Question: Is S. saprophyticus UTI common in vegetarians and what antibiotics are effective?

Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? - ScienceDirect Staphylococcus saprophyticus
: Which beta-lactam?

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Short Communication
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam?
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Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
Conclusions
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Introduction
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 The adequacy of antimicrobial treatments prescribed for UTI due to S. saprophyticus is not usually questioned. This study described the epidemiology of such infections and assessed the susceptibility of S. saprophyticus to ceftriaxone and amoxicillin–clavulanic acid. Methods
Methicillin-susceptible S. saprophyticus (MSSS) isolated from clinical samples between November 2014 and July 2016 were included. Clinical data were recorded. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amoxicillin–clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone were measured for these MSSS strains and for 17 randomly selected methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) strains. Results
Of the S. saprophyticus isolates from urine, 59.5% were associated with a diagnosis of cystitis and 33.3% with pyelonephritis. Sixty percent of S. saprophyticus cystitis cases and 25% of pyelonephritis cases were given an inappropriate antibiotic regimen. The MICs of ceftriaxone ranged from 4 to >32 μg/ml for MSSS, and from 1.5 to 4 μg/ml for MSSA. Conclusions
Many UTIs were treated with an empirical antibiotic therapy that was ineffective for S. saprophyticus, revealing that S. saprophyticus is an aetiology that is insufficiently considered in UTI. High MICs for ceftriaxone in MSSS were observed, which raises questions about the use of this antibiotic in UTIs due to S. saprophyticus.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? - ScienceDirect

Staphylococcus saprophyticus
: Which beta-lactam?

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Short Communication
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam?
Highlights
Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Keywords
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conflict of interest/funding
References

The adequacy of antimicrobial treatments prescribed for UTI due to S. saprophyticus is not usually questioned. This study described the epidemiology of such infections and assessed the susceptibility of S. saprophyticus to ceftriaxone and amoxicillin–clavulanic acid. Methods
Methicillin-susceptible S. saprophyticus (MSSS) isolated from clinical samples between November 2014 and July 2016 were included. Clinical data were recorded. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amoxicillin–clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone were measured for these MSSS strains and for 17 randomly selected methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) strains. Results
Of the S. saprophyticus isolates from urine, 59.5% were associated with a diagnosis of cystitis and 33.3% with pyelonephritis. Sixty percent of S. saprophyticus cystitis cases and 25% of pyelonephritis cases were given an inappropriate antibiotic regimen. The MICs of ceftriaxone ranged from 4 to >32 μg/ml for MSSS, and from 1.5 to 4 μg/ml for MSSA. Conclusions
Many UTIs were treated with an empirical antibiotic therapy that was ineffective for S. saprophyticus, revealing that S. saprophyticus is an aetiology that is insufficiently considered in UTI. High MICs for ceftriaxone in MSSS were observed, which raises questions about the use of this antibiotic in UTIs due to S. saprophyticus.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? - ScienceDirect Staphylococcus saprophyticus
: Which beta-lactam?

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Short Communication
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam?
Highlights
Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Keywords
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conflict of interest/funding
References
 Results
Of the S. saprophyticus isolates from urine, 59.5% were associated with a diagnosis of cystitis and 33.3% with pyelonephritis. Sixty percent of S. saprophyticus cystitis cases and 25% of pyelonephritis cases were given an inappropriate antibiotic regimen. The MICs of ceftriaxone ranged from 4 to >32 μg/ml for MSSS, and from 1.5 to 4 μg/ml for MSSA. Conclusions
Many UTIs were treated with an empirical antibiotic therapy that was ineffective for S. saprophyticus, revealing that S. saprophyticus is an aetiology that is insufficiently considered in UTI. High MICs for ceftriaxone in MSSS were observed, which raises questions about the use of this antibiotic in UTIs due to S. saprophyticus. Previous article
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Keywords
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Beta-lactams
Minimum inhibitory concentrations
Ceftriaxone
Amoxicillin–clavulanic acid
Introduction
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive coccus responsible for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections (UTIs), mainly in young women ( Raz et al., 2005 ). The resistance of S. saprophyticus to the antibiotics commonly used in the empirical treatment of cystitis, such as cefixime and fosfomycin trometamol, complicates the treatment of patients infected with this pathogen. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology of UTIs associated with S. saprophyticus at the University Hospital of Angers, and to compare the susceptibility of methicillin-susceptible S. saprophyticus (MSSS) with the susceptibility of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates to amoxicillin–clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone. Methods
All MSSS isolated from clinical samples at the University Hospital of Angers between November 2014 and July 2016 were selected.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Staphylococcus saprophyticus
as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections
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 In young women, S. saprophyticus is, after Escherichia coli, the second-most-frequent causative agent of acute UTI. Patients with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered. The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic appearance microscopically. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colonyforming units (<10 5 cfu/ml) of S. saprophyticus are comparatively often found in the bladder and voided urine. S. saprophyticus is usually susceptible to antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients with UTI, with the exception of nalidixic acid. The bacterium has a capacity for selective adherence to human urothelium. It causes direct hemagglutination. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic

Staphylococcus saprophyticus
as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections
Published:
Abstract
Topic:
Issue Section:
PDF

In young women, S. saprophyticus is, after Escherichia coli, the second-most-frequent causative agent of acute UTI. Patients with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered. The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic appearance microscopically. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colonyforming units (<10 5 cfu/ml) of S. saprophyticus are comparatively often found in the bladder and voided urine. S. saprophyticus is usually susceptible to antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients with UTI, with the exception of nalidixic acid. The bacterium has a capacity for selective adherence to human urothelium. It causes direct hemagglutination. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure.

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus | Medical Laboratories Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
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 In females 17–27 years old, it is the second most common cause of community-acquired UTI, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTI because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname “honeymoon cystitis”. Laboratory diagnosis: Urinalysis and Urine Culture
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Catalase Test is Positive
Coagulase Test is Negative
Lastly, S. saprophyticus is differentiated from S. epidermidis which another species Staphylococcus genus by testing for susceptibility to the antibiotic novobiocin. S. saprophyticus is novobiocin-resistant, whereas S. epidermidis is novobiocin-sensitive. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Treatment: S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections are usually treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with a quinolone
Source: Wikipedia & Others
Tags: coagulase-negative, community-acquired infection, honeymoon cystitis, Staphylococcus Saprophyticus, urinary tract infections, UTI
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Staphylococcus Saprophyticus | Medical Laboratories

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
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Treatment:
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In females 17–27 years old, it is the second most common cause of community-acquired UTI, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTI because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname “honeymoon cystitis”. Laboratory diagnosis: Urinalysis and Urine Culture
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Catalase Test is Positive
Coagulase Test is Negative
Lastly, S. saprophyticus is differentiated from S. epidermidis which another species Staphylococcus genus by testing for susceptibility to the antibiotic novobiocin. S. saprophyticus is novobiocin-resistant, whereas S. epidermidis is novobiocin-sensitive. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Treatment: S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections are usually treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with a quinolone
Source: Wikipedia & Others
Tags: coagulase-negative, community-acquired infection, honeymoon cystitis, Staphylococcus Saprophyticus, urinary tract infections, UTI
Dr.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men:... : Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 10
The clinical features of S. saprophyticus resemble those of other UTIs. Bacteremia and systemic toxicity are rare even when upper UTI occurs. In our review of literature, we did not find any report of bacteremia in male patients who have UTI by S. saprophyticus. Our patient also has negative blood cultures. Microbiologically S. saprophyticus can be easily differentiated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci by testing for novobiocin resistance. 11 This test has been validated in many studies. It has emerged as rapid and cost-effective screening method. It is sensitive to most antibiotics used to treat UTI except nalidixic acid. Ishihara et al 7 reported resistance of S. saprophyticus strains to ampicillin, ceftazidime, cefixime, aztreonam, and fosfomycin. There was also no difference in resistance rate on basis of gender.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men:... : Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice

Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

10
The clinical features of S. saprophyticus resemble those of other UTIs. Bacteremia and systemic toxicity are rare even when upper UTI occurs. In our review of literature, we did not find any report of bacteremia in male patients who have UTI by S. saprophyticus. Our patient also has negative blood cultures. Microbiologically S. saprophyticus can be easily differentiated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci by testing for novobiocin resistance. 11 This test has been validated in many studies. It has emerged as rapid and cost-effective screening method. It is sensitive to most antibiotics used to treat UTI except nalidixic acid. Ishihara et al 7 reported resistance of S. saprophyticus strains to ampicillin, ceftazidime, cefixime, aztreonam, and fosfomycin. There was also no difference in resistance rate on basis of gender.

Patients with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered. The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic appearance microscopically. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colony-forming units (less than 10(5) cfu/ml) of S. saprophyticus are comparatively often found in the bladder and voided urine. S. saprophyticus is usually susceptible to antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients with UTI, with the exception of nalidixic acid. The bacterium has a capacity for selective adherence to human urothelium. It causes direct hemagglutination. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. This staphylococcal species produces an extracellular enzyme complex that can inhibit growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Patients with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered. The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic appearance microscopically. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colony-forming units (less than 10(5) cfu/ml) of S. saprophyticus are comparatively often found in the bladder and voided urine. S. saprophyticus is usually susceptible to antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients with UTI, with the exception of nalidixic acid. The bacterium has a capacity for selective adherence to human urothelium. It causes direct hemagglutination. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. This staphylococcal species produces an extracellular enzyme complex that can inhibit growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men:... : Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 11 This test has been validated in many studies. It has emerged as rapid and cost-effective screening method. It is sensitive to most antibiotics used to treat UTI except nalidixic acid. Ishihara et al 7 reported resistance of S. saprophyticus strains to ampicillin, ceftazidime, cefixime, aztreonam, and fosfomycin. There was also no difference in resistance rate on basis of gender. Our isolate was also resistant to β-lactam antibiotics in accordance to other case reports. To summarize, S. saprophyticus is rare but important cause of UTIs in both genders. It should be part of differential diagnosis in complicated UTIs in elderly men. Whether to screen for and eradicate this organism before invasive urogenital procedures in high-risk male patients remains open-ended question, and more studies are needed to answer this. REFERENCES
1.

11 This test has been validated in many studies. It has emerged as rapid and cost-effective screening method. It is sensitive to most antibiotics used to treat UTI except nalidixic acid. Ishihara et al 7 reported resistance of S. saprophyticus strains to ampicillin, ceftazidime, cefixime, aztreonam, and fosfomycin. There was also no difference in resistance rate on basis of gender. Our isolate was also resistant to β-lactam antibiotics in accordance to other case reports. To summarize, S. saprophyticus is rare but important cause of UTIs in both genders. It should be part of differential diagnosis in complicated UTIs in elderly men. Whether to screen for and eradicate this organism before invasive urogenital procedures in high-risk male patients remains open-ended question, and more studies are needed to answer this. REFERENCES
1.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links
 It is identitified as a species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) using the coagulase test. Lastly, S. saprophyticus is differentiated from S. epidermidis, another species of pathogenic CoNS, by testing for susceptibility to the antibiotic novobiocin. S. saprophyticus is novobiocin-resistant, whereas S. epidermidis is novobiocin-sensitive. Treatment
S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections are usually treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with a quinolone such as to be alone norfloxacin. It has also been shown to be susceptible to ampicillin & ceftriaxone. The many home remedies or natural treatments for urinary tract infections are not clinically proven, such as cranberry juice, alkalinization, and many types of common herbs and spices. Some show promise, such as to affect the formation of biofilms on surfaces or medical equipment, and in other in vitro situations. Different subspecies
Two subspecies of S. saprophyticus exist: S. s. bovis and S. s. saprophyticus, the latter has colony diameter of > 5mm, and more commonly found in human UTIs. S. s. saprophyticus is nitrate-reductase negative and pyrrolidonyl-arylamidase negative, while S. saprophyticus bovis has colony diameter of < 5mm, nitrate-reductase positive and pyrolidonyl-arylamidase positive.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia

Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links

It is identitified as a species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) using the coagulase test. Lastly, S. saprophyticus is differentiated from S. epidermidis, another species of pathogenic CoNS, by testing for susceptibility to the antibiotic novobiocin. S. saprophyticus is novobiocin-resistant, whereas S. epidermidis is novobiocin-sensitive. Treatment
S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections are usually treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with a quinolone such as to be alone norfloxacin. It has also been shown to be susceptible to ampicillin & ceftriaxone. The many home remedies or natural treatments for urinary tract infections are not clinically proven, such as cranberry juice, alkalinization, and many types of common herbs and spices. Some show promise, such as to affect the formation of biofilms on surfaces or medical equipment, and in other in vitro situations. Different subspecies
Two subspecies of S. saprophyticus exist: S. s. bovis and S. s. saprophyticus, the latter has colony diameter of > 5mm, and more commonly found in human UTIs. S. s. saprophyticus is nitrate-reductase negative and pyrrolidonyl-arylamidase negative, while S. saprophyticus bovis has colony diameter of < 5mm, nitrate-reductase positive and pyrolidonyl-arylamidase positive.

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus | Medical Laboratories Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
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 Staphylococcus Saprophyticus | Medical Laboratories
Home Bacteriology Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
7 years ago by Dr. AG 0
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative bacterium. Staphylococcus saprophyticus gram stain
S. Saprophyticus is a common cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections. S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. S. saprophyticus causes 10-20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In females 17–27 years old, it is the second most common cause of community-acquired UTI, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTI because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname “honeymoon cystitis”. Laboratory diagnosis: Urinalysis and Urine Culture
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Catalase Test is Positive
Coagulase Test is Negative
Lastly, S. saprophyticus is differentiated from S. epidermidis which another species Staphylococcus genus by testing for susceptibility to the antibiotic novobiocin.

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus | Medical Laboratories
Home Bacteriology Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
7 years ago by Dr. AG 0
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative bacterium. Staphylococcus saprophyticus gram stain
S. Saprophyticus is a common cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections. S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. S. saprophyticus causes 10-20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In females 17–27 years old, it is the second most common cause of community-acquired UTI, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTI because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname “honeymoon cystitis”. Laboratory diagnosis: Urinalysis and Urine Culture
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Catalase Test is Positive
Coagulase Test is Negative
Lastly, S. saprophyticus is differentiated from S. epidermidis which another species Staphylococcus genus by testing for susceptibility to the antibiotic novobiocin.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links
 In females 17–27 years old, it is the second-most common cause of community-acquired UTIs, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTIs because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname "honeymoon cystitis". S. saprophyticus has the capacity to selectively adhere to human urothelium. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. S. saprophyticus produces no exotoxins. Clinical features
Patients with urinary tract infections caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Symptoms include a burning sensation when passing urine, the urge to urinate more often than usual, a 'dripping effect' after urination, weak bladder, a bloated feeling with sharp razor pains in the lower abdomen around the bladder and ovary areas, and razor-like pains during sexual intercourse. Flank pain may occur due to infection of the upper urinary tract, such as pyelonephritis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered.

In females 17–27 years old, it is the second-most common cause of community-acquired UTIs, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTIs because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname "honeymoon cystitis". S. saprophyticus has the capacity to selectively adhere to human urothelium. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. S. saprophyticus produces no exotoxins. Clinical features
Patients with urinary tract infections caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Symptoms include a burning sensation when passing urine, the urge to urinate more often than usual, a 'dripping effect' after urination, weak bladder, a bloated feeling with sharp razor pains in the lower abdomen around the bladder and ovary areas, and razor-like pains during sexual intercourse. Flank pain may occur due to infection of the upper urinary tract, such as pyelonephritis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered.

Gram-positive uropathogens: Empirical treatment and emerging antimicrobial resistance
Gram-positive uropathogens: Empirical treatment and emerging antimicrobial resistance
Abstract
Key words
Abbreviations
Introduction
Methods and materials
Data collection
Study design and specimen collection
Bacterial isolation and identification
Antimicrobial sensitivity assessment
Detection of β-lactamase and quinolone-resistant genes
Statistical analyses
Results
Demographics of the study population
Isolation and identification of gram-positive UTI pathogens
Antimicrobial resistance pattern of the UTI gram-positive isolates
Antibiotic resistant genes in gram-positive uropathogens
Discussion
Ethics statement
Acknowledgments
Disclosure
References
Articles
Journal Home
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 Urinary Tract Infection
Introduction
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases. The major causative agents of UTIs are Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae. The remaining proportions are associated with a variety of organisms, including the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus, GBS), and other less frequently isolated organisms [1-3]. Most prevalent gram-positive uropathogenic bacteria include Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Enterococcus facecalis [4-6]. Gram-positive uropathogens were reported in multiple countries in both uncomplicated and complicated UTI [7-9]. There are no such exclusive studies have been done in Bangladeshi population to seek gram-positive UTI etiology. Without proper diagnosis, there is a high possibility of getting wrong and inappropriate medications and subsequent adverse side-effects of the associated treatment. Gram-positive bacteria are found more often as etiologic agents of UTI among pregnant women and the elderly [10]. Further, complicated UTIs often occur in nosocomial and/or institutional settings and these individuals are at greater risk of gram-positive and polymicrobial UTI [4,5]. It accounts for a large proportion of antibiotic consumption and has a large socioeconomic impact and may contribute to bacterial resistance [11,12].

Gram-positive uropathogens: Empirical treatment and emerging antimicrobial resistance

Gram-positive uropathogens: Empirical treatment and emerging antimicrobial resistance
Abstract
Key words
Abbreviations
Introduction
Methods and materials
Data collection
Study design and specimen collection
Bacterial isolation and identification
Antimicrobial sensitivity assessment
Detection of β-lactamase and quinolone-resistant genes
Statistical analyses
Results
Demographics of the study population
Isolation and identification of gram-positive UTI pathogens
Antimicrobial resistance pattern of the UTI gram-positive isolates
Antibiotic resistant genes in gram-positive uropathogens
Discussion
Ethics statement
Acknowledgments
Disclosure
References
Articles
Journal Home
Jump to

Urinary Tract Infection
Introduction
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases. The major causative agents of UTIs are Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae. The remaining proportions are associated with a variety of organisms, including the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus, GBS), and other less frequently isolated organisms [1-3]. Most prevalent gram-positive uropathogenic bacteria include Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Enterococcus facecalis [4-6]. Gram-positive uropathogens were reported in multiple countries in both uncomplicated and complicated UTI [7-9]. There are no such exclusive studies have been done in Bangladeshi population to seek gram-positive UTI etiology. Without proper diagnosis, there is a high possibility of getting wrong and inappropriate medications and subsequent adverse side-effects of the associated treatment. Gram-positive bacteria are found more often as etiologic agents of UTI among pregnant women and the elderly [10]. Further, complicated UTIs often occur in nosocomial and/or institutional settings and these individuals are at greater risk of gram-positive and polymicrobial UTI [4,5]. It accounts for a large proportion of antibiotic consumption and has a large socioeconomic impact and may contribute to bacterial resistance [11,12].

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - microbewiki Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
Classification
Higher order taxa
Species
Description and significance
Genome structure
Cell structure and metabolism
Ecology
Pathology
Application to Biotechnology
Current Research
References
 Like other Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is globular and resembles clusters of grapes. S. saprophyticus colonizes in the urinary tract of humans and is isolated from urine samples. Young women are more susceptible to colonization in the urinary tracts and sexual intercourse promotes its spread. [ 3] S. saprophyticus is not normally present in the body. [ 5] It is also isolated from the carcasses of dead animals. [ 3]
In 1962, Torres Pereira first isolated a coagulase-negative Staphylococci with antigen 51 from women with acute UTI. [ 4]. This antigen was later classified as S. saprophyticus. [ 3] Laboratory tests to identify S. saprophyticus are based on its resistance to the antibiotic Novobiocin and the absence of coagulase. [ 3]
Genome structure
As of 2005, the genome of S. saprophyticus (strain ATCC 15305) has been fully sequenced by Japanese researchers. [

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - microbewiki

Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
Classification
Higher order taxa
Species
Description and significance
Genome structure
Cell structure and metabolism
Ecology
Pathology
Application to Biotechnology
Current Research
References

Like other Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is globular and resembles clusters of grapes. S. saprophyticus colonizes in the urinary tract of humans and is isolated from urine samples. Young women are more susceptible to colonization in the urinary tracts and sexual intercourse promotes its spread. [ 3] S. saprophyticus is not normally present in the body. [ 5] It is also isolated from the carcasses of dead animals. [ 3]
In 1962, Torres Pereira first isolated a coagulase-negative Staphylococci with antigen 51 from women with acute UTI. [ 4]. This antigen was later classified as S. saprophyticus. [ 3] Laboratory tests to identify S. saprophyticus are based on its resistance to the antibiotic Novobiocin and the absence of coagulase. [ 3]
Genome structure
As of 2005, the genome of S. saprophyticus (strain ATCC 15305) has been fully sequenced by Japanese researchers. [

Difference Between Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Staphylococcus Saprophyticus - Pediaa.Com Difference Between Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Difference Between Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Key Areas Covered
Key Terms
What is Staphylococcus Epidermidis
What is Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Similarities Between Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Difference Between Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Definition
Colony Color
Novobiocin Test
Habitat
Pathogenicity
Infections
Conclusion
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 This makes the novobiocin test critical in the differentiation between S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus, which is novobiocin-resistant. What is Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is another species of the Staphylococcus genus. Since S. saprophyticus belongs to the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum, it often causes urinary tract infections (UTIs) in females. Generally, 10-20% UTIs occur due to S. saprophyticus. Also, it is the second commonest cause of community-acquired UTIs. The risk of the infection increases by sexual activities. As patients infected by S. saprophyticus always have symptomatic cystitis, this infection is called honeymoon cystitis. Figure 2: S. saphrophyticus on Mueller-Hinton Agar Exhibiting Resistance to Novobiocin
Similarities Between Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus are two types of Staphylococcus species that belong to the normal flora of animals. Both are saprotrophs or commensals.

Difference Between Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Staphylococcus Saprophyticus - Pediaa.Com

Difference Between Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Difference Between Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Key Areas Covered
Key Terms
What is Staphylococcus Epidermidis
What is Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Similarities Between Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Difference Between Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Definition
Colony Color
Novobiocin Test
Habitat
Pathogenicity
Infections
Conclusion
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This makes the novobiocin test critical in the differentiation between S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus, which is novobiocin-resistant. What is Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is another species of the Staphylococcus genus. Since S. saprophyticus belongs to the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum, it often causes urinary tract infections (UTIs) in females. Generally, 10-20% UTIs occur due to S. saprophyticus. Also, it is the second commonest cause of community-acquired UTIs. The risk of the infection increases by sexual activities. As patients infected by S. saprophyticus always have symptomatic cystitis, this infection is called honeymoon cystitis. Figure 2: S. saphrophyticus on Mueller-Hinton Agar Exhibiting Resistance to Novobiocin
Similarities Between Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus are two types of Staphylococcus species that belong to the normal flora of animals. Both are saprotrophs or commensals.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - microbewiki Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
Classification
Higher order taxa
Species
Description and significance
Genome structure
Cell structure and metabolism
Ecology
Pathology
Application to Biotechnology
Current Research
References
 Bacilli; Bacillales; Staphylococcaceae
Species
NCBI: Taxonomy
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Description and significance
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative facultative species of Staphylococcus, which is a leading cause of cystisis in women and is associated with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) in humans. [ 3] It is the second most common pathogen associated with UTIs [5], causing 10-20% of all UTIs in sexually active young women. Like other Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is globular and resembles clusters of grapes. S. saprophyticus colonizes in the urinary tract of humans and is isolated from urine samples. Young women are more susceptible to colonization in the urinary tracts and sexual intercourse promotes its spread. [ 3] S. saprophyticus is not normally present in the body. [ 5] It is also isolated from the carcasses of dead animals. [

Bacilli; Bacillales; Staphylococcaceae
Species
NCBI: Taxonomy
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Description and significance
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative facultative species of Staphylococcus, which is a leading cause of cystisis in women and is associated with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) in humans. [ 3] It is the second most common pathogen associated with UTIs [5], causing 10-20% of all UTIs in sexually active young women. Like other Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is globular and resembles clusters of grapes. S. saprophyticus colonizes in the urinary tract of humans and is isolated from urine samples. Young women are more susceptible to colonization in the urinary tracts and sexual intercourse promotes its spread. [ 3] S. saprophyticus is not normally present in the body. [ 5] It is also isolated from the carcasses of dead animals. [

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 The gastrointestinal tract is the major reservoir of S. saprophyticus. In an early study, Latham et al. [ 19] noted that rectal, vaginal, and urethral colonization of S. saprophyticus was associated with UTI caused by this organism. Rupp et al. [ 18] determined that the prevalence of colonization of S. saprophyticus of the urogenital tract among healthy women was 6.9%; the most common site of colonization was the rectum (40%). The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic microscopic appearance; methods of chemical screening for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs in the bladder, comparatively low numbers of colony-forming units (⩽10 5 cfu/mL) are found in the bladder and voided urine. The American Society of Microbiology's Manual of Clinical Microbiology [ 20] recommends a cut-off value of between 10 2 and 10 5 cfu/mL for the diagnosis of significant bacteriuria, but there is not a worldwide consensus for these values.

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic

Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References

The gastrointestinal tract is the major reservoir of S. saprophyticus. In an early study, Latham et al. [ 19] noted that rectal, vaginal, and urethral colonization of S. saprophyticus was associated with UTI caused by this organism. Rupp et al. [ 18] determined that the prevalence of colonization of S. saprophyticus of the urogenital tract among healthy women was 6.9%; the most common site of colonization was the rectum (40%). The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic microscopic appearance; methods of chemical screening for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs in the bladder, comparatively low numbers of colony-forming units (⩽10 5 cfu/mL) are found in the bladder and voided urine. The American Society of Microbiology's Manual of Clinical Microbiology [ 20] recommends a cut-off value of between 10 2 and 10 5 cfu/mL for the diagnosis of significant bacteriuria, but there is not a worldwide consensus for these values.

UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI - Stop UTI forever UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI
UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI
Some examples of gram-negative bacteria that cause urinary tract infections include:
Some examples of gram-positive bacteria causing UTI are:
Who gets what bacteria?
E. coli UTI
Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus aureus
Enterococci
Urinary Tract Infection caused by Group B Streptococcus
UTI caused by multiple disease-causing bacteria (Polymicrobial UTI)
Groups at risk:
Other Rare, Emerging UTI Bugs
Different tests for different bacteria
What tests can be helpful if infected?
The Pitfalls of Urine Dipstick
The Drawbacks of Urine Culture
 Unfortunately, P. aeruginosa UTIs are notoriously hard to treat. Not only does this bacterium possess a variety of virulent mechanisms helping it to spread and withstand antibiotics, but it also quickly forms biofilms on the surface of catheters further avoiding antibiotic attacks. Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is particularly known to cause UTI and sepsis in newborns as well as hospital-acquired urinary tract infections in adults. This gram-negative bacterium is also notorious for developing antibiotic resistance, including to carbapenem antibiotics. K. pneumoniae bacteria naturally reside in humans, but the rate at which these bacteria are found depends on a variety of factors. For example, carrier rates of K. pneumoniae in the community are significantly higher in certain parts of the world, as well as in a hospital setting. Specifically, patients of Asian ethnicity have an increased risk for intestinal colonization with this bacterium. Some studies estimate stool carrier rates of K. pneumoniae in healthy adults range from 19% in Japan to 88% in Malaysia. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus (or S. saprophyticus) cause 10-15% of UTI cases and are gram-positive bacteria. About 40% of S. saprophyticus UTIs occur in young, sexually-active women.

UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI - Stop UTI forever

UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI
UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI
Some examples of gram-negative bacteria that cause urinary tract infections include:
Some examples of gram-positive bacteria causing UTI are:
Who gets what bacteria?
E. coli UTI
Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus aureus
Enterococci
Urinary Tract Infection caused by Group B Streptococcus
UTI caused by multiple disease-causing bacteria (Polymicrobial UTI)
Groups at risk:
Other Rare, Emerging UTI Bugs
Different tests for different bacteria
What tests can be helpful if infected?
The Pitfalls of Urine Dipstick
The Drawbacks of Urine Culture

Unfortunately, P. aeruginosa UTIs are notoriously hard to treat. Not only does this bacterium possess a variety of virulent mechanisms helping it to spread and withstand antibiotics, but it also quickly forms biofilms on the surface of catheters further avoiding antibiotic attacks. Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is particularly known to cause UTI and sepsis in newborns as well as hospital-acquired urinary tract infections in adults. This gram-negative bacterium is also notorious for developing antibiotic resistance, including to carbapenem antibiotics. K. pneumoniae bacteria naturally reside in humans, but the rate at which these bacteria are found depends on a variety of factors. For example, carrier rates of K. pneumoniae in the community are significantly higher in certain parts of the world, as well as in a hospital setting. Specifically, patients of Asian ethnicity have an increased risk for intestinal colonization with this bacterium. Some studies estimate stool carrier rates of K. pneumoniae in healthy adults range from 19% in Japan to 88% in Malaysia. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus (or S. saprophyticus) cause 10-15% of UTI cases and are gram-positive bacteria. About 40% of S. saprophyticus UTIs occur in young, sexually-active women.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links
 1951
Contents
1
History
2
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
3
Clinical features
4
Laboratory diagnosis
5
Treatment
6
Different subspecies
7
References
8
External links
History
S. saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase -negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In females 17–27 years old, it is the second-most common cause of community-acquired UTIs, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTIs because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname "honeymoon cystitis". S. saprophyticus has the capacity to selectively adhere to human urothelium. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure.

1951
Contents
1
History
2
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
3
Clinical features
4
Laboratory diagnosis
5
Treatment
6
Different subspecies
7
References
8
External links
History
S. saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase -negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In females 17–27 years old, it is the second-most common cause of community-acquired UTIs, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTIs because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname "honeymoon cystitis". S. saprophyticus has the capacity to selectively adhere to human urothelium. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure.

 Detects GNB, but not all uropathogens can do this (ex. S. saprophyticus and Enterococcus)
Culturing
Culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing important for complicated infections to be sure of eradication
Escherichia coli - cause of UTI
Most common agent of all UTI's
Predominate species of GNB in the colonic flora
Escherichia coli: virulence
Virulence of Uropathogenic Strains (UPEC)
- Type 1 fimbriae (cystitis), P fimbriae (pyelonephritis)
- hemolysins, aerobactin (siderophore)
- Resistance to serum killing, capsule, IBC formation
- Antibiotic resistance a problem (MDR GNB; ESBL)
Escherichia coli: dipsticks
Urine dipsticks positive for nitrites, Gram (-) rod, lactose (+), indole (+), oxidase (-)
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
*Causes 5-15% of community acquired UTI's in newly sexually active women ("honeymoon cystitis")*
Infection usually symptomatic
*Always nitrate negative* on urine dipsticks, low CFU's on culture, sensitive to antibiotics
Proteus mirabilis - UTIs
GI tract of mammals
Urinary tract most common site of infection. Infections in community, hospitals and LTCF
*Most common in patients with structural abnormalities and catheters& esp. long term indwelling catheters*
Proteus mirabilis - virulence
Biofilms and encrustations on catheters *urease*→ ↑ pH → renal calculi, catheter obstruction
Urine with *pH > 7* → culture for Proteus, check for *calculi (urolithiasis) *
Proteus: General Characteristics
Gram (-) rod, lactose (-), Indole (-), H2S (+), oxidase (-)
*Urease (6-10X's more potent as that produced by other bacteria)*
*swarming mobility*
Klebsiella pneumoniae - UTIs
GI tract of humans
1-2% of community acquired UTI's, 5-17% of complicated UTI's
Klebsiella pneumoniae - abx resistance
Antibiotic resistance a problem (MDR, ESBL, carbapenemases)
Klebsiella pneumoniae - culture
*Copious capsule*, Urease (+), Lactose (+), Indole (-)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - UTIs
Ubiquitous in the health-care environment
Associated with foreign body in urinary tract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - abx resistance
Antibiotic resistance a problem. * Treat as a complicated infection. Remove obstruction to prevent relapse.*

Urinary Tract Infections in Obstetrics and Gynecology | GLOWM Urinary Tract Infections in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Authors
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CAUSATIVE PATHOGENS
PATHOGENESIS
CATEGORIES OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN ADULT WOMEN
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN PREGNANCY
CATHETER-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS
REFERENCES
 CAUSATIVE PATHOGENS
Two microorganisms account for the majority of cases of uncomplicated UTI and pyelonephritis. Approximately 80% of acute uncomplicated UTIs are caused by E. coli. Uropathogenic E. coli clones cause the majority of uncomplicated infections and consist of only a few serogroups. Staphylococcus saprophyticus accounts for 5–15% of uncomplicated UTIs, and most infections with S. saprophyticus occur in young women in the spring and summer. 10 Enterococcus and a variety of other primarily Gram-negative aerobes account for the other 5–10% of UTIs: Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella species, and Pseudomonas species. 4 More than 95% of UTIs are caused by a single bacterial species. Complicated UTIs are defined as those occurring in a functionally, metabolically, or anatomically abnormal urinary tract or caused by bacteria resistant to antibiotics. Basically, complicated UTIs occur in anyone who is not young, healthy, and non-gravid. In complicated UTIs, E. coli is recovered in only approximately one-third of cases (34.5%);

Urinary Tract Infections in Obstetrics and Gynecology | GLOWM

Urinary Tract Infections in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Authors
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CAUSATIVE PATHOGENS
PATHOGENESIS
CATEGORIES OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN ADULT WOMEN
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN PREGNANCY
CATHETER-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS
REFERENCES

CAUSATIVE PATHOGENS
Two microorganisms account for the majority of cases of uncomplicated UTI and pyelonephritis. Approximately 80% of acute uncomplicated UTIs are caused by E. coli. Uropathogenic E. coli clones cause the majority of uncomplicated infections and consist of only a few serogroups. Staphylococcus saprophyticus accounts for 5–15% of uncomplicated UTIs, and most infections with S. saprophyticus occur in young women in the spring and summer. 10 Enterococcus and a variety of other primarily Gram-negative aerobes account for the other 5–10% of UTIs: Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella species, and Pseudomonas species. 4 More than 95% of UTIs are caused by a single bacterial species. Complicated UTIs are defined as those occurring in a functionally, metabolically, or anatomically abnormal urinary tract or caused by bacteria resistant to antibiotics. Basically, complicated UTIs occur in anyone who is not young, healthy, and non-gravid. In complicated UTIs, E. coli is recovered in only approximately one-third of cases (34.5%);

UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI - Stop UTI forever UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI
UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI
Some examples of gram-negative bacteria that cause urinary tract infections include:
Some examples of gram-positive bacteria causing UTI are:
Who gets what bacteria?
E. coli UTI
Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus aureus
Enterococci
Urinary Tract Infection caused by Group B Streptococcus
UTI caused by multiple disease-causing bacteria (Polymicrobial UTI)
Groups at risk:
Other Rare, Emerging UTI Bugs
Different tests for different bacteria
What tests can be helpful if infected?
The Pitfalls of Urine Dipstick
The Drawbacks of Urine Culture
 For example, carrier rates of K. pneumoniae in the community are significantly higher in certain parts of the world, as well as in a hospital setting. Specifically, patients of Asian ethnicity have an increased risk for intestinal colonization with this bacterium. Some studies estimate stool carrier rates of K. pneumoniae in healthy adults range from 19% in Japan to 88% in Malaysia. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus (or S. saprophyticus) cause 10-15% of UTI cases and are gram-positive bacteria. About 40% of S. saprophyticus UTIs occur in young, sexually-active women. S. saprophyticus shares many clinical features of urinary tract infection caused by Escherichia coli, but this bacteria have some very unusual characteristics. For example, they are normally found in the urinary tract of predominantly girls and young women during late summer and early fall seasons. Post-menopausal women are rarely diagnosed with a UTI caused by this bacterium, and this bacteria decreases its appearance in winter and spring. While S. saprophyticus infection is rare in males, it could affect elderly or hospitalized men. On the bright side, S. saprophyticus UTI is less likely to cause bacteremia (blood infection) and is generally susceptible to most antibiotics, including penicillin.

For example, carrier rates of K. pneumoniae in the community are significantly higher in certain parts of the world, as well as in a hospital setting. Specifically, patients of Asian ethnicity have an increased risk for intestinal colonization with this bacterium. Some studies estimate stool carrier rates of K. pneumoniae in healthy adults range from 19% in Japan to 88% in Malaysia. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus (or S. saprophyticus) cause 10-15% of UTI cases and are gram-positive bacteria. About 40% of S. saprophyticus UTIs occur in young, sexually-active women. S. saprophyticus shares many clinical features of urinary tract infection caused by Escherichia coli, but this bacteria have some very unusual characteristics. For example, they are normally found in the urinary tract of predominantly girls and young women during late summer and early fall seasons. Post-menopausal women are rarely diagnosed with a UTI caused by this bacterium, and this bacteria decreases its appearance in winter and spring. While S. saprophyticus infection is rare in males, it could affect elderly or hospitalized men. On the bright side, S. saprophyticus UTI is less likely to cause bacteremia (blood infection) and is generally susceptible to most antibiotics, including penicillin.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? - ScienceDirect Staphylococcus saprophyticus
: Which beta-lactam?

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Short Communication
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam?
Highlights
Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Keywords
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conflict of interest/funding
References
 Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? - ScienceDirect
International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Volume 65, December 2017, Pages 63-66
Short Communication
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? Author links open overlay panel
HélènePailhoriès VivianeCassisa RachelChenouard Marie Kempf MatthieuEveillard CaroleLemarié
Outline
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2017.10.001 Get rights and content
Under a Creative Commons license
open access
Highlights
•
The treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus urinary tract infections is difficult. •
This study analysed the epidemiology of S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections. •
Susceptibility of S. saprophyticus to ceftriaxone was studied. •
A high rate of ineffective empirical antibiotic therapy for S. saprophyticus was noted. •
High ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory concentrations were noted for methicillin-susceptible S. saprophyticus. Abstract
Background
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is resistant to the drugs most often used for the empirical treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI).

Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? - ScienceDirect
International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Volume 65, December 2017, Pages 63-66
Short Communication
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? Author links open overlay panel
HélènePailhoriès VivianeCassisa RachelChenouard Marie Kempf MatthieuEveillard CaroleLemarié
Outline
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2017.10.001 Get rights and content
Under a Creative Commons license
open access
Highlights
•
The treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus urinary tract infections is difficult. •
This study analysed the epidemiology of S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections. •
Susceptibility of S. saprophyticus to ceftriaxone was studied. •
A high rate of ineffective empirical antibiotic therapy for S. saprophyticus was noted. •
High ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory concentrations were noted for methicillin-susceptible S. saprophyticus. Abstract
Background
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is resistant to the drugs most often used for the empirical treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI).

 Causes of Human Staphylococcal Infections
There are only a few different types of Staphylococcusbacteria known to cause infections in humans. Four of them include: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), the most common type of staph infection
Staphylococcus epidermidis, a primary cause of infections in the hospital
Staphylococcus saprophyticus, a common cause of urinary tract infections(UTIs) in young adult women
Staphylococcus lugdunensis, infections that can range from minor to life-threatening. Some Staphylococcusbacteria are resistant to certain antibiotics. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA for short, is a type of Staphylococcusthat is resistant to antibiotics called beta-lactams. Beta-lactam antibiotics include methicillin and other, more common antibiotics, such as oxacillin, penicillin, and amoxicillin(Amoxil®). While 25 to 30 percent of the population is colonized with staph, approximately 1 to 2 percent is colonized with MRSA. S. hominis, S. haemolyticus, S. warneri, and S. simulans are four other types that can cause staph infections in humans, but they are more rare. Advertisement
Staphylococcus Infection
List of references (click here)

Locksley R. Staphylococcal infections. In:

Causes of Human Staphylococcal Infections
There are only a few different types of Staphylococcusbacteria known to cause infections in humans. Four of them include: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), the most common type of staph infection
Staphylococcus epidermidis, a primary cause of infections in the hospital
Staphylococcus saprophyticus, a common cause of urinary tract infections(UTIs) in young adult women
Staphylococcus lugdunensis, infections that can range from minor to life-threatening. Some Staphylococcusbacteria are resistant to certain antibiotics. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA for short, is a type of Staphylococcusthat is resistant to antibiotics called beta-lactams. Beta-lactam antibiotics include methicillin and other, more common antibiotics, such as oxacillin, penicillin, and amoxicillin(Amoxil®). While 25 to 30 percent of the population is colonized with staph, approximately 1 to 2 percent is colonized with MRSA. S. hominis, S. haemolyticus, S. warneri, and S. simulans are four other types that can cause staph infections in humans, but they are more rare. Advertisement
Staphylococcus Infection
List of references (click here)

Locksley R. Staphylococcal infections. In:

12 Home Remedies for UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) - Dr. Axe Top 12 Natural Home Remedies for UTI
Top 12 Natural Home Remedies for UTI
play_arrow
12 Home Remedies for UTI
1. Drink Plenty of Fluids
2. Urinate Often
3. Stay Clean and Dry
4. Avoid Using Spermicides
5. Probiotics
6. Cranberry
7. Garlic
8. D-Mannose
9. Vitamin C
10. Clove Oil
11. Myrrh Oil
12. Oregano Oil
UTI Causes and Symptoms
Precautions Regarding UTIs and Home Remedies for UTI
Final Thoughts on Home Remedies for UTI
Read Next: 9 Candida Symptoms & 3 Steps to Treat Them
Get FREE Access!
 Researchers found that oregano was active against all of the clinical strains of bacteria that were tested, and it successfully inhibited the growth of E. coli, the bacteria most commonly seen in UTIs. Researchers believe that oregano essential oil can be used as an alternative antibacterial remedy for enhancing the healing process in bacterial infections and it’s an effective means for the prevention of antibiotic-resistant strain development. In fact, oregano oil benefits may be superior to prescription antibiotics because oregano doesn’t cause antibiotic resistance and it has no harmful side effects. ( 12)
When taking oregano oil internally, mix it with water or coconut oil. I don’t recommend taking oregano oil for more than two weeks at a time, and it should be administered under the guidance of your health care provider. UTI Causes and Symptoms
A UTI, or urinary tract infection, is caused by organisms that are too small to be seen without a microscope, including fungi, viruses and bacteria. Despite the body’s many natural defenses, certain bacteria have the ability to attach themselves to the lining of the urinary tract and inhabit the urethra, bladder and kidneys. The majority of UTI cases are caused by E. coli bacterium that can live in the bowel and vaginal cavities, around the urethral opening, and in the urinary tract. ( 13)
Other significant pathogens that can cause UTIs include Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Klebsiella pneumonia. In diabetic patients, Klebsiella and group B streptococcus infections are more common.

12 Home Remedies for UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) - Dr. Axe

Top 12 Natural Home Remedies for UTI
Top 12 Natural Home Remedies for UTI
play_arrow
12 Home Remedies for UTI
1. Drink Plenty of Fluids
2. Urinate Often
3. Stay Clean and Dry
4. Avoid Using Spermicides
5. Probiotics
6. Cranberry
7. Garlic
8. D-Mannose
9. Vitamin C
10. Clove Oil
11. Myrrh Oil
12. Oregano Oil
UTI Causes and Symptoms
Precautions Regarding UTIs and Home Remedies for UTI
Final Thoughts on Home Remedies for UTI
Read Next: 9 Candida Symptoms & 3 Steps to Treat Them
Get FREE Access!

Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? - ScienceDirect Staphylococcus saprophyticus
: Which beta-lactam?

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Short Communication
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam?
Highlights
Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Keywords
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conflict of interest/funding
References
 •
This study analysed the epidemiology of S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections. •
Susceptibility of S. saprophyticus to ceftriaxone was studied. •
A high rate of ineffective empirical antibiotic therapy for S. saprophyticus was noted. •
High ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory concentrations were noted for methicillin-susceptible S. saprophyticus. Abstract
Background
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is resistant to the drugs most often used for the empirical treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI). The adequacy of antimicrobial treatments prescribed for UTI due to S. saprophyticus is not usually questioned. This study described the epidemiology of such infections and assessed the susceptibility of S. saprophyticus to ceftriaxone and amoxicillin–clavulanic acid. Methods
Methicillin-susceptible S. saprophyticus (MSSS) isolated from clinical samples between November 2014 and July 2016 were included. Clinical data were recorded. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amoxicillin–clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone were measured for these MSSS strains and for 17 randomly selected methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) strains.

•
This study analysed the epidemiology of S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections. •
Susceptibility of S. saprophyticus to ceftriaxone was studied. •
A high rate of ineffective empirical antibiotic therapy for S. saprophyticus was noted. •
High ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory concentrations were noted for methicillin-susceptible S. saprophyticus. Abstract
Background
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is resistant to the drugs most often used for the empirical treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI). The adequacy of antimicrobial treatments prescribed for UTI due to S. saprophyticus is not usually questioned. This study described the epidemiology of such infections and assessed the susceptibility of S. saprophyticus to ceftriaxone and amoxicillin–clavulanic acid. Methods
Methicillin-susceptible S. saprophyticus (MSSS) isolated from clinical samples between November 2014 and July 2016 were included. Clinical data were recorded. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amoxicillin–clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone were measured for these MSSS strains and for 17 randomly selected methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) strains.

 Unusual pathogens
Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma genitalium and M. hominus - roles not completely defined
Adenovirus causes hemorrhagic cystitis in children and young adults
Candida albicans commonly causes UTI in catheterized patients in ICU
M. tuberculosis: Clinical setting → culture (-), pyuria, acidic urine, with abnormalities in UT
Diagnosis and Treatment: tailored to
Host (history)
Nature & site of infection
Local patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility
Diagnosis: Establishment of pyuria
Wet mount of spun urine  Look for→ 8 WBC's per mm3
Urine Leukocyte Esterase Sticks
Diagnosis: Establishment of bacteriuria
Gram stain of un-centrifuged urine
Urine Nitrite Sticks test for reduction of nitrate to nitrite (Note: Detects GNB, but not all uropathogens can do this (ex. S. saprophyticus and Enterococcus)
Culturing
Culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing important for complicated infections to be sure of eradication
Escherichia coli - cause of UTI
Most common agent of all UTI's
Predominate species of GNB in the colonic flora
Escherichia coli: virulence
Virulence of Uropathogenic Strains (UPEC)
- Type 1 fimbriae (cystitis), P fimbriae (pyelonephritis)
- hemolysins, aerobactin (siderophore)
- Resistance to serum killing, capsule, IBC formation
- Antibiotic resistance a problem (MDR GNB; ESBL)
Escherichia coli: dipsticks
Urine dipsticks positive for nitrites, Gram (-) rod, lactose (+), indole (+), oxidase (-)
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
*Causes 5-15% of community acquired UTI's in newly sexually active women ("honeymoon cystitis")*
Infection usually symptomatic
*Always nitrate negative* on urine dipsticks, low CFU's on culture, sensitive to antibiotics
Proteus mirabilis - UTIs
GI tract of mammals
Urinary tract most common site of infection.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? - ScienceDirect Staphylococcus saprophyticus
: Which beta-lactam?

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Short Communication
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam?
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Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
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Discussion
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 Previous article
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Keywords
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Beta-lactams
Minimum inhibitory concentrations
Ceftriaxone
Amoxicillin–clavulanic acid
Introduction
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive coccus responsible for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections (UTIs), mainly in young women ( Raz et al., 2005 ). The resistance of S. saprophyticus to the antibiotics commonly used in the empirical treatment of cystitis, such as cefixime and fosfomycin trometamol, complicates the treatment of patients infected with this pathogen. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology of UTIs associated with S. saprophyticus at the University Hospital of Angers, and to compare the susceptibility of methicillin-susceptible S. saprophyticus (MSSS) with the susceptibility of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates to amoxicillin–clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone. Methods
All MSSS isolated from clinical samples at the University Hospital of Angers between November 2014 and July 2016 were selected. These strains were categorized as susceptible to oxacillin by the Vitek 2 System (bioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France) and by the disc diffusion method (cefoxitin diameter ≥22 mm according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) recommendations). Eighty-five S. saprophyticus strains met these criteria. For every S. saprophyticus isolate, data on the type of infection, direct examination of the urine sample, the clinical ward, and the empirical antibiotic therapy used were recorded. In parallel, 17 MSSA isolates were randomly selected based on the same criteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amoxicillin–clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone were determined using Etest strips (bioMérieux) and broth microdilution (Sensititre;

UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI - Stop UTI forever UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI
UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI
Some examples of gram-negative bacteria that cause urinary tract infections include:
Some examples of gram-positive bacteria causing UTI are:
Who gets what bacteria?
E. coli UTI
Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus aureus
Enterococci
Urinary Tract Infection caused by Group B Streptococcus
UTI caused by multiple disease-causing bacteria (Polymicrobial UTI)
Groups at risk:
Other Rare, Emerging UTI Bugs
Different tests for different bacteria
What tests can be helpful if infected?
The Pitfalls of Urine Dipstick
The Drawbacks of Urine Culture
 S. saprophyticus shares many clinical features of urinary tract infection caused by Escherichia coli, but this bacteria have some very unusual characteristics. For example, they are normally found in the urinary tract of predominantly girls and young women during late summer and early fall seasons. Post-menopausal women are rarely diagnosed with a UTI caused by this bacterium, and this bacteria decreases its appearance in winter and spring. While S. saprophyticus infection is rare in males, it could affect elderly or hospitalized men. On the bright side, S. saprophyticus UTI is less likely to cause bacteremia (blood infection) and is generally susceptible to most antibiotics, including penicillin. Staphylococcus aureus
Unlike S. saprophyticus, S. aureus UTI usually affects individuals with a urinary catheter and pregnant women. In addition, the majority of S. aureus superstrains are resistant to Methicillin. Enterococci
Enterococci are Gram-positive, lactic acid bacteria that can survive and grow with or without oxygen as well as bear temperatures ranging from 10–45°C and pH of 4.6 to 9. A urinary catheter is a major risk factor with enterococci accounting for about 15 to 30% of CAUTIs. Enterococci are also the third leading cause of UTIs acquired in hospital settings.

S. saprophyticus shares many clinical features of urinary tract infection caused by Escherichia coli, but this bacteria have some very unusual characteristics. For example, they are normally found in the urinary tract of predominantly girls and young women during late summer and early fall seasons. Post-menopausal women are rarely diagnosed with a UTI caused by this bacterium, and this bacteria decreases its appearance in winter and spring. While S. saprophyticus infection is rare in males, it could affect elderly or hospitalized men. On the bright side, S. saprophyticus UTI is less likely to cause bacteremia (blood infection) and is generally susceptible to most antibiotics, including penicillin. Staphylococcus aureus
Unlike S. saprophyticus, S. aureus UTI usually affects individuals with a urinary catheter and pregnant women. In addition, the majority of S. aureus superstrains are resistant to Methicillin. Enterococci
Enterococci are Gram-positive, lactic acid bacteria that can survive and grow with or without oxygen as well as bear temperatures ranging from 10–45°C and pH of 4.6 to 9. A urinary catheter is a major risk factor with enterococci accounting for about 15 to 30% of CAUTIs. Enterococci are also the third leading cause of UTIs acquired in hospital settings.

Causative agents and antimicrobial susceptibilities of urinary tract infections in the northwest of Iran - ScienceDirect Causative agents and antimicrobial susceptibilities of urinary tract infections in the northwest of Iran
International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Causative agents and antimicrobial susceptibilities of urinary tract infections in the northwest of Iran
Summary
Background
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Keywords
Introduction
Methods
Study design
Isolation and identification of organisms
Susceptibility testing
Statistical analysis
Results
Isolation and identification of bacteria
Antimicrobial susceptibility
Discussion
References
 Table 1. Frequency of isolated bacteria from positive urine samples according to patient age
Organism
Age (years)
Total n (%)

0–9 n (%)
10–19 n (%)
20–29 n (%)
30–39 n (%)
40–49 n (%)
50–59 n (%)
>60 n (%)

Escherichia coli
60 (80)
61 (78.2)
153 (78.5)
77 (72.6)
59 (70.2)
48 (75)
46 (62.2)
504 (74.6)
Klebsiella spp
2 (2.7)
9 (11.5)
19 (9.7)
12 (11.3)
15 (17.9)
7 (10.9)
15 (20.3)
79 (11.7)
Enterobacter spp
2 (2.7)
-
4 (2.1)
-
1 (1.2)
1 (1.6)
-
8 (1.2)
Proteus spp
2 (2.7)
1 (1.3)
2 (1.0)
2 (1.9)
-
1 (1.6)
-
8 (1.2)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
5 (6.7)
1 (1.3)
1 (0.5)
-
1 (1.2)
-
7 (9.5)
15 (2.2)
Staphylococcus aureus
1 (1.3)
-
4 (2.1)
-
2 (2.4)
2 (3.1)
2 (2.7)
11 (1.6)
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
3 (4)
5 (6.4)
10 (5.1)
11 (10.4)
5 (6.0)
5 (7.8)
4 (5.4)
43 (6.4)
Enterococci
-
1 (1.3)
2 (1.0)
4 (3.8)
1 (1.2)
-
-
8 (1.2)

Total (%)
75 (11.1)
78 (11.5)
195 (28.8)
106 (15.7)
84 (12.4)
64 (9.5)
74 (10.9)
676 (100)
Antimicrobial susceptibility
The rates of resistance of isolates to a panel of antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, quinolones, aminoglycosides, and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, which are routinely used to treat UTI infections, are shown in Table 2. E. coli as the predominant cause of UTI, showed the highest percentage of resistance to ampicillin (93.1%) and the lowest resistance to amikacin (2.2%). Klebsiella spp as the second most prevalent pathogen of UTI displayed a similar resistance pattern and were resistant to ampicillin in 91.1% of cases and susceptible to amikacin in 98.7% of cases. P. aeruginosa showed the highest antibiotic resistance rate and was significantly resistant to most of the antibiotics ( Table 1 ). In this study, staphylococci were responsible for about 8% of UTI cases; among these, S. saprophyticus was the most common species isolated. S. saprophyticus and Staphylococcus aureus were resistant to ampicillin in 58.1% and 72.7% of cases, respectively, whereas, 46.5% of S. saprophyticus and 36.4% of S. aureus were resistant to oxacillin. Table 2. Resistance rates of isolated bacteria from positive urine samples to commonly used antibiotics
Organism
N
Antibiotic

AMK
GEN
CIP
NIT
NAL
SXT
CEP
AMP
CAR
VAN
OXA
Escherichia coli
504
11 (2.2%)
15 (3.0%)
30 (6.0%)
65 (12.9%)
32 (6.3%)
261 (51.8%)
121 (24.0%)
469 (93.1%)
-
-
-
Klebsiella spp
79
1 (1.3)
15 (19.0%)
1 (1.3%)
36 (45.6%)
11 (13.9%)
32 (40.5%)
27 (34.2%)
72 (91.1%)
-
-
-
Enterobacter spp
8
0 (0%)
2 (25%)
0 (0%)
3 (37.5%)
0 (0%)
3 (37.5%)
3 (37.5%)
8 (100%)
-
-
-
Proteus spp
8
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
5 (62.5%)
0 (0%)
3 (37.5%)
2 (25%)
8 (100%)
-
-
-
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
15
2 (13.3%)
4 (26.7%)
2 (13.3%)
15 (100%)
15 (100%)
15 (100%)
15 (100%)
15 (100%)
-
-
-
Staphylococcus aureus
11
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
2 (18.2%)
-
2 (18.2%)
2 (18.2%)
8 (72.7%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
4 (36.4%)
Staphylococcus sa

Causative agents and antimicrobial susceptibilities of urinary tract infections in the northwest of Iran - ScienceDirect

Causative agents and antimicrobial susceptibilities of urinary tract infections in the northwest of Iran
International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Causative agents and antimicrobial susceptibilities of urinary tract infections in the northwest of Iran
Summary
Background
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Keywords
Introduction
Methods
Study design
Isolation and identification of organisms
Susceptibility testing
Statistical analysis
Results
Isolation and identification of bacteria
Antimicrobial susceptibility
Discussion
References

UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI - Stop UTI forever UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI
UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI
Some examples of gram-negative bacteria that cause urinary tract infections include:
Some examples of gram-positive bacteria causing UTI are:
Who gets what bacteria?
E. coli UTI
Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus aureus
Enterococci
Urinary Tract Infection caused by Group B Streptococcus
UTI caused by multiple disease-causing bacteria (Polymicrobial UTI)
Groups at risk:
Other Rare, Emerging UTI Bugs
Different tests for different bacteria
What tests can be helpful if infected?
The Pitfalls of Urine Dipstick
The Drawbacks of Urine Culture
 Escherichia coli (or E. coli)–cause most uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis cases. Klebsiella pneumonia–notorious for causing bloodstream infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa–cause hospital-acquired UTIs that also could lead to dangerous sepsis. A subgroup of gram-negative bacteria that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) enzymes deserves special mention. This enzyme allows the bacteria to resist most beta-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, and the monobactam aztreonam. Unfortunately, infections with ESBL-producing organisms are very hard to treat. The most common ESBL-producing bacteria are some strains of E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Patients in hospitals or nursing home settings are at an increased risk to contract an ESBL-producing bacteria. Some examples of gram-positive bacteria causing UTI are: Staphylococcus saprophyticus (S. saprophyticus)
Group B Streptococcus (GBS)
Aerococcus
Enterococcus
Who gets what bacteria?

Escherichia coli (or E. coli)–cause most uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis cases. Klebsiella pneumonia–notorious for causing bloodstream infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa–cause hospital-acquired UTIs that also could lead to dangerous sepsis. A subgroup of gram-negative bacteria that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) enzymes deserves special mention. This enzyme allows the bacteria to resist most beta-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, and the monobactam aztreonam. Unfortunately, infections with ESBL-producing organisms are very hard to treat. The most common ESBL-producing bacteria are some strains of E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Patients in hospitals or nursing home settings are at an increased risk to contract an ESBL-producing bacteria. Some examples of gram-positive bacteria causing UTI are: Staphylococcus saprophyticus (S. saprophyticus)
Group B Streptococcus (GBS)
Aerococcus
Enterococcus
Who gets what bacteria?

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links
 In females 17–27 years old, it is the second-most common cause of community-acquired UTIs, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTIs because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname "honeymoon cystitis". S. saprophyticus has the capacity to selectively adhere to human urothelium. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. S. saprophyticus produces no exotoxins. Clinical features
Patients with urinary tract infections caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Symptoms include a burning sensation when passing urine, the urge to urinate more often than usual, a 'dripping effect' after urination, weak bladder, a bloated feeling with sharp razor pains in the lower abdomen around the bladder and ovary areas, and razor-like pains during sexual intercourse. Flank pain may occur due to infection of the upper urinary tract, such as pyelonephritis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered.

In females 17–27 years old, it is the second-most common cause of community-acquired UTIs, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTIs because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname "honeymoon cystitis". S. saprophyticus has the capacity to selectively adhere to human urothelium. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. S. saprophyticus produces no exotoxins. Clinical features
Patients with urinary tract infections caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Symptoms include a burning sensation when passing urine, the urge to urinate more often than usual, a 'dripping effect' after urination, weak bladder, a bloated feeling with sharp razor pains in the lower abdomen around the bladder and ovary areas, and razor-like pains during sexual intercourse. Flank pain may occur due to infection of the upper urinary tract, such as pyelonephritis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered.

Urinary Tract Infection
Introduction
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases. The major causative agents of UTIs are Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae. The remaining proportions are associated with a variety of organisms, including the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus, GBS), and other less frequently isolated organisms [1-3]. Most prevalent gram-positive uropathogenic bacteria include Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Enterococcus facecalis [4-6]. Gram-positive uropathogens were reported in multiple countries in both uncomplicated and complicated UTI [7-9]. There are no such exclusive studies have been done in Bangladeshi population to seek gram-positive UTI etiology. Without proper diagnosis, there is a high possibility of getting wrong and inappropriate medications and subsequent adverse side-effects of the associated treatment. Gram-positive bacteria are found more often as etiologic agents of UTI among pregnant women and the elderly [10]. Further, complicated UTIs often occur in nosocomial and/or institutional settings and these individuals are at greater risk of gram-positive and polymicrobial UTI [4,5]. It accounts for a large proportion of antibiotic consumption and has a large socioeconomic impact and may contribute to bacterial resistance [11,12].

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - microbewiki Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
Classification
Higher order taxa
Species
Description and significance
Genome structure
Cell structure and metabolism
Ecology
Pathology
Application to Biotechnology
Current Research
References
 Like other Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is globular and resembles clusters of grapes. S. saprophyticus colonizes in the urinary tract of humans and is isolated from urine samples. Young women are more susceptible to colonization in the urinary tracts and sexual intercourse promotes its spread. [ 3] S. saprophyticus is not normally present in the body. [ 5] It is also isolated from the carcasses of dead animals. [ 3]
In 1962, Torres Pereira first isolated a coagulase-negative Staphylococci with antigen 51 from women with acute UTI. [ 4]. This antigen was later classified as S. saprophyticus. [ 3] Laboratory tests to identify S. saprophyticus are based on its resistance to the antibiotic Novobiocin and the absence of coagulase. [ 3]
Genome structure
As of 2005, the genome of S. saprophyticus (strain ATCC 15305) has been fully sequenced by Japanese researchers. [

Like other Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is globular and resembles clusters of grapes. S. saprophyticus colonizes in the urinary tract of humans and is isolated from urine samples. Young women are more susceptible to colonization in the urinary tracts and sexual intercourse promotes its spread. [ 3] S. saprophyticus is not normally present in the body. [ 5] It is also isolated from the carcasses of dead animals. [ 3]
In 1962, Torres Pereira first isolated a coagulase-negative Staphylococci with antigen 51 from women with acute UTI. [ 4]. This antigen was later classified as S. saprophyticus. [ 3] Laboratory tests to identify S. saprophyticus are based on its resistance to the antibiotic Novobiocin and the absence of coagulase. [ 3]
Genome structure
As of 2005, the genome of S. saprophyticus (strain ATCC 15305) has been fully sequenced by Japanese researchers. [

This makes the novobiocin test critical in the differentiation between S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus, which is novobiocin-resistant. What is Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is another species of the Staphylococcus genus. Since S. saprophyticus belongs to the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum, it often causes urinary tract infections (UTIs) in females. Generally, 10-20% UTIs occur due to S. saprophyticus. Also, it is the second commonest cause of community-acquired UTIs. The risk of the infection increases by sexual activities. As patients infected by S. saprophyticus always have symptomatic cystitis, this infection is called honeymoon cystitis. Figure 2: S. saphrophyticus on Mueller-Hinton Agar Exhibiting Resistance to Novobiocin
Similarities Between Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus are two types of Staphylococcus species that belong to the normal flora of animals. Both are saprotrophs or commensals.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - microbewiki Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
Classification
Higher order taxa
Species
Description and significance
Genome structure
Cell structure and metabolism
Ecology
Pathology
Application to Biotechnology
Current Research
References
 Bacilli; Bacillales; Staphylococcaceae
Species
NCBI: Taxonomy
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Description and significance
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative facultative species of Staphylococcus, which is a leading cause of cystisis in women and is associated with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) in humans. [ 3] It is the second most common pathogen associated with UTIs [5], causing 10-20% of all UTIs in sexually active young women. Like other Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is globular and resembles clusters of grapes. S. saprophyticus colonizes in the urinary tract of humans and is isolated from urine samples. Young women are more susceptible to colonization in the urinary tracts and sexual intercourse promotes its spread. [ 3] S. saprophyticus is not normally present in the body. [ 5] It is also isolated from the carcasses of dead animals. [

Bacilli; Bacillales; Staphylococcaceae
Species
NCBI: Taxonomy
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Description and significance
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative facultative species of Staphylococcus, which is a leading cause of cystisis in women and is associated with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) in humans. [ 3] It is the second most common pathogen associated with UTIs [5], causing 10-20% of all UTIs in sexually active young women. Like other Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is globular and resembles clusters of grapes. S. saprophyticus colonizes in the urinary tract of humans and is isolated from urine samples. Young women are more susceptible to colonization in the urinary tracts and sexual intercourse promotes its spread. [ 3] S. saprophyticus is not normally present in the body. [ 5] It is also isolated from the carcasses of dead animals. [

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 The gastrointestinal tract is the major reservoir of S. saprophyticus. In an early study, Latham et al. [ 19] noted that rectal, vaginal, and urethral colonization of S. saprophyticus was associated with UTI caused by this organism. Rupp et al. [ 18] determined that the prevalence of colonization of S. saprophyticus of the urogenital tract among healthy women was 6.9%; the most common site of colonization was the rectum (40%). The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic microscopic appearance; methods of chemical screening for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs in the bladder, comparatively low numbers of colony-forming units (⩽10 5 cfu/mL) are found in the bladder and voided urine. The American Society of Microbiology's Manual of Clinical Microbiology [ 20] recommends a cut-off value of between 10 2 and 10 5 cfu/mL for the diagnosis of significant bacteriuria, but there is not a worldwide consensus for these values.

The gastrointestinal tract is the major reservoir of S. saprophyticus. In an early study, Latham et al. [ 19] noted that rectal, vaginal, and urethral colonization of S. saprophyticus was associated with UTI caused by this organism. Rupp et al. [ 18] determined that the prevalence of colonization of S. saprophyticus of the urogenital tract among healthy women was 6.9%; the most common site of colonization was the rectum (40%). The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic microscopic appearance; methods of chemical screening for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs in the bladder, comparatively low numbers of colony-forming units (⩽10 5 cfu/mL) are found in the bladder and voided urine. The American Society of Microbiology's Manual of Clinical Microbiology [ 20] recommends a cut-off value of between 10 2 and 10 5 cfu/mL for the diagnosis of significant bacteriuria, but there is not a worldwide consensus for these values.

Urinary Tract Infections URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS (Urethritis, Cystitis, Pyelonephritis)
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS (Urethritis, Cystitis, Pyelonephritis)
Etiology
Manifestations
Epidemiology
Risk factors for UTI’s:
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Diagnosis should also involve the determination of the site of infection (i.e., kidney or bladder-urethra). This may be suggested by the clinical manifestations and preliminary lab tests.
Therapy and Prevention
A. The clinical manifestations determine the initial step in therapy.
B. General guidelines
 Strict anaerobic bacteria rarely cause UTI’s. 75-90% of acute UTI’s in patients with normal anatomic structure and function are caused by uropathogenic strains of E coli. Ten to 20% of acute UTI’s are caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young sexually active females) and 5% or less are caused by other gram negative rods (Klebsiella, Proteus, Citrobacter) or Enterococcus species. A high pH in the urine is indicative of a Proteus infection. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a common inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract. Young women are more susceptible than other ages of women. Sexual intercourse promotes colonization and infections are more common in the late summer to fall seasons. S saprophyticus is the second most common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI) in sexually active young (13-40 years of age) women following E coli. In complicated cases of UTI, such as UTI's resulting from anatomic obstructions, from catheterization, or diabetes the most common cause of UTI is E. coli. Klebsiella, Proteus, Citrobacter, Acinetobacter, Morganella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are less common causes of UTI in these patients.

Urinary Tract Infections

URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS (Urethritis, Cystitis, Pyelonephritis)
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS (Urethritis, Cystitis, Pyelonephritis)
Etiology
Manifestations
Epidemiology
Risk factors for UTI’s:
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Diagnosis should also involve the determination of the site of infection (i.e., kidney or bladder-urethra). This may be suggested by the clinical manifestations and preliminary lab tests.
Therapy and Prevention
A. The clinical manifestations determine the initial step in therapy.
B. General guidelines

Strict anaerobic bacteria rarely cause UTI’s. 75-90% of acute UTI’s in patients with normal anatomic structure and function are caused by uropathogenic strains of E coli. Ten to 20% of acute UTI’s are caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young sexually active females) and 5% or less are caused by other gram negative rods (Klebsiella, Proteus, Citrobacter) or Enterococcus species. A high pH in the urine is indicative of a Proteus infection. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a common inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract. Young women are more susceptible than other ages of women. Sexual intercourse promotes colonization and infections are more common in the late summer to fall seasons. S saprophyticus is the second most common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI) in sexually active young (13-40 years of age) women following E coli. In complicated cases of UTI, such as UTI's resulting from anatomic obstructions, from catheterization, or diabetes the most common cause of UTI is E. coli. Klebsiella, Proteus, Citrobacter, Acinetobacter, Morganella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are less common causes of UTI in these patients.

1951
Contents
1
History
2
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
3
Clinical features
4
Laboratory diagnosis
5
Treatment
6
Different subspecies
7
References
8
External links
History
S. saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase -negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In females 17–27 years old, it is the second-most common cause of community-acquired UTIs, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTIs because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname "honeymoon cystitis". S. saprophyticus has the capacity to selectively adhere to human urothelium. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links
 Contents
1 History
2 Epidemiology and pathogenesis
3 Clinical features
4 Laboratory diagnosis
5 Treatment
6 Different subspecies
7 References
8 External links
History
S. saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase -negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In females 17–27 years old, it is the second-most common cause of community-acquired UTIs, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTIs because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname "honeymoon cystitis". S. saprophyticus has the capacity to selectively adhere to human urothelium. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure.

Contents
1 History
2 Epidemiology and pathogenesis
3 Clinical features
4 Laboratory diagnosis
5 Treatment
6 Different subspecies
7 References
8 External links
History
S. saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase -negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In females 17–27 years old, it is the second-most common cause of community-acquired UTIs, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTIs because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname "honeymoon cystitis". S. saprophyticus has the capacity to selectively adhere to human urothelium. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure.

Urinary Tract Infections in Obstetrics and Gynecology | GLOWM Urinary Tract Infections in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Authors
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CAUSATIVE PATHOGENS
PATHOGENESIS
CATEGORIES OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN ADULT WOMEN
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN PREGNANCY
CATHETER-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS
REFERENCES
 CAUSATIVE PATHOGENS
Two microorganisms account for the majority of cases of uncomplicated UTI and pyelonephritis. Approximately 80% of acute uncomplicated UTIs are caused by E. coli. Uropathogenic E. coli clones cause the majority of uncomplicated infections and consist of only a few serogroups. Staphylococcus saprophyticus accounts for 5–15% of uncomplicated UTIs, and most infections with S. saprophyticus occur in young women in the spring and summer. 10 Enterococcus and a variety of other primarily Gram-negative aerobes account for the other 5–10% of UTIs: Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella species, and Pseudomonas species. 4 More than 95% of UTIs are caused by a single bacterial species. Complicated UTIs are defined as those occurring in a functionally, metabolically, or anatomically abnormal urinary tract or caused by bacteria resistant to antibiotics. Basically, complicated UTIs occur in anyone who is not young, healthy, and non-gravid. In complicated UTIs, E. coli is recovered in only approximately one-third of cases (34.5%);

CAUSATIVE PATHOGENS
Two microorganisms account for the majority of cases of uncomplicated UTI and pyelonephritis. Approximately 80% of acute uncomplicated UTIs are caused by E. coli. Uropathogenic E. coli clones cause the majority of uncomplicated infections and consist of only a few serogroups. Staphylococcus saprophyticus accounts for 5–15% of uncomplicated UTIs, and most infections with S. saprophyticus occur in young women in the spring and summer. 10 Enterococcus and a variety of other primarily Gram-negative aerobes account for the other 5–10% of UTIs: Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella species, and Pseudomonas species. 4 More than 95% of UTIs are caused by a single bacterial species. Complicated UTIs are defined as those occurring in a functionally, metabolically, or anatomically abnormal urinary tract or caused by bacteria resistant to antibiotics. Basically, complicated UTIs occur in anyone who is not young, healthy, and non-gravid. In complicated UTIs, E. coli is recovered in only approximately one-third of cases (34.5%);

Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections - American Family Physician Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
View/Print Table
SORT: KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
View/Print Table
Antimicrobial Agents for the Management of Uncomplicated UTIs
NONPHARMACOLOGIC THERAPIES
OLDER WOMEN
MEN
Recommendations
View/Print Figure
Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
The Author
REFERENCES
Continue reading from August 1, 2005
 C
24
Fluoroquinolones are not recommended as first-line treatment of uncomplicated UTIs in order to preserve their effectiveness for complicated UTIs. C
24
Use of betalactam antibiotics is not recommended for the routine treatment of uncomplicated UTIs because of limited effectiveness. C
24
For treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in older women, consider short or longer (three to 10 days) courses of antibiotics. B
25
A = consistent, good-quality patient-oriented evidence; B = inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence; C = consensus, disease-oriented evidence, usual practice, expert opinion, or case series. For information about the SORT evidence rating system, see page 363 or https://www.aafp.org/afpsort.xml. Epidemiology
Jump to section +
Abstract
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Recommendations
References
Escherichia coli is the most common cause of uncomplicated UTI and accounts for approximately 75 to 95 percent of all infections. 2 - 5 A longitudinal study 6 of 235 women with 1,018 UTIs found that E. coli was the only causative agent in 69.3 percent of cases and was a contributing agent in an additional 2.4 percent of cases. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a distant second, accounting for only 5 to 20 percent of infections.

Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections - American Family Physician

Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
View/Print Table
SORT: KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
View/Print Table
Antimicrobial Agents for the Management of Uncomplicated UTIs
NONPHARMACOLOGIC THERAPIES
OLDER WOMEN
MEN
Recommendations
View/Print Figure
Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
The Author
REFERENCES
Continue reading from August 1, 2005

C
24
Fluoroquinolones are not recommended as first-line treatment of uncomplicated UTIs in order to preserve their effectiveness for complicated UTIs. C
24
Use of betalactam antibiotics is not recommended for the routine treatment of uncomplicated UTIs because of limited effectiveness. C
24
For treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in older women, consider short or longer (three to 10 days) courses of antibiotics. B
25
A = consistent, good-quality patient-oriented evidence; B = inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence; C = consensus, disease-oriented evidence, usual practice, expert opinion, or case series. For information about the SORT evidence rating system, see page 363 or https://www.aafp.org/afpsort.xml. Epidemiology
Jump to section +
Abstract
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Recommendations
References
Escherichia coli is the most common cause of uncomplicated UTI and accounts for approximately 75 to 95 percent of all infections. 2 - 5 A longitudinal study 6 of 235 women with 1,018 UTIs found that E. coli was the only causative agent in 69.3 percent of cases and was a contributing agent in an additional 2.4 percent of cases. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a distant second, accounting for only 5 to 20 percent of infections.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Staphylococcus saprophyticus
as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections
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 31 May 1983
Revision received: 12 October 1983
Published: 01 May 1984
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Birgitta Hovelius, Per-Anders Mårdh, Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections, Reviews of Infectious Diseases, Volume 6, Issue 3, May 1984, Pages 328–337, https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/6.3.328
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Abstract
Until the last decade, coagulase-negative staphylococci occurring in urine specimens were usually regarded as a contaminant. In the early 1970s,Le., more than ten years after the original demonstration of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine specimens, this species became recognized as a frequent cause of urinary tract infections (UTI). In young women, S. saprophyticus is, after Escherichia coli, the second-most-frequent causative agent of acute UTI. Patients with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered. The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic appearance microscopically. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus.

 Causes of Human Staphylococcal Infections
There are only a few different types of Staphylococcusbacteria known to cause infections in humans. Four of them include: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), the most common type of staph infection
Staphylococcus epidermidis, a primary cause of infections in the hospital
Staphylococcus saprophyticus, a common cause of urinary tract infections(UTIs) in young adult women
Staphylococcus lugdunensis, infections that can range from minor to life-threatening. Some Staphylococcusbacteria are resistant to certain antibiotics. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA for short, is a type of Staphylococcusthat is resistant to antibiotics called beta-lactams. Beta-lactam antibiotics include methicillin and other, more common antibiotics, such as oxacillin, penicillin, and amoxicillin(Amoxil®). While 25 to 30 percent of the population is colonized with staph, approximately 1 to 2 percent is colonized with MRSA. S. hominis, S. haemolyticus, S. warneri, and S. simulans are four other types that can cause staph infections in humans, but they are more rare. Advertisement
Staphylococcus Infection
List of references (click here)

Locksley R. Staphylococcal infections. In:

Causes of Human Staphylococcal Infections
There are only a few different types of Staphylococcusbacteria known to cause infections in humans. Four of them include: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), the most common type of staph infection
Staphylococcus epidermidis, a primary cause of infections in the hospital
Staphylococcus saprophyticus, a common cause of urinary tract infections(UTIs) in young adult women
Staphylococcus lugdunensis, infections that can range from minor to life-threatening. Some Staphylococcusbacteria are resistant to certain antibiotics. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA for short, is a type of Staphylococcusthat is resistant to antibiotics called beta-lactams. Beta-lactam antibiotics include methicillin and other, more common antibiotics, such as oxacillin, penicillin, and amoxicillin(Amoxil®). While 25 to 30 percent of the population is colonized with staph, approximately 1 to 2 percent is colonized with MRSA. S. hominis, S. haemolyticus, S. warneri, and S. simulans are four other types that can cause staph infections in humans, but they are more rare. Advertisement
Staphylococcus Infection
List of references (click here)

Locksley R. Staphylococcal infections. In:

20 Natural Remedies For UTIs That Relieve Burning & Frequent Urination 20 Natural Remedies for UTIs That Relieve Burning and Frequent Urination
20 Natural Remedies for UTIs That Relieve Burning and Frequent Urination
1. Drink Extra Water
2. Avoid caffeine, alcohol, and soda
3. Start Probiotics
4. Swap Out Your Undies
5. Stay Dry
6. Take D-Mannose
7. Try Hibiscus Extract
8. Cut Out Smoking
9. Use Cranberry Extract
10. Boost your Vitamin C
11. Go For The Bromelain
12. Avoid Condoms With Spermicide
13. Go To The Bathroom Post-Sex
14. Go To The Bathroom Frequently
15. Wipe From Front To Back
16. Take a pain reliever
17. Put On A Heating Pad
18. Increase Your Garlic Intake
19. Limit Sugar
20. Choose Fragrance-Free Bathroom Products
But Are Home Remedies Enough?
Sources
 This substance, found in pineapple, has been shown to “enhance” the effectiveness of antibiotics against a UTI. In one study, every single patient who combined Bromelain with their antibiotics ended up with full resolution of their infection. Only 46% of those without Bromelain were able to do the same. 12. Avoid Condoms With Spermicide
Spermicides may be great for decreasing your chances of getting pregnant, but they are not so great for your bladder health. Condoms coated in spermicide have been shown to pose a “statistically significant risk of urinary tract infection caused by S. saprophyticus .” Simply switch your condom type to continue safe sex and discontinue reoccurring UTIs. 13. Go To The Bathroom Post-Sex
One of the simplest ways to prevent a UTI is simply to head to the bathroom right after having sex. The science behind the idea is simple:

20 Natural Remedies For UTIs That Relieve Burning & Frequent Urination

20 Natural Remedies for UTIs That Relieve Burning and Frequent Urination
20 Natural Remedies for UTIs That Relieve Burning and Frequent Urination
1. Drink Extra Water
2. Avoid caffeine, alcohol, and soda
3. Start Probiotics
4. Swap Out Your Undies
5. Stay Dry
6. Take D-Mannose
7. Try Hibiscus Extract
8. Cut Out Smoking
9. Use Cranberry Extract
10. Boost your Vitamin C
11. Go For The Bromelain
12. Avoid Condoms With Spermicide
13. Go To The Bathroom Post-Sex
14. Go To The Bathroom Frequently
15. Wipe From Front To Back
16. Take a pain reliever
17. Put On A Heating Pad
18. Increase Your Garlic Intake
19. Limit Sugar
20. Choose Fragrance-Free Bathroom Products
But Are Home Remedies Enough?
Sources

This substance, found in pineapple, has been shown to “enhance” the effectiveness of antibiotics against a UTI. In one study, every single patient who combined Bromelain with their antibiotics ended up with full resolution of their infection. Only 46% of those without Bromelain were able to do the same. 12. Avoid Condoms With Spermicide
Spermicides may be great for decreasing your chances of getting pregnant, but they are not so great for your bladder health. Condoms coated in spermicide have been shown to pose a “statistically significant risk of urinary tract infection caused by S. saprophyticus .” Simply switch your condom type to continue safe sex and discontinue reoccurring UTIs. 13. Go To The Bathroom Post-Sex
One of the simplest ways to prevent a UTI is simply to head to the bathroom right after having sex. The science behind the idea is simple:

Difference Between Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Staphylococcus Saprophyticus - Pediaa.Com Difference Between Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Difference Between Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Key Areas Covered
Key Terms
What is Staphylococcus Epidermidis
What is Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Similarities Between Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Difference Between Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Definition
Colony Color
Novobiocin Test
Habitat
Pathogenicity
Infections
Conclusion
Reference:
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 Also, it forms biofilms that grow on these devices. After overnight incubation, S. epidermidis forms white, raised, cohesive colonies that are about 1–2 mm in diameter. Figure 1: S. epidermidis Colonies on Tryptic Soy Agar
S. epidermidis does not produce gelatinase enzyme required by the hydrolysis of gelatin. Therefore, it is sensitive to novobiocin. This makes the novobiocin test critical in the differentiation between S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus, which is novobiocin-resistant. What is Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is another species of the Staphylococcus genus. Since S. saprophyticus belongs to the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum, it often causes urinary tract infections (UTIs) in females. Generally, 10-20% UTIs occur due to S. saprophyticus. Also, it is the second commonest cause of community-acquired UTIs.

Also, it forms biofilms that grow on these devices. After overnight incubation, S. epidermidis forms white, raised, cohesive colonies that are about 1–2 mm in diameter. Figure 1: S. epidermidis Colonies on Tryptic Soy Agar
S. epidermidis does not produce gelatinase enzyme required by the hydrolysis of gelatin. Therefore, it is sensitive to novobiocin. This makes the novobiocin test critical in the differentiation between S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus, which is novobiocin-resistant. What is Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is another species of the Staphylococcus genus. Since S. saprophyticus belongs to the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum, it often causes urinary tract infections (UTIs) in females. Generally, 10-20% UTIs occur due to S. saprophyticus. Also, it is the second commonest cause of community-acquired UTIs.

 Endogenous
What is the predominate species of GNB in the colonic flora? E. coli
Urine dipstick results = Gram neg rods, + nitrates, + lactose, + indole, - oxidase. Name the organism
E. coli
What virulence factor of E. coli is responsible for cystitis? Type 1 fimbriae
What virulence factor of E. coli is responsible for pyelonephritis? P fimbriae
Name the virulence factors of E. coli
Type 1 fimbriae, P fimbriae
Hemolysins, aerobactin
Resistance to serum killing, capsule, IBC formation
Antibiotic resistance a problem
What organism is typically present in UTI in newly sexually active women? S. saprophyticus
What organism ALWAYS tests nitrate negative on urine dipstick? S. saprophyticus
In patient w/ a urine pH >7, what should we culture for? Proteus mirabilis
What are the virulence factors we see in proteus mirabilis? Biofilms and encrustations on catheters
Urease -> Increase pH -> renal calculi, catheter
What organism do we suspect in UTIs in patients w/ structural abnormalities or catheters (particularly long term indwelling)? Proteus mirabilis
What organism do we see swarming mobility on culture?

Endogenous
What is the predominate species of GNB in the colonic flora? E. coli
Urine dipstick results = Gram neg rods, + nitrates, + lactose, + indole, - oxidase. Name the organism
E. coli
What virulence factor of E. coli is responsible for cystitis? Type 1 fimbriae
What virulence factor of E. coli is responsible for pyelonephritis? P fimbriae
Name the virulence factors of E. coli
Type 1 fimbriae, P fimbriae
Hemolysins, aerobactin
Resistance to serum killing, capsule, IBC formation
Antibiotic resistance a problem
What organism is typically present in UTI in newly sexually active women? S. saprophyticus
What organism ALWAYS tests nitrate negative on urine dipstick? S. saprophyticus
In patient w/ a urine pH >7, what should we culture for? Proteus mirabilis
What are the virulence factors we see in proteus mirabilis? Biofilms and encrustations on catheters
Urease -> Increase pH -> renal calculi, catheter
What organism do we suspect in UTIs in patients w/ structural abnormalities or catheters (particularly long term indwelling)? Proteus mirabilis
What organism do we see swarming mobility on culture?

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Staphylococcus saprophyticus
as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a Common Cause of Urinary Tract Infections
Published:
Abstract
Topic:
Issue Section:
PDF
 Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colonyforming units (<10 5 cfu/ml) of S. saprophyticus are comparatively often found in the bladder and voided urine. S. saprophyticus is usually susceptible to antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients with UTI, with the exception of nalidixic acid. The bacterium has a capacity for selective adherence to human urothelium. It causes direct hemagglutination. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. This staphylococcal species produces an extracellular enzyme complex that can inhibit growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Topic: antibiotics
neck
urinary tract infections
adhesins, bacterial
bacteriuria
cystitis
gram-negative bacteria
gram-positive bacteria
gram-positive bacterial infections
gram-positive cocci
gram-positive rods
hemagglutination
multienzyme complexes
nalidixic acid
staphylococcus
urothelium
infections
bacteria
urinary bladder
kidney
urine
staphylococcus, coagulase negative
urinary sediment
escherichia coli
urinary tract infection, acute
staphylococcus saprophyticus
chemical analysis
Issue Section: Review Articles
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This content is only available as a PDF. © 1984 by The University of Chicago
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Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colonyforming units (<10 5 cfu/ml) of S. saprophyticus are comparatively often found in the bladder and voided urine. S. saprophyticus is usually susceptible to antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients with UTI, with the exception of nalidixic acid. The bacterium has a capacity for selective adherence to human urothelium. It causes direct hemagglutination. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. This staphylococcal species produces an extracellular enzyme complex that can inhibit growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Topic: antibiotics
neck
urinary tract infections
adhesins, bacterial
bacteriuria
cystitis
gram-negative bacteria
gram-positive bacteria
gram-positive bacterial infections
gram-positive cocci
gram-positive rods
hemagglutination
multienzyme complexes
nalidixic acid
staphylococcus
urothelium
infections
bacteria
urinary bladder
kidney
urine
staphylococcus, coagulase negative
urinary sediment
escherichia coli
urinary tract infection, acute
staphylococcus saprophyticus
chemical analysis
Issue Section: Review Articles
PDF
This content is only available as a PDF. © 1984 by The University of Chicago
Download all slides
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Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview | Microbe Notes Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview
Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview
Table of Contents
What is Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Classification of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Habitat of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Morphology of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Cultural Characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Nutrient Agar (NA)
2. Mannitol Agar
3. Blood agar (BA)
4. P agar
5. Thioglycolate medium
Biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Fermentation
Enzymatic Reactions
Virulence factors of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Surface proteins
2. Enzymes
3. Biofilm formation
Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Adhesion/ Attachment/ Colonization
2. Invasion
Catheters-related infections
Clinical manifestations of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Lab Diagnosis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Morphological characteristics and Biochemical tests
2. Rapid Identification kits
3. Molecular diagnosis
Treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
Prevention of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
References
Sources
 Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative coccus that is an important part of the group of microorganisms causing urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females. Like all Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is also clustering Gram-positive cocci, nonmotile, non-spore-forming, and facultatively anaerobic. S. saprophyticus is a part of the normal flora in humans that colonizes the areas like the perineum, rectum, urethra, cervix, and gastrointestinal tract. This bacterium is also a common gastrointestinal flora in pigs and cows and may be transferred to humans by eating these respective foods. Besides humans, it can also be isolated from other environmental sources like meat and dairy products. It is the second most common cause of UTIs in young and middle-aged women, next to Escherichia coli. Less commonly, it is also responsible for complications like acute pyelonephritis, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis. Among staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is the only species that is typically uropathogenic which is due to its ability to adhere to uroepithelial cells and persistently grow in the urinary tract. S. saprophyticus is different from S. aureus in that it is coagulase-negative, meaning it lacks the enzyme coagulase. It can be differentiated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci by its resistance to Novobiocin.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview | Microbe Notes

Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview
Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview
Table of Contents
What is Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Classification of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Habitat of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Morphology of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Cultural Characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Nutrient Agar (NA)
2. Mannitol Agar
3. Blood agar (BA)
4. P agar
5. Thioglycolate medium
Biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Fermentation
Enzymatic Reactions
Virulence factors of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Surface proteins
2. Enzymes
3. Biofilm formation
Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Adhesion/ Attachment/ Colonization
2. Invasion
Catheters-related infections
Clinical manifestations of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Lab Diagnosis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Morphological characteristics and Biochemical tests
2. Rapid Identification kits
3. Molecular diagnosis
Treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
Prevention of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
References
Sources

Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative coccus that is an important part of the group of microorganisms causing urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females. Like all Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is also clustering Gram-positive cocci, nonmotile, non-spore-forming, and facultatively anaerobic. S. saprophyticus is a part of the normal flora in humans that colonizes the areas like the perineum, rectum, urethra, cervix, and gastrointestinal tract. This bacterium is also a common gastrointestinal flora in pigs and cows and may be transferred to humans by eating these respective foods. Besides humans, it can also be isolated from other environmental sources like meat and dairy products. It is the second most common cause of UTIs in young and middle-aged women, next to Escherichia coli. Less commonly, it is also responsible for complications like acute pyelonephritis, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis. Among staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is the only species that is typically uropathogenic which is due to its ability to adhere to uroepithelial cells and persistently grow in the urinary tract. S. saprophyticus is different from S. aureus in that it is coagulase-negative, meaning it lacks the enzyme coagulase. It can be differentiated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci by its resistance to Novobiocin.

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) 500 mg for UTI Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) 500 mg, 750 mg
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) 500 mg, 750 mg Urine (30% to 50% as unchanged drug); feces (15% to 43%). Ciprofloxacin for Urinary Tract Infections
Antibiotics are the mainstay treatment for complicated and uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs). The choice of antibiotic and length of treatment depend on the patient's history and the urine tests that identify the offending bacteria. The sensitivity test is especially useful in helping select the most effective medication. Escherichia coli is the leading cause of UTIs, followed by Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Proteus spp., and Klebsiella spp. Fluoroquinolones are the standard alternatives to Sulfonamides (TMP-SMX), and sometimes are preferred antibacterials for UTI. Ciprofloxacin is very effective for the treatment of acute or complicated UTIs 19. This antibiotic is frequently used to treat urinary infections because of its excellent activity against majority of urinary tract pathogenic bacteria, and particularly E. coli.

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) 500 mg for UTI

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) 500 mg, 750 mg
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) 500 mg, 750 mg

Urine (30% to 50% as unchanged drug); feces (15% to 43%). Ciprofloxacin for Urinary Tract Infections
Antibiotics are the mainstay treatment for complicated and uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs). The choice of antibiotic and length of treatment depend on the patient's history and the urine tests that identify the offending bacteria. The sensitivity test is especially useful in helping select the most effective medication. Escherichia coli is the leading cause of UTIs, followed by Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Proteus spp., and Klebsiella spp. Fluoroquinolones are the standard alternatives to Sulfonamides (TMP-SMX), and sometimes are preferred antibacterials for UTI. Ciprofloxacin is very effective for the treatment of acute or complicated UTIs 19. This antibiotic is frequently used to treat urinary infections because of its excellent activity against majority of urinary tract pathogenic bacteria, and particularly E. coli.

Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections - American Family Physician Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
View/Print Table
SORT: KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
View/Print Table
Antimicrobial Agents for the Management of Uncomplicated UTIs
NONPHARMACOLOGIC THERAPIES
OLDER WOMEN
MEN
Recommendations
View/Print Figure
Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
The Author
REFERENCES
Continue reading from August 1, 2005
 C = consensus, disease-oriented evidence, usual practice, expert opinion, or case series. For information about the SORT evidence rating system, see page 363 or https://www.aafp.org/afpsort.xml. Epidemiology
Jump to section +
Abstract
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Recommendations
References
Escherichia coli is the most common cause of uncomplicated UTI and accounts for approximately 75 to 95 percent of all infections. 2 - 5 A longitudinal study 6 of 235 women with 1,018 UTIs found that E. coli was the only causative agent in 69.3 percent of cases and was a contributing agent in an additional 2.4 percent of cases. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a distant second, accounting for only 5 to 20 percent of infections. Other Enterobacteriaceae, such as Klebsiella and Proteus, occasionally cause UTI. 2, 3, 5 Although S. saprophyticus is less common than E. coli, it is more aggressive. Approximately one half of patients infected with S. saprophyticus present with upper urinary tract involvement, and these patients are more likely to have recurrent infection. 3
Diagnosis
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Abstract
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Recommendations
References
Uncomplicated UTI occurs in patients who have a normal, unobstructed genitourinary tract, who have no history of recent instrumentation, and whose symptoms are confined to the lower urinary tract. Uncomplicated UTIs are most common in young, sexually active women.

C = consensus, disease-oriented evidence, usual practice, expert opinion, or case series. For information about the SORT evidence rating system, see page 363 or https://www.aafp.org/afpsort.xml. Epidemiology
Jump to section +
Abstract
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Recommendations
References
Escherichia coli is the most common cause of uncomplicated UTI and accounts for approximately 75 to 95 percent of all infections. 2 - 5 A longitudinal study 6 of 235 women with 1,018 UTIs found that E. coli was the only causative agent in 69.3 percent of cases and was a contributing agent in an additional 2.4 percent of cases. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a distant second, accounting for only 5 to 20 percent of infections. Other Enterobacteriaceae, such as Klebsiella and Proteus, occasionally cause UTI. 2, 3, 5 Although S. saprophyticus is less common than E. coli, it is more aggressive. Approximately one half of patients infected with S. saprophyticus present with upper urinary tract involvement, and these patients are more likely to have recurrent infection. 3
Diagnosis
Jump to section +
Abstract
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Recommendations
References
Uncomplicated UTI occurs in patients who have a normal, unobstructed genitourinary tract, who have no history of recent instrumentation, and whose symptoms are confined to the lower urinary tract. Uncomplicated UTIs are most common in young, sexually active women.

Novobiocin Susceptibility Test: Principle, procedure and interpretations - Learn Microbiology Online Novobiocin Susceptibility Test: Principle, procedure and interpretations
Novobiocin Susceptibility Test: Principle, procedure and interpretations
Contents
Principle of Novobiocin Test
Specimen Collection and Preparation
Procedure of Novobiocin test
Interpretation of Novobiocin test
Expected results:
Quality Control of Novobiocin test:
Limitation of Novobiocin susceptibility testing method:
About Acharya Tankeshwar 468 Articles
 It is usually performed on urine isolates (isolated from women of reproductive age group) that are coagulase-negative. Contents
1 Principle of Novobiocin Test
2 Specimen Collection and Preparation
3 Procedure of Novobiocin test
4 Quality Control of Novobiocin test: 5 Limitation of Novobiocin susceptibility testing method: Principle of Novobiocin Test
S. saprophyticus is second only to E. coli as the most frequent causative organism of uncomplicated u rinary tract infections (UTIs) in young sexually active women. So when coagulase-negative staphylococcus is isolated from a young sexually active women, a laboratory must further identify that isolate and find out is this a true pathogen ( Staphylococcus saprophyticus-novobiocin resistant) or a contaminant (i.e. Staphylococcus epidermidis-novobiocin sensitive ). Mneomonic: On the office’s STAPH retreat, there was NO StRESs. ( NO=novobiocin, S=Saprophyticus, R=Resistant, E=Epidermidis, S=Sensitive
Laboratory identification of S. saprophyticus is made on the basis of the absence of hemolysis , coagulase, and resistance to novobiocin. Novobiocin susceptibility test results are 100% sensitive and 96% speci fic. S. saprophyticus is innately resistant to the antibiotic novobiocin.

Novobiocin Susceptibility Test: Principle, procedure and interpretations - Learn Microbiology Online

Novobiocin Susceptibility Test: Principle, procedure and interpretations
Novobiocin Susceptibility Test: Principle, procedure and interpretations
Contents
Principle of Novobiocin Test
Specimen Collection and Preparation
Procedure of Novobiocin test
Interpretation of Novobiocin test
Expected results:
Quality Control of Novobiocin test:
Limitation of Novobiocin susceptibility testing method:
About Acharya Tankeshwar 468 Articles

It is usually performed on urine isolates (isolated from women of reproductive age group) that are coagulase-negative. Contents
1 Principle of Novobiocin Test
2 Specimen Collection and Preparation
3 Procedure of Novobiocin test
4 Quality Control of Novobiocin test: 5 Limitation of Novobiocin susceptibility testing method: Principle of Novobiocin Test
S. saprophyticus is second only to E. coli as the most frequent causative organism of uncomplicated u rinary tract infections (UTIs) in young sexually active women. So when coagulase-negative staphylococcus is isolated from a young sexually active women, a laboratory must further identify that isolate and find out is this a true pathogen ( Staphylococcus saprophyticus-novobiocin resistant) or a contaminant (i.e. Staphylococcus epidermidis-novobiocin sensitive ). Mneomonic: On the office’s STAPH retreat, there was NO StRESs. ( NO=novobiocin, S=Saprophyticus, R=Resistant, E=Epidermidis, S=Sensitive
Laboratory identification of S. saprophyticus is made on the basis of the absence of hemolysis , coagulase, and resistance to novobiocin. Novobiocin susceptibility test results are 100% sensitive and 96% speci fic. S. saprophyticus is innately resistant to the antibiotic novobiocin.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - microbewiki Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
Classification
Higher order taxa
Species
Description and significance
Genome structure
Cell structure and metabolism
Ecology
Pathology
Application to Biotechnology
Current Research
References
 3]
In 1962, Torres Pereira first isolated a coagulase-negative Staphylococci with antigen 51 from women with acute UTI. [ 4]. This antigen was later classified as S. saprophyticus. [ 3] Laboratory tests to identify S. saprophyticus are based on its resistance to the antibiotic Novobiocin and the absence of coagulase. [ 3]
Genome structure
As of 2005, the genome of S. saprophyticus (strain ATCC 15305) has been fully sequenced by Japanese researchers. [ 1] S. saprophyticus contains a circular chromosome of 2,516,575 bp, 2,446 ORF’s, and two plasmids 38.4 and 22.9 kb in size. The genome was sequenced to better understand the pathenogenesis of the organism. Whole-genome shotgun sequencing was used, sequencing in 1-2 kb or 10 kb inserts. The inserts were then assembled using PHRED/PHRAP/CONSED programs. The gaps were filled by PCR direct sequencing, using specific primers at the ends of each gap. [

3]
In 1962, Torres Pereira first isolated a coagulase-negative Staphylococci with antigen 51 from women with acute UTI. [ 4]. This antigen was later classified as S. saprophyticus. [ 3] Laboratory tests to identify S. saprophyticus are based on its resistance to the antibiotic Novobiocin and the absence of coagulase. [ 3]
Genome structure
As of 2005, the genome of S. saprophyticus (strain ATCC 15305) has been fully sequenced by Japanese researchers. [ 1] S. saprophyticus contains a circular chromosome of 2,516,575 bp, 2,446 ORF’s, and two plasmids 38.4 and 22.9 kb in size. The genome was sequenced to better understand the pathenogenesis of the organism. Whole-genome shotgun sequencing was used, sequencing in 1-2 kb or 10 kb inserts. The inserts were then assembled using PHRED/PHRAP/CONSED programs. The gaps were filled by PCR direct sequencing, using specific primers at the ends of each gap. [

Urinary Tract Infections vs Cystitis vs Pyelonephritis - The Difference | FAQ Urinary Tract Infections & Bladder Infection
Urinary Tract Infections & Bladder Infection
UTI vs Bladder infection
Bladder infection (Cystitis) vs Kidney infection (Pyelonephritis)
Symptoms
Causes
Treatment
References
 Kidney infections generally start as a bladder infection that travels up the ureters to the kidneys. Most common causative bacteria in UTIs 1, 2: Escherichia coli - the predominant uropathogen in uncomplicated UTIs in adults and children, accounts for about 86% of cases
Enterococcus species
Klebsiella species
Proteus species
Enterobacter species
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus aureus
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Treatment
Most UTIs require treatment with antibiotic. Treatment of UTI depends on location of the infection. Pyelonephritis and cystitis are treated differently. Bladder infection in women is usually treated with a brief course of oral antibiotics. See Antibiotics for bladder infection. Uncomplicated pyelonephritis in women can be treated with course of oral fluoroquinolone antibiotics or with initial intravenous antimicrobial therapy followed by oral regimen. See Treatment of acute pyelonephritis in women. Complicated pyelonephritis requires treatment with broad-spectrum parenteral antibiotics.

Urinary Tract Infections vs Cystitis vs Pyelonephritis - The Difference | FAQ

Urinary Tract Infections & Bladder Infection
Urinary Tract Infections & Bladder Infection
UTI vs Bladder infection
Bladder infection (Cystitis) vs Kidney infection (Pyelonephritis)
Symptoms
Causes
Treatment
References

Kidney infections generally start as a bladder infection that travels up the ureters to the kidneys. Most common causative bacteria in UTIs 1, 2: Escherichia coli - the predominant uropathogen in uncomplicated UTIs in adults and children, accounts for about 86% of cases
Enterococcus species
Klebsiella species
Proteus species
Enterobacter species
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus aureus
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Treatment
Most UTIs require treatment with antibiotic. Treatment of UTI depends on location of the infection. Pyelonephritis and cystitis are treated differently. Bladder infection in women is usually treated with a brief course of oral antibiotics. See Antibiotics for bladder infection. Uncomplicated pyelonephritis in women can be treated with course of oral fluoroquinolone antibiotics or with initial intravenous antimicrobial therapy followed by oral regimen. See Treatment of acute pyelonephritis in women. Complicated pyelonephritis requires treatment with broad-spectrum parenteral antibiotics.

 Authors

B Hovelius, P A Mårdh
PMID: 6377440

DOI: 10.1093/clinids/6.3.328

Abstract

Until the last decade, coagulase-negative staphylococci occurring in urine specimens were usually regarded as a contaminant. In the early 1970s, i.e., more than ten years after the original demonstration of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine specimens, this species became recognized as a frequent cause of urinary tract infections (UTI). In young women, S. saprophyticus is, after Escherichia coli, the second-most-frequent causative agent of acute UTI. Patients with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered. The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic appearance microscopically. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colony-forming units (less than 10(5) cfu/ml) of S. saprophyticus are comparatively often found in the bladder and voided urine.

Authors

B Hovelius, P A Mårdh
PMID: 6377440

DOI: 10.1093/clinids/6.3.328

Abstract

Until the last decade, coagulase-negative staphylococci occurring in urine specimens were usually regarded as a contaminant. In the early 1970s, i.e., more than ten years after the original demonstration of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine specimens, this species became recognized as a frequent cause of urinary tract infections (UTI). In young women, S. saprophyticus is, after Escherichia coli, the second-most-frequent causative agent of acute UTI. Patients with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered. The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic appearance microscopically. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colony-forming units (less than 10(5) cfu/ml) of S. saprophyticus are comparatively often found in the bladder and voided urine.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview | Microbe Notes Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview
Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview
Table of Contents
What is Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Classification of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Habitat of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Morphology of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Cultural Characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Nutrient Agar (NA)
2. Mannitol Agar
3. Blood agar (BA)
4. P agar
5. Thioglycolate medium
Biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Fermentation
Enzymatic Reactions
Virulence factors of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Surface proteins
2. Enzymes
3. Biofilm formation
Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Adhesion/ Attachment/ Colonization
2. Invasion
Catheters-related infections
Clinical manifestations of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Lab Diagnosis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Morphological characteristics and Biochemical tests
2. Rapid Identification kits
3. Molecular diagnosis
Treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
Prevention of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
References
Sources
 Adhesion/ Attachment/ Colonization
2. Invasion
Catheters-related infections
Clinical manifestations of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Lab Diagnosis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Morphological characteristics and Biochemical tests
2. Rapid Identification kits
3. Molecular diagnosis
Treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
Prevention of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
References
Sources
What is Staphylococcus saprophyticus? Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative coccus that is an important part of the group of microorganisms causing urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females. Like all Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is also clustering Gram-positive cocci, nonmotile, non-spore-forming, and facultatively anaerobic. S. saprophyticus is a part of the normal flora in humans that colonizes the areas like the perineum, rectum, urethra, cervix, and gastrointestinal tract. This bacterium is also a common gastrointestinal flora in pigs and cows and may be transferred to humans by eating these respective foods. Besides humans, it can also be isolated from other environmental sources like meat and dairy products.

Adhesion/ Attachment/ Colonization
2. Invasion
Catheters-related infections
Clinical manifestations of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Lab Diagnosis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Morphological characteristics and Biochemical tests
2. Rapid Identification kits
3. Molecular diagnosis
Treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
Prevention of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
References
Sources
What is Staphylococcus saprophyticus? Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative coccus that is an important part of the group of microorganisms causing urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females. Like all Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is also clustering Gram-positive cocci, nonmotile, non-spore-forming, and facultatively anaerobic. S. saprophyticus is a part of the normal flora in humans that colonizes the areas like the perineum, rectum, urethra, cervix, and gastrointestinal tract. This bacterium is also a common gastrointestinal flora in pigs and cows and may be transferred to humans by eating these respective foods. Besides humans, it can also be isolated from other environmental sources like meat and dairy products.

Primsol (trimethoprim): UTI Antibiotic Side Effects & Dosage Primsol (trimethoprim)
Primsol (trimethoprim)
What is Primsol (trimethoprim) and how does it work?
What brand names are available for trimethoprim?
Is Primsol (trimethoprim) available as a generic drug?
Do I need a prescription for Primsol (trimethoprim)?
What are the uses for Primsol (trimethoprim)?
What are the side effects of Primsol (trimethoprim)?
QUESTION
What is the dosage for Primsol (trimethoprim)?
Which drugs or supplements interact with Primsol (trimethoprim)?
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When was Primsol (trimethoprim) approved by the FDA?
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 Therefore, Primsol has less effect on the production of tetrahydrofolic acid by humans. Because of the frequent development of resistance to Primsol, it is more effective when combined with another antibiotic, sulfamethoxazole ( Azo-Gantanol ), and is rarely used alone. What brand names are available for trimethoprim? Primsol is the brand name for trimethoprim available in the US. Trimpex and Proloprim are brand names that have been discontinued in the US. Is Primsol (trimethoprim) available as a generic drug? Yes
Do I need a prescription for Primsol (trimethoprim)? Yes
What are the uses for Primsol (trimethoprim)? Primsol is used for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections ( UTI) due to susceptible bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter species, and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species, including S. saprophyticus. What are the side effects of Primsol (trimethoprim)?

Primsol (trimethoprim): UTI Antibiotic Side Effects & Dosage

Therefore, Primsol has less effect on the production of tetrahydrofolic acid by humans. Because of the frequent development of resistance to Primsol, it is more effective when combined with another antibiotic, sulfamethoxazole ( Azo-Gantanol ), and is rarely used alone. What brand names are available for trimethoprim? Primsol is the brand name for trimethoprim available in the US. Trimpex and Proloprim are brand names that have been discontinued in the US. Is Primsol (trimethoprim) available as a generic drug? Yes
Do I need a prescription for Primsol (trimethoprim)? Yes
What are the uses for Primsol (trimethoprim)? Primsol is used for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections ( UTI) due to susceptible bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter species, and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species, including S. saprophyticus. What are the side effects of Primsol (trimethoprim)?

Which antibiotics should be used with caution in pregnant women with UTI? | MDedge ObGyn Which antibiotics should be used with caution in pregnant women with UTI?
Expert Commentary
Which antibiotics should be used with caution in pregnant women with UTI?
EXPERT COMMENTARY
Details of the study
Antibiotic-associated effects
Study strengths and weaknesses
References
Next Article:
This Publication
Specialty Focus
Top Sections
 2017;130 (3):e150–e152. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002300. EXPERT COMMENTARY
Lower urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common medical complications of pregnancy. Approximately 5% to 10% of all pregnant women have asymptomatic bacteriuria, which usually antedates the pregnancy and is detected at the time of the first prenatal appointment. Another 2% to 3% develop acute cystitis during pregnancy. The dominant organisms that cause lower UTIs in pregnant women are Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus species, group B streptococci, enterococci, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. One goal of treating asymptomatic bacteriuria and acute cystitis is to prevent ascending infection (pyelonephritis), which can be associated with preterm delivery, sepsis, and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Another key goal is to use an antibiotic that eradicates the uropathogen without causing harm to either the mother or fetus. In 2009, Crider and colleagues reported that 2 of the most commonly used antibiotics for UTIs, sulfonamides and nitrofurantoin, were associated with a disturbing spectrum of birth defects. 1 Following that report, in 2011 the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) published a committee opinion that recommended against the use of these 2 agents in the first trimester of pregnancy unless other antibiotics were unlikely to be effective.

Which antibiotics should be used with caution in pregnant women with UTI? | MDedge ObGyn

Which antibiotics should be used with caution in pregnant women with UTI?
Expert Commentary
Which antibiotics should be used with caution in pregnant women with UTI?
EXPERT COMMENTARY
Details of the study
Antibiotic-associated effects
Study strengths and weaknesses
References
Next Article:
This Publication
Specialty Focus
Top Sections

2017;130 (3):e150–e152. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002300. EXPERT COMMENTARY
Lower urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common medical complications of pregnancy. Approximately 5% to 10% of all pregnant women have asymptomatic bacteriuria, which usually antedates the pregnancy and is detected at the time of the first prenatal appointment. Another 2% to 3% develop acute cystitis during pregnancy. The dominant organisms that cause lower UTIs in pregnant women are Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus species, group B streptococci, enterococci, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. One goal of treating asymptomatic bacteriuria and acute cystitis is to prevent ascending infection (pyelonephritis), which can be associated with preterm delivery, sepsis, and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Another key goal is to use an antibiotic that eradicates the uropathogen without causing harm to either the mother or fetus. In 2009, Crider and colleagues reported that 2 of the most commonly used antibiotics for UTIs, sulfonamides and nitrofurantoin, were associated with a disturbing spectrum of birth defects. 1 Following that report, in 2011 the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) published a committee opinion that recommended against the use of these 2 agents in the first trimester of pregnancy unless other antibiotics were unlikely to be effective.

Burning sensation in lower abdomen: Causes and treatments What to know about a burning sensation in the lower abdomen
What to know about a burning sensation in the lower abdomen
GERD
Symptoms
Treatment
PUD
Symptoms
Treatment
Kidney stones
Symptoms
Treatment
UTIs
Symptoms
Treatment
Gynecological conditions
Symptoms
Treatment
Cancers of the digestive, urological, and gynecological tracts
Symptoms
Treatment
Summary
 Doctors categorize
Trusted Source
UTIs as either complicated or uncomplicated. An uncomplicated UTI occurs in people who are otherwise healthy and not pregnant. The most common bacteria that cause UTIs include: Escherichia coli
Proteus mirabilis
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Symptoms
People with a UTI may experience
Trusted Source
: painful urination or a burning sensation while urinating
frequent urination
pain or tenderness below the belly button
blood in the urine
People who are very young or old may experience subtle or unusual symptoms. For example, older adults with a UTI may present with confusion or an altered mental state. The symptoms of a complicated UTI are usually similar to those of an uncomplicated UTI. Treatment
Doctors treat UTIs with antibiotics. To select the most appropriate antibiotic to treat the infection, the doctor will consider the person’s risk factors for infection with a pathogen that is resistant to multiple drugs. People with a low risk may receive a first-line therapy
Trusted Source
such as:

Burning sensation in lower abdomen: Causes and treatments

What to know about a burning sensation in the lower abdomen
What to know about a burning sensation in the lower abdomen
GERD
Symptoms
Treatment
PUD
Symptoms
Treatment
Kidney stones
Symptoms
Treatment
UTIs
Symptoms
Treatment
Gynecological conditions
Symptoms
Treatment
Cancers of the digestive, urological, and gynecological tracts
Symptoms
Treatment
Summary

Doctors categorize
Trusted Source
UTIs as either complicated or uncomplicated. An uncomplicated UTI occurs in people who are otherwise healthy and not pregnant. The most common bacteria that cause UTIs include: Escherichia coli
Proteus mirabilis
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Symptoms
People with a UTI may experience
Trusted Source
: painful urination or a burning sensation while urinating
frequent urination
pain or tenderness below the belly button
blood in the urine
People who are very young or old may experience subtle or unusual symptoms. For example, older adults with a UTI may present with confusion or an altered mental state. The symptoms of a complicated UTI are usually similar to those of an uncomplicated UTI. Treatment
Doctors treat UTIs with antibiotics. To select the most appropriate antibiotic to treat the infection, the doctor will consider the person’s risk factors for infection with a pathogen that is resistant to multiple drugs. People with a low risk may receive a first-line therapy
Trusted Source
such as:

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 the most common site of colonization was the rectum (40%). The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic microscopic appearance; methods of chemical screening for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs in the bladder, comparatively low numbers of colony-forming units (⩽10 5 cfu/mL) are found in the bladder and voided urine. The American Society of Microbiology's Manual of Clinical Microbiology [ 20] recommends a cut-off value of between 10 2 and 10 5 cfu/mL for the diagnosis of significant bacteriuria, but there is not a worldwide consensus for these values. Colonization is more frequent during the summer and fall. Hovelius et al. [ 21] showed that women with S. saprophyticus colonization were more likely to have had a symptomatic UTI during the previous 12 months, to have recently had a menstrual period, and to have had sexual intercourse concurrent with vaginal candidiasis than were women without colonization. None of the women developed symptomatic UTI during the next 6 months. Further support for the existence of a rectal reservoir was the isolation of the same plasmid-identified clone from both urine and stool samples [ 22 ].

the most common site of colonization was the rectum (40%). The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has a characteristic microscopic appearance; methods of chemical screening for bacteriuria do not always succeed in diagnosing UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. Even when such an infection occurs in the bladder, comparatively low numbers of colony-forming units (⩽10 5 cfu/mL) are found in the bladder and voided urine. The American Society of Microbiology's Manual of Clinical Microbiology [ 20] recommends a cut-off value of between 10 2 and 10 5 cfu/mL for the diagnosis of significant bacteriuria, but there is not a worldwide consensus for these values. Colonization is more frequent during the summer and fall. Hovelius et al. [ 21] showed that women with S. saprophyticus colonization were more likely to have had a symptomatic UTI during the previous 12 months, to have recently had a menstrual period, and to have had sexual intercourse concurrent with vaginal candidiasis than were women without colonization. None of the women developed symptomatic UTI during the next 6 months. Further support for the existence of a rectal reservoir was the isolation of the same plasmid-identified clone from both urine and stool samples [ 22 ].

How Bacteria Cause, Prevent and Cure Vaginal Infections How Bacteria Cause, Prevent and Cure Vaginal Infections
How Bacteria Cause, Prevent and Cure Vaginal Infections
Microbial Infections
Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
Yeast Infections
UTIs
Probiotics for Treatment of Vaginal Infections
Urinary Tract Infection
Bacterial Vaginosis
Yeast Infections
Post-Menopausal
Vaginal Microbes and Baby’s Immune System
 Eating a high-sugar diet can also be a trigger. Yeast vaginitis, otherwise known as a “yeast infection” has symptoms that include: White discharge
Extreme itching of the vagina
Irritation
The majority of yeast infections are caused by Candida albicans, but C. glabrata, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis can also commonly cause infections. UTIs
Urinary Tract Infections or UTIs are caused when bacteria from the digestive tract (often E. coli, but also Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus) migrate from the anus into the urinary tract and cause infection in the urethra, bladder or even kidneys. These infections are extremely common and it is estimated that approximately 50% of all women will experience one at least once in their lives. Although they can be symptomless, symptoms of UTIs in women commonly include: Strong, persistent urge to urinate, even when there is little urine to pass
Painful, burning sensation during urination
Frequent, low-volume urination
Cloudy appearing urine
Red, pink or brown colored urine
Strong-smelling urine
Pelvic pain
Probiotics for Treatment of Vaginal Infections
The usual treatment for the microbial urogenital infections such as BV, yeast infections or UTIs is antimicrobial treatment. Antibiotics are typically prescribed to treat BV (particularly metronidazole or clindamycinare) and UTIs, and antifungals are typically prescribed for yeast infections. Antimicrobial treatment often is not fully effective, however, because of antibiotic resistance in the bacteria and/or yeasts or because of re-infection. Scientists have come to believe that one major reason that women continue to get re-infected following treatment for BV, UTIs, or yeast infections is that the antimicrobials (antibiotics or antifungals) merely kill the disease causing microbes, but do nothing to restore to the vagina the levels of Lactobacillus and other friendly bacteria that are necessary for optimal health.

How Bacteria Cause, Prevent and Cure Vaginal Infections

How Bacteria Cause, Prevent and Cure Vaginal Infections
How Bacteria Cause, Prevent and Cure Vaginal Infections
Microbial Infections
Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
Yeast Infections
UTIs
Probiotics for Treatment of Vaginal Infections
Urinary Tract Infection
Bacterial Vaginosis
Yeast Infections
Post-Menopausal
Vaginal Microbes and Baby’s Immune System

 Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a common cause of urinary tract infections
Until the last decade, coagulase-negative staphylococci occurring in urine specimens were usually regarded as a contaminant. In the early 1970s, i.e., more than ten years after the original demonstration of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine specimens, this species became recognized as a frequent …
Until the last decade, coagulase-negative staphylococci occurring in urine specimens were usually regarded as a contaminant. In the early 1970s, i.e., more than ten years after the original demonstration of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine specimens, this species became recognized as a frequent …
Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a common cause of urinary tract infections

Rev Infect Dis. May-Jun 1984;6(3):328-37.doi: 10.1093/clinids/6.3.328. Authors

B Hovelius, P A Mårdh
PMID: 6377440

DOI: 10.1093/clinids/6.3.328

Abstract

Until the last decade, coagulase-negative staphylococci occurring in urine specimens were usually regarded as a contaminant. In the early 1970s, i.e., more than ten years after the original demonstration of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine specimens, this species became recognized as a frequent cause of urinary tract infections (UTI). In young women, S. saprophyticus is, after Escherichia coli, the second-most-frequent causative agent of acute UTI.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a common cause of urinary tract infections
Until the last decade, coagulase-negative staphylococci occurring in urine specimens were usually regarded as a contaminant. In the early 1970s, i.e., more than ten years after the original demonstration of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine specimens, this species became recognized as a frequent …
Until the last decade, coagulase-negative staphylococci occurring in urine specimens were usually regarded as a contaminant. In the early 1970s, i.e., more than ten years after the original demonstration of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine specimens, this species became recognized as a frequent …
Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a common cause of urinary tract infections

Rev Infect Dis. May-Jun 1984;6(3):328-37.doi: 10.1093/clinids/6.3.328. Authors

B Hovelius, P A Mårdh
PMID: 6377440

DOI: 10.1093/clinids/6.3.328

Abstract

Until the last decade, coagulase-negative staphylococci occurring in urine specimens were usually regarded as a contaminant. In the early 1970s, i.e., more than ten years after the original demonstration of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine specimens, this species became recognized as a frequent cause of urinary tract infections (UTI). In young women, S. saprophyticus is, after Escherichia coli, the second-most-frequent causative agent of acute UTI.

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 Gupta et al. [ 10] reported a prevalence of 8% among 665 young women with UTI. In a study conducted in Australia, S. saprophyticus was isolated from 15.2% of the women aged 13–40 years with UTI [ 11 ]. There are also several case reports of infections in young girls [ 12 ]. S. saprophyticus can also cause UTI in males of all ages; the organism has been isolated in young boys [ 13 ], male homosexuals, and elderly men with indwelling urinary catheters [ 14 ]. It also can cause urethritis, epididimitis, prostatitis, and nephrolithiasis in men, and is relatively rare in hospitalized men [ 15 ]. In contrast, S. saprophyticus appears to be unusual in Israel. In a study performed 20 years ago [ 16 ], we did not find any cases of S. saprophyticus infection among 198 young women with acute UTI. In addition, only 103 (0.3%) of 35,580 and 88 (0.6%) of 15,206 urine cultures performed at 2 microbiological laboratories in Northern Israel that were positive for a pathogen yielded S. saprophyticus (unpublished data).

Gupta et al. [ 10] reported a prevalence of 8% among 665 young women with UTI. In a study conducted in Australia, S. saprophyticus was isolated from 15.2% of the women aged 13–40 years with UTI [ 11 ]. There are also several case reports of infections in young girls [ 12 ]. S. saprophyticus can also cause UTI in males of all ages; the organism has been isolated in young boys [ 13 ], male homosexuals, and elderly men with indwelling urinary catheters [ 14 ]. It also can cause urethritis, epididimitis, prostatitis, and nephrolithiasis in men, and is relatively rare in hospitalized men [ 15 ]. In contrast, S. saprophyticus appears to be unusual in Israel. In a study performed 20 years ago [ 16 ], we did not find any cases of S. saprophyticus infection among 198 young women with acute UTI. In addition, only 103 (0.3%) of 35,580 and 88 (0.6%) of 15,206 urine cultures performed at 2 microbiological laboratories in Northern Israel that were positive for a pathogen yielded S. saprophyticus (unpublished data).

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men:... : Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 2 These were reclassified and renamed as Staphylococcus saprophyticus in 1974. 3 In 1970s, these were recognized as cause of uncomplicated UTI in women. 4 They are responsible for 7% to 30% of UTI in women, second only to Escherichia coli. Kauffman et al 5 cultured 9314 urine specimens from male patients and isolated coagulase-negative staphylococci from 143 specimens (121 patients). However, only 3 isolates (2 patients) grew S. saprophyticus. Hovelius et al 6 reported frequency of isolate as 0.5% in their series. Therefore unlike in women, S. saprophyticus rarely causes UTIs in men. Because it is a colonizer of skin, UTI by this organism is believed to be of endogenous origin with ascending infection. UTIs caused by S. saprophyticus in men differ from their counterparts in various aspects including age, seasonal variation, and clinical characteristics. Unlike young women, it causes UTIs in elderly men.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men:... : Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice

Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

2 These were reclassified and renamed as Staphylococcus saprophyticus in 1974. 3 In 1970s, these were recognized as cause of uncomplicated UTI in women. 4 They are responsible for 7% to 30% of UTI in women, second only to Escherichia coli. Kauffman et al 5 cultured 9314 urine specimens from male patients and isolated coagulase-negative staphylococci from 143 specimens (121 patients). However, only 3 isolates (2 patients) grew S. saprophyticus. Hovelius et al 6 reported frequency of isolate as 0.5% in their series. Therefore unlike in women, S. saprophyticus rarely causes UTIs in men. Because it is a colonizer of skin, UTI by this organism is believed to be of endogenous origin with ascending infection. UTIs caused by S. saprophyticus in men differ from their counterparts in various aspects including age, seasonal variation, and clinical characteristics. Unlike young women, it causes UTIs in elderly men.

Urinary Tract Infection Symptoms and Treatment, Bladder Infection Symptoms | Patient Urinary Tract Infection in Adults
Urinary Tract Infection in Adults
This article is for Medical Professionals
In this article
Definitions
Pathogenesis
Trending Articles
Epidemiology
Risk factors
Presentation
Differential diagnosis
Investigations
Indications for referral
Editor's note
Management
General measures
Pharmacological
Complications
Join our weekly wellness digest
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Further reading and references
 24
The truth about getting pregnant after 40
25
When to worry about spots on the penis
26
What could be causing your pins and needles? 27
Understanding your cholesterol levels
28
Gout diet sheet
29
What happens to your body when you come off the pill? 30
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Proteus mirabilis
Enterococci
Infection with less common organisms is more likely to occur in patients who have underlying pathology and/or frequent infections, are immunosuppressed, or who are catheterised. Organisms which may produce infection under these circumstances include: Klebsiella spp. Proteus vulgaris
Candida albicans
Pseudomonas spp. Epidemiology
UTIs are common in general practice, accounting for 1-3% of all consultations. UTI is the second most common clinical indication for empirical antibiotic treatment in primary and secondary care, and urine samples constitute the largest category of specimens examined in most medical microbiology laboratories. Around one in three women have had a UTI by the age of 24 and around half of all women report at least one UTI sometime during their lifetime. UTIs occur much less frequently in men at all ages, although they occur more commonly in older men.

Urinary Tract Infection Symptoms and Treatment, Bladder Infection Symptoms | Patient

Urinary Tract Infection in Adults
Urinary Tract Infection in Adults
This article is for Medical Professionals
In this article
Definitions
Pathogenesis
Trending Articles
Epidemiology
Risk factors
Presentation
Differential diagnosis
Investigations
Indications for referral
Editor's note
Management
General measures
Pharmacological
Complications
Join our weekly wellness digest
from the best health experts in the business
Further reading and references

24
The truth about getting pregnant after 40
25
When to worry about spots on the penis
26
What could be causing your pins and needles? 27
Understanding your cholesterol levels
28
Gout diet sheet
29
What happens to your body when you come off the pill? 30
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Proteus mirabilis
Enterococci
Infection with less common organisms is more likely to occur in patients who have underlying pathology and/or frequent infections, are immunosuppressed, or who are catheterised. Organisms which may produce infection under these circumstances include: Klebsiella spp. Proteus vulgaris
Candida albicans
Pseudomonas spp. Epidemiology
UTIs are common in general practice, accounting for 1-3% of all consultations. UTI is the second most common clinical indication for empirical antibiotic treatment in primary and secondary care, and urine samples constitute the largest category of specimens examined in most medical microbiology laboratories. Around one in three women have had a UTI by the age of 24 and around half of all women report at least one UTI sometime during their lifetime. UTIs occur much less frequently in men at all ages, although they occur more commonly in older men.

 Microbiology Fact Sheet
Microbiology

Fact

Sheet

Urine

MC&S

–

interpretation

of

results

Microscopy

Susceptibility

 Microscopy

If

there

is

a

high

white

cell,

polymorph

or

pus

cell

count

>40

x

106/L,

++

or

+++

in

urine,

this

suggests

an

infection

is

more

likely

to

be

present. If

squamous

epithelial

cells

are

present

>10

x

106/L,

++

or

+++,

this

contamination

from

the

skin

and

the

urine

specimen

is

not

a

good

sample. suggests

Culture

Susceptibility

If

there

is

a

colony

count

of

>106/L,

++

or

+++

of

a

bacteria,

this

is

more

likely

to

be

a

true

infection. Growth

of

more

than

one

bacteria

species

is

uncommon

and

suggests

possible

contamination

(especially

in

non-catheter

specimens). Common

bacteria

likely

to

cause

UTIs

include: Escherichia

coli,

Proteus,

Klebsiella,

Enterococcus

and

Staphylococcus

saprophyticus. If

the

patient

is

taking

an

antibiotic

to

which

the

bacteria

is

reported

as

resistant

(R)

or

intermediate

(I),

then

this

treatment

may

need

to

be

changed

to

an

antibiotic

that

is

reported

as

susceptible

(S). If

there

is

more

than

one

antibiotic

to

which

the

bacteria

are

reported

as

susceptible

(S),

the

patient

should

be

prescribed

the

one

with

the

narrowest

spectrum. Note: Dipsticks:

Microbiology Fact Sheet
Microbiology

Fact

Sheet

Urine

MC&S

–

interpretation

of

results

Microscopy

Susceptibility

Microscopy

If

there

is

a

high

white

cell,

polymorph

or

pus

cell

count

>40

x

106/L,

++

or

+++

in

urine,

this

suggests

an

infection

is

more

likely

to

be

present. If

squamous

epithelial

cells

are

present

>10

x

106/L,

++

or

+++,

this

contamination

from

the

skin

and

the

urine

specimen

is

not

a

good

sample. suggests

Culture

Susceptibility

If

there

is

a

colony

count

of

>106/L,

++

or

+++

of

a

bacteria,

this

is

more

likely

to

be

a

true

infection. Growth

of

more

than

one

bacteria

species

is

uncommon

and

suggests

possible

contamination

(especially

in

non-catheter

specimens). Common

bacteria

likely

to

cause

UTIs

include: Escherichia

coli,

Proteus,

Klebsiella,

Enterococcus

and

Staphylococcus

saprophyticus. If

the

patient

is

taking

an

antibiotic

to

which

the

bacteria

is

reported

as

resistant

(R)

or

intermediate

(I),

then

this

treatment

may

need

to

be

changed

to

an

antibiotic

that

is

reported

as

susceptible

(S). If

there

is

more

than

one

antibiotic

to

which

the

bacteria

are

reported

as

susceptible

(S),

the

patient

should

be

prescribed

the

one

with

the

narrowest

spectrum. Note: Dipsticks:

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men:... : Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary Tract Infection in Men: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
CASE
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 6 Evidences suggest that about 75% of patients have predisposing cause or have undertaken iatrogenic measures, and almost half of patients have indwelling foley catheters. 6-8 Thus, although S. saprophyticus causes uncomplicated UTI in women, it causes complicated UTI in men. The reason for this variation is unclear and warrants further investigation. In addition to UTIs, it may be an important pathogen in bacterial prostatitis. 9 In one series, it was isolated from urethral specimens of 35/170 men with symptoms of urethritis, suggesting that it may be an etiologic agent in some cases of nongonococcal urethritis. 10
The clinical features of S. saprophyticus resemble those of other UTIs. Bacteremia and systemic toxicity are rare even when upper UTI occurs. In our review of literature, we did not find any report of bacteremia in male patients who have UTI by S. saprophyticus. Our patient also has negative blood cultures. Microbiologically S. saprophyticus can be easily differentiated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci by testing for novobiocin resistance.

6 Evidences suggest that about 75% of patients have predisposing cause or have undertaken iatrogenic measures, and almost half of patients have indwelling foley catheters. 6-8 Thus, although S. saprophyticus causes uncomplicated UTI in women, it causes complicated UTI in men. The reason for this variation is unclear and warrants further investigation. In addition to UTIs, it may be an important pathogen in bacterial prostatitis. 9 In one series, it was isolated from urethral specimens of 35/170 men with symptoms of urethritis, suggesting that it may be an etiologic agent in some cases of nongonococcal urethritis. 10
The clinical features of S. saprophyticus resemble those of other UTIs. Bacteremia and systemic toxicity are rare even when upper UTI occurs. In our review of literature, we did not find any report of bacteremia in male patients who have UTI by S. saprophyticus. Our patient also has negative blood cultures. Microbiologically S. saprophyticus can be easily differentiated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci by testing for novobiocin resistance.

Macrobid Uses Macrobid Uses
Macrobid Uses
What Is Macrobid Used For?
How Does This Medication Work?
Can Children Use It?
 Macrobid Uses

Macrobid Uses

What Is Macrobid Used For? Macrobid ® ( nitrofurantoin monohydrate/macrocrystalline) is a prescription antibiotic approved for the treatment of urinary tract infections ( UTIs ). Specifically, Macrobid is approved for treating bladder infections caused by Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus saprophyticus bacteria (the most common types of bacteria responsible for UTIs ). Macrobid is not approved to treat kidney infections. How Does This Medication Work? Macrobid works in a unique way, compared to other antibiotics. In bacterial cells, the drug is changed into a highly reactive form that destroys certain bacterial proteins and molecules. As a result, the drug interferes with bacteria's ability to make essential cell components such as protein, DNA, and cell walls. Macrobid contains two forms of nitrofurantoin. Seventy-five percent of the nitrofurantoin is in the monohydrate form and is mixed with a special powder.

Macrobid Uses

Macrobid Uses
Macrobid Uses
What Is Macrobid Used For?
How Does This Medication Work?
Can Children Use It?

Macrobid Uses

Macrobid Uses

What Is Macrobid Used For? Macrobid ® ( nitrofurantoin monohydrate/macrocrystalline) is a prescription antibiotic approved for the treatment of urinary tract infections ( UTIs ). Specifically, Macrobid is approved for treating bladder infections caused by Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus saprophyticus bacteria (the most common types of bacteria responsible for UTIs ). Macrobid is not approved to treat kidney infections. How Does This Medication Work? Macrobid works in a unique way, compared to other antibiotics. In bacterial cells, the drug is changed into a highly reactive form that destroys certain bacterial proteins and molecules. As a result, the drug interferes with bacteria's ability to make essential cell components such as protein, DNA, and cell walls. Macrobid contains two forms of nitrofurantoin. Seventy-five percent of the nitrofurantoin is in the monohydrate form and is mixed with a special powder.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? - ScienceDirect Staphylococcus saprophyticus
: Which beta-lactam?

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Short Communication
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam?
Highlights
Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Keywords
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conflict of interest/funding
References
 According to this rule, all of the MSSS isolates included in this study must be interpreted as susceptible to ceftriaxone. Considering the ceftriaxone MIC values observed for MSSS isolates, this raises questions about a lower susceptibility of MSSS to cephalosporins. Recommendations for the treatment of acute pyelonephritis often include an initial intravenous treatment with ceftriaxone ( Gupta et al., 2011 ). Concurrently, the MIC values of ciprofloxacin were ≤1 μg/ml for all MSSS isolates included in the study, suggesting the possibility of using fluoroquinolones instead of ceftriaxone in pyelonephritis due to MSSS. In this context, these data suggest that treatment with ciprofloxacin should be considered instead. The natural resistance of S. saprophyticus to the antibiotics recommended for the treatment of acute cystitis, such as fosfomycin trometamol, and the high ceftriaxone MIC values for MSSS isolates, complicate the handling of UTIs associated with S. saprophyticus. This study suggests that early results (Gram-positive cocci on Gram staining examination and leukocyte count >104 /ml) indicating uncomplicated S. saprophyticus cystitis in urine sampled from young wome

Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam? - ScienceDirect

Staphylococcus saprophyticus
: Which beta-lactam?

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Short Communication
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Which beta-lactam?
Highlights
Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Keywords
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conflict of interest/funding
References

According to this rule, all of the MSSS isolates included in this study must be interpreted as susceptible to ceftriaxone. Considering the ceftriaxone MIC values observed for MSSS isolates, this raises questions about a lower susceptibility of MSSS to cephalosporins. Recommendations for the treatment of acute pyelonephritis often include an initial intravenous treatment with ceftriaxone ( Gupta et al., 2011 ). Concurrently, the MIC values of ciprofloxacin were ≤1 μg/ml for all MSSS isolates included in the study, suggesting the possibility of using fluoroquinolones instead of ceftriaxone in pyelonephritis due to MSSS. In this context, these data suggest that treatment with ciprofloxacin should be considered instead. The natural resistance of S. saprophyticus to the antibiotics recommended for the treatment of acute cystitis, such as fosfomycin trometamol, and the high ceftriaxone MIC values for MSSS isolates, complicate the handling of UTIs associated with S. saprophyticus. This study suggests that early results (Gram-positive cocci on Gram staining examination and leukocyte count >104 /ml) indicating uncomplicated S. saprophyticus cystitis in urine sampled from young wome

 Colonization refers to a condition when bacteria are present on the skin or within the body but are not causing an infection. When Staphylococcido cause an infection, it is commonly referred to as a Staphylococcusinfection, or staph infectionfor short. Staph bacteria are one of the most common causes of skin infections in the United States. Most of these infections are minor (such as pimples and boils) and can be treated without antibiotics. However, staph bacteria can cause serious infections, such as surgical wound infections, bloodstream infections, and pneumonia. Causes of Human Staphylococcal Infections
There are only a few different types of Staphylococcusbacteria known to cause infections in humans. Four of them include: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), the most common type of staph infection
Staphylococcus epidermidis, a primary cause of infections in the hospital
Staphylococcus saprophyticus, a common cause of urinary tract infections(UTIs) in young adult women
Staphylococcus lugdunensis, infections that can range from minor to life-threatening. Some Staphylococcusbacteria are resistant to certain antibiotics. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA for short, is a type of Staphylococcusthat is resistant to antibiotics called beta-lactams.

Colonization refers to a condition when bacteria are present on the skin or within the body but are not causing an infection. When Staphylococcido cause an infection, it is commonly referred to as a Staphylococcusinfection, or staph infectionfor short. Staph bacteria are one of the most common causes of skin infections in the United States. Most of these infections are minor (such as pimples and boils) and can be treated without antibiotics. However, staph bacteria can cause serious infections, such as surgical wound infections, bloodstream infections, and pneumonia. Causes of Human Staphylococcal Infections
There are only a few different types of Staphylococcusbacteria known to cause infections in humans. Four of them include: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), the most common type of staph infection
Staphylococcus epidermidis, a primary cause of infections in the hospital
Staphylococcus saprophyticus, a common cause of urinary tract infections(UTIs) in young adult women
Staphylococcus lugdunensis, infections that can range from minor to life-threatening. Some Staphylococcusbacteria are resistant to certain antibiotics. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA for short, is a type of Staphylococcusthat is resistant to antibiotics called beta-lactams.

UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI - Stop UTI forever UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI
UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI
Some examples of gram-negative bacteria that cause urinary tract infections include:
Some examples of gram-positive bacteria causing UTI are:
Who gets what bacteria?
E. coli UTI
Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus aureus
Enterococci
Urinary Tract Infection caused by Group B Streptococcus
UTI caused by multiple disease-causing bacteria (Polymicrobial UTI)
Groups at risk:
Other Rare, Emerging UTI Bugs
Different tests for different bacteria
What tests can be helpful if infected?
The Pitfalls of Urine Dipstick
The Drawbacks of Urine Culture
 Unfortunately, infections with ESBL-producing organisms are very hard to treat. The most common ESBL-producing bacteria are some strains of E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Patients in hospitals or nursing home settings are at an increased risk to contract an ESBL-producing bacteria. Some examples of gram-positive bacteria causing UTI are: Staphylococcus saprophyticus (S. saprophyticus)
Group B Streptococcus (GBS)
Aerococcus
Enterococcus
Who gets what bacteria? When examining UTI bacteria types, we need to keep in mind that different patients (kids, young women, pregnant females, males, or the elderly) are unequally susceptible to different bacteria types. Also, depending on how you acquired your UTI (for example due to bladder stones or a catheter in a hospital setting) will determine which bacteria are most likely to be at fault. Moreover, in certain settings, the urinary tract can be infected by multiple bugs at the same time — referred to as “polymicrobial infection” in the medical world. Moreover, some bacteria might colonize a bladder without even causing a UTI. E. coli UTI
The commonest bacteria isolated from the urinary tract of 75%- 80% of young, sexually active, non-pregnant women with an uncomplicated UTI are E. coli bacteria.

UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI
UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI
Some examples of gram-negative bacteria that cause urinary tract infections include:
Some examples of gram-positive bacteria causing UTI are:
Who gets what bacteria?
E. coli UTI
Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus aureus
Enterococci
Urinary Tract Infection caused by Group B Streptococcus
UTI caused by multiple disease-causing bacteria (Polymicrobial UTI)
Groups at risk:
Other Rare, Emerging UTI Bugs
Different tests for different bacteria
What tests can be helpful if infected?
The Pitfalls of Urine Dipstick
The Drawbacks of Urine Culture

Unfortunately, infections with ESBL-producing organisms are very hard to treat. The most common ESBL-producing bacteria are some strains of E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Patients in hospitals or nursing home settings are at an increased risk to contract an ESBL-producing bacteria. Some examples of gram-positive bacteria causing UTI are: Staphylococcus saprophyticus (S. saprophyticus)
Group B Streptococcus (GBS)
Aerococcus
Enterococcus
Who gets what bacteria? When examining UTI bacteria types, we need to keep in mind that different patients (kids, young women, pregnant females, males, or the elderly) are unequally susceptible to different bacteria types. Also, depending on how you acquired your UTI (for example due to bladder stones or a catheter in a hospital setting) will determine which bacteria are most likely to be at fault. Moreover, in certain settings, the urinary tract can be infected by multiple bugs at the same time — referred to as “polymicrobial infection” in the medical world. Moreover, some bacteria might colonize a bladder without even causing a UTI. E. coli UTI
The commonest bacteria isolated from the urinary tract of 75%- 80% of young, sexually active, non-pregnant women with an uncomplicated UTI are E. coli bacteria.

Which antibiotics should be used with caution in pregnant women with UTI? | MDedge ObGyn Which antibiotics should be used with caution in pregnant women with UTI?
Expert Commentary
Which antibiotics should be used with caution in pregnant women with UTI?
EXPERT COMMENTARY
Details of the study
Antibiotic-associated effects
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 The dominant organisms that cause lower UTIs in pregnant women are Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus species, group B streptococci, enterococci, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. One goal of treating asymptomatic bacteriuria and acute cystitis is to prevent ascending infection (pyelonephritis), which can be associated with preterm delivery, sepsis, and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Another key goal is to use an antibiotic that eradicates the uropathogen without causing harm to either the mother or fetus. In 2009, Crider and colleagues reported that 2 of the most commonly used antibiotics for UTIs, sulfonamides and nitrofurantoin, were associated with a disturbing spectrum of birth defects. 1 Following that report, in 2011 the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) published a committee opinion that recommended against the use of these 2 agents in the first trimester of pregnancy unless other antibiotics were unlikely to be effective. 2
Details of the study
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention investigators recently conducted a study to assess the effect of these ACOG recommendations on clinical practice. Ailes and co-workers used the Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Database to examine antibiotic prescriptions filled by pregnant women with UTIs. The database included 482,917 pregnancies in 2014 eligible for analysis. A total of 7.2% (n = 34,864) of pregnant women were treated as outpatients for a UTI within the 90-day interval before the last menstrual period or during the pregnancy. Among these women, the most commonly prescribed antibiotics during the first trimester were nitrofurantoin (34.7%), ciprofloxacin (10.5%), cephalexin (10.3%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (7.6%).

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links
 Staphylococcaceae
Genus: Staphylococcus
Species: S. saprophyticus
Binomial name
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
(Fairbrother 1940) Shaw et al. 1951
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive coccus belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. S. saprophyticus is a common cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections. Contents
1 History
2 Epidemiology and pathogenesis
3 Clinical features
4 Laboratory diagnosis
5 Treatment
6 Different subspecies
7 References
8 External links
History
S. saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase -negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia

Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links

Staphylococcaceae
Genus: Staphylococcus
Species: S. saprophyticus
Binomial name
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
(Fairbrother 1940) Shaw et al. 1951
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive coccus belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. S. saprophyticus is a common cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections. Contents
1 History
2 Epidemiology and pathogenesis
3 Clinical features
4 Laboratory diagnosis
5 Treatment
6 Different subspecies
7 References
8 External links
History
S. saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase -negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Wikipedia Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
History
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Different subspecies
References
External links
 The many home remedies or natural treatments for urinary tract infections are not clinically proven, such as cranberry juice, alkalinization, and many types of common herbs and spices. Some show promise, such as to affect the formation of biofilms on surfaces or medical equipment, and in other in vitro situations. Different subspecies
Two subspecies of S. saprophyticus exist: S. s. bovis and S. s. saprophyticus, the latter has colony diameter of > 5mm, and more commonly found in human UTIs. S. s. saprophyticus is nitrate-reductase negative and pyrrolidonyl-arylamidase negative, while S. saprophyticus bovis has colony diameter of < 5mm, nitrate-reductase positive and pyrolidonyl-arylamidase positive. References
^ Schleifer, KH; Kloos, WE (1975). " Isolation and characterization of Staphylococci from human skin I. Amended descriptions of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus and descriptions of three new species: Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus xylosus ". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology.

The many home remedies or natural treatments for urinary tract infections are not clinically proven, such as cranberry juice, alkalinization, and many types of common herbs and spices. Some show promise, such as to affect the formation of biofilms on surfaces or medical equipment, and in other in vitro situations. Different subspecies
Two subspecies of S. saprophyticus exist: S. s. bovis and S. s. saprophyticus, the latter has colony diameter of > 5mm, and more commonly found in human UTIs. S. s. saprophyticus is nitrate-reductase negative and pyrrolidonyl-arylamidase negative, while S. saprophyticus bovis has colony diameter of < 5mm, nitrate-reductase positive and pyrolidonyl-arylamidase positive. References
^ Schleifer, KH; Kloos, WE (1975). " Isolation and characterization of Staphylococci from human skin I. Amended descriptions of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus and descriptions of three new species: Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus xylosus ". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology.

Urinary Tract Infections in Obstetrics and Gynecology | GLOWM Urinary Tract Infections in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Authors
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CAUSATIVE PATHOGENS
PATHOGENESIS
CATEGORIES OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN ADULT WOMEN
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN PREGNANCY
CATHETER-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS
REFERENCES
 17
Most elderly patients are categorized into the complicated UTI group. However, if age older than 65 years is the only risk factor, the bacterial pathogens differ only slightly from those in young women. E. coli predominates (approximately 70%), S. saprophyticus is rarely present, and P. mirabilis constitutes 10% of cases, whereas other Gram-negative bacilli ( Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, and Serratia species) account for approximately 20% of cases. 18
Among women older than 65 years with complicated UTIs, the pathogens change more markedly. E. coli is a less frequent pathogen (approximately 40%), but the other Gram-negative bacilli listed previously are more frequent (40%), and P. mirabilis occurs in about 10%. 18 Symptomatic UTIs in patients older than age 65 years are associated with more than one organism in 16% of cases. 18 Women in nursing homes with symptomatic UTIs also have more antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and up to 30% have infections with mixed bacteria. Anaerobic bacteria, lactobacilli, streptococci (not including enterococci), and S. epidermidis are general urinary contaminants that are common in the introitus and are introduced into clean-catch urine specimens from the introitus but do not represent infectious agents in the urine. Patients with acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis may be mildly ill with symptoms of acute uncomplicated UTI accompanied by mild flank pain, or they may be severely ill with fever, marked flank pain, and septicemia. E. coli causes more than 80% of cases of acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis in young women.

Urinary Tract Infections in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Authors
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CAUSATIVE PATHOGENS
PATHOGENESIS
CATEGORIES OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN ADULT WOMEN
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN PREGNANCY
CATHETER-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS
REFERENCES

6 Home Remedies for UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) 6 Home Remedies for Urinary Tract Infections
Nutrition
6 Home Remedies for Urinary Tract Infections
What Is a Urinary Tract Infection?
1. Drink Plenty of Fluids
2. Increase Vitamin C Intake
3. Drink Unsweetened Cranberry Juice
4. Take a Probiotic
5. Practice These Healthy Habits
6. Try These Natural Supplements
The Bottom Line
 What Is a Urinary Tract Infection? A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder or urethra ( 1
Trusted Source
). Bacteria from the bowel are the most common cause of UTIs, but fungi and viruses can also cause infection ( 1
Trusted Source
). The two strains of bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus account for about 80% of cases ( 2
Trusted Source
). Common symptoms of UTI include ( 1
Trusted Source
):
A burning sensation when peeing
Frequent urination
Cloudy or dark urine
Urine with a strong odor
A feeling of incomplete bladder emptying
Pelvic pain
Though UTIs can affect anyone, women are more prone to infection. This is because the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the bladder, is shorter in women than men. This makes it easier for bacteria to enter and reach the bladder ( 2
Trusted Source
). In fact, nearly half of all women will experience a UTI at some point in their lives ( 3
Trusted Source
). Antibiotics are used to treat UTIs and are sometimes used in low doses long-term to prevent recurrence ( 4
Trusted Source
). There are also several natural ways to protect against infections and reduce the risk of recurrence.

6 Home Remedies for UTI (Urinary Tract Infection)

6 Home Remedies for Urinary Tract Infections
Nutrition
6 Home Remedies for Urinary Tract Infections
What Is a Urinary Tract Infection?
1. Drink Plenty of Fluids
2. Increase Vitamin C Intake
3. Drink Unsweetened Cranberry Juice
4. Take a Probiotic
5. Practice These Healthy Habits
6. Try These Natural Supplements
The Bottom Line

What Is a Urinary Tract Infection? A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder or urethra ( 1
Trusted Source
). Bacteria from the bowel are the most common cause of UTIs, but fungi and viruses can also cause infection ( 1
Trusted Source
). The two strains of bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus account for about 80% of cases ( 2
Trusted Source
). Common symptoms of UTI include ( 1
Trusted Source
):
A burning sensation when peeing
Frequent urination
Cloudy or dark urine
Urine with a strong odor
A feeling of incomplete bladder emptying
Pelvic pain
Though UTIs can affect anyone, women are more prone to infection. This is because the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the bladder, is shorter in women than men. This makes it easier for bacteria to enter and reach the bladder ( 2
Trusted Source
). In fact, nearly half of all women will experience a UTI at some point in their lives ( 3
Trusted Source
). Antibiotics are used to treat UTIs and are sometimes used in low doses long-term to prevent recurrence ( 4
Trusted Source
). There are also several natural ways to protect against infections and reduce the risk of recurrence.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - microbewiki Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
Classification
Higher order taxa
Species
Description and significance
Genome structure
Cell structure and metabolism
Ecology
Pathology
Application to Biotechnology
Current Research
References
 1] S. saprophyticus is an opportunistic infection [9] and is rarely present in normal humans with a healthy immune system. Spermicides and candidal infections affect the vaginal flora, increasing the risk of infection. [ 3] Staphylococcus cannot survive outside of a host animal. Pathology
Staphylcoccus saprophyticus is not naturally found in healthy humans. It infects humans through sexual intercourse or through contact with animals. [ 3] S. saprophyticus colonizes in the urinary tract of young women and men of all ages. The infection can spread to rectal and vaginal areas. [ 3] Alterations to the genital area effected by spermicides and candidal infection increases the susceptibility of S. saprophyticus infection. [ 3] Urease activity is known to be an infection causing factor in UTIs. Kidney and uretal stones are associated with S. saprophyticus infection. [

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - microbewiki

Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
Classification
Higher order taxa
Species
Description and significance
Genome structure
Cell structure and metabolism
Ecology
Pathology
Application to Biotechnology
Current Research
References

1] S. saprophyticus is an opportunistic infection [9] and is rarely present in normal humans with a healthy immune system. Spermicides and candidal infections affect the vaginal flora, increasing the risk of infection. [ 3] Staphylococcus cannot survive outside of a host animal. Pathology
Staphylcoccus saprophyticus is not naturally found in healthy humans. It infects humans through sexual intercourse or through contact with animals. [ 3] S. saprophyticus colonizes in the urinary tract of young women and men of all ages. The infection can spread to rectal and vaginal areas. [ 3] Alterations to the genital area effected by spermicides and candidal infection increases the susceptibility of S. saprophyticus infection. [ 3] Urease activity is known to be an infection causing factor in UTIs. Kidney and uretal stones are associated with S. saprophyticus infection. [

8 Antibiotics For Urinary Tract Infection | Lady Care Health 8 Antibiotics For Urinary Tract Infection
8 Antibiotics For Urinary Tract Infection
Treating UTI With Antibiotics
1. Beta-Lactams
2. Penicillin
3. Cephalosporins
4. TMP-SMX
5. Fluoroquinolones (Quinolones)
Also Read
6. Tetracyclines
7. Aminoglycosides
8. Nitrofurantoin
admineditor
 2. Penicillin
A very popular antibiotic belonging to the penicillin group is Amoxicillin. This antibiotic is widely used in the treatment of bacterial skin infections such as acne. However, amoxicillin was also prescribed for the treatment of UTI until a few years ago. The standard procedure of treating UTI was taking amoxicillin for 10 days. But now the E. coli have become resistant to the medication and in almost 25% cases the antibiotic doesn’t work. Another form of penicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate or Augmentin is being used these days for treating urinary tract infection in adults as well as in children. Augmentin is generally given for treating bacterial infections that have do not respond to other antibiotic treatments. However, this medication only works if the urinary tract infection is the result of rapid multiplication of Gram-positive bacteria such as those belonging to the Enterococcus and S. saprophyticus classes. 3.

8 Antibiotics For Urinary Tract Infection | Lady Care Health

8 Antibiotics For Urinary Tract Infection
8 Antibiotics For Urinary Tract Infection
Treating UTI With Antibiotics
1. Beta-Lactams
2. Penicillin
3. Cephalosporins
4. TMP-SMX
5. Fluoroquinolones (Quinolones)
Also Read
6. Tetracyclines
7. Aminoglycosides
8. Nitrofurantoin
admineditor

2. Penicillin
A very popular antibiotic belonging to the penicillin group is Amoxicillin. This antibiotic is widely used in the treatment of bacterial skin infections such as acne. However, amoxicillin was also prescribed for the treatment of UTI until a few years ago. The standard procedure of treating UTI was taking amoxicillin for 10 days. But now the E. coli have become resistant to the medication and in almost 25% cases the antibiotic doesn’t work. Another form of penicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate or Augmentin is being used these days for treating urinary tract infection in adults as well as in children. Augmentin is generally given for treating bacterial infections that have do not respond to other antibiotic treatments. However, this medication only works if the urinary tract infection is the result of rapid multiplication of Gram-positive bacteria such as those belonging to the Enterococcus and S. saprophyticus classes. 3.

Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections - American Family Physician Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
View/Print Table
SORT: KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
View/Print Table
Antimicrobial Agents for the Management of Uncomplicated UTIs
NONPHARMACOLOGIC THERAPIES
OLDER WOMEN
MEN
Recommendations
View/Print Figure
Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
The Author
REFERENCES
Continue reading from August 1, 2005
 Other Enterobacteriaceae, such as Klebsiella and Proteus, occasionally cause UTI. 2, 3, 5 Although S. saprophyticus is less common than E. coli, it is more aggressive. Approximately one half of patients infected with S. saprophyticus present with upper urinary tract involvement, and these patients are more likely to have recurrent infection. 3
Diagnosis
Jump to section +
Abstract
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Recommendations
References
Uncomplicated UTI occurs in patients who have a normal, unobstructed genitourinary tract, who have no history of recent instrumentation, and whose symptoms are confined to the lower urinary tract. Uncomplicated UTIs are most common in young, sexually active women. Patients usually present with dysuria, urinary frequency, urinary urgency, and/or suprapubic pain. Fever or costovertebral angle tenderness indicates upper urinary tract involvement. Studies show that no laboratory tests, including urinalysis and culture, can predict clinical outcomes in women 18 to 70 years of age who present with acute dysuria or urgency. 7 Dipstick urinalysis, however, is a widely used diagnostic tool. A dipstick urinalysis positive for leukocyte esterase and/or nitrites in a midstream-void specimen reinforces the clinical diagnosis of UTI.

Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
View/Print Table
SORT: KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
View/Print Table
Antimicrobial Agents for the Management of Uncomplicated UTIs
NONPHARMACOLOGIC THERAPIES
OLDER WOMEN
MEN
Recommendations
View/Print Figure
Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
The Author
REFERENCES
Continue reading from August 1, 2005

Other Enterobacteriaceae, such as Klebsiella and Proteus, occasionally cause UTI. 2, 3, 5 Although S. saprophyticus is less common than E. coli, it is more aggressive. Approximately one half of patients infected with S. saprophyticus present with upper urinary tract involvement, and these patients are more likely to have recurrent infection. 3
Diagnosis
Jump to section +
Abstract
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Recommendations
References
Uncomplicated UTI occurs in patients who have a normal, unobstructed genitourinary tract, who have no history of recent instrumentation, and whose symptoms are confined to the lower urinary tract. Uncomplicated UTIs are most common in young, sexually active women. Patients usually present with dysuria, urinary frequency, urinary urgency, and/or suprapubic pain. Fever or costovertebral angle tenderness indicates upper urinary tract involvement. Studies show that no laboratory tests, including urinalysis and culture, can predict clinical outcomes in women 18 to 70 years of age who present with acute dysuria or urgency. 7 Dipstick urinalysis, however, is a widely used diagnostic tool. A dipstick urinalysis positive for leukocyte esterase and/or nitrites in a midstream-void specimen reinforces the clinical diagnosis of UTI.

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 The more severe complications include acute pyelonephritis [ 6 ], septicemia [ 7 ], nephrolithiasis [ 5 ], and endocarditis [ 8 ]. The vast majority of infections occur in young sexually active women. Wallmark et al. [ 9] isolated S. saprophyticus from the urine of 173 of 787 (22%) consecutive female patients found to have bacteriuria. The highest rate of S. saprophyticus infection was 42.3%, among women aged 16–25 years included in the study. Gupta et al. [ 10] reported a prevalence of 8% among 665 young women with UTI. In a study conducted in Australia, S. saprophyticus was isolated from 15.2% of the women aged 13–40 years with UTI [ 11 ]. There are also several case reports of infections in young girls [ 12 ]. S. saprophyticus can also cause UTI in males of all ages;

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic

Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References

The more severe complications include acute pyelonephritis [ 6 ], septicemia [ 7 ], nephrolithiasis [ 5 ], and endocarditis [ 8 ]. The vast majority of infections occur in young sexually active women. Wallmark et al. [ 9] isolated S. saprophyticus from the urine of 173 of 787 (22%) consecutive female patients found to have bacteriuria. The highest rate of S. saprophyticus infection was 42.3%, among women aged 16–25 years included in the study. Gupta et al. [ 10] reported a prevalence of 8% among 665 young women with UTI. In a study conducted in Australia, S. saprophyticus was isolated from 15.2% of the women aged 13–40 years with UTI [ 11 ]. There are also several case reports of infections in young girls [ 12 ]. S. saprophyticus can also cause UTI in males of all ages;

Why Vitamin C for UTI Doesn't Work - Stop UTI forever Why Vitamin C for UTI Doesn’t Work
Why Vitamin C for UTI Doesn’t Work
Can I take vitamin C for UTI?
Vitamin C for UTI when pregnant
The ascorbic acid dosage for UTI
Vitamin C for UTI treatment
Crucial factors for ascorbic acid to work
How to use ascorbic acid to kill UTI bacteria
Vitamin C or cranberry for UTI?
The Bottom Line
 Therefore, ascorbic acid is merely a catalyst rather than an active ingredient. As the study suggests: “ The growth of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus was markedly reduced by the addition of nitrite to acidified urine. This inhibition was enhanced by ascorbic acid. In conclusion, we show that the growth of three common urinary pathogens is markedly inhibited in mildly acidified urine when nitrite is present.” Crucial factors for ascorbic acid to work
Still, does it mean that ascorbic acid is as effective as antibiotics? Or maybe you could ditch your prescription altogether and use vitamin C instead to treat a UTI? Unfortunately, lab experiments are often different than real life. As the researchers point out, when attempting to treat a UTI with vitamin C, several factors are key to success: timing, type of the bacteria, and urine pH management.

Why Vitamin C for UTI Doesn't Work - Stop UTI forever

Why Vitamin C for UTI Doesn’t Work
Why Vitamin C for UTI Doesn’t Work
Can I take vitamin C for UTI?
Vitamin C for UTI when pregnant
The ascorbic acid dosage for UTI
Vitamin C for UTI treatment
Crucial factors for ascorbic acid to work
How to use ascorbic acid to kill UTI bacteria
Vitamin C or cranberry for UTI?
The Bottom Line

Therefore, ascorbic acid is merely a catalyst rather than an active ingredient. As the study suggests: “ The growth of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus was markedly reduced by the addition of nitrite to acidified urine. This inhibition was enhanced by ascorbic acid. In conclusion, we show that the growth of three common urinary pathogens is markedly inhibited in mildly acidified urine when nitrite is present.” Crucial factors for ascorbic acid to work
Still, does it mean that ascorbic acid is as effective as antibiotics? Or maybe you could ditch your prescription altogether and use vitamin C instead to treat a UTI? Unfortunately, lab experiments are often different than real life. As the researchers point out, when attempting to treat a UTI with vitamin C, several factors are key to success: timing, type of the bacteria, and urine pH management.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Pyelonephritis in Women - American Family Physician Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Pyelonephritis in Women
Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Pyelonephritis in Women
SORT: KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Epidemiology
MICROBIOLOGY
Causative Organisms in Acute Pyelonephritis
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
RISK FACTORS
COMPLICATED VS. UNCOMPLICATED ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS
Clinical Diagnosis
Clinical and Laboratory Findings in Patients with Acute Pyelonephritis
Diagnoses to Consider in Patients with Flank Pain and Costovertebral Angle Tenderness
Complications of Acute Pyelonephritis That May Benefit from Subspecialty Consultation
Inpatient vs. Outpatient Treatment
Considerations for Hospitalization in Patients with Acute Pyelonephritis
Diagnostic Tests
URINALYSIS
URINE CULTURE
IMAGING
Enlarge Print
BLOOD CULTURES
OTHER DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Choice of Antibiotics
OUTPATIENT REGIMENS
Outpatient Treatment Options for Nonpregnant Women with Acute Pyelonephritis
INPATIENT REGIMENS
Initial and Step-Down Inpatient Treatment Options for Nonpregnant Women with Acute Pyelonephritis
Monitoring Response to Therapy
 The spectrum of pathogens involved in acute pyelonephritis is similar to that of cystitis but with a lower frequency of Staphylococcus saprophyticus ( Table 1 4). Enlarge Print
Table 1. Causative Organisms in Acute Pyelonephritis
Organism
Prevalence (%)
Escherichia coli
82 (women)

73 (men)
Klebsiella pneumoniae
2.7 (women)

6.2 (men)
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
< 3 (women)
Candida species
Rare
Enterococcus species
Rare
Other Enterobacteriaceae (e.g., Proteus species, Enterobacter species)
Rare
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Rare
Ureaplasma species
Rare
Information from reference 4. Table 1. Causative Organisms in Acute Pyelonephritis
Organism
Prevalence (%)
Escherichia coli
82 (women)

73 (men)
Klebsiella pneumoniae
2.7 (women)

6.2 (men)
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
< 3 (women)
Candida species
Rare
Enterococcus species
Rare
Other Enterobacteriaceae (e.g., Proteus species, Enterobacter species)
Rare
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Rare
Ureaplasma species
Rare
Information from reference 4. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
During the previous decade, community-acquired bacteria (particularly E. coli) that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases have emerged as a cause of acute pyelonephritis worldwide. The most common risk factors for contracting these uropathogens include visits to health care centers, recent use of antimicrobial agents (particularly cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones), older age, and presence of comorbid conditions, such as diabetes mellitus and recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs). 6 – 9
RISK FACTORS
Risk factors for acute pyelonephritis in nonpregnant women include sexual intercourse three or more times per week during the previous 30 days, UTIs in the previous 12 months, diabetes, stress incontinence in the previous 30 days, a new sex partner in the previous year, recent spermicide use, and a history of UTIs in the patient's mother. 4, 5, 10 Older women, women who are menopausal or pregnant, and women who have preexisting urinary tract structural abnormalities or obstructions have a higher risk of UTI, but not necessarily of acute pyelonephritis. 5, 6
COMPLICATED VS.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Pyelonephritis in Women - American Family Physician

Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Pyelonephritis in Women
Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Pyelonephritis in Women
SORT: KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Epidemiology
MICROBIOLOGY
Causative Organisms in Acute Pyelonephritis
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
RISK FACTORS
COMPLICATED VS. UNCOMPLICATED ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS
Clinical Diagnosis
Clinical and Laboratory Findings in Patients with Acute Pyelonephritis
Diagnoses to Consider in Patients with Flank Pain and Costovertebral Angle Tenderness
Complications of Acute Pyelonephritis That May Benefit from Subspecialty Consultation
Inpatient vs. Outpatient Treatment
Considerations for Hospitalization in Patients with Acute Pyelonephritis
Diagnostic Tests
URINALYSIS
URINE CULTURE
IMAGING
Enlarge Print
BLOOD CULTURES
OTHER DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Choice of Antibiotics
OUTPATIENT REGIMENS
Outpatient Treatment Options for Nonpregnant Women with Acute Pyelonephritis
INPATIENT REGIMENS
Initial and Step-Down Inpatient Treatment Options for Nonpregnant Women with Acute Pyelonephritis
Monitoring Response to Therapy

How to Prevent Urinary Tract Infections | HowStuffWorks How to Prevent Urinary Tract Infections
How to Prevent Urinary Tract Infections
Preventing Bladder Infections
Who's at Risk for Bladder Infections?
Defensive Measures Against Bladder Infections
Which Antibiotic Is Right for You?
Preventing Kidney Infections
Who's at Risk for Kidney Infections?
Defensive Measures Against Kidney Infections
Terrific Toilet Paper
Preventing Yeast Infections
Vaginal Yeast Infection Information
Who's at Risk for Vaginal Yeast Infections?
Defensive Measures Against Vaginal Yeast Infections
Citation
 Bladder infections are common in women, and are usually not a serious problem when treated properly. There are some simple steps you can take to reduce your chances of contracting a bladder infection. Here are the details. Bladder Infection (Cystitis) Information
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A variety of microorganisms can cause UTIs, but Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria are the most common cause of bladder infections. Staphylococcus saprophyticus (S. saprophyticus) bacteria can cause cystitis, as well, and Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) bacteria can cause UTIs and produce kidney stones. Bacteria that move from the colon to the bladder via the urethra (the tube that carries urine outside the body) often trigger this common UTI. Symptoms can range from mild to awful and include painful urination; a burning sensation during urination; frequent trips to the bathroom (often with very little result); cloudy, blood-tinged, or smelly urine;

How to Prevent Urinary Tract Infections | HowStuffWorks

How to Prevent Urinary Tract Infections
How to Prevent Urinary Tract Infections
Preventing Bladder Infections
Who's at Risk for Bladder Infections?
Defensive Measures Against Bladder Infections
Which Antibiotic Is Right for You?
Preventing Kidney Infections
Who's at Risk for Kidney Infections?
Defensive Measures Against Kidney Infections
Terrific Toilet Paper
Preventing Yeast Infections
Vaginal Yeast Infection Information
Who's at Risk for Vaginal Yeast Infections?
Defensive Measures Against Vaginal Yeast Infections
Citation

Bladder infections are common in women, and are usually not a serious problem when treated properly. There are some simple steps you can take to reduce your chances of contracting a bladder infection. Here are the details. Bladder Infection (Cystitis) Information
Advertisement
A variety of microorganisms can cause UTIs, but Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria are the most common cause of bladder infections. Staphylococcus saprophyticus (S. saprophyticus) bacteria can cause cystitis, as well, and Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) bacteria can cause UTIs and produce kidney stones. Bacteria that move from the colon to the bladder via the urethra (the tube that carries urine outside the body) often trigger this common UTI. Symptoms can range from mild to awful and include painful urination; a burning sensation during urination; frequent trips to the bathroom (often with very little result); cloudy, blood-tinged, or smelly urine;

Cystitis | definition of cystitis by Medical dictionary cystitis
cystitis
Cystitis
Definition
Description
Cystitis in women
Cystitis in men
Cystitis in children
Causes and symptoms
Females
Males
Hemorrhagic cystitis
Diagnosis
Females
Males
Other tests
Treatment
Medications
Surgery
Alternative treatment
Prognosis
Females
Males
Prevention
Females
Key terms
Males
Resources
Periodicals
cystitis
cys·ti·tis
cystitis
cystitis
cys·ti·tis
cystitis
cystitis
Patient discussion about cystitis
Mentioned in ?
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Medical browser ?
Full browser ?
 S. saprophyticus, which is the second most common cause of UTIs in women, rarely causes infections in men. Risk factors for UTIs in men include: Lack of circumcision. The foreskin can harbor bacteria that cause UTIs. Urinary catheterization. The longer the period of catheterization, the higher the risk of UTIs. The symptoms of cystitis and pyelonephritis in men are the same as in women. Hemorrhagic cystitis
Hemorrhagic cystitis, which is marked by large quantities of blood in the urine, is caused by an acute bacterial infection of the bladder. In some cases, hemorrhagic cystitis is a side effect of radiation therapy or treatment with cyclophosphamide. Hemorrhagic cystitis in children is associated with adenovirus type 11.

Cystitis | definition of cystitis by Medical dictionary

cystitis
cystitis
Cystitis
Definition
Description
Cystitis in women
Cystitis in men
Cystitis in children
Causes and symptoms
Females
Males
Hemorrhagic cystitis
Diagnosis
Females
Males
Other tests
Treatment
Medications
Surgery
Alternative treatment
Prognosis
Females
Males
Prevention
Females
Key terms
Males
Resources
Periodicals
cystitis
cys·ti·tis
cystitis
cystitis
cys·ti·tis
cystitis
cystitis
Patient discussion about cystitis
Mentioned in ?
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S. saprophyticus, which is the second most common cause of UTIs in women, rarely causes infections in men. Risk factors for UTIs in men include: Lack of circumcision. The foreskin can harbor bacteria that cause UTIs. Urinary catheterization. The longer the period of catheterization, the higher the risk of UTIs. The symptoms of cystitis and pyelonephritis in men are the same as in women. Hemorrhagic cystitis
Hemorrhagic cystitis, which is marked by large quantities of blood in the urine, is caused by an acute bacterial infection of the bladder. In some cases, hemorrhagic cystitis is a side effect of radiation therapy or treatment with cyclophosphamide. Hemorrhagic cystitis in children is associated with adenovirus type 11.

UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI - Stop UTI forever UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI
UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI
Some examples of gram-negative bacteria that cause urinary tract infections include:
Some examples of gram-positive bacteria causing UTI are:
Who gets what bacteria?
E. coli UTI
Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus aureus
Enterococci
Urinary Tract Infection caused by Group B Streptococcus
UTI caused by multiple disease-causing bacteria (Polymicrobial UTI)
Groups at risk:
Other Rare, Emerging UTI Bugs
Different tests for different bacteria
What tests can be helpful if infected?
The Pitfalls of Urine Dipstick
The Drawbacks of Urine Culture
 Staphylococcus aureus
Unlike S. saprophyticus, S. aureus UTI usually affects individuals with a urinary catheter and pregnant women. In addition, the majority of S. aureus superstrains are resistant to Methicillin. Enterococci
Enterococci are Gram-positive, lactic acid bacteria that can survive and grow with or without oxygen as well as bear temperatures ranging from 10–45°C and pH of 4.6 to 9. A urinary catheter is a major risk factor with enterococci accounting for about 15 to 30% of CAUTIs. Enterococci are also the third leading cause of UTIs acquired in hospital settings. The poor immunity and incomplete bladder emptying in diabetics also increase the risk for enterococcal UTIs. These bacteria can spread to the bloodstream as well as contribute to prostate inflammation in about 10% of diabetic men. Unfortunately, Enterococcal superstrains are becoming more and more resistant to antibiotics. In particular, E. faecalis forms resilient biofilms, making it notoriously difficult for the antibiotics to penetrate these films and kill the superbug. Urinary Tract Infection caused by Group B Streptococcus
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a Gram-positive chain-forming bacterium that commonly dwells in the lower gut and female reproductive tract without causing any symptoms.

UTI Bacteria Types: Get To Know Bacteria That Cause UTI - Stop UTI forever

Staphylococcus aureus
Unlike S. saprophyticus, S. aureus UTI usually affects individuals with a urinary catheter and pregnant women. In addition, the majority of S. aureus superstrains are resistant to Methicillin. Enterococci
Enterococci are Gram-positive, lactic acid bacteria that can survive and grow with or without oxygen as well as bear temperatures ranging from 10–45°C and pH of 4.6 to 9. A urinary catheter is a major risk factor with enterococci accounting for about 15 to 30% of CAUTIs. Enterococci are also the third leading cause of UTIs acquired in hospital settings. The poor immunity and incomplete bladder emptying in diabetics also increase the risk for enterococcal UTIs. These bacteria can spread to the bloodstream as well as contribute to prostate inflammation in about 10% of diabetic men. Unfortunately, Enterococcal superstrains are becoming more and more resistant to antibiotics. In particular, E. faecalis forms resilient biofilms, making it notoriously difficult for the antibiotics to penetrate these films and kill the superbug. Urinary Tract Infection caused by Group B Streptococcus
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a Gram-positive chain-forming bacterium that commonly dwells in the lower gut and female reproductive tract without causing any symptoms.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - microbewiki Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
Classification
Higher order taxa
Species
Description and significance
Genome structure
Cell structure and metabolism
Ecology
Pathology
Application to Biotechnology
Current Research
References
 3]
Recent research has shown that S. saprophyticus is an opportunistic infection. [ 10]
Application to Biotechnology
There seem to be no positive uses for Staphylococcus saprophyticus as it is a pathogen. Current Research
Some of the recent research on Staphylcoccus saprophyticus: “Urinary Bactericidal Activity of Extended-Release Ciprofloxacin (1,000 Milligrams) versus Levofloxacin (500 Milligrams) in Healthy Volunteers Receiving a Single Oral Dose” [8]
Flouroquinolones are the drug of choice for treating UTIs, but their effectiveness is affected by urine pH and contents. Research was done on 2 drugs from German pharmaceutical companies. An extended-release drug, Ciprofloxacin and another drug Levofloxacin were tested. Levoflaxacin was shown to be more effective than Ciprofoxacin against S. saprophyticus. This was a lab study and not a clinical study. Only 12 volunteers were used. “The presence of peptidoglycan O-acetyltransferase in various staphylococcal species correlates with lysozyme resistance and pathogenicity” [9]
The ability to resist the attacks of lysozymes allows microbes to infect and colonize more effectively.

3]
Recent research has shown that S. saprophyticus is an opportunistic infection. [ 10]
Application to Biotechnology
There seem to be no positive uses for Staphylococcus saprophyticus as it is a pathogen. Current Research
Some of the recent research on Staphylcoccus saprophyticus: “Urinary Bactericidal Activity of Extended-Release Ciprofloxacin (1,000 Milligrams) versus Levofloxacin (500 Milligrams) in Healthy Volunteers Receiving a Single Oral Dose” [8]
Flouroquinolones are the drug of choice for treating UTIs, but their effectiveness is affected by urine pH and contents. Research was done on 2 drugs from German pharmaceutical companies. An extended-release drug, Ciprofloxacin and another drug Levofloxacin were tested. Levoflaxacin was shown to be more effective than Ciprofoxacin against S. saprophyticus. This was a lab study and not a clinical study. Only 12 volunteers were used. “The presence of peptidoglycan O-acetyltransferase in various staphylococcal species correlates with lysozyme resistance and pathogenicity” [9]
The ability to resist the attacks of lysozymes allows microbes to infect and colonize more effectively.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview | Microbe Notes Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview
Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview
Table of Contents
What is Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Classification of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Habitat of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Morphology of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Cultural Characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Nutrient Agar (NA)
2. Mannitol Agar
3. Blood agar (BA)
4. P agar
5. Thioglycolate medium
Biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Fermentation
Enzymatic Reactions
Virulence factors of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Surface proteins
2. Enzymes
3. Biofilm formation
Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Adhesion/ Attachment/ Colonization
2. Invasion
Catheters-related infections
Clinical manifestations of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Lab Diagnosis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Morphological characteristics and Biochemical tests
2. Rapid Identification kits
3. Molecular diagnosis
Treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
Prevention of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
References
Sources
 It is the second most common cause of UTIs in young and middle-aged women, next to Escherichia coli. Less commonly, it is also responsible for complications like acute pyelonephritis, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis. Among staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is the only species that is typically uropathogenic which is due to its ability to adhere to uroepithelial cells and persistently grow in the urinary tract. S. saprophyticus is different from S. aureus in that it is coagulase-negative, meaning it lacks the enzyme coagulase. It can be differentiated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci by its resistance to Novobiocin. It was first isolated from humans by Shaw in 1951, and Torres Pereira first identified its connection with UTIs in 1962. Classification of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Classification of different species of the genus Staphylococci is based on various factors ranging from morphology, chemical properties, amino acid sequences, biochemical characteristics, and nucleotide sequences. Staphylococcus spp. are primarily classified on the basis of DNA–DNA hybridization where members of the same species demonstrate relative DNA-binding values of generally 70 percent or greater. Staphylococcal subspecies, in turn, have been identified on the basis of phenotypic characters and DNA relatedness, and ribotyping.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview | Microbe Notes

Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview
Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview
Table of Contents
What is Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Classification of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Habitat of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Morphology of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Cultural Characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Nutrient Agar (NA)
2. Mannitol Agar
3. Blood agar (BA)
4. P agar
5. Thioglycolate medium
Biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Fermentation
Enzymatic Reactions
Virulence factors of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Surface proteins
2. Enzymes
3. Biofilm formation
Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Adhesion/ Attachment/ Colonization
2. Invasion
Catheters-related infections
Clinical manifestations of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Lab Diagnosis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
1. Morphological characteristics and Biochemical tests
2. Rapid Identification kits
3. Molecular diagnosis
Treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
Prevention of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection
References
Sources

It is the second most common cause of UTIs in young and middle-aged women, next to Escherichia coli. Less commonly, it is also responsible for complications like acute pyelonephritis, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis. Among staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is the only species that is typically uropathogenic which is due to its ability to adhere to uroepithelial cells and persistently grow in the urinary tract. S. saprophyticus is different from S. aureus in that it is coagulase-negative, meaning it lacks the enzyme coagulase. It can be differentiated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci by its resistance to Novobiocin. It was first isolated from humans by Shaw in 1951, and Torres Pereira first identified its connection with UTIs in 1962. Classification of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Classification of different species of the genus Staphylococci is based on various factors ranging from morphology, chemical properties, amino acid sequences, biochemical characteristics, and nucleotide sequences. Staphylococcus spp. are primarily classified on the basis of DNA–DNA hybridization where members of the same species demonstrate relative DNA-binding values of generally 70 percent or greater. Staphylococcal subspecies, in turn, have been identified on the basis of phenotypic characters and DNA relatedness, and ribotyping.

6 Home Remedies for UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) 6 Home Remedies for Urinary Tract Infections
Nutrition
6 Home Remedies for Urinary Tract Infections
What Is a Urinary Tract Infection?
1. Drink Plenty of Fluids
2. Increase Vitamin C Intake
3. Drink Unsweetened Cranberry Juice
4. Take a Probiotic
5. Practice These Healthy Habits
6. Try These Natural Supplements
The Bottom Line
 6 Home Remedies for UTI (Urinary Tract Infection)
Nutrition
Evidence Based
6 Home Remedies for Urinary Tract Infections
Written by Rachael Link, MS, RD — Updated on April 23, 2017
We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Here’s our process. Urinary tract infections affect millions of people every year. Though they’re traditionally treated with antibiotics, there are also many home remedies available that help treat them and prevent them from reoccurring. What Is a Urinary Tract Infection? A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder or urethra ( 1
Trusted Source
). Bacteria from the bowel are the most common cause of UTIs, but fungi and viruses can also cause infection ( 1
Trusted Source
). The two strains of bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus account for about 80% of cases ( 2
Trusted Source
). Common symptoms of UTI include ( 1
Trusted Source
):
A burning sensation when peeing
Frequent urination
Cloudy or dark urine
Urine with a strong odor
A feeling of incomplete bladder emptying
Pelvic pain
Though UTIs can affect anyone, women are more prone to infection.

6 Home Remedies for UTI (Urinary Tract Infection)
Nutrition
Evidence Based
6 Home Remedies for Urinary Tract Infections
Written by Rachael Link, MS, RD — Updated on April 23, 2017
We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Here’s our process. Urinary tract infections affect millions of people every year. Though they’re traditionally treated with antibiotics, there are also many home remedies available that help treat them and prevent them from reoccurring. What Is a Urinary Tract Infection? A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder or urethra ( 1
Trusted Source
). Bacteria from the bowel are the most common cause of UTIs, but fungi and viruses can also cause infection ( 1
Trusted Source
). The two strains of bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus account for about 80% of cases ( 2
Trusted Source
). Common symptoms of UTI include ( 1
Trusted Source
):
A burning sensation when peeing
Frequent urination
Cloudy or dark urine
Urine with a strong odor
A feeling of incomplete bladder emptying
Pelvic pain
Though UTIs can affect anyone, women are more prone to infection.

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 Much more needs to be learned about the epidemiology and natural history of UTI caused by S. saprophyticus as well as the role of S. saprophyticus in human and animal health and disease. A series of research questions are offered to address these issues. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were considered to be urinary contaminants prior to the 1960s. In 1962, Torres Pereira [ 1] reported the isolation of coagulase-negative staphylococci possessing antigen 51 from the urine of women with acute UTI. In subsequent years, additional reports supported this concept [ 2 ]. The organism was found to belong to micrococcus subgroup 3. It was later reclassified as S. saprophyticus. Urease production is another important characteristic, and renal and ureteral stones were found to be associated with S. saprophyticus infection [ 5 ]. Laboratory diagnosis. Laboratory identification of S. saprophyticus is made on the basis of resistance to novobiocin, the absence of hemolysin and coagulase, and intense pigment production.

Much more needs to be learned about the epidemiology and natural history of UTI caused by S. saprophyticus as well as the role of S. saprophyticus in human and animal health and disease. A series of research questions are offered to address these issues. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were considered to be urinary contaminants prior to the 1960s. In 1962, Torres Pereira [ 1] reported the isolation of coagulase-negative staphylococci possessing antigen 51 from the urine of women with acute UTI. In subsequent years, additional reports supported this concept [ 2 ]. The organism was found to belong to micrococcus subgroup 3. It was later reclassified as S. saprophyticus. Urease production is another important characteristic, and renal and ureteral stones were found to be associated with S. saprophyticus infection [ 5 ]. Laboratory diagnosis. Laboratory identification of S. saprophyticus is made on the basis of resistance to novobiocin, the absence of hemolysin and coagulase, and intense pigment production.

Urinary tract infections - AMBOSS
amboss
Get access to 1,000+ medical articles with instant search
and clinical tools.
Urinary tract infections
Summary
Etiology
Pathogens
Bacteria
Viruses
Other pathogens
Predisposing factors
Host-dependent factors
Other factors
Classification
According to anatomic location
[7]
[8]
According to predisposing factors
[9]
[10]
[11]
According to source of infection
Clinical features
Diagnostics
Approach
Laboratory tests
[14]
[17]
Urinalysis
Urine culture
Diagnostic imaging
Differential diagnoses
Interstitial cystitis (
painful bladder syndrome
)
[19]
[20]
Asymptomatic bacteriuria
[26]
[27]
Other differential diagnoses
Treatment
Antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated UTIs
Principles of therapy
[14]
[30]
Treatment of acute uncomplicated lower UTIs
Treatment of uncomplicated upper UTIs
Antibiotic therapy for complicated UTIs
Antibiotic therapy for recurrent infections
[26]
[27]
Complications
Prevention
Special patient groups
UTI during pregnancy
UTI in children and adolescents
[40]
[41]
References
 Indications
Complicated UTI
Age ≥ 65 years
Diaphragm use
Recent use of antibiotics
Suspected lower UTI with the following characteristics
Duration of symptoms > 7 days
Recurrent lower UTI history
A nondiagnostic
urinalysis
Suspicion of
pyelonephritis
or
urosepsis
Typical colony findings
E. coli
: intensely pink on
MacConkey agar
Klebsiella pneumoniae
: viscous colonies
Serratia marcescens
: often red appearance
Proteus mirabilis
: swarming motility pattern
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
: blue-green pigment
Other pathogens
Enterobacter
spp. Enterococcus
Ureaplasma urealyticum
S. saprophyticus
Diagnostic imaging
Indications
Persistent symptoms (after > 48–72 hours of appropriate antibiotic therapy)
Recurrent symptoms (within a few weeks of appropriate treatment)
Suspected
urinary tract obstruction
Severe illness (e.g.,
septic shock
)
CT scan without contrast
[11]
First choice for initial imaging
Indicated in cases of
recurrent UTIs
,
complicated UTIs
, and in patients who do not respond to treatment
Assessment of potential conditions of the urinary tract (e.g.,
urinary stones
, obstruction, tumors, cysts, trauma)
Ultrasound
Assessment of potential
urinary obstruction
Can help diagnose
pyelonephritis
(see “
Pyelonephritis
”)
Indications
UTIs in children < 24 months (to rule out anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract)
Contraindi

Urinary tract infections - AMBOSS

amboss
Get access to 1,000+ medical articles with instant search
and clinical tools.
Urinary tract infections
Summary
Etiology
Pathogens
Bacteria
Viruses
Other pathogens
Predisposing factors
Host-dependent factors
Other factors
Classification
According to anatomic location
[7]
[8]
According to predisposing factors
[9]
[10]
[11]
According to source of infection
Clinical features
Diagnostics
Approach
Laboratory tests
[14]
[17]
Urinalysis
Urine culture
Diagnostic imaging
Differential diagnoses
Interstitial cystitis (
painful bladder syndrome
)
[19]
[20]
Asymptomatic bacteriuria
[26]
[27]
Other differential diagnoses
Treatment
Antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated UTIs
Principles of therapy
[14]
[30]
Treatment of acute uncomplicated lower UTIs
Treatment of uncomplicated upper UTIs
Antibiotic therapy for complicated UTIs
Antibiotic therapy for recurrent infections
[26]
[27]
Complications
Prevention
Special patient groups
UTI during pregnancy
UTI in children and adolescents
[40]
[41]
References

Indications
Complicated UTI
Age ≥ 65 years
Diaphragm use
Recent use of antibiotics
Suspected lower UTI with the following characteristics
Duration of symptoms > 7 days
Recurrent lower UTI history
A nondiagnostic
urinalysis
Suspicion of
pyelonephritis
or
urosepsis
Typical colony findings
E. coli
: intensely pink on
MacConkey agar
Klebsiella pneumoniae
: viscous colonies
Serratia marcescens
: often red appearance
Proteus mirabilis
: swarming motility pattern
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
: blue-green pigment
Other pathogens
Enterobacter
spp. Enterococcus
Ureaplasma urealyticum
S. saprophyticus
Diagnostic imaging
Indications
Persistent symptoms (after > 48–72 hours of appropriate antibiotic therapy)
Recurrent symptoms (within a few weeks of appropriate treatment)
Suspected
urinary tract obstruction
Severe illness (e.g.,
septic shock
)
CT scan without contrast
[11]
First choice for initial imaging
Indicated in cases of
recurrent UTIs
,
complicated UTIs
, and in patients who do not respond to treatment
Assessment of potential conditions of the urinary tract (e.g.,
urinary stones
, obstruction, tumors, cysts, trauma)
Ultrasound
Assessment of potential
urinary obstruction
Can help diagnose
pyelonephritis
(see “
Pyelonephritis
”)
Indications
UTIs in children < 24 months (to rule out anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract)
Contraindi

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - microbewiki Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Contents
Classification
Higher order taxa
Species
Description and significance
Genome structure
Cell structure and metabolism
Ecology
Pathology
Application to Biotechnology
Current Research
References
 3] S. saprophyticus colonizes in the urinary tract of young women and men of all ages. The infection can spread to rectal and vaginal areas. [ 3] Alterations to the genital area effected by spermicides and candidal infection increases the susceptibility of S. saprophyticus infection. [ 3] Urease activity is known to be an infection causing factor in UTIs. Kidney and uretal stones are associated with S. saprophyticus infection. [ 3] The more severe diseases caused by infection are pyelonephritis, septicemia, nephrolithiasis, and endocarditis. [ 3] It was found that risk of infection increases in summer and spring months, with contact to domesticated animals (cows, sheep, pigs), and through swimming outdoors. “The virulence factors of S. saprophyticus include adherence to urothelial cells by means of a surface-associated protein, lipoteichoic acid; a hemagglutinin that binds to fibronectin, a hemolysin; and production of extracellular slime.” [

3] S. saprophyticus colonizes in the urinary tract of young women and men of all ages. The infection can spread to rectal and vaginal areas. [ 3] Alterations to the genital area effected by spermicides and candidal infection increases the susceptibility of S. saprophyticus infection. [ 3] Urease activity is known to be an infection causing factor in UTIs. Kidney and uretal stones are associated with S. saprophyticus infection. [ 3] The more severe diseases caused by infection are pyelonephritis, septicemia, nephrolithiasis, and endocarditis. [ 3] It was found that risk of infection increases in summer and spring months, with contact to domesticated animals (cows, sheep, pigs), and through swimming outdoors. “The virulence factors of S. saprophyticus include adherence to urothelial cells by means of a surface-associated protein, lipoteichoic acid; a hemagglutinin that binds to fibronectin, a hemolysin; and production of extracellular slime.” [

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 Colonization is more frequent during the summer and fall. Hovelius et al. [ 21] showed that women with S. saprophyticus colonization were more likely to have had a symptomatic UTI during the previous 12 months, to have recently had a menstrual period, and to have had sexual intercourse concurrent with vaginal candidiasis than were women without colonization. None of the women developed symptomatic UTI during the next 6 months. Further support for the existence of a rectal reservoir was the isolation of the same plasmid-identified clone from both urine and stool samples [ 22 ]. The remarkable selective susceptibility of young women to colonization by S. saprophyticus is further emphasized by a study by Schneider and Riley [ 11 ]. They isolated the microorganism from the genital tracts of 4.6% of women aged 13–40 years, but not from older women or men. These observations are in accord with numerous clinical reports [ 9–17] that UTI caused by S. saprophyticus is associated with recent sexual intercourse and occurs more often during late summer and fall [ 19 ]. The microorganisms colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, particularly during the gastroenteritis season in the summer and fall, and this is probably the reason for this seasonal variation in the incidence of UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. However, there was no seasonal variation in Western Australia and Israel [ 11, 16 ].

Colonization is more frequent during the summer and fall. Hovelius et al. [ 21] showed that women with S. saprophyticus colonization were more likely to have had a symptomatic UTI during the previous 12 months, to have recently had a menstrual period, and to have had sexual intercourse concurrent with vaginal candidiasis than were women without colonization. None of the women developed symptomatic UTI during the next 6 months. Further support for the existence of a rectal reservoir was the isolation of the same plasmid-identified clone from both urine and stool samples [ 22 ]. The remarkable selective susceptibility of young women to colonization by S. saprophyticus is further emphasized by a study by Schneider and Riley [ 11 ]. They isolated the microorganism from the genital tracts of 4.6% of women aged 13–40 years, but not from older women or men. These observations are in accord with numerous clinical reports [ 9–17] that UTI caused by S. saprophyticus is associated with recent sexual intercourse and occurs more often during late summer and fall [ 19 ]. The microorganisms colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, particularly during the gastroenteritis season in the summer and fall, and this is probably the reason for this seasonal variation in the incidence of UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. However, there was no seasonal variation in Western Australia and Israel [ 11, 16 ].

What Are The Best Antibiotics For UTI In Males? - Pristyn Care What Are The Best Antibiotics For UTI In Males?
What Are The Best Antibiotics For UTI In Males?
The common symptoms of UTIs in men that antibiotics actively treat are:
Antibiotics for UTIs in men
Amoxicillin
Ceftriaxone
Bactrim
Macrobid
Levofloxacin
Fosfomycin
Cephalexin
The choice of antibiotics that doctor prescribes also depends on other factors such as:
Duration of antibiotic treatment for UTI in men
Follow-ups for UTI are necessary
Side-effects of antibiotics to look out for
The side-effects of the antibiotics for UTI are:
Other tips that can help in managing UTI in males
 What Are The Best Antibiotics For UTI In Males? - Pristyn Care
What Are The Best Antibiotics For UTI In Males? Urinary tract infection in males is a common condition. It occurs when harmful bacteria affect any part of your urinary tract system (it can be your bladder, urethra, ureters or even kidney that is affected). Antibiotics are the most effective treatment option for UTIs. Antibiotics destroy the infection-causing bacteria and provide fast symptomatic relief as well. Table of Contents
The common symptoms of UTIs in men that antibiotics actively treat are: Antibiotics for UTIs in men
Amoxicillin
Ceftriaxone
Bactrim
Macrobid
Levofloxacin
Fosfomycin
Cephalexin
The choice of antibiotics that doctor prescribes also depends on other factors such as: Duration of antibiotic treatment for UTI in men
Follow-ups for UTI are necessary
Side-effects of antibiotics to look out for
The side-effects of the antibiotics for UTI are: Other tips that can help in managing UTI in males
The common symptoms of UTIs in men that antibiotics actively treat are:

What Are The Best Antibiotics For UTI In Males? - Pristyn Care

What Are The Best Antibiotics For UTI In Males?
What Are The Best Antibiotics For UTI In Males?
The common symptoms of UTIs in men that antibiotics actively treat are:
Antibiotics for UTIs in men
Amoxicillin
Ceftriaxone
Bactrim
Macrobid
Levofloxacin
Fosfomycin
Cephalexin
The choice of antibiotics that doctor prescribes also depends on other factors such as:
Duration of antibiotic treatment for UTI in men
Follow-ups for UTI are necessary
Side-effects of antibiotics to look out for
The side-effects of the antibiotics for UTI are:
Other tips that can help in managing UTI in males

What Are The Best Antibiotics For UTI In Males? - Pristyn Care
What Are The Best Antibiotics For UTI In Males? Urinary tract infection in males is a common condition. It occurs when harmful bacteria affect any part of your urinary tract system (it can be your bladder, urethra, ureters or even kidney that is affected). Antibiotics are the most effective treatment option for UTIs. Antibiotics destroy the infection-causing bacteria and provide fast symptomatic relief as well. Table of Contents
The common symptoms of UTIs in men that antibiotics actively treat are: Antibiotics for UTIs in men
Amoxicillin
Ceftriaxone
Bactrim
Macrobid
Levofloxacin
Fosfomycin
Cephalexin
The choice of antibiotics that doctor prescribes also depends on other factors such as: Duration of antibiotic treatment for UTI in men
Follow-ups for UTI are necessary
Side-effects of antibiotics to look out for
The side-effects of the antibiotics for UTI are: Other tips that can help in managing UTI in males
The common symptoms of UTIs in men that antibiotics actively treat are:

Who Are You—Staphylococcus saprophyticus? | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic Who Are You—
Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Who Are You— Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Published:
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
 The remarkable selective susceptibility of young women to colonization by S. saprophyticus is further emphasized by a study by Schneider and Riley [ 11 ]. They isolated the microorganism from the genital tracts of 4.6% of women aged 13–40 years, but not from older women or men. These observations are in accord with numerous clinical reports [ 9–17] that UTI caused by S. saprophyticus is associated with recent sexual intercourse and occurs more often during late summer and fall [ 19 ]. The microorganisms colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, particularly during the gastroenteritis season in the summer and fall, and this is probably the reason for this seasonal variation in the incidence of UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. However, there was no seasonal variation in Western Australia and Israel [ 11, 16 ]. There is a strong association between the use of condoms coated with nonoxynol 9 and the occurrence of UTI [ 23 ], which suggests that vaginal spermicides interfere with the normal vaginal flora and promote colonization by S. saprophyticus. Other associations include outdoor swimming prior to colonization and occupations relate

The remarkable selective susceptibility of young women to colonization by S. saprophyticus is further emphasized by a study by Schneider and Riley [ 11 ]. They isolated the microorganism from the genital tracts of 4.6% of women aged 13–40 years, but not from older women or men. These observations are in accord with numerous clinical reports [ 9–17] that UTI caused by S. saprophyticus is associated with recent sexual intercourse and occurs more often during late summer and fall [ 19 ]. The microorganisms colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, particularly during the gastroenteritis season in the summer and fall, and this is probably the reason for this seasonal variation in the incidence of UTI caused by S. saprophyticus. However, there was no seasonal variation in Western Australia and Israel [ 11, 16 ]. There is a strong association between the use of condoms coated with nonoxynol 9 and the occurrence of UTI [ 23 ], which suggests that vaginal spermicides interfere with the normal vaginal flora and promote colonization by S. saprophyticus. Other associations include outdoor swimming prior to colonization and occupations relate

Can UTI Symptoms Linger After Antibiotics? What It Means & What to Do When Antibiotics Fail: Why UTI Symptoms Sometimes Stick Around
When Antibiotics Fail: Why UTI Symptoms Sometimes Stick Around
Why UTI symptoms can linger after antibiotics
Antibiotic resistance
Wrong antibiotics
Underlying conditions
Cystitis and kidney infections
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
What’s next when UTI symptoms linger after antibiotics?
Link between cancer and UTI symptoms lingering after antibiotics
Bladder cancer
Prostate cancer
Takeaway
 Can UTI Symptoms Linger After Antibiotics? What It Means & What to Do
When Antibiotics Fail: Why UTI Symptoms Sometimes Stick Around
Medically reviewed by Alana Biggers, M.D., MPH — Written by Eleesha Lockett, MS on February 1, 2021
Why symptoms linger
Next steps
Cancer link
Takeaway
Share on Pinterest
Thana Prasongsin/Getty Images
Antibiotics are commonly used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs), and they can be very effective. But sometimes, these antibiotics fail — and there are several reasons why it might be happening. You may notice that your UTI ‘s symptoms aren’t going away after antibiotic treatment. In some cases, they might be getting worse. This article explores what might cause antibiotics to fail, and when to ask your doctor for additional testing for persistent UTI symptoms. Why UTI symptoms can linger after antibiotics
According to a 2019 study
Trusted Source
, UTIs are one of the most common types of outpatient infection in the United States. Antibiotics are the first line of treatment for most UTIs. Doctors usually prescribe an antibiotic without performing a urine culture first.

Can UTI Symptoms Linger After Antibiotics? What It Means & What to Do

When Antibiotics Fail: Why UTI Symptoms Sometimes Stick Around
When Antibiotics Fail: Why UTI Symptoms Sometimes Stick Around
Why UTI symptoms can linger after antibiotics
Antibiotic resistance
Wrong antibiotics
Underlying conditions
Cystitis and kidney infections
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
What’s next when UTI symptoms linger after antibiotics?
Link between cancer and UTI symptoms lingering after antibiotics
Bladder cancer
Prostate cancer
Takeaway

Can UTI Symptoms Linger After Antibiotics? What It Means & What to Do
When Antibiotics Fail: Why UTI Symptoms Sometimes Stick Around
Medically reviewed by Alana Biggers, M.D., MPH — Written by Eleesha Lockett, MS on February 1, 2021
Why symptoms linger
Next steps
Cancer link
Takeaway
Share on Pinterest
Thana Prasongsin/Getty Images
Antibiotics are commonly used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs), and they can be very effective. But sometimes, these antibiotics fail — and there are several reasons why it might be happening. You may notice that your UTI ‘s symptoms aren’t going away after antibiotic treatment. In some cases, they might be getting worse. This article explores what might cause antibiotics to fail, and when to ask your doctor for additional testing for persistent UTI symptoms. Why UTI symptoms can linger after antibiotics
According to a 2019 study
Trusted Source
, UTIs are one of the most common types of outpatient infection in the United States. Antibiotics are the first line of treatment for most UTIs. Doctors usually prescribe an antibiotic without performing a urine culture first.

Tips From Other Journals - American Family Physician Managing Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
Tips
From Other Journals
Managing Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
View/Print Table
Antibiotic Therapy for Urinary Tract Infections
 Jancel and Dudas review the prevention and treatment of uncomplicated cystitis. Uncomplicated infections are generally benign but, if not treated, can interfere with daily life. In healthy women, long-term adverse effects are rare. As many as 80 percent of infections are caused by Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus accounts for another 5 to 15 percent. A small number of infections are caused by Enterococci, Klebsiella species and Proteus mirabilis. Antibiotics that are most useful to treat uncomplicated cystitis are well-tolerated, cover expected uropathogens, and have favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. The best tolerated cures use antibiotics, such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) or fluoroquinolones, that have little effect on vaginal and fecal bacterial flora. It is important for physicians to know local resistance patterns because most uncomplicated UTIs are treated empirically. Resistance to TMP-SMX, ampicillin, and first-generation cephalosporins has been increasing in some communities. In 1998, resistance to E. coli was twice as common in the western United States than in the Northeast.

Tips From Other Journals - American Family Physician

Managing Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
Tips
From Other Journals
Managing Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
View/Print Table
Antibiotic Therapy for Urinary Tract Infections

Jancel and Dudas review the prevention and treatment of uncomplicated cystitis. Uncomplicated infections are generally benign but, if not treated, can interfere with daily life. In healthy women, long-term adverse effects are rare. As many as 80 percent of infections are caused by Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus accounts for another 5 to 15 percent. A small number of infections are caused by Enterococci, Klebsiella species and Proteus mirabilis. Antibiotics that are most useful to treat uncomplicated cystitis are well-tolerated, cover expected uropathogens, and have favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. The best tolerated cures use antibiotics, such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) or fluoroquinolones, that have little effect on vaginal and fecal bacterial flora. It is important for physicians to know local resistance patterns because most uncomplicated UTIs are treated empirically. Resistance to TMP-SMX, ampicillin, and first-generation cephalosporins has been increasing in some communities. In 1998, resistance to E. coli was twice as common in the western United States than in the Northeast.

 Microbiology Fact Sheet
Microbiology

Fact

Sheet

Urine

MC&S

–

interpretation

of

results

Microscopy

Susceptibility

 Escherichia

coli,

Proteus,

Klebsiella,

Enterococcus

and

Staphylococcus

saprophyticus. If

the

patient

is

taking

an

antibiotic

to

which

the

bacteria

is

reported

as

resistant

(R)

or

intermediate

(I),

then

this

treatment

may

need

to

be

changed

to

an

antibiotic

that

is

reported

as

susceptible

(S). If

there

is

more

than

one

antibiotic

to

which

the

bacteria

are

reported

as

susceptible

(S),

the

patient

should

be

prescribed

the

one

with

the

narrowest

spectrum. Note: Dipsticks: dipsticks

alone

are

not

reliable

in

the

diagnosis

of

a

UTI,

a

urine

sample

should

be

sent

for

culture

for

confirmation

where

ever

possible. Catheter

specimens: samples

taken

through

a

urinary

catheter

are

almost

always

colonised

by

bacteria,

these

do

not

need

to

be

treated

if

the

patient

is

otherwise

well. Whether

or

not

antibiotics

are

given,

it

is

important

to

remember

that

infection

will

not

clear

without

changing

the

catheter

and

in

many

cases

this

is

all

that

is

required; antibiotics

may

then

be

avoided.

Microbiology Fact Sheet
Microbiology

Fact

Sheet

Urine

MC&S

–

interpretation

of

results

Microscopy

Susceptibility

Escherichia

coli,

Proteus,

Klebsiella,

Enterococcus

and

Staphylococcus

saprophyticus. If

the

patient

is

taking

an

antibiotic

to

which

the

bacteria

is

reported

as

resistant

(R)

or

intermediate

(I),

then

this

treatment

may

need

to

be

changed

to

an

antibiotic

that

is

reported

as

susceptible

(S). If

there

is

more

than

one

antibiotic

to

which

the

bacteria

are

reported

as

susceptible

(S),

the

patient

should

be

prescribed

the

one

with

the

narrowest

spectrum. Note: Dipsticks: dipsticks

alone

are

not

reliable

in

the

diagnosis

of

a

UTI,

a

urine

sample

should

be

sent

for

culture

for

confirmation

where

ever

possible. Catheter

specimens: samples

taken

through

a

urinary

catheter

are

almost

always

colonised

by

bacteria,

these

do

not

need

to

be

treated

if

the

patient

is

otherwise

well. Whether

or

not

antibiotics

are

given,

it

is

important

to

remember

that

infection

will

not

clear

without

changing

the

catheter

and

in

many

cases

this

is

all

that

is

required; antibiotics

may

then

be

avoided.