Question: which part of the life cycle is dominant in bryophyte?

 What phase of the bryophyte life cycle is dominant? Bryophytes or Moss plants life cycle goes with two stages. The
two stages are the haploid (gametophyte) and the diploid
(sporophyte) which is the dominant stage. How are the fern sporophyte and gametophyte stage the same? In reference to the sporophyte and gametophyte, are the stages
of the plant's life cycle thus being the same. When a plants life cycle alternates between a sporophyte and a gametophyte? photosynthesis
What is the dominant stage of the vascular plant? Sporophyte-dominant life cycle
The dominant phase of an angiosperm life cycle is the? The (2n) sporophyte is the dominant life cycle for an
angiosperm
What are the two major stages of a plant's life cycle? The Sporophyte stage and the gametophyte stage
The life cycle of plants alternates between?

What phase of the bryophyte life cycle is dominant? Bryophytes or Moss plants life cycle goes with two stages. The
two stages are the haploid (gametophyte) and the diploid
(sporophyte) which is the dominant stage. How are the fern sporophyte and gametophyte stage the same? In reference to the sporophyte and gametophyte, are the stages
of the plant's life cycle thus being the same. When a plants life cycle alternates between a sporophyte and a gametophyte? photosynthesis
What is the dominant stage of the vascular plant? Sporophyte-dominant life cycle
The dominant phase of an angiosperm life cycle is the? The (2n) sporophyte is the dominant life cycle for an
angiosperm
What are the two major stages of a plant's life cycle? The Sporophyte stage and the gametophyte stage
The life cycle of plants alternates between?

The Life Cycle of Plants: Alternation of Generations | SparkNotes The Life Cycle of Plants
The Life Cycle of Plants
Bryophyte Generations
Tracheophyte Generations
 The way in which the alternation of generations occurs in plants depends on the type of plant. In bryophytes (mosses and liverworts), the dominant generation is haploid, so that the gametophyte comprises what we think of as the main plant. The opposite is true for tracheophytes (vascular plants), in which the diploid generation is dominant and the sporophyte comprises the main plant. Bryophyte Generations
Bryophytes are nonvascularized plants that are still dependent on a moist environment for survival (see Plant Classification, Bryophytes . Like all plants, the bryophyte life cycle goes through both haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) stages. The gametophyte comprises the main plant (the green moss or liverwort), while the diploid sporophyte is much smaller and is attached to the gametophyte. The haploid stage, in which a multicellular haploid gametophyte develops from a spore and produces haploid gametes, is the dominant stage in the bryophyte life cycle. The mature gametophyte produces both male and female gametes, which join to form a diploid zygote. The zygote develops into the diploid sporophyte, which extends from the gametophyte and produces haploid spores through meiosis. Once the spores germinate, they produce new gametophyte plants and the cycle continues.

The Life Cycle of Plants: Alternation of Generations | SparkNotes

The Life Cycle of Plants
The Life Cycle of Plants
Bryophyte Generations
Tracheophyte Generations

The way in which the alternation of generations occurs in plants depends on the type of plant. In bryophytes (mosses and liverworts), the dominant generation is haploid, so that the gametophyte comprises what we think of as the main plant. The opposite is true for tracheophytes (vascular plants), in which the diploid generation is dominant and the sporophyte comprises the main plant. Bryophyte Generations
Bryophytes are nonvascularized plants that are still dependent on a moist environment for survival (see Plant Classification, Bryophytes . Like all plants, the bryophyte life cycle goes through both haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) stages. The gametophyte comprises the main plant (the green moss or liverwort), while the diploid sporophyte is much smaller and is attached to the gametophyte. The haploid stage, in which a multicellular haploid gametophyte develops from a spore and produces haploid gametes, is the dominant stage in the bryophyte life cycle. The mature gametophyte produces both male and female gametes, which join to form a diploid zygote. The zygote develops into the diploid sporophyte, which extends from the gametophyte and produces haploid spores through meiosis. Once the spores germinate, they produce new gametophyte plants and the cycle continues.

 Kingdom Plantae, Part I - Bryophytes and Ferns
Kingdom

Plantae,

Part

I

-

Bryophytes

and

Ferns

I.

Introduction

II.

Objectives:

III.

Part

I

-

Bryophytes

Examination

of

living/preserved

Polytrichum:

Examination

of

prepared

moss

slides:

IV.

Part

II

-

Ferns

Examination

of

fern

sporophyte

and

section

of

sorus:

Observation

of

a

fern

gametophyte:

Fern

gametophyte

with

attached

sporophyte:

V.

Review

Questions

Other:

 Using

the

cladogram

in

Figure

1

as

a

guide,

which

structures

do

bryophytes

lack

that

all

other

plants

(ferns

and

seed

plants)

possess? List

at

least

three. The

photosynthetic

portion

of

a

bryophyte

is

called

a

thallus. Remember,

bryophytes

lack

vascular

tissue,

so

they

do

not

possess

true

leaves,

roots,

or

stems

like

vascular

plants. The

life

cycle

of

bryophytes

is

characterized

by

distinct

alternation

of

generations

in

which

the

gametophyte

is

the

dominant

stage

of

the

life

cycle. The

gametophyte

stage

is

dominant

because

it

is

larger

and

longer

lasting

than

the

sporophyte

stage,

and

the

sporophyte

is

nutritionally

dependent

on

the

gametophyte. The

gametophytes

are

either

male

or

female. Male

gametophytes

develop

male

sex

organs

called

antheridia,

which

produce

flagellated,

swimming

sperm. Female

gametophytes

develop

female

sex

organs

called

archegonia,

which

produce

eggs. Bryophytes

require

water

for

sexual

reproduction

because

the

antheridia

and

archegonia

are

on

separate

individual

gametophytes,

so

sperm

must

swim

to

the

archegonia

in

drops

of

water.

Kingdom Plantae, Part I - Bryophytes and Ferns
Kingdom

Plantae,

Part

I

-

Bryophytes

and

Ferns

I.

Introduction

II.

Objectives:

III.

Part

I

-

Bryophytes

Examination

of

living/preserved

Polytrichum:

Examination

of

prepared

moss

slides:

IV.

Part

II

-

Ferns

Examination

of

fern

sporophyte

and

section

of

sorus:

Observation

of

a

fern

gametophyte:

Fern

gametophyte

with

attached

sporophyte:

V.

Review

Questions

Other:

Using

the

cladogram

in

Figure

1

as

a

guide,

which

structures

do

bryophytes

lack

that

all

other

plants

(ferns

and

seed

plants)

possess? List

at

least

three. The

photosynthetic

portion

of

a

bryophyte

is

called

a

thallus. Remember,

bryophytes

lack

vascular

tissue,

so

they

do

not

possess

true

leaves,

roots,

or

stems

like

vascular

plants. The

life

cycle

of

bryophytes

is

characterized

by

distinct

alternation

of

generations

in

which

the

gametophyte

is

the

dominant

stage

of

the

life

cycle. The

gametophyte

stage

is

dominant

because

it

is

larger

and

longer

lasting

than

the

sporophyte

stage,

and

the

sporophyte

is

nutritionally

dependent

on

the

gametophyte. The

gametophytes

are

either

male

or

female. Male

gametophytes

develop

male

sex

organs

called

antheridia,

which

produce

flagellated,

swimming

sperm. Female

gametophytes

develop

female

sex

organs

called

archegonia,

which

produce

eggs. Bryophytes

require

water

for

sexual

reproduction

because

the

antheridia

and

archegonia

are

on

separate

individual

gametophytes,

so

sperm

must

swim

to

the

archegonia

in

drops

of

water.

Plant Classification: Bryophytes | SparkNotes Plant Classification
Plant Classification
Bryophytes
Mosses
Liverworts
 Bryophytes are dependent upon the moisture in their surroundings for both reproduction and fluid transport. The flagellated male gametes of bryophytes, like those of their aquatic ancestors, rely on water to help them move toward female gametes. Additionally, because they lack the efficient system of internal fluid transport found in tracheophytes, bryophytes require environmental moisture to ensure that all parts of the plant remain nourished. Like all plants, the bryophyte life cycle goes through both haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) stages. The haploid gametophyte comprises the main plant (the green moss or liverwort), while the diploid sporophyte is much smaller and is attached to the gametophyte. The haploid stage, in which a multicellular haploid gametophyte develops from a spore and produces haploid gametes, is the dominant stage in the bryophyte life cycle. This stands in direct contrast to the tracheophyte life cycle, in which the diploid stage is dominant. For more information about the life cycles of bryophytes and tracheophytes, see Alternation of Generations. Mosses
Together, mosses and liverworts comprise most of the phylum Bryophyta. Each moss sporophyte consists of a foot, stalk, and sporangium-containing capsule that extends outward from the "leafy" gametophyte plant.

Plant Classification: Bryophytes | SparkNotes

Plant Classification
Plant Classification
Bryophytes
Mosses
Liverworts

Bryophytes are dependent upon the moisture in their surroundings for both reproduction and fluid transport. The flagellated male gametes of bryophytes, like those of their aquatic ancestors, rely on water to help them move toward female gametes. Additionally, because they lack the efficient system of internal fluid transport found in tracheophytes, bryophytes require environmental moisture to ensure that all parts of the plant remain nourished. Like all plants, the bryophyte life cycle goes through both haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) stages. The haploid gametophyte comprises the main plant (the green moss or liverwort), while the diploid sporophyte is much smaller and is attached to the gametophyte. The haploid stage, in which a multicellular haploid gametophyte develops from a spore and produces haploid gametes, is the dominant stage in the bryophyte life cycle. This stands in direct contrast to the tracheophyte life cycle, in which the diploid stage is dominant. For more information about the life cycles of bryophytes and tracheophytes, see Alternation of Generations. Mosses
Together, mosses and liverworts comprise most of the phylum Bryophyta. Each moss sporophyte consists of a foot, stalk, and sporangium-containing capsule that extends outward from the "leafy" gametophyte plant.

Bryophyte - Definition, Characteristics, Life Cycle and Examples Bryophyte
Bryophyte
Bryophyte Definition
Bryophyte Characteristics
Bryophyte Life Cycle
Bryophyte Examples
Liverworts
Mosses
Hornworts
Quiz
References
Cite This Article
 Since bryophytes do not depend on root structures for nutrient uptake like vascular plants, they are able to survive in environments that vascular plants cannot (e.g., on the surface of rocks). All bryophytes have a dominant gametophyte stage in their life cycle. During this stage, the plant is haploid and the sex organs that produce the gametes are developed. Bryophytes are unique compared to many other plant species in that they remain in this stage for long periods. The sporophytes (the diploid form of the plant) of bryophytes are unbranched, producing a single spore-producing capsule ( sporangium ). Moreover, the sporophytes are dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition and develops within the female sex organ (archegonia). Bryophyte Life Cycle
The bryophyte lifecycle consists of alternating generations between the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte. During the gametophyte stage, haploid gametes (male and female) are formed in the specialized sex organs: the antheridia (male) and archegonia (female). The gametes consist of flagellated sperm, which swim via water or are transported by insect species.

Bryophyte - Definition, Characteristics, Life Cycle and Examples

Bryophyte
Bryophyte
Bryophyte Definition
Bryophyte Characteristics
Bryophyte Life Cycle
Bryophyte Examples
Liverworts
Mosses
Hornworts
Quiz
References
Cite This Article

Since bryophytes do not depend on root structures for nutrient uptake like vascular plants, they are able to survive in environments that vascular plants cannot (e.g., on the surface of rocks). All bryophytes have a dominant gametophyte stage in their life cycle. During this stage, the plant is haploid and the sex organs that produce the gametes are developed. Bryophytes are unique compared to many other plant species in that they remain in this stage for long periods. The sporophytes (the diploid form of the plant) of bryophytes are unbranched, producing a single spore-producing capsule ( sporangium ). Moreover, the sporophytes are dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition and develops within the female sex organ (archegonia). Bryophyte Life Cycle
The bryophyte lifecycle consists of alternating generations between the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte. During the gametophyte stage, haploid gametes (male and female) are formed in the specialized sex organs: the antheridia (male) and archegonia (female). The gametes consist of flagellated sperm, which swim via water or are transported by insect species.

The Life Cycle of Plants: Alternation of Generations | SparkNotes The Life Cycle of Plants
The Life Cycle of Plants
Biology
Alternation of Generations
Bryophyte Generations
Tracheophyte Generations
 Bryophyte Generations
Bryophytes are nonvascularized plants that are still dependent on a moist environment for survival (see Plant Classification, Bryophytes . Like all plants, the bryophyte life cycle goes through both haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) stages. The gametophyte comprises the main plant (the green moss or liverwort), while the diploid sporophyte is much smaller and is attached to the gametophyte. The haploid stage, in which a multicellular haploid gametophyte develops from a spore and produces haploid gametes, is the dominant stage in the bryophyte life cycle. The mature gametophyte produces both male and female gametes, which join to form a diploid zygote. The zygote develops into the diploid sporophyte, which extends from the gametophyte and produces haploid spores through meiosis. Once the spores germinate, they produce new gametophyte plants and the cycle continues. Tracheophyte Generations
Tracheophytes are plants that contain vascular tissue; two of the major classes of tracheophytes are gymnosperms (conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants). Tracheophytes, unlike bryophytes, have developed seeds that encase and protect their embryos.

The Life Cycle of Plants
The Life Cycle of Plants
Biology
Alternation of Generations
Bryophyte Generations
Tracheophyte Generations

Bryophyte Generations
Bryophytes are nonvascularized plants that are still dependent on a moist environment for survival (see Plant Classification, Bryophytes . Like all plants, the bryophyte life cycle goes through both haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) stages. The gametophyte comprises the main plant (the green moss or liverwort), while the diploid sporophyte is much smaller and is attached to the gametophyte. The haploid stage, in which a multicellular haploid gametophyte develops from a spore and produces haploid gametes, is the dominant stage in the bryophyte life cycle. The mature gametophyte produces both male and female gametes, which join to form a diploid zygote. The zygote develops into the diploid sporophyte, which extends from the gametophyte and produces haploid spores through meiosis. Once the spores germinate, they produce new gametophyte plants and the cycle continues. Tracheophyte Generations
Tracheophytes are plants that contain vascular tissue; two of the major classes of tracheophytes are gymnosperms (conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants). Tracheophytes, unlike bryophytes, have developed seeds that encase and protect their embryos.

Bryophyte - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Bryophyte
Bryophyte
Life cycle
References
Other websites
 It grows a tall stalk from the gametophyte. This stalk is often brown. A structure called the sporangium is at the top of the stalk. The sporangium is diploid too. It makes spores that are haploid in a process called meiosis. When the spores land on the ground, the cycle begins again. Life cycle of a dioicous bryophyte
Bryophytes are "gametophyte dominant." This phrase means when you look at a bryophyte, you are more likely to see the gametophyte. The sporophyte is less common. Sporophytes are always attached to the gametophyte.

Bryophyte - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bryophyte
Bryophyte
Life cycle
References
Other websites

It grows a tall stalk from the gametophyte. This stalk is often brown. A structure called the sporangium is at the top of the stalk. The sporangium is diploid too. It makes spores that are haploid in a process called meiosis. When the spores land on the ground, the cycle begins again. Life cycle of a dioicous bryophyte
Bryophytes are "gametophyte dominant." This phrase means when you look at a bryophyte, you are more likely to see the gametophyte. The sporophyte is less common. Sporophytes are always attached to the gametophyte.

 the haploid gametophyte stage is
dominant for these. During the life cycle of a plant gametophyte is to n as sporophyte is to? Basically, plants have two stages in their life cycle, they can
appear as a gametophyte or a sporophyte. What are the differences between the gametophyte stage and the sporophyte stage of the plant life-cycle? the gametophyte stage begins with meiosis and the sporophyte
stage begins with fertilization. What phase of the bryophyte life cycle is dominant? Bryophytes or Moss plants life cycle goes with two stages. The
two stages are the haploid (gametophyte) and the diploid
(sporophyte) which is the dominant stage. How are the fern sporophyte and gametophyte stage the same? In reference to the sporophyte and gametophyte, are the stages
of the plant's life cycle thus being the same.

the haploid gametophyte stage is
dominant for these. During the life cycle of a plant gametophyte is to n as sporophyte is to? Basically, plants have two stages in their life cycle, they can
appear as a gametophyte or a sporophyte. What are the differences between the gametophyte stage and the sporophyte stage of the plant life-cycle? the gametophyte stage begins with meiosis and the sporophyte
stage begins with fertilization. What phase of the bryophyte life cycle is dominant? Bryophytes or Moss plants life cycle goes with two stages. The
two stages are the haploid (gametophyte) and the diploid
(sporophyte) which is the dominant stage. How are the fern sporophyte and gametophyte stage the same? In reference to the sporophyte and gametophyte, are the stages
of the plant's life cycle thus being the same.

The Life Cycle of Plants: Alternation of Generations | SparkNotes The Life Cycle of Plants
The Life Cycle of Plants
Biology
Alternation of Generations
Bryophyte Generations
Tracheophyte Generations
 The multicellular haploid plant structure is called the gametophyte, which is formed from the spore and give rise to the haploid gametes. The fluctuation between these diploid and haploid stages that occurs in plants is called the alternation of generations. The way in which the alternation of generations occurs in plants depends on the type of plant. In bryophytes (mosses and liverworts), the dominant generation is haploid, so that the gametophyte comprises what we think of as the main plant. The opposite is true for tracheophytes (vascular plants), in which the diploid generation is dominant and the sporophyte comprises the main plant. Bryophyte Generations
Bryophytes are nonvascularized plants that are still dependent on a moist environment for survival (see Plant Classification, Bryophytes . Like all plants, the bryophyte life cycle goes through both haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) stages. The gametophyte comprises the main plant (the green moss or liverwort), while the diploid sporophyte is much smaller and is attached to the gametophyte. The haploid stage, in which a multicellular haploid gametophyte develops from a spore and produces haploid gametes, is the dominant stage in the bryophyte life cycle. The mature gametophyte produces both male and female gametes, which join to form a diploid zygote.

The multicellular haploid plant structure is called the gametophyte, which is formed from the spore and give rise to the haploid gametes. The fluctuation between these diploid and haploid stages that occurs in plants is called the alternation of generations. The way in which the alternation of generations occurs in plants depends on the type of plant. In bryophytes (mosses and liverworts), the dominant generation is haploid, so that the gametophyte comprises what we think of as the main plant. The opposite is true for tracheophytes (vascular plants), in which the diploid generation is dominant and the sporophyte comprises the main plant. Bryophyte Generations
Bryophytes are nonvascularized plants that are still dependent on a moist environment for survival (see Plant Classification, Bryophytes . Like all plants, the bryophyte life cycle goes through both haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) stages. The gametophyte comprises the main plant (the green moss or liverwort), while the diploid sporophyte is much smaller and is attached to the gametophyte. The haploid stage, in which a multicellular haploid gametophyte develops from a spore and produces haploid gametes, is the dominant stage in the bryophyte life cycle. The mature gametophyte produces both male and female gametes, which join to form a diploid zygote.

Life Cycle of a Plant and Alteration of Generations: Examples and Videos Plant Life Cycles and Alternation of Generations
Plant Life Cycles and Alternation of Generations
Suggested Videos
Alternation of Generations
Browse more Topics under Plant Kingdom
Know some terms
Life Cycle of a Plant
Solved Questions For You
 Bryophytes and Pteridophytes show an intermediate condition called the haplo-diplontic life cycle, where phases are multicellular. But the dominant phase differs. In Bryophytes, the dominant phase is the gametophyte and in Pteridophytes, it is the sporophyte. Solved Questions For You
Q. What generation does the flowering plants in your garden represent- Sporophyte or gametophyte? Ans. Flowering plants represent the sporophyte generation. Q. In Bryophytes which stage is dominant? Ans. Gametophyte stage is dominant in Bryophytes.

Life Cycle of a Plant and Alteration of Generations: Examples and Videos

Plant Life Cycles and Alternation of Generations
Plant Life Cycles and Alternation of Generations
Suggested Videos
Alternation of Generations
Browse more Topics under Plant Kingdom
Know some terms
Life Cycle of a Plant
Solved Questions For You

Bryophytes and Pteridophytes show an intermediate condition called the haplo-diplontic life cycle, where phases are multicellular. But the dominant phase differs. In Bryophytes, the dominant phase is the gametophyte and in Pteridophytes, it is the sporophyte. Solved Questions For You
Q. What generation does the flowering plants in your garden represent- Sporophyte or gametophyte? Ans. Flowering plants represent the sporophyte generation. Q. In Bryophytes which stage is dominant? Ans. Gametophyte stage is dominant in Bryophytes.

Plant Classification: Bryophytes | SparkNotes Plant Classification
Plant Classification
Bryophytes
Mosses
Liverworts
 The haploid stage, in which a multicellular haploid gametophyte develops from a spore and produces haploid gametes, is the dominant stage in the bryophyte life cycle. This stands in direct contrast to the tracheophyte life cycle, in which the diploid stage is dominant. For more information about the life cycles of bryophytes and tracheophytes, see Alternation of Generations. Mosses
Together, mosses and liverworts comprise most of the phylum Bryophyta. Each moss sporophyte consists of a foot, stalk, and sporangium-containing capsule that extends outward from the "leafy" gametophyte plant. These sporophytes are somewhat parasitic toward the adult gametophytes to which they are attached, even though these sporophytes are able to produce much of their own food through photosynthesis. Figure %
Liverworts
Liverworts gained their name from the liver-like lobes that characterize some types of these plants. Other types are more moss-like, growing on damp rocks or soil, and others are "leafy" and live on moist tree surfaces. Liverworts, which have a life cycle similar to that of mosses (but with simpler sporophytes), can also reproduce asexually through small structures called gemmae that are formed on the surface of the liverwort leaf. After these gemmae break free from the adult plant, they can give rise to new gametophytes on their own.

The haploid stage, in which a multicellular haploid gametophyte develops from a spore and produces haploid gametes, is the dominant stage in the bryophyte life cycle. This stands in direct contrast to the tracheophyte life cycle, in which the diploid stage is dominant. For more information about the life cycles of bryophytes and tracheophytes, see Alternation of Generations. Mosses
Together, mosses and liverworts comprise most of the phylum Bryophyta. Each moss sporophyte consists of a foot, stalk, and sporangium-containing capsule that extends outward from the "leafy" gametophyte plant. These sporophytes are somewhat parasitic toward the adult gametophytes to which they are attached, even though these sporophytes are able to produce much of their own food through photosynthesis. Figure %
Liverworts
Liverworts gained their name from the liver-like lobes that characterize some types of these plants. Other types are more moss-like, growing on damp rocks or soil, and others are "leafy" and live on moist tree surfaces. Liverworts, which have a life cycle similar to that of mosses (but with simpler sporophytes), can also reproduce asexually through small structures called gemmae that are formed on the surface of the liverwort leaf. After these gemmae break free from the adult plant, they can give rise to new gametophytes on their own.

Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations
Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations - | Study Material, Lecturing Notes, Assignment, Reference, Wiki description explanation, brief detail |
Chapter: 11th 12th standard bio zoology Human Body higher secondary school
Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations
Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations
 It is called sporophyte because it undergoes asexual reproduction to produce spores. Production of spores involves meiosis, so that there is a return to the haploid condition. The haploid spores give rise to the gametophyte generation. One of the two generations is always more conspicuous and occupies a greater proportion of the life cycle. This generation is called as the dominant generation. In all Bryophytes the gametophyte generation is dominant. In all other land plants the sporophyte generation is dominant. It is customary to place the dominant generation in the top half of the life cycle diagram. The figure given above summarises the life cycle of a typical Bryophyte. One point that must be remembered here is that gamete production involves mitosis and not meiosis as in animals.

Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations

Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations
Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations - | Study Material, Lecturing Notes, Assignment, Reference, Wiki description explanation, brief detail |
Chapter: 11th 12th standard bio zoology Human Body higher secondary school
Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations
Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations

It is called sporophyte because it undergoes asexual reproduction to produce spores. Production of spores involves meiosis, so that there is a return to the haploid condition. The haploid spores give rise to the gametophyte generation. One of the two generations is always more conspicuous and occupies a greater proportion of the life cycle. This generation is called as the dominant generation. In all Bryophytes the gametophyte generation is dominant. In all other land plants the sporophyte generation is dominant. It is customary to place the dominant generation in the top half of the life cycle diagram. The figure given above summarises the life cycle of a typical Bryophyte. One point that must be remembered here is that gamete production involves mitosis and not meiosis as in animals.

The Life Cycle of Plants: Alternation of Generations | SparkNotes The Life Cycle of Plants
The Life Cycle of Plants
Bryophyte Generations
Tracheophyte Generations
 The Life Cycle of Plants: Alternation of Generations | SparkNotes
The Life Cycle of Plants
All plants undergo a life cycle that takes them through both haploid and diploid generations. The multicellular diploid plant structure is called the sporophyte, which produces spores through meiotic (asexual) division. The multicellular haploid plant structure is called the gametophyte, which is formed from the spore and give rise to the haploid gametes. The fluctuation between these diploid and haploid stages that occurs in plants is called the alternation of generations. The way in which the alternation of generations occurs in plants depends on the type of plant. In bryophytes (mosses and liverworts), the dominant generation is haploid, so that the gametophyte comprises what we think of as the main plant. The opposite is true for tracheophytes (vascular plants), in which the diploid generation is dominant and the sporophyte comprises the main plant. Bryophyte Generations
Bryophytes are nonvascularized plants that are still dependent on a moist environment for survival (see Plant Classification, Bryophytes . Like all plants, the bryophyte life cycle goes through both haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) stages.

The Life Cycle of Plants: Alternation of Generations | SparkNotes
The Life Cycle of Plants
All plants undergo a life cycle that takes them through both haploid and diploid generations. The multicellular diploid plant structure is called the sporophyte, which produces spores through meiotic (asexual) division. The multicellular haploid plant structure is called the gametophyte, which is formed from the spore and give rise to the haploid gametes. The fluctuation between these diploid and haploid stages that occurs in plants is called the alternation of generations. The way in which the alternation of generations occurs in plants depends on the type of plant. In bryophytes (mosses and liverworts), the dominant generation is haploid, so that the gametophyte comprises what we think of as the main plant. The opposite is true for tracheophytes (vascular plants), in which the diploid generation is dominant and the sporophyte comprises the main plant. Bryophyte Generations
Bryophytes are nonvascularized plants that are still dependent on a moist environment for survival (see Plant Classification, Bryophytes . Like all plants, the bryophyte life cycle goes through both haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) stages.

BIO CRAM NOTES 2 Flashcards | Quizlet BIO CRAM NOTES 2
BIO CRAM NOTES 2
Terms in this set (18)
 sporangia ... dikaryon
mycelia ... dikaryon
hyphae ... mycelium
hyphae ... chytrid
mycelia ... hypha
hyphae ... mycelium
An important example of interaction between fungi and certain other organisms is mycorrhizae, in which the fungal partners _____. control soil nematodes
help plants take up nutrients and water
sicken herbivores that attempt to feed on plants
cause the decay of cellulose and lignin
provide carbohydrates to the plant partner
help plants take up nutrients and water
Seedless plants include _____. only lycophytes and monilophytes
bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails
bryophytes and gymnosperms
mosses and angiosperms
only nonvascular plants
bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails
Most bryophytes, such as mosses, differ from all other plants in that they _____. do not produce flowers
produce spores
lack true leaves and roots
have flagellated sperm
have cones but no seeds
lack true leaves and roots
What evolutionary development allowed plants to grow tall? sporophylls
leaves
the waxy cuticle
lignified vascular tissue
rhizoids
lignified vascular tissue
In contrast to bryophytes, in vascular plants the dominant stage of the life cycle is the _____. sporophyte
archegonium
gametophyte
antheridium
spore
sporophyte
When you look at a pine or maple tree, the plant you see is a _____. triploid endosperm
haploid sporophyte
diploid sporophyte
haploid gametophyte
diploid gametophyte
diploid sporophyte
The adaptation that made possible the colonization of dry land environments by seed plants is most likely the result of the evolution of _____. pollen
ovules
roots
cones
sporophylls
pollen
The major difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms comes from the _____. presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule
dominance or lack of dominance of the sporophyte generation
presence or absence of vascular structures
presence or absence of alternation of generations
production of microspores versus megaspores
presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule
Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have _____. a life cycle that involves alternation of generations
seeds
a vascular system
flowers
a sporophyte phase
flowers
From the human perspective, which of the following kinds of fungi would be considered the least useful or beneficial?

BIO CRAM NOTES 2 Flashcards | Quizlet

BIO CRAM NOTES 2
BIO CRAM NOTES 2
Terms in this set (18)

Which stage is the dominant stage in gymnosperms? Which stage is the dominant stage in gymnosperms?
Asked by: Yasir Tugujekov
Which stage is the dominant stage in gymnosperms?
 Gymnosperms, like all vascular plants, have a life cycle that is sporophyte-dominant. Also Know, in which group of plants is the Gametophyte the dominant stage? Thus, the gametophyte stage is dominant in the more primitive (nonvascular) plants (bryophytes), whereas the sporophyte is the dominant phase in the life cycle of higher (i.e., vascular) plants. In algae, the dominant phase often depends on environmental conditions, though some species have determinant life cycles. Consequently, what is the dominant stage in angiosperms? Angiosperms are vascular plants, and all vascular plants have a life cycle in which the sporophyte phase (vegetative body) is the dominant phase and the gametophyte phase remains diminutive. Which life stage in alternation of generations is dominant in gymnosperms and angiosperms plants with seeds )? In bryophytes, such as mosses and liverworts, the gametophyte is the dominant life phase, whereas in angiosperms and gymnosperms the sporophyte is dominant.

Which stage is the dominant stage in gymnosperms?

Which stage is the dominant stage in gymnosperms?
Asked by: Yasir Tugujekov
Which stage is the dominant stage in gymnosperms?

Gymnosperms, like all vascular plants, have a life cycle that is sporophyte-dominant. Also Know, in which group of plants is the Gametophyte the dominant stage? Thus, the gametophyte stage is dominant in the more primitive (nonvascular) plants (bryophytes), whereas the sporophyte is the dominant phase in the life cycle of higher (i.e., vascular) plants. In algae, the dominant phase often depends on environmental conditions, though some species have determinant life cycles. Consequently, what is the dominant stage in angiosperms? Angiosperms are vascular plants, and all vascular plants have a life cycle in which the sporophyte phase (vegetative body) is the dominant phase and the gametophyte phase remains diminutive. Which life stage in alternation of generations is dominant in gymnosperms and angiosperms plants with seeds )? In bryophytes, such as mosses and liverworts, the gametophyte is the dominant life phase, whereas in angiosperms and gymnosperms the sporophyte is dominant.

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Why is one phase of a plant dominant (Alternation of generation)?
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Short answer: Many of the evolutionary developments in plants developed in the sporophyte life stage. Because increased fitness of these increasingly sporophyte-"dominant" plants would result in a greater survival and reproductive success, these plants became more dominant than the more-limited gametophyte-dominant early plants. In other words, natural selection of the fittest plants (which happen to have sporophyte traits increasingly adapated for living on land) likely led to the dominance in the sporophyte life stage. Long Answer: I would suspect this is due to the evolutionary advantages that are associated with the sporophyte life stage in land plants. Multiple advantages developed in the sporophyte stage of plants as they evolved from simple gametophyte-dominant bryophyte ancestors to the vast array of much more successful and dominant ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Shift from gametophyte-dominated life cycle (in bryophytes) to sporophyte-dominated life cycle. Source: Cengage Learning (2016)
Evolutionary developments that have occurred across almost 500 million years in land plants include the development of stomata, true leaves, pollen and seeds, and flowers and fruits.

evolution - Why is one phase of a plant dominant (Alternation of generation)? - Biology Stack Exchange

Why is one phase of a plant dominant (Alternation of generation)?
1 Answer
1
Short answer:
Long Answer:
For further reading:
Your Answer
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged evolution botany evolutionary-game-theory life-history or ask your own question.

The Life Cycle Of A Plant: How Plants Reproduce – All Major Plant Groups The Life Cycle Of A Plant: How Plants Reproduce
The Life Cycle Of A Plant: How Plants Reproduce
The Life Cycle Of A Plant: How Plants Reproduce
Page Index
Other Botany Pages on Active Wild
Basic Plant Life Cycle
Alternation of Generations
One Generation Reduced In Size
Self-Fertilization
The Life Cycle Of A Flowering Plant (Angiosperm)
Male Parts Of A Flower
Female Parts Of A Flower
Pollination
The Life Cycle Of A Gymnosperm
The Life Cycle Of Pteridophytes (Seedless Vascular Plants)
The Life Cycle Of Bryophytes (Non-Vascular Seedless Plants)
Life Cycle Of Moss
The Life Cycle Of A Plant: Conclusion
Main Points:
 When a male reproductive cell ( sperm) produced by a gametophyte fuses with a female reproductive cell ( egg) produced by a gametophyte of the same species, the result is a diploid cell called a zygote. This zygote develops and grows via mitosis into a sporophyte, thereby completing the plant’s life cycle. Moss (Leucolepis acanthoneuron) in its gametophyte phase (the dominant phase in the life cycle of bryophytes). One Generation Reduced In Size
In many plant groups, the members of one generation are reduced in size (often to just a few cells) and, rather than growing independently, develop inside the bodies of members of the other generation. For example, the gametophytes of angiosperms (flowering plants) and gymnosperms (plants such as conifers) are much reduced in size, comprising of just a few cells. In these plant groups, the male gametophyte is carried by pollen and develops within the stigma of a sporophyte, while the female gametophyte develops within the ovule (the egg-producing organ) of a sporophyte. The angiosperm and gymnosperm plants that we see around us are in their sporophyte phase. In bryophytes such as moss, the gametophyte stage is phase is the dominant phase. Self-Fertilization
Many species of plants produce individuals with both male and female parts. This can result in self-fertilization, which occurs when a plant’s sperm fertilizes its own eggs.

The Life Cycle Of A Plant: How Plants Reproduce – All Major Plant Groups

The Life Cycle Of A Plant: How Plants Reproduce
The Life Cycle Of A Plant: How Plants Reproduce
The Life Cycle Of A Plant: How Plants Reproduce
Page Index
Other Botany Pages on Active Wild
Basic Plant Life Cycle
Alternation of Generations
One Generation Reduced In Size
Self-Fertilization
The Life Cycle Of A Flowering Plant (Angiosperm)
Male Parts Of A Flower
Female Parts Of A Flower
Pollination
The Life Cycle Of A Gymnosperm
The Life Cycle Of Pteridophytes (Seedless Vascular Plants)
The Life Cycle Of Bryophytes (Non-Vascular Seedless Plants)
Life Cycle Of Moss
The Life Cycle Of A Plant: Conclusion
Main Points:

Bryophytes: Classification, Characteristics, Economic importance, Examples Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Table of Content
Why are bryophytes called amphibians of plants?
General Characteristics of Bryophytes:
Characteristics Of Bryophytes
Classification Of Bryophytes
Examples of Bryophytes
– Liverworts:
– Mosses:
– Hornworts:
Ecological Importance of Bryophytes
Importance of Bryophytes
 They don’t produce flowers and seeds, instead, reproduce through spores. The study of bryophytes is called bryology. Table of Content
Characteristics Of Bryophytes
Classification Of Bryophytes
Examples
Ecological Importance
Economic Importance
Why are bryophytes called amphibians of plants? Bryophytes are called “amphibians of the plant kingdom” because they are terrestrial plants, but require water to complete their life cycle at the time of sexual reproduction. General Characteristics of Bryophytes: Plants occur in damp and shaded areas
The plant body is thallus like, i.e. prostrate or erect
It is attached to the substratum by rhizoids, which are unicellular or multicellular
They lack true vegetative structure and have a root-like, stem-like and leaf-like structure
Plants lack the vascular system (xylem, phloem)
Bryophytes show alternation of generation between independent gametophyte with sex organs, which produces sperm and eggs and dependent sporophyte which contains spores
The dominant part of the plant body is gametophyte which is haploid
The thalloid gametophyte is differentiated into rhizoids, axis and leaves
The gametophyte bears multicellular sex organs and is photosynthetic
The antheridium produces antherozoids, which are biflagellated
The shape of an archegonium is like a flask and produces one egg
The antherozoids fuse with egg to form a zygote
The zygote develops into a multicellular sporophyte
The sporophyte is semi-parasitic and dependent on the gametophyte for its nutrition
Cells of sporophyte undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes which form a gametophyte
The juvenile gametophyte is known as protonema
The sporophyte is differentiated into foot, seta and capsule
The life cycle of bryophytes
Characteristics Of Bryophytes
Classification Of Bryophytes
According to the latest classification, Bryophyta is divided into three classes: Hepaticopsida (Liverworts)
Anthocerotopsida (Hornworts)
Bryopsida (Mosses)
A. Hepaticopsida (Liverworts): The name hepaticopsida comes from the word “hepatic” meaning liver. Liverworts come under this class. Hepaticopsida is further divided into 4 orders:

Bryophytes: Classification, Characteristics, Economic importance, Examples

Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Table of Content
Why are bryophytes called amphibians of plants?
General Characteristics of Bryophytes:
Characteristics Of Bryophytes
Classification Of Bryophytes
Examples of Bryophytes
– Liverworts:
– Mosses:
– Hornworts:
Ecological Importance of Bryophytes
Importance of Bryophytes

Which stage is the dominant stage in gymnosperms? Which stage is the dominant stage in gymnosperms?
Asked by: Yasir Tugujekov
Which stage is the dominant stage in gymnosperms?
 Tha dominate stage in gymnosperms is the "sporophyte stage". Plants such as vascular plants, which are non-flowering, which can reproduce by cones would be an example of the gymnosperm. Click to see full answer. Simply so, what is the dominant stage in gymnosperms? The dominant stage in gymnosperms is sporophyte. Gymnosperms, like all vascular plants, have a life cycle that is sporophyte-dominant. Also Know, in which group of plants is the Gametophyte the dominant stage? Thus, the gametophyte stage is dominant in the more primitive (nonvascular) plants (bryophytes), whereas the sporophyte is the dominant phase in the life cycle of higher (i.e., vascular) plants. In algae, the dominant phase often depends on environmental conditions, though some species have determinant life cycles. Consequently, what is the dominant stage in angiosperms?

Tha dominate stage in gymnosperms is the "sporophyte stage". Plants such as vascular plants, which are non-flowering, which can reproduce by cones would be an example of the gymnosperm. Click to see full answer. Simply so, what is the dominant stage in gymnosperms? The dominant stage in gymnosperms is sporophyte. Gymnosperms, like all vascular plants, have a life cycle that is sporophyte-dominant. Also Know, in which group of plants is the Gametophyte the dominant stage? Thus, the gametophyte stage is dominant in the more primitive (nonvascular) plants (bryophytes), whereas the sporophyte is the dominant phase in the life cycle of higher (i.e., vascular) plants. In algae, the dominant phase often depends on environmental conditions, though some species have determinant life cycles. Consequently, what is the dominant stage in angiosperms?

Life Cycle of Bryophytes - Meaning & Life Cycle - Biology Reader Life Cycle of Bryophytes
Life Cycle of Bryophytes
Content: Life Cycle of Bryophytes
Meaning of Bryophytes
Life Cycle
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Gametophyte Stage
Sporophyte Stage
Conclusion
 Life Cycle of Bryophytes - Meaning & Life Cycle - Biology Reader
Life Cycle of Bryophytes
Leave a Comment / Botany / By Supriya N
The life cycle of bryophytes has two alternations of generations, one is haploid gametophyte generation and the other is diploid saprophytic generation. In both the life cycle, the bryophytes possess different morphology and physiological functions. Between these two alternations of generation, the haploid gametophyte phase lasts longer or dominates the diploid saprophytic phase. Gametophytes (male and female gametes) are developed by the heterosporous (two types) bryophytes, where one kind of spore develops a male gametophyte, while the other develops a female gametophyte. Content: Life Cycle of Bryophytes
Meaning
Life Cycle
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Conclusion
Meaning of Bryophytes
Bryophytes are the terrestrial, non-vascular plants that grow in damp or humid habitats and reproduce via spore generation instead from seed germination. Mosses, hornworts, and liverworts are the three common plants that come under the bryophyte group. There is one thing in common among the non vascular plants (mosses, liverworts and hornworts) that all possess small leaves, but lacks flowers, wood and true root system. In addition, the bryophytes possess dual generations (gametophytic and sporophytic phase) in their life cycle. Unlike vascular plants, bryophytes can survive in variety of habitats (rocks, roof , bare soil etc.)

Life Cycle of Bryophytes - Meaning & Life Cycle - Biology Reader

Life Cycle of Bryophytes
Life Cycle of Bryophytes
Content: Life Cycle of Bryophytes
Meaning of Bryophytes
Life Cycle
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Gametophyte Stage
Sporophyte Stage
Conclusion

Alternation of Generation in Plants (Metagenesis) | Botany Today Alternation of Generation in Plants (Metagenesis)
Alternation of Generation in Plants (Metagenesis)
Important Points in Alternation of Generation
Features of a Gametophyte
Features of a Sporophyte
Different Types of Life Cycle
Haplontic Life Cycle
Diplontic Life Cycle
Haplodiplontic Life Cycle
 This life cycle is seen in some algae such as Volvox and Spirogyra. Diplontic Life Cycle
In this cycle, the gametophytic phase is a haploid gametophyte that can be single-celled or few-celled. Here the diploid sporophytic phase is photosynthetic, dominant and independent of the gametophyte. This kind of life cycle is found in an alga (Fucus), in all gymnosperms and angiosperms. Haplodiplontic Life Cycle
This is an intermediate between haplontic and diplontic life cycle. Here both the phases are multicellular. This life cycle is found in bryophytes and pteridophytes. The diploid sporophyte is the dominating phase and photosynthetic in pteridophytes while the haploid gametophyte with photosynthetic phase is found in bryophytes. In pteridophytes, the gametophyte is multicellular while in bryophytes, the sporophyte is multicellular and short lived.

Alternation of Generation in Plants (Metagenesis) | Botany Today

Alternation of Generation in Plants (Metagenesis)
Alternation of Generation in Plants (Metagenesis)
Important Points in Alternation of Generation
Features of a Gametophyte
Features of a Sporophyte
Different Types of Life Cycle
Haplontic Life Cycle
Diplontic Life Cycle
Haplodiplontic Life Cycle

This life cycle is seen in some algae such as Volvox and Spirogyra. Diplontic Life Cycle
In this cycle, the gametophytic phase is a haploid gametophyte that can be single-celled or few-celled. Here the diploid sporophytic phase is photosynthetic, dominant and independent of the gametophyte. This kind of life cycle is found in an alga (Fucus), in all gymnosperms and angiosperms. Haplodiplontic Life Cycle
This is an intermediate between haplontic and diplontic life cycle. Here both the phases are multicellular. This life cycle is found in bryophytes and pteridophytes. The diploid sporophyte is the dominating phase and photosynthetic in pteridophytes while the haploid gametophyte with photosynthetic phase is found in bryophytes. In pteridophytes, the gametophyte is multicellular while in bryophytes, the sporophyte is multicellular and short lived.

Marchantia: Classification, Characteristics, Reproduction and Life cycle Marchantia
Marchantia
Table of Contents
Classification of Marchantia
Marchantia Characteristics
Marchantia Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Gemmae
Sexual Reproduction
Fertilization
Sporophyte
Marchantia Life Cycle
Frequently Asked Questions
Is marchantia a bryophyte?
How many types of Rhizoids are seen in marchantia?
Why is marchantia called liverworts?
What are the 3 types of bryophytes?
What is Gemmae in marchantia?
Also Check:
 Marchantia: Classification, Characteristics, Reproduction and Life cycle
NEET
NEET Study Material
NEET Biology
Marchantia
Marchantia
Marchantia is a genus of bryophytes. They are liverworts and found in moist and shady places. They lack true roots, stem and leaves. The plant body is thalloid. Table of Contents
Classification
Characteristics
Reproduction
Asexual
Sexual
Life Cycle
Bryophytes are known as the amphibians of the plant kingdom as they require water to reproduce sexually and complete their life cycle. Marchantia reproduce asexually as well as sexually. The life cycle is haplodiplontic and the haploid gametophyte is the dominant phase. The diploid sporophyte is short-lived and dependent on the gametophyte. Classification of Marchantia
Marchantia is classified under division Hepaticophyta, which includes all the liverworts.

Marchantia: Classification, Characteristics, Reproduction and Life cycle

Marchantia
Marchantia
Table of Contents
Classification of Marchantia
Marchantia Characteristics
Marchantia Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Gemmae
Sexual Reproduction
Fertilization
Sporophyte
Marchantia Life Cycle
Frequently Asked Questions
Is marchantia a bryophyte?
How many types of Rhizoids are seen in marchantia?
Why is marchantia called liverworts?
What are the 3 types of bryophytes?
What is Gemmae in marchantia?
Also Check:

Marchantia: Classification, Characteristics, Reproduction and Life cycle
NEET
NEET Study Material
NEET Biology
Marchantia
Marchantia
Marchantia is a genus of bryophytes. They are liverworts and found in moist and shady places. They lack true roots, stem and leaves. The plant body is thalloid. Table of Contents
Classification
Characteristics
Reproduction
Asexual
Sexual
Life Cycle
Bryophytes are known as the amphibians of the plant kingdom as they require water to reproduce sexually and complete their life cycle. Marchantia reproduce asexually as well as sexually. The life cycle is haplodiplontic and the haploid gametophyte is the dominant phase. The diploid sporophyte is short-lived and dependent on the gametophyte. Classification of Marchantia
Marchantia is classified under division Hepaticophyta, which includes all the liverworts.

Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples) - Viva Differences Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples)
Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples)
What Are Bryophytes?
What You Need To Know About Bryophytes
What Are Pteridophytes?
What You Need To Know About Pteridophtes
Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes In Tabular Form
Similarities between Bryophytes and Pteridophytes
Summary
 Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples) - Viva Differences
Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples)
What Are Bryophytes? Bryophytes are a group of plant species that reproduce via spores rather than flowers or seeds. Most of bryophytes are found in damp environments and lack specialized water-conducting tissues. Examples of bryophytes include: liverworts, the mosses and hornworts. Many bryophytes usually have the following characteristics: The sporophytes of bryophytes are unbranched, producing a single spore-producing capsule known as sporangium. They all have a dominant gametophyte stage in their life cycle. They do not have roots, but have rhizoids which are relatively simple. They grow primarily in damp environments.

Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples) - Viva Differences

Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples)
Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples)
What Are Bryophytes?
What You Need To Know About Bryophytes
What Are Pteridophytes?
What You Need To Know About Pteridophtes
Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes In Tabular Form
Similarities between Bryophytes and Pteridophytes
Summary

Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples) - Viva Differences
Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples)
What Are Bryophytes? Bryophytes are a group of plant species that reproduce via spores rather than flowers or seeds. Most of bryophytes are found in damp environments and lack specialized water-conducting tissues. Examples of bryophytes include: liverworts, the mosses and hornworts. Many bryophytes usually have the following characteristics: The sporophytes of bryophytes are unbranched, producing a single spore-producing capsule known as sporangium. They all have a dominant gametophyte stage in their life cycle. They do not have roots, but have rhizoids which are relatively simple. They grow primarily in damp environments.

Bryophyte - Wikipedia Bryophyte
Bryophyte
Contents
Terminology
Features
Habitat
Life cycle
Sexuality
Classification and phylogeny
Paraphyletic view
Other views
Evolution
Similarities to algae and vascular plants
Comparative morphology
Uses
Environmental
Commercial
See also
References
Bibliography
External links
 Bryophytes can survive on rocks and bare soil. Life cycle
See also: Alternation of generations
The life cycle of a dioicous bryophyte. The gametophyte (haploid) structures are shown in green, the sporophyte (diploid) in brown. Like all land plants (embryophytes), bryophytes have life cycles with alternation of generations. In each cycle, a haploid gametophyte, each of whose cells contains a fixed number of unpaired chromosomes, alternates with a diploid sporophyte, whose cell contain two sets of paired chromosomes. Gametophytes produce haploid sperm and eggs which fuse to form diploid zygotes that grow into sporophytes. Sporophytes produce haploid spores by meiosis, that grow into gametophytes. Bryophytes are gametophyte dominant, meaning that the more prominent, longer-lived plant is the haploid gametophyte. The diploid sporophytes appear only occasionally and remain attached to and nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte.

Bryophyte - Wikipedia

Bryophyte
Bryophyte
Contents
Terminology
Features
Habitat
Life cycle
Sexuality
Classification and phylogeny
Paraphyletic view
Other views
Evolution
Similarities to algae and vascular plants
Comparative morphology
Uses
Environmental
Commercial
See also
References
Bibliography
External links

Bryophytes can survive on rocks and bare soil. Life cycle
See also: Alternation of generations
The life cycle of a dioicous bryophyte. The gametophyte (haploid) structures are shown in green, the sporophyte (diploid) in brown. Like all land plants (embryophytes), bryophytes have life cycles with alternation of generations. In each cycle, a haploid gametophyte, each of whose cells contains a fixed number of unpaired chromosomes, alternates with a diploid sporophyte, whose cell contain two sets of paired chromosomes. Gametophytes produce haploid sperm and eggs which fuse to form diploid zygotes that grow into sporophytes. Sporophytes produce haploid spores by meiosis, that grow into gametophytes. Bryophytes are gametophyte dominant, meaning that the more prominent, longer-lived plant is the haploid gametophyte. The diploid sporophytes appear only occasionally and remain attached to and nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte.

Life Cycle of a Plant and Alteration of Generations: Examples and Videos Plant Life Cycles and Alternation of Generations
Plant Life Cycles and Alternation of Generations
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Alternation of Generations
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Life Cycle of a Plant
Solved Questions For You
 The gametophyte is the dominant phase. The diplontic life cycle is commonly seen in gymnosperms and angiosperms with some variations. However, an Alga called Fucus also shows this kind of life cycle. In a diplontic life cycle, the diploid sporophyte is dominant, photosynthetic and is the independent phase of the plant. The gametophyte stage is characterized by a single to a few-celled haploid gametophyte. Bryophytes and Pteridophytes show an intermediate condition called the haplo-diplontic life cycle, where phases are multicellular. But the dominant phase differs. In Bryophytes, the dominant phase is the gametophyte and in Pteridophytes, it is the sporophyte. Solved Questions For You
Q. What generation does the flowering plants in your garden represent- Sporophyte or gametophyte? Ans.

The gametophyte is the dominant phase. The diplontic life cycle is commonly seen in gymnosperms and angiosperms with some variations. However, an Alga called Fucus also shows this kind of life cycle. In a diplontic life cycle, the diploid sporophyte is dominant, photosynthetic and is the independent phase of the plant. The gametophyte stage is characterized by a single to a few-celled haploid gametophyte. Bryophytes and Pteridophytes show an intermediate condition called the haplo-diplontic life cycle, where phases are multicellular. But the dominant phase differs. In Bryophytes, the dominant phase is the gametophyte and in Pteridophytes, it is the sporophyte. Solved Questions For You
Q. What generation does the flowering plants in your garden represent- Sporophyte or gametophyte? Ans.

What is the Difference Between Gamete and Gametophyte - Pediaa.Com What is the Difference Between Gamete and Gametophyte
What is the Difference Between Gamete and Gametophyte
Key Areas Covered
Key Terms
What is a Gamete
What is a Gametophyte
Similarities Between Gamete and Gametophyte
Difference Between Gamete and Gametophyte
Definition
Significance
Number of Cells
Occurrence
Arise from
Function
Differentiation
Conclusion
References:
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 Moreover, gametophyte is a multicellular structure, which contains male and female sex organs responsible for the production of gametes. These sex organs are commonly known as gametangia and they undergo mitosis to produce haploid gametes. The zygote produced by the fertilization of gametes then gives rise to the sporophyte, which is diploid. Figure 2: Gametophyte
Moreover, the gametophyte of bryophytes and algae is the dominant phase of the life cycle while in other plants, the dominant phase of the life cycle is the sporophyte. Also, some bryophytes including liverworts develop male and female gametophytes separately by the germination of microspores and megaspores respectively. Other plants excluding seed plants produce independent gametophytes from their sporophytes. However, seed plants develop gametophytes at the microscopic level. Similarities Between Gamete and Gametophyte
Gamete and gametophyte are two related structures of plants, which undergo the alteration of generations. They collectively form the haploid or gametophyte phase of the life cycle.

What is the Difference Between Gamete and Gametophyte - Pediaa.Com

What is the Difference Between Gamete and Gametophyte
What is the Difference Between Gamete and Gametophyte
Key Areas Covered
Key Terms
What is a Gamete
What is a Gametophyte
Similarities Between Gamete and Gametophyte
Difference Between Gamete and Gametophyte
Definition
Significance
Number of Cells
Occurrence
Arise from
Function
Differentiation
Conclusion
References:
Image Courtesy:
About the Author: Lakna
Leave a Reply
Cancel reply

Moreover, gametophyte is a multicellular structure, which contains male and female sex organs responsible for the production of gametes. These sex organs are commonly known as gametangia and they undergo mitosis to produce haploid gametes. The zygote produced by the fertilization of gametes then gives rise to the sporophyte, which is diploid. Figure 2: Gametophyte
Moreover, the gametophyte of bryophytes and algae is the dominant phase of the life cycle while in other plants, the dominant phase of the life cycle is the sporophyte. Also, some bryophytes including liverworts develop male and female gametophytes separately by the germination of microspores and megaspores respectively. Other plants excluding seed plants produce independent gametophytes from their sporophytes. However, seed plants develop gametophytes at the microscopic level. Similarities Between Gamete and Gametophyte
Gamete and gametophyte are two related structures of plants, which undergo the alteration of generations. They collectively form the haploid or gametophyte phase of the life cycle.

Bryophyte - Wikipedia Bryophyte
Bryophyte
Contents
Terminology
Features
Habitat
Life cycle
Sexuality
Classification and phylogeny
Paraphyletic view
Other views
Evolution
Similarities to algae and vascular plants
Comparative morphology
Uses
Environmental
Commercial
See also
References
Bibliography
External links
 G.M. Smith placed this group between Algae and Pteridophyta. Features
The defining features of bryophytes are: Their life cycles are dominated by a multicellular gametophyte stage
Their sporophytes are unbranched
They do not have a true vascular tissue containing lignin (although some have specialized tissues for the transport of water)
Habitat
Bryophytes exist in a wide variety of habitats. They can be found growing in a range of temperatures (cold arctics and in hot deserts), elevations (sea-level to alpine), and moisture (dry deserts to wet rainforests). Bryophytes can grow where vascularized plants cannot because they do not depend on roots for an uptake of nutrients from soil. Bryophytes can survive on rocks and bare soil. Life cycle
See also: Alternation of generations
The life cycle of a dioicous bryophyte. The gametophyte (haploid) structures are shown in green, the sporophyte (diploid) in brown. Like all land plants (embryophytes), bryophytes have life cycles with alternation of generations.

Bryophyte - Wikipedia

G.M. Smith placed this group between Algae and Pteridophyta. Features
The defining features of bryophytes are: Their life cycles are dominated by a multicellular gametophyte stage
Their sporophytes are unbranched
They do not have a true vascular tissue containing lignin (although some have specialized tissues for the transport of water)
Habitat
Bryophytes exist in a wide variety of habitats. They can be found growing in a range of temperatures (cold arctics and in hot deserts), elevations (sea-level to alpine), and moisture (dry deserts to wet rainforests). Bryophytes can grow where vascularized plants cannot because they do not depend on roots for an uptake of nutrients from soil. Bryophytes can survive on rocks and bare soil. Life cycle
See also: Alternation of generations
The life cycle of a dioicous bryophyte. The gametophyte (haploid) structures are shown in green, the sporophyte (diploid) in brown. Like all land plants (embryophytes), bryophytes have life cycles with alternation of generations.

Evolution of Seed Plants – Biology 2e 132
Evolution of Seed Plants

132 Evolution of Seed Plants
Learning Objectives
Evolution of Gymnosperms
Conifers. This boreal forest (taiga) has low-lying plants and conifer trees. (credit: L.B. Brubaker, NOAA)
Seeds and Pollen as an Evolutionary Adaptation to Dry Land
Evolution of Angiosperms
Flowers and Fruits as an Evolutionary Adaptation
Evolution Connection
Section Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Glossary
 Evolution of Seed Plants – Biology 2e
Seed Plants
132 Evolution of Seed Plants
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: Describe the two major innovations that allowed seed plants to reproduce in the absence of water
Explain when seed plants first appeared and when gymnosperms became the dominant plant group
Discuss the purpose of pollen grains and seeds
Describe the significance of angiosperms bearing both flowers and fruit
The first plants to colonize land were most likely related to the ancestors of modern day mosses (bryophytes), which are thought to have appeared about 500 million years ago. They were followed by liverworts (also bryophytes) and primitive vascular plants—the pterophytes—from which modern ferns are descended. The life cycle of bryophytes and pterophytes is characterized by the alternation of generations, which is also exhibited in the gymnosperms and angiosperms. However, what sets bryophytes and pterophytes apart from gymnosperms and angiosperms is their reproductive requirement for water. The completion of the bryophyte and pterophyte life cycle requires water because the male gametophyte releases flagellated sperm, which must swim to reach and fertilize the female gamete or egg. After fertilization, the zygote undergoes cellular division and grows into a diploid sporophyte, which in turn will form sporangia or “spore vessels.” In the sporangia, mother cells undergo meiosis and produce the haploid spores. Release of spores in a suitable environment will lead to germination and a new generation of gametophytes. In seed plants, the evolutionary trend led to a dominant sporophyte generation accompanied by a corresponding reduction in the size of the gametophyte from a conspicuous structure to a microscopic cluster of cells enclosed in the tissues of the sporophyte.

Evolution of Seed Plants – Biology 2e

132
Evolution of Seed Plants

132 Evolution of Seed Plants
Learning Objectives
Evolution of Gymnosperms
Conifers. This boreal forest (taiga) has low-lying plants and conifer trees. (credit: L.B. Brubaker, NOAA)
Seeds and Pollen as an Evolutionary Adaptation to Dry Land
Evolution of Angiosperms
Flowers and Fruits as an Evolutionary Adaptation
Evolution Connection
Section Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Glossary

Bryophytes | Basic Biology Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Where are bryophytes found?
How old are bryophytes?
How did bryophytes evolve?
How big are bryophytes?
How does their life-cycle work?
Why are bryophytes important?
 Bryophytes | Basic Biology
Bryophytes
Bryophytes are a division of plants that includes all non-vascular, land plants. They can be split into three groups: mosses, hornworts and liverworts. Although each group is genetically very different, they each share some common adaptations which have led to them being clumped together as bryophytes. Bryophytes have a set of common features that help to distinguish them from all other land plants. Bryophytes don’t have vascular tissue. Bryophytes all reproduce using spores rather than seeds and don’t produce wood, fruit or flowers. Their life-cycle is dominated by a gametophyte generation which provides support and nutrients for the spore producing growth form known as the sporophyte. Some bryophyte species have evolved special tissue which allows them to transport water and other substances through their tissue. However, the tissue doesn’t contain lignin, an essential protein found in true vascular tissue.

Bryophytes | Basic Biology

Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Where are bryophytes found?
How old are bryophytes?
How did bryophytes evolve?
How big are bryophytes?
How does their life-cycle work?
Why are bryophytes important?

Bryophytes | Basic Biology
Bryophytes
Bryophytes are a division of plants that includes all non-vascular, land plants. They can be split into three groups: mosses, hornworts and liverworts. Although each group is genetically very different, they each share some common adaptations which have led to them being clumped together as bryophytes. Bryophytes have a set of common features that help to distinguish them from all other land plants. Bryophytes don’t have vascular tissue. Bryophytes all reproduce using spores rather than seeds and don’t produce wood, fruit or flowers. Their life-cycle is dominated by a gametophyte generation which provides support and nutrients for the spore producing growth form known as the sporophyte. Some bryophyte species have evolved special tissue which allows them to transport water and other substances through their tissue. However, the tissue doesn’t contain lignin, an essential protein found in true vascular tissue.

Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples) - Viva Differences Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples)
Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples)
What Are Bryophytes?
What You Need To Know About Bryophytes
What Are Pteridophytes?
What You Need To Know About Pteridophtes
Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes In Tabular Form
Similarities between Bryophytes and Pteridophytes
Summary
 Many bryophytes usually have the following characteristics: The sporophytes of bryophytes are unbranched, producing a single spore-producing capsule known as sporangium. They all have a dominant gametophyte stage in their life cycle. They do not have roots, but have rhizoids which are relatively simple. They grow primarily in damp environments. They are nonvascular land plants. Funira, An Example of Bryophytes
What You Need To Know About Bryophytes
Bryophytes are embryophytes that are non-vascular in other words; they have no xylem and phloem. Prominent phase in the life of bryophytes is haploid gametophyte. Gametophyte and Sporophyte in bryophytes are physically connected unlike in the pteridophytes.

Many bryophytes usually have the following characteristics: The sporophytes of bryophytes are unbranched, producing a single spore-producing capsule known as sporangium. They all have a dominant gametophyte stage in their life cycle. They do not have roots, but have rhizoids which are relatively simple. They grow primarily in damp environments. They are nonvascular land plants. Funira, An Example of Bryophytes
What You Need To Know About Bryophytes
Bryophytes are embryophytes that are non-vascular in other words; they have no xylem and phloem. Prominent phase in the life of bryophytes is haploid gametophyte. Gametophyte and Sporophyte in bryophytes are physically connected unlike in the pteridophytes.

 Kingdom Plantae, Part I - Bryophytes and Ferns
Kingdom

Plantae,

Part

I

-

Bryophytes

and

Ferns

I.

Introduction

II.

Objectives:

III.

Part

I

-

Bryophytes

Examination

of

living/preserved

Polytrichum:

Examination

of

prepared

moss

slides:

IV.

Part

II

-

Ferns

Examination

of

fern

sporophyte

and

section

of

sorus:

Observation

of

a

fern

gametophyte:

Fern

gametophyte

with

attached

sporophyte:

V.

Review

Questions

Other:

 Green

Algae

are

multicellular,

photosynthetic

protists,

but

lack

many

of

the

adaptations

that

plants

have

for

living

on

dry

land. Using

the

cladogram

in

Figure

1

as

a

guide,

we

see

5

traits

that

bryophytes

possess,

but

green

algae

lack. These

include,

an

alternation

of

generations

lifecycle,

apical

cell

division,

a

waxy

cuticle,

and

multicellular

gamete

producing

structures

(antheridia

and

archegonia). What

advantage

does

a

waxy

cuticle

give

to

a

land

plant

that

a

green

algae

lacks? What

advantage(s)

does

multicellular

gametangia

give

to

a

land

plant

that

a

green

algae

lacks? Using

the

cladogram

in

Figure

1

as

a

guide,

which

structures

do

bryophytes

lack

that

all

other

plants

(ferns

and

seed

plants)

possess? List

at

least

three. The

photosynthetic

portion

of

a

bryophyte

is

called

a

thallus. Remember,

bryophytes

lack

vascular

tissue,

so

they

do

not

possess

true

leaves,

roots,

or

stems

like

vascular

plants. The

life

cycle

of

bryophytes

is

characterized

by

distinct

alternation

of

generations

in

which

the

gametophyte

is

the

dominant

stage

of

the

life

cycle.

Kingdom Plantae, Part I - Bryophytes and Ferns
Kingdom

Plantae,

Part

I

-

Bryophytes

and

Ferns

I.

Introduction

II.

Objectives:

III.

Part

I

-

Bryophytes

Examination

of

living/preserved

Polytrichum:

Examination

of

prepared

moss

slides:

IV.

Part

II

-

Ferns

Examination

of

fern

sporophyte

and

section

of

sorus:

Observation

of

a

fern

gametophyte:

Fern

gametophyte

with

attached

sporophyte:

V.

Review

Questions

Other:

Green

Algae

are

multicellular,

photosynthetic

protists,

but

lack

many

of

the

adaptations

that

plants

have

for

living

on

dry

land. Using

the

cladogram

in

Figure

1

as

a

guide,

we

see

5

traits

that

bryophytes

possess,

but

green

algae

lack. These

include,

an

alternation

of

generations

lifecycle,

apical

cell

division,

a

waxy

cuticle,

and

multicellular

gamete

producing

structures

(antheridia

and

archegonia). What

advantage

does

a

waxy

cuticle

give

to

a

land

plant

that

a

green

algae

lacks? What

advantage(s)

does

multicellular

gametangia

give

to

a

land

plant

that

a

green

algae

lacks? Using

the

cladogram

in

Figure

1

as

a

guide,

which

structures

do

bryophytes

lack

that

all

other

plants

(ferns

and

seed

plants)

possess? List

at

least

three. The

photosynthetic

portion

of

a

bryophyte

is

called

a

thallus. Remember,

bryophytes

lack

vascular

tissue,

so

they

do

not

possess

true

leaves,

roots,

or

stems

like

vascular

plants. The

life

cycle

of

bryophytes

is

characterized

by

distinct

alternation

of

generations

in

which

the

gametophyte

is

the

dominant

stage

of

the

life

cycle.

Plant Classification
Plant Classification
Bryophytes
Mosses
Liverworts

The haploid stage, in which a multicellular haploid gametophyte develops from a spore and produces haploid gametes, is the dominant stage in the bryophyte life cycle. This stands in direct contrast to the tracheophyte life cycle, in which the diploid stage is dominant. For more information about the life cycles of bryophytes and tracheophytes, see Alternation of Generations. Mosses
Together, mosses and liverworts comprise most of the phylum Bryophyta. Each moss sporophyte consists of a foot, stalk, and sporangium-containing capsule that extends outward from the "leafy" gametophyte plant. These sporophytes are somewhat parasitic toward the adult gametophytes to which they are attached, even though these sporophytes are able to produce much of their own food through photosynthesis. Figure %
Liverworts
Liverworts gained their name from the liver-like lobes that characterize some types of these plants. Other types are more moss-like, growing on damp rocks or soil, and others are "leafy" and live on moist tree surfaces. Liverworts, which have a life cycle similar to that of mosses (but with simpler sporophytes), can also reproduce asexually through small structures called gemmae that are formed on the surface of the liverwort leaf. After these gemmae break free from the adult plant, they can give rise to new gametophytes on their own.

Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations
Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations - | Study Material, Lecturing Notes, Assignment, Reference, Wiki description explanation, brief detail |
Chapter: 11th 12th standard bio zoology Human Body higher secondary school
Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations
Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations
 It is called sporophyte because it undergoes asexual reproduction to produce spores. Production of spores involves meiosis, so that there is a return to the haploid condition. The haploid spores give rise to the gametophyte generation. One of the two generations is always more conspicuous and occupies a greater proportion of the life cycle. This generation is called as the dominant generation. In all Bryophytes the gametophyte generation is dominant. In all other land plants the sporophyte generation is dominant. It is customary to place the dominant generation in the top half of the life cycle diagram. The figure given above summarises the life cycle of a typical Bryophyte. One point that must be remembered here is that gamete production involves mitosis and not meiosis as in animals.

Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations

It is called sporophyte because it undergoes asexual reproduction to produce spores. Production of spores involves meiosis, so that there is a return to the haploid condition. The haploid spores give rise to the gametophyte generation. One of the two generations is always more conspicuous and occupies a greater proportion of the life cycle. This generation is called as the dominant generation. In all Bryophytes the gametophyte generation is dominant. In all other land plants the sporophyte generation is dominant. It is customary to place the dominant generation in the top half of the life cycle diagram. The figure given above summarises the life cycle of a typical Bryophyte. One point that must be remembered here is that gamete production involves mitosis and not meiosis as in animals.

The Life Cycle of Plants: Alternation of Generations | SparkNotes The Life Cycle of Plants
The Life Cycle of Plants
Bryophyte Generations
Tracheophyte Generations
 The gametophyte comprises the main plant (the green moss or liverwort), while the diploid sporophyte is much smaller and is attached to the gametophyte. The haploid stage, in which a multicellular haploid gametophyte develops from a spore and produces haploid gametes, is the dominant stage in the bryophyte life cycle. The mature gametophyte produces both male and female gametes, which join to form a diploid zygote. The zygote develops into the diploid sporophyte, which extends from the gametophyte and produces haploid spores through meiosis. Once the spores germinate, they produce new gametophyte plants and the cycle continues. Tracheophyte Generations
Tracheophytes are plants that contain vascular tissue; two of the major classes of tracheophytes are gymnosperms (conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants). Tracheophytes, unlike bryophytes, have developed seeds that encase and protect their embryos. The dominant phase in the tracheophyte life cycle is the diploid (sporophyte) stage. The gametophytes are very small and cannot exist independent of the parent plant.

The Life Cycle of Plants
The Life Cycle of Plants
Bryophyte Generations
Tracheophyte Generations

The gametophyte comprises the main plant (the green moss or liverwort), while the diploid sporophyte is much smaller and is attached to the gametophyte. The haploid stage, in which a multicellular haploid gametophyte develops from a spore and produces haploid gametes, is the dominant stage in the bryophyte life cycle. The mature gametophyte produces both male and female gametes, which join to form a diploid zygote. The zygote develops into the diploid sporophyte, which extends from the gametophyte and produces haploid spores through meiosis. Once the spores germinate, they produce new gametophyte plants and the cycle continues. Tracheophyte Generations
Tracheophytes are plants that contain vascular tissue; two of the major classes of tracheophytes are gymnosperms (conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants). Tracheophytes, unlike bryophytes, have developed seeds that encase and protect their embryos. The dominant phase in the tracheophyte life cycle is the diploid (sporophyte) stage. The gametophytes are very small and cannot exist independent of the parent plant.

BIO CRAM NOTES 2 Flashcards | Quizlet

Plant - Definition of the kingdom | Britannica Definition of the kingdom
Definition of the kingdom
See how evolution in plants, from bryophytes to angiosperms, has provided habitats and food sources for organisms
Nonvascular plants
Definition of the category
Compare and contrast reproduction, water absorption, and energy generation of liverworts and mosses
 others have become adapted to alternately wet and dry environments by growing during wet periods and becoming dormant during dry intervals. Although bryophytes are widely distributed, occurring in practically all parts of the world, none are found in salt water. Ecologically, some mosses are considered pioneer plants because they can invade bare areas. Bryophytes are typically land plants but seldom attain a height of more than a few centimetres. They possess the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll (both a and b forms) and carotenoids in cell organelles called chloroplasts. The life histories of these plants show a well-defined alternation of generations, with the independent and free-living gametophyte as the dominant photosynthetic phase in the life cycle. ( This is in contrast to the vascular plants, in which the dominant photosynthetic phase is the sporophyte .) The sporophyte generation develops from, and is almost entirely parasitic on, the gametophyte. The gametophyte produces multicellular sex organs ( gametangia ). Female gametangia are called archegonia;

Plant - Definition of the kingdom | Britannica

Definition of the kingdom
Definition of the kingdom
See how evolution in plants, from bryophytes to angiosperms, has provided habitats and food sources for organisms
Nonvascular plants
Definition of the category
Compare and contrast reproduction, water absorption, and energy generation of liverworts and mosses

others have become adapted to alternately wet and dry environments by growing during wet periods and becoming dormant during dry intervals. Although bryophytes are widely distributed, occurring in practically all parts of the world, none are found in salt water. Ecologically, some mosses are considered pioneer plants because they can invade bare areas. Bryophytes are typically land plants but seldom attain a height of more than a few centimetres. They possess the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll (both a and b forms) and carotenoids in cell organelles called chloroplasts. The life histories of these plants show a well-defined alternation of generations, with the independent and free-living gametophyte as the dominant photosynthetic phase in the life cycle. ( This is in contrast to the vascular plants, in which the dominant photosynthetic phase is the sporophyte .) The sporophyte generation develops from, and is almost entirely parasitic on, the gametophyte. The gametophyte produces multicellular sex organs ( gametangia ). Female gametangia are called archegonia;

Life Cycles in Plants and it Types (With Diagram) Life Cycles in Plants and it Types (With Diagram)
Life Cycles in Plants and it Types (With Diagram)
Types of Plant Life Cycles (Fig. 4.1):
On this basis, life cycle may be three types:
(i) Uniphasic:
(ii) Diphasic:
(iii) Triphasic:
(a) Haplontic life cycle:
(b) Diplontic life cycle:
(c) Haplo-diplontic life cycle
(d) Haplobiontic (= haplo-haplontic) life cycle:
(e) Diplobiontic (= diplo-diplo-haplontic):
 ADVERTISEMENTS: In the life cycle, change of ploidy level from diploid (2n) to haploid (n) is brought about by meiosis and fertilization (syngamy) respectively. The sporophyte generation is “diploid” in which meiosis occurs to produce haploid spores, while gametophyte generation is “haploid” in which gametes are produced (by mitosis of haploid cells). In the life cycle, any one of the two generations is found to be always more conspicuous and survive a greater proportion is called as dominant generation. In algae and bryophytes the somatic or vegetative plant body is a gametophyte which is dominant and visible. But in pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms the visible plant body is a sporophyte which is dominant and the gametophyte generation is less conspicuous (Fig. 4.2). In the life cycle diagram, the dominant generation should be placed in the top half of the cycle. Plant life cycles differ from animal life cycles by adding a haploid gametophyte generation after meiosis and before the production of gametes. ADVERTISEMENTS:

Life Cycles in Plants and it Types (With Diagram)

Life Cycles in Plants and it Types (With Diagram)
Life Cycles in Plants and it Types (With Diagram)
Types of Plant Life Cycles (Fig. 4.1):
On this basis, life cycle may be three types:
(i) Uniphasic:
(ii) Diphasic:
(iii) Triphasic:
(a) Haplontic life cycle:
(b) Diplontic life cycle:
(c) Haplo-diplontic life cycle
(d) Haplobiontic (= haplo-haplontic) life cycle:
(e) Diplobiontic (= diplo-diplo-haplontic):

ADVERTISEMENTS: In the life cycle, change of ploidy level from diploid (2n) to haploid (n) is brought about by meiosis and fertilization (syngamy) respectively. The sporophyte generation is “diploid” in which meiosis occurs to produce haploid spores, while gametophyte generation is “haploid” in which gametes are produced (by mitosis of haploid cells). In the life cycle, any one of the two generations is found to be always more conspicuous and survive a greater proportion is called as dominant generation. In algae and bryophytes the somatic or vegetative plant body is a gametophyte which is dominant and visible. But in pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms the visible plant body is a sporophyte which is dominant and the gametophyte generation is less conspicuous (Fig. 4.2). In the life cycle diagram, the dominant generation should be placed in the top half of the cycle. Plant life cycles differ from animal life cycles by adding a haploid gametophyte generation after meiosis and before the production of gametes. ADVERTISEMENTS:

Which stage is the dominant stage in gymnosperms? Which stage is the dominant stage in gymnosperms?
Asked by: Yasir Tugujekov
Which stage is the dominant stage in gymnosperms?
 Tha dominate stage in gymnosperms is the "sporophyte stage". Plants such as vascular plants, which are non-flowering, which can reproduce by cones would be an example of the gymnosperm. Click to see full answer. Simply so, what is the dominant stage in gymnosperms? The dominant stage in gymnosperms is sporophyte. Gymnosperms, like all vascular plants, have a life cycle that is sporophyte-dominant. Also Know, in which group of plants is the Gametophyte the dominant stage? Thus, the gametophyte stage is dominant in the more primitive (nonvascular) plants (bryophytes), whereas the sporophyte is the dominant phase in the life cycle of higher (i.e., vascular) plants. In algae, the dominant phase often depends on environmental conditions, though some species have determinant life cycles. Consequently, what is the dominant stage in angiosperms?

Which stage is the dominant stage in gymnosperms?
Asked by: Yasir Tugujekov
Which stage is the dominant stage in gymnosperms?

Tha dominate stage in gymnosperms is the "sporophyte stage". Plants such as vascular plants, which are non-flowering, which can reproduce by cones would be an example of the gymnosperm. Click to see full answer. Simply so, what is the dominant stage in gymnosperms? The dominant stage in gymnosperms is sporophyte. Gymnosperms, like all vascular plants, have a life cycle that is sporophyte-dominant. Also Know, in which group of plants is the Gametophyte the dominant stage? Thus, the gametophyte stage is dominant in the more primitive (nonvascular) plants (bryophytes), whereas the sporophyte is the dominant phase in the life cycle of higher (i.e., vascular) plants. In algae, the dominant phase often depends on environmental conditions, though some species have determinant life cycles. Consequently, what is the dominant stage in angiosperms?

evolution - Why is one phase of a plant dominant (Alternation of generation)? - Biology Stack Exchange
Why is one phase of a plant dominant (Alternation of generation)?
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1
Short answer:
Long Answer:
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 I would suspect this is due to the evolutionary advantages that are associated with the sporophyte life stage in land plants. Multiple advantages developed in the sporophyte stage of plants as they evolved from simple gametophyte-dominant bryophyte ancestors to the vast array of much more successful and dominant ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Shift from gametophyte-dominated life cycle (in bryophytes) to sporophyte-dominated life cycle. Source: Cengage Learning (2016)
Evolutionary developments that have occurred across almost 500 million years in land plants include the development of stomata, true leaves, pollen and seeds, and flowers and fruits. Each of these developments occurred in the sporophyte life stage. Each of these evolutionary traits had significant effect on the success of the various plant types that possess them, as can be inferred from the increasing success and dominance of increasingly more evolved plant Divisions. Each of these sporophyte-focused evolutionary traits increased the reproductive success of plants (therefore swaying increasing advantage toward plants possessing increasingly sporophyte-dominant life cycles) due to their ability to increase plant size, growth, and success living in arid (i.e., terrestrial) environments. stomata allow for increased gas exchange with more limited water loss (note: these were necessary with the development of cuticles in sporophytes of early bryophytes as well)
vascular tissue 2 allow plants to grow taller/bigger/more complex while still receiving water and nutrients from the soil
true leaves allow for greater energy capture and growth (and therefore increased competitive advantages)
pollen and seeds allow for greater dispersal and removes/limits the constraints of aridity on fertilization
flowers and fruits increase pollination and seed dispersal
Reducing the gametophyte stage to small cells within larger sporophyte plants allows this otherwise water-necessary process to occur in the dry conditions of living on land.

Why is one phase of a plant dominant (Alternation of generation)?
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Long Answer:
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Notes/Highlights
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 in vascular plants, it’s the sporophyte. Why is a dominant sporophyte generation an advantage on land? All of these photos show plants of the dominant generation in their life cycle. Life Cycle of Nonvascular Plants
Nonvascular plants include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They are the only plants with a life cycle in which the gametophyte generation is dominant. Figure below shows the life cycle of moss. The familiar, green, photosynthetic moss plants are gametophytes. The sporophyte generation is very small and dependent on the gametophyte plant. Like other bryophytes, moss plants spend most of their life cycle as gametophytes. Find the sporophyte in the diagram.

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Notes/Highlights
62% of people thought this content was helpful.

in vascular plants, it’s the sporophyte. Why is a dominant sporophyte generation an advantage on land? All of these photos show plants of the dominant generation in their life cycle. Life Cycle of Nonvascular Plants
Nonvascular plants include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They are the only plants with a life cycle in which the gametophyte generation is dominant. Figure below shows the life cycle of moss. The familiar, green, photosynthetic moss plants are gametophytes. The sporophyte generation is very small and dependent on the gametophyte plant. Like other bryophytes, moss plants spend most of their life cycle as gametophytes. Find the sporophyte in the diagram.

Marchantia: Classification, Characteristics, Reproduction and Life cycle Marchantia
Marchantia
Table of Contents
Classification of Marchantia
Marchantia Characteristics
Marchantia Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Gemmae
Sexual Reproduction
Fertilization
Sporophyte
Marchantia Life Cycle
Frequently Asked Questions
Is marchantia a bryophyte?
How many types of Rhizoids are seen in marchantia?
Why is marchantia called liverworts?
What are the 3 types of bryophytes?
What is Gemmae in marchantia?
Also Check:
 Marchantia: Classification, Characteristics, Reproduction and Life cycle
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NEET Study Material
NEET Biology
Marchantia
Marchantia
Marchantia is a genus of bryophytes. They are liverworts and found in moist and shady places. They lack true roots, stem and leaves. The plant body is thalloid. Table of Contents
Classification
Characteristics
Reproduction
Asexual
Sexual
Life Cycle
Bryophytes are known as the amphibians of the plant kingdom as they require water to reproduce sexually and complete their life cycle. Marchantia reproduce asexually as well as sexually. The life cycle is haplodiplontic and the haploid gametophyte is the dominant phase. The diploid sporophyte is short-lived and dependent on the gametophyte. Classification of Marchantia
Marchantia is classified under division Hepaticophyta, which includes all the liverworts.

Marchantia: Classification, Characteristics, Reproduction and Life cycle
NEET
NEET Study Material
NEET Biology
Marchantia
Marchantia
Marchantia is a genus of bryophytes. They are liverworts and found in moist and shady places. They lack true roots, stem and leaves. The plant body is thalloid. Table of Contents
Classification
Characteristics
Reproduction
Asexual
Sexual
Life Cycle
Bryophytes are known as the amphibians of the plant kingdom as they require water to reproduce sexually and complete their life cycle. Marchantia reproduce asexually as well as sexually. The life cycle is haplodiplontic and the haploid gametophyte is the dominant phase. The diploid sporophyte is short-lived and dependent on the gametophyte. Classification of Marchantia
Marchantia is classified under division Hepaticophyta, which includes all the liverworts.

Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples) - Viva Differences Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples)
Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples)
What Are Bryophytes?
What You Need To Know About Bryophytes
What Are Pteridophytes?
What You Need To Know About Pteridophtes
Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes In Tabular Form
Similarities between Bryophytes and Pteridophytes
Summary
 Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples) - Viva Differences
Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples)
What Are Bryophytes? Bryophytes are a group of plant species that reproduce via spores rather than flowers or seeds. Most of bryophytes are found in damp environments and lack specialized water-conducting tissues. Examples of bryophytes include: liverworts, the mosses and hornworts. Many bryophytes usually have the following characteristics: The sporophytes of bryophytes are unbranched, producing a single spore-producing capsule known as sporangium. They all have a dominant gametophyte stage in their life cycle. They do not have roots, but have rhizoids which are relatively simple. They grow primarily in damp environments.

Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples) - Viva Differences
Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples)
What Are Bryophytes? Bryophytes are a group of plant species that reproduce via spores rather than flowers or seeds. Most of bryophytes are found in damp environments and lack specialized water-conducting tissues. Examples of bryophytes include: liverworts, the mosses and hornworts. Many bryophytes usually have the following characteristics: The sporophytes of bryophytes are unbranched, producing a single spore-producing capsule known as sporangium. They all have a dominant gametophyte stage in their life cycle. They do not have roots, but have rhizoids which are relatively simple. They grow primarily in damp environments.

16.3 Variation In Plant Life Cycles - Guest Hollow 16.3 Variation in Plant Life Cycles
16.3 Variation in Plant Life Cycles
Lesson Objectives
WORKBOOK ASSIGNMENT:
Vocabulary
Introduction
General Plant Life Cycle
Life Cycle of Nonvascular Plants
Life Cycle of a Moss
Life Cycle of Seedless Vascular Plants
Life Cycle of Gymnosperms
Life Cycle of Angiosperms
Plant Reproduction in Angiosperms
Amoeba Sisters
1.06M subscribers
Lesson Summary
Lesson Review Questions
Recall
Apply Concepts
Think Critically
Share this:
 Why is a dominant sporophyte generation an advantage on land? All of these photos show plants of the dominant generation in their life cycle. Life Cycle of Nonvascular Plants
Nonvascular plants include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They are the only plants with a life cycle in which the gametophyte generation is dominant. Figure below shows the life cycle of moss. The familiar, green, photosynthetic moss plants are gametophytes. The sporophyte generation is very small and dependent on the gametophyte plant. Like other bryophytes, moss plants spend most of their life cycle as gametophytes. Find the sporophyte in the diagram. Do you see how it is growing on the gametophyte plant?

16.3 Variation In Plant Life Cycles - Guest Hollow

16.3 Variation in Plant Life Cycles
16.3 Variation in Plant Life Cycles
Lesson Objectives
WORKBOOK ASSIGNMENT:
Vocabulary
Introduction
General Plant Life Cycle
Life Cycle of Nonvascular Plants
Life Cycle of a Moss
Life Cycle of Seedless Vascular Plants
Life Cycle of Gymnosperms
Life Cycle of Angiosperms
Plant Reproduction in Angiosperms
Amoeba Sisters
1.06M subscribers
Lesson Summary
Lesson Review Questions
Recall
Apply Concepts
Think Critically
Share this:

Why is a dominant sporophyte generation an advantage on land? All of these photos show plants of the dominant generation in their life cycle. Life Cycle of Nonvascular Plants
Nonvascular plants include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They are the only plants with a life cycle in which the gametophyte generation is dominant. Figure below shows the life cycle of moss. The familiar, green, photosynthetic moss plants are gametophytes. The sporophyte generation is very small and dependent on the gametophyte plant. Like other bryophytes, moss plants spend most of their life cycle as gametophytes. Find the sporophyte in the diagram. Do you see how it is growing on the gametophyte plant?

Bryophyte - Definition, Characteristics, Life Cycle and Examples Bryophyte
Bryophyte
Bryophyte Definition
Bryophyte Characteristics
Bryophyte Life Cycle
Bryophyte Examples
Liverworts
Mosses
Hornworts
Quiz
References
Cite This Article
 Which of the following is NOT a type of bryophyte: A. Mosses
B. Lornworts
C. Liverworts
D. Hornworts
Answer to Question #1
B is correct. Lornworts are not a type of bryophyte. 2. Which stage bryophytes spend the majority of the lifecycle? A. Zygote
B. Sporangium
C. Sporophyte
D. Gametophyte
Answer to Question #2
D is correct. All bryophytes have a dominant gametophyte stage in their life cycle. During this stage, the plant is haploid and the sex organs that produce the gametes are developed. Bryophytes are unique compared to many other plant species in that they remain in this stage for long periods. References
Asakawa et al. (

Bryophyte
Bryophyte
Bryophyte Definition
Bryophyte Characteristics
Bryophyte Life Cycle
Bryophyte Examples
Liverworts
Mosses
Hornworts
Quiz
References
Cite This Article

Which of the following is NOT a type of bryophyte: A. Mosses
B. Lornworts
C. Liverworts
D. Hornworts
Answer to Question #1
B is correct. Lornworts are not a type of bryophyte. 2. Which stage bryophytes spend the majority of the lifecycle? A. Zygote
B. Sporangium
C. Sporophyte
D. Gametophyte
Answer to Question #2
D is correct. All bryophytes have a dominant gametophyte stage in their life cycle. During this stage, the plant is haploid and the sex organs that produce the gametes are developed. Bryophytes are unique compared to many other plant species in that they remain in this stage for long periods. References
Asakawa et al. (

Fern | Encyclopedia.com
Ferns
Ferns
General characteristics
Natural history
Life cycle
Gametophyte
Sporophyte
Polyploidy
Evolution
Modern ferns
Hybridization
KEY TERMS
Psilotum and Tmesipteris
Importance to humans
Resources
BOOKS
OTHER
Ferns
Ferns
General characteristics
Natural history
Life cycle
Gametophyte
Sporophyte
Polyploidy
Evolution
Modern ferns
Hybridization
Psilotum and Tmesipteris
Importance to humans
Resources
books
KEY TERMS
Apogamy
Apospory
Epiphyte
Flagellum
Megaphyll
Microphyll
Prothallus
Rhizome
Sorus
Sporangium
Spore
Symbiosis
Ferns
Ferns
Bibliography
fern
fern
Fern
fern
ferns
ferns
fern
 In the species of rust fungi that attack ferns, part of the life cycle must be completed on the fern, and part on the fir tree. These parasitic fungi can usually be eradicated by simply eliminating one of the hosts, in this case, either the fern or the fir tree. Life cycle
Like all plants, the life cycle of ferns is characterized as having an alternation of a gametophyte phase and a sporophyte phase. A typical fern sporophyte is the large, familiar plant seen in nature. Its cells have the unreduced number of chromosomes, usually two sets. Most fern gametophytes are not seen in nature. A typical gametophyte is about 0.4 inches (1 cm) in diameter, multicellular, flat, heart-shaped, and green. Its cells have the reduced number of chromosomes, usually one set. Interestingly, the gametophyte and sporophyte are about equally dominant in the life cycle of ferns. In contrast, the gametophyte is dominant in the more evolutionarily primitive bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts), whereas the sporophyte is dominant in the more evolutionarily advanced seed plants.

Fern | Encyclopedia.com

Ferns
Ferns
General characteristics
Natural history
Life cycle
Gametophyte
Sporophyte
Polyploidy
Evolution
Modern ferns
Hybridization
KEY TERMS
Psilotum and Tmesipteris
Importance to humans
Resources
BOOKS
OTHER
Ferns
Ferns
General characteristics
Natural history
Life cycle
Gametophyte
Sporophyte
Polyploidy
Evolution
Modern ferns
Hybridization
Psilotum and Tmesipteris
Importance to humans
Resources
books
KEY TERMS
Apogamy
Apospory
Epiphyte
Flagellum
Megaphyll
Microphyll
Prothallus
Rhizome
Sorus
Sporangium
Spore
Symbiosis
Ferns
Ferns
Bibliography
fern
fern
Fern
fern
ferns
ferns
fern

In the species of rust fungi that attack ferns, part of the life cycle must be completed on the fern, and part on the fir tree. These parasitic fungi can usually be eradicated by simply eliminating one of the hosts, in this case, either the fern or the fir tree. Life cycle
Like all plants, the life cycle of ferns is characterized as having an alternation of a gametophyte phase and a sporophyte phase. A typical fern sporophyte is the large, familiar plant seen in nature. Its cells have the unreduced number of chromosomes, usually two sets. Most fern gametophytes are not seen in nature. A typical gametophyte is about 0.4 inches (1 cm) in diameter, multicellular, flat, heart-shaped, and green. Its cells have the reduced number of chromosomes, usually one set. Interestingly, the gametophyte and sporophyte are about equally dominant in the life cycle of ferns. In contrast, the gametophyte is dominant in the more evolutionarily primitive bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts), whereas the sporophyte is dominant in the more evolutionarily advanced seed plants.

Mosses and liverworts — Australian Antarctic Program Mosses and liverworts
Mosses and liverworts
Life Cycle
Adaptions
Climate change and pollution
Photo gallery
 Photo: James Lowe
Bryophytes can be found in almost all areas that are capable of supporting plant life in the Antarctic. Moss lawns often occur on meltwater flushes from ponds (such as at Casey station), or from glaciers (such as the Canada Glacier in Southern Victoria Land). Mosses have been collected from as far south as 84°30’ ( Ceratodon purpureus at Mt. Kyffin, Southern Victoria Land). Life Cycle
The dominant stage in the life cycle of bryophytes is the sexually reproducing gametophyte plant stage. But because of the extreme environmental conditions under which these plants exist, most reproduction occurs asexually. The plants can reproduce from a deciduous shoot apex or other specialised asexual reproductive structures, called gemmae. Sexual reproductive structures may be present on the gametophyte, but male and female organs are rarely found on the same plant. In many cases the sporophyte stage, produced after sexual reproduction, is completely absent amongst Antarctic bryophytes. This is more often true for the bryophytes of the Continental Antarctic, where only about 25% of moss species produce a sporophyte stage.

Mosses and liverworts — Australian Antarctic Program

Mosses and liverworts
Mosses and liverworts
Life Cycle
Adaptions
Climate change and pollution
Photo gallery

Photo: James Lowe
Bryophytes can be found in almost all areas that are capable of supporting plant life in the Antarctic. Moss lawns often occur on meltwater flushes from ponds (such as at Casey station), or from glaciers (such as the Canada Glacier in Southern Victoria Land). Mosses have been collected from as far south as 84°30’ ( Ceratodon purpureus at Mt. Kyffin, Southern Victoria Land). Life Cycle
The dominant stage in the life cycle of bryophytes is the sexually reproducing gametophyte plant stage. But because of the extreme environmental conditions under which these plants exist, most reproduction occurs asexually. The plants can reproduce from a deciduous shoot apex or other specialised asexual reproductive structures, called gemmae. Sexual reproductive structures may be present on the gametophyte, but male and female organs are rarely found on the same plant. In many cases the sporophyte stage, produced after sexual reproduction, is completely absent amongst Antarctic bryophytes. This is more often true for the bryophytes of the Continental Antarctic, where only about 25% of moss species produce a sporophyte stage.

Evolution of Seed Plants | Biology for Majors II Evolution of Seed Plants
Evolution of Seed Plants
Learning Outcomes
Evolution of Gymnosperms
Seeds and Pollen as an Evolutionary Adaptation to Dry Land
Evolution of Angiosperms
Flowers and Fruits as an Evolutionary Adaptation
Building Phylogenetic Trees with Analysis of DNA Sequence Alignments
In Summary: Evolution of Seed Plants
Try It
Contribute!
 Evolution of Seed Plants | Biology for Majors II
Evolution of Seed Plants
Learning Outcomes
Describe the evolutionary history of seed plants
The first plants to colonize land were most likely related to the ancestors of modern day mosses (bryophytes), which are thought to have appeared about 500 million years ago. They were followed by liverworts (also bryophytes) and primitive vascular plants—the pterophytes—from which modern ferns are descended. The life cycle of bryophytes and pterophytes is characterized by the alternation of generations, which is also exhibited in the gymnosperms and angiosperms. However, what sets bryophytes and pterophytes apart from gymnosperms and angiosperms is their reproductive requirement for water. The completion of the bryophyte and pterophyte life cycle requires water because the male gametophyte releases flagellated sperm, which must swim to reach and fertilize the female gamete or egg. After fertilization, the zygote undergoes cellular division and grows into a diploid sporophyte, which in turn will form sporangia or “spore vessels.” In the sporangia, mother cells undergo meiosis and produce the haploid spores. Release of spores in a suitable environment will lead to germination and a new generation of gametophytes. In seed plants, the evolutionary trend led to a dominant sporophyte generation accompanied by a corresponding reduction in the size of the gametophyte from a conspicuous structure to a microscopic cluster of cells enclosed in the tissues of the sporophyte. Whereas lower vascular plants, such as club mosses and ferns, are mostly homosporous (producing only one type of spore), all seed plants, or spermatophytes, are heterosporous, producing two types of spores:

Evolution of Seed Plants | Biology for Majors II

Evolution of Seed Plants
Evolution of Seed Plants
Learning Outcomes
Evolution of Gymnosperms
Seeds and Pollen as an Evolutionary Adaptation to Dry Land
Evolution of Angiosperms
Flowers and Fruits as an Evolutionary Adaptation
Building Phylogenetic Trees with Analysis of DNA Sequence Alignments
In Summary: Evolution of Seed Plants
Try It
Contribute!

Bryophytes | Basic Biology Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Where are bryophytes found?
How old are bryophytes?
How did bryophytes evolve?
How big are bryophytes?
How does their life-cycle work?
Why are bryophytes important?
 Bryophytes | Basic Biology
Bryophytes
Bryophytes are a division of plants that includes all non-vascular, land plants. They can be split into three groups: mosses, hornworts and liverworts. Although each group is genetically very different, they each share some common adaptations which have led to them being clumped together as bryophytes. Bryophytes have a set of common features that help to distinguish them from all other land plants. Bryophytes don’t have vascular tissue. Bryophytes all reproduce using spores rather than seeds and don’t produce wood, fruit or flowers. Their life-cycle is dominated by a gametophyte generation which provides support and nutrients for the spore producing growth form known as the sporophyte. Some bryophyte species have evolved special tissue which allows them to transport water and other substances through their tissue. However, the tissue doesn’t contain lignin, an essential protein found in true vascular tissue.

Bryophytes | Basic Biology

Bryophytes | Basic Biology
Bryophytes
Bryophytes are a division of plants that includes all non-vascular, land plants. They can be split into three groups: mosses, hornworts and liverworts. Although each group is genetically very different, they each share some common adaptations which have led to them being clumped together as bryophytes. Bryophytes have a set of common features that help to distinguish them from all other land plants. Bryophytes don’t have vascular tissue. Bryophytes all reproduce using spores rather than seeds and don’t produce wood, fruit or flowers. Their life-cycle is dominated by a gametophyte generation which provides support and nutrients for the spore producing growth form known as the sporophyte. Some bryophyte species have evolved special tissue which allows them to transport water and other substances through their tissue. However, the tissue doesn’t contain lignin, an essential protein found in true vascular tissue.

Activities Quiz Activities Quiz
Activities Quiz Activities Quiz

Activities Quiz
This activity contains 38 questions. Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants? roots and shoots

embryo development within gametangia

vascular tissue

chloroplasts

pollen

Angiosperms are most closely related to _____. green algae

charophyceans

seedless vascular plants

gymnosperms

bryophytes

Which of these was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the dominant animals? angiosperms

seedless vascular plants

charophyceans

bryophytes

gymnosperms

This is an image of a (n) _____. seedless vascular plant

bryophyte

gymnosperm

angiosperm

charophycean

Plants evolved from green algae approximately _____ million years ago. 475

2,200

130

400

3,500

_____ are an example of seedless vascular plants. Lilacs

Mosses

Charophyceans

Pine trees

Ferns

The living plants that are most similar to the first plants to bear gametangia are the _____. bryophytes

gymnosperms

angiosperms

charophyceans

seedless vascular plants

Which of these represents the sporophyte generation of the moss life cycle? A

D

E

C

B

In moss, _____ produce sperm.

Activities Quiz

Activities Quiz

Activities Quiz
This activity contains 38 questions. Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants? roots and shoots

embryo development within gametangia

vascular tissue

chloroplasts

pollen

Angiosperms are most closely related to _____. green algae

charophyceans

seedless vascular plants

gymnosperms

bryophytes

Which of these was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the dominant animals? angiosperms

seedless vascular plants

charophyceans

bryophytes

gymnosperms

This is an image of a (n) _____. seedless vascular plant

bryophyte

gymnosperm

angiosperm

charophycean

Plants evolved from green algae approximately _____ million years ago. 475

2,200

130

400

3,500

_____ are an example of seedless vascular plants. Lilacs

Mosses

Charophyceans

Pine trees

Ferns

The living plants that are most similar to the first plants to bear gametangia are the _____. bryophytes

gymnosperms

angiosperms

charophyceans

seedless vascular plants

Which of these represents the sporophyte generation of the moss life cycle? A

D

E

C

B

In moss, _____ produce sperm.

Difference Between Algae and Bryophytes | Definition, Classification, Characteristics Difference Between Algae and Bryophytes
Difference Between Algae and Bryophytes
Main Difference – Algae vs Bryophytes
What are Algae
Figure 1: Fresh water algae
Classification of Algae
Figure 2: Laminaria saccharina
What are Bryophytes
Figure 3: Oedipodium griffithianum gametophyte with gammae
Classification of Bryohytes
Figure 4: Jamesoniella undulifolia
Difference Between Algae and Bryophytes
Definition
Habitat
Role in Ecosystems
Unicellular/Multicellualr
Plant Body
Division of Labour
Pores or Stomata
Rhizoids
Growth and Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Sterile Jacket
Female Sex Organ
Zygote
Embryo
Sporophyte
Sporophyte Differentiation
Mitospores
Alteration of Generation
Conclusion – Algae vs. Bryophytes
About the Author: Lakna
 Laminaria saccharina, which is a brown sea-weed, is shown in figure 2. It is commonly called as kelp. Figure 2: Laminaria saccharina
What are Bryophytes
Bryohytes are a division of non-vascular land plants, which are classified under kingdom of Plantae. They are spore-producing plants in which the gametophyte stage is dominant in the life cycle. Bryophytes are not seed-producing or flowering plants. They are mostly autotrophs. Some bryophytes like liverworts do not contain chlorophyll; hence, they rely on a fungal partner for food. Bryophytes grow in moist shady places, producing phenolic compounds which deter herbivores.

Difference Between Algae and Bryophytes | Definition, Classification, Characteristics

Difference Between Algae and Bryophytes
Difference Between Algae and Bryophytes
Main Difference – Algae vs Bryophytes
What are Algae
Figure 1: Fresh water algae
Classification of Algae
Figure 2: Laminaria saccharina
What are Bryophytes
Figure 3: Oedipodium griffithianum gametophyte with gammae
Classification of Bryohytes
Figure 4: Jamesoniella undulifolia
Difference Between Algae and Bryophytes
Definition
Habitat
Role in Ecosystems
Unicellular/Multicellualr
Plant Body
Division of Labour
Pores or Stomata
Rhizoids
Growth and Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Sterile Jacket
Female Sex Organ
Zygote
Embryo
Sporophyte
Sporophyte Differentiation
Mitospores
Alteration of Generation
Conclusion – Algae vs. Bryophytes
About the Author: Lakna

Laminaria saccharina, which is a brown sea-weed, is shown in figure 2. It is commonly called as kelp. Figure 2: Laminaria saccharina
What are Bryophytes
Bryohytes are a division of non-vascular land plants, which are classified under kingdom of Plantae. They are spore-producing plants in which the gametophyte stage is dominant in the life cycle. Bryophytes are not seed-producing or flowering plants. They are mostly autotrophs. Some bryophytes like liverworts do not contain chlorophyll; hence, they rely on a fungal partner for food. Bryophytes grow in moist shady places, producing phenolic compounds which deter herbivores.

Structure of ferns and their allies An Introduction to the Structure of Ferns and their Allies
An Introduction to the Structure of Ferns and their Allies
Introduction
Life cycle
Gametophyte
Sporophyte
Habit, Lifeform
Terrestrial
Epiphyte
Aquatic
Stems, rhizomes
Growth form
Branching
Rhizome protection
Internal structure
Roots
Leaves, fronds
Stipe
Branching
Rachis
Lamina
Venation
Polymorphism
Bulbils
Sporpohyte fertility
Sori
Sporangia
Spores
Heterospory
Dimorphism
Sporocarps
Cytology
Chromosome numbers
Polyploidy
 The purpose of the gametophyte is to produce the male and famale sex cells ( gametes ), the female of which, when fertilized, develops into a new sporophyte to continue the cycle. This regular process is known as the alternation of generations and involves an alternate doubling and halving of chromosome numbers at each phase. It is interesting to compare the pteridophyte life cycle with that of another major group of spore-producing plants, the bryophytes or mosses and liverworts which also have alternating generations. In the bryophytes, the gametophyte is the dominant and most conspicuous stage and the sporophyte is retained as a relatively small. dependent appendage on the mature gametophyte. A more detailed discussion of pteridophyte life cycle and reproduction is provided elsewhere. Gametophyte
The gametophyte is the sexual or haploid stage of the pteridophyte life-cycle and contains a single set of chromosomes. It develops from the spore produced on the sporophyte. This spore germinates and develops into a body called the prothallus. At maturity, regions of the prothallus develop into small separate sexual organs.

Structure of ferns and their allies

An Introduction to the Structure of Ferns and their Allies
An Introduction to the Structure of Ferns and their Allies
Introduction
Life cycle
Gametophyte
Sporophyte
Habit, Lifeform
Terrestrial
Epiphyte
Aquatic
Stems, rhizomes
Growth form
Branching
Rhizome protection
Internal structure
Roots
Leaves, fronds
Stipe
Branching
Rachis
Lamina
Venation
Polymorphism
Bulbils
Sporpohyte fertility
Sori
Sporangia
Spores
Heterospory
Dimorphism
Sporocarps
Cytology
Chromosome numbers
Polyploidy

The purpose of the gametophyte is to produce the male and famale sex cells ( gametes ), the female of which, when fertilized, develops into a new sporophyte to continue the cycle. This regular process is known as the alternation of generations and involves an alternate doubling and halving of chromosome numbers at each phase. It is interesting to compare the pteridophyte life cycle with that of another major group of spore-producing plants, the bryophytes or mosses and liverworts which also have alternating generations. In the bryophytes, the gametophyte is the dominant and most conspicuous stage and the sporophyte is retained as a relatively small. dependent appendage on the mature gametophyte. A more detailed discussion of pteridophyte life cycle and reproduction is provided elsewhere. Gametophyte
The gametophyte is the sexual or haploid stage of the pteridophyte life-cycle and contains a single set of chromosomes. It develops from the spore produced on the sporophyte. This spore germinates and develops into a body called the prothallus. At maturity, regions of the prothallus develop into small separate sexual organs.

Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations
Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations - | Study Material, Lecturing Notes, Assignment, Reference, Wiki description explanation, brief detail |
Chapter: 11th 12th standard bio zoology Human Body higher secondary school
Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations
Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations
 In all Bryophytes the gametophyte generation is dominant. In all other land plants the sporophyte generation is dominant. It is customary to place the dominant generation in the top half of the life cycle diagram. The figure given above summarises the life cycle of a typical Bryophyte. One point that must be remembered here is that gamete production involves mitosis and not meiosis as in animals. Meiosis occurs before the production of spores. Prev Page
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Study Material, Lecturing Notes, Assignment, Reference, Wiki description explanation, brief detail

Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations

Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations
Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations - | Study Material, Lecturing Notes, Assignment, Reference, Wiki description explanation, brief detail |
Chapter: 11th 12th standard bio zoology Human Body higher secondary school
Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations
Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations

In all Bryophytes the gametophyte generation is dominant. In all other land plants the sporophyte generation is dominant. It is customary to place the dominant generation in the top half of the life cycle diagram. The figure given above summarises the life cycle of a typical Bryophyte. One point that must be remembered here is that gamete production involves mitosis and not meiosis as in animals. Meiosis occurs before the production of spores. Prev Page
Next Page
Study Material, Lecturing Notes, Assignment, Reference, Wiki description explanation, brief detail

Plant Reproduction | Organismal Biology Plant Reproduction
Plant Reproduction
Learning Objectives
Sexual reproduction in plants: Alternation of Generations
Reproduction in angiosperms
Flower Structure
The Pollen Grain: the Male Gametophyte
The Embryo Sac: The Female Gametophyte
Double Fertilization
Avoiding self-pollination
Pollination Syndromes
Seed Dormancy and Germination
Fruit and Seed Dispersal
 Alternation of Generations. Image credit: Menchi, Wikimedia Commons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sporic_meiosis.png
Though all plants display an alternation of generations life cycle, there are significant variations in different lineages of plants, consistent with their evolutionary history: In seedless non-vascular plants, or bryophytes (mosses), the haploid gametophyte is larger than the sporophyte (the plant structure that you see is the gametophyte); this is a gametophyte-dominated life cycle. The sporophyte is attached to and dependent on the gametophyte. ( By “dominated” we mean “the stage of the plant you can see by eye.”) In seedless vascular plants (ferns), the sporophyte is larger than the gametophyte (the plant structure that you see is the sporophyte), but the gametophyte is free-living and independent from the diploid sporophyte. The life cycle of angiosperms (flowering plants) and gymnosperms (conifers) is dominated by the sporophyte stage (the plant structure that you see is the sporophyte), with the gametophyte remaining attached to and dependent on the sporophyte (reverse of bryophytes).

Plant Reproduction | Organismal Biology

Plant Reproduction
Plant Reproduction
Learning Objectives
Sexual reproduction in plants: Alternation of Generations
Reproduction in angiosperms
Flower Structure
The Pollen Grain: the Male Gametophyte
The Embryo Sac: The Female Gametophyte
Double Fertilization
Avoiding self-pollination
Pollination Syndromes
Seed Dormancy and Germination
Fruit and Seed Dispersal

Alternation of Generations. Image credit: Menchi, Wikimedia Commons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sporic_meiosis.png
Though all plants display an alternation of generations life cycle, there are significant variations in different lineages of plants, consistent with their evolutionary history: In seedless non-vascular plants, or bryophytes (mosses), the haploid gametophyte is larger than the sporophyte (the plant structure that you see is the gametophyte); this is a gametophyte-dominated life cycle. The sporophyte is attached to and dependent on the gametophyte. ( By “dominated” we mean “the stage of the plant you can see by eye.”) In seedless vascular plants (ferns), the sporophyte is larger than the gametophyte (the plant structure that you see is the sporophyte), but the gametophyte is free-living and independent from the diploid sporophyte. The life cycle of angiosperms (flowering plants) and gymnosperms (conifers) is dominated by the sporophyte stage (the plant structure that you see is the sporophyte), with the gametophyte remaining attached to and dependent on the sporophyte (reverse of bryophytes).

Bryophyte - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Bryophyte
Bryophyte
Life cycle
References
Other websites
 When the spores land on the ground, the cycle begins again. Life cycle of a dioicous bryophyte
Bryophytes are "gametophyte dominant." This phrase means when you look at a bryophyte, you are more likely to see the gametophyte. The sporophyte is less common. Sporophytes are always attached to the gametophyte. They must get food from the gametophyte. Bryophyte sporophytes do not have branches. They make only one sporangium. References
Other websites
The British Bryological Society [1]
Retrieved from " https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bryophyte&oldid=6775022 "
Categories: Bryophytes
Non-vascular plants

Bryophyte - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bryophyte
Bryophyte
Life cycle
References
Other websites

When the spores land on the ground, the cycle begins again. Life cycle of a dioicous bryophyte
Bryophytes are "gametophyte dominant." This phrase means when you look at a bryophyte, you are more likely to see the gametophyte. The sporophyte is less common. Sporophytes are always attached to the gametophyte. They must get food from the gametophyte. Bryophyte sporophytes do not have branches. They make only one sporangium. References
Other websites
The British Bryological Society [1]
Retrieved from " https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bryophyte&oldid=6775022 "
Categories: Bryophytes
Non-vascular plants

Sporophyte 2N capsule seta Ploidy level 2N Diploid remains attached to | Course Hero Sporophyte 2n capsule seta ploidy level 2n diploid
Sporophyte 2n capsule seta ploidy level 2n diploid
You've reached the end of your free preview.
 Seedless Vascular Plants 1. Discuss similarities and differences between Pterophyta, Lycophyta, and bryophytes 2. life cycles 3. distinguishing features of true ferns (Pterophyta), from club mosses, whisk ferns and horsetails (all in Lycophyta)
Alt of Gen has Different Dominant Generations in Bryophytes vs. Vascular Plants Sporophyte Dominates Gametophyte Dominates
1.Sporophyte generation dominant and independent (unlike bryophytes) 2. Sperm still swimming! NeedH20 for Sex!! View full document
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TAGS Plants, Bryophytes, Fern, Spore, Marchantiophyta
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Sporophyte 2N capsule seta Ploidy level 2N Diploid remains attached to | Course Hero

Sporophyte 2n capsule seta ploidy level 2n diploid
Sporophyte 2n capsule seta ploidy level 2n diploid
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Seedless Vascular Plants 1. Discuss similarities and differences between Pterophyta, Lycophyta, and bryophytes 2. life cycles 3. distinguishing features of true ferns (Pterophyta), from club mosses, whisk ferns and horsetails (all in Lycophyta)
Alt of Gen has Different Dominant Generations in Bryophytes vs. Vascular Plants Sporophyte Dominates Gametophyte Dominates
1.Sporophyte generation dominant and independent (unlike bryophytes) 2. Sperm still swimming! NeedH20 for Sex!! View full document
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TERM Spring '11
PROFESSOR RichardHolloway
TAGS Plants, Bryophytes, Fern, Spore, Marchantiophyta
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Bryophytes | Basic Biology Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Where are bryophytes found?
How old are bryophytes?
How did bryophytes evolve?
How big are bryophytes?
How does their life-cycle work?
Why are bryophytes important?
 Bryophytes don’t have vascular tissue. Bryophytes all reproduce using spores rather than seeds and don’t produce wood, fruit or flowers. Their life-cycle is dominated by a gametophyte generation which provides support and nutrients for the spore producing growth form known as the sporophyte. Some bryophyte species have evolved special tissue which allows them to transport water and other substances through their tissue. However, the tissue doesn’t contain lignin, an essential protein found in true vascular tissue. This specialized tissue is, therefore, not considered to be vascular tissue, although it does a respectable job of transporting water. Where are bryophytes found? Bryophytes can be found in wet environments all around the world. Because they have no vascular tissue, they aren’t able to take water from the soil and transport it to higher tissue. Bryophytes need wet and often well shaded environments which deliver a lot of rain water for them to soak up.

Bryophytes | Basic Biology

Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Where are bryophytes found?
How old are bryophytes?
How did bryophytes evolve?
How big are bryophytes?
How does their life-cycle work?
Why are bryophytes important?

Bryophytes don’t have vascular tissue. Bryophytes all reproduce using spores rather than seeds and don’t produce wood, fruit or flowers. Their life-cycle is dominated by a gametophyte generation which provides support and nutrients for the spore producing growth form known as the sporophyte. Some bryophyte species have evolved special tissue which allows them to transport water and other substances through their tissue. However, the tissue doesn’t contain lignin, an essential protein found in true vascular tissue. This specialized tissue is, therefore, not considered to be vascular tissue, although it does a respectable job of transporting water. Where are bryophytes found? Bryophytes can be found in wet environments all around the world. Because they have no vascular tissue, they aren’t able to take water from the soil and transport it to higher tissue. Bryophytes need wet and often well shaded environments which deliver a lot of rain water for them to soak up.

Are Anthophyta Gametophyte dominant? Are Anthophyta Gametophyte dominant?
Are Anthophyta Gametophyte dominant? Of the plants, angiosperms have the most dramatically reduced gametophytes with male (micro) gametophytes represented by a 3-celled structure and female (mega) gametophytes represented by a 7-celled structure. Secondly, why Sporophyte is dominant over Gametophyte? The union of two gametes during fertilization produces a diploid zygote, which divides mitotically to form a new sporophyte. Thus, in the higher (i.e., vascular) plants the sporophyte is the dominant phase in the life cycle, whereas in the more primitive nonvascular plants (bryophytes) the gametophyte remains dominant. In this manner, which generation is dominant in Anthophytes? sporophyte
Are gymnosperms Gametophyte or Sporophyte dominant? Gymnosperms, like all vascular plants, have a sporophyte-dominant life cycle, which means they spend most of their life cycle with diploid cells, while the gametophyte (gamete-bearing phase) is relatively short-lived. Gametophytes, as with all heterosporous plants, develop within the spore wall.

Are Anthophyta Gametophyte dominant?

Are Anthophyta Gametophyte dominant?
Are Anthophyta Gametophyte dominant?

Of the plants, angiosperms have the most dramatically reduced gametophytes with male (micro) gametophytes represented by a 3-celled structure and female (mega) gametophytes represented by a 7-celled structure. Secondly, why Sporophyte is dominant over Gametophyte? The union of two gametes during fertilization produces a diploid zygote, which divides mitotically to form a new sporophyte. Thus, in the higher (i.e., vascular) plants the sporophyte is the dominant phase in the life cycle, whereas in the more primitive nonvascular plants (bryophytes) the gametophyte remains dominant. In this manner, which generation is dominant in Anthophytes? sporophyte
Are gymnosperms Gametophyte or Sporophyte dominant? Gymnosperms, like all vascular plants, have a sporophyte-dominant life cycle, which means they spend most of their life cycle with diploid cells, while the gametophyte (gamete-bearing phase) is relatively short-lived. Gametophytes, as with all heterosporous plants, develop within the spore wall.

Diplontic Life Cycle: Definition, Difference Between Diplontic and Haplontic Life Cycle What is Diplontic Life Cycle?
What is Diplontic Life Cycle?
Diplontic Life Cycle Examples
Types of Biological Life Cycle
Difference Between Diplontic and Haplontic Life Cycle
 Haplodiplontic Life Cycle – Here both haploid and diploid stages are multicellular. In some, the gametophyte is dominant and free-living and the sporophyte is a small and short-lived phase, which is dependent on gametophytes, e.g. Bryophytes. In pteridophytes, the sporophyte is the independent and free-living dominant stage. It alternates with short-lived gametophyte. Some algae such as Ulva, Polysiphonia, Ectocarpus, Kelps have a haplodiplontic life cycle. Difference Between Diplontic and Haplontic Life Cycle
Diplontic Life Cycle
Haplontic Life Cycle
Sporophyte (2n)
Dominant phase, which is independent, free-living and performs photosynthesis
Conspicuous and represented by Zygote or few celled sporophytes
Gametophyte (n)
Conspicuous and represented by gametes, i.e. egg cell and sperm or few-celled gametophyte
Dominant phase, which is independent, free-living and performs photosynthesis
Mitotic Division
The zygote divides mitotically to give rise to a new plant. Haploid cells divide mitotically to produce new plants. Meiosis Division
Gametes are produced by meiosis division. The zygote divides meiotically to form haploid cells, which proliferate by mitosis. Examples
Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, some algae such as Fucus, Cladophora, etc.

Diplontic Life Cycle: Definition, Difference Between Diplontic and Haplontic Life Cycle

What is Diplontic Life Cycle?
What is Diplontic Life Cycle?
Diplontic Life Cycle Examples
Types of Biological Life Cycle
Difference Between Diplontic and Haplontic Life Cycle

Haplodiplontic Life Cycle – Here both haploid and diploid stages are multicellular. In some, the gametophyte is dominant and free-living and the sporophyte is a small and short-lived phase, which is dependent on gametophytes, e.g. Bryophytes. In pteridophytes, the sporophyte is the independent and free-living dominant stage. It alternates with short-lived gametophyte. Some algae such as Ulva, Polysiphonia, Ectocarpus, Kelps have a haplodiplontic life cycle. Difference Between Diplontic and Haplontic Life Cycle
Diplontic Life Cycle
Haplontic Life Cycle
Sporophyte (2n)
Dominant phase, which is independent, free-living and performs photosynthesis
Conspicuous and represented by Zygote or few celled sporophytes
Gametophyte (n)
Conspicuous and represented by gametes, i.e. egg cell and sperm or few-celled gametophyte
Dominant phase, which is independent, free-living and performs photosynthesis
Mitotic Division
The zygote divides mitotically to give rise to a new plant. Haploid cells divide mitotically to produce new plants. Meiosis Division
Gametes are produced by meiosis division. The zygote divides meiotically to form haploid cells, which proliferate by mitosis. Examples
Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, some algae such as Fucus, Cladophora, etc.

Phylogeny - Major evolutionary steps | Britannica Major evolutionary steps
Major evolutionary steps
Cyanobacteria, algae, and other early forms of life
Evolution of land plants
Animal evolution
Applications of phylogeny
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
 Other theories of animal evolutions include their descent from one or more groups of protozoans. Evolution of land plants
Land plants contain two major groups, bryophytes and tracheophytes, which differ in many ways but which share distinctive characteristics for adaptation to dry land. Those include housing the plant embryo in maternal tissue. Bryophytes are descended from green algae and include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Only small quantities of water are needed for their reproduction, so that the sperm may travel to the eggs. The fertilized egg matures within the maternal tissue. The plant is protected from desiccation by a waxy cuticle. All the dominant plants on Earth are included in the tracheophytes. The tracheophytes’ development of large plant bodies was made possible by vascular parts that carry water and food inside those plants and by a dominant sporophyte stage (the nonsexual phase in the alternation of generations in the life cycle of certain plants and algae) with a microscopic-sized gametophyte (the sexual phase in the alternation of generations). Tracheophytes’ tissues have differentiated into leaves, stems, and roots and, in the highest plants, into seeds and flowers.

Phylogeny - Major evolutionary steps | Britannica

Major evolutionary steps
Major evolutionary steps
Cyanobacteria, algae, and other early forms of life
Evolution of land plants
Animal evolution
Applications of phylogeny
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:

Other theories of animal evolutions include their descent from one or more groups of protozoans. Evolution of land plants
Land plants contain two major groups, bryophytes and tracheophytes, which differ in many ways but which share distinctive characteristics for adaptation to dry land. Those include housing the plant embryo in maternal tissue. Bryophytes are descended from green algae and include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Only small quantities of water are needed for their reproduction, so that the sperm may travel to the eggs. The fertilized egg matures within the maternal tissue. The plant is protected from desiccation by a waxy cuticle. All the dominant plants on Earth are included in the tracheophytes. The tracheophytes’ development of large plant bodies was made possible by vascular parts that carry water and food inside those plants and by a dominant sporophyte stage (the nonsexual phase in the alternation of generations in the life cycle of certain plants and algae) with a microscopic-sized gametophyte (the sexual phase in the alternation of generations). Tracheophytes’ tissues have differentiated into leaves, stems, and roots and, in the highest plants, into seeds and flowers.

5 Non-vascular Plants and Plants Without Seeds | Laboratory Manual For SCI104 Biology II at Roxbury Community College 5
Non-vascular Plants and Plants Without Seeds

5 Non-vascular Plants and Plants Without Seeds
5.1 Embryophytes
5.2 Non-vascular plants
5.3 Bryophytes
5.4 Mosses
5.4.1 Life cycle
5.5 View the prepared slides of mosses
5.6 Liverworts
5.6.1 Life cycle
5.7 View Prepared Slides of Liverworts
5.8 Vascular plants
5.9 Pteridophyta
5.9.1 Life cycle
5.10 Clubmosses
5.11 Spikemosses
5.12 View Prepared Slides of Selaginella
5.13 Horsetails
5.14 View Prepared Slides of Equisetum
5.15 Whisk ferns
5.16 View Prepared Slides of Psilotum
5.17 View Prepared Slides of Ferns
5.18 View Prepared Slides of Cyrtomium
5.19 View Living Organisms
 The term “bryophyte” comes from bryon “tree-moss, oyster-green” and phyton “plant”. The defining features of bryophytes are: Their life cycles are dominated by the gametophyte stage. Their sporophytes are unbranched. They do not have a true vascular tissue containing lignin (although some have specialized tissues for the transport of water). Bryophytes first appeared during the early Paleozoic. They can only survive where moisture is available for significant periods, although some species are desiccation-tolerant. Most species of bryophytes remain small throughout their life-cycle. This involves an alternation between two generations: a haploid stage, called the gametophyte, and a diploid stage, called the sporophyte.

5 Non-vascular Plants and Plants Without Seeds | Laboratory Manual For SCI104 Biology II at Roxbury Community College

5
Non-vascular Plants and Plants Without Seeds

5 Non-vascular Plants and Plants Without Seeds
5.1 Embryophytes
5.2 Non-vascular plants
5.3 Bryophytes
5.4 Mosses
5.4.1 Life cycle
5.5 View the prepared slides of mosses
5.6 Liverworts
5.6.1 Life cycle
5.7 View Prepared Slides of Liverworts
5.8 Vascular plants
5.9 Pteridophyta
5.9.1 Life cycle
5.10 Clubmosses
5.11 Spikemosses
5.12 View Prepared Slides of Selaginella
5.13 Horsetails
5.14 View Prepared Slides of Equisetum
5.15 Whisk ferns
5.16 View Prepared Slides of Psilotum
5.17 View Prepared Slides of Ferns
5.18 View Prepared Slides of Cyrtomium
5.19 View Living Organisms

The term “bryophyte” comes from bryon “tree-moss, oyster-green” and phyton “plant”. The defining features of bryophytes are: Their life cycles are dominated by the gametophyte stage. Their sporophytes are unbranched. They do not have a true vascular tissue containing lignin (although some have specialized tissues for the transport of water). Bryophytes first appeared during the early Paleozoic. They can only survive where moisture is available for significant periods, although some species are desiccation-tolerant. Most species of bryophytes remain small throughout their life-cycle. This involves an alternation between two generations: a haploid stage, called the gametophyte, and a diploid stage, called the sporophyte.

Seedless Vascular Plants – Biology 2e 130
Seedless Vascular Plants

130 Seedless Vascular Plants
Learning Objectives
Vascular Tissue: Xylem and Phloem
Roots: Support for the Plant
Leaves, Sporophylls, and Strobili
Ferns and Other Seedless Vascular Plants
Phylum Lycopodiophyta: Club Mosses
Phylum Monilophyta: Class Equisetopsida (Horsetails)
Phylum Monilophyta: Class Psilotopsida (Whisk Ferns)
Phylum Monilophyta: Class Polypodiopsida (True Ferns)
The Importance of Seedless Plants
Section Summary
Visual Connection Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Glossary
 These forests gave rise to the extensive coal deposits that gave the Carboniferous its name. In seedless vascular plants, the sporophyte became the dominant phase of the life cycle. Water is still required as a medium of sperm transport during the fertilization of seedless vascular plants, and most favor a moist environment. Modern-day seedless tracheophytes include club mosses, horsetails, ferns, and whisk ferns. Phylum Lycopodiophyta: Club Mosses
The club mosses, or phylum Lycopodiophyta, are the earliest group of seedless vascular plants. They dominated the landscape of the Carboniferous, growing into tall trees and forming large swamp forests. Today’s club mosses are diminutive, evergreen plants consisting of a stem (which may be branched) and microphylls ( (Figure) ). The phylum Lycopodiophyta consists of close to 1,200 species, including the quillworts ( Isoetales ), the club mosses ( Lycopodiales ), and spike mosses ( Selaginellales ), none of which are true mosses or bryophytes. Lycophytes follow the pattern of alternation of generations seen in the bryophytes, except that the sporophyte is the major stage of the life cycle.

Seedless Vascular Plants – Biology 2e

130
Seedless Vascular Plants

130 Seedless Vascular Plants
Learning Objectives
Vascular Tissue: Xylem and Phloem
Roots: Support for the Plant
Leaves, Sporophylls, and Strobili
Ferns and Other Seedless Vascular Plants
Phylum Lycopodiophyta: Club Mosses
Phylum Monilophyta: Class Equisetopsida (Horsetails)
Phylum Monilophyta: Class Psilotopsida (Whisk Ferns)
Phylum Monilophyta: Class Polypodiopsida (True Ferns)
The Importance of Seedless Plants
Section Summary
Visual Connection Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Glossary

These forests gave rise to the extensive coal deposits that gave the Carboniferous its name. In seedless vascular plants, the sporophyte became the dominant phase of the life cycle. Water is still required as a medium of sperm transport during the fertilization of seedless vascular plants, and most favor a moist environment. Modern-day seedless tracheophytes include club mosses, horsetails, ferns, and whisk ferns. Phylum Lycopodiophyta: Club Mosses
The club mosses, or phylum Lycopodiophyta, are the earliest group of seedless vascular plants. They dominated the landscape of the Carboniferous, growing into tall trees and forming large swamp forests. Today’s club mosses are diminutive, evergreen plants consisting of a stem (which may be branched) and microphylls ( (Figure) ). The phylum Lycopodiophyta consists of close to 1,200 species, including the quillworts ( Isoetales ), the club mosses ( Lycopodiales ), and spike mosses ( Selaginellales ), none of which are true mosses or bryophytes. Lycophytes follow the pattern of alternation of generations seen in the bryophytes, except that the sporophyte is the major stage of the life cycle.

NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Biology Plant Kingdom NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Biology Plant Kingdom
NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Biology Plant Kingdom
NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Biology Plant Kingdom
NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED
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3.Name three groups of plants that bear archegonia. Briefly describe the life cycle of any one of them. soln. The three groups of plants that bear archegonia are bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Life cycle of a bryophyte is as follows : The main plant body of bryophyte is gametophytic (n), which is independent and may be thallose (no differentiation in root, stem, leaves) e.g., Riccia, or may be foliose (having leafy axis) e.g., Funaria. The dominant phase in the life cycle of Funaria is the gametophyte, which occurs in two stages, the protonema stage and the erect, leafy gametophytic plant. The leafy gametophyte consists of an upright, slender axis (stem-like) that bears spirally arranged leaves and is attached to the substratum by multicellular, branched rhizoids. Vegetative reproduction takes place
by fragmentation; by the buds formed in secondary protonema etc.

NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Biology Plant Kingdom

NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Biology Plant Kingdom
NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Biology Plant Kingdom
NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Biology Plant Kingdom
NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED
More Resources for CBSE Class 11

 1. The three phyla of bryophytes are mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 29.15
•Sporophytes are smaller and present only part of the time. •Bryophyte spores germinate in favorable habitats and grow into gametophytes by mitosis. •The gametophyte is a mass of green, branched, one-cell-thick filaments, called a
protonema. Watch this without audio and narrate it for me. Moss Life Cycle
The gametophyte is the dominant generation in the life c

1. The three phyla of bryophytes are mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 29.15
•Sporophytes are smaller and present only part of the time. •Bryophyte spores germinate in favorable habitats and grow into gametophytes by mitosis. •The gametophyte is a mass of green, branched, one-cell-thick filaments, called a
protonema. Watch this without audio and narrate it for me. Moss Life Cycle
The gametophyte is the dominant generation in the life c

Diplontic Life Cycle: Definition, Difference Between Diplontic and Haplontic Life Cycle What is Diplontic Life Cycle?
What is Diplontic Life Cycle?
Diplontic Life Cycle Examples
Types of Biological Life Cycle
Difference Between Diplontic and Haplontic Life Cycle
 Examples: Green algae, e.g. Volvox, Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas, etc. Diplontic Life Cycle – The diploid sporophyte is the dominant stage. It shows gametic meiosis. E.g. Gymnosperms, Angiosperms, Fucus, etc. Haplodiplontic Life Cycle – Here both haploid and diploid stages are multicellular. In some, the gametophyte is dominant and free-living and the sporophyte is a small and short-lived phase, which is dependent on gametophytes, e.g. Bryophytes. In pteridophytes, the sporophyte is the independent and free-living dominant stage. It alternates with short-lived gametophyte. Some algae such as Ulva, Polysiphonia, Ectocarpus, Kelps have a haplodiplontic life cycle.

Examples: Green algae, e.g. Volvox, Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas, etc. Diplontic Life Cycle – The diploid sporophyte is the dominant stage. It shows gametic meiosis. E.g. Gymnosperms, Angiosperms, Fucus, etc. Haplodiplontic Life Cycle – Here both haploid and diploid stages are multicellular. In some, the gametophyte is dominant and free-living and the sporophyte is a small and short-lived phase, which is dependent on gametophytes, e.g. Bryophytes. In pteridophytes, the sporophyte is the independent and free-living dominant stage. It alternates with short-lived gametophyte. Some algae such as Ulva, Polysiphonia, Ectocarpus, Kelps have a haplodiplontic life cycle.

Sporophyte 2N capsule seta Ploidy level 2N Diploid remains attached to | Course Hero Sporophyte 2n capsule seta ploidy level 2n diploid
Sporophyte 2n capsule seta ploidy level 2n diploid
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 3. Anthocerophyta: Hornworts 5. Sex organs are embedded deep in thallus 6. H20 Fertilization Sperm swim across thallus to egg
Kingdom Plantae: Seedless Vascular Plants 1. Discuss similarities and differences between Pterophyta, Lycophyta, and bryophytes 2. life cycles 3. distinguishing features of true ferns (Pterophyta), from club mosses, whisk ferns and horsetails (all in Lycophyta)
Alt of Gen has Different Dominant Generations in Bryophytes vs. Vascular Plants Sporophyte Dominates Gametophyte Dominates
1.Sporophyte generation dominant and independent (unlike bryophytes) 2. Sperm still swimming!

3. Anthocerophyta: Hornworts 5. Sex organs are embedded deep in thallus 6. H20 Fertilization Sperm swim across thallus to egg
Kingdom Plantae: Seedless Vascular Plants 1. Discuss similarities and differences between Pterophyta, Lycophyta, and bryophytes 2. life cycles 3. distinguishing features of true ferns (Pterophyta), from club mosses, whisk ferns and horsetails (all in Lycophyta)
Alt of Gen has Different Dominant Generations in Bryophytes vs. Vascular Plants Sporophyte Dominates Gametophyte Dominates
1.Sporophyte generation dominant and independent (unlike bryophytes) 2. Sperm still swimming!

section4
 The Charalean life cycle has an alternation between haploid and diploid generations (respectively called gametophytes and sporophytes). The first embryophytes, however, had life cycles dominated by the gametophyte phase pf the plant. The sporophytes became small and dependent on the gametophyte for their entire brief life. Such plants are informally called 'bryophytes'. They include three surviving groups: * Bryophyta (mosses)
* Anthocerotophyta (hornworts)
* Marchantiophyta (liverworts)
All of the above 'bryophytes' are relatively small and are usually confined to moist environments, relying on water to disperse their spores. Other plants, better adapted to terrestrial conditions, appeared during the Silurian period. During the Devonian period, they diversified and spread to many different land environments, becoming the vascular plants or Tracheophyta, These plants have vascular tissues or tracheids, which transport water throughout the plant, and an outer layer or cuticle that resists drying out. In most vascular plants, the sporophyte is the dominant individual, and develops true leaves, stems, and roots, while the gametophyte remains very small. Many vascular plants reproduce using spores.

section4

The Charalean life cycle has an alternation between haploid and diploid generations (respectively called gametophytes and sporophytes). The first embryophytes, however, had life cycles dominated by the gametophyte phase pf the plant. The sporophytes became small and dependent on the gametophyte for their entire brief life. Such plants are informally called 'bryophytes'. They include three surviving groups: * Bryophyta (mosses)
* Anthocerotophyta (hornworts)
* Marchantiophyta (liverworts)
All of the above 'bryophytes' are relatively small and are usually confined to moist environments, relying on water to disperse their spores. Other plants, better adapted to terrestrial conditions, appeared during the Silurian period. During the Devonian period, they diversified and spread to many different land environments, becoming the vascular plants or Tracheophyta, These plants have vascular tissues or tracheids, which transport water throughout the plant, and an outer layer or cuticle that resists drying out. In most vascular plants, the sporophyte is the dominant individual, and develops true leaves, stems, and roots, while the gametophyte remains very small. Many vascular plants reproduce using spores.

 All land plants, both bryophytes and vascular plants, have solved the
problems of life on land. The two groups, though, have dealt with these
problems in different ways. Underscoring these differences is the fact that
different portions of the life cycle are dominant in the two groups. This means
that, for bryophytes, it is the gametophyte (1N) generation that confronts the
environment sporophyte (2N) depends entirely on the gametophyte. In vascular
plants, the sporophyte has developed adaptations for dealing with life on land,
but the gametophyte either avoids these problems or is dependent on the
sporophyte. This portion of the text supplement will provide information on the
most primitive and oldest group of vascular plants, the ferns and plants that
have life cycles similar to ferns, the fern allies. 2. Most of us are familiar with ferns and readily recognize
them. The portion of the life cycle that we recognize as being ferns is the
sporophyte (2N). In most ferns, the above ground portion of the plant consists
of leaves which are called fronds (Fern_labeled_MC.jpg).

All land plants, both bryophytes and vascular plants, have solved the
problems of life on land. The two groups, though, have dealt with these
problems in different ways. Underscoring these differences is the fact that
different portions of the life cycle are dominant in the two groups. This means
that, for bryophytes, it is the gametophyte (1N) generation that confronts the
environment sporophyte (2N) depends entirely on the gametophyte. In vascular
plants, the sporophyte has developed adaptations for dealing with life on land,
but the gametophyte either avoids these problems or is dependent on the
sporophyte. This portion of the text supplement will provide information on the
most primitive and oldest group of vascular plants, the ferns and plants that
have life cycles similar to ferns, the fern allies. 2. Most of us are familiar with ferns and readily recognize
them. The portion of the life cycle that we recognize as being ferns is the
sporophyte (2N). In most ferns, the above ground portion of the plant consists
of leaves which are called fronds (Fern_labeled_MC.jpg).

Structure of ferns and their allies An Introduction to the Structure of Ferns and their Allies
An Introduction to the Structure of Ferns and their Allies
Introduction
Life cycle
Gametophyte
Sporophyte
Habit, Lifeform
Terrestrial
Epiphyte
Aquatic
Stems, rhizomes
Growth form
Branching
Rhizome protection
Internal structure
Roots
Leaves, fronds
Stipe
Branching
Rachis
Lamina
Venation
Polymorphism
Bulbils
Sporpohyte fertility
Sori
Sporangia
Spores
Heterospory
Dimorphism
Sporocarps
Cytology
Chromosome numbers
Polyploidy
 This outline covers the easily recognised features of the ferns and their alies and mentions many of the technical terms used to describe them. Life cycle
The life cycle of pteridophytes involves two distinct and separate phases known as the gametophyte and sporophyte (these two phases also occur in the seed-plants, but because there they occur concurrently, they are less obvious). The sporophyte, is the most conspicuous phase, and is so-named because this is the stage that produces the spores; it is the sporophyte that most of us refer to when we describe or name a fern. Under favourable conditions, the spores shed from the sporophyte develop into the gametopyhte which is small, inconspicuous and short-lived. The purpose of the gametophyte is to produce the male and famale sex cells ( gametes ), the female of which, when fertilized, develops into a new sporophyte to continue the cycle. This regular process is known as the alternation of generations and involves an alternate doubling and halving of chromosome numbers at each phase. It is interesting to compare the pteridophyte life cycle with that of another major group of spore-producing plants, the bryophytes or mosses and liverworts which also have alternating generations. In the bryophytes, the gametophyte is the dominant and most conspicuous stage and the sporophyte is retained as a relatively small. dependent appendage on the mature gametophyte.

Structure of ferns and their allies

Marchantia: Classification, Characteristics, Reproduction and Life cycle Marchantia
Marchantia
Table of Contents
Classification of Marchantia
Marchantia Characteristics
Marchantia Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Gemmae
Sexual Reproduction
Fertilization
Sporophyte
Marchantia Life Cycle
Frequently Asked Questions
Is marchantia a bryophyte?
How many types of Rhizoids are seen in marchantia?
Why is marchantia called liverworts?
What are the 3 types of bryophytes?
What is Gemmae in marchantia?
Also Check:
 Table of Contents
Classification
Characteristics
Reproduction
Asexual
Sexual
Life Cycle
Bryophytes are known as the amphibians of the plant kingdom as they require water to reproduce sexually and complete their life cycle. Marchantia reproduce asexually as well as sexually. The life cycle is haplodiplontic and the haploid gametophyte is the dominant phase. The diploid sporophyte is short-lived and dependent on the gametophyte. Classification of Marchantia
Marchantia is classified under division Hepaticophyta, which includes all the liverworts. Riccia is also a liverwort. Bryophyta is divided into three main classes: Hepaticopsida- contains liverworts
Anthocerotopsida- contains hornworts
Bryopsida- contains mosses
Also see: Classification of Bryophytes
Kingdom
Plantae
Division
Hepaticophyta
Class
Hepaticopsida
Order
Marchantiales
Family
Marchantiaceae
Genus
Marchantia
The genus Marchantia contains around 65 species. They are present in moist and shady places all over the world.

Marchantia
Marchantia
Table of Contents
Classification of Marchantia
Marchantia Characteristics
Marchantia Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Gemmae
Sexual Reproduction
Fertilization
Sporophyte
Marchantia Life Cycle
Frequently Asked Questions
Is marchantia a bryophyte?
How many types of Rhizoids are seen in marchantia?
Why is marchantia called liverworts?
What are the 3 types of bryophytes?
What is Gemmae in marchantia?
Also Check:

Table of Contents
Classification
Characteristics
Reproduction
Asexual
Sexual
Life Cycle
Bryophytes are known as the amphibians of the plant kingdom as they require water to reproduce sexually and complete their life cycle. Marchantia reproduce asexually as well as sexually. The life cycle is haplodiplontic and the haploid gametophyte is the dominant phase. The diploid sporophyte is short-lived and dependent on the gametophyte. Classification of Marchantia
Marchantia is classified under division Hepaticophyta, which includes all the liverworts. Riccia is also a liverwort. Bryophyta is divided into three main classes: Hepaticopsida- contains liverworts
Anthocerotopsida- contains hornworts
Bryopsida- contains mosses
Also see: Classification of Bryophytes
Kingdom
Plantae
Division
Hepaticophyta
Class
Hepaticopsida
Order
Marchantiales
Family
Marchantiaceae
Genus
Marchantia
The genus Marchantia contains around 65 species. They are present in moist and shady places all over the world.

Evolution of Seed Plants | Biology II Evolution of Seed Plants
Evolution of Seed Plants
Learning Objectives
Evolution of Gymnosperms
Seeds and Pollen as an Evolutionary Adaptation to Dry Land
Evolution of Angiosperms
Flowers and Fruits as an Evolutionary Adaptation
Evolution Connection
Section Summary
 Evolution of Seed Plants | Biology II
Evolution of Seed Plants
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will have completed the following objectives: Explain when seed plants first appeared and when gymnosperms became the dominant plant group
Describe the two major innovations that allowed seed plants to reproduce in the absence of water
Discuss the purpose of pollen grains and seeds
Describe the significance of angiosperms bearing both flowers and fruit
The first plants to colonize land were most likely closely related to modern day mosses (bryophytes) and are thought to have appeared about 500 million years ago. They were followed by liverworts (also bryophytes) and primitive vascular plants—the pterophytes—from which modern ferns are derived. The lifecycle of bryophytes and pterophytes is characterized by the alternation of generations, like gymnosperms and angiosperms; what sets bryophytes and pterophytes apart from gymnosperms and angiosperms is their reproductive requirement for water. The completion of the bryophyte and pterophyte life cycle requires water because the male gametophyte releases sperm, which must swim—propelled by their flagella—to reach and fertilize the female gamete or egg. After fertilization, the zygote matures and grows into a sporophyte, which in turn will form sporangia or “spore vessels.” In the sporangia, mother cells undergo meiosis and produce the haploid spores. Release of spores in a suitable environment will lead to germination and a new generation of gametophytes. In seed plants, the evolutionary trend led to a dominant sporophyte generation, and at the same time, a systematic reduction in the size of the gametophyte:

Evolution of Seed Plants | Biology II

Evolution of Seed Plants
Evolution of Seed Plants
Learning Objectives
Evolution of Gymnosperms
Seeds and Pollen as an Evolutionary Adaptation to Dry Land
Evolution of Angiosperms
Flowers and Fruits as an Evolutionary Adaptation
Evolution Connection
Section Summary

 LIVERWORTS: As you look at the materials of Marchantiadraw a chart that shows all the relevant structures superimposed on a diagram of the life cycle. Hand this chart in at the end of lab. Liverwort and moss life cycles are nearly identical. Marchantiathallus
Alternation of generations(sporophyte/gametophyte)
Like all plants, the bryophyte life cycle has an alternation of generations between a diploid sporophyte (2n) and a haploid gametophyte (n). In the bryophytes, unlike the other plants, the dominant, indeterminate generation is the gametophyte, whereas the sporophyte is determinate (once formed, there is no further development) and nutritionally dependant on the gametophyte. diploid sporophyte(2n) meiosis produces haploid spores(n)
haploid spores germinate (mitosis) into haploid thallus(n), the gametophyte, which can reproduce asexually by gemmae cupscontaining gemmaeor sexually with gametangiophores. fertilization of egg by sperm produces a diploid zygote(2n) which divides by mitosis into new sporophyte. The male gametangiophore is called an antheridiophore; it grows up from the thallus and consists of a stalk with a flat-topped head.

LIVERWORTS: As you look at the materials of Marchantiadraw a chart that shows all the relevant structures superimposed on a diagram of the life cycle. Hand this chart in at the end of lab. Liverwort and moss life cycles are nearly identical. Marchantiathallus
Alternation of generations(sporophyte/gametophyte)
Like all plants, the bryophyte life cycle has an alternation of generations between a diploid sporophyte (2n) and a haploid gametophyte (n). In the bryophytes, unlike the other plants, the dominant, indeterminate generation is the gametophyte, whereas the sporophyte is determinate (once formed, there is no further development) and nutritionally dependant on the gametophyte. diploid sporophyte(2n) meiosis produces haploid spores(n)
haploid spores germinate (mitosis) into haploid thallus(n), the gametophyte, which can reproduce asexually by gemmae cupscontaining gemmaeor sexually with gametangiophores. fertilization of egg by sperm produces a diploid zygote(2n) which divides by mitosis into new sporophyte. The male gametangiophore is called an antheridiophore; it grows up from the thallus and consists of a stalk with a flat-topped head.

NCERT Solutions Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 Plant Kingdom - Download Free Solutions here NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 Plant Kingdom
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 Plant Kingdom
Download PDF of NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 – Plant Kingdom
Access Answers of Biology NCERT Class 11 Chapter 3 – Plant Kingdom
1. What is the basis of classification of algae?
Solution:
2. When and where does reduction division take place in the life cycle of a liverwort, a moss, a fern, a gymnosperm and an angiosperm?
Solution:
3. Name three groups of plants that bear archegonia. Briefly describe the life cycle of any one of them.
Solution:
The life cycle of Bryophytes
4. Mention the ploidy of the following:
protonemal cell of a moss; primary endosperm nucleus in dicot, leaf cell of a moss; prothallus cell of a fern; gemma cell in Marchantia; meristem cell of monocot, ovum of a liverwort, and zygote of a fern.
Solution:
5. Write a note on economic importance of algae and gymnosperms.
Solution:
Importance of Gymnosperms
Importance of Algae
6. Both gymnosperms and angiosperms bear seeds, then why are they classified separately?
Solution:
7. What is heterospory? Briefly comment on its significance. Give two examples
Solution:
8. Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:-
(i) protonema
(ii) antheridium
(iii) archegonium
(iv) diplontic
(v) sporophyll
(vi) isogamy
Solution:
9. Differentiate between the following:-
(i) red algae and brown algae
(ii) liverworts and moss
(iii) homosporous and heterosporous pteridophyte
(iv) syngamy and triple fusion
Solution:
10. How would you distinguish monocots from dicots?
Solution:
11. Match the following (column I with column II)
Solution:
12. Describe the important characteristics of gymnosperms.
Solution:
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 – Plant Kingdom
List of subtopics covered in Chapter 3 – Plant Kingdom:
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 – Plant Kingdom
Key Features of NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 – Plant Kingdom
Frequently Asked Questions on NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 3
Explain the economic importance of algae from the Chapter 3 of NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology.
What is the significance of heterospory discussed in the Chapter 3 of NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology?
List out the concepts covered in the Chapter 3 of NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology.
 Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:-
(i) protonema
(ii) antheridium
(iii) archegonium
(iv) diplontic
(v) sporophyll
(vi) isogamy
Solution: i) Protonema is the haploid stage in the bryophyte lifecycle where thread-like chain of cells are formed Ex: In mosses protonema develops directly from a spore. ii) Antheridium – The male sex organ, producing male gametes in bryophyte and pteridophytes is called antheridium. Ex: many fungi and algae have antheridia during their reproductive phases. iii) Archegonium is a female reproductive organ of bryophytes which is flask-shaped and produces a single egg. Observed in pteridiophytes, gymnosperms, bryophytes, they are jacketed and multicellular, possessing a neck and a swollen venter. iv) Diplontic – Life cycle in which dominant free living phase is diploid, generating haploid gametes. Ex:

NCERT Solutions Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 Plant Kingdom - Download Free Solutions here

Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:-
(i) protonema
(ii) antheridium
(iii) archegonium
(iv) diplontic
(v) sporophyll
(vi) isogamy
Solution: i) Protonema is the haploid stage in the bryophyte lifecycle where thread-like chain of cells are formed Ex: In mosses protonema develops directly from a spore. ii) Antheridium – The male sex organ, producing male gametes in bryophyte and pteridophytes is called antheridium. Ex: many fungi and algae have antheridia during their reproductive phases. iii) Archegonium is a female reproductive organ of bryophytes which is flask-shaped and produces a single egg. Observed in pteridiophytes, gymnosperms, bryophytes, they are jacketed and multicellular, possessing a neck and a swollen venter. iv) Diplontic – Life cycle in which dominant free living phase is diploid, generating haploid gametes. Ex:

 This
alga probably belongs to which group? Red algae
This tree represents the plant evolution, given the information from the tree, if A represents Charophyta, which
clade is the bryophytes? B
Seedless plants include _____. Bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails
The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to
Reduce dehydration
Which of the following is true of the life cycle of mosses? Antheridia and Archegonia are produced by gametophytes
A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he
notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte
generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to
Ferns
Sporophylls can be found in which of the following? Pterophytes
Select the correct statement contrasting gametophytes and sporophytes. Sporophytes are diploid, whereas gametophytes are haploid
Which of the followings is vascular plant?

This
alga probably belongs to which group? Red algae
This tree represents the plant evolution, given the information from the tree, if A represents Charophyta, which
clade is the bryophytes? B
Seedless plants include _____. Bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails
The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to
Reduce dehydration
Which of the following is true of the life cycle of mosses? Antheridia and Archegonia are produced by gametophytes
A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he
notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte
generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to
Ferns
Sporophylls can be found in which of the following? Pterophytes
Select the correct statement contrasting gametophytes and sporophytes. Sporophytes are diploid, whereas gametophytes are haploid
Which of the followings is vascular plant?

Difference Between Gametophyte and Sporophyte – Difference Wiki Difference Between Gametophyte and Sporophyte
Difference Between Gametophyte and Sporophyte
Main Difference
Gametophyte v s. Sporophyte
Comparison Chart
What is Gametophyte?
What is Sporophyte?
Key Differences
Comparison Video
Conclusion
Janet White
 The most primitive non-vascular plants, i.e. bryophytes consist of a sporophyte generation that completely depends on its gametophytic generation. But, in pteridophytes and higher plants, i.e. gymnosperms, and angiosperms, the sporophyte is the dominant form. The dominant sporophyte is differentiated into stem, root, and leaves. ADVERTISEMENT
Key Differences
A multicellular generation in the life cycle of a plant in which it forms gametes directly from its cells is known as gametophyte whereas, a multicellular generation in the life cycle of a plant in which it forms spores is known as the sporophyte. The gametophyte is a sexual phase of a plant’s life cycle; on the other hand, the sporophyte is an asexual phase of a plant’s life cycle. Gametophyte forms male and female gametes. Conversely, Sporophyte forms spores, i.e., microspores and megaspores. The gametophyte is produced by meiosis while; sporophyte is produced by mitosis.

Difference Between Gametophyte and Sporophyte – Difference Wiki

Difference Between Gametophyte and Sporophyte
Difference Between Gametophyte and Sporophyte
Main Difference
Gametophyte v s. Sporophyte
Comparison Chart
What is Gametophyte?
What is Sporophyte?
Key Differences
Comparison Video
Conclusion
Janet White

The most primitive non-vascular plants, i.e. bryophytes consist of a sporophyte generation that completely depends on its gametophytic generation. But, in pteridophytes and higher plants, i.e. gymnosperms, and angiosperms, the sporophyte is the dominant form. The dominant sporophyte is differentiated into stem, root, and leaves. ADVERTISEMENT
Key Differences
A multicellular generation in the life cycle of a plant in which it forms gametes directly from its cells is known as gametophyte whereas, a multicellular generation in the life cycle of a plant in which it forms spores is known as the sporophyte. The gametophyte is a sexual phase of a plant’s life cycle; on the other hand, the sporophyte is an asexual phase of a plant’s life cycle. Gametophyte forms male and female gametes. Conversely, Sporophyte forms spores, i.e., microspores and megaspores. The gametophyte is produced by meiosis while; sporophyte is produced by mitosis.

Difference Between Gametophyte and Sporophyte – Difference Wiki Difference Between Gametophyte and Sporophyte
Difference Between Gametophyte and Sporophyte
Main Difference
Gametophyte v s. Sporophyte
Comparison Chart
What is Gametophyte?
What is Sporophyte?
Key Differences
Comparison Video
Conclusion
Janet White
 Sporophyte than produces spores through mitosis that develop into gametophytes. So, in this way, these two generations alternate with each other. It shows that a plant generates two different types of plants with the same genetic material. Algae and bryophytes show a dominant gametophytic stage; on the other hand, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms show a dominant sporophyte generation. ADVERTISEMENT
CONTINUE READING BELOW
Comparison Chart
Gametophyte
Sporophyte
A multicellular generation in the life cycle of a plant in which it forms gametes directly from its cells is known as a gametophyte. A multicellular generation in the life cycle of a plant in which it forms spores is known as the sporophyte. Phase
The gametophyte is a sexual phase of a plant’s life cycle. The sporophyte is an asexual phase of a plant’s life cycle. Products
Gametophyte forms male and female gametes.

Sporophyte than produces spores through mitosis that develop into gametophytes. So, in this way, these two generations alternate with each other. It shows that a plant generates two different types of plants with the same genetic material. Algae and bryophytes show a dominant gametophytic stage; on the other hand, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms show a dominant sporophyte generation. ADVERTISEMENT
CONTINUE READING BELOW
Comparison Chart
Gametophyte
Sporophyte
A multicellular generation in the life cycle of a plant in which it forms gametes directly from its cells is known as a gametophyte. A multicellular generation in the life cycle of a plant in which it forms spores is known as the sporophyte. Phase
The gametophyte is a sexual phase of a plant’s life cycle. The sporophyte is an asexual phase of a plant’s life cycle. Products
Gametophyte forms male and female gametes.

Life Cycle of a Plant and Alteration of Generations: Examples and Videos Plant Life Cycles and Alternation of Generations
Plant Life Cycles and Alternation of Generations
Suggested Videos
Alternation of Generations
Browse more Topics under Plant Kingdom
Know some terms
Life Cycle of a Plant
Solved Questions For You
 Fertilization – Fusion of male and female gametes to form a diploid zygote. Meiosis – The process by which sporophyte produces spores that are haploid. Life Cycle of a Plant
The life cycle of plants shows some great variation. This is due to the fact that all plants are not similar. Right from simple algae and bryophytes to the complex vascular angiosperms, there is a great amount of diversity in the structure and features. Therefore, different generations are dominant in different plants. The following figure gives you an idea of the dominant and reduced stages in the life cycle of different plants. The haplontic life cycle is generally exhibited by algae. The sporophyte generation is represented only by a one-celled zygote. There are no free-living sporophytes.

Life Cycle of a Plant and Alteration of Generations: Examples and Videos

Plant Life Cycles and Alternation of Generations
Plant Life Cycles and Alternation of Generations
Suggested Videos
Alternation of Generations
Browse more Topics under Plant Kingdom
Know some terms
Life Cycle of a Plant
Solved Questions For You

Fertilization – Fusion of male and female gametes to form a diploid zygote. Meiosis – The process by which sporophyte produces spores that are haploid. Life Cycle of a Plant
The life cycle of plants shows some great variation. This is due to the fact that all plants are not similar. Right from simple algae and bryophytes to the complex vascular angiosperms, there is a great amount of diversity in the structure and features. Therefore, different generations are dominant in different plants. The following figure gives you an idea of the dominant and reduced stages in the life cycle of different plants. The haplontic life cycle is generally exhibited by algae. The sporophyte generation is represented only by a one-celled zygote. There are no free-living sporophytes.

Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples) - Viva Differences Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples)
Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples)
What Are Bryophytes?
What You Need To Know About Bryophytes
What Are Pteridophytes?
What You Need To Know About Pteridophtes
Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes In Tabular Form
Similarities between Bryophytes and Pteridophytes
Summary
 They also  reproduce via spores. Life cycle
Prominent phase in the life of bryophytes is haploid gametophyte. The prominent phase in the life of Pteridophyte is diploid  sporophyte. Gametophyte and Sporophyte
Gametophyte and Sporophyte in bryophytes are physically connected  unlike in the pteridophytes. The Sporophytic stage and Gametophytic stage are separate and not  physically connected to each other. The Neck of archegonia
The neck of the archegonia is long, containing six vertical rows of  cells. The neck of archegonia in pteridophytes is short, containing four  vertical rows of cells. Dominancy
Gametophyte is dominant. Sporophytes is dominant. Roots
True roots are absent.

Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples) - Viva Differences

Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples)
Top 12 Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes (With Examples)
What Are Bryophytes?
What You Need To Know About Bryophytes
What Are Pteridophytes?
What You Need To Know About Pteridophtes
Difference Between Bryophytes And Pteridophytes In Tabular Form
Similarities between Bryophytes and Pteridophytes
Summary

They also  reproduce via spores. Life cycle
Prominent phase in the life of bryophytes is haploid gametophyte. The prominent phase in the life of Pteridophyte is diploid  sporophyte. Gametophyte and Sporophyte
Gametophyte and Sporophyte in bryophytes are physically connected  unlike in the pteridophytes. The Sporophytic stage and Gametophytic stage are separate and not  physically connected to each other. The Neck of archegonia
The neck of the archegonia is long, containing six vertical rows of  cells. The neck of archegonia in pteridophytes is short, containing four  vertical rows of cells. Dominancy
Gametophyte is dominant. Sporophytes is dominant. Roots
True roots are absent.

Alternation of Generation in Plants (Metagenesis) | Botany Today Alternation of Generation in Plants (Metagenesis)
Alternation of Generation in Plants (Metagenesis)
Important Points in Alternation of Generation
Features of a Gametophyte
Features of a Sporophyte
Different Types of Life Cycle
Haplontic Life Cycle
Diplontic Life Cycle
Haplodiplontic Life Cycle
 In bryophytes, the gametophytic phase is a dominant phase and photosynthetic. Different Types of Life Cycle
There are three different types of life cycles found in kingdom Plantae. Haplontic Life Cycle
Here, the sporophytic phase is represented by a diploid zygote that undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores. The haploid spores then undergo mitosis to give rise to a new haploid gametophyte. In this cycle, the gametophytic phase is photosynthetic and dominant in nature. This life cycle is seen in some algae such as Volvox and Spirogyra. Diplontic Life Cycle
In this cycle, the gametophytic phase is a haploid gametophyte that can be single-celled or few-celled. Here the diploid sporophytic phase is photosynthetic, dominant and independent of the gametophyte. This kind of life cycle is found in an alga (Fucus), in all gymnosperms and angiosperms. Haplodiplontic Life Cycle
This is an intermediate between haplontic and diplontic life cycle.

Alternation of Generation in Plants (Metagenesis) | Botany Today

Alternation of Generation in Plants (Metagenesis)
Alternation of Generation in Plants (Metagenesis)
Important Points in Alternation of Generation
Features of a Gametophyte
Features of a Sporophyte
Different Types of Life Cycle
Haplontic Life Cycle
Diplontic Life Cycle
Haplodiplontic Life Cycle

In bryophytes, the gametophytic phase is a dominant phase and photosynthetic. Different Types of Life Cycle
There are three different types of life cycles found in kingdom Plantae. Haplontic Life Cycle
Here, the sporophytic phase is represented by a diploid zygote that undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores. The haploid spores then undergo mitosis to give rise to a new haploid gametophyte. In this cycle, the gametophytic phase is photosynthetic and dominant in nature. This life cycle is seen in some algae such as Volvox and Spirogyra. Diplontic Life Cycle
In this cycle, the gametophytic phase is a haploid gametophyte that can be single-celled or few-celled. Here the diploid sporophytic phase is photosynthetic, dominant and independent of the gametophyte. This kind of life cycle is found in an alga (Fucus), in all gymnosperms and angiosperms. Haplodiplontic Life Cycle
This is an intermediate between haplontic and diplontic life cycle.

Difference Between Gametophyte and Sporophyte – Difference Wiki Difference Between Gametophyte and Sporophyte
Difference Between Gametophyte and Sporophyte
Main Difference
Gametophyte v s. Sporophyte
Comparison Chart
What is Gametophyte?
What is Sporophyte?
Key Differences
Comparison Video
Conclusion
Janet White
 These spores are haploid cells that develop into haploid gametophytes. Megaspores develop into female gametophytes whereas; microspores develop into male gametophytes. These spores consist of one cell that can change into another new plant without mating. During evolution, the sporophytic stage has become dominant over the gametophytic stage. The most primitive non-vascular plants, i.e. bryophytes consist of a sporophyte generation that completely depends on its gametophytic generation. But, in pteridophytes and higher plants, i.e. gymnosperms, and angiosperms, the sporophyte is the dominant form. The dominant sporophyte is differentiated into stem, root, and leaves. ADVERTISEMENT
Key Differences
A multicellular generation in the life cycle of a plant in which it forms gametes directly from its cells is known as gametophyte whereas, a multicellular generation in the life cycle of a plant in which it forms spores is known as the sporophyte. The gametophyte is a sexual phase of a plant’s life cycle;

These spores are haploid cells that develop into haploid gametophytes. Megaspores develop into female gametophytes whereas; microspores develop into male gametophytes. These spores consist of one cell that can change into another new plant without mating. During evolution, the sporophytic stage has become dominant over the gametophytic stage. The most primitive non-vascular plants, i.e. bryophytes consist of a sporophyte generation that completely depends on its gametophytic generation. But, in pteridophytes and higher plants, i.e. gymnosperms, and angiosperms, the sporophyte is the dominant form. The dominant sporophyte is differentiated into stem, root, and leaves. ADVERTISEMENT
Key Differences
A multicellular generation in the life cycle of a plant in which it forms gametes directly from its cells is known as gametophyte whereas, a multicellular generation in the life cycle of a plant in which it forms spores is known as the sporophyte. The gametophyte is a sexual phase of a plant’s life cycle;

 Kingdom Plantae, Part I - Bryophytes and Ferns
Kingdom

Plantae,

Part

I

-

Bryophytes

and

Ferns

I.

Introduction

II.

Objectives:

III.

Part

I

-

Bryophytes

Examination

of

living/preserved

Polytrichum:

Examination

of

prepared

moss

slides:

IV.

Part

II

-

Ferns

Examination

of

fern

sporophyte

and

section

of

sorus:

Observation

of

a

fern

gametophyte:

Fern

gametophyte

with

attached

sporophyte:

V.

Review

Questions

Other:

 Kingdom Plantae, Part I - Bryophytes and Ferns
Kingdom

Plantae,

Part

I

-

Bryophytes

and

Ferns

I.

Introduction

Plants

are

multicellular

eukaryotic

organisms

that

are

autotrophic

(produce

their

own

food

by

photosynthesis),

and

possess: apical

cell

division,

chlorophyll,

a

waxy

cuticle,

and

have

cell

walls

containing

cellulose. Furthermore,

all

members

of

the

plant

kingdom

have

variations

of

a

life

cycle

described

as

alternation

of

generations. In

the

alternation

of

generations

life

cycle

there

are

two

mature

stages

known

as

the

sporophyte

and

gametophyte. The

sporophyte,

which

is

always

diploid

(2n),

produces

haploid

(n)

spores

by

the

process

of

meiosis

in

structures

called

sporangia. Spores

germinate

and

develop

into

gametophytes,

which

are

always

haploid. The

haploid

gametophyte

produces

gametes

(sperm

or

eggs)

which

later

fuse

to

form

a

diploid

zygote. The

zygote

develops

into

the

mature

sporophyte,

thus

completing

the

life

cycle. The

major

groups

of

plants

that

you

will

examine

in

this

week's

lab

exercises

are

bryophytes

(hornworts,

liverworts,

and

mosses)

and

ferns. Next

week

we

will

examine

the

Gymnosperms

("naked

seed"

producing

plants)

and

Angiosperms

(flowering

plants),

which

are

the

"most

advanced"

plants

alive

today.

Kingdom Plantae, Part I - Bryophytes and Ferns
Kingdom

Plantae,

Part

I

-

Bryophytes

and

Ferns

I.

Introduction

II.

Objectives:

III.

Part

I

-

Bryophytes

Examination

of

living/preserved

Polytrichum:

Examination

of

prepared

moss

slides:

IV.

Part

II

-

Ferns

Examination

of

fern

sporophyte

and

section

of

sorus:

Observation

of

a

fern

gametophyte:

Fern

gametophyte

with

attached

sporophyte:

V.

Review

Questions

Other:

Kingdom Plantae, Part I - Bryophytes and Ferns
Kingdom

Plantae,

Part

I

-

Bryophytes

and

Ferns

I.

Introduction

Plants

are

multicellular

eukaryotic

organisms

that

are

autotrophic

(produce

their

own

food

by

photosynthesis),

and

possess: apical

cell

division,

chlorophyll,

a

waxy

cuticle,

and

have

cell

walls

containing

cellulose. Furthermore,

all

members

of

the

plant

kingdom

have

variations

of

a

life

cycle

described

as

alternation

of

generations. In

the

alternation

of

generations

life

cycle

there

are

two

mature

stages

known

as

the

sporophyte

and

gametophyte. The

sporophyte,

which

is

always

diploid

(2n),

produces

haploid

(n)

spores

by

the

process

of

meiosis

in

structures

called

sporangia. Spores

germinate

and

develop

into

gametophytes,

which

are

always

haploid. The

haploid

gametophyte

produces

gametes

(sperm

or

eggs)

which

later

fuse

to

form

a

diploid

zygote. The

zygote

develops

into

the

mature

sporophyte,

thus

completing

the

life

cycle. The

major

groups

of

plants

that

you

will

examine

in

this

week's

lab

exercises

are

bryophytes

(hornworts,

liverworts,

and

mosses)

and

ferns. Next

week

we

will

examine

the

Gymnosperms

("naked

seed"

producing

plants)

and

Angiosperms

(flowering

plants),

which

are

the

"most

advanced"

plants

alive

today.

What is haplontic lifecycle? | Yahoo Answers What is haplontic lifecycle?
Anonymous
What is haplontic lifecycle?
7 Answers
Anonymous
Anonymous
Anonymous
 https://shrinks.im/a9QrY
Anonymous
5 years ago
Haplontic Life Cycle
Source (s): https://shrinke.im/a78a3
Satha
6 years ago
The haplontic life cycle is gametophytic generation is the only generation sporophytic stage is represented by a single cell. eg. Ulothrix. etc not bryophytes because there are TWO generations Diplo-Haplontic life cycle heteromorphic alternation of generation. Dr. S.Sathananthan
...Show more
Mrudul S
Lv 7
1 decade ago
The haplontic life cycle is in the organisms where gametophytic generation is dominant over the sporophytic generation eg . bryophytes, algae fungi etc. Anonymous
6 years ago
This Site Might Help You. RE:

What is haplontic lifecycle? | Yahoo Answers

What is haplontic lifecycle?
Anonymous
What is haplontic lifecycle?
7 Answers
Anonymous
Anonymous
Anonymous

https://shrinks.im/a9QrY
Anonymous
5 years ago
Haplontic Life Cycle
Source (s): https://shrinke.im/a78a3
Satha
6 years ago
The haplontic life cycle is gametophytic generation is the only generation sporophytic stage is represented by a single cell. eg. Ulothrix. etc not bryophytes because there are TWO generations Diplo-Haplontic life cycle heteromorphic alternation of generation. Dr. S.Sathananthan
...Show more
Mrudul S
Lv 7
1 decade ago
The haplontic life cycle is in the organisms where gametophytic generation is dominant over the sporophytic generation eg . bryophytes, algae fungi etc. Anonymous
6 years ago
This Site Might Help You. RE:

sporophyte | Definition and Examples | Britannica Sporophyte
Sporophyte
biology
 fern: life cycle
The life cycle of the fern. © Merriam-Webster Inc.
The character and relative extent of the two phases vary greatly among different groups of plants and algae. During the course of evolution, the sporophyte stage has become progressively increased. Thus, in the higher (i.e., vascular) plants the sporophyte is the dominant phase in the life cycle, whereas in the more primitive nonvascular plants ( bryophytes) the gametophyte remains dominant. The dominant phase in algae often depends on environmental conditions, though some species have determinant life cycles and are commonly gametophyte-dominant. This article was most recently revised and updated by Melissa Petruzzello, Assistant Editor. History at your fingertips
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sporophyte | Definition and Examples | Britannica

fern: life cycle
The life cycle of the fern. © Merriam-Webster Inc.
The character and relative extent of the two phases vary greatly among different groups of plants and algae. During the course of evolution, the sporophyte stage has become progressively increased. Thus, in the higher (i.e., vascular) plants the sporophyte is the dominant phase in the life cycle, whereas in the more primitive nonvascular plants ( bryophytes) the gametophyte remains dominant. The dominant phase in algae often depends on environmental conditions, though some species have determinant life cycles and are commonly gametophyte-dominant. This article was most recently revised and updated by Melissa Petruzzello, Assistant Editor. History at your fingertips
Sign up here to see what happened On This Day, every day in your inbox! Email address
By signing up, you agree to our Privacy Notice. Thank you for subscribing!

Life Cycles in Plants and it Types (With Diagram) Life Cycles in Plants and it Types (With Diagram)
Life Cycles in Plants and it Types (With Diagram)
Types of Plant Life Cycles (Fig. 4.1):
On this basis, life cycle may be three types:
(i) Uniphasic:
(ii) Diphasic:
(iii) Triphasic:
(a) Haplontic life cycle:
(b) Diplontic life cycle:
(c) Haplo-diplontic life cycle
(d) Haplobiontic (= haplo-haplontic) life cycle:
(e) Diplobiontic (= diplo-diplo-haplontic):
 Life Cycles in Plants and it Types (With Diagram)
Life Cycles in Plants and it Types (With Diagram)
Article Shared by
ADVERTISEMENTS: The life cycles of all sexually reproducing plants follow a pattern of alternation between a haploid, sexual generation called gametophyte with a diploid, asexual generation called sporophyte. This phenomenon of alternation between gametophyte (n) and sporophyte (2n) in the life cycle of a plant is called alternation of generations (Hofmeister, 1851). Alternation of generations is of two types- isomorphic and heteromorphy. In isomorphic (or homologous) type both the alternating generations are morphologically similar, while in heteromophic (or heterologous) type of alternation of generations both the generations of life cycle are morphologically dissimilar. ADVERTISEMENTS: In the life cycle, change of ploidy level from diploid (2n) to haploid (n) is brought about by meiosis and fertilization (syngamy) respectively. The sporophyte generation is “diploid” in which meiosis occurs to produce haploid spores, while gametophyte generation is “haploid” in which gametes are produced (by mitosis of haploid cells). In the life cycle, any one of the two generations is found to be always more conspicuous and survive a greater proportion is called as dominant generation. In algae and bryophytes the somatic or vegetative plant body is a gametophyte which is dominant and visible.

Life Cycles in Plants and it Types (With Diagram)

Life Cycles in Plants and it Types (With Diagram)
Life Cycles in Plants and it Types (With Diagram)
Types of Plant Life Cycles (Fig. 4.1):
On this basis, life cycle may be three types:
(i) Uniphasic:
(ii) Diphasic:
(iii) Triphasic:
(a) Haplontic life cycle:
(b) Diplontic life cycle:
(c) Haplo-diplontic life cycle
(d) Haplobiontic (= haplo-haplontic) life cycle:
(e) Diplobiontic (= diplo-diplo-haplontic):

Difference Between Bryophytes and Ferns | Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms Difference Between Bryophytes and Ferns
Difference Between Bryophytes and Ferns
CONTENTS
What are Bryophytes?
Figure 01: Bryophytes
What are Ferns?
What are the Similarities Between Bryophytes and Ferns?
What is the Difference Between Bryophytes and Ferns?
Summary – Bryophytes vs Ferns
Reference:
Image Courtesy:
About the Author: Samanthi
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 Namely, they are the Psilotophyta, Lycophyta, Sphenophyta (the fern allies), and Pterophyta (the true ferns). Figure 02: Ferns
When considering true ferns (Pteridophyta), similar to bryophytes, these ferns also show alternative generations. However, unlike bryophytes, ferns have a dominant sporophyte generation that is diploid. Gametophyte generation represents by a prothallus, which is green and photosynthetic produced by a spore of the sporophyte. The sporophyte is the diploid stage of the pteridophyte life cycle, and it is also photosynthetic. But, it does not produce flowers or seeds. Similar to bryophytes, ferns are also important plants. They act as soil binders. Also, they can use as ornamental plants.

Difference Between Bryophytes and Ferns | Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms

Difference Between Bryophytes and Ferns
Difference Between Bryophytes and Ferns
CONTENTS
What are Bryophytes?
Figure 01: Bryophytes
What are Ferns?
What are the Similarities Between Bryophytes and Ferns?
What is the Difference Between Bryophytes and Ferns?
Summary – Bryophytes vs Ferns
Reference:
Image Courtesy:
About the Author: Samanthi
Leave a Reply
Cancel reply

Namely, they are the Psilotophyta, Lycophyta, Sphenophyta (the fern allies), and Pterophyta (the true ferns). Figure 02: Ferns
When considering true ferns (Pteridophyta), similar to bryophytes, these ferns also show alternative generations. However, unlike bryophytes, ferns have a dominant sporophyte generation that is diploid. Gametophyte generation represents by a prothallus, which is green and photosynthetic produced by a spore of the sporophyte. The sporophyte is the diploid stage of the pteridophyte life cycle, and it is also photosynthetic. But, it does not produce flowers or seeds. Similar to bryophytes, ferns are also important plants. They act as soil binders. Also, they can use as ornamental plants.

Alternation of Generation in Plants (Metagenesis) | Botany Today Alternation of Generation in Plants (Metagenesis)
Alternation of Generation in Plants (Metagenesis)
Important Points in Alternation of Generation
Features of a Gametophyte
Features of a Sporophyte
Different Types of Life Cycle
Haplontic Life Cycle
Diplontic Life Cycle
Haplodiplontic Life Cycle
 The spore mother cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores. Each spore produces a new gametophyte. Different members of plant kingdom have variation in their life cycle. In case of angiosperms and gymnosperms, the sporophyte plant body is a photosynthetic and dominant stage. In pteridophytes, the sporophytic phase is the dominant phase but is small and dependent on the gametophyte in the early stages. In bryophytes, the gametophytic phase is a dominant phase and photosynthetic. Different Types of Life Cycle
There are three different types of life cycles found in kingdom Plantae. Haplontic Life Cycle
Here, the sporophytic phase is represented by a diploid zygote that undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores. The haploid spores then undergo mitosis to give rise to a new haploid gametophyte. In this cycle, the gametophytic phase is photosynthetic and dominant in nature.

The spore mother cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores. Each spore produces a new gametophyte. Different members of plant kingdom have variation in their life cycle. In case of angiosperms and gymnosperms, the sporophyte plant body is a photosynthetic and dominant stage. In pteridophytes, the sporophytic phase is the dominant phase but is small and dependent on the gametophyte in the early stages. In bryophytes, the gametophytic phase is a dominant phase and photosynthetic. Different Types of Life Cycle
There are three different types of life cycles found in kingdom Plantae. Haplontic Life Cycle
Here, the sporophytic phase is represented by a diploid zygote that undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores. The haploid spores then undergo mitosis to give rise to a new haploid gametophyte. In this cycle, the gametophytic phase is photosynthetic and dominant in nature.

Alternation of generations - Life Cycle of a Plant Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations
Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations
Alternation of Generations Definition
What is Alternation of Generations?
Alternation of Generations – Life Cycle
Stages of Alternation of Generations
Sporophyte Generation
Gametophyte Generation
Life Cycle Events in a Flowering Plant
Related Links:-
 Alternation of generations - Life Cycle of a Plant
Biology
Biology Article
Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations
Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations
Alternation of Generations Definition
“Alternation of generations is a type of life cycle in which subsequent generations of plants alternate between diploid and haploid organisms.” What is Alternation of Generations? Alternation of generations is common in plants, algae, and fungi. This can be compared to the sexual reproduction in animals where both haploid and diploid cells are found in every generation. Plants alternate between the diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte, and between asexual and sexual reproduction. Therefore, the life cycle of plants is known as alternation of generations. The ability of the plants to reproduce sexually and asexually helps them to adapt to different environments. The alternation of generations depends upon the type of the plant. In Bryophytes, the dominant generation is haploid and the gametophyte comprises the main plant. In tracheophytes, the dominant generation is diploid and the sporophyte comprises the main plant.

Alternation of generations - Life Cycle of a Plant

Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations
Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations
Alternation of Generations Definition
What is Alternation of Generations?
Alternation of Generations – Life Cycle
Stages of Alternation of Generations
Sporophyte Generation
Gametophyte Generation
Life Cycle Events in a Flowering Plant
Related Links:-

Alternation of generations - Life Cycle of a Plant
Biology
Biology Article
Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations
Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations
Alternation of Generations Definition
“Alternation of generations is a type of life cycle in which subsequent generations of plants alternate between diploid and haploid organisms.” What is Alternation of Generations? Alternation of generations is common in plants, algae, and fungi. This can be compared to the sexual reproduction in animals where both haploid and diploid cells are found in every generation. Plants alternate between the diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte, and between asexual and sexual reproduction. Therefore, the life cycle of plants is known as alternation of generations. The ability of the plants to reproduce sexually and asexually helps them to adapt to different environments. The alternation of generations depends upon the type of the plant. In Bryophytes, the dominant generation is haploid and the gametophyte comprises the main plant. In tracheophytes, the dominant generation is diploid and the sporophyte comprises the main plant.

Bryophyte - Definition, Characteristics, Life Cycle and Examples Bryophyte
Bryophyte
Bryophyte Definition
Bryophyte Characteristics
Bryophyte Life Cycle
Bryophyte Examples
Liverworts
Mosses
Hornworts
Quiz
References
Cite This Article
 the mosses, hornworts, and liverworts. Bryophyte Characteristics
The following characteristics are exhibited by bryophytes: Bryophytes are non-vascular land plants. Although they do exhibit specialized structures for water transportation, they are devoid of vascular tissue. Bryophytes grow primarily in damp environments but can be found growing in diverse habitats ranging from deserts, the artic, and high elevations. Since bryophytes do not depend on root structures for nutrient uptake like vascular plants, they are able to survive in environments that vascular plants cannot (e.g., on the surface of rocks). All bryophytes have a dominant gametophyte stage in their life cycle. During this stage, the plant is haploid and the sex organs that produce the gametes are developed. Bryophytes are unique compared to many other plant species in that they remain in this stage for long periods. The sporophytes (the diploid form of the plant) of bryophytes are unbranched, producing a single spore-producing capsule ( sporangium ).

Bryophyte - Definition, Characteristics, Life Cycle and Examples

Bryophyte
Bryophyte
Bryophyte Definition
Bryophyte Characteristics
Bryophyte Life Cycle
Bryophyte Examples
Liverworts
Mosses
Hornworts
Quiz
References
Cite This Article

the mosses, hornworts, and liverworts. Bryophyte Characteristics
The following characteristics are exhibited by bryophytes: Bryophytes are non-vascular land plants. Although they do exhibit specialized structures for water transportation, they are devoid of vascular tissue. Bryophytes grow primarily in damp environments but can be found growing in diverse habitats ranging from deserts, the artic, and high elevations. Since bryophytes do not depend on root structures for nutrient uptake like vascular plants, they are able to survive in environments that vascular plants cannot (e.g., on the surface of rocks). All bryophytes have a dominant gametophyte stage in their life cycle. During this stage, the plant is haploid and the sex organs that produce the gametes are developed. Bryophytes are unique compared to many other plant species in that they remain in this stage for long periods. The sporophytes (the diploid form of the plant) of bryophytes are unbranched, producing a single spore-producing capsule ( sporangium ).

The Haploid-Diploid Life Cycle THE HAPLOID-DIPLOID
 The second type involves a GPT that is dominant over the SPT. The SPT is dependent of the GPT, as with all bryophytes. The most common relationship among land plants is when the SPT is dominant over GPT, as is the case with all vascular plants. A fern, Polypodium
There are two main natures of spores. Some 1n-2n plants have only one morphological type of spore, and are called homosporous. Heterosporous plants have two morphologically different types of spores. They have male spores called microspores and female spores called megaspores. All GPT dominant plants are homosporous, where as SPT dominant plants can be either homosporous or heterosporous. LIFE CYCLES
Meiosis and Syngamy | Gametes | Evolution of Life Cycles |
| Haploid Life Cycle | Diploid  Life Cycle | Haploid-Diploid Life Cycle |
| Ecology of Reproduction | Asexual Reproduction | Summary |
| Sources | G lossary |

The Haploid-Diploid Life Cycle

The second type involves a GPT that is dominant over the SPT. The SPT is dependent of the GPT, as with all bryophytes. The most common relationship among land plants is when the SPT is dominant over GPT, as is the case with all vascular plants. A fern, Polypodium
There are two main natures of spores. Some 1n-2n plants have only one morphological type of spore, and are called homosporous. Heterosporous plants have two morphologically different types of spores. They have male spores called microspores and female spores called megaspores. All GPT dominant plants are homosporous, where as SPT dominant plants can be either homosporous or heterosporous. LIFE CYCLES
Meiosis and Syngamy | Gametes | Evolution of Life Cycles |
| Haploid Life Cycle | Diploid  Life Cycle | Haploid-Diploid Life Cycle |
| Ecology of Reproduction | Asexual Reproduction | Summary |
| Sources | G lossary |

Mosses and liverworts — Australian Antarctic Program Mosses and liverworts
Mosses and liverworts
Life Cycle
Adaptions
Climate change and pollution
Photo gallery
 Mosses and liverworts — Australian Antarctic Program
Mosses and liverworts
Home About Antarctica Plants and microbes Mosses & liverworts
‘Bryophytes’ are a group that include mosses and liverworts. About 130 species have been recorded from Antarctica. This includes 100 species of mosses and 25 to 30 species of hepatics, or liverworts. They are typically small leafy plants, either upright or creeping. Moss on rocks at Robinson Ridge. Photo: James Lowe
Bryophytes can be found in almost all areas that are capable of supporting plant life in the Antarctic. Moss lawns often occur on meltwater flushes from ponds (such as at Casey station), or from glaciers (such as the Canada Glacier in Southern Victoria Land). Mosses have been collected from as far south as 84°30’ ( Ceratodon purpureus at Mt. Kyffin, Southern Victoria Land). Life Cycle
The dominant stage in the life cycle of bryophytes is the sexually reproducing gametophyte plant stage.

Mosses and liverworts — Australian Antarctic Program

Mosses and liverworts
Mosses and liverworts
Life Cycle
Adaptions
Climate change and pollution
Photo gallery

Mosses and liverworts — Australian Antarctic Program
Mosses and liverworts
Home About Antarctica Plants and microbes Mosses & liverworts
‘Bryophytes’ are a group that include mosses and liverworts. About 130 species have been recorded from Antarctica. This includes 100 species of mosses and 25 to 30 species of hepatics, or liverworts. They are typically small leafy plants, either upright or creeping. Moss on rocks at Robinson Ridge. Photo: James Lowe
Bryophytes can be found in almost all areas that are capable of supporting plant life in the Antarctic. Moss lawns often occur on meltwater flushes from ponds (such as at Casey station), or from glaciers (such as the Canada Glacier in Southern Victoria Land). Mosses have been collected from as far south as 84°30’ ( Ceratodon purpureus at Mt. Kyffin, Southern Victoria Land). Life Cycle
The dominant stage in the life cycle of bryophytes is the sexually reproducing gametophyte plant stage.

gametophyte | Definition & Examples | Britannica Gametophyte
Gametophyte
biology
 Emerging from the spore at the time of germination...
In the gametophyte phase, which is haploid (having a single set of chromosomes ), male and female organs (gametangia) develop and produce eggs and sperm ( gametes) through simple mitosis for sexual reproduction. When these unite in fertilization, the zygote then develops into the diploid (having two sets of chromosomes) sporophyte phase, which produces unicellular spores through meiosis. These, in turn, develop into a new gametophyte phase. moss life cycle
Life cycle of moss. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
The character and relative extent of the two phases vary greatly among different groups of plants and algae. Over the course of evolution, the gametophyte stage has become progressively reduced. Thus, the gametophyte stage is dominant in the more primitive (nonvascular) plants ( bryophytes ), whereas the sporophyte is the dominant phase in the life cycle of higher (i.e., vascular) plants. In algae, the dominant phase often depends on environmental conditions, though some species have determinant life cycles. This article was most recently revised and updated by Melissa Petruzzello, Assistant Editor. History at your fingertips
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gametophyte | Definition & Examples | Britannica

Emerging from the spore at the time of germination...
In the gametophyte phase, which is haploid (having a single set of chromosomes ), male and female organs (gametangia) develop and produce eggs and sperm ( gametes) through simple mitosis for sexual reproduction. When these unite in fertilization, the zygote then develops into the diploid (having two sets of chromosomes) sporophyte phase, which produces unicellular spores through meiosis. These, in turn, develop into a new gametophyte phase. moss life cycle
Life cycle of moss. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
The character and relative extent of the two phases vary greatly among different groups of plants and algae. Over the course of evolution, the gametophyte stage has become progressively reduced. Thus, the gametophyte stage is dominant in the more primitive (nonvascular) plants ( bryophytes ), whereas the sporophyte is the dominant phase in the life cycle of higher (i.e., vascular) plants. In algae, the dominant phase often depends on environmental conditions, though some species have determinant life cycles. This article was most recently revised and updated by Melissa Petruzzello, Assistant Editor. History at your fingertips
Sign up here to see what happened On This Day, every day in your inbox!

5 Non-vascular Plants and Plants Without Seeds | Laboratory Manual For SCI104 Biology II at Roxbury Community College 5
Non-vascular Plants and Plants Without Seeds

5 Non-vascular Plants and Plants Without Seeds
5.1 Embryophytes
5.2 Non-vascular plants
5.3 Bryophytes
5.4 Mosses
5.4.1 Life cycle
5.5 View the prepared slides of mosses
5.6 Liverworts
5.6.1 Life cycle
5.7 View Prepared Slides of Liverworts
5.8 Vascular plants
5.9 Pteridophyta
5.9.1 Life cycle
5.10 Clubmosses
5.11 Spikemosses
5.12 View Prepared Slides of Selaginella
5.13 Horsetails
5.14 View Prepared Slides of Equisetum
5.15 Whisk ferns
5.16 View Prepared Slides of Psilotum
5.17 View Prepared Slides of Ferns
5.18 View Prepared Slides of Cyrtomium
5.19 View Living Organisms
 5.3 Bryophytes
Bryophytes are an informal group consisting of three divisions of non-vascular land plants (embryophytes), the liverworts, hornworts and mosses. They are characteristically limited in size and prefer moist habitats although they can survive in drier environments. The bryophytes consist of about 20,000 plant species. Bryophytes produce enclosed reproductive structures (gametangia and sporangia), but they do not produce flowers or seeds. They reproduce via spores. The term “bryophyte” comes from bryon “tree-moss, oyster-green” and phyton “plant”. The defining features of bryophytes are: Their life cycles are dominated by the gametophyte stage. Their sporophytes are unbranched. They do not have a true vascular tissue containing lignin (although some have specialized tissues for the transport of water).

5
Non-vascular Plants and Plants Without Seeds

5 Non-vascular Plants and Plants Without Seeds
5.1 Embryophytes
5.2 Non-vascular plants
5.3 Bryophytes
5.4 Mosses
5.4.1 Life cycle
5.5 View the prepared slides of mosses
5.6 Liverworts
5.6.1 Life cycle
5.7 View Prepared Slides of Liverworts
5.8 Vascular plants
5.9 Pteridophyta
5.9.1 Life cycle
5.10 Clubmosses
5.11 Spikemosses
5.12 View Prepared Slides of Selaginella
5.13 Horsetails
5.14 View Prepared Slides of Equisetum
5.15 Whisk ferns
5.16 View Prepared Slides of Psilotum
5.17 View Prepared Slides of Ferns
5.18 View Prepared Slides of Cyrtomium
5.19 View Living Organisms

5.3 Bryophytes
Bryophytes are an informal group consisting of three divisions of non-vascular land plants (embryophytes), the liverworts, hornworts and mosses. They are characteristically limited in size and prefer moist habitats although they can survive in drier environments. The bryophytes consist of about 20,000 plant species. Bryophytes produce enclosed reproductive structures (gametangia and sporangia), but they do not produce flowers or seeds. They reproduce via spores. The term “bryophyte” comes from bryon “tree-moss, oyster-green” and phyton “plant”. The defining features of bryophytes are: Their life cycles are dominated by the gametophyte stage. Their sporophytes are unbranched. They do not have a true vascular tissue containing lignin (although some have specialized tissues for the transport of water).

 BIO 5 GENERAL BIOLOGY
BIO 5 GENERAL
BIOLOGY
FERNS AND FERN ALLIES
1. Basically there are two types of land plants: bryophytes
and vascular plants. Mosses are bryophytes, and vascular plants include those
plants that are most familiar to us: trees, shrubs, lawn grasses, garden
plants. All land plants, both bryophytes and vascular plants, have solved the
problems of life on land. The two groups, though, have dealt with these
problems in different ways. Underscoring these differences is the fact that
different portions of the life cycle are dominant in the two groups. This means
that, for bryophytes, it is the gametophyte (1N) generation that confronts the
environment sporophyte (2N) depends entirely on the gametophyte. In vascular
plants, the sporophyte has developed adaptations for dealing with life on land,
but the gametophyte either avoids these problems or is dependent on the
sporophyte.

BIO 5 GENERAL BIOLOGY
BIO 5 GENERAL
BIOLOGY
FERNS AND FERN ALLIES
1. Basically there are two types of land plants: bryophytes
and vascular plants. Mosses are bryophytes, and vascular plants include those
plants that are most familiar to us: trees, shrubs, lawn grasses, garden
plants. All land plants, both bryophytes and vascular plants, have solved the
problems of life on land. The two groups, though, have dealt with these
problems in different ways. Underscoring these differences is the fact that
different portions of the life cycle are dominant in the two groups. This means
that, for bryophytes, it is the gametophyte (1N) generation that confronts the
environment sporophyte (2N) depends entirely on the gametophyte. In vascular
plants, the sporophyte has developed adaptations for dealing with life on land,
but the gametophyte either avoids these problems or is dependent on the
sporophyte.

Bryophyte - Wikipedia Bryophyte
Bryophyte
Contents
Terminology
Features
Habitat
Life cycle
Sexuality
Classification and phylogeny
Paraphyletic view
Other views
Evolution
Similarities to algae and vascular plants
Comparative morphology
Uses
Environmental
Commercial
See also
References
Bibliography
External links
 They reproduce via spores. Bryophytes are usually considered to be a paraphyletic group and not a monophyletic group, although some studies have produced contrary results. Regardless of their status, the name is convenient and remains in use as an informal collective term. The term "bryophyte" comes from Greek βρύον, bryon "tree-moss, oyster-green" and φυτόν, phyton "plant". Contents
1 Terminology
2 Features
3 Habitat
4 Life cycle
4.1 Sexuality
5 Classification and phylogeny
5.1 Paraphyletic view
5.2 Other views
6 Evolution
6.1 Similarities to algae and vascular plants
7 Comparative morphology
8 Uses
9 See also
10 References
11 Bibliography
12 External links
Terminology
The term "Bryophyta" was first suggested by Braun in 1864. G.M. Smith placed this group between Algae and Pteridophyta. Features
The defining features of bryophytes are: Their life cycles are dominated by a multicellular gametophyte stage
Their sporophytes are unbranched
They do not have a true vascular tissue containing lignin (although some have specialized tissues for the transport of water)
Habitat
Bryophytes exist in a wide variety of habitats. They can be found growing in a range of temperatures (cold arctics and in hot deserts), elevations (sea-level to alpine), and moisture (dry deserts to wet rainforests). Bryophytes can grow where vascularized plants cannot because they do not depend on roots for an uptake of nutrients from soil.

Bryophyte - Wikipedia

Bryophyte
Bryophyte
Contents
Terminology
Features
Habitat
Life cycle
Sexuality
Classification and phylogeny
Paraphyletic view
Other views
Evolution
Similarities to algae and vascular plants
Comparative morphology
Uses
Environmental
Commercial
See also
References
Bibliography
External links

Plant evolution | Article about Plant evolution by The Free Dictionary Plant evolution
Plant evolution
Plant evolution
Origin of land plants
Seed plants
Angiosperms
Mentioned in ?
Encyclopedia browser ?
Full browser ?
 See Reproduction (plant)
Land plants have been traditionally divided into “bryophytes” and vascular plants (tracheophytes). These differ in the relative role of the sporophyte, which is subordinate and permanently attached to the gametophyte in “bryophytes” but dominant and independent in vascular plants. In vascular plants, tissues are differentiated into an epidermis with a waxy cuticle that retards water loss and stomates for gas exchange, parenchyma for photosynthesis and storage, and water- and nutrient-conducting cells (xylem, phloem). However, cladistic analyses imply that some “bryophytes” are closer to vascular plants than others. This implies that the land-plant life cycle originated before the full suite of vegetative adaptations to land life, and that the sporophyte began small and underwent a trend toward elaboration and tissue specialization. See Epidermis (plant), Photosynthesis, Primary vascular system (plant)
In the fossil record, the first recognizable macroscopic remains of land plants are Middle Silurian vascular forms with a branched sporophyte, known as “rhyniophytes.” These differed from modern plants in having no leaves or roots, only dichotomously branching stems with terminal sporangia. However, spore tetrads formed by meiosis are known from older beds (Middle Ordovician); these may represent more primitive, bryophytic plants. See Bryophyta
In one of the most spectacular adaptive radiations in the history of life, vascular plants diversified through the Devonian.

Plant evolution | Article about Plant evolution by The Free Dictionary

Plant evolution
Plant evolution
Plant evolution
Origin of land plants
Seed plants
Angiosperms
Mentioned in ?
Encyclopedia browser ?
Full browser ?

14.3: Seed Plants - Gymnosperms - Biology LibreTexts 14.3: Seed Plants - Gymnosperms
14.3: Seed Plants - Gymnosperms
The Evolution of Seed Plants
Gymnosperms
Life Cycle of a Conifer
ART CONNECTION
CONCEPT IN ACTION
Diversity of Gymnosperms
Conifers
Cycads
Gingkophytes
Gnetophytes
CONCEPT IN ACTION
Summary
Art Connections
Multiple Choice
Free Response
Glossary
Contributors and Attributions
 They were followed by liverworts (also bryophytes) and primitive vascular plants, the pterophytes, from which modern ferns are derived. The life cycle of bryophytes and pterophytes is characterized by the alternation of generations. The completion of the life cycle requires water, as the male gametes must swim to the female gametes. The male gametophyte releases sperm, which must swim—propelled by their flagella—to reach and fertilize the female gamete or egg. After fertilization, the zygote matures and grows into a sporophyte, which in turn will form sporangia, or "spore vessels,” in which mother cells undergo meiosis and produce haploid spores. The release of spores in a suitable environment will lead to germination and a new generation of gametophytes. The Evolution of Seed Plants
In seed plants, the evolutionary trend led to a dominant sporophyte generation, in which the larger and more ecologically significant generation for a species is the diploid plant. At the same time, the trend led to a reduction in the size of the gametophyte, from a conspicuous structure to a microscopic cluster of cells enclosed in the tissues of the sporophyte. Lower vascular plants, such as club mosses and ferns, are mostly homosporous (produce only one type of spore). In contrast, all seed plants, or spermatophytes, are heterosporous, forming two types of spores:

14.3: Seed Plants - Gymnosperms - Biology LibreTexts

14.3: Seed Plants - Gymnosperms
14.3: Seed Plants - Gymnosperms
The Evolution of Seed Plants
Gymnosperms
Life Cycle of a Conifer
ART CONNECTION
CONCEPT IN ACTION
Diversity of Gymnosperms
Conifers
Cycads
Gingkophytes
Gnetophytes
CONCEPT IN ACTION
Summary
Art Connections
Multiple Choice
Free Response
Glossary
Contributors and Attributions

Seed Plants: Gymnosperms – Concepts of Biology Seed Plants: Gymnosperms
Seed Plants: Gymnosperms
Learning Objectives
The Evolution of Seed Plants
Gymnosperms
Life Cycle of a Conifer
Art Connection
Diversity of Gymnosperms
Conifers
Cycads
Gingkophytes
Gnetophytes
Section Summary
Multiple Choice
Free Response
Glossary
cone
conifer
cycad
gingkophyte
gnetophyte
gymnosperm
megasporocyte
microsporocyte
 They were followed by liverworts (also bryophytes) and primitive vascular plants, the pterophytes, from which modern ferns are derived. The life cycle of bryophytes and pterophytes is characterized by the alternation of generations. The completion of the life cycle requires water, as the male gametes must swim to the female gametes. The male gametophyte releases sperm, which must swim—propelled by their flagella—to reach and fertilize the female gamete or egg. After fertilization, the zygote matures and grows into a sporophyte, which in turn will form sporangia, or “spore vessels,” in which mother cells undergo meiosis and produce haploid spores. The release of spores in a suitable environment will lead to germination and a new generation of gametophytes. The Evolution of Seed Plants
In seed plants, the evolutionary trend led to a dominant sporophyte generation, in which the larger and more ecologically significant generation for a species is the diploid plant. At the same time, the trend led to a reduction in the size of the gametophyte, from a conspicuous structure to a microscopic cluster of cells enclosed in the tissues of the sporophyte. Lower vascular plants, such as club mosses and ferns, are mostly homosporous (produce only one type of spore). In contrast, all seed plants, or spermatophytes, are heterosporous, forming two types of spores:

Seed Plants: Gymnosperms – Concepts of Biology

Seed Plants: Gymnosperms
Seed Plants: Gymnosperms
Learning Objectives
The Evolution of Seed Plants
Gymnosperms
Life Cycle of a Conifer
Art Connection
Diversity of Gymnosperms
Conifers
Cycads
Gingkophytes
Gnetophytes
Section Summary
Multiple Choice
Free Response
Glossary
cone
conifer
cycad
gingkophyte
gnetophyte
gymnosperm
megasporocyte
microsporocyte

They were followed by liverworts (also bryophytes) and primitive vascular plants, the pterophytes, from which modern ferns are derived. The life cycle of bryophytes and pterophytes is characterized by the alternation of generations. The completion of the life cycle requires water, as the male gametes must swim to the female gametes. The male gametophyte releases sperm, which must swim—propelled by their flagella—to reach and fertilize the female gamete or egg. After fertilization, the zygote matures and grows into a sporophyte, which in turn will form sporangia, or “spore vessels,” in which mother cells undergo meiosis and produce haploid spores. The release of spores in a suitable environment will lead to germination and a new generation of gametophytes. The Evolution of Seed Plants
In seed plants, the evolutionary trend led to a dominant sporophyte generation, in which the larger and more ecologically significant generation for a species is the diploid plant. At the same time, the trend led to a reduction in the size of the gametophyte, from a conspicuous structure to a microscopic cluster of cells enclosed in the tissues of the sporophyte. Lower vascular plants, such as club mosses and ferns, are mostly homosporous (produce only one type of spore). In contrast, all seed plants, or spermatophytes, are heterosporous, forming two types of spores:

Seed Plants: Gymnosperms – Introductory Biology: Evolutionary and Ecological Perspectives 89
Seed Plants: Gymnosperms

89 Seed Plants: Gymnosperms
The Evolution of Seed Plants
Gymnosperms
Life Cycle of a Conifer
VISUAL CONNECTION
CONCEPTS IN ACTION
Diversity of Gymnosperms
Conifers
Cycads
Gingkophytes
Gnetophytes
cone
conifer
cycad
gingkophyte
gnetophyte
gymnosperm
megasporocyte
microsporocyte
 They were followed by liverworts (also bryophytes) and primitive vascular plants, the pterophytes, from which modern ferns are derived. The life cycle of bryophytes and pterophytes is characterized by the alternation of generations. The completion of the life cycle requires water, as the male gametes must swim to the female gametes. The male gametophyte releases sperm, which must swim—propelled by their flagella—to reach and fertilize the female gamete or egg. After fertilization, the zygote matures and grows into a sporophyte, which in turn will form sporangia, or “spore vessels,” in which mother cells undergo meiosis and produce haploid spores. The release of spores in a suitable environment will lead to germination and a new generation of gametophytes. The Evolution of Seed Plants
In seed plants, the evolutionary trend led to a dominant sporophyte generation, in which the larger and more ecologically significant generation for a species is the diploid plant. At the same time, the trend led to a reduction in the size of the gametophyte, from a conspicuous structure to a microscopic cluster of cells enclosed in the tissues of the sporophyte. Lower vascular plants, such as club mosses and ferns, are mostly homosporous (produce only one type of spore). In contrast, all seed plants, or spermatophytes, are heterosporous, forming two types of spores:

Seed Plants: Gymnosperms – Introductory Biology: Evolutionary and Ecological Perspectives

89
Seed Plants: Gymnosperms

89 Seed Plants: Gymnosperms
The Evolution of Seed Plants
Gymnosperms
Life Cycle of a Conifer
VISUAL CONNECTION
CONCEPTS IN ACTION
Diversity of Gymnosperms
Conifers
Cycads
Gingkophytes
Gnetophytes
cone
conifer
cycad
gingkophyte
gnetophyte
gymnosperm
megasporocyte
microsporocyte

section4
 section4

Biology : Land Plants: Embryophyta : Part Three
Land Plants: Embryophyta
Embryophytes diverged from the charalean green algae (Chlorophyta) during the Ordovician period. The Charalean life cycle has an alternation between haploid and diploid generations (respectively called gametophytes and sporophytes). The first embryophytes, however, had life cycles dominated by the gametophyte phase pf the plant. The sporophytes became small and dependent on the gametophyte for their entire brief life. Such plants are informally called 'bryophytes'. They include three surviving groups:

section4

section4

Biology : Land Plants: Embryophyta : Part Three
Land Plants: Embryophyta
Embryophytes diverged from the charalean green algae (Chlorophyta) during the Ordovician period. The Charalean life cycle has an alternation between haploid and diploid generations (respectively called gametophytes and sporophytes). The first embryophytes, however, had life cycles dominated by the gametophyte phase pf the plant. The sporophytes became small and dependent on the gametophyte for their entire brief life. Such plants are informally called 'bryophytes'. They include three surviving groups: