

Thesis

Overview

of

the

BP

Oil

Spill

Stakeholder

Theory

Environmental

Impact

Economic

Impact

Compensation

Mechanisms

BP

Compensation

Mechanisms

Economic

and

Property

Damages

Settlement

Corporate

Responsibility

BP’s

Responsibility

Criminal

Charges

BP’s

Response

Action

Needed

Works

Cited

 Figure

2: Stakeholders

of

the

BP

Oil

Spill

(Brennan,

2013)

Environmental

Impact

The

environment

is

always

a

stakeholder

in

oil

spills. The

environmental

impact

of

an

oil

spill

on

sea

organisms

and

their

ecosystems

has

been

well-documented. The

Oil

Pollution

Act

of

1990

mandates

that

a

Natural

Resources

Damage

Assessment

be

compiled

for

each

oil

spill. The

assessment

allows

restoration

efforts

to

be

completed

in

the

areas

of

most

need

by

measuring

the

impact

in

terms

of

fish

killed

and

wetland

destroyed. The

report

compiled

for

the

BP

oil

spill

states

that

approximately

1,100

miles

of

coastal

wetland

were

victim

to

the

effects

of

the

spill

(National

Academy

of

Sciences,

2013). It

was

determined

that

areas

where

vegetation

and

root

systems

were

eradicated

by

the

spill,

erosion

will

convert

marshland

into

open

water. The

U.S.

Fish

and

Wildlife

Service

determined

that

32

National

Wildlife

Refuges

are

at

risk

as

a

result

of

the

oil

spill,

including

Breton

National

Wildlife

Refuge,

the

second

oldest

refuge

in

the

country

(Cleveland,

2010). Oil

can

cause

harm

through

physical

contact,

inhalation,

and

absorption. Ingestion

of

oil

by

marine

animals

has

shown

organ

damage,

ulceration,

lowered

immune

systems,

skin

irritation,

and

changes

in

behavior.

 A Stakeholder Analysis of the BP Oil Spill and the Compensation Mechanisms Used to Minimize Damage
A

Stakeholder

Analysis

of

the

BP

Oil

Spill

and

the

Compensation

Mechanisms

Used

to

Minimize

Damage

An

Honors

Thesis

Overview

of

the

BP

Oil

Spill

Stakeholder

Theory

Environmental

Impact

Economic

Impact

Compensation

Mechanisms

BP

Compensation

Mechanisms

Economic

and

Property

Damages

Settlement

Corporate

Responsibility

BP’s

Responsibility

Criminal

Charges

BP’s

Response

Action

Needed

Works

Cited

Figure

2: Stakeholders

of

the

BP

Oil

Spill

(Brennan,

2013)

Environmental

Impact

The

environment

is

always

a

stakeholder

in

oil

spills. The

environmental

impact

of

an

oil

spill

on

sea

organisms

and

their

ecosystems

has

been

well-documented. The

Oil

Pollution

Act

of

1990

mandates

that

a

Natural

Resources

Damage

Assessment

be

compiled

for

each

oil

spill. The

assessment

allows

restoration

efforts

to

be

completed

in

the

areas

of

most

need

by

measuring

the

impact

in

terms

of

fish

killed

and

wetland

destroyed. The

report

compiled

for

the

BP

oil

spill

states

that

approximately

1,100

miles

of

coastal

wetland

were

victim

to

the

effects

of

the

spill

(National

Academy

of

Sciences,

2013). It

was

determined

that

areas

where

vegetation

and

root

systems

were

eradicated

by

the

spill,

erosion

will

convert

marshland

into

open

water. The

U.S.

Fish

and

Wildlife

Service

determined

that

32

National

Wildlife

Refuges

are

at

risk

as

a

result

of

the

oil

spill,

including

Breton

National

Wildlife

Refuge,

the

second

oldest

refuge

in

the

country

(Cleveland,

2010). Oil

can

cause

harm

through

physical

contact,

inhalation,

and

absorption. Ingestion

of

oil

by

marine

animals

has

shown

organ

damage,

ulceration,

lowered

immune

systems,

skin

irritation,

and

changes

in

behavior.

What Is the Clean Water Act? Summary and Impact What Is the Clean Water Act?
What Is the Clean Water Act?
Before the Law
Summary of the Law
Protected Waters Under the Law
What Is the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System?
The SWANCC Decision
The Rapanos Decision
The Clean Water Rule
Current Status
Key Takeaways
View Article Sources
 2  In 1948, President Eisenhower signed into law the Federal Pollution Control Act. 3  This legislation funded the study and management of water pollution. However, when faced with a bill meant to strengthen this act, Eisenhower issued a veto because he considered water pollution to be a local issue and urged state governments to take their share of the responsibility. Yet just a year later, when President John F. Kennedy took office, the federal bill was signed into law. Unfortunately, even the strengthened Federal Pollution Control Act was far from enough to curb the country’s water pollution problem. Most water quality management remained under the responsibility of individual states. To avoid strict pollution requirements, companies could move to states with more lenient regulations. However, the interconnectedness of waterways did not retain pollution within state lines, so U.S. waters continued to suffer from severe pollution. Following a blowout of Union Oil’s Platform A on January 28, 1969, 3.2 million gallons of crude oil spilled into the coastal waters of Santa Barbara California. 4  The environmental catastrophe was blamed on inadequate safety precautions taken by the oil company.

What Is the Clean Water Act? Summary and Impact

What Is the Clean Water Act?
What Is the Clean Water Act?
Before the Law
Summary of the Law
Protected Waters Under the Law
What Is the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System?
The SWANCC Decision
The Rapanos Decision
The Clean Water Rule
Current Status
Key Takeaways
View Article Sources

2  In 1948, President Eisenhower signed into law the Federal Pollution Control Act. 3  This legislation funded the study and management of water pollution. However, when faced with a bill meant to strengthen this act, Eisenhower issued a veto because he considered water pollution to be a local issue and urged state governments to take their share of the responsibility. Yet just a year later, when President John F. Kennedy took office, the federal bill was signed into law. Unfortunately, even the strengthened Federal Pollution Control Act was far from enough to curb the country’s water pollution problem. Most water quality management remained under the responsibility of individual states. To avoid strict pollution requirements, companies could move to states with more lenient regulations. However, the interconnectedness of waterways did not retain pollution within state lines, so U.S. waters continued to suffer from severe pollution. Following a blowout of Union Oil’s Platform A on January 28, 1969, 3.2 million gallons of crude oil spilled into the coastal waters of Santa Barbara California. 4  The environmental catastrophe was blamed on inadequate safety precautions taken by the oil company.