Question: definition secondary trauma

 Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

 Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions: Secondary

Traumatic

Stress/Vicarious

Trauma

(STS/VT): STS

is

a

secondary

trauma

which

results

from

indirect

exposure

to

trauma. Defined

by

Dr.

Charles

Figley,

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Disorder

is

“the

natural

consequent

behaviors

resulting

from

knowledge

about

a

traumatizing

event

experienced

by

a

significant

other. It

is

the

stress

resulting

from

helping

or

wanting

to

help

a

traumatized

or

suffering

person”

(Figley,

1995). Burnout: Although

burnout

has

many

of

the

same

causes

and

symptoms

of

secondary

trauma,

burnout

results

from

long

term

non-supportive

work

environments. It

differs

from

secondary

trauma

in

that

exposure

to

clients’

trauma

is

not

the

precipitating

factor

(Siegfried,

2008). Post

Traumatic

Stress

Disorder

(PTSD): PTSD

is

a

primary

trauma

which

results

from

direct

exposure

to

the

traumatic

experience.

Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions: Secondary

Traumatic

Stress/Vicarious

Trauma

(STS/VT): STS

is

a

secondary

trauma

which

results

from

indirect

exposure

to

trauma. Defined

by

Dr.

Charles

Figley,

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Disorder

is

“the

natural

consequent

behaviors

resulting

from

knowledge

about

a

traumatizing

event

experienced

by

a

significant

other. It

is

the

stress

resulting

from

helping

or

wanting

to

help

a

traumatized

or

suffering

person”

(Figley,

1995). Burnout: Although

burnout

has

many

of

the

same

causes

and

symptoms

of

secondary

trauma,

burnout

results

from

long

term

non-supportive

work

environments. It

differs

from

secondary

trauma

in

that

exposure

to

clients’

trauma

is

not

the

precipitating

factor

(Siegfried,

2008). Post

Traumatic

Stress

Disorder

(PTSD): PTSD

is

a

primary

trauma

which

results

from

direct

exposure

to

the

traumatic

experience.

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
 Services similar to the ones listed above for the first responder population were valuable for reducing secondary traumatic stress symptoms amongst medical staff working with traumatic populations in hospital settings. Children of traumatized parents
Van Ijzendoorn et al. ( 2003) conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies with 4,418 participants in which they explored secondary trauma in children of Holocaust survivors. The authors found that in non-clinical studies no evidence of secondary traumatization, while clinical studies only showed evidence for secondary traumatization when additional stressors were also present. Intergenerational trauma or transgenerational trauma is also applied to describe the process by which parental traumatic experiences may lead to secondary trauma symptoms in their offspring, when additional stressors, such as war, famine, or displacement are present. Refugee children who are exposed to these additional stressors display heightened anxiety levels, and have an increased likelihood of experiencing traumatic life events, compared with non-refugee children in the United States. Sex differences
There are also gender differences in the prevalence and vulnerability of secondary trauma. Research suggests that women are more likely than men to develop secondary traumatization. Additionally, not only are women more susceptible to experience the symptoms of STS, but they experience symptoms of STS at a greater intensity compared to men. It is theorized that this discrepancy may be due to women being more empathetic, more reactive to other people's emotions and are more likely to have caretaker burden.

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia

Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References

Services similar to the ones listed above for the first responder population were valuable for reducing secondary traumatic stress symptoms amongst medical staff working with traumatic populations in hospital settings. Children of traumatized parents
Van Ijzendoorn et al. ( 2003) conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies with 4,418 participants in which they explored secondary trauma in children of Holocaust survivors. The authors found that in non-clinical studies no evidence of secondary traumatization, while clinical studies only showed evidence for secondary traumatization when additional stressors were also present. Intergenerational trauma or transgenerational trauma is also applied to describe the process by which parental traumatic experiences may lead to secondary trauma symptoms in their offspring, when additional stressors, such as war, famine, or displacement are present. Refugee children who are exposed to these additional stressors display heightened anxiety levels, and have an increased likelihood of experiencing traumatic life events, compared with non-refugee children in the United States. Sex differences
There are also gender differences in the prevalence and vulnerability of secondary trauma. Research suggests that women are more likely than men to develop secondary traumatization. Additionally, not only are women more susceptible to experience the symptoms of STS, but they experience symptoms of STS at a greater intensity compared to men. It is theorized that this discrepancy may be due to women being more empathetic, more reactive to other people's emotions and are more likely to have caretaker burden.

Secondary Traumatic Stress | The National Child Traumatic Stress Network Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Introduction
NCTSN Resources
 Secondary Traumatic Stress | The National Child Traumatic Stress Network
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Back to top
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary traumatic stress is the emotional duress that results when an individual hears about the firsthand trauma experiences of another. Each year more than 10 million children in the United States endure the trauma of abuse, violence, natural disasters, and other adverse events. These experiences can give rise to significant emotional and behavioral problems that can profoundly disrupt the children’s lives and bring them in contact with child-serving professionals. For therapists, child welfare workers, case managers, and other helping professionals involved in the care of traumatized children and their families, the essential act of listening to trauma stories may take an emotional toll that compromises professional functioning and diminishes quality of life. Individual and supervisory awareness of the effects of this indirect trauma exposure is a basic part of protecting the health of the worker and ensuring that children consistently receive the best possible care from those who are committed to helping them. Introduction
The development of secondary traumatic stress is recognized as a common occupational hazard for professionals working with traumatized children. view
NCTSN Resources
The following resources on Secondary Traumatic Stress were developed by the NCTSN. view

Secondary Traumatic Stress | The National Child Traumatic Stress Network

Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Introduction
NCTSN Resources

Secondary Traumatic Stress | The National Child Traumatic Stress Network
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Back to top
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary traumatic stress is the emotional duress that results when an individual hears about the firsthand trauma experiences of another. Each year more than 10 million children in the United States endure the trauma of abuse, violence, natural disasters, and other adverse events. These experiences can give rise to significant emotional and behavioral problems that can profoundly disrupt the children’s lives and bring them in contact with child-serving professionals. For therapists, child welfare workers, case managers, and other helping professionals involved in the care of traumatized children and their families, the essential act of listening to trauma stories may take an emotional toll that compromises professional functioning and diminishes quality of life. Individual and supervisory awareness of the effects of this indirect trauma exposure is a basic part of protecting the health of the worker and ensuring that children consistently receive the best possible care from those who are committed to helping them. Introduction
The development of secondary traumatic stress is recognized as a common occupational hazard for professionals working with traumatized children. view
NCTSN Resources
The following resources on Secondary Traumatic Stress were developed by the NCTSN. view

 Vicarious trauma can be described as a cumulative ‘negative transformation’ that impacts the physical and mental health of a healthcare worker, permeating all aspects of work and home life. It builds up over time, intruding on everyday life, and has the potential to drastically alter an individual’s character and belief systems (The Lookout 2017; Dragon 2019). Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary trauma is the development of PTSD-like symptoms without directly witnessing or having being involved in a traumatic event. In healthcare, the traumatising event of a patient can become a traumatising event for the healthcare worker (Sudden 2019). Unlike vicarious trauma, which accumulates over time, secondary trauma can occur unexpectedly and suddenly (Sudden 2019). Secondary trauma is the sometimes sudden development of PTSD-like symptoms without directly witnessing or having being involved in a traumatic event. Compassion Fatigue
Compassion fatigue is a type of indirect trauma specific to healthcare professionals, caused by the emotional ‘residue’ of working with those who have experienced trauma. It may cause emotional exhaustion and lack of empathy towards clients (Sudden 2019; AIS 2017).

Vicarious trauma can be described as a cumulative ‘negative transformation’ that impacts the physical and mental health of a healthcare worker, permeating all aspects of work and home life. It builds up over time, intruding on everyday life, and has the potential to drastically alter an individual’s character and belief systems (The Lookout 2017; Dragon 2019). Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary trauma is the development of PTSD-like symptoms without directly witnessing or having being involved in a traumatic event. In healthcare, the traumatising event of a patient can become a traumatising event for the healthcare worker (Sudden 2019). Unlike vicarious trauma, which accumulates over time, secondary trauma can occur unexpectedly and suddenly (Sudden 2019). Secondary trauma is the sometimes sudden development of PTSD-like symptoms without directly witnessing or having being involved in a traumatic event. Compassion Fatigue
Compassion fatigue is a type of indirect trauma specific to healthcare professionals, caused by the emotional ‘residue’ of working with those who have experienced trauma. It may cause emotional exhaustion and lack of empathy towards clients (Sudden 2019; AIS 2017).

 Although there is some discrepancy in the definitions, and these feelings may co-exist, it is important to be able to differentiate between the terms (Blue Knot Foundation 2018). This will help how we identify, respond and prevent the emotional impact of stress and trauma at work. Vicarious Trauma
Vicarious trauma occurs from repeated exposure to other people’s trauma. Over time, workers begin to mirror the bio-psychosocial effects shown by the victims of trauma (Tabor 2011; The Lookout 2017). Vicarious trauma can be described as a cumulative ‘negative transformation’ that impacts the physical and mental health of a healthcare worker, permeating all aspects of work and home life. It builds up over time, intruding on everyday life, and has the potential to drastically alter an individual’s character and belief systems (The Lookout 2017; Dragon 2019). Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary trauma is the development of PTSD-like symptoms without directly witnessing or having being involved in a traumatic event. In healthcare, the traumatising event of a patient can become a traumatising event for the healthcare worker (Sudden 2019).

Although there is some discrepancy in the definitions, and these feelings may co-exist, it is important to be able to differentiate between the terms (Blue Knot Foundation 2018). This will help how we identify, respond and prevent the emotional impact of stress and trauma at work. Vicarious Trauma
Vicarious trauma occurs from repeated exposure to other people’s trauma. Over time, workers begin to mirror the bio-psychosocial effects shown by the victims of trauma (Tabor 2011; The Lookout 2017). Vicarious trauma can be described as a cumulative ‘negative transformation’ that impacts the physical and mental health of a healthcare worker, permeating all aspects of work and home life. It builds up over time, intruding on everyday life, and has the potential to drastically alter an individual’s character and belief systems (The Lookout 2017; Dragon 2019). Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary trauma is the development of PTSD-like symptoms without directly witnessing or having being involved in a traumatic event. In healthcare, the traumatising event of a patient can become a traumatising event for the healthcare worker (Sudden 2019).

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
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In this section...
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress?
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Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress?
 What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? Secondary traumatic stress disorder can occur in anyone who hears the firsthand account of a trauma experienced by another person. That trauma experienced by the individual then affects the second individual intensely, causing symptoms that mimic PTSD or post-traumatic stress disorder, a psychological disorder that affects survivors of a traumatic incident. Secondary Traumatic Stress may also be referred to as compassion fatigue or vicarious trauma. We can help you find treatment for secondary trauma. Call toll free today. In this section...
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress? Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress? Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress?

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
We can help you find treatment for secondary trauma. Call toll free today.
In this section...
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress?
Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress?
You don’t have to struggle with secondary traumatic stress alone. Call toll free to find help today.
Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress?

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? Secondary traumatic stress disorder can occur in anyone who hears the firsthand account of a trauma experienced by another person. That trauma experienced by the individual then affects the second individual intensely, causing symptoms that mimic PTSD or post-traumatic stress disorder, a psychological disorder that affects survivors of a traumatic incident. Secondary Traumatic Stress may also be referred to as compassion fatigue or vicarious trauma. We can help you find treatment for secondary trauma. Call toll free today. In this section...
What are the Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress? Who Suffers from Secondary Traumatic Stress? Is There a Treatment for Secondary Traumatic Stress?

The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference?
Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
When Social Workers Experience Trauma
Signs of Secondary and Vicarious Trauma in Social Work
How to Manage, Treat, and Prevent Vicarious and Secondary Trauma
References:
Last Update: 02-12-2020
 Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference? Social workers inevitably work with people who have experienced trauma such as the death of a loved one, surviving a natural disaster, being in combat, living in an abusive marriage or family, or surviving a sexual assault. Over time, this traumatic exposure can cause social workers to experience symptoms of trauma such as anxiety, depression, and even posttraumatic stress (PTSD) . Secondary trauma is a traumatized reaction to another person’s experience. It can happen suddenly, after a single exposure. Vicarious trauma happens when a person is exposed to the trauma of others on an ongoing basis. Over time, both secondary and vicarious trauma can cause compassion fatigue. People with compassion fatigue may feel numb and disconnected, struggle to empathize, and be less effective at supporting their clients. Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
Secondary trauma appears suddenly.

The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma

The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference?
Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
When Social Workers Experience Trauma
Signs of Secondary and Vicarious Trauma in Social Work
How to Manage, Treat, and Prevent Vicarious and Secondary Trauma
References:
Last Update: 02-12-2020

Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference? Social workers inevitably work with people who have experienced trauma such as the death of a loved one, surviving a natural disaster, being in combat, living in an abusive marriage or family, or surviving a sexual assault. Over time, this traumatic exposure can cause social workers to experience symptoms of trauma such as anxiety, depression, and even posttraumatic stress (PTSD) . Secondary trauma is a traumatized reaction to another person’s experience. It can happen suddenly, after a single exposure. Vicarious trauma happens when a person is exposed to the trauma of others on an ongoing basis. Over time, both secondary and vicarious trauma can cause compassion fatigue. People with compassion fatigue may feel numb and disconnected, struggle to empathize, and be less effective at supporting their clients. Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
Secondary trauma appears suddenly.

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
 Secondary trauma - Wikipedia
Secondary trauma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Secondary Trauma)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Secondary trauma can be incurred when an individual is exposed to people who have been traumatized themselves, disturbing descriptions of traumatic events by a survivor, or others inflicting cruelty on one another. Symptoms of secondary trauma are similar to those of PTSD (e.g. intrusive re-experiencing of the traumatic material, avoidance of trauma triggers /emotions, negative changes in beliefs and feelings and hyperarousal). Secondary trauma has been researched in first responders, nurses and physicians, mental health care workers, and children of traumatized parents. Contents
1 Affected populations
1.1 Mental health care workers/social workers
1.2 First responders
1.3 Nurses and physicians
1.4 Children of traumatized parents
2 Sex differences
3 Measurements
4 Interventions
5 Similar concepts
5.1 Compassion fatigue
5.2 Vicarious trauma
5.3 Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
5.4 Job burnout
6 References
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) impacts many individuals in the mental health field and as of 2013 the prevalence rates for STS amongst different professions is as follows: 15.2% among social workers, 16.3% in oncology staff, 19% in substance abuse counselors, 32.8% in emergency nurses, 34% in child protective services workers, and 39% in juvenile justice education workers There is a strong correlation between burnout and secondary traumatic stress among mental health care professionals who are indirectly exposed to trauma and there are a multitude of different risk factors that contribute to the likelihood of developing secondary traumatic stress amongst individuals who conduct therapy with trauma victims. Workers who have had a history of trauma are more likely to develop STS. Additionally, individuals who have less work support as well as less social support are at higher risk for developing STS. Lastly, as the number of patients seen by these workers increases, so do the chances of developing STS. Some of the protective factors for mental health care workers include years of experience in the profession, more time spent in self-care activities and high self-efficacy. First responders
Studies explain how secondary traumatic stress can negatively impact job performance in first responders which can lead to adverse outcomes not only for the first responders, but for the victims they seek to help.

Secondary trauma - Wikipedia

Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress - Tend Academy Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress
Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Vicarious Trauma? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?
 Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress - Tend Academy
Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Vicarious Trauma? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? Adapted from “ The Compassion Fatigue Workbook ”
What is Indirect Trauma from TEND on Vimeo
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This opens in a new window. What is Vicarious Trauma PDF? Vicarious trauma (VT) and Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) are frequently used interchangeably to refer to the indirect trauma that can occur when we are exposed to difficult or disturbing images and stories second-hand. This can occur by viewing graphic news reports, gruesome or frightening television shows and various other media, hearing a detailed traumatic story from another person, viewing crime scene evidence, working in a court room, attending a debriefing or a conference where disturbing images are described or shown, and many other ways in which we can be indirectly affected by the content or visuals of some other living creature’s suffering. The term Vicarious traumatization (VT) was coined by Pearlman & Saakvitne (1995) to describe the profound shift in world view that occurs in helping professionals when they work with individuals who have experienced trauma: helpers notice that their fundamental beliefs about the world are altered and possibly damaged by being repeatedly exposed to traumatic material. A domestic violence shelter worker may stop being able to believe that any relationship can be healthy. A child abuse investigator may lose trust in anyone who approaches their child.

Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress - Tend Academy

Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress
Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Vicarious Trauma? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress?

Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress - Tend Academy
Defining Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress
What is Vicarious Trauma? What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? Adapted from “ The Compassion Fatigue Workbook ”
What is Indirect Trauma from TEND on Vimeo
What is Indirect Trauma
from TEND
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LIVE
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00:00
00:35
Settings
Enter full screen
Exit full screen
Vimeo
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Add to Watch Later
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Click to Unmute
This opens in a new window. What is Vicarious Trauma PDF? Vicarious trauma (VT) and Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) are frequently used interchangeably to refer to the indirect trauma that can occur when we are exposed to difficult or disturbing images and stories second-hand. This can occur by viewing graphic news reports, gruesome or frightening television shows and various other media, hearing a detailed traumatic story from another person, viewing crime scene evidence, working in a court room, attending a debriefing or a conference where disturbing images are described or shown, and many other ways in which we can be indirectly affected by the content or visuals of some other living creature’s suffering. The term Vicarious traumatization (VT) was coined by Pearlman & Saakvitne (1995) to describe the profound shift in world view that occurs in helping professionals when they work with individuals who have experienced trauma: helpers notice that their fundamental beliefs about the world are altered and possibly damaged by being repeatedly exposed to traumatic material. A domestic violence shelter worker may stop being able to believe that any relationship can be healthy. A child abuse investigator may lose trust in anyone who approaches their child.

 Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

 “Experience

has

shown

that

a

systemic

prevention

program

can

maintain

helpers’

wellbeing

and

decrease

individual

and

organizational

losses

like

turn

over

(Stamm,

2002).” By

showing

recognition

of

secondary

trauma

agencies

can

begin

to

show

workers

that

the

agency

cares

about

their

health

and

well-being. Education

on

trauma

informed

care

including

secondary

trauma

is

crucial

in

prevention

and

in

the

retention

of

workers. Agency

acknowledgement

helps

to

reduce

the

stigma

and

silence

around

the

impact

of

their

cases. Knowing

others

are

experiencing

similar

affects,

feeling

supported

and

prepared

to

deal

with

cases

can

reduce

the

negative

impacts

on

caseworkers

and

decrease

the

potential

for

secondary

trauma. Methods: Methods

to

prevent

and

decrease

exposure

to

secondary

trauma

can

include: Senior

leadership

and

recognition

of

STS; creating

an

agency

statement

regarding

trauma

support; agency

encouragement

and

support

of

a

healthy

work

life

balance

and

wellness;

“Experience

has

shown

that

a

systemic

prevention

program

can

maintain

helpers’

wellbeing

and

decrease

individual

and

organizational

losses

like

turn

over

(Stamm,

2002).” By

showing

recognition

of

secondary

trauma

agencies

can

begin

to

show

workers

that

the

agency

cares

about

their

health

and

well-being. Education

on

trauma

informed

care

including

secondary

trauma

is

crucial

in

prevention

and

in

the

retention

of

workers. Agency

acknowledgement

helps

to

reduce

the

stigma

and

silence

around

the

impact

of

their

cases. Knowing

others

are

experiencing

similar

affects,

feeling

supported

and

prepared

to

deal

with

cases

can

reduce

the

negative

impacts

on

caseworkers

and

decrease

the

potential

for

secondary

trauma. Methods: Methods

to

prevent

and

decrease

exposure

to

secondary

trauma

can

include: Senior

leadership

and

recognition

of

STS; creating

an

agency

statement

regarding

trauma

support; agency

encouragement

and

support

of

a

healthy

work

life

balance

and

wellness;

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What is an example of an open-ended question? "What can you tell me about the pain in your feet?" Which of the following is TRUE about the rapid head-to-toe examination that is conducted on the unresponsive medical patient? it is a rapid secondary assessment, similar to that conducted on a trauma patient
Where should the EMT begin when performing a rapid physical examination on an unresponsive medical patient?

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EMT Chapter 14 Flashcards | Quizlet
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Get Quizlet's official NREMT - 1,703 terms, 629 practice questions, 8 full practice tests
Preview
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Match
Gravity
What is an example of an open-ended question? Click card to see definition 👆
Tap card to see definition 👆
"What can you tell me about the pain in your feet?" Click again to see term 👆
Tap again to see term 👆
Which of the following is TRUE about the rapid head-to-toe examination that is conducted on the unresponsive medical patient? Click card to see definition 👆
Tap card to see definition 👆
it is a rapid secondary assessment, similar to that conducted on a trauma patient
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What is an example of an open-ended question? "What can you tell me about the pain in your feet?" Which of the following is TRUE about the rapid head-to-toe examination that is conducted on the unresponsive medical patient? it is a rapid secondary assessment, similar to that conducted on a trauma patient
Where should the EMT begin when performing a rapid physical examination on an unresponsive medical patient?

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General Secondary PTSD - An Overview
Thread starter
anthony
Start date
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Not open for further replies. Dec 22, 2009
#1
Secondary Stress and the Professional Helper
Don R. Catherall
For more than a decade, the field of traumatology has recognized that those who interact with trauma survivors are themselves exposed to a form of traumatic stress. Whereas the trauma survivor is exposed to a primary trauma and the accompanying traumatic stress, the helper is exposed to the trauma survivor and an accompanying secondary traumatic stress. This distinction between primary and secondary exposure is blurred somewhat by the evolution of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual’s definition of PTSD. DSM-IV now defines the stressor event to include learning of a trauma occurring to a loved one. Parents who are traumatized when they learn of their child’s trauma are classified as having PTSD. In the past, many theorists might have classified the parents as having secondary exposure because they were not directly exposed to the traumatic event. However, in the language of DSM-IV, the traumatic event is the discovery that a loved one has been in a trauma. This still differs from the experience of interacting with that trauma survivor.

General - Secondary PTSD - An Overview | My PTSD Forum

General
Secondary PTSD - An Overview

General Secondary PTSD - An Overview
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General Secondary PTSD - An Overview
Thread starter
anthony
Start date
Dec 22, 2009
Status
Not open for further replies. Dec 22, 2009
#1
Secondary Stress and the Professional Helper
Don R. Catherall
For more than a decade, the field of traumatology has recognized that those who interact with trauma survivors are themselves exposed to a form of traumatic stress. Whereas the trauma survivor is exposed to a primary trauma and the accompanying traumatic stress, the helper is exposed to the trauma survivor and an accompanying secondary traumatic stress. This distinction between primary and secondary exposure is blurred somewhat by the evolution of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual’s definition of PTSD. DSM-IV now defines the stressor event to include learning of a trauma occurring to a loved one. Parents who are traumatized when they learn of their child’s trauma are classified as having PTSD. In the past, many theorists might have classified the parents as having secondary exposure because they were not directly exposed to the traumatic event. However, in the language of DSM-IV, the traumatic event is the discovery that a loved one has been in a trauma. This still differs from the experience of interacting with that trauma survivor.

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Obtaining a past medical history would lease involve what letter of the SAMPLE mnemonic? Click card to see definition 👆
Tap card to see definition 👆
S
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which is true about the rapid head-to-toe examination that is conducted on the unresponsive medical patient
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it is a rapid secondary assessment, similar to that conducted on a trauma patient
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Key concepts: Past Medical History
Blunt Force Trauma
Baseline Vital Signs
Terms in this set (37)
Obtaining a past medical history would lease involve what letter of the SAMPLE mnemonic? S
which is true about the rapid head-to-toe examination that is conducted on the unresponsive medical patient
it is a rapid secondary assessment, similar to that conducted on a trauma patient
During a neurologic assessment, which type of speech would likely be of most interest? Patient uses word inappropriately
Which term best describes a list of potential diagnoses that is compiled early in the assessment of the patient? differential diagnosis
trending for the EMT is primarily a tool for: assessing treatment
What is the primary goal of the EMS approach to diagnosis
to rule out life threats
when conducting the secondary assessment of a responsive patient, you would likely begin with:

EMT Ch 14 Flashcards | Quizlet

EMT Ch 14
EMT Ch 14
STUDY
PLAY
Key concepts:
Terms in this set (37)

EMT Ch 14 Flashcards | Quizlet
EMT Ch 14
LimmerEducation
Get Quizlet's official NREMT - 1,703 terms, 629 practice questions, 8 full practice tests
Preview
STUDY
Flashcards
Learn
Write
Spell
Test
PLAY
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Gravity
Obtaining a past medical history would lease involve what letter of the SAMPLE mnemonic? Click card to see definition 👆
Tap card to see definition 👆
S
Click again to see term 👆
Tap again to see term 👆
which is true about the rapid head-to-toe examination that is conducted on the unresponsive medical patient
Click card to see definition 👆
Tap card to see definition 👆
it is a rapid secondary assessment, similar to that conducted on a trauma patient
Click again to see term 👆
Tap again to see term 👆
Nice work! You just studied 37 terms! Now up your study game with Learn mode. Try Learn mode
Study with Flashcards again
1/37
Created by
kwaldrop10
Key concepts: Past Medical History
Blunt Force Trauma
Baseline Vital Signs
Terms in this set (37)
Obtaining a past medical history would lease involve what letter of the SAMPLE mnemonic? S
which is true about the rapid head-to-toe examination that is conducted on the unresponsive medical patient
it is a rapid secondary assessment, similar to that conducted on a trauma patient
During a neurologic assessment, which type of speech would likely be of most interest? Patient uses word inappropriately
Which term best describes a list of potential diagnoses that is compiled early in the assessment of the patient? differential diagnosis
trending for the EMT is primarily a tool for: assessing treatment
What is the primary goal of the EMS approach to diagnosis
to rule out life threats
when conducting the secondary assessment of a responsive patient, you would likely begin with:

Blast Injuries: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology Blast Injuries
Blast Injuries
Practice Essentials
Signs and symptoms
Diagnosis
Management
 A negative FAST examination is unreliable in the setting of penetrating trauma to the abdomen, flank, buttocks, or back, and it should be followed up with CT examination of the abdomen and pelvis. See Workup for more detail. Management
Prehospital care
Screen for radioactive contamination with a hand-held Geiger counter for any explosion that may involve radioactive material, including any explosion that may have been deliberately set; if radioactive material is detected, decontamination of personnel and equipment as well as notification of the receiving hospital is required
Rapidly identify patients with life-threatening external hemorrhage and control bleeding; early use of tourniquets may be life-saving, especially in the setting of multiple seriously injured casualties
High-flow oxygen should be administered to all patients with respiratory distress, abnormal findings on auscultation, and evidence of significant thoracic trauma
Avoid administration of large quantities of IV fluid in patients with a high suspicion of ongoing internal hemorrhage; judicious fluid boluses may be required if patients exhibit signs and symptoms of inadequate perfusion, such as deteriorating mental status
Initiate measures to reduce heat loss and prevent hypothermia
Emergency department care
Penetrating wounds (secondary blast injury), blunt trauma (tertiary/secondary blast injury), and burns receive standard treatment
Shrapnel wounds (secondary blast injury) are treated as low-velocity gunshot wounds
Hemodynamically unstable patients with significant trauma may benefit from early use of packed red blood cells (PRBC) and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) in a 1:1 ratio, as well as platelets
Consider early use of fresh whole blood if available
In patients with severe trauma, also consider cryoprecipitate and recombinant factor VIIa
In patients with traumatic brain injury, prevention of hypoxia and hypotension is critical
Because pulmonary contusion tends to evolve over several hours, a period of observation and repeat radiography may be necessary if indicated; definitive airway management and ventilatory support may be required
If abdominal pain persists or vomiting develops, consider admitting the patient for observation, as intestinal hematoma may be difficult to detect in the ED
In patients with open wounds from blasts, consider broad-spectrum prophylactic antibiotics and provide tetanus toxoid if immunization is not up to date
See Treatment and Medication for more detail. Background
Blast injuries traditionally are divided into 4 categories: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary (or miscellaneous) injuries. A patient may be injured by more than one of these mechanisms. [

Blast Injuries: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

Blast Injuries
Blast Injuries
Practice Essentials
Signs and symptoms
Diagnosis
Management

How Trauma Can Affect Dreams: How to Cope | Sleep Foundation How Trauma Affects Dreams
How Trauma Affects Dreams
Why Does Trauma Affect Dreams?
Nightmares and PTSD
Can Nightmares Cause Trauma?
Treatment for Nightmares
Sleep Hygiene After Trauma
 Vivid dreams or waking up with clear memories of nightmares can be an unsettling experience. While the hypothesis that nightmares can cause trauma may not be the subject of a significant amount of research, the answer to this question may depend on the way trauma is defined. What experiences are considered traumatic has changed over time 11. Early on, trauma was thought to only be possible when someone was awake and psychologists reserved this label for events that fell outside the range of normal human experiences. Later definitions have broadened the definition of trauma, acknowledging the many sources of traumatic experiences and the effect of cumulative traumas. Currently, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–5) indicates that trauma can be experienced either directly or indirectly. This means that we don’t have to experience something first hand to develop trauma. For example, teachers, counselors, and psychologists may develop secondary or vicarious trauma through repeatedly hearing about the traumas experienced by those they serve. Whether indirect trauma can come from dreams may still be an open question. Whether nightmares can cause trauma may also depend on a person’s culture.

How Trauma Can Affect Dreams: How to Cope | Sleep Foundation

How Trauma Affects Dreams
How Trauma Affects Dreams
Why Does Trauma Affect Dreams?
Nightmares and PTSD
Can Nightmares Cause Trauma?
Treatment for Nightmares
Sleep Hygiene After Trauma

Vivid dreams or waking up with clear memories of nightmares can be an unsettling experience. While the hypothesis that nightmares can cause trauma may not be the subject of a significant amount of research, the answer to this question may depend on the way trauma is defined. What experiences are considered traumatic has changed over time 11. Early on, trauma was thought to only be possible when someone was awake and psychologists reserved this label for events that fell outside the range of normal human experiences. Later definitions have broadened the definition of trauma, acknowledging the many sources of traumatic experiences and the effect of cumulative traumas. Currently, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–5) indicates that trauma can be experienced either directly or indirectly. This means that we don’t have to experience something first hand to develop trauma. For example, teachers, counselors, and psychologists may develop secondary or vicarious trauma through repeatedly hearing about the traumas experienced by those they serve. Whether indirect trauma can come from dreams may still be an open question. Whether nightmares can cause trauma may also depend on a person’s culture.

Early Trauma Care-Primary Survey | Trauma Victoria Major Trauma Guidelines & Education
Major Trauma Guidelines & Education
Primary Survey
Control of exsanguinating external haemorrhage
Airway with cervical spine protection
Life threats
Assess for airway stability
Assess for soiled airway
Attempt simple airway manoeuvres if required
Secure the airway if necessary (treat airway obstruction as a medical emergency)
Maintain full spinal precautions if indicated
Breathing and ventilation
Life threats
Oxygen administration
Assess the chest
Circulation with haemorrhage control
Assess circulation and perfusion
Intravenous access
If necessary, perform a FAST scan
Control of exsanguinating external haemorrhage
Disability
Assess level of consciousness
Test blood sugar levels
Exposure and environment
 Early Trauma Care-Primary Survey | Trauma Victoria
5 Trauma System Guidelines
13 Specialist Cinical Guidelines
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Trauma System Guidelines
7 Victorian Trauma System
6 Pre-Hospital Triage
7 Inter-Hospital Transfer
8 Preparation for Retrieval
8 Teamwork and Communication
Victorian Trauma System
1 Key Messages
0 Introduction
0 Definition of Major Trauma
0 Key features of the Victorian State Trauma System
0 Victorian State Trauma System Outcomes
0 Resources
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points
Introduction
Definition of Major Trauma
Key features of the Victorian State Trauma System
Victorian State Trauma System Outcomes
Resources
References
Pre-Hospital Triage
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
4 Identification of Potential Major Trauma
2 On Scene
1 Transport Time
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points
Rapid Reference Guideline
Identification of Potential Major Trauma
Vital signs
Injuries found or suspected
Isolated head injury in older people
High-risk criteria
On Scene
Scene Time
ARV Notification
Transport Time
Persisting hypovolaemic shock
References
Inter-Hospital Transfer
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
4 Identification of Potential Major Trauma
0 Deterioration
2 Contact Retrieval Service
1 Retrieval and transfer
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points
Rapid Reference Guideline
Identification of Potential Major Trauma
Vital signs
Injuries found or suspected
Specialised trauma transfer indications
High-risk criteria
Deterioration
Contact Retrieval Service
Telemedicine
Pre-transport communication and coordination
Retrieval and transfer
Ensuring patient readiness for transfer
References
Preparation for Retrieval
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guide
0 Introduction
0 Retrieval Coordination
0 Choice of Transport Vehicle
2 Process of Transfer
6 Patient Preparation
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points
Rapid Reference Guide
Introduction
Retrieval Coordination
Choice of Transport Vehicle
Process of Transfer
Pre-transport communication and coordination
Ensuring patient readiness for transfer
Patient Preparation
Airway
Breathing
Circulation and C-spine
Documentation
Alert
Other
References
Teamwork and Communication
1 Key Messages
0 Key attributes of an effective team
2 Trauma team structure
1 The role of the team leader
6 Effective Communication
2 Dealing with issues
0 Trauma Team Training
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points
Key attributes of an effective team
Trauma team structure
Trauma team positions
Modified trauma team positions
The role of the team leader
What is situational awareness? Effective Communication
What is a shared mental model? Briefing the team
Tacit vs explicit communication
Closed-loop communication
Handover
Remote support and communication
Dealing with issues
Graded assertiveness
Five-step advocacy
Trauma Team Training
References
Specialist Cinical Guidelines
10 Early Trauma Care
10 Burns
10 Obstetric Trauma
8 The Deteriorating Trauma Patient
11 Traumatic Brain Injury
11 Spinal Trauma
11 Thoracic Trauma
10 Anticoagulation in Trauma
13 Paediatric Trauma
10 Abdominal Trauma
13 Traumatic Cardiac Arrest
9 Imaging in Trauma
11 Older Person Trauma
Early Trauma Care
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
0 Introduction
2 Early Activation
5 Primary Survey
10 Secondary Survey
0 Planning and Communication
15 Early Management
0 Retrieval and Transfer
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points
Rapid Reference Guideline
Introduction
Early Activation
Ambulance handover
Reception and resuscitation
Primary Survey
Airway with cervical spine protection
Breathing and ventilation
Circulation with haemorrhage control
Disability
Exposure and environment
Secondary Survey
History
Head-to-toe examination
Head and face
Neck
Chest
Abdomen
Limbs
Back
Buttocks and perineum
Genitalia
Planning and Communication
Early Management
Airway management
Fluid resuscitation
Analgesia
Fractures and dislocations
Prevent hypothermia
In-dwelling catheter
Monitoring
Glasgow Coma Scale
Pathology tests
X-ray or FAST scan
Naso/orogastric tube (N/OGT)
Wound care
Tetanus immunisation
Antibiotics
Reassess
Retrieval and Transfer
References
Burns
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
0 Introduction
0 Early Activation
5 Primary Survey
4 Secondary Survey
0 Planning and Communication
15 Early Management
0 Retrieval and Transfer
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points: Rapid Reference Guideline
Introduction
Early Activation
Primary Survey
Airway with cervical spine protection
Breathing and ventilation
Circulation with haemorrhage control
Disability: neurological status
Exposure/environmental control
Secondary Survey
History
Head-to-toe examination
Measuring burns
Head-to-toe examination
Planning and Communication
Early Management
Airway management
Fluid resuscitation
Compartment Syndrome
Analgesia
Wound care
Minimise heat loss
In-dwelling catheter
Monitoring
Glasgow Coma Scale
Pathology tests
X-ray/FAST scan
Naso/orogastric tube (N/OGT)
Tetanus immunisation
Antibiotics
Reassess
Retrieval and Transfer
References
Obstetric Trauma
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
2 Introduction
0 Early Activation
5 Primary Survey
2 Secondary Survey
2 Planning and Communication
16 Early Management
0 Retrieval and Transfer
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points
Rapid Reference Guideline
Introduction
Changes in pregnancy
Complications associated with trauma
Early Activation
Primary Survey
Airway with cervical spine protection
Breathing and ventilation
Circulation with haemorrhage control
Disability: neurological status
Exposure/environmental control
Secondary Survey
History
Head-to-toe examination
Planning and Communication
Pre-hospital triage
Inter-hospital transfer
Early Management
Patient positioning
Airway management
Radiology
Pathology tests
Preventing hypothermia
Analgesia and antiemetics
Sedation
Monitoring
Wound care
In-dwelling catheter
Nasogastric tube
Tetanus prophylaxis
Antibiotics
Cardiac arrest
Blood matters
Reassess
Retrieval and Transfer
References
The Deteriorating Trauma Patient
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
2 Introduction
1 Clinical Observation of Major Trauma Patient
1 Team Role in Recognising Deterioration
0 Early Activation or Consultation
0 Further Information
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points
Rapid Reference Guideline
Introduction
Deteriorating trauma patients
Track and Trigger
Clinical Observation of Major Trauma Patient
Recognising and responding to clinical deterioration
Team Role in Recognising Deterioration
ABCDEFG for deteriorating patients
Early Activation or Consultation
Further Information
References
Traumatic Brain Injury
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
0 Introduction
0 Early Activation
5 Primary Survey
3 Secondary Survey
1 Planning and Communication
18 Early Management
4 The Rapidly Deteriorating TBI Patient
0 Retrieval and Transfer
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points
Rapid Reference Guideline
Introduction
Early Activation
Primary Survey
Airway with cervical spine protection
Breathing and ventilation
Circulation with haemorrhage control
Disability: neurological status
Exposure/environmental control
Secondary Survey
History
Neurological assessment
Head-to-toe examination
Planning and Communication
Indications for ARV consultation and/or transfer to a major trauma service
Early Management
Airway management
Imaging
The intoxicated patient with head trauma
Anticoagulation and head trauma
Patient positioning
Seizure Prophylaxis
Pathology tests
Thermoregulation
Analgesia
Sedation
Monitoring
Wound care
In-dwelling catheter
Nasogastric tube
Tetanus immunisation
Antibiotics
Steroids
Reassess
The Rapidly Deteriorating TBI Patient
Additional management points
Hyperventilation
Osmotherapy
Burr hole evacuation
Retrieval and Transfer
References
Spinal Trauma
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
0 Introduction
0 Early Activation
0 Early rapid neurological assessment
5 Primary Survey
9 Secondary Survey
0 Planning and Communication
15 Early Management
2 Retrieval and Transfer
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points
Rapid Reference Guideline
Introduction
Early Activation
Early rapid neurological assessment
Primary Survey
Airway with cervical spine protection
Breathing and ventilation
Circulation with haemorrhage control
Disability: neurological status
Exposure/environmental control
Secondary Survey
History
Head-to-toe examination
Neck
Chest
Abdomen
Limbs
Back
Buttocks and perineum
Genitalia
Planning and Communication
Early Management
Airway management
Fluid resuscitation
Monitoring
Medical imaging
Wound care
Pressure area care
Analgesia
Prevent hypothermia
Glasgow Coma Scale
Pathology
In-dwelling catheter
Nasogastric tube
Antibiotics
Reassess
Other
Retrieval and Transfer
Isolated spinal cord injury
Potential multi-trauma
References
Thoracic Trauma
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
0 Introduction
6 Immediately life threatening injuries
0 Early activation
7 Primary survey
2 Secondary survey
0 Planning and Communication
5 Early management
0 Retrieval and Transfer
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical Emphasis Points
Rapid Reference Guideline
Introduction
Immediately life threatening injuries
Tension pneumothorax
Massive Haemothorax
Cardiac Tamponade
Open pneumothorax
Flail Chest & Pulmonary Contusions
Major tracheobronchial injuries – larynx/ trachea
Early activation
Primary survey
Airway with cervical spine protection
Breathing and Ventilation
Circulation with haemorrhage control
Disability: Neurological status
Exposure and environmental control
Investigations
Analgesia
Secondary survey
History
Head-to-toe examination
Planning and Communication
Early management
Airway management
Fluid resuscitation
Monitor
Administer
Wound Care
Retrieval and Transfer
References
Anticoagulation in Trauma
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid R

Early Trauma Care-Primary Survey | Trauma Victoria

Major Trauma Guidelines & Education
Major Trauma Guidelines & Education
Primary Survey
Control of exsanguinating external haemorrhage
Airway with cervical spine protection
Life threats
Assess for airway stability
Assess for soiled airway
Attempt simple airway manoeuvres if required
Secure the airway if necessary (treat airway obstruction as a medical emergency)
Maintain full spinal precautions if indicated
Breathing and ventilation
Life threats
Oxygen administration
Assess the chest
Circulation with haemorrhage control
Assess circulation and perfusion
Intravenous access
If necessary, perform a FAST scan
Control of exsanguinating external haemorrhage
Disability
Assess level of consciousness
Test blood sugar levels
Exposure and environment

Thoracic Trauma-Immediately life threatening injuries | Trauma Victoria Major Trauma Guidelines & Education
Major Trauma Guidelines & Education
Immediately life threatening injuries
Pathophysiology and early management
Tension pneumothorax
Massive Haemothorax
Cardiac Tamponade
Open pneumothorax
Flail Chest & Pulmonary Contusions
Major tracheobronchial injuries – larynx/ trachea
Potentially Life-Threatening Injuries
Elderly patients
 Thoracic Trauma-Immediately life threatening injuries | Trauma Victoria
5 Trauma System Guidelines
13 Specialist Cinical Guidelines
Home
News
Learning Management System
Moderated Tutorials
Videos
Podcasts
Resources
App
Courses and Conferences
Links
Contact Us
Facebook
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Trauma System Guidelines
7 Victorian Trauma System
6 Pre-Hospital Triage
7 Inter-Hospital Transfer
8 Preparation for Retrieval
8 Teamwork and Communication
Victorian Trauma System
1 Key Messages
0 Introduction
0 Definition of Major Trauma
0 Key features of the Victorian State Trauma System
0 Victorian State Trauma System Outcomes
0 Resources
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points
Introduction
Definition of Major Trauma
Key features of the Victorian State Trauma System
Victorian State Trauma System Outcomes
Resources
References
Pre-Hospital Triage
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
4 Identification of Potential Major Trauma
2 On Scene
1 Transport Time
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points
Rapid Reference Guideline
Identification of Potential Major Trauma
Vital signs
Injuries found or suspected
Isolated head injury in older people
High-risk criteria
On Scene
Scene Time
ARV Notification
Transport Time
Persisting hypovolaemic shock
References
Inter-Hospital Transfer
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
4 Identification of Potential Major Trauma
0 Deterioration
2 Contact Retrieval Service
1 Retrieval and transfer
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points
Rapid Reference Guideline
Identification of Potential Major Trauma
Vital signs
Injuries found or suspected
Specialised trauma transfer indications
High-risk criteria
Deterioration
Contact Retrieval Service
Telemedicine
Pre-transport communication and coordination
Retrieval and transfer
Ensuring patient readiness for transfer
References
Preparation for Retrieval
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guide
0 Introduction
0 Retrieval Coordination
0 Choice of Transport Vehicle
2 Process of Transfer
6 Patient Preparation
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points
Rapid Reference Guide
Introduction
Retrieval Coordination
Choice of Transport Vehicle
Process of Transfer
Pre-transport communication and coordination
Ensuring patient readiness for transfer
Patient Preparation
Airway
Breathing
Circulation and C-spine
Documentation
Alert
Other
References
Teamwork and Communication
1 Key Messages
0 Key attributes of an effective team
2 Trauma team structure
1 The role of the team leader
6 Effective Communication
2 Dealing with issues
0 Trauma Team Training
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points
Key attributes of an effective team
Trauma team structure
Trauma team positions
Modified trauma team positions
The role of the team leader
What is situational awareness? Effective Communication
What is a shared mental model? Briefing the team
Tacit vs explicit communication
Closed-loop communication
Handover
Remote support and communication
Dealing with issues
Graded assertiveness
Five-step advocacy
Trauma Team Training
References
Specialist Cinical Guidelines
10 Early Trauma Care
10 Burns
10 Obstetric Trauma
8 The Deteriorating Trauma Patient
11 Traumatic Brain Injury
11 Spinal Trauma
11 Thoracic Trauma
10 Anticoagulation in Trauma
13 Paediatric Trauma
10 Abdominal Trauma
13 Traumatic Cardiac Arrest
9 Imaging in Trauma
11 Older Person Trauma
Early Trauma Care
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
0 Introduction
2 Early Activation
5 Primary Survey
10 Secondary Survey
0 Planning and Communication
15 Early Management
0 Retrieval and Transfer
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points
Rapid Reference Guideline
Introduction
Early Activation
Ambulance handover
Reception and resuscitation
Primary Survey
Airway with cervical spine protection
Breathing and ventilation
Circulation with haemorrhage control
Disability
Exposure and environment
Secondary Survey
History
Head-to-toe examination
Head and face
Neck
Chest
Abdomen
Limbs
Back
Buttocks and perineum
Genitalia
Planning and Communication
Early Management
Airway management
Fluid resuscitation
Analgesia
Fractures and dislocations
Prevent hypothermia
In-dwelling catheter
Monitoring
Glasgow Coma Scale
Pathology tests
X-ray or FAST scan
Naso/orogastric tube (N/OGT)
Wound care
Tetanus immunisation
Antibiotics
Reassess
Retrieval and Transfer
References
Burns
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
0 Introduction
0 Early Activation
5 Primary Survey
4 Secondary Survey
0 Planning and Communication
15 Early Management
0 Retrieval and Transfer
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points: Rapid Reference Guideline
Introduction
Early Activation
Primary Survey
Airway with cervical spine protection
Breathing and ventilation
Circulation with haemorrhage control
Disability: neurological status
Exposure/environmental control
Secondary Survey
History
Head-to-toe examination
Measuring burns
Head-to-toe examination
Planning and Communication
Early Management
Airway management
Fluid resuscitation
Compartment Syndrome
Analgesia
Wound care
Minimise heat loss
In-dwelling catheter
Monitoring
Glasgow Coma Scale
Pathology tests
X-ray/FAST scan
Naso/orogastric tube (N/OGT)
Tetanus immunisation
Antibiotics
Reassess
Retrieval and Transfer
References
Obstetric Trauma
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
2 Introduction
0 Early Activation
5 Primary Survey
2 Secondary Survey
2 Planning and Communication
16 Early Management
0 Retrieval and Transfer
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points
Rapid Reference Guideline
Introduction
Changes in pregnancy
Complications associated with trauma
Early Activation
Primary Survey
Airway with cervical spine protection
Breathing and ventilation
Circulation with haemorrhage control
Disability: neurological status
Exposure/environmental control
Secondary Survey
History
Head-to-toe examination
Planning and Communication
Pre-hospital triage
Inter-hospital transfer
Early Management
Patient positioning
Airway management
Radiology
Pathology tests
Preventing hypothermia
Analgesia and antiemetics
Sedation
Monitoring
Wound care
In-dwelling catheter
Nasogastric tube
Tetanus prophylaxis
Antibiotics
Cardiac arrest
Blood matters
Reassess
Retrieval and Transfer
References
The Deteriorating Trauma Patient
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
2 Introduction
1 Clinical Observation of Major Trauma Patient
1 Team Role in Recognising Deterioration
0 Early Activation or Consultation
0 Further Information
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points
Rapid Reference Guideline
Introduction
Deteriorating trauma patients
Track and Trigger
Clinical Observation of Major Trauma Patient
Recognising and responding to clinical deterioration
Team Role in Recognising Deterioration
ABCDEFG for deteriorating patients
Early Activation or Consultation
Further Information
References
Traumatic Brain Injury
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
0 Introduction
0 Early Activation
5 Primary Survey
3 Secondary Survey
1 Planning and Communication
18 Early Management
4 The Rapidly Deteriorating TBI Patient
0 Retrieval and Transfer
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points
Rapid Reference Guideline
Introduction
Early Activation
Primary Survey
Airway with cervical spine protection
Breathing and ventilation
Circulation with haemorrhage control
Disability: neurological status
Exposure/environmental control
Secondary Survey
History
Neurological assessment
Head-to-toe examination
Planning and Communication
Indications for ARV consultation and/or transfer to a major trauma service
Early Management
Airway management
Imaging
The intoxicated patient with head trauma
Anticoagulation and head trauma
Patient positioning
Seizure Prophylaxis
Pathology tests
Thermoregulation
Analgesia
Sedation
Monitoring
Wound care
In-dwelling catheter
Nasogastric tube
Tetanus immunisation
Antibiotics
Steroids
Reassess
The Rapidly Deteriorating TBI Patient
Additional management points
Hyperventilation
Osmotherapy
Burr hole evacuation
Retrieval and Transfer
References
Spinal Trauma
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
0 Introduction
0 Early Activation
0 Early rapid neurological assessment
5 Primary Survey
9 Secondary Survey
0 Planning and Communication
15 Early Management
2 Retrieval and Transfer
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points
Rapid Reference Guideline
Introduction
Early Activation
Early rapid neurological assessment
Primary Survey
Airway with cervical spine protection
Breathing and ventilation
Circulation with haemorrhage control
Disability: neurological status
Exposure/environmental control
Secondary Survey
History
Head-to-toe examination
Neck
Chest
Abdomen
Limbs
Back
Buttocks and perineum
Genitalia
Planning and Communication
Early Management
Airway management
Fluid resuscitation
Monitoring
Medical imaging
Wound care
Pressure area care
Analgesia
Prevent hypothermia
Glasgow Coma Scale
Pathology
In-dwelling catheter
Nasogastric tube
Antibiotics
Reassess
Other
Retrieval and Transfer
Isolated spinal cord injury
Potential multi-trauma
References
Thoracic Trauma
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
0 Introduction
6 Immediately life threatening injuries
0 Early activation
7 Primary survey
2 Secondary survey
0 Planning and Communication
5 Early management
0 Retrieval and Transfer
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical Emphasis Points
Rapid Reference Guideline
Introduction
Immediately life threatening injuries
Tension pneumothorax
Massive Haemothorax
Cardiac Tamponade
Open pneumothorax
Flail Chest & Pulmonary Contusions
Major tracheobronchial injuries – larynx/ trachea
Early activation
Primary survey
Airway with cervical spine protection
Breathing and Ventilation
Circulation with haemorrhage control
Disability: Neurological status
Exposure and environmental control
Investigations
Analgesia
Secondary survey
History
Head-to-toe examination
Planning and Communication
Early management
Airway management
Fluid resuscitation
Monitor
Administer
Wound Care
Retrieval and Transfer
References
Anticoagulation in Trauma
1 K

Thoracic Trauma-Immediately life threatening injuries | Trauma Victoria

Major Trauma Guidelines & Education
Major Trauma Guidelines & Education
Immediately life threatening injuries
Pathophysiology and early management
Tension pneumothorax
Massive Haemothorax
Cardiac Tamponade
Open pneumothorax
Flail Chest & Pulmonary Contusions
Major tracheobronchial injuries – larynx/ trachea
Potentially Life-Threatening Injuries
Elderly patients

Teamwork and Communication-Effective Communication | Trauma Victoria Effective Communication
Effective Communication
What is a shared mental model?
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Tacit vs explicit communication
Closed-loop communication
Handover
Remote support and communication
 Teamwork and Communication-Effective Communication | Trauma Victoria
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7 Victorian Trauma System
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Victorian Trauma System
1 Key Messages
0 Introduction
0 Definition of Major Trauma
0 Key features of the Victorian State Trauma System
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Key Messages
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Introduction
Definition of Major Trauma
Key features of the Victorian State Trauma System
Victorian State Trauma System Outcomes
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Pre-Hospital Triage
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
4 Identification of Potential Major Trauma
2 On Scene
1 Transport Time
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Rapid Reference Guideline
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Scene Time
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Inter-Hospital Transfer
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
4 Identification of Potential Major Trauma
0 Deterioration
2 Contact Retrieval Service
1 Retrieval and transfer
0 References
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Rapid Reference Guideline
Identification of Potential Major Trauma
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Contact Retrieval Service
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References
Preparation for Retrieval
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guide
0 Introduction
0 Retrieval Coordination
0 Choice of Transport Vehicle
2 Process of Transfer
6 Patient Preparation
0 References
Key Messages
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Rapid Reference Guide
Introduction
Retrieval Coordination
Choice of Transport Vehicle
Process of Transfer
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Breathing
Circulation and C-spine
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Alert
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References
Teamwork and Communication
1 Key Messages
0 Key attributes of an effective team
2 Trauma team structure
1 The role of the team leader
6 Effective Communication
2 Dealing with issues
0 Trauma Team Training
0 References
Key Messages
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Key attributes of an effective team
Trauma team structure
Trauma team positions
Modified trauma team positions
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Tacit vs explicit communication
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Specialist Cinical Guidelines
10 Early Trauma Care
10 Burns
10 Obstetric Trauma
8 The Deteriorating Trauma Patient
11 Traumatic Brain Injury
11 Spinal Trauma
11 Thoracic Trauma
10 Anticoagulation in Trauma
13 Paediatric Trauma
10 Abdominal Trauma
13 Traumatic Cardiac Arrest
9 Imaging in Trauma
11 Older Person Trauma
Early Trauma Care
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
0 Introduction
2 Early Activation
5 Primary Survey
10 Secondary Survey
0 Planning and Communication
15 Early Management
0 Retrieval and Transfer
0 References
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Rapid Reference Guideline
Introduction
Early Activation
Ambulance handover
Reception and resuscitation
Primary Survey
Airway with cervical spine protection
Breathing and ventilation
Circulation with haemorrhage control
Disability
Exposure and environment
Secondary Survey
History
Head-to-toe examination
Head and face
Neck
Chest
Abdomen
Limbs
Back
Buttocks and perineum
Genitalia
Planning and Communication
Early Management
Airway management
Fluid resuscitation
Analgesia
Fractures and dislocations
Prevent hypothermia
In-dwelling catheter
Monitoring
Glasgow Coma Scale
Pathology tests
X-ray or FAST scan
Naso/orogastric tube (N/OGT)
Wound care
Tetanus immunisation
Antibiotics
Reassess
Retrieval and Transfer
References
Burns
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
0 Introduction
0 Early Activation
5 Primary Survey
4 Secondary Survey
0 Planning and Communication
15 Early Management
0 Retrieval and Transfer
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points: Rapid Reference Guideline
Introduction
Early Activation
Primary Survey
Airway with cervical spine protection
Breathing and ventilation
Circulation with haemorrhage control
Disability: neurological status
Exposure/environmental control
Secondary Survey
History
Head-to-toe examination
Measuring burns
Head-to-toe examination
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Compartment Syndrome
Analgesia
Wound care
Minimise heat loss
In-dwelling catheter
Monitoring
Glasgow Coma Scale
Pathology tests
X-ray/FAST scan
Naso/orogastric tube (N/OGT)
Tetanus immunisation
Antibiotics
Reassess
Retrieval and Transfer
References
Obstetric Trauma
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
2 Introduction
0 Early Activation
5 Primary Survey
2 Secondary Survey
2 Planning and Communication
16 Early Management
0 Retrieval and Transfer
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points
Rapid Reference Guideline
Introduction
Changes in pregnancy
Complications associated with trauma
Early Activation
Primary Survey
Airway with cervical spine protection
Breathing and ventilation
Circulation with haemorrhage control
Disability: neurological status
Exposure/environmental control
Secondary Survey
History
Head-to-toe examination
Planning and Communication
Pre-hospital triage
Inter-hospital transfer
Early Management
Patient positioning
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Radiology
Pathology tests
Preventing hypothermia
Analgesia and antiemetics
Sedation
Monitoring
Wound care
In-dwelling catheter
Nasogastric tube
Tetanus prophylaxis
Antibiotics
Cardiac arrest
Blood matters
Reassess
Retrieval and Transfer
References
The Deteriorating Trauma Patient
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
2 Introduction
1 Clinical Observation of Major Trauma Patient
1 Team Role in Recognising Deterioration
0 Early Activation or Consultation
0 Further Information
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points
Rapid Reference Guideline
Introduction
Deteriorating trauma patients
Track and Trigger
Clinical Observation of Major Trauma Patient
Recognising and responding to clinical deterioration
Team Role in Recognising Deterioration
ABCDEFG for deteriorating patients
Early Activation or Consultation
Further Information
References
Traumatic Brain Injury
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
0 Introduction
0 Early Activation
5 Primary Survey
3 Secondary Survey
1 Planning and Communication
18 Early Management
4 The Rapidly Deteriorating TBI Patient
0 Retrieval and Transfer
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points
Rapid Reference Guideline
Introduction
Early Activation
Primary Survey
Airway with cervical spine protection
Breathing and ventilation
Circulation with haemorrhage control
Disability: neurological status
Exposure/environmental control
Secondary Survey
History
Neurological assessment
Head-to-toe examination
Planning and Communication
Indications for ARV consultation and/or transfer to a major trauma service
Early Management
Airway management
Imaging
The intoxicated patient with head trauma
Anticoagulation and head trauma
Patient positioning
Seizure Prophylaxis
Pathology tests
Thermoregulation
Analgesia
Sedation
Monitoring
Wound care
In-dwelling catheter
Nasogastric tube
Tetanus immunisation
Antibiotics
Steroids
Reassess
The Rapidly Deteriorating TBI Patient
Additional management points
Hyperventilation
Osmotherapy
Burr hole evacuation
Retrieval and Transfer
References
Spinal Trauma
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
0 Introduction
0 Early Activation
0 Early rapid neurological assessment
5 Primary Survey
9 Secondary Survey
0 Planning and Communication
15 Early Management
2 Retrieval and Transfer
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical emphasis points
Rapid Reference Guideline
Introduction
Early Activation
Early rapid neurological assessment
Primary Survey
Airway with cervical spine protection
Breathing and ventilation
Circulation with haemorrhage control
Disability: neurological status
Exposure/environmental control
Secondary Survey
History
Head-to-toe examination
Neck
Chest
Abdomen
Limbs
Back
Buttocks and perineum
Genitalia
Planning and Communication
Early Management
Airway management
Fluid resuscitation
Monitoring
Medical imaging
Wound care
Pressure area care
Analgesia
Prevent hypothermia
Glasgow Coma Scale
Pathology
In-dwelling catheter
Nasogastric tube
Antibiotics
Reassess
Other
Retrieval and Transfer
Isolated spinal cord injury
Potential multi-trauma
References
Thoracic Trauma
1 Key Messages
0 Rapid Reference Guideline
0 Introduction
6 Immediately life threatening injuries
0 Early activation
7 Primary survey
2 Secondary survey
0 Planning and Communication
5 Early management
0 Retrieval and Transfer
0 References
Key Messages
Clinical Emphasis Points
Rapid Reference Guideline
Introduction
Immediately life threatening injuries
Tension pneumothorax
Massive Haemothorax
Cardiac Tamponade
Open pneumothorax
Flail Chest & Pulmonary Contusions
Major tracheobronchial injuries – larynx/ trachea
Early activation
Primary survey
Airway with cervical spine protection
Breathing and Ventilation
Circulation with haemorrhage control
Disability: Neurological status
Exposure and environmental control
Investigations
Analgesia
Secondary survey
History
Head-to-toe examination
Planning and Communication
Early management
Airway management
Fluid resuscitation
Monitor
Administer
Wound Care
Retrieval and Transfer
References
Anticoagulation in Trauma
1 Key

Teamwork and Communication-Effective Communication | Trauma Victoria

Effective Communication
Effective Communication
What is a shared mental model?
Briefing the team
Tacit vs explicit communication
Closed-loop communication
Handover
Remote support and communication

H40.3 - ICD-10 Code for Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma - Non-billable ICD-10-CM Code
H40.3

ICD-10-CM Code H40.3
More specific codes
7th Character selection:
More specific codes:
Coding structure:
H40 Glaucoma
H40.0 Glaucoma suspect
H40.1 Open-angle glaucoma
H40.2 Primary angle-closure glaucoma
H40.3 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma
H40.4 Glaucoma secondary to eye inflammation
H40.5 Glaucoma secondary to other eye disorders
H40.6 Glaucoma secondary to drugs
H40.8 Other glaucoma
H40.9 Unspecified glaucoma
 These codes can be used for all HIPAA-covered transactions. Billable - H40.30X0 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, unspecified eye, stage unspecified
Billable - H40.30X1 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, unspecified eye, mild stage
Billable - H40.30X2 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, unspecified eye, moderate stage
Billable - H40.30X3 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, unspecified eye, severe stage
Billable - H40.30X4 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, unspecified eye, indeterminate stage
Billable - H40.31X0 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, right eye, stage unspecified
Billable - H40.31X1 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, right eye, mild stage
Billable - H40.31X2 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, right eye, moderate stage
Billable - H40.31X3 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, right eye, severe stage
Billable - H40.31X4 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, right eye, indeterminate stage
Billable - H40.32X0 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, left eye, stage unspecified
Billable - H40.32X1 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, left eye, mild stage
Billable - H40.32X2 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, left eye, moderate stage
Billable - H40.32X3 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, left eye, severe stage
Billable - H40.32X4 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, left eye, indeterminate stage
Billable - H40.33X0 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, bilateral, stage unspecified
Billable - H40.33X1 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, bilateral, mild stage
Billable - H40.33X2 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, bilateral, moderate stage
Billable - H40.33X3 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, bilateral, severe stage
Billable - H40.33X4 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, bilateral, indeterminate stage
The codes listed below are in tabular order from H40.3. Codes marked as Billable can be used in all HIPAA-covered transactions. H40.30 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, unspecified eye
H40.31 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, right eye
H40.32 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, left eye
H40.33 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, bilateral
Coding structure: ICD-10 code H40.3 is based on the following Tabular structure: Chapter 7: Diseases of the eye and adnexa
Section H40-H42: Glaucoma
Category H40: Glaucoma
H40.3___
Category
Etiology, Anatomic Site,
Severity, Other Vital Details
Extension
Should you use H40.3 or H403 ( with or without decimal point )? DO NOT include the decimal point when electronically filing claims as it may be rejected.

H40.3 - ICD-10 Code for Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma - Non-billable

ICD-10-CM Code
H40.3

ICD-10-CM Code H40.3
More specific codes
7th Character selection:
More specific codes:
Coding structure:
H40 Glaucoma
H40.0 Glaucoma suspect
H40.1 Open-angle glaucoma
H40.2 Primary angle-closure glaucoma
H40.3 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma
H40.4 Glaucoma secondary to eye inflammation
H40.5 Glaucoma secondary to other eye disorders
H40.6 Glaucoma secondary to drugs
H40.8 Other glaucoma
H40.9 Unspecified glaucoma

Can Schizoaffective Disorder Be Caused by Trauma? The Relationship Between PTSD and Psychosis – BrightQuest Treatment Centers Can Schizoaffective Disorder Be Caused by Trauma? The Relationship Between PTSD and Psychosis
Can Schizoaffective Disorder Be Caused by Trauma? The Relationship Between PTSD and Psychosis
Quick Links
Schizoaffective Disorder and Psychosis
PTSD and Trauma
Can Schizoaffective Disorder Be Caused by Trauma?
Begin Your Recovery Journey Today.
The Importance of a Differential Diagnosis
Treatment for Schizoaffective Disorder and PTSD
 PTSD can also trigger psychotic symptoms. Not everyone with the condition will experience them, but studies with veterans indicate that between 30 and 40 percent have hallucinations, delusions, or both. Some experts advocate for a sub-type of PTSD, known as PTSD-SP, or PTSD with secondary psychotic features. Can Schizoaffective Disorder Be Caused by Trauma? There is definitely some overlap between trauma and PTSD and psychosis. No one can currently say, though, that one thing causes another definitively. The more accurate way to describe the relationship is that they are risk factors for each other. There are studies that show the experience of trauma in childhood, whether or not it develops into PTSD, is a risk factor for schizophrenia and psychosis later in life. An extensive review of 27,000 studies has definitively confirmed that trauma puts people at risk for psychotic conditions and symptoms. The researchers looked at three different groups of people:

Can Schizoaffective Disorder Be Caused by Trauma? The Relationship Between PTSD and Psychosis – BrightQuest Treatment Centers

Can Schizoaffective Disorder Be Caused by Trauma? The Relationship Between PTSD and Psychosis
Can Schizoaffective Disorder Be Caused by Trauma? The Relationship Between PTSD and Psychosis
Quick Links
Schizoaffective Disorder and Psychosis
PTSD and Trauma
Can Schizoaffective Disorder Be Caused by Trauma?
Begin Your Recovery Journey Today.
The Importance of a Differential Diagnosis
Treatment for Schizoaffective Disorder and PTSD

PTSD can also trigger psychotic symptoms. Not everyone with the condition will experience them, but studies with veterans indicate that between 30 and 40 percent have hallucinations, delusions, or both. Some experts advocate for a sub-type of PTSD, known as PTSD-SP, or PTSD with secondary psychotic features. Can Schizoaffective Disorder Be Caused by Trauma? There is definitely some overlap between trauma and PTSD and psychosis. No one can currently say, though, that one thing causes another definitively. The more accurate way to describe the relationship is that they are risk factors for each other. There are studies that show the experience of trauma in childhood, whether or not it develops into PTSD, is a risk factor for schizophrenia and psychosis later in life. An extensive review of 27,000 studies has definitively confirmed that trauma puts people at risk for psychotic conditions and symptoms. The researchers looked at three different groups of people:

H40.3 - ICD-10 Code for Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma - Non-billable ICD-10-CM Code
H40.3

ICD-10-CM Code H40.3
More specific codes
7th Character selection:
More specific codes:
Coding structure:
H40 Glaucoma
H40.0 Glaucoma suspect
H40.1 Open-angle glaucoma
H40.2 Primary angle-closure glaucoma
H40.3 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma
H40.4 Glaucoma secondary to eye inflammation
H40.5 Glaucoma secondary to other eye disorders
H40.6 Glaucoma secondary to drugs
H40.8 Other glaucoma
H40.9 Unspecified glaucoma
 ICD-10-CM codes are to be used and reported at their highest number of characters available. A 3-character code is to be used only if it is not further subdivided. A code is invalid if it has not been coded to the full number of characters required for that code, including the 7 th character, if applicable. Select Billable Codes to view only billable codes under H40.3 or select the Tabular List to view all codes under H40.3 in hierarchical order. Billable Codes
Tabular List
Listed below are all Medicare Accepted ICD-10 codes under H40.3 for Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma. These codes can be used for all HIPAA-covered transactions. Billable - H40.30X0 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, unspecified eye, stage unspecified
Billable - H40.30X1 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, unspecified eye, mild stage
Billable - H40.30X2 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, unspecified eye, moderate stage
Billable - H40.30X3 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, unspecified eye, severe stage
Billable - H40.30X4 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, unspecified eye, indeterminate stage
Billable - H40.31X0 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, right eye, stage unspecified
Billable - H40.31X1 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, right eye, mild stage
Billable - H40.31X2 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, right eye, moderate stage
Billable - H40.31X3 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, right eye, severe stage
Billable - H40.31X4 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, right eye, indeterminate stage
Billable - H40.32X0 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, left eye, stage unspecified
Billable - H40.32X1 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, left eye, mild stage
Billable - H40.32X2 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, left eye, moderate stage
Billable - H40.32X3 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, left eye, severe stage
Billable - H40.32X4 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, left eye, indeterminate stage
Billable - H40.33X0 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, bilateral, stage unspecified
Billable - H40.33X1 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, bilateral, mild stage
Billable - H40.33X2 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, bilateral, moderate stage
Billable - H40.33X3 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, bilateral, severe stage
Billable - H40.33X4 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, bilateral, indeterminate stage
The codes listed below are in tabular order from H40.3. Codes marked as Billable can be used in all HIPAA-covered transactions. H40.30 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, unspecified eye
H40.31 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, right eye
H40.32 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, left eye
H40.33 Glaucoma secondary to eye trauma, bilateral
Coding structure: ICD-10 code H40.3 is based on the following Tabular structure:

Abdominal Trauma: Blunt or penetrating • LITFL • CCC Trauma Abdominal Trauma: Blunt or penetrating
Abdominal Trauma: Blunt or penetrating
Reviewed and revised 21 December 2015
OVERVIEW
BLUNT ABDOMINAL INJURY
PENETRATING ABDOMINAL INJURY
ASSESSMENT OF BLUNT ABDOMINAL TRAUMA
IMAGING IN BLUNT ABDOMINAL TRAUMA
ASSESSMENT OF PENETRATING ABDOMINAL TRAUMA
IMAGING & INVESTIGATION OF PENETRATING ABDOMINAL INJURIES
GUNSHOT WOUNDS (GSWs)
INTERVENTIONAL THERAPY
ICU MANAGEMENT
DUODENAL INJURY
SMALL INTESTINAL INJURY
PANCREATIC INJURY
OTHER SPECIFIC INJURIES
References and links
Critical Care
Chris Nickson
 Abdominal Trauma: Blunt or penetrating • LITFL • CCC Trauma
Abdominal Trauma: Blunt or penetrating
Chris Nickson
Nov 3, 2020
Home CCC
Reviewed and revised 21 December 2015
OVERVIEW
Assessment of abdominal trauma requires the identification of immediately life-threatening injuries on primary survey, and delayed life threats on secondary survey. Primary survey
Resuscitation
Secondary survey
Diagnostic evaluation
Definitive care
Abdominal trauma is classified as blunt or penetrating, assessment and management is modified accordingly
BLUNT ABDOMINAL INJURY
Blunt abdominal injuries often managed conservatively, though interventional radiology and surgery are indicated for severe injuries
Common mechanisms include road traffic crashes, falls, sports injuries and assaults
organs most affected are : spleen > liver > small and large intestine
PENETRATING ABDOMINAL INJURY
Most patients with significant penetrating injury require laparotomy; there are differences in the management of projectiles (e.g. gunshot wounds) and non-projectiles (e.g. stabbings)
Any wound between the nipple line (T4) and the groin creases anteriorly, and from T4 to the curves of the iliac crests posteriorly is potentially a penetrating abdominal injury
If the wound was caused by a projectile, then a penetrating abdominal injury could result from an entry wound in almost any part of the body
These are the 4 regions of the abdomen to consider in penetrating injury: Anterior abdomen
— Between the anterior axillary lines; bound by the costal margin superiorly and the groin crease distally. Thoracoabdominal area
— The area superiorly delimited by the fourth intercostal space (anterior), sixth intercostal space (lateral), and eighth intercostal space (posterior), and inferiorly delimited by the costal margin (definitions vary — a pragmatic approach is to use the nipple line as the upper boundary… in non-obese men at least!). Injuries in the region increase the likelihood of chest, mediastinal, and diaphragmatic injuries.

Abdominal Trauma: Blunt or penetrating • LITFL • CCC Trauma

Abdominal Trauma: Blunt or penetrating
Abdominal Trauma: Blunt or penetrating
Reviewed and revised 21 December 2015
OVERVIEW
BLUNT ABDOMINAL INJURY
PENETRATING ABDOMINAL INJURY
ASSESSMENT OF BLUNT ABDOMINAL TRAUMA
IMAGING IN BLUNT ABDOMINAL TRAUMA
ASSESSMENT OF PENETRATING ABDOMINAL TRAUMA
IMAGING & INVESTIGATION OF PENETRATING ABDOMINAL INJURIES
GUNSHOT WOUNDS (GSWs)
INTERVENTIONAL THERAPY
ICU MANAGEMENT
DUODENAL INJURY
SMALL INTESTINAL INJURY
PANCREATIC INJURY
OTHER SPECIFIC INJURIES
References and links
Critical Care
Chris Nickson

Common Dental Emergencies - American Family Physician Common Dental Emergencies
Common Dental Emergencies
View/Print Table
Common Dental Emergencies
Dental Anatomy
Dental Pain
CARIOUS ORIGIN
PERIODONTAL ORIGIN
WISDOM TOOTH ORIGIN
Dental Trauma
Prevention
Dental Referral
The Authors
REFERENCES
Continue reading from February 1, 2003
 Untreated necrosis may lead to a localized abscess or a spreading infection into the surrounding soft tissue that results in cellulitis. Immediate treatment involves antibiotic therapy for cellulitis, perhaps with drainage of abscesses, while definitive treatment requires root canal therapy or extraction of the involved tooth. Pericoronitis is an inflammation of the soft tissue overlying a partially erupted tooth. Localized cases respond to irrigation. Secondary cellulitis can develop. Definitive treatment may require surgical extraction of the underlying tooth or excision of the gum flap. Avulsion of a permanent tooth secondary to trauma is a true dental emergency. The tooth should be reimplanted on the spot, and the patient should be seen immediately by a dentist for splinting and antibiotic prophylaxis. Most dental problems can be prevented with regular dental care and steps to minimize risks of oral trauma. Dental emergencies ( Table 1) are extremely common in America.

Common Dental Emergencies - American Family Physician

Common Dental Emergencies
Common Dental Emergencies
View/Print Table
Common Dental Emergencies
Dental Anatomy
Dental Pain
CARIOUS ORIGIN
PERIODONTAL ORIGIN
WISDOM TOOTH ORIGIN
Dental Trauma
Prevention
Dental Referral
The Authors
REFERENCES
Continue reading from February 1, 2003

Untreated necrosis may lead to a localized abscess or a spreading infection into the surrounding soft tissue that results in cellulitis. Immediate treatment involves antibiotic therapy for cellulitis, perhaps with drainage of abscesses, while definitive treatment requires root canal therapy or extraction of the involved tooth. Pericoronitis is an inflammation of the soft tissue overlying a partially erupted tooth. Localized cases respond to irrigation. Secondary cellulitis can develop. Definitive treatment may require surgical extraction of the underlying tooth or excision of the gum flap. Avulsion of a permanent tooth secondary to trauma is a true dental emergency. The tooth should be reimplanted on the spot, and the patient should be seen immediately by a dentist for splinting and antibiotic prophylaxis. Most dental problems can be prevented with regular dental care and steps to minimize risks of oral trauma. Dental emergencies ( Table 1) are extremely common in America.

Secondary Lesions Flashcards | Quizlet Secondary Lesions
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Advanced trauma life support - Wikipedia Advanced trauma life support
Advanced trauma life support
Contents
Primary survey
Airway maintenance with cervical spine protection
Breathing and ventilation
Circulation with bleeding control
Disability/Neurologic assessment
Exposure and environmental control
Secondary survey
Tertiary survey
Alternatives
History
See also
References
Further reading
External links
 The secondary survey is a head-to-toe evaluation of the trauma patient, including a complete history and physical examination, including the reassessment of all vital signs. Each region of the body must be fully examined. X-rays indicated by examination are obtained. If at any time during the secondary survey the patient deteriorates, another primary survey is carried out as a potential life threat may be present. The person should be removed from the hard spine board and placed on a firm mattress as soon as reasonably feasible as the spine board can rapidly cause skin breakdown and pain while a firm mattress provides equivalent stability for potential spinal fractures. Tertiary survey
A careful and complete examination followed by serial assessments help recognize missed injuries and related problems, allowing a definitive care management. The rate of delayed diagnosis may be as high as 10%. Alternatives
Mannequin surgical simulators are widely used in the United States as alternatives to the use of live animals in ATLS courses. In 2014, PETA announced that it was donating surgical simulators to ATLS training centers in 9 countries that agreed to switch from animal use to training on the simulators. Additionally, Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care (ATACC) is an international trauma course based in the United Kingdom that teaches an advanced trauma course and represents the next level for trauma care and trauma patient management post ATLS certification.

Advanced trauma life support - Wikipedia

Advanced trauma life support
Advanced trauma life support
Contents
Primary survey
Airway maintenance with cervical spine protection
Breathing and ventilation
Circulation with bleeding control
Disability/Neurologic assessment
Exposure and environmental control
Secondary survey
Tertiary survey
Alternatives
History
See also
References
Further reading
External links

The secondary survey is a head-to-toe evaluation of the trauma patient, including a complete history and physical examination, including the reassessment of all vital signs. Each region of the body must be fully examined. X-rays indicated by examination are obtained. If at any time during the secondary survey the patient deteriorates, another primary survey is carried out as a potential life threat may be present. The person should be removed from the hard spine board and placed on a firm mattress as soon as reasonably feasible as the spine board can rapidly cause skin breakdown and pain while a firm mattress provides equivalent stability for potential spinal fractures. Tertiary survey
A careful and complete examination followed by serial assessments help recognize missed injuries and related problems, allowing a definitive care management. The rate of delayed diagnosis may be as high as 10%. Alternatives
Mannequin surgical simulators are widely used in the United States as alternatives to the use of live animals in ATLS courses. In 2014, PETA announced that it was donating surgical simulators to ATLS training centers in 9 countries that agreed to switch from animal use to training on the simulators. Additionally, Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care (ATACC) is an international trauma course based in the United Kingdom that teaches an advanced trauma course and represents the next level for trauma care and trauma patient management post ATLS certification.

Hemifacial Spasm - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Hemifacial Spasm
Hemifacial Spasm
Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders
Epidemiology
Hemifacial Spasm
Definition and History
Hemifacial Spasm
CPA-IAC
Diagnostic Checklist
Skull and Brain
Key Differential Diagnosis Issues
Microvascular Decompression of the Seventh Cranial Nerve
PATIENT SELECTION
Clinical overview and phenomenology of movement disorders
Hemifacial spasm
Diseases of the Seventh Cranial Nerve
Familial Hemifacial Spasm
 2003; Tan et al., 2003 ). Epidemiological studies have mainly concentrated on primary HFS, the major form. The relative proportion of primary and secondary HFS varies substantially among the clinical series. Notwithstanding such difficulties, available studies suggest that secondary HFS may also be a frequent neurological problem. Secondary HFS frequently follows peripheral facial palsy or may be more rarely secondary to facial nerve or brainstem damage after tumors, demyelinating disorders, trauma, and infections ( Table 48.1 ). Table 48.1. Causes of secondary hemifacial spasm
Postparalytic (Bell's facial palsy)
Cerebellopontine angle mass lesions
Meningioma
Schwannoma
Arteriovenous malformation
Brainstem lesions
Trauma
Demyelinating disorders
Infections
Parotid gland tumor
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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444520142000483
Hemifacial Spasm
W.H. Jost, in Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders, 2010
Definition and History
Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is characterized by unilateral, involuntary, irregular clonic twitches or tonic (rarely) contractions of the muscles of the face innervated by cranial nerve VII.

Hemifacial Spasm - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Hemifacial Spasm
Hemifacial Spasm
Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders
Epidemiology
Hemifacial Spasm
Definition and History
Hemifacial Spasm
CPA-IAC
Diagnostic Checklist
Skull and Brain
Key Differential Diagnosis Issues
Microvascular Decompression of the Seventh Cranial Nerve
PATIENT SELECTION
Clinical overview and phenomenology of movement disorders
Hemifacial spasm
Diseases of the Seventh Cranial Nerve
Familial Hemifacial Spasm

2003; Tan et al., 2003 ). Epidemiological studies have mainly concentrated on primary HFS, the major form. The relative proportion of primary and secondary HFS varies substantially among the clinical series. Notwithstanding such difficulties, available studies suggest that secondary HFS may also be a frequent neurological problem. Secondary HFS frequently follows peripheral facial palsy or may be more rarely secondary to facial nerve or brainstem damage after tumors, demyelinating disorders, trauma, and infections ( Table 48.1 ). Table 48.1. Causes of secondary hemifacial spasm
Postparalytic (Bell's facial palsy)
Cerebellopontine angle mass lesions
Meningioma
Schwannoma
Arteriovenous malformation
Brainstem lesions
Trauma
Demyelinating disorders
Infections
Parotid gland tumor
View chapter Purchase book
Read full chapter
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444520142000483
Hemifacial Spasm
W.H. Jost, in Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders, 2010
Definition and History
Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is characterized by unilateral, involuntary, irregular clonic twitches or tonic (rarely) contractions of the muscles of the face innervated by cranial nerve VII.

TRAUMA.ORG: Thoracic Trauma
 FAST: Haemothorax,
diaphragm & liver
Arterial Blood Gas analysis
Arterial blood gas analyses should be drawn on all intubated and ventilated trauma patients, and any patient with significant chest trauma or eveidence of haemodynamic instability. Secondary Survey
As part of the secondary survey the chest is fully examined, front and back. Special attention is paid to identifying any missed injuries or progression of previously identified injuries. The examination is also directed by findings on the chest X-ray or by information from monitoring adjuncts. Further Investigation / Defintive Care
Results of the above examinations, and findings in other body regions, determine the subsequent disposition of the trauma patient. Further investigations may include: CT scan
Angiography
Oesophagoscopy / oesophagram
Bronchoscopy
Definitive care may include: Chest Drain
Thoracotomy
Transfer to critical care area for ventilation / observation
Computed Tomography
Thoracotomy

CHEST TRAUMA
INITIAL EVALUATION
PNEUMOTHORAX
TENSION PNEUMO
OPEN PNEUMO
HAEMOTHORAX
CONTUSION
RIB FRACTURE / FLAIL
AORTIC INJURY
CHEST DRAINS

trauma.org 9:2, February 2004

TRAUMA.ORG: Thoracic Trauma

FAST: Haemothorax,
diaphragm & liver
Arterial Blood Gas analysis
Arterial blood gas analyses should be drawn on all intubated and ventilated trauma patients, and any patient with significant chest trauma or eveidence of haemodynamic instability. Secondary Survey
As part of the secondary survey the chest is fully examined, front and back. Special attention is paid to identifying any missed injuries or progression of previously identified injuries. The examination is also directed by findings on the chest X-ray or by information from monitoring adjuncts. Further Investigation / Defintive Care
Results of the above examinations, and findings in other body regions, determine the subsequent disposition of the trauma patient. Further investigations may include: CT scan
Angiography
Oesophagoscopy / oesophagram
Bronchoscopy
Definitive care may include: Chest Drain
Thoracotomy
Transfer to critical care area for ventilation / observation
Computed Tomography
Thoracotomy

CHEST TRAUMA
INITIAL EVALUATION
PNEUMOTHORAX
TENSION PNEUMO
OPEN PNEUMO
HAEMOTHORAX
CONTUSION
RIB FRACTURE / FLAIL
AORTIC INJURY
CHEST DRAINS

trauma.org 9:2, February 2004

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When assessing the breath sounds (during a rapid secondary exam) of a critical trauma patient, it is best to auscultate each lung in at least how many places? Click card to see definition 👆
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When assessing the breath sounds (during a rapid secondary exam) of a critical trauma patient, it is best to auscultate each lung in at least how many places? 2
You are instructing an Emergency Medical Responder course.

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When assessing the breath sounds (during a rapid secondary exam) of a critical trauma patient, it is best to auscultate each lung in at least how many places? Click card to see definition 👆
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2
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When assessing the breath sounds (during a rapid secondary exam) of a critical trauma patient, it is best to auscultate each lung in at least how many places? 2
You are instructing an Emergency Medical Responder course.

Posterior mediastinal hematoma – a rare case following a fall from standing height: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text Posterior mediastinal hematoma – a rare case following a fall from standing height: a case report
Posterior mediastinal hematoma – a rare case following a fall from standing height: a case report
Abstract
Introduction
Case presentation
Conclusion
Introduction
Case presentation
Discussion
Conclusion
Consent
Abbreviations
CT:
INR:
EKG:
BUN:
ICU:
TEE:
References
Acknowledgements
Author information
Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Competing interests
Authors’ original submitted files for images
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 Surgical repair is the definitive treatment especially if there is evidence of ongoing blood loss but delaying this until the patient is more stable lowers mortality rates. [ 8]
Literature review of case reports, done through Pub Med from 1980 to the present, yielded no previous cases of mediastinal hematoma secondary to a fall from a standing height. 15 cases were secondary to spontaneous hematoma, 19 were reported secondary to complication of subclavian venous cannulation, and 9 were secondary to blunt trauma. The most common presenting complaint in all these cases was shortness of breath. CT scan provided the diagnosis in 8 out of the 9 cases in the blunt trauma category. Echocardiogram was used in one case where cardiac tamponade was suspected and confirmed. 8 of the patients underwent surgery and did well, one died secondary to hemorrhage. Though our patient's platelet count and INR were not normal, they were unlikely to explain the bleeding in the mediastinum alone. It is possible that aspirin therapy and the predisposition to bleeding due to mild thrombocytopenia and elevated INR may have contributed together. She had no structural abnormality like an aortic aneurysm as evidenced by a normal CT of the chest two weeks prior to the event.

Posterior mediastinal hematoma – a rare case following a fall from standing height: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text

Posterior mediastinal hematoma – a rare case following a fall from standing height: a case report
Posterior mediastinal hematoma – a rare case following a fall from standing height: a case report
Abstract
Introduction
Case presentation
Conclusion
Introduction
Case presentation
Discussion
Conclusion
Consent
Abbreviations
CT:
INR:
EKG:
BUN:
ICU:
TEE:
References
Acknowledgements
Author information
Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Competing interests
Authors’ original submitted files for images
Authors’ original file for figure 1
Authors’ original file for figure 2
Authors’ original file for figure 3
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Share this article
Keywords

Surgical repair is the definitive treatment especially if there is evidence of ongoing blood loss but delaying this until the patient is more stable lowers mortality rates. [ 8]
Literature review of case reports, done through Pub Med from 1980 to the present, yielded no previous cases of mediastinal hematoma secondary to a fall from a standing height. 15 cases were secondary to spontaneous hematoma, 19 were reported secondary to complication of subclavian venous cannulation, and 9 were secondary to blunt trauma. The most common presenting complaint in all these cases was shortness of breath. CT scan provided the diagnosis in 8 out of the 9 cases in the blunt trauma category. Echocardiogram was used in one case where cardiac tamponade was suspected and confirmed. 8 of the patients underwent surgery and did well, one died secondary to hemorrhage. Though our patient's platelet count and INR were not normal, they were unlikely to explain the bleeding in the mediastinum alone. It is possible that aspirin therapy and the predisposition to bleeding due to mild thrombocytopenia and elevated INR may have contributed together. She had no structural abnormality like an aortic aneurysm as evidenced by a normal CT of the chest two weeks prior to the event.

 A diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) requires the identification
of one or more traumatic events, designated the index trauma, which serves as the basis for
assessment of severity of PTSD. In patients who have experienced more than one traumatic
event, severity may depend on the exact definition of the index trauma. Defining the index
trauma as the worst single incident may result in PTSD severity scores that differ from what
would be seen if the index trauma included multiple events. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the impact of the definition of the index trauma
on PTSD baseline severity scores and treatment outcome. Method: A planned secondary analysis was performed on data from a subset (N = 58) of
patients enrolled in a trial evaluating the efficacy of a 12 week residential dialectical
behavioural therapy programme for PTSD related to childhood abuse (DBT-PTSD). Assessments of the severity of PTSD were conducted at admission, at the end of the
12 week treatment period, and at 6 and 12 weeks post-treatment, using the Clinician-
Administered PTSD Scale. The index trauma was defined with respect to both the worst
single incident and up to three qualitatively distinct traumatic events. Results:

A diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) requires the identification
of one or more traumatic events, designated the index trauma, which serves as the basis for
assessment of severity of PTSD. In patients who have experienced more than one traumatic
event, severity may depend on the exact definition of the index trauma. Defining the index
trauma as the worst single incident may result in PTSD severity scores that differ from what
would be seen if the index trauma included multiple events. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the impact of the definition of the index trauma
on PTSD baseline severity scores and treatment outcome. Method: A planned secondary analysis was performed on data from a subset (N = 58) of
patients enrolled in a trial evaluating the efficacy of a 12 week residential dialectical
behavioural therapy programme for PTSD related to childhood abuse (DBT-PTSD). Assessments of the severity of PTSD were conducted at admission, at the end of the
12 week treatment period, and at 6 and 12 weeks post-treatment, using the Clinician-
Administered PTSD Scale. The index trauma was defined with respect to both the worst
single incident and up to three qualitatively distinct traumatic events. Results:

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Which of the following is TRUE about the rapid head-to-toe examination that is conducted on the unresponsive medical patient? Click card to see definition 👆
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it is a rapid secondary assessment, similar to that conducted on a trauma patient
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What is an example of an open-ended question? "What can you tell me about the pain in your feet?" Which of the following is TRUE about the rapid head-to-toe examination that is conducted on the unresponsive medical patient? it is a rapid secondary assessment, similar to that conducted on a trauma patient
Where should the EMT begin when performing a rapid physical examination on an unresponsive medical patient?

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Which of the following is TRUE about the rapid head-to-toe examination that is conducted on the unresponsive medical patient? Click card to see definition 👆
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it is a rapid secondary assessment, similar to that conducted on a trauma patient
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What is an example of an open-ended question? "What can you tell me about the pain in your feet?" Which of the following is TRUE about the rapid head-to-toe examination that is conducted on the unresponsive medical patient? it is a rapid secondary assessment, similar to that conducted on a trauma patient
Where should the EMT begin when performing a rapid physical examination on an unresponsive medical patient?

Blast Injuries: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology Blast Injuries
Blast Injuries
Practice Essentials
Signs and symptoms
Diagnosis
Management
 judicious fluid boluses may be required if patients exhibit signs and symptoms of inadequate perfusion, such as deteriorating mental status
Initiate measures to reduce heat loss and prevent hypothermia
Emergency department care
Penetrating wounds (secondary blast injury), blunt trauma (tertiary/secondary blast injury), and burns receive standard treatment
Shrapnel wounds (secondary blast injury) are treated as low-velocity gunshot wounds
Hemodynamically unstable patients with significant trauma may benefit from early use of packed red blood cells (PRBC) and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) in a 1:1 ratio, as well as platelets
Consider early use of fresh whole blood if available
In patients with severe trauma, also consider cryoprecipitate and recombinant factor VIIa
In patients with traumatic brain injury, prevention of hypoxia and hypotension is critical
Because pulmonary contusion tends to evolve over several hours, a period of observation and repeat radiography may be necessary if indicated; definitive airway management and ventilatory support may be required
If abdominal pain persists or vomiting develops, consider admitting the patient for observation, as intestinal hematoma may be difficult to detect in the ED
In patients with open wounds from blasts, consider broad-spectrum prophylactic antibiotics and provide tetanus toxoid if immunization is not up to date
See Treatment and Medication for more detail. Background
Blast injuries traditionally are divided into 4 categories: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary (or miscellaneous) injuries. A patient may be injured by more than one of these mechanisms. [ 2, 3]
A primary blast injury is caused solely by the direct effect of blast overpressure on tissue. Air is easily compressible, unlike water. As a result, a primary blast injury almost always affects air-filled structures such as the lung, ear, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. A secondary blast injury is caused by flying objects that strike people. A tertiary blast injury is a feature of high-energy explosions.

Posterior mediastinal hematoma – a rare case following a fall from standing height: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text Posterior mediastinal hematoma – a rare case following a fall from standing height: a case report
Posterior mediastinal hematoma – a rare case following a fall from standing height: a case report
Abstract
Introduction
Case presentation
Conclusion
Introduction
Case presentation
Discussion
Conclusion
Consent
Abbreviations
CT:
INR:
EKG:
BUN:
ICU:
TEE:
References
Acknowledgements
Author information
Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Competing interests
Authors’ original submitted files for images
Authors’ original file for figure 1
Authors’ original file for figure 2
Authors’ original file for figure 3
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About this article
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Keywords
 6] Chest X-ray alone is inadequate as a diagnostic tool, since approximately 50% of cases had a normal size mediastinum. [ 7]
Initial treatment consists of fluid resuscitation, and transfusion as necessary. Endotracheal intubation should be considered if there is a concern about airway compromise. Cardiopulmonary bypass is used if there is evidence of heart failure and short acting beta blockers are recommended to reduce mean arterial pressure to 60 mm Hg and to control heart rate. Endovascular stents are being used more, but further data is necessary. Surgical repair is the definitive treatment especially if there is evidence of ongoing blood loss but delaying this until the patient is more stable lowers mortality rates. [ 8]
Literature review of case reports, done through Pub Med from 1980 to the present, yielded no previous cases of mediastinal hematoma secondary to a fall from a standing height. 15 cases were secondary to spontaneous hematoma, 19 were reported secondary to complication of subclavian venous cannulation, and 9 were secondary to blunt trauma. The most common presenting complaint in all these cases was shortness of breath. CT scan provided the diagnosis in 8 out of the 9 cases in the blunt trauma category.

6] Chest X-ray alone is inadequate as a diagnostic tool, since approximately 50% of cases had a normal size mediastinum. [ 7]
Initial treatment consists of fluid resuscitation, and transfusion as necessary. Endotracheal intubation should be considered if there is a concern about airway compromise. Cardiopulmonary bypass is used if there is evidence of heart failure and short acting beta blockers are recommended to reduce mean arterial pressure to 60 mm Hg and to control heart rate. Endovascular stents are being used more, but further data is necessary. Surgical repair is the definitive treatment especially if there is evidence of ongoing blood loss but delaying this until the patient is more stable lowers mortality rates. [ 8]
Literature review of case reports, done through Pub Med from 1980 to the present, yielded no previous cases of mediastinal hematoma secondary to a fall from a standing height. 15 cases were secondary to spontaneous hematoma, 19 were reported secondary to complication of subclavian venous cannulation, and 9 were secondary to blunt trauma. The most common presenting complaint in all these cases was shortness of breath. CT scan provided the diagnosis in 8 out of the 9 cases in the blunt trauma category.

What does it mean to be trauma-informed? | SMI Adviser What does it mean to be trauma-informed?
What does it mean to be trauma-informed?
Trauma-Informed Principles
Resources
SAMHSA’s Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services: Quick Guide for Clinicians
 Trauma-informed care means shifting from the medical question of “What’s wrong with you?” to the trauma-informed question of “What’s happened to you?” Trauma-Informed Principles
While some trauma-informed principles are specific to clinicians, the overall goal and many of the principles can be adapted by anyone. Trauma-informed principles include: Promote trauma awareness and understanding
Recognize that trauma-related symptoms and behaviors originate from adapting to traumatic responses
View trauma in the context of individuals’ environments
Minimize the risk of re-traumatization or replicating prior trauma dynamics
Create a safe environment
Identify recovery from trauma as a primary goal
Support control, choice, and autonomy
Create collaborative relationships and participation opportunities
Familiarize clients with trauma-informed services
Conduct universal routine trauma screening
View trauma through a sociocultural lens
Use a strengths-focused perspective to promote resilience
Foster trauma-resistant skills
Show organizational and administrative commitment to TIC
Develop strategies to address secondary trauma and promote self-care
Provide hope and believe recovery is possible
Resources
SAMHSA’s Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services: Quick Guide for Clinicians
SMI Adviser Tip: We often hear references to trauma-informed care without a clear idea of what that entails. Can you suggest a resource with a clear definition of trauma-informed care and how to implement it? Type: Knowledge Base
Answered by:

What does it mean to be trauma-informed? | SMI Adviser

What does it mean to be trauma-informed?
What does it mean to be trauma-informed?
Trauma-Informed Principles
Resources
SAMHSA’s Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services: Quick Guide for Clinicians

Trauma-informed care means shifting from the medical question of “What’s wrong with you?” to the trauma-informed question of “What’s happened to you?” Trauma-Informed Principles
While some trauma-informed principles are specific to clinicians, the overall goal and many of the principles can be adapted by anyone. Trauma-informed principles include: Promote trauma awareness and understanding
Recognize that trauma-related symptoms and behaviors originate from adapting to traumatic responses
View trauma in the context of individuals’ environments
Minimize the risk of re-traumatization or replicating prior trauma dynamics
Create a safe environment
Identify recovery from trauma as a primary goal
Support control, choice, and autonomy
Create collaborative relationships and participation opportunities
Familiarize clients with trauma-informed services
Conduct universal routine trauma screening
View trauma through a sociocultural lens
Use a strengths-focused perspective to promote resilience
Foster trauma-resistant skills
Show organizational and administrative commitment to TIC
Develop strategies to address secondary trauma and promote self-care
Provide hope and believe recovery is possible
Resources
SAMHSA’s Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services: Quick Guide for Clinicians
SMI Adviser Tip: We often hear references to trauma-informed care without a clear idea of what that entails. Can you suggest a resource with a clear definition of trauma-informed care and how to implement it? Type: Knowledge Base
Answered by:

The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference?
Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
When Social Workers Experience Trauma
Signs of Secondary and Vicarious Trauma in Social Work
How to Manage, Treat, and Prevent Vicarious and Secondary Trauma
References:
Last Update: 02-12-2020
 The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
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Social Work and Secondary Trauma
The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
More than half of Americans report experiencing trauma, and 90% of people seeking mental health care have a trauma history. Social workers are on the front lines of the trauma fight. Their support can help survivors live meaningful lives after catastrophic events. But chronic exposure to other people’s suffering is itself a form of trauma. Social workers can suffer secondary or vicarious trauma, which may trigger burnout, stymie their ability to support clients, and trigger chronic mental health issues. Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference? Social workers inevitably work with people who have experienced trauma such as the death of a loved one, surviving a natural disaster, being in combat, living in an abusive marriage or family, or surviving a sexual assault. Over time, this traumatic exposure can cause social workers to experience symptoms of trauma such as anxiety, depression, and even posttraumatic stress (PTSD) . Secondary trauma is a traumatized reaction to another person’s experience.

The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma

The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference?
Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
When Social Workers Experience Trauma
Signs of Secondary and Vicarious Trauma in Social Work
How to Manage, Treat, and Prevent Vicarious and Secondary Trauma
References:
Last Update: 02-12-2020

The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
GoodTherapy
Home >
For Professionals >
Business Management >
Human Resources >
<
Article >
Social Work and Secondary Trauma
The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
More than half of Americans report experiencing trauma, and 90% of people seeking mental health care have a trauma history. Social workers are on the front lines of the trauma fight. Their support can help survivors live meaningful lives after catastrophic events. But chronic exposure to other people’s suffering is itself a form of trauma. Social workers can suffer secondary or vicarious trauma, which may trigger burnout, stymie their ability to support clients, and trigger chronic mental health issues. Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference? Social workers inevitably work with people who have experienced trauma such as the death of a loved one, surviving a natural disaster, being in combat, living in an abusive marriage or family, or surviving a sexual assault. Over time, this traumatic exposure can cause social workers to experience symptoms of trauma such as anxiety, depression, and even posttraumatic stress (PTSD) . Secondary trauma is a traumatized reaction to another person’s experience.

Traumatic Ocular Injuries – Core EM Traumatic Ocular Injuries
Traumatic Ocular Injuries
Initial exam components needed for diagnosis:
Several differential diagnoses to consider:
Globe Rupture
Diagnosis:
Management:
Hyphema
Diagnosis:
People at risk:
Management:
Retrobulbar Hematoma/Orbital Compartment Syndrome
Diagnosis:
Management:
Retinal Detachment
Diagnosis:
Management:
Take Home Points:
References:
Jeffrey Dela Cruz, MD
See My Posts
 Prevent increased intraocular pressure (IOP)
Head of bed at 30 degrees
Avoid eye manipulation (do not measure eye pressure, retract lid, or perform ocular ultrasound)
Cover with an eye shield (do not place eye patch as it exerts pressure on globe) – A paper cup can be used if an eye shield is not available
Administer topical and systemic broad-spectrum antibiotics ( Soheilian 2007)
Update tetanus
Give antiemetics to prevent nausea (which increases IOP)
Give pain medicine
Consult ophthalmology à even if CT negative, formal surgical evaluation may be needed if occult injury suspected
Hyphema
Definition: Blood in the anterior chamber of the eye occurring usually as a result of a ruptured iris root vessel, if secondary to trauma. Hyphema – LITFL
Diagnosis: Gross inspection of blood in anterior chamber
Slit lamp exam à check anterior chamber for blood
People at risk: Sickle cell disease
Bleeding diatheses
Anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications
Management: Interventions aimed preventing secondary hemorrhage
Elevate head of bed
Dilate pupil
Control intraocular pressure with topical beta-blockers, topical alpha-adrenergic agonists, or topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Although recommended, no solid evidence supports the use of cyclopegics, corticosteroids, bed rest, or patching to decrease secondary hemorrhage or affect visual acuity ( Gharaibeh 2011)
Limited studies supporting tranexamic acid and other antifibrinolytics to decrease secondary hemorrhage ( Gharaibeh 2011)
Consult ophthalmology
Retrobulbar Hematoma/Orbital Compartment Syndrome
Definition: Blood found behind the globe but within the orbit, mostly occurring secondary to trauma,
Retrobulbar Hematoma – LITFL
which can lead to optic nerve and retinal ischemia and ultimately, vision loss. Diagnosis: Physical findings
Proptosis
Decreased visual acuity
Afferent pupillary defect
Decreased extraocular movements
Increased intraocular pressure (> 40 mmHg)
CT scan (do not delay management for CT scan if orbital compartment syndrome highly suspected)
Management: Lateral Canthotomy – JAMA Network
Consider lateral canthotomy if any of the following ( Rowh 2015 )
Decreased visual acuity
Restricted extraocular movement
Afferent pupillary defect
Proptosis
Intraocular pressure > 40 mmHg
Expeditious performance of a lateral canthotomy is vision saving.

Traumatic Ocular Injuries – Core EM

Traumatic Ocular Injuries
Traumatic Ocular Injuries
Initial exam components needed for diagnosis:
Several differential diagnoses to consider:
Globe Rupture
Diagnosis:
Management:
Hyphema
Diagnosis:
People at risk:
Management:
Retrobulbar Hematoma/Orbital Compartment Syndrome
Diagnosis:
Management:
Retinal Detachment
Diagnosis:
Management:
Take Home Points:
References:
Jeffrey Dela Cruz, MD
See My Posts

Difference Between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathway in Blood Clotting | Definition, Activation, Mechanism and Differences Difference Between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathways in Blood Clotting
Difference Between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathways in Blood Clotting
Main Difference – Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Pathways in Blood Clotting
Key Areas Covered
What is Intrinsic Pathway
What is Extrinsic Pathway
Similarities Between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathway
Difference Between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathway in Blood Clotting
Definition
Activation
Clotting Factors
Efficiency
Time Taken for the Initiation of the Pathway
Significance
Conclusion
Reference:
Image Courtesy:
About the Author: Lakna
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 Difference Between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathway in Blood Clotting | Definition, Activation, Mechanism and Differences
Home » Science » Biology » Anatomy » Difference Between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathways in Blood Clotting
Difference Between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathways in Blood Clotting
February 18, 2018
by Lakna
5 min read
Main Difference – Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Pathways in Blood Clotting
Damages (trauma) to blood vessels cause bleeding. The bodily processes that prevent bleeding can be categorized into two mechanisms: primary hemostasis and secondary hemostasis. Vasoconstriction and the formation of platelet plug are the two processes of primary hemostasis. The formation of a blood clot is the secondary hemostasis process that prevents bleeding in advance. The clot formation is facilitated by a group of proteins known as clotting factors. The activation of clotting factors occurs through a clotting cascade. Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways are the two separate pathways that lead to the formation of a blood clot. The main difference between intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in blood clotting is that intrinsic pathway is activated by a trauma inside the vascular system whereas extrinsic pathway is activated by external trauma. Key Areas Covered
1.

Difference Between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathway in Blood Clotting | Definition, Activation, Mechanism and Differences

Difference Between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathways in Blood Clotting
Difference Between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathways in Blood Clotting
Main Difference – Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Pathways in Blood Clotting
Key Areas Covered
What is Intrinsic Pathway
What is Extrinsic Pathway
Similarities Between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathway
Difference Between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathway in Blood Clotting
Definition
Activation
Clotting Factors
Efficiency
Time Taken for the Initiation of the Pathway
Significance
Conclusion
Reference:
Image Courtesy:
About the Author: Lakna
Leave a Reply
Cancel reply

Difference Between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathway in Blood Clotting | Definition, Activation, Mechanism and Differences
Home » Science » Biology » Anatomy » Difference Between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathways in Blood Clotting
Difference Between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathways in Blood Clotting
February 18, 2018
by Lakna
5 min read
Main Difference – Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Pathways in Blood Clotting
Damages (trauma) to blood vessels cause bleeding. The bodily processes that prevent bleeding can be categorized into two mechanisms: primary hemostasis and secondary hemostasis. Vasoconstriction and the formation of platelet plug are the two processes of primary hemostasis. The formation of a blood clot is the secondary hemostasis process that prevents bleeding in advance. The clot formation is facilitated by a group of proteins known as clotting factors. The activation of clotting factors occurs through a clotting cascade. Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways are the two separate pathways that lead to the formation of a blood clot. The main difference between intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in blood clotting is that intrinsic pathway is activated by a trauma inside the vascular system whereas extrinsic pathway is activated by external trauma. Key Areas Covered
1.

Hemifacial Spasm - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Hemifacial Spasm
Hemifacial Spasm
Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders
Epidemiology
Hemifacial Spasm
Definition and History
Hemifacial Spasm
CPA-IAC
Diagnostic Checklist
Skull and Brain
Key Differential Diagnosis Issues
Microvascular Decompression of the Seventh Cranial Nerve
PATIENT SELECTION
Clinical overview and phenomenology of movement disorders
Hemifacial spasm
Diseases of the Seventh Cranial Nerve
Familial Hemifacial Spasm
 Notwithstanding such difficulties, available studies suggest that secondary HFS may also be a frequent neurological problem. Secondary HFS frequently follows peripheral facial palsy or may be more rarely secondary to facial nerve or brainstem damage after tumors, demyelinating disorders, trauma, and infections ( Table 48.1 ). Table 48.1. Causes of secondary hemifacial spasm
Postparalytic (Bell's facial palsy)
Cerebellopontine angle mass lesions
Meningioma
Schwannoma
Arteriovenous malformation
Brainstem lesions
Trauma
Demyelinating disorders
Infections
Parotid gland tumor
View chapter Purchase book
Read full chapter
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444520142000483
Hemifacial Spasm
W.H. Jost, in Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders, 2010
Definition and History
Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is characterized by unilateral, involuntary, irregular clonic twitches or tonic (rarely) contractions of the muscles of the face innervated by cranial nerve VII. Patients complain of involuntary twitching of the facial muscles, with the initial symptoms usually involving the lower lid and the orbicular muscle of one eye. The spasms may progress in severity and may spread to the lower face on the same side. Some patients will have intermittent or mild symptoms with intervals during which they are asymptomatic. These contractions involve the mimetic muscles; patients may have both tonic and clonic activity in these muscles.

Notwithstanding such difficulties, available studies suggest that secondary HFS may also be a frequent neurological problem. Secondary HFS frequently follows peripheral facial palsy or may be more rarely secondary to facial nerve or brainstem damage after tumors, demyelinating disorders, trauma, and infections ( Table 48.1 ). Table 48.1. Causes of secondary hemifacial spasm
Postparalytic (Bell's facial palsy)
Cerebellopontine angle mass lesions
Meningioma
Schwannoma
Arteriovenous malformation
Brainstem lesions
Trauma
Demyelinating disorders
Infections
Parotid gland tumor
View chapter Purchase book
Read full chapter
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444520142000483
Hemifacial Spasm
W.H. Jost, in Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders, 2010
Definition and History
Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is characterized by unilateral, involuntary, irregular clonic twitches or tonic (rarely) contractions of the muscles of the face innervated by cranial nerve VII. Patients complain of involuntary twitching of the facial muscles, with the initial symptoms usually involving the lower lid and the orbicular muscle of one eye. The spasms may progress in severity and may spread to the lower face on the same side. Some patients will have intermittent or mild symptoms with intervals during which they are asymptomatic. These contractions involve the mimetic muscles; patients may have both tonic and clonic activity in these muscles.

 Empathic behaviour is associated with the mirroring of emotions and body movements between people (e.g. how laughing and yawning is considered to be contagious). In cases of trauma, the result is the mirroring of negative psychological issues in the healthcare worker. Empathy can dramatically enhance the connection between patient and worker, but this connection may have a serious psychological impact on the worker, with long-term consequences if left untreated. Stress and Trauma Terminology
There is a great debate on the correct terminology for this type of trauma, with a range of descriptions that are often confused with each other. Vicarious trauma, secondary traumatic stress, compassion fatigue and burnoutare often used interchangeably (albeit incorrectly) (Tabor 2011). Although there is some discrepancy in the definitions, and these feelings may co-exist, it is important to be able to differentiate between the terms (Blue Knot Foundation 2018). This will help how we identify, respond and prevent the emotional impact of stress and trauma at work. Vicarious Trauma
Vicarious trauma occurs from repeated exposure to other people’s trauma. Over time, workers begin to mirror the bio-psychosocial effects shown by the victims of trauma (Tabor 2011; The Lookout 2017).

Empathic behaviour is associated with the mirroring of emotions and body movements between people (e.g. how laughing and yawning is considered to be contagious). In cases of trauma, the result is the mirroring of negative psychological issues in the healthcare worker. Empathy can dramatically enhance the connection between patient and worker, but this connection may have a serious psychological impact on the worker, with long-term consequences if left untreated. Stress and Trauma Terminology
There is a great debate on the correct terminology for this type of trauma, with a range of descriptions that are often confused with each other. Vicarious trauma, secondary traumatic stress, compassion fatigue and burnoutare often used interchangeably (albeit incorrectly) (Tabor 2011). Although there is some discrepancy in the definitions, and these feelings may co-exist, it is important to be able to differentiate between the terms (Blue Knot Foundation 2018). This will help how we identify, respond and prevent the emotional impact of stress and trauma at work. Vicarious Trauma
Vicarious trauma occurs from repeated exposure to other people’s trauma. Over time, workers begin to mirror the bio-psychosocial effects shown by the victims of trauma (Tabor 2011; The Lookout 2017).

 Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

 Burnout: Although

burnout

has

many

of

the

same

causes

and

symptoms

of

secondary

trauma,

burnout

results

from

long

term

non-supportive

work

environments. It

differs

from

secondary

trauma

in

that

exposure

to

clients’

trauma

is

not

the

precipitating

factor

(Siegfried,

2008). Post

Traumatic

Stress

Disorder

(PTSD): PTSD

is

a

primary

trauma

which

results

from

direct

exposure

to

the

traumatic

experience. The

symptoms

of

primary

and

secondary

trauma

can

be

similar

(Conrad). Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress: Secondary

Trauma

can

be

experienced

after

one

exposure

or

over

a

prolonged

period

of

time. Exposure

to

potentially

traumatic

sources

is

inherent

in

a

child

caseworker’s

job,

but

the

potential

for

STS

and

the

severity

of

symptoms

that

occur

can

be

mitigated. “Common

sources

of

secondary

trauma

in

social

workers

include:

Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

Burnout: Although

burnout

has

many

of

the

same

causes

and

symptoms

of

secondary

trauma,

burnout

results

from

long

term

non-supportive

work

environments. It

differs

from

secondary

trauma

in

that

exposure

to

clients’

trauma

is

not

the

precipitating

factor

(Siegfried,

2008). Post

Traumatic

Stress

Disorder

(PTSD): PTSD

is

a

primary

trauma

which

results

from

direct

exposure

to

the

traumatic

experience. The

symptoms

of

primary

and

secondary

trauma

can

be

similar

(Conrad). Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress: Secondary

Trauma

can

be

experienced

after

one

exposure

or

over

a

prolonged

period

of

time. Exposure

to

potentially

traumatic

sources

is

inherent

in

a

child

caseworker’s

job,

but

the

potential

for

STS

and

the

severity

of

symptoms

that

occur

can

be

mitigated. “Common

sources

of

secondary

trauma

in

social

workers

include:

Tracheomalacia: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology Tracheomalacia
Tracheomalacia
Background
 These lesions usually cause focal tracheomalacia and may result from indwelling tracheostomy [ 4] and endobronchial tube, chest trauma, chronic tracheobronchitis, and inflammation (relapsing polychondritis). They may be secondary to pulmonary resection and tracheal malignancy (cylindroma), and they may be idiopathic. Primary (congenital) adult tracheomalacia may be classified as follows [ 2] : Polychondritis
Idiopathic (Mounier-Kuhn syndrome)
Secondary (acquired) adult tracheomalacia may be classified as follows [ 2] : Posttraumatic (postintubation, posttracheotomy, external chest trauma, post-lung transplantation)
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
Chronic inflammation (relapsing polychondritis) [ 5]
Chronic external compression of trachea (malignancy, benign tumors, cysts, abscesses, aortic aneurysm)
Vascular rings (undiagnosed in childhood)
Previous
Next: Anatomy
Epidemiology
All types of tracheomalacia are extremely rare; no definite incidence rates are available. [ 6]
In a total of 512 bronchoscopies, airway malacia was diagnosed in 160 children (94 males) at a median age of 4.0 years (range, 0-17 years). [ 7] Airway malacia was classified as primary in 136 children and as secondary in 24 children. The incidence of primary airway malacia was estimated to be at least 1 in 2100.

Tracheomalacia: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

These lesions usually cause focal tracheomalacia and may result from indwelling tracheostomy [ 4] and endobronchial tube, chest trauma, chronic tracheobronchitis, and inflammation (relapsing polychondritis). They may be secondary to pulmonary resection and tracheal malignancy (cylindroma), and they may be idiopathic. Primary (congenital) adult tracheomalacia may be classified as follows [ 2] : Polychondritis
Idiopathic (Mounier-Kuhn syndrome)
Secondary (acquired) adult tracheomalacia may be classified as follows [ 2] : Posttraumatic (postintubation, posttracheotomy, external chest trauma, post-lung transplantation)
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
Chronic inflammation (relapsing polychondritis) [ 5]
Chronic external compression of trachea (malignancy, benign tumors, cysts, abscesses, aortic aneurysm)
Vascular rings (undiagnosed in childhood)
Previous
Next: Anatomy
Epidemiology
All types of tracheomalacia are extremely rare; no definite incidence rates are available. [ 6]
In a total of 512 bronchoscopies, airway malacia was diagnosed in 160 children (94 males) at a median age of 4.0 years (range, 0-17 years). [ 7] Airway malacia was classified as primary in 136 children and as secondary in 24 children. The incidence of primary airway malacia was estimated to be at least 1 in 2100.

Anorchism - Treatment, Symptoms, Causes, Definition
Anorchism
Anorchism Definition
What Happens When a Male Has Anorchism?
Ambiguous Genitalia
Lack of secondary sexual characteristics
Impaired sperm production
Types of Anorchism
Anorchism Causes
Anorchism Symptoms
Anorchism Diagnosis
Anorchism Treatment
Hormonal Therapy
Testicular Prosthesis
Complications of testicular prosthesis
Infertility Treatments
Complications of Male Infertility Treatments
Leave a Reply
 Anorchism - Treatment, Symptoms, Causes, Definition
Anorchism
IN THIS ARTICLE: Anorchism Definition
What Happens When a Male Has Anorchism? Types of Anorchism
Anorchism Causes
Anorchism Symptoms
Anorchism Diagnosis
Anorchism Treatment
Anorchism Definition
Anorchism is the medical condition where there is a unilateral or bilateral absence of the testes. This condition may be present as a congenital anomaly (present at birth) or due to secondary factors such as trauma or castration. Bilateral absence of testes or anorchism
What Happens When a Male Has Anorchism? The testes serve as an important part of the male body, especially when it comes to the regulation of secondary sexual characteristics. The testes house the cells that produce androgens, and facilitate the production of sperm. With this organ absent, we can expect dysfunctions in the production or sperm and androgens
The absence of the testes can be classified into three general events: Emergence of an ambiguous genitalia
Lack of secondary sexual characteristics
Impaired sperm production
Ambiguous Genitalia
This happens when the testes did not develop while the fetus is in the womb. Sex organs begin to develop inside the womb at the eight week of pregnancy.

Anorchism - Treatment, Symptoms, Causes, Definition

Anorchism
Anorchism Definition
What Happens When a Male Has Anorchism?
Ambiguous Genitalia
Lack of secondary sexual characteristics
Impaired sperm production
Types of Anorchism
Anorchism Causes
Anorchism Symptoms
Anorchism Diagnosis
Anorchism Treatment
Hormonal Therapy
Testicular Prosthesis
Complications of testicular prosthesis
Infertility Treatments
Complications of Male Infertility Treatments
Leave a Reply

Anorchism - Treatment, Symptoms, Causes, Definition
Anorchism
IN THIS ARTICLE: Anorchism Definition
What Happens When a Male Has Anorchism? Types of Anorchism
Anorchism Causes
Anorchism Symptoms
Anorchism Diagnosis
Anorchism Treatment
Anorchism Definition
Anorchism is the medical condition where there is a unilateral or bilateral absence of the testes. This condition may be present as a congenital anomaly (present at birth) or due to secondary factors such as trauma or castration. Bilateral absence of testes or anorchism
What Happens When a Male Has Anorchism? The testes serve as an important part of the male body, especially when it comes to the regulation of secondary sexual characteristics. The testes house the cells that produce androgens, and facilitate the production of sperm. With this organ absent, we can expect dysfunctions in the production or sperm and androgens
The absence of the testes can be classified into three general events: Emergence of an ambiguous genitalia
Lack of secondary sexual characteristics
Impaired sperm production
Ambiguous Genitalia
This happens when the testes did not develop while the fetus is in the womb. Sex organs begin to develop inside the womb at the eight week of pregnancy.

Traumatic Ocular Injuries – Core EM Traumatic Ocular Injuries
Traumatic Ocular Injuries
Initial exam components needed for diagnosis:
Several differential diagnoses to consider:
Globe Rupture
Diagnosis:
Management:
Hyphema
Diagnosis:
People at risk:
Management:
Retrobulbar Hematoma/Orbital Compartment Syndrome
Diagnosis:
Management:
Retinal Detachment
Diagnosis:
Management:
Take Home Points:
References:
Jeffrey Dela Cruz, MD
See My Posts
 Interventions aimed preventing secondary hemorrhage
Elevate head of bed
Dilate pupil
Control intraocular pressure with topical beta-blockers, topical alpha-adrenergic agonists, or topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Although recommended, no solid evidence supports the use of cyclopegics, corticosteroids, bed rest, or patching to decrease secondary hemorrhage or affect visual acuity ( Gharaibeh 2011)
Limited studies supporting tranexamic acid and other antifibrinolytics to decrease secondary hemorrhage ( Gharaibeh 2011)
Consult ophthalmology
Retrobulbar Hematoma/Orbital Compartment Syndrome
Definition: Blood found behind the globe but within the orbit, mostly occurring secondary to trauma,
Retrobulbar Hematoma – LITFL
which can lead to optic nerve and retinal ischemia and ultimately, vision loss. Diagnosis: Physical findings
Proptosis
Decreased visual acuity
Afferent pupillary defect
Decreased extraocular movements
Increased intraocular pressure (> 40 mmHg)
CT scan (do not delay management for CT scan if orbital compartment syndrome highly suspected)
Management: Lateral Canthotomy – JAMA Network
Consider lateral canthotomy if any of the following ( Rowh 2015 )
Decreased visual acuity
Restricted extraocular movement
Afferent pupillary defect
Proptosis
Intraocular pressure > 40 mmHg
Expeditious performance of a lateral canthotomy is vision saving. Do not delay. Consult ophthalmology emergently
Retinal Detachment
Definition: Retina separates from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium and choroid, either from accumulation of fluid between the two layers or vitreous traction on the retina. Diagnosis: History (trauma followed by flashing lights/floaters/dark veil/curtains, or history of diabetes/sickle disease with the same complaints)
Retinal Detachment on US – sonoguide.com
Decreased peripheral or central visual acuity
Direct fundoscopic exam à pale billowing parachute with a large retinal detachment
Dilated indrect ophthalmoscopic evaluation by ophthalmologist
Ocular ultrasound à retinal detachment seen as hyperechoic membrane is posterior part of eye, sensitivity ranges from 97% to 100%, specificity 83% to 100% ( Vrablik 2015)
Management:

Traumatic Ocular Injuries – Core EM

Gliosis Meaning, Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment Gliosis Meaning, Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
Gliosis Meaning, Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
What is Gliosis
Gliosis Definition
Gliosis Symptoms
Gliosis Causes
Gliosis Treatment
 Gliosis Meaning, Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
Gliosis Meaning, Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
Learn all about Gliosis meaning, definition, symptoms, causes and treatment. Gliosis is NOT a disease or syndrome; it is a description of an area of scarring in the brain, perhaps secondary to prior trauma or disease. Gliosis is a process of scarring in the central nervous system. It results from the proliferation of astrocytes in an injured or diseased part of the brain, causing the formation of a fibrous glial scar. Although they are a necessary element to injury recovery, both the accumulation of glial cells and subsequent scarring are important markers of neurological damage. This scarring occurs after stroke, trauma, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease, where it contributes to the total damage done to brain tissue by these conditions. Gliosis is the universal response of the CNS to tissue injury and occurs as a result of many acute conditions such as trauma, ischemia, and stroke. In addition, gliosis is present in a wide variety of CNS pathologies, including Alzheimer’s disease, Korsakoff’s syndrome, multiple system atrophy, prion disease, multiple sclerosis, AIDS dementia complex, vasculitis, Parkinson’s disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Huntington’s disease. Due to gliosis, brain weight and volume increase during the second year of life.

Gliosis Meaning, Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

Gliosis Meaning, Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
Gliosis Meaning, Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
What is Gliosis
Gliosis Definition
Gliosis Symptoms
Gliosis Causes
Gliosis Treatment

Gliosis Meaning, Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
Gliosis Meaning, Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
Learn all about Gliosis meaning, definition, symptoms, causes and treatment. Gliosis is NOT a disease or syndrome; it is a description of an area of scarring in the brain, perhaps secondary to prior trauma or disease. Gliosis is a process of scarring in the central nervous system. It results from the proliferation of astrocytes in an injured or diseased part of the brain, causing the formation of a fibrous glial scar. Although they are a necessary element to injury recovery, both the accumulation of glial cells and subsequent scarring are important markers of neurological damage. This scarring occurs after stroke, trauma, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease, where it contributes to the total damage done to brain tissue by these conditions. Gliosis is the universal response of the CNS to tissue injury and occurs as a result of many acute conditions such as trauma, ischemia, and stroke. In addition, gliosis is present in a wide variety of CNS pathologies, including Alzheimer’s disease, Korsakoff’s syndrome, multiple system atrophy, prion disease, multiple sclerosis, AIDS dementia complex, vasculitis, Parkinson’s disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Huntington’s disease. Due to gliosis, brain weight and volume increase during the second year of life.

EMT chapter 30 multisystem trauma Flashcards | Quizlet EMT chapter 30 multisystem trauma
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Key concepts:
Terms in this set (35)
 Which of the following is a definitive sign that your patient is in shock? A.
Systolic BP below 90 mmHg
B.
Diastolic BP below 90 mmHg
C.
Systolic BP below 100 mmHg
D.
Diastolic BP above 90 mmHg
Systolic BP below 90 mmHg
Your multisystem trauma patient also has a burn injury. Which of the following destinations is recommended? A.
A burn center
B.
A designated trauma center
C.
An urgent care center
D.
The closest hospital
A designated trauma center
Your patient fell 15 feet from a roof. He has a deformed lower leg and a decreased level of consciousness. You designate the patient as a multisystem trauma patient who should be taken to a nearby trauma center. This is a: A.
primary assessment. B.
transport decision. C.
secondary assessment.

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Key concepts:
Terms in this set (35)

Which of the following is a definitive sign that your patient is in shock? A.
Systolic BP below 90 mmHg
B.
Diastolic BP below 90 mmHg
C.
Systolic BP below 100 mmHg
D.
Diastolic BP above 90 mmHg
Systolic BP below 90 mmHg
Your multisystem trauma patient also has a burn injury. Which of the following destinations is recommended? A.
A burn center
B.
A designated trauma center
C.
An urgent care center
D.
The closest hospital
A designated trauma center
Your patient fell 15 feet from a roof. He has a deformed lower leg and a decreased level of consciousness. You designate the patient as a multisystem trauma patient who should be taken to a nearby trauma center. This is a: A.
primary assessment. B.
transport decision. C.
secondary assessment.

What is Vicarious Trauma? | What is Vicarious Trauma? | OVC What is Vicarious Trauma?
What is Vicarious Trauma?
What Happens to Those Exposed to Vicarious Trauma?
Who Is at Risk of Being Affected by Vicarious Trauma?
What Are Some Common Negative Reactions to Vicarious Trauma?
Suggestions for Coworkers
Suggestions for Supervisors
Suggestions for Family Members
For More Information About Vicarious Trauma
Education and Awareness
Featured Tools
Related Resources
Prevalence and Risk Factors
Related Resources
Impact
Featured Tools
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 The Vicarious Trauma Toolkit (VTT) introduces a new model for examining and conceptualizing the impact of vicarious trauma and the reactions and experiences of victim service providers and first responders. The VTT also introduces the roles and responsibilities of organizations in addressing the negative impact of this occupational challenge on their employees. While individuals respond to vicarious trauma in a number of ways, a change in their world-view is considered inevitable —people can either become more cynical or fearful, or they can become more appreciative of what they have, or both. Responses to vicarious trauma can be negative, neutral, or positive; can change over time; and can vary from individual to individual, particularly with prolonged exposure. The chart below illustrates the VTT Model. Vicarious traumatization is a negative reaction to trauma exposure and includes a range of psychosocial symptoms. ( In the VTT, the term “vicarious traumatization” is used broadly to include other related terms such as secondary traumatic stress (STS), compassion fatigue (CF), and critical incident stress (CIS). These terms, often used interchangeably, have distinct and overlapping definitions, as illustrated in the Glossary of Terms .)

What is Vicarious Trauma? | What is Vicarious Trauma? | OVC

What is Vicarious Trauma?
What is Vicarious Trauma?
What Happens to Those Exposed to Vicarious Trauma?
Who Is at Risk of Being Affected by Vicarious Trauma?
What Are Some Common Negative Reactions to Vicarious Trauma?
Suggestions for Coworkers
Suggestions for Supervisors
Suggestions for Family Members
For More Information About Vicarious Trauma
Education and Awareness
Featured Tools
Related Resources
Prevalence and Risk Factors
Related Resources
Impact
Featured Tools
Related Resources

The Vicarious Trauma Toolkit (VTT) introduces a new model for examining and conceptualizing the impact of vicarious trauma and the reactions and experiences of victim service providers and first responders. The VTT also introduces the roles and responsibilities of organizations in addressing the negative impact of this occupational challenge on their employees. While individuals respond to vicarious trauma in a number of ways, a change in their world-view is considered inevitable —people can either become more cynical or fearful, or they can become more appreciative of what they have, or both. Responses to vicarious trauma can be negative, neutral, or positive; can change over time; and can vary from individual to individual, particularly with prolonged exposure. The chart below illustrates the VTT Model. Vicarious traumatization is a negative reaction to trauma exposure and includes a range of psychosocial symptoms. ( In the VTT, the term “vicarious traumatization” is used broadly to include other related terms such as secondary traumatic stress (STS), compassion fatigue (CF), and critical incident stress (CIS). These terms, often used interchangeably, have distinct and overlapping definitions, as illustrated in the Glossary of Terms .)

RACGP - An update on epistaxis An update on epistaxis
An update on epistaxis
Stephanie Yau
Background
Objective/s
Discussion
Anatomy
Classification
Aetiology
Local
Systemic
Environmental
Medications
History
What to ask about
Management
Resuscitation
Assessment
Cauterisation
Nasal packing
Arterial ligation
Embolisation
Follow-up and patient education
Conclusion
Author
Competing interests: None.
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned, externally peer reviewed.
References
Downloads
September Clinical Yau ( pdf 148KB)
 Primary causes account for 85% of episodes and are idiopathic, spontaneous bleeds without any notable precipitant. Bleeds are considered secondary if there is a clear and definite cause (eg trauma, anticoagulant use, post surgical). 3
Aetiology
The cause of epistaxis can be divided into local, systemic, environmental, medications or, in the majority of cases, idiopathic. 1 Approximately 7–14% of the adult population will have experienced epistaxis at some point in their life. 3, 4 A thorough history and examination are vital in assisting with clinical decisions regarding further investigations and management. Local
Local causes of epistaxis include trauma, neoplasia, septal abnormality, inflammatory diseases and iatrogenic causes. Local trauma is common among children who present with post-digital trauma or irritation. Causes such as neoplasia are uncommon. However, eliciting significant signs and symptoms is important. Uncommon causes, such as neoplasia, need to be ruled out through a thorough history and examination.

RACGP - An update on epistaxis

An update on epistaxis
An update on epistaxis
Stephanie Yau
Background
Objective/s
Discussion
Anatomy
Classification
Aetiology
Local
Systemic
Environmental
Medications
History
What to ask about
Management
Resuscitation
Assessment
Cauterisation
Nasal packing
Arterial ligation
Embolisation
Follow-up and patient education
Conclusion
Author
Competing interests: None.
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned, externally peer reviewed.
References
Downloads
September Clinical Yau ( pdf 148KB)

Primary causes account for 85% of episodes and are idiopathic, spontaneous bleeds without any notable precipitant. Bleeds are considered secondary if there is a clear and definite cause (eg trauma, anticoagulant use, post surgical). 3
Aetiology
The cause of epistaxis can be divided into local, systemic, environmental, medications or, in the majority of cases, idiopathic. 1 Approximately 7–14% of the adult population will have experienced epistaxis at some point in their life. 3, 4 A thorough history and examination are vital in assisting with clinical decisions regarding further investigations and management. Local
Local causes of epistaxis include trauma, neoplasia, septal abnormality, inflammatory diseases and iatrogenic causes. Local trauma is common among children who present with post-digital trauma or irritation. Causes such as neoplasia are uncommon. However, eliciting significant signs and symptoms is important. Uncommon causes, such as neoplasia, need to be ruled out through a thorough history and examination.

Creating Trauma-Informed Systems | The National Child Traumatic Stress Network Creating Trauma-Informed Systems
Creating Trauma-Informed Systems
Child Welfare
Schools
Justice
Healthcare
 Use evidence-based, culturally responsive assessment and treatment for traumatic stress and associated mental health symptoms. Make resources available to children, families, and providers on trauma exposure, its impact, and treatment. Engage in efforts to strengthen the resilience and protective factors of children and families impacted by and vulnerable to trauma. Address parent and caregiver trauma and its impact on the family system. Emphasize continuity of care and collaboration across child-service systems. Maintain an environment of care for staff that addresses, minimizes, and treats secondary traumatic stress, and that increases staff wellness. These activities are rooted in an understanding that trauma-informed agencies, programs, and service providers: Build meaningful partnerships that create mutuality among children, families, caregivers, and professionals at an individual and organizational level. Address the intersections of trauma with culture, history, race, gender, location, and language, acknowledge the compounding impact of structural inequity, and are responsive to the unique needs of diverse communities. Click here for a printable version of the NCTSN definition of a Trauma-Informed Child and Family Service System.

Creating Trauma-Informed Systems | The National Child Traumatic Stress Network

Creating Trauma-Informed Systems
Creating Trauma-Informed Systems
Child Welfare
Schools
Justice
Healthcare

Use evidence-based, culturally responsive assessment and treatment for traumatic stress and associated mental health symptoms. Make resources available to children, families, and providers on trauma exposure, its impact, and treatment. Engage in efforts to strengthen the resilience and protective factors of children and families impacted by and vulnerable to trauma. Address parent and caregiver trauma and its impact on the family system. Emphasize continuity of care and collaboration across child-service systems. Maintain an environment of care for staff that addresses, minimizes, and treats secondary traumatic stress, and that increases staff wellness. These activities are rooted in an understanding that trauma-informed agencies, programs, and service providers: Build meaningful partnerships that create mutuality among children, families, caregivers, and professionals at an individual and organizational level. Address the intersections of trauma with culture, history, race, gender, location, and language, acknowledge the compounding impact of structural inequity, and are responsive to the unique needs of diverse communities. Click here for a printable version of the NCTSN definition of a Trauma-Informed Child and Family Service System.

Occlusal trauma - Wikipedia Occlusal trauma
Occlusal trauma
Contents
Signs and symptoms
Diagnosis
Primary vs. secondary
Primary
Secondary
Cause and treatment
References
External links
 Excesses of: Duration
Frequency and
Magnitude
Primary occlusal trauma will occur when there is a normal periodontal attachment apparatus and, thus, no periodontal disease. Secondary
Secondary occlusal trauma occurs when normal or excessive occlusal forces are placed on teeth with compromised periodontal attachment, thus contributing harm to an already damaged system. As stated, secondary occlusal trauma occurs when there is a compromised periodontal attachment and, thus, a pre-existing periodontal condition. Cause and treatment
Teeth are constantly subject to both horizontal and vertical occlusal forces. With the center of rotation of the tooth acting as a fulcrum, the surface of bone adjacent to the pressured side of the tooth will undergo resorption and disappear, while the surface of bone adjacent to the tensioned side of the tooth will undergo apposition and increase in volume. In both primary and secondary occlusal trauma, tooth mobility might develop over time, with it occurring earlier and being more prevalent in secondary occlusal trauma. To treat mobility due to primary occlusal trauma, the cause of the trauma must be eliminated. Likewise for teeth subject to secondary occlusal trauma, though these teeth may also require splinting together to the adjacent teeth so as to eliminate their mobility. In primary occlusal trauma, the cause of the mobility was the excessive force being applied to a tooth with a normal attachment apparatus, otherwise known as a periodontally-uninvolved tooth.

Occlusal trauma - Wikipedia

Occlusal trauma
Occlusal trauma
Contents
Signs and symptoms
Diagnosis
Primary vs. secondary
Primary
Secondary
Cause and treatment
References
External links

Excesses of: Duration
Frequency and
Magnitude
Primary occlusal trauma will occur when there is a normal periodontal attachment apparatus and, thus, no periodontal disease. Secondary
Secondary occlusal trauma occurs when normal or excessive occlusal forces are placed on teeth with compromised periodontal attachment, thus contributing harm to an already damaged system. As stated, secondary occlusal trauma occurs when there is a compromised periodontal attachment and, thus, a pre-existing periodontal condition. Cause and treatment
Teeth are constantly subject to both horizontal and vertical occlusal forces. With the center of rotation of the tooth acting as a fulcrum, the surface of bone adjacent to the pressured side of the tooth will undergo resorption and disappear, while the surface of bone adjacent to the tensioned side of the tooth will undergo apposition and increase in volume. In both primary and secondary occlusal trauma, tooth mobility might develop over time, with it occurring earlier and being more prevalent in secondary occlusal trauma. To treat mobility due to primary occlusal trauma, the cause of the trauma must be eliminated. Likewise for teeth subject to secondary occlusal trauma, though these teeth may also require splinting together to the adjacent teeth so as to eliminate their mobility. In primary occlusal trauma, the cause of the mobility was the excessive force being applied to a tooth with a normal attachment apparatus, otherwise known as a periodontally-uninvolved tooth.

The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference?
Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
When Social Workers Experience Trauma
Signs of Secondary and Vicarious Trauma in Social Work
How to Manage, Treat, and Prevent Vicarious and Secondary Trauma
References:
Last Update: 02-12-2020
 It can happen suddenly, after a single exposure. Vicarious trauma happens when a person is exposed to the trauma of others on an ongoing basis. Over time, both secondary and vicarious trauma can cause compassion fatigue. People with compassion fatigue may feel numb and disconnected, struggle to empathize, and be less effective at supporting their clients. Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
Secondary trauma appears suddenly. Anyone can experience it. For example, a person who witnesses a natural disaster or who sees someone else get into a car wreck can face secondary trauma. In a social work context, a single session with a traumatized person may trigger symptoms of secondary trauma. This might happen when: A social worker listens to a client’s story of being raped, assaulted, or abused.

It can happen suddenly, after a single exposure. Vicarious trauma happens when a person is exposed to the trauma of others on an ongoing basis. Over time, both secondary and vicarious trauma can cause compassion fatigue. People with compassion fatigue may feel numb and disconnected, struggle to empathize, and be less effective at supporting their clients. Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
Secondary trauma appears suddenly. Anyone can experience it. For example, a person who witnesses a natural disaster or who sees someone else get into a car wreck can face secondary trauma. In a social work context, a single session with a traumatized person may trigger symptoms of secondary trauma. This might happen when: A social worker listens to a client’s story of being raped, assaulted, or abused.

 Method: A planned secondary analysis was performed on data from a subset (N = 58) of
patients enrolled in a trial evaluating the efficacy of a 12 week residential dialectical
behavioural therapy programme for PTSD related to childhood abuse (DBT-PTSD). Assessments of the severity of PTSD were conducted at admission, at the end of the
12 week treatment period, and at 6 and 12 weeks post-treatment, using the Clinician-
Administered PTSD Scale. The index trauma was defined with respect to both the worst
single incident and up to three qualitatively distinct traumatic events. Results: When the index trauma included multiple traumas, PTSD severity scores were
significantly higher and improvements from pre- to post-treatment were significantly
lower than when the index trauma was defined as the worst single incident. Conclusions: In patients with PTSD who have experienced multiple traumas, defining the
index trauma as the worst single incident may miss some aspects of clinically relevant
symptomatology, thereby leading to a possibly biased interpretation of treatment effects. In
DBT-PTSD, treatment effects were lower when the index trauma included multiple traumatic
events. More research is needed to determine the impact of the various index trauma
definitions on the evaluation of other trauma-focused treatments.

Method: A planned secondary analysis was performed on data from a subset (N = 58) of
patients enrolled in a trial evaluating the efficacy of a 12 week residential dialectical
behavioural therapy programme for PTSD related to childhood abuse (DBT-PTSD). Assessments of the severity of PTSD were conducted at admission, at the end of the
12 week treatment period, and at 6 and 12 weeks post-treatment, using the Clinician-
Administered PTSD Scale. The index trauma was defined with respect to both the worst
single incident and up to three qualitatively distinct traumatic events. Results: When the index trauma included multiple traumas, PTSD severity scores were
significantly higher and improvements from pre- to post-treatment were significantly
lower than when the index trauma was defined as the worst single incident. Conclusions: In patients with PTSD who have experienced multiple traumas, defining the
index trauma as the worst single incident may miss some aspects of clinically relevant
symptomatology, thereby leading to a possibly biased interpretation of treatment effects. In
DBT-PTSD, treatment effects were lower when the index trauma included multiple traumatic
events. More research is needed to determine the impact of the various index trauma
definitions on the evaluation of other trauma-focused treatments.

Can Schizoaffective Disorder Be Caused by Trauma? The Relationship Between PTSD and Psychosis – BrightQuest Treatment Centers Can Schizoaffective Disorder Be Caused by Trauma? The Relationship Between PTSD and Psychosis
Can Schizoaffective Disorder Be Caused by Trauma? The Relationship Between PTSD and Psychosis
Quick Links
Schizoaffective Disorder and Psychosis
PTSD and Trauma
Can Schizoaffective Disorder Be Caused by Trauma?
Begin Your Recovery Journey Today.
The Importance of a Differential Diagnosis
Treatment for Schizoaffective Disorder and PTSD
 PTSD and Trauma
Trauma is the underlying cause of post-traumatic stress disorder. But experts don’t know for sure why some people go through trauma and never develop PTSD, while others do. Family history certainly plays a role, and other risk factors include severe or recurring trauma, a poor support system, substance abuse, and other mental illnesses. Someone with PTSD may have experienced any type of trauma, including natural disasters, child abuse, witnessing violence, being assaulted, or being in military combat, among many others. Just some of the symptoms of PTSD are intrusive memories, flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance of triggers, social isolation, lack of interest in activities, anger, difficulty concentrating, and a strong startle response. PTSD can also trigger psychotic symptoms. Not everyone with the condition will experience them, but studies with veterans indicate that between 30 and 40 percent have hallucinations, delusions, or both. Some experts advocate for a sub-type of PTSD, known as PTSD-SP, or PTSD with secondary psychotic features. Can Schizoaffective Disorder Be Caused by Trauma? There is definitely some overlap between trauma and PTSD and psychosis.

Can Schizoaffective Disorder Be Caused by Trauma? The Relationship Between PTSD and Psychosis
Can Schizoaffective Disorder Be Caused by Trauma? The Relationship Between PTSD and Psychosis
Quick Links
Schizoaffective Disorder and Psychosis
PTSD and Trauma
Can Schizoaffective Disorder Be Caused by Trauma?
Begin Your Recovery Journey Today.
The Importance of a Differential Diagnosis
Treatment for Schizoaffective Disorder and PTSD

PTSD and Trauma
Trauma is the underlying cause of post-traumatic stress disorder. But experts don’t know for sure why some people go through trauma and never develop PTSD, while others do. Family history certainly plays a role, and other risk factors include severe or recurring trauma, a poor support system, substance abuse, and other mental illnesses. Someone with PTSD may have experienced any type of trauma, including natural disasters, child abuse, witnessing violence, being assaulted, or being in military combat, among many others. Just some of the symptoms of PTSD are intrusive memories, flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance of triggers, social isolation, lack of interest in activities, anger, difficulty concentrating, and a strong startle response. PTSD can also trigger psychotic symptoms. Not everyone with the condition will experience them, but studies with veterans indicate that between 30 and 40 percent have hallucinations, delusions, or both. Some experts advocate for a sub-type of PTSD, known as PTSD-SP, or PTSD with secondary psychotic features. Can Schizoaffective Disorder Be Caused by Trauma? There is definitely some overlap between trauma and PTSD and psychosis.

Creating Trauma-Informed Systems | The National Child Traumatic Stress Network Creating Trauma-Informed Systems
Creating Trauma-Informed Systems
Child Welfare
Schools
Justice
Healthcare
 Maintain an environment of care for staff that addresses, minimizes, and treats secondary traumatic stress, and that increases staff wellness. These activities are rooted in an understanding that trauma-informed agencies, programs, and service providers: Build meaningful partnerships that create mutuality among children, families, caregivers, and professionals at an individual and organizational level. Address the intersections of trauma with culture, history, race, gender, location, and language, acknowledge the compounding impact of structural inequity, and are responsive to the unique needs of diverse communities. Click here for a printable version of the NCTSN definition of a Trauma-Informed Child and Family Service System. Child Welfare
In any given year, approximately one million children come to the attention of the U.S. child welfare system. view
Schools
Children's reactions to trauma can interfere considerably with learning and behavior at school. Schools serve as a critical system of support for children who have experienced trauma. view
Justice
Children who come to the attention of the juvenile justice system are a challenging and underserved population, with high rates of exposure to trauma. view
Healthcare
Wherever primary providers encounter children and families, there are opportunities to integrate trauma-informed practices into the care families receive.

Maintain an environment of care for staff that addresses, minimizes, and treats secondary traumatic stress, and that increases staff wellness. These activities are rooted in an understanding that trauma-informed agencies, programs, and service providers: Build meaningful partnerships that create mutuality among children, families, caregivers, and professionals at an individual and organizational level. Address the intersections of trauma with culture, history, race, gender, location, and language, acknowledge the compounding impact of structural inequity, and are responsive to the unique needs of diverse communities. Click here for a printable version of the NCTSN definition of a Trauma-Informed Child and Family Service System. Child Welfare
In any given year, approximately one million children come to the attention of the U.S. child welfare system. view
Schools
Children's reactions to trauma can interfere considerably with learning and behavior at school. Schools serve as a critical system of support for children who have experienced trauma. view
Justice
Children who come to the attention of the juvenile justice system are a challenging and underserved population, with high rates of exposure to trauma. view
Healthcare
Wherever primary providers encounter children and families, there are opportunities to integrate trauma-informed practices into the care families receive.

 The log roll maneuver should be removed from the trauma response guidelines for patients with suspected spine injuries, as it creates significantly more motion in the unstable spine than the readily available alternatives. The only exception is the patient who is found prone, in which case the patient should then be log rolled directly on to the spine board utilizing a push technique. Keywords: Cervical spine, emergency, pre-hospital management, spinal cord injury
INTRODUCTION
This review synthesizes previous investigations and presents methods for a continuum of care, which minimizes motion of an unstable spine. Research indicates that up to 25% of patients with traumatic spine injuries may experience neurologic deterioration after coming under the care of trained medical personnel.[18] A patient with a traumatic spine injury will require numerous transfers from the scene of the trauma until receiving definitive surgical stabilization [Figure 1]. For a patient with an unstable spine, each transfer could cause or exacerbate a neurologic injury. Therefore, in order to reduce the risk of secondary neurologic injury, more effective procedures need to be established for the transport and care of the patient so that the risk of secondary neurologic damage is minimized. Open in a separate window
Figure 1
A schematic of the typical sequence of care for a patient who suffers a traumatic spine injury. Although each step of this sequence may not apply to every patient, there are numerous transfers and maneuvers involved in the management of the patient with spine trauma. Each step of this sequence presents a risk of secondary neurologic injury
For over a decade, our research team has investigated each phase of initial management (i.e. pre-hospital care and early in-hospital care) of a spinal cord injury with the goal of identifying the best practices for minimizing movement of an unstable spine.

Idiopathic scoliosis - AMBOSS Idiopathic scoliosis
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Idiopathic scoliosis
Summary
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Classification
Clinical features
Diagnostics
Differential diagnoses
Treatment
References
 evaluation of curve flexibility
Every school-aged child should undergo a physical examination of the spine in order to rule out scoliosis. Scoliosis is frequently an incidental finding. Differential diagnoses
Secondary scoliosis
Congenital (e.g., unilateral fusion of L5 with the sacrum)
Neuromuscular diseases (e.g., muscular dystrophy, spina bifida, Friedreich ataxia) [1]
Metabolic diseases (e.g., rickets) [3]
Connective tissue disease (e.g., Marfan syndrome, E hlers-Danlos syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta)
Anatomic malformations (e.g., isolated difference in leg length, secondary to trauma or tumors)
Including Leg-length discrepancy
Leg-length discrepancy ( short-leg syndrome)
Definition: A condition caused by a difference in length between each lower extremity that results in functional impairment, compensatory structural and gait abnormalities, and degenerative joint processes. Etiology
Idiopathic
Trauma
Infection (e.g., osteomyelitis)
Congenital (e.g., neurofibromatosis, osteochondrodysplasias)
Clinical features
Abnormal gait (often presents in childhood)
Lower back pain
Noticeable deformities (e.g., scoliosis)
Somatic dysfunction
Progressive joint degeneration
Physical examination
Abnormalities in gait
Rotated pelvis
Unleveling of the sacrum
Lateral thoracic and lumbar curvatures
Diagnostics
Plain radiograph
Scanogram
Computerized tomography (CT) scan
Treatment
Nonsurgical approach
Observation: if a child has not reached skeletal maturity
Shoe-lifts
Surgical approach
Epiphysiodesis
Limb lengthening or shortening procedures
The differential diagnoses listed here are not exhaustive. Treatment
Treatment based on the Cobb angle [1]
Cobb angle < 10°: per definition not scoliosis, and therefore not monitored
Cobb angle 10–19°: continual monitoring for progression
Cobb angle 20–29°: monitoring or bracing
Cobb angle 30–39°:

Idiopathic scoliosis - AMBOSS

Idiopathic scoliosis
amboss
Trusted medical answers—in seconds.
Get access to 1,000+ medical articles with instant search
and clinical tools.
Idiopathic scoliosis
Summary
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Classification
Clinical features
Diagnostics
Differential diagnoses
Treatment
References

evaluation of curve flexibility
Every school-aged child should undergo a physical examination of the spine in order to rule out scoliosis. Scoliosis is frequently an incidental finding. Differential diagnoses
Secondary scoliosis
Congenital (e.g., unilateral fusion of L5 with the sacrum)
Neuromuscular diseases (e.g., muscular dystrophy, spina bifida, Friedreich ataxia) [1]
Metabolic diseases (e.g., rickets) [3]
Connective tissue disease (e.g., Marfan syndrome, E hlers-Danlos syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta)
Anatomic malformations (e.g., isolated difference in leg length, secondary to trauma or tumors)
Including Leg-length discrepancy
Leg-length discrepancy ( short-leg syndrome)
Definition: A condition caused by a difference in length between each lower extremity that results in functional impairment, compensatory structural and gait abnormalities, and degenerative joint processes. Etiology
Idiopathic
Trauma
Infection (e.g., osteomyelitis)
Congenital (e.g., neurofibromatosis, osteochondrodysplasias)
Clinical features
Abnormal gait (often presents in childhood)
Lower back pain
Noticeable deformities (e.g., scoliosis)
Somatic dysfunction
Progressive joint degeneration
Physical examination
Abnormalities in gait
Rotated pelvis
Unleveling of the sacrum
Lateral thoracic and lumbar curvatures
Diagnostics
Plain radiograph
Scanogram
Computerized tomography (CT) scan
Treatment
Nonsurgical approach
Observation: if a child has not reached skeletal maturity
Shoe-lifts
Surgical approach
Epiphysiodesis
Limb lengthening or shortening procedures
The differential diagnoses listed here are not exhaustive. Treatment
Treatment based on the Cobb angle [1]
Cobb angle < 10°: per definition not scoliosis, and therefore not monitored
Cobb angle 10–19°: continual monitoring for progression
Cobb angle 20–29°: monitoring or bracing
Cobb angle 30–39°:

How Social Workers Can Prioritize Self-Care in High-Stress Working Environments | USC Social Work How Social Workers Can Prioritize Self-Care in High-Stress Working Environments
News & Events
How Social Workers Can Prioritize Self-Care in High-Stress Working Environments
Understanding secondary trauma
Understanding burnout
Guidelines for practicing effective self-care
1. Practice self-awareness
2. Divide the mission of self-care into categories
3. Create a detailed self-care plan
4. Stay accountable
Creating increased awareness about the stress of social work
 Of course, many social work roles include a particular focus on addressing the needs of underserved populations. Since many professionals in these roles must help their clients grapple with trauma on a daily basis, they are often at high risk for experiencing stress and burnout. And yet, due to the service-minded nature of social work and mental health care, practitioners’ own mental health needs tend to go overlooked. Not only are organizational support systems often ill-equipped to meet social workers’ needs, but many social workers feel pressure to “always be on”—and as a result, may inadvertently neglect their own mental wellness. Steve Hydon, clinical professor in field education, explained the most common types and causes of stress social services professionals experience as a result of their work, and offered actionable tips for mitigating stress and promoting mental wellbeing. Understanding secondary trauma
“Among the most common negative mental health effects of dealing with others’ trauma every day is secondary trauma,” said Hydon, whose expertise in secondary traumatic stress has informed research and intervention strategies for K-12 teachers across Los Angeles County. Secondary trauma, also referred to as vicarious trauma or compassion fatigue, is the indirect exposure to trauma through the reception of a firsthand account of another’s traumatic experience. According to the American Counseling Association, care providers may experience secondary trauma as a result of becoming “witnesses to the pain, fear, and terror that trauma survivors have endured.” This phenomenon can lead to a symptomology comparable to that of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including reexperiencing, hyperarousal and avoidance. Clinicians who have experienced secondary trauma may find themselves unable to stop thinking about a certain client’s traumatic past, or alternatively, may find themselves purposefully avoiding the subject or even feeling numb toward it.

How Social Workers Can Prioritize Self-Care in High-Stress Working Environments | USC Social Work

How Social Workers Can Prioritize Self-Care in High-Stress Working Environments
News & Events
How Social Workers Can Prioritize Self-Care in High-Stress Working Environments
Understanding secondary trauma
Understanding burnout
Guidelines for practicing effective self-care
1. Practice self-awareness
2. Divide the mission of self-care into categories
3. Create a detailed self-care plan
4. Stay accountable
Creating increased awareness about the stress of social work

Trauma Mortality and the Golden Hour • LITFL • CCC Trauma Trauma Mortality and the Golden Hour
Trauma Mortality and the Golden Hour
OVERVIEW
TRAUMA MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
TRIMODAL PATTERN OF MORTALITY
THE GOLDEN HOUR
References and Links
Critical Care
Chris Nickson
 Trauma Mortality and the Golden Hour • LITFL • CCC Trauma
Trauma Mortality and the Golden Hour
Chris Nickson
Nov 3, 2020
Home CCC
Reviewed and revised 3 April 2015
OVERVIEW
Trauma is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in the <40 years-old age group
Trauma deaths are classically described as having a trimodal pattern (this is controversial)
The ‘golden hour’ is term often used in trauma to suggest that an injured patient has 60 minutes from time of injury to receive definitive care, after which morbidity and mortality significantly increase
TRAUMA MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
Trauma is the leading cause of death under the age of 40 years in developed countries. It is also a major killer of older age groups, behind cardiovascular disease and cancer. Most victims are young males
There is a massive additional societal burden from morbidity affecting survivors as well
Most preventable deaths are due to hemorrhage
TRIMODAL PATTERN OF MORTALITY
Trauma deaths are classically described as having a trimodal distribution: immediate
early
late
Immediate deaths
Seconds to minutes after injury
Usually unpreventable eg: apnoea secondary to high spinal or brain injury, or catastrophic hemorrhage due to great vessel disruption
Early deaths
Minutes to hours after injury
Usually haemorrhage related
ATLS style emergency care specifically targets these patients. Late deaths
Days to weeks after injury
Usually due to multi-organ failure or sepsis
Optimal early management may prevent these
As with most things that are ‘classic’, whether this schema matches reality is highly questionable (see Wyatt et al, 1995; Demetriades et al, 2005; Gunst et al, 2010)…
THE GOLDEN HOUR
The term “golden hour” is widely attributed to R. Adams Cowley, founder of Baltimore’s renowned Shock Trauma Institute, who in a 1975 article stated, “the first hour after injury will largely determine a critically injured person’s chances for survival” – this was in an era characterised by a lack of an organised trauma system and inadequate prehospital care. The validity of this concept remains controversial
An analogous concept, the “platinum 10 minutes” places a time constraint on the pre-hospital care of seriously injured patients: no patient should have more than 10 min of scene-time stabilization by the prehospital team prior to transport to definitive care at a trauma centre.

Trauma Mortality and the Golden Hour • LITFL • CCC Trauma

Trauma Mortality and the Golden Hour
Trauma Mortality and the Golden Hour
OVERVIEW
TRAUMA MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
TRIMODAL PATTERN OF MORTALITY
THE GOLDEN HOUR
References and Links
Critical Care
Chris Nickson

Blunt force trauma - definition of Blunt force trauma by The Free Dictionary blunt trauma
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 Dead Beached Whale Found to Have Skull Fractures
Police thought it was old age but London's Royal Veterinary College has found Gertie, 11, died from blunt force trauma to the head in February. Cops deny fowl play
Going through the external injuries using a computergenerated model of a child, Dr French told jurors most of them were "in keeping with blunt force trauma ". Toddler had injuries similar to crash victims
A FORMER aide to Vladimir Putin who was found dead in a Washington hotel room died of blunt force trauma to the head, a post-mortem examination has found. Former Putin aide found in hotel was beaten to death
But there was the chance of a little crime drama bingo - yes, someone said " blunt force trauma " - while the different characters in different parts of the country were skillfully linked by the end of the episode. SWITCHED ON
Breakdown of all cases of major trauma showed the following: IPV 2 594 patients (69.4%), with penetrating trauma secondary to stabbing in 911 (24.3%), isolated head injury in 632 (16.9%), penetrating trauma secondary to gunshot wounds (GSWs) in 542 (14.5%), crush injury secondary to community assault in 340 (9.1%), blunt force trauma secondary to assault in 170 (4.5%), blunt force trauma secondary to motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) in 650 (17.4%), blunt force trauma secondary to PMVCs in 285 (7.6%), and burns in 205 (5.4%). Interpersonal violence as a major contributor towards the skewed burden of trauma in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Tan said the consensus of the agency's joint team of protected area management and biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management specialist and biologist is that Maamo was first hit by a boat propeller and subsequently received blunt force trauma to the head as "X-ray results ruled out gunshot wounds." Green sea turtle 'Maamo' doing well in Zambo marine facility
Other forensic anthropologists, archaeologists, and pathologists from North America provide 19 case studies of child abuse, blunt force trauma, descents from height, plane crashes, sharp force trauma and dismemberment, gunshot wounds, blast trauma, sexual abuse, and burned body interpretation, and issues like case knowledge, the use of descriptive anatomical language, knowledge of biomechanical processes, collaboration, patterns, contextual information, using geographic information systems (GIS), the influence of animal scavenging, and water immersion. Skeletal Trauma Analysis: Case Studies in Context
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Blunt force trauma - definition of Blunt force trauma by The Free Dictionary

blunt trauma
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How Social Workers Can Prioritize Self-Care in High-Stress Working Environments | USC Social Work How Social Workers Can Prioritize Self-Care in High-Stress Working Environments
News & Events
How Social Workers Can Prioritize Self-Care in High-Stress Working Environments
Understanding secondary trauma
Understanding burnout
Guidelines for practicing effective self-care
1. Practice self-awareness
2. Divide the mission of self-care into categories
3. Create a detailed self-care plan
4. Stay accountable
Creating increased awareness about the stress of social work
 Understanding secondary trauma
“Among the most common negative mental health effects of dealing with others’ trauma every day is secondary trauma,” said Hydon, whose expertise in secondary traumatic stress has informed research and intervention strategies for K-12 teachers across Los Angeles County. Secondary trauma, also referred to as vicarious trauma or compassion fatigue, is the indirect exposure to trauma through the reception of a firsthand account of another’s traumatic experience. According to the American Counseling Association, care providers may experience secondary trauma as a result of becoming “witnesses to the pain, fear, and terror that trauma survivors have endured.” This phenomenon can lead to a symptomology comparable to that of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including reexperiencing, hyperarousal and avoidance. Clinicians who have experienced secondary trauma may find themselves unable to stop thinking about a certain client’s traumatic past, or alternatively, may find themselves purposefully avoiding the subject or even feeling numb toward it. While there is a lack of consensus in the psychological community as to whether secondary traumatic stress can be fully pathologized or should be understood solely as a reaction, a small percentage of clinicians do develop fully diagnosable PTSD as a result of their work. Understanding burnout
Conversely, Hydon said, “burnout occurs over time, rather than in response to a singular narrative or experience.” According to the Mayo Clinic, work-related burnout is “a state of physical or emotional exhaustion that also involves a sense of reduced accomplishment and loss of personal identity.” Changes in somatic and behavioral functioning may also occur as a result of burnout, says Christina Maslach, a pioneering researcher of the phenomenon and creator of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (a scale for measuring burnout levels). As research published in the Journal of Mental Health points out, even within service-focused roles, social workers may experience higher levels of stress and burnout than those in comparable occupational jobs.

NCTSN Trauma-Informed Organizational Assessment | The National Child Traumatic Stress Network NCTSN Trauma-Informed Organizational Assessment
NCTSN Trauma-Informed Organizational Assessment
What is Trauma-Informed Care and why does it matter?
What is the NCTSN Trauma-Informed Organizational Assessment?
How can the NCTSN Trauma-Informed Organizational Assessment be used?
To learn more
 Trauma-informed care also requires that organizations support their staff by preventing and addressing the impact of secondary trauma. What is the NCTSN Trauma-Informed Organizational Assessment? The NCTSN Trauma-Informed Organizational Assessment (TIOA) is a tool created by the National Center for Child Traumatic Stress (NCCTS) to help organizations assess their current practices in the context of serving children and families who have experienced trauma. Results from the assessment can drive organizational change that facilitates the recovery of the child and family, supports their ability to thrive, and maximizes physical and psychological safety. Results from the NCTSN TIOA can help guide organizations to identify, prioritize, implement, and sustain trauma-informed practices. This tool is an important part of an organizational transformation process to create trauma-informed organizations. The NCTSN TIOA is derived from the NCTSN definition of a Trauma-Informed Child and Family Service System, which is based on collaborative work from a diverse group of NCTSN members with trauma and systems-change expertise. Their work identified nine areas, or domains, that are key to creating a trauma-informed program or organization, and these are the nine domains of the NCTSN TIOA. The items in the NCTSN TIOA have been developed and refined by combining current research with NCTSN expertise, including the perspectives of families, youth, direct service providers, administrators, trainers, researchers, and intervention developers who work across child welfare, juvenile justice, education, healthcare, and mental health systems. How can the NCTSN Trauma-Informed Organizational Assessment be used?

NCTSN Trauma-Informed Organizational Assessment | The National Child Traumatic Stress Network

NCTSN Trauma-Informed Organizational Assessment
NCTSN Trauma-Informed Organizational Assessment
What is Trauma-Informed Care and why does it matter?
What is the NCTSN Trauma-Informed Organizational Assessment?
How can the NCTSN Trauma-Informed Organizational Assessment be used?
To learn more

Trauma-informed care also requires that organizations support their staff by preventing and addressing the impact of secondary trauma. What is the NCTSN Trauma-Informed Organizational Assessment? The NCTSN Trauma-Informed Organizational Assessment (TIOA) is a tool created by the National Center for Child Traumatic Stress (NCCTS) to help organizations assess their current practices in the context of serving children and families who have experienced trauma. Results from the assessment can drive organizational change that facilitates the recovery of the child and family, supports their ability to thrive, and maximizes physical and psychological safety. Results from the NCTSN TIOA can help guide organizations to identify, prioritize, implement, and sustain trauma-informed practices. This tool is an important part of an organizational transformation process to create trauma-informed organizations. The NCTSN TIOA is derived from the NCTSN definition of a Trauma-Informed Child and Family Service System, which is based on collaborative work from a diverse group of NCTSN members with trauma and systems-change expertise. Their work identified nine areas, or domains, that are key to creating a trauma-informed program or organization, and these are the nine domains of the NCTSN TIOA. The items in the NCTSN TIOA have been developed and refined by combining current research with NCTSN expertise, including the perspectives of families, youth, direct service providers, administrators, trainers, researchers, and intervention developers who work across child welfare, juvenile justice, education, healthcare, and mental health systems. How can the NCTSN Trauma-Informed Organizational Assessment be used?

 Documenting atrial fibrillation and secondary hypercoagulable state
Documenting

atrial

fibrillation

and

secondary

hypercoagulable

state

Fast

Facts:

Background:

Documentation

Tips:

ICD-10

CODES

 Question: What

is

the

difference

between

coding

a

primary

vs.

secondary

hypercoagulable

state? AHA

coding

clinics

provides

the

following

definition

of

primary

vs

secondary

hypercoagulable

state: Primary

hypercoagulable

states

are

inherited

disorders

of

specific

anticoagulant

factors. Rare

examples

are

antithrombin

III

deficiency,

protein

S

deficiency,

and

protein

C

deficiency. More

common

inherited

conditions

are

Factor

V

Leiden

mutation,

prothrombin

gene

mutation,

antithrombin

III

deficiency,

protein

S

deficiency,

and

protein

C

deficiency. Secondary

hypercoagulable

states

are

acquired

disorders

that

predispose

patients

to

thrombosis. These

involve

blood

flow

abnormalities

or

defects

in

blood

composition

and

of

vessel

walls. Examples

of

conditions

that

can

cause

secondary

hypercoagulable

states

are

atrial

fibrillation,

malignancy,

pregnancy,

trauma,

myeloproliferative

disorders,

and

antiphospholipid

antibody

syndrome. When

coding

secondary

hypercoagulable

state

be

sure

to

code

the

causal

condition.

Documenting atrial fibrillation and secondary hypercoagulable state
Documenting

atrial

fibrillation

and

secondary

hypercoagulable

state

Fast

Facts:

Background:

Documentation

Tips:

ICD-10

CODES

Question: What

is

the

difference

between

coding

a

primary

vs.

secondary

hypercoagulable

state? AHA

coding

clinics

provides

the

following

definition

of

primary

vs

secondary

hypercoagulable

state: Primary

hypercoagulable

states

are

inherited

disorders

of

specific

anticoagulant

factors. Rare

examples

are

antithrombin

III

deficiency,

protein

S

deficiency,

and

protein

C

deficiency. More

common

inherited

conditions

are

Factor

V

Leiden

mutation,

prothrombin

gene

mutation,

antithrombin

III

deficiency,

protein

S

deficiency,

and

protein

C

deficiency. Secondary

hypercoagulable

states

are

acquired

disorders

that

predispose

patients

to

thrombosis. These

involve

blood

flow

abnormalities

or

defects

in

blood

composition

and

of

vessel

walls. Examples

of

conditions

that

can

cause

secondary

hypercoagulable

states

are

atrial

fibrillation,

malignancy,

pregnancy,

trauma,

myeloproliferative

disorders,

and

antiphospholipid

antibody

syndrome. When

coding

secondary

hypercoagulable

state

be

sure

to

code

the

causal

condition.

Chapter 24 - Trauma Emergencies Flashcards | Quizlet Chapter 24 - Trauma Emergencies
Chapter 24 - Trauma Emergencies
STUDY
PLAY
Key concepts:
Terms in this set (33)
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...
Chapter 23 - Gynecologic Emergencies
Chapter 27 - Face and Neck Injuries
Chapter 26 - Soft Tissue Injuries
Chapter 22 - Psychiatric Emergencies
 - Cavitation
- Drag
- Fragmentation
- Tumble
What type of blast injury occurs when objects are propelled by the force of the blast wave and strike the victim, causing injury? - Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary
What type of blast injury occurs when objects are propelled by the force of the blast wave and strike the victim, causing injury? - Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary
What level of trauma center provides prompt assessment, resuscitation, and stabilization of injured patients and emergency operations, but not definitive care for all patients? - Level I
- Level II
- Level III
- Level IV
What level of trauma center provides prompt assessment, resuscitation, and stabilization of injured patients and emergency operations, but not definitive care for all patients? - Level I
- Level II
- Level III
- Level IV
You are assessing a patient who opens her eyes when you speak to her, who can respond to you but seems confused as to time and place, and localizes pain. What is her Glasgow Coma Scale score? - 7
- 10
- 12
- 15
You are assessing a patient who opens her eyes when you speak to her, who can respond to you but seems confused as to time and place, and localizes pain. What is her Glasgow Coma Scale score? - 7
- 10
- 12
- 15
This patient would have a GCS score of 12: 3 for eye opening, 4 for confused conversation, and 5 for localizing pain.

Chapter 24 - Trauma Emergencies Flashcards | Quizlet

Chapter 24 - Trauma Emergencies
Chapter 24 - Trauma Emergencies
STUDY
PLAY
Key concepts:
Terms in this set (33)
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...
Chapter 23 - Gynecologic Emergencies
Chapter 27 - Face and Neck Injuries
Chapter 26 - Soft Tissue Injuries
Chapter 22 - Psychiatric Emergencies

- Cavitation
- Drag
- Fragmentation
- Tumble
What type of blast injury occurs when objects are propelled by the force of the blast wave and strike the victim, causing injury? - Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary
What type of blast injury occurs when objects are propelled by the force of the blast wave and strike the victim, causing injury? - Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary
What level of trauma center provides prompt assessment, resuscitation, and stabilization of injured patients and emergency operations, but not definitive care for all patients? - Level I
- Level II
- Level III
- Level IV
What level of trauma center provides prompt assessment, resuscitation, and stabilization of injured patients and emergency operations, but not definitive care for all patients? - Level I
- Level II
- Level III
- Level IV
You are assessing a patient who opens her eyes when you speak to her, who can respond to you but seems confused as to time and place, and localizes pain. What is her Glasgow Coma Scale score? - 7
- 10
- 12
- 15
You are assessing a patient who opens her eyes when you speak to her, who can respond to you but seems confused as to time and place, and localizes pain. What is her Glasgow Coma Scale score? - 7
- 10
- 12
- 15
This patient would have a GCS score of 12: 3 for eye opening, 4 for confused conversation, and 5 for localizing pain.

 A vascular ring around the trachea does not allow normal development in that area of trachea, and tracheomalacia is observed in the area of impingement. The cases of acquired tracheomalacia occur with increasing frequency both in children and in adults, and the tracheomalacia often is not recognized clearly. These lesions usually cause focal tracheomalacia and may result from indwelling tracheostomy[4] and endobronchial tube, chest trauma, chronic tracheobronchitis, and inflammation (relapsing polychondritis). They may be secondary to pulmonary resection and tracheal malignancy (cylindroma), and they may be idiopathic. Primary (congenital) adult tracheomalacia may be classified as follows[2] : Polychondritis
Idiopathic (Mounier-Kuhn syndrome)
Secondary (acquired) adult tracheomalacia may be classified as follows[2] : Posttraumatic (postintubation, posttracheotomy, external chest trauma, post-lung transplantation)
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
Chronic inflammation (relapsing polychondritis)[5]
Chronic external compression of trachea (malignancy, benign tumors, cysts, abscesses, aortic aneurysm)
Vascular rings (undiagnosed in childhood)
References
Epidemiology
All types of tracheomalacia are extremely rare; no definite incidence rates are available. [ 6]
In a total of 512 bronchoscopies, airway malacia was diagnosed in 160 children (94 males) at a median age of 4.0 years (range, 0-17 years).[7] Airway malacia was classified as primary in 136 children and as secondary in 24 children. The incidence of primary airway malacia was estimated to be at least 1 in 2100.

A vascular ring around the trachea does not allow normal development in that area of trachea, and tracheomalacia is observed in the area of impingement. The cases of acquired tracheomalacia occur with increasing frequency both in children and in adults, and the tracheomalacia often is not recognized clearly. These lesions usually cause focal tracheomalacia and may result from indwelling tracheostomy[4] and endobronchial tube, chest trauma, chronic tracheobronchitis, and inflammation (relapsing polychondritis). They may be secondary to pulmonary resection and tracheal malignancy (cylindroma), and they may be idiopathic. Primary (congenital) adult tracheomalacia may be classified as follows[2] : Polychondritis
Idiopathic (Mounier-Kuhn syndrome)
Secondary (acquired) adult tracheomalacia may be classified as follows[2] : Posttraumatic (postintubation, posttracheotomy, external chest trauma, post-lung transplantation)
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
Chronic inflammation (relapsing polychondritis)[5]
Chronic external compression of trachea (malignancy, benign tumors, cysts, abscesses, aortic aneurysm)
Vascular rings (undiagnosed in childhood)
References
Epidemiology
All types of tracheomalacia are extremely rare; no definite incidence rates are available. [ 6]
In a total of 512 bronchoscopies, airway malacia was diagnosed in 160 children (94 males) at a median age of 4.0 years (range, 0-17 years).[7] Airway malacia was classified as primary in 136 children and as secondary in 24 children. The incidence of primary airway malacia was estimated to be at least 1 in 2100.

The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference?
Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
When Social Workers Experience Trauma
Signs of Secondary and Vicarious Trauma in Social Work
How to Manage, Treat, and Prevent Vicarious and Secondary Trauma
References:
Last Update: 02-12-2020
 A social worker in a community health clinic continually watches clients die of HIV/AIDS. A rape crisis counselor sees numerous rape survivors dismissed, disbelieved, or blamed for their abuse. A social worker at a domestic violence shelter routinely works with traumatized children. When Social Workers Experience Trauma
Social workers are not immune to experiencing trauma of their own. When a social worker has a history of personal trauma, the trauma they experience at work may trigger this trauma, intensifying symptoms. For example, a social worker with a history of domestic violence may experience secondary trauma when counseling domestic violence survivors. Providers with a personal history of trauma must identify their triggers, decide whether they can confidently work with populations that may activate those triggers, and be mindful of the role secondary trauma plays in their relationship with clients. Providers who do not think carefully about their connection to a client’s trauma may project their own desires and experiences onto a client or make invalid assumptions about a client’s reactions or feelings. Signs of Secondary and Vicarious Trauma in Social Work
Some signs of secondary and vicarious trauma include: Compassion fatigue, which can inhibit a provider’s ability to empathize with and support clients.

The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference?
Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
When Social Workers Experience Trauma
Signs of Secondary and Vicarious Trauma in Social Work
How to Manage, Treat, and Prevent Vicarious and Secondary Trauma
References:
Last Update: 02-12-2020

A social worker in a community health clinic continually watches clients die of HIV/AIDS. A rape crisis counselor sees numerous rape survivors dismissed, disbelieved, or blamed for their abuse. A social worker at a domestic violence shelter routinely works with traumatized children. When Social Workers Experience Trauma
Social workers are not immune to experiencing trauma of their own. When a social worker has a history of personal trauma, the trauma they experience at work may trigger this trauma, intensifying symptoms. For example, a social worker with a history of domestic violence may experience secondary trauma when counseling domestic violence survivors. Providers with a personal history of trauma must identify their triggers, decide whether they can confidently work with populations that may activate those triggers, and be mindful of the role secondary trauma plays in their relationship with clients. Providers who do not think carefully about their connection to a client’s trauma may project their own desires and experiences onto a client or make invalid assumptions about a client’s reactions or feelings. Signs of Secondary and Vicarious Trauma in Social Work
Some signs of secondary and vicarious trauma include: Compassion fatigue, which can inhibit a provider’s ability to empathize with and support clients.

Liver Trauma Imaging: Overview, Radiography, Computed Tomography Liver Trauma Imaging
Liver Trauma Imaging
Overview
AAST Liver Trauma Classification
Preferred examination
Limitations of techniques
 Ali Nawaz Khan, MBBS, FRCS, FRCP, FRCR; Chief Editor: John Karani, MBBS, FRCR more...
Sections
Liver Trauma Imaging
Sections Liver Trauma Imaging
Overview
Radiography
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Ultrasonography
Nuclear Imaging
Angiography
Show All
Media Gallery
References
Overview
Overview
The liver is the largest solid abdominal organ with a relatively fixed position, which makes it prone to injury. The liver is the second most commonly injured organ in abdominal trauma, but damage to the liver is the most common cause of death after abdominal injury (see the images below). The most common cause of liver injury is blunt abdominal trauma, which is secondary to motor vehicle accidents in most instances. In the past, most of these injuries were treated surgically. However, surgical literature confirms that as many as 86% of liver injuries have stopped bleeding by the time surgical exploration is performed, and 67% of operations performed for blunt abdominal trauma are nontherapeutic. Philipoff et al have proposed that a stiff, cirrhotic liver may represent an important risk factor for blunt gallbladder injury. Almost all gallbladder injuries following blunt trauma are associated with other significant intra-abdominal injuries, and in the setting of acute trauma, the authors recommend an open procedure to facilitate exploration to rule out associated injuries. Cholecystectomy remains the definitive management for gallbladder trauma.

Liver Trauma Imaging: Overview, Radiography, Computed Tomography

Liver Trauma Imaging
Liver Trauma Imaging
Overview
AAST Liver Trauma Classification
Preferred examination
Limitations of techniques

Ali Nawaz Khan, MBBS, FRCS, FRCP, FRCR; Chief Editor: John Karani, MBBS, FRCR more...
Sections
Liver Trauma Imaging
Sections Liver Trauma Imaging
Overview
Radiography
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Ultrasonography
Nuclear Imaging
Angiography
Show All
Media Gallery
References
Overview
Overview
The liver is the largest solid abdominal organ with a relatively fixed position, which makes it prone to injury. The liver is the second most commonly injured organ in abdominal trauma, but damage to the liver is the most common cause of death after abdominal injury (see the images below). The most common cause of liver injury is blunt abdominal trauma, which is secondary to motor vehicle accidents in most instances. In the past, most of these injuries were treated surgically. However, surgical literature confirms that as many as 86% of liver injuries have stopped bleeding by the time surgical exploration is performed, and 67% of operations performed for blunt abdominal trauma are nontherapeutic. Philipoff et al have proposed that a stiff, cirrhotic liver may represent an important risk factor for blunt gallbladder injury. Almost all gallbladder injuries following blunt trauma are associated with other significant intra-abdominal injuries, and in the setting of acute trauma, the authors recommend an open procedure to facilitate exploration to rule out associated injuries. Cholecystectomy remains the definitive management for gallbladder trauma.

General - Secondary PTSD - An Overview | My PTSD Forum General
Secondary PTSD - An Overview

General Secondary PTSD - An Overview
Similar threads
Exposure Therapy Advice/ Tips?
My new partner did not respond well AT ALL when I opened up about past sexual abuse and assault. He is a CSA survivor, so I'm confused
Trauma or just an 'unfortunate event'?
Sufferer New and hoping I'm not alone - PTSD & ED
Other Everything filtered through trauma lens, getting past it? Suggestions?
 It is within the domain of interacting with someone affected by trauma that the concept of secondary stress remains applicable. Since parents may both learn of a trauma to a loved one and subsequently interact with the survivor, they are subject to both direct and secondary exposure. The professional helper, on the other hand, is usually not involved with the survivor until after the trauma has occurred. Thus, the professional helper’s experience is generally confined to secondary exposure. The exception is in the case of disasters, where helpers may be on the scene either while the disaster is still in progress or while victims are still being rescued. Secondary Exposure
The literature on secondary exposure has largely focused on the development of trauma symptoms. Several terms have been advanced to describe apparent cases of PTSD that do not qualify for the official PTSD diagnosis because the exposure was secondary rather than direct. Instead, the individual has been said to have a different disorder, usually called Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder (STSD), vicarious traumatization, compassion fatigue or empathic strain. Regardless of which term is used, there is evidence indicating that these cases do exist and have occurred among professional helpers. Although it is not yet clear how often secondary exposure leads to the development of trauma symptoms, it is probably safe to say that it is fairly infrequent that secondary exposure produces the complete PTSD syndrome.

General - Secondary PTSD - An Overview | My PTSD Forum

General
Secondary PTSD - An Overview

General Secondary PTSD - An Overview
Similar threads
Exposure Therapy Advice/ Tips?
My new partner did not respond well AT ALL when I opened up about past sexual abuse and assault. He is a CSA survivor, so I'm confused
Trauma or just an 'unfortunate event'?
Sufferer New and hoping I'm not alone - PTSD & ED
Other Everything filtered through trauma lens, getting past it? Suggestions?

It is within the domain of interacting with someone affected by trauma that the concept of secondary stress remains applicable. Since parents may both learn of a trauma to a loved one and subsequently interact with the survivor, they are subject to both direct and secondary exposure. The professional helper, on the other hand, is usually not involved with the survivor until after the trauma has occurred. Thus, the professional helper’s experience is generally confined to secondary exposure. The exception is in the case of disasters, where helpers may be on the scene either while the disaster is still in progress or while victims are still being rescued. Secondary Exposure
The literature on secondary exposure has largely focused on the development of trauma symptoms. Several terms have been advanced to describe apparent cases of PTSD that do not qualify for the official PTSD diagnosis because the exposure was secondary rather than direct. Instead, the individual has been said to have a different disorder, usually called Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder (STSD), vicarious traumatization, compassion fatigue or empathic strain. Regardless of which term is used, there is evidence indicating that these cases do exist and have occurred among professional helpers. Although it is not yet clear how often secondary exposure leads to the development of trauma symptoms, it is probably safe to say that it is fairly infrequent that secondary exposure produces the complete PTSD syndrome.

What is Vicarious Trauma? | What is Vicarious Trauma? | OVC What is Vicarious Trauma?
What is Vicarious Trauma?
What Happens to Those Exposed to Vicarious Trauma?
Who Is at Risk of Being Affected by Vicarious Trauma?
What Are Some Common Negative Reactions to Vicarious Trauma?
Suggestions for Coworkers
Suggestions for Supervisors
Suggestions for Family Members
For More Information About Vicarious Trauma
Education and Awareness
Featured Tools
Related Resources
Prevalence and Risk Factors
Related Resources
Impact
Featured Tools
Related Resources
 The Vicarious Trauma Toolkit (VTT) introduces a new model for examining and conceptualizing the impact of vicarious trauma and the reactions and experiences of victim service providers and first responders. The VTT also introduces the roles and responsibilities of organizations in addressing the negative impact of this occupational challenge on their employees. While individuals respond to vicarious trauma in a number of ways, a change in their world-view is considered inevitable —people can either become more cynical or fearful, or they can become more appreciative of what they have, or both. Responses to vicarious trauma can be negative, neutral, or positive; can change over time; and can vary from individual to individual, particularly with prolonged exposure. The chart below illustrates the VTT Model. Vicarious traumatization is a negative reaction to trauma exposure and includes a range of psychosocial symptoms. ( In the VTT, the term “vicarious traumatization” is used broadly to include other related terms such as secondary traumatic stress (STS), compassion fatigue (CF), and critical incident stress (CIS). These terms, often used interchangeably, have distinct and overlapping definitions, as illustrated in the Glossary of Terms .)

The Vicarious Trauma Toolkit (VTT) introduces a new model for examining and conceptualizing the impact of vicarious trauma and the reactions and experiences of victim service providers and first responders. The VTT also introduces the roles and responsibilities of organizations in addressing the negative impact of this occupational challenge on their employees. While individuals respond to vicarious trauma in a number of ways, a change in their world-view is considered inevitable —people can either become more cynical or fearful, or they can become more appreciative of what they have, or both. Responses to vicarious trauma can be negative, neutral, or positive; can change over time; and can vary from individual to individual, particularly with prolonged exposure. The chart below illustrates the VTT Model. Vicarious traumatization is a negative reaction to trauma exposure and includes a range of psychosocial symptoms. ( In the VTT, the term “vicarious traumatization” is used broadly to include other related terms such as secondary traumatic stress (STS), compassion fatigue (CF), and critical incident stress (CIS). These terms, often used interchangeably, have distinct and overlapping definitions, as illustrated in the Glossary of Terms .)

RACGP - An update on epistaxis An update on epistaxis
An update on epistaxis
Stephanie Yau
Background
Objective/s
Discussion
Anatomy
Classification
Aetiology
Local
Systemic
Environmental
Medications
History
What to ask about
Management
Resuscitation
Assessment
Cauterisation
Nasal packing
Arterial ligation
Embolisation
Follow-up and patient education
Conclusion
Author
Competing interests: None.
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned, externally peer reviewed.
References
Downloads
September Clinical Yau ( pdf 148KB)
 Primary causes account for 85% of episodes and are idiopathic, spontaneous bleeds without any notable precipitant. Bleeds are considered secondary if there is a clear and definite cause (eg trauma, anticoagulant use, post surgical). 3
Aetiology
The cause of epistaxis can be divided into local, systemic, environmental, medications or, in the majority of cases, idiopathic. 1 Approximately 7–14% of the adult population will have experienced epistaxis at some point in their life. 3, 4 A thorough history and examination are vital in assisting with clinical decisions regarding further investigations and management. Local
Local causes of epistaxis include trauma, neoplasia, septal abnormality, inflammatory diseases and iatrogenic causes. Local trauma is common among children who present with post-digital trauma or irritation. Causes such as neoplasia are uncommon. However, eliciting significant signs and symptoms is important. Uncommon causes, such as neoplasia, need to be ruled out through a thorough history and examination.

RACGP - An update on epistaxis

Primary causes account for 85% of episodes and are idiopathic, spontaneous bleeds without any notable precipitant. Bleeds are considered secondary if there is a clear and definite cause (eg trauma, anticoagulant use, post surgical). 3
Aetiology
The cause of epistaxis can be divided into local, systemic, environmental, medications or, in the majority of cases, idiopathic. 1 Approximately 7–14% of the adult population will have experienced epistaxis at some point in their life. 3, 4 A thorough history and examination are vital in assisting with clinical decisions regarding further investigations and management. Local
Local causes of epistaxis include trauma, neoplasia, septal abnormality, inflammatory diseases and iatrogenic causes. Local trauma is common among children who present with post-digital trauma or irritation. Causes such as neoplasia are uncommon. However, eliciting significant signs and symptoms is important. Uncommon causes, such as neoplasia, need to be ruled out through a thorough history and examination.

  RESUSCITATIVE ENDOVASCULAR BALLOON OCCLUSION OF THE AORTA (REBOA)
RESUSCITATIVE

ENDOVASCULAR

BALLOON

OCCLUSION

OF

THE

AORTA

(REBOA)

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDATIONS

INTRODUCTION

EVIDENCE

DEFINITIONS

LEVEL

OF

RECOMMENDATION

DEFINITIONS

INDICATIONS

REBOA

EQUIPMENT

AND

PLACEMENT

(3)

STEPS

OF

REBOA

PLACEMENT

LITERATURE

REVIEW

REFERENCES

Surgical

Critical

Care

Evidence-Based

Medicine

Guidelines

Committee

 Placement

of

the

endovascular

balloon

for

both

traumatic

and

nontraumatic

causes

of

hypovolemic

shock

secondary

to

blood

loss

can

temporize

hemorrhage

until

definitive

surgical

control

can

be

achieved. Proper

placement

can

be

performed

in

minutes

and

minimize

and/or

avoid

the

need

for

resuscitative

thoracotomy,

as

well

as

decrease

patient

mortality. This

guideline

details

the

indications

for

and

use

of

REBOA

as

well

as

techniques

for

successful

placement

of

a

REBOA

device. RECOMMENDATIONS

Level

1

None

Level

2

None

Level

3

Consider

early

placement

of

a

common

femoral

artery

catheter

in

the

hypotensive

trauma

patient

(SBP



90

mmHg)

to

facilitate

rapid

upsizing

to

a

7-French

sheath

to

accommodate

a

REBOA

catheter

if

necessary

REBOA

should

be

considered

in

patients

with

hemorrhagic

shock

and

the

following: Penetrating

or

blunt

abdominopelvic

trauma

patients

who

are

hypotensive

(SBP

<

90

mmHg),

transient

responders

to

fluid

resuscitation,

or

receiving

a

Massive

Transfusion

Protocol

(MTP)

Positive

FAST

examination

Suspected

pelvic

or

lower

extremity

trauma

with

hemorrhage

The

REBOA

device

may

also

be

considered

for

the

following

alternative

Indications: Prophylactic

use

in

women

undergoing

surgery

for

abnormal

placentation

Severe

gastrointestinal

bleeding

INTRODUCTION

Endovascular

balloon

occlusion

of

the

aorta

was

first

described

in

1954. Today,

there

are

over

200

articles

and

publications

reporting

the

use,

indications,

outcomes,

and

complications

of

REBOA. This

guideline

is

intended

to

provide

an

overview

of

the

indications,

technique,

and

use

of

the

REBOA

catheter. This

is

not

a

substitute

for

appropriate

training. The

Basic

Endovascular

Skill

for

Trauma

(BEST)

and

Endovascular

EVIDENCE

DEFINITIONS

Class

I:

 RESUSCITATIVE ENDOVASCULAR BALLOON OCCLUSION OF THE AORTA (REBOA)
RESUSCITATIVE

ENDOVASCULAR

BALLOON

OCCLUSION

OF

THE

AORTA

(REBOA)

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDATIONS

INTRODUCTION

EVIDENCE

DEFINITIONS

LEVEL

OF

RECOMMENDATION

DEFINITIONS

INDICATIONS

REBOA

EQUIPMENT

AND

PLACEMENT

(3)

STEPS

OF

REBOA

PLACEMENT

LITERATURE

REVIEW

REFERENCES

Surgical

Critical

Care

Evidence-Based

Medicine

Guidelines

Committee

Placement

of

the

endovascular

balloon

for

both

traumatic

and

nontraumatic

causes

of

hypovolemic

shock

secondary

to

blood

loss

can

temporize

hemorrhage

until

definitive

surgical

control

can

be

achieved. Proper

placement

can

be

performed

in

minutes

and

minimize

and/or

avoid

the

need

for

resuscitative

thoracotomy,

as

well

as

decrease

patient

mortality. This

guideline

details

the

indications

for

and

use

of

REBOA

as

well

as

techniques

for

successful

placement

of

a

REBOA

device. RECOMMENDATIONS

Level

1

None

Level

2

None

Level

3

Consider

early

placement

of

a

common

femoral

artery

catheter

in

the

hypotensive

trauma

patient

(SBP



90

mmHg)

to

facilitate

rapid

upsizing

to

a

7-French

sheath

to

accommodate

a

REBOA

catheter

if

necessary

REBOA

should

be

considered

in

patients

with

hemorrhagic

shock

and

the

following: Penetrating

or

blunt

abdominopelvic

trauma

patients

who

are

hypotensive

(SBP

<

90

mmHg),

transient

responders

to

fluid

resuscitation,

or

receiving

a

Massive

Transfusion

Protocol

(MTP)

Positive

FAST

examination

Suspected

pelvic

or

lower

extremity

trauma

with

hemorrhage

The

REBOA

device

may

also

be

considered

for

the

following

alternative

Indications: Prophylactic

use

in

women

undergoing

surgery

for

abnormal

placentation

Severe

gastrointestinal

bleeding

INTRODUCTION

Endovascular

balloon

occlusion

of

the

aorta

was

first

described

in

1954. Today,

there

are

over

200

articles

and

publications

reporting

the

use,

indications,

outcomes,

and

complications

of

REBOA. This

guideline

is

intended

to

provide

an

overview

of

the

indications,

technique,

and

use

of

the

REBOA

catheter. This

is

not

a

substitute

for

appropriate

training. The

Basic

Endovascular

Skill

for

Trauma

(BEST)

and

Endovascular

EVIDENCE

DEFINITIONS

Class

I:

Permissive hypotension/hypotensive resuscitation and restricted/controlled resuscitation in patients with severe trauma | Journal of Intensive Care | Full Text Permissive hypotension/hypotensive resuscitation and restricted/controlled resuscitation in patients with severe trauma
Permissive hypotension/hypotensive resuscitation and restricted/controlled resuscitation in patients with severe trauma
Abstract
Background
General concept of permissive hypotension and damage-control resuscitation
Table 1 Interventions to patients in each type of resuscitation strategy
History of permissive hypotension
Clinical evidence and experimental findings of permissive hypotension
Clinical trials for targeting and controlling blood pressure
Table 2 Summary of the clinical trials for permissive hypotension/hypotensive resuscitation and restricted/controlled resuscitation
Animal studies in blood pressure titration
Clinical trials examining restricted/controlled resuscitation
Systematic review and meta-analysis
Guidelines
Problems and areas of uncertainty
Conclusions
Abbreviations
INR:
MAP:
PTT:
RCT:
SBP:
TBI:
References
Acknowledgements
Funding
Availability of data and materials
Authors’ contributions
Competing interests
Consent for publication
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Author information
Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Share this article
Keywords
Collection
Trauma-induced coagulopathy and critical bleeding
Advertisement
 Further investigation is needed to elucidate the effectiveness of these approaches, so as to develop improved treatment strategies which take into account coagulopathy in the pathophysiology of trauma. Background
General concept of permissive hypotension and damage-control resuscitation
Traditionally, the concept of “early and aggressive” fluid administration has been applied to patients with severe trauma, in order to restore circulating blood volume and maintain tissue perfusion. However, this treatment approach may increase hydrostatic pressure in injured vessels, dislodge hemostatic blood clots [ 1, 2 ], induce dilutional coagulopathy [ 3, 4 ], and result in hypothermia [ 5 ]. The concept of “permissive hypotension” refers to managing trauma patients by restricting the amount of fluid resuscitation administered while maintaining blood pressure in the lower than normal range if there is still active bleeding during the acute period of injury [ 6, 7 ]. Although this treatment approach may avoid the adverse effects of early and high-dose fluid resuscitation, it carries the potential risk of tissue hypoperfusion. “Permissive hypotension” is included in the overarching concept of “damage-control resuscitation.” The concept of damage-control resuscitation has been developed with the aim of providing optimal fluid resuscitation and transfusion to patients with hemorrhagic shock secondary to severe trauma [ 8 – 10 ]. The main principles are permissive hypotension/hypotensive resuscitation, rapid and definitive/surgical control of bleeding, and the prevention/treatment of hypothermia, acidosis, and hypocalcemia (Fig. 1 ). The goal of damage-control resuscitation is to minimize iatrogenic resuscitation injury, to prevent worsening of initial traumatic shock, and to obtain definitive hemostasis.

Permissive hypotension/hypotensive resuscitation and restricted/controlled resuscitation in patients with severe trauma | Journal of Intensive Care | Full Text

Permissive hypotension/hypotensive resuscitation and restricted/controlled resuscitation in patients with severe trauma
Permissive hypotension/hypotensive resuscitation and restricted/controlled resuscitation in patients with severe trauma
Abstract
Background
General concept of permissive hypotension and damage-control resuscitation
Table 1 Interventions to patients in each type of resuscitation strategy
History of permissive hypotension
Clinical evidence and experimental findings of permissive hypotension
Clinical trials for targeting and controlling blood pressure
Table 2 Summary of the clinical trials for permissive hypotension/hypotensive resuscitation and restricted/controlled resuscitation
Animal studies in blood pressure titration
Clinical trials examining restricted/controlled resuscitation
Systematic review and meta-analysis
Guidelines
Problems and areas of uncertainty
Conclusions
Abbreviations
INR:
MAP:
PTT:
RCT:
SBP:
TBI:
References
Acknowledgements
Funding
Availability of data and materials
Authors’ contributions
Competing interests
Consent for publication
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Author information
Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Share this article
Keywords
Collection
Trauma-induced coagulopathy and critical bleeding
Advertisement

Further investigation is needed to elucidate the effectiveness of these approaches, so as to develop improved treatment strategies which take into account coagulopathy in the pathophysiology of trauma. Background
General concept of permissive hypotension and damage-control resuscitation
Traditionally, the concept of “early and aggressive” fluid administration has been applied to patients with severe trauma, in order to restore circulating blood volume and maintain tissue perfusion. However, this treatment approach may increase hydrostatic pressure in injured vessels, dislodge hemostatic blood clots [ 1, 2 ], induce dilutional coagulopathy [ 3, 4 ], and result in hypothermia [ 5 ]. The concept of “permissive hypotension” refers to managing trauma patients by restricting the amount of fluid resuscitation administered while maintaining blood pressure in the lower than normal range if there is still active bleeding during the acute period of injury [ 6, 7 ]. Although this treatment approach may avoid the adverse effects of early and high-dose fluid resuscitation, it carries the potential risk of tissue hypoperfusion. “Permissive hypotension” is included in the overarching concept of “damage-control resuscitation.” The concept of damage-control resuscitation has been developed with the aim of providing optimal fluid resuscitation and transfusion to patients with hemorrhagic shock secondary to severe trauma [ 8 – 10 ]. The main principles are permissive hypotension/hypotensive resuscitation, rapid and definitive/surgical control of bleeding, and the prevention/treatment of hypothermia, acidosis, and hypocalcemia (Fig. 1 ). The goal of damage-control resuscitation is to minimize iatrogenic resuscitation injury, to prevent worsening of initial traumatic shock, and to obtain definitive hemostasis.

Globe Rupture: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology Globe Rupture
Globe Rupture
Background
What to Read Next on Medscape
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 Steven C Dronen, MD, FAAEM more...
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Pathophysiology
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Prognosis
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History
Physical
Causes
Complications
Show All
DDx
Workup
Approach Considerations
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
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Procedures
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Transfer
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Globe rupture occurs when the integrity of the outer membranes of the eye is disrupted by blunt or penetrating trauma. Any full-thickness injury to the cornea, sclera, or both is considered an open globe injury and is approached in the same manner in the acute setting. Globe rupture is an ophthalmologic emergency and requires definitive management by an ophthalmologist. Although the globe's position within the orbit protects it from injury in many situations, damage to the posterior segment of the eye is associated with a very high frequency of permanent visual loss. Prompt recognition and ophthalmologic intervention are essential to maximizing functional outcome. Globe rupture secondary to trauma is shown in the image below. Operating microscope view of a globe rupture secondary to blunt trauma by a fist. Notice the dark arc in the bottom of the photo representing the ciliary body visible through the scleral breach. Subconjunctival hemorrhage of this severity should raise suspicion of occult globe rupture. Photo courtesy of Brian C Mulrooney, MD.

Globe Rupture: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

Globe Rupture
Globe Rupture
Background
What to Read Next on Medscape
Most Popular Articles

Steven C Dronen, MD, FAAEM more...
Sections
Globe Rupture
Sections Globe Rupture
Overview
Background
Pathophysiology
Epidemiology
Prognosis
Patient Education
Show All
Presentation
History
Physical
Causes
Complications
Show All
DDx
Workup
Approach Considerations
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Other Tests
Procedures
Show All
Treatment
Prehospital Care
Emergency Department Care
Consultations
Prevention
Further Inpatient Care
Transfer
Show All
Medication
Medication Summary
Antibiotics
Show All
Questions & Answers
References
Overview
Background
Globe rupture occurs when the integrity of the outer membranes of the eye is disrupted by blunt or penetrating trauma. Any full-thickness injury to the cornea, sclera, or both is considered an open globe injury and is approached in the same manner in the acute setting. Globe rupture is an ophthalmologic emergency and requires definitive management by an ophthalmologist. Although the globe's position within the orbit protects it from injury in many situations, damage to the posterior segment of the eye is associated with a very high frequency of permanent visual loss. Prompt recognition and ophthalmologic intervention are essential to maximizing functional outcome. Globe rupture secondary to trauma is shown in the image below. Operating microscope view of a globe rupture secondary to blunt trauma by a fist. Notice the dark arc in the bottom of the photo representing the ciliary body visible through the scleral breach. Subconjunctival hemorrhage of this severity should raise suspicion of occult globe rupture. Photo courtesy of Brian C Mulrooney, MD.

Blunt force trauma - definition of Blunt force trauma by The Free Dictionary blunt trauma
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 IPV 2 594 patients (69.4%), with penetrating trauma secondary to stabbing in 911 (24.3%), isolated head injury in 632 (16.9%), penetrating trauma secondary to gunshot wounds (GSWs) in 542 (14.5%), crush injury secondary to community assault in 340 (9.1%), blunt force trauma secondary to assault in 170 (4.5%), blunt force trauma secondary to motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) in 650 (17.4%), blunt force trauma secondary to PMVCs in 285 (7.6%), and burns in 205 (5.4%). Interpersonal violence as a major contributor towards the skewed burden of trauma in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Tan said the consensus of the agency's joint team of protected area management and biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management specialist and biologist is that Maamo was first hit by a boat propeller and subsequently received blunt force trauma to the head as "X-ray results ruled out gunshot wounds." Green sea turtle 'Maamo' doing well in Zambo marine facility
Other forensic anthropologists, archaeologists, and pathologists from North America provide 19 case studies of child abuse, blunt force trauma, descents from height, plane crashes, sharp force trauma and dismemberment, gunshot wounds, blast trauma, sexual abuse, and burned body interpretation, and issues like case knowledge, the use of descriptive anatomical language, knowledge of biomechanical processes, collaboration, patterns, contextual information, using geographic information systems (GIS), the influence of animal scavenging, and water immersion. Skeletal Trauma Analysis: Case Studies in Context
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Secondary Traumatic Stress - Child Welfare Information Gateway Secondary Traumatic Stress
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 Secondary Traumatic Stress - Child Welfare Information Gateway
Home
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Secondary traumatic stress (STS) can occur when a professional experiences high stress or symptoms of trauma when working with people who have experienced trauma that mimic posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. People with careers in the helping professions, like child welfare workers and child welfare-related professionals, are particularly vulnerable to experiencing STS. The following resources provide further understanding of what STS is, its impact, how to identify symptoms, and how it can be prevented and mitigated on an individual and organizational level. The Cost of Caring: Secondary Traumatic Stress and the Impact of Working With High-Risk Children and Families (PDF - 894 KB)
Perry (2014)
ChildTrauma Academy
Presents an overview of secondary traumatic stress and teaches child welfare workers, as well as leaders, approaches and strategies to decrease risk and prepare for intervention of secondary traumatic stress. The resource utilizes case examples to describe secondary trauma and breaks down the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder that secondary traumatic stress can mimic. Reducing Burnout, Enhancing Resilience & Caring for Self/Others in Child Death Review (PDF - 866 KB) [Presentation Slides]
Klomp (2018)
National Center for Fatality Review and Prevention at the National Child Death Review Conference
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Discusses the impact of witnessing and hearing about trauma in the context of child death reviews and the importance of resilience and self-care. Various types of stressors and the human response to them are discussed. Additional resources are also provided. The Relationship Between Vicarious Trauma and Turnover Among Child Welfare Professionals (PDF - 526 KB)
Middleton & Potter (2015)
Journal of Public Child Welfare, 9 (2)
Explores the relationship between child welfare workers experiencing vicarious trauma and their intent to leave their job.

Secondary Traumatic Stress - Child Welfare Information Gateway

Secondary Traumatic Stress
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Spotlight on Secondary Trauma and Professionals’ Well-Being
Episode 4: Secondary Traumatic Stress [Podcast]

EMT chapter 36 Flashcards | Quizlet EMT chapter 36
EMT chapter 36
STUDY
PLAY
Terms in this set (40)
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...
EMT chapter 35
EMT chapter 34
EMT chapter 31
EMT chapter 29
 Abruptio placentae
On what finding should the EMT rely regarding the assessment of a pediatric patients circulatory status? Skin condition and capillary refill
Definitive care for multisystem trauma patients is often: Surgery
Which of the following statements explains why brain injury secondary to trauma is increased in the geriatric population? The loss of brain mass allows more room for movement within the skull
How would you characterize the fetal death rate when pregnant females have been involved in an MCV and were wearing their seat belts, in contrast to fetal death rate when the mothers were not wearing their seat belts? The fetal death rate is higher if the mother was not wearing the seat belt than if she was wearing one
A 23 year old male patient was struck by a vehicle at highway speeds. You should suspect: Multisystem trauma
How can blunt abdominal trauma to the pregnant female cause fetal death? The placenta tears away from the uterus
What mechanism accounts for about half of all traumas in pregnancy? Motor vehicle crashes
Which of the following is the MOST common cause of cardiac arrest in the pediatric patient? Respiratory failure
Upon arrival at the scene of a multisystem trauma, you should first:

EMT chapter 36 Flashcards | Quizlet

EMT chapter 36
EMT chapter 36
STUDY
PLAY
Terms in this set (40)
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...
EMT chapter 35
EMT chapter 34
EMT chapter 31
EMT chapter 29

Abruptio placentae
On what finding should the EMT rely regarding the assessment of a pediatric patients circulatory status? Skin condition and capillary refill
Definitive care for multisystem trauma patients is often: Surgery
Which of the following statements explains why brain injury secondary to trauma is increased in the geriatric population? The loss of brain mass allows more room for movement within the skull
How would you characterize the fetal death rate when pregnant females have been involved in an MCV and were wearing their seat belts, in contrast to fetal death rate when the mothers were not wearing their seat belts? The fetal death rate is higher if the mother was not wearing the seat belt than if she was wearing one
A 23 year old male patient was struck by a vehicle at highway speeds. You should suspect: Multisystem trauma
How can blunt abdominal trauma to the pregnant female cause fetal death? The placenta tears away from the uterus
What mechanism accounts for about half of all traumas in pregnancy? Motor vehicle crashes
Which of the following is the MOST common cause of cardiac arrest in the pediatric patient? Respiratory failure
Upon arrival at the scene of a multisystem trauma, you should first:

The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference?
Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
When Social Workers Experience Trauma
Signs of Secondary and Vicarious Trauma in Social Work
How to Manage, Treat, and Prevent Vicarious and Secondary Trauma
References:
Last Update: 02-12-2020
 For example, a social worker with a history of domestic violence may experience secondary trauma when counseling domestic violence survivors. Providers with a personal history of trauma must identify their triggers, decide whether they can confidently work with populations that may activate those triggers, and be mindful of the role secondary trauma plays in their relationship with clients. Providers who do not think carefully about their connection to a client’s trauma may project their own desires and experiences onto a client or make invalid assumptions about a client’s reactions or feelings. Signs of Secondary and Vicarious Trauma in Social Work
Some signs of secondary and vicarious trauma include: Compassion fatigue, which can inhibit a provider’s ability to empathize with and support clients. Having nightmares about a client’s experiences. An increase in symptoms relating to a personal trauma, such as more flashbacks or anxiety. Feeling unable to support clients. Feeling exhausted, fatigued, overwhelmed, or burned out. Avoiding work or talking about work.

The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma

For example, a social worker with a history of domestic violence may experience secondary trauma when counseling domestic violence survivors. Providers with a personal history of trauma must identify their triggers, decide whether they can confidently work with populations that may activate those triggers, and be mindful of the role secondary trauma plays in their relationship with clients. Providers who do not think carefully about their connection to a client’s trauma may project their own desires and experiences onto a client or make invalid assumptions about a client’s reactions or feelings. Signs of Secondary and Vicarious Trauma in Social Work
Some signs of secondary and vicarious trauma include: Compassion fatigue, which can inhibit a provider’s ability to empathize with and support clients. Having nightmares about a client’s experiences. An increase in symptoms relating to a personal trauma, such as more flashbacks or anxiety. Feeling unable to support clients. Feeling exhausted, fatigued, overwhelmed, or burned out. Avoiding work or talking about work.

Idiopathic scoliosis - AMBOSS

evaluation of curve flexibility
Every school-aged child should undergo a physical examination of the spine in order to rule out scoliosis. Scoliosis is frequently an incidental finding. Differential diagnoses
Secondary scoliosis
Congenital (e.g., unilateral fusion of L5 with the sacrum)
Neuromuscular diseases (e.g., muscular dystrophy, spina bifida, Friedreich ataxia) [1]
Metabolic diseases (e.g., rickets) [3]
Connective tissue disease (e.g., Marfan syndrome, E hlers-Danlos syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta)
Anatomic malformations (e.g., isolated difference in leg length, secondary to trauma or tumors)
Including Leg-length discrepancy
Leg-length discrepancy ( short-leg syndrome)
Definition: A condition caused by a difference in length between each lower extremity that results in functional impairment, compensatory structural and gait abnormalities, and degenerative joint processes. Etiology
Idiopathic
Trauma
Infection (e.g., osteomyelitis)
Congenital (e.g., neurofibromatosis, osteochondrodysplasias)
Clinical features
Abnormal gait (often presents in childhood)
Lower back pain
Noticeable deformities (e.g., scoliosis)
Somatic dysfunction
Progressive joint degeneration
Physical examination
Abnormalities in gait
Rotated pelvis
Unleveling of the sacrum
Lateral thoracic and lumbar curvatures
Diagnostics
Plain radiograph
Scanogram
Computerized tomography (CT) scan
Treatment
Nonsurgical approach
Observation: if a child has not reached skeletal maturity
Shoe-lifts
Surgical approach
Epiphysiodesis
Limb lengthening or shortening procedures
The differential diagnoses listed here are not exhaustive. Treatment
Treatment based on the Cobb angle [1]
Cobb angle < 10°: per definition not scoliosis, and therefore not monitored
Cobb angle 10–19°: continual monitoring for progression
Cobb angle 20–29°: monitoring or bracing
Cobb angle 30–39°:

What is primary intention, secondary intention and tertiary intention healing? - Willingsford Healthcare What is primary intention, secondary intention and tertiary intention healing?
What is primary intention, secondary intention and tertiary intention healing?
Healing by primary intention
Healing by secondary intention
Healing by tertiary intention
MPPT in wounds to heal by non-primary intention
 Definitions
Healing by first intention or Primary intention healing happens when the wound edges are approximated e.g. by sutures, staples or glue. Healing by second intention or Secondary intention healing takes place when the wound edges cannot be approximated and the wound needs to heal from the bottom. Tertiary intention healing is a combination of both of the above, i.e. the wound cannot be stitched up immediately but it can after a while. Healing by primary intention
The condition for enabling primary healing is that the wound edges are sharp and completely clean and free of microbes as is the case with a wound produced via surgical incision (in a sterile environment). It is also possible to close some cuts caused by trauma via primary intention but they need to be sutured within 4 to 6 hours after the incident in order for the wound edges not to have become too inflamed, colonised or necrotic. The advantage of primary healing is that the time to closure is short which reduces the risk of infection and, furthermore, the scarring is limited. If the wound edges cannot be approximated, the wound will need to heal by second intention. Healing by secondary intention
Secondary intention healing implicates that the wound edges cannot be approximated. This can be the case if there is not enough skin in order to pull the edges together without causing stasis in the area, as is often the case in venous leg ulcers, or if the tissue loss is extensive with a need for considerable new tissue generation as e.g. in fourth degree burns. It is also the case if the wound area is dirty or colonised or the wound edges are not sharp and clean as both would be the case in blast trauma wounds.

What is primary intention, secondary intention and tertiary intention healing? - Willingsford Healthcare

What is primary intention, secondary intention and tertiary intention healing?
What is primary intention, secondary intention and tertiary intention healing?
Healing by primary intention
Healing by secondary intention
Healing by tertiary intention
MPPT in wounds to heal by non-primary intention

Definitions
Healing by first intention or Primary intention healing happens when the wound edges are approximated e.g. by sutures, staples or glue. Healing by second intention or Secondary intention healing takes place when the wound edges cannot be approximated and the wound needs to heal from the bottom. Tertiary intention healing is a combination of both of the above, i.e. the wound cannot be stitched up immediately but it can after a while. Healing by primary intention
The condition for enabling primary healing is that the wound edges are sharp and completely clean and free of microbes as is the case with a wound produced via surgical incision (in a sterile environment). It is also possible to close some cuts caused by trauma via primary intention but they need to be sutured within 4 to 6 hours after the incident in order for the wound edges not to have become too inflamed, colonised or necrotic. The advantage of primary healing is that the time to closure is short which reduces the risk of infection and, furthermore, the scarring is limited. If the wound edges cannot be approximated, the wound will need to heal by second intention. Healing by secondary intention
Secondary intention healing implicates that the wound edges cannot be approximated. This can be the case if there is not enough skin in order to pull the edges together without causing stasis in the area, as is often the case in venous leg ulcers, or if the tissue loss is extensive with a need for considerable new tissue generation as e.g. in fourth degree burns. It is also the case if the wound area is dirty or colonised or the wound edges are not sharp and clean as both would be the case in blast trauma wounds.

Refractory Shock in Trauma • LITFL • CCC Trauma Refractory Shock in Trauma
Refractory Shock in Trauma
OVERVIEW
CAUSES
MANAGEMENT
Critical Care
Chris Nickson
 Refractory Shock in Trauma • LITFL • CCC Trauma
Refractory Shock in Trauma
Chris Nickson
Nov 3, 2020
Home CCC
OVERVIEW
refractory shock in trauma is still most likely due to occult ongoing haemorrhage
shock may be due to the underlying cause of trauma e.g. MI leading to car crash
or may be a complication of trauma (e.g. neurogenic shock) or treatment that has been given (e.g. anaphylaxis to gelofusin given pre-hopsital)
CAUSES
Think PROVED? pump
rate and rhythm
obstruction
volume
endocrine
distributive
? ( error of measurement or therapy)
Hypovolaemic
bleeding
consider SCALPeR: scalp/street, chest, abdomen, long bones, pelvis and retroperitoneum. Cardiogenic
myocardial contusion, infarction or arrhythmia
pre-existing co-morbid condition (congenital heart disease)
Obstructive
cardiac tamponade
tension pneumothorax
PE (unlikely acutely)
Distributive
unlikely
high spinal cord injury
anaphylaxis to drug or fluid given
Other
technical: measurement problem, tissued IV, fluid not given
endocrine: unlikely (Addison)
brain death
MANAGEMENT
as per EMST protocol
-> primary survey with attention to life threatening injuries
-> secondary survey with definitive treatment
review history: mechanism of injury, documented injuries
ensure A and B OK
check equipment and zero and NIBP
check IV lines
Hypovolaemic
volume assessment
look for bleeding (CXR, FAST, DPL, pelvic x-ray, long bones)
-> haemostatic resuscitation
-> FAST positive: OT
-> pelvic #: splint + OT or angio
-> splint limbs
-> CXR:

Refractory Shock in Trauma • LITFL • CCC Trauma

Refractory Shock in Trauma
Refractory Shock in Trauma
OVERVIEW
CAUSES
MANAGEMENT
Critical Care
Chris Nickson

Refractory Shock in Trauma • LITFL • CCC Trauma
Refractory Shock in Trauma
Chris Nickson
Nov 3, 2020
Home CCC
OVERVIEW
refractory shock in trauma is still most likely due to occult ongoing haemorrhage
shock may be due to the underlying cause of trauma e.g. MI leading to car crash
or may be a complication of trauma (e.g. neurogenic shock) or treatment that has been given (e.g. anaphylaxis to gelofusin given pre-hopsital)
CAUSES
Think PROVED? pump
rate and rhythm
obstruction
volume
endocrine
distributive
? ( error of measurement or therapy)
Hypovolaemic
bleeding
consider SCALPeR: scalp/street, chest, abdomen, long bones, pelvis and retroperitoneum. Cardiogenic
myocardial contusion, infarction or arrhythmia
pre-existing co-morbid condition (congenital heart disease)
Obstructive
cardiac tamponade
tension pneumothorax
PE (unlikely acutely)
Distributive
unlikely
high spinal cord injury
anaphylaxis to drug or fluid given
Other
technical: measurement problem, tissued IV, fluid not given
endocrine: unlikely (Addison)
brain death
MANAGEMENT
as per EMST protocol
-> primary survey with attention to life threatening injuries
-> secondary survey with definitive treatment
review history: mechanism of injury, documented injuries
ensure A and B OK
check equipment and zero and NIBP
check IV lines
Hypovolaemic
volume assessment
look for bleeding (CXR, FAST, DPL, pelvic x-ray, long bones)
-> haemostatic resuscitation
-> FAST positive: OT
-> pelvic #: splint + OT or angio
-> splint limbs
-> CXR:

What is Vicarious Trauma? | What is Vicarious Trauma? | OVC What is Vicarious Trauma?
What is Vicarious Trauma?
What Happens to Those Exposed to Vicarious Trauma?
Who Is at Risk of Being Affected by Vicarious Trauma?
What Are Some Common Negative Reactions to Vicarious Trauma?
Suggestions for Coworkers
Suggestions for Supervisors
Suggestions for Family Members
For More Information About Vicarious Trauma
Education and Awareness
Featured Tools
Related Resources
Prevalence and Risk Factors
Related Resources
Impact
Featured Tools
Related Resources
 Take time to engage in social, creative, and self-care activities such as reading, writing, prayer, and meditation. Seek therapeutic or professional assistance, when needed. For More Information About Vicarious Trauma
The VTT has a number of resources to help you further understand vicarious trauma, its prevalence, and its impact on those working in victim services, emergency medical services, fire services, law enforcement, and other allied professions. The following is just a small sample of the nearly 500 resources in the VTT Compendium of Resources. Education and Awareness
Featured Tools
Introduction to Vicarious Trauma for Emergency Medical Services
Introduction to Vicarious Trauma for Fire Services
Introduction to Vicarious Trauma for Law Enforcement
Introduction to Vicarious Trauma for Victim Services
Related Resources
The Secondary Effects of Helping Others: A Comprehensive Bibliography of 2,017 Scholarly Publications Using the Terms Compassion Fatigue, Compassion Satisfaction, Secondary Traumatic Stress, Vicarious Traumatization, Vicarious Transformation and ProQol
Vicarious Trauma and Resilience
Office for Victims of Crime Training and Technical Assistance Center (OVC TTAC)
Headington Institute
(link is external)
The Vicarious Trauma Institute
(link is external)
Trauma Information Pages
(link is external)
Prevalence and Risk Factors
Related Resources
Organizational Factors Leading to Vicarious Trauma or Burnout
The Effect of Childhood Trauma, Personal Wellness, Supervisory Working Alliance, and Organizational Factors on Vicarious Traumatization
(link is external)
The Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Growth in Emergency Ambulance Personnel
Trauma Exposure and Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Emergency Medical Services Personnel in Hawaii
Vicarious Trauma Among Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners
Vicarious Traumatisation: Risk and Resilience Among Crisis Support Volunteers in a Community Organisation
(link is external)
Vicarious Traumatization, Secondary Traumatic Stress and Burnout in Sexual Assault and Domestic Violence Agency Staff
Impact
Featured Tools
Secondary Traumatization, Burnout, and Vicarious Traumatization: A Review of the Literature as it Relates to Therapists Who Treat Trauma
(link is external)
Making the Business Case for a Vicarious Trauma-Informed Organization
Related Resources
Guidebook on Vicarious Trauma: Recommended Solutions for Anti-Violence Workers
Official Blog of the International Association of Chiefs of Police: A Personal Account from a Law Enforcement Officer
(link is external)
The Hidden Price of Repeated Exposure
(link is external)
the Mindfit Resiliency Project
(link is external)
Work-Related Stress and Posttraumatic Stress in Emergency Medical Services
(link is external)

What is Vicarious Trauma?
What is Vicarious Trauma?
What Happens to Those Exposed to Vicarious Trauma?
Who Is at Risk of Being Affected by Vicarious Trauma?
What Are Some Common Negative Reactions to Vicarious Trauma?
Suggestions for Coworkers
Suggestions for Supervisors
Suggestions for Family Members
For More Information About Vicarious Trauma
Education and Awareness
Featured Tools
Related Resources
Prevalence and Risk Factors
Related Resources
Impact
Featured Tools
Related Resources

General - Secondary PTSD - An Overview | My PTSD Forum General
Secondary PTSD - An Overview

General Secondary PTSD - An Overview
Similar threads
Exposure Therapy Advice/ Tips?
My new partner did not respond well AT ALL when I opened up about past sexual abuse and assault. He is a CSA survivor, so I'm confused
Trauma or just an 'unfortunate event'?
Sufferer New and hoping I'm not alone - PTSD & ED
Other Everything filtered through trauma lens, getting past it? Suggestions?
 DSM-IV now defines the stressor event to include learning of a trauma occurring to a loved one. Parents who are traumatized when they learn of their child’s trauma are classified as having PTSD. In the past, many theorists might have classified the parents as having secondary exposure because they were not directly exposed to the traumatic event. However, in the language of DSM-IV, the traumatic event is the discovery that a loved one has been in a trauma. This still differs from the experience of interacting with that trauma survivor. It is within the domain of interacting with someone affected by trauma that the concept of secondary stress remains applicable. Since parents may both learn of a trauma to a loved one and subsequently interact with the survivor, they are subject to both direct and secondary exposure. The professional helper, on the other hand, is usually not involved with the survivor until after the trauma has occurred. Thus, the professional helper’s experience is generally confined to secondary exposure. The exception is in the case of disasters, where helpers may be on the scene either while the disaster is still in progress or while victims are still being rescued.

DSM-IV now defines the stressor event to include learning of a trauma occurring to a loved one. Parents who are traumatized when they learn of their child’s trauma are classified as having PTSD. In the past, many theorists might have classified the parents as having secondary exposure because they were not directly exposed to the traumatic event. However, in the language of DSM-IV, the traumatic event is the discovery that a loved one has been in a trauma. This still differs from the experience of interacting with that trauma survivor. It is within the domain of interacting with someone affected by trauma that the concept of secondary stress remains applicable. Since parents may both learn of a trauma to a loved one and subsequently interact with the survivor, they are subject to both direct and secondary exposure. The professional helper, on the other hand, is usually not involved with the survivor until after the trauma has occurred. Thus, the professional helper’s experience is generally confined to secondary exposure. The exception is in the case of disasters, where helpers may be on the scene either while the disaster is still in progress or while victims are still being rescued.

The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
The Connection Between Social Work and Secondary Trauma
Vicarious vs. Secondary Trauma in Social Work: What’s the Difference?
Examples of Vicarious and Secondary Trauma in Social Work
When Social Workers Experience Trauma
Signs of Secondary and Vicarious Trauma in Social Work
How to Manage, Treat, and Prevent Vicarious and Secondary Trauma
References:
Last Update: 02-12-2020
 Feeling less interested in or invested in work. Feeling angry at your clients. How to Manage, Treat, and Prevent Vicarious and Secondary Trauma
For many social workers, the primary barrier to treating vicarious and secondary trauma is identifying the symptoms. When someone is overworked or exhausted, they may blame their symptoms on fatigue and burnout. Working with a team or clinical supervisor may empower clinicians to recognize the symptoms of secondary trauma before they get worse. Some strategies that may help prevent vicarious and secondary trauma include: Actively managing and reducing a social worker’s caseload. Talking to team members or a clinical supervisor on a regular basis. Taking breaks in between clients. Seeking treatment for a personal history of trauma.

Feeling less interested in or invested in work. Feeling angry at your clients. How to Manage, Treat, and Prevent Vicarious and Secondary Trauma
For many social workers, the primary barrier to treating vicarious and secondary trauma is identifying the symptoms. When someone is overworked or exhausted, they may blame their symptoms on fatigue and burnout. Working with a team or clinical supervisor may empower clinicians to recognize the symptoms of secondary trauma before they get worse. Some strategies that may help prevent vicarious and secondary trauma include: Actively managing and reducing a social worker’s caseload. Talking to team members or a clinical supervisor on a regular basis. Taking breaks in between clients. Seeking treatment for a personal history of trauma.

Occlusal trauma - Wikipedia Occlusal trauma
Occlusal trauma
Contents
Signs and symptoms
Diagnosis
Primary vs. secondary
Primary
Secondary
Cause and treatment
References
External links
 Occlusal trauma - Wikipedia
Occlusal trauma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Medical condition
Occlusal trauma

Secondary occlusal trauma on X-ray film displays two lone-standing mandibular teeth, the lower left first premolar and canine. As the remnants of a once full complement of 16 lower teeth, these two teeth have been alone in opposing the forces associated with mastication for some time, as can be evidenced by the widened PDL surrounding the premolar. Because this trauma is occurring on teeth that have 30-50% bone loss, this would be classified as secondary. Specialty
Dentistry, ENT surgery
Occlusal trauma is the damage to teeth when an excessive force is acted upon them and they do not align properly. When the jaws close, for instance during chewing or at rest, the relationship between the opposing teeth is referred to as occlusion. When trauma, disease or dental treatment alters occlusion by changing the biting surface of any of the teeth, the teeth will come together differently, and their occlusion will change. When that change has a negative effect on how the teeth occlude, this may cause tenderness, pain, and damage to or movement of the teeth. This is called traumatic occlusion. Traumatic occlusion may cause a thickening of the cervical margin of the alveolar bone and widening of the periodontal ligament, although the latter is can also be caused by other processes. Contents
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Diagnosis
3 Primary vs. secondary
3.1 Primary
3.2 Secondary
4 Cause and treatment
5 References
6 External links
Signs and symptoms
Clinically, there is a number of physiological results that serve as evidence of occlusal trauma:,

Occlusal trauma - Wikipedia

Occlusal trauma
Occlusal trauma
Contents
Signs and symptoms
Diagnosis
Primary vs. secondary
Primary
Secondary
Cause and treatment
References
External links

Occlusal trauma - Wikipedia
Occlusal trauma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Medical condition
Occlusal trauma

Secondary occlusal trauma on X-ray film displays two lone-standing mandibular teeth, the lower left first premolar and canine. As the remnants of a once full complement of 16 lower teeth, these two teeth have been alone in opposing the forces associated with mastication for some time, as can be evidenced by the widened PDL surrounding the premolar. Because this trauma is occurring on teeth that have 30-50% bone loss, this would be classified as secondary. Specialty
Dentistry, ENT surgery
Occlusal trauma is the damage to teeth when an excessive force is acted upon them and they do not align properly. When the jaws close, for instance during chewing or at rest, the relationship between the opposing teeth is referred to as occlusion. When trauma, disease or dental treatment alters occlusion by changing the biting surface of any of the teeth, the teeth will come together differently, and their occlusion will change. When that change has a negative effect on how the teeth occlude, this may cause tenderness, pain, and damage to or movement of the teeth. This is called traumatic occlusion. Traumatic occlusion may cause a thickening of the cervical margin of the alveolar bone and widening of the periodontal ligament, although the latter is can also be caused by other processes. Contents
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Diagnosis
3 Primary vs. secondary
3.1 Primary
3.2 Secondary
4 Cause and treatment
5 References
6 External links
Signs and symptoms
Clinically, there is a number of physiological results that serve as evidence of occlusal trauma:,

Occlusal trauma - Wikipedia Occlusal trauma
Occlusal trauma
Contents
Signs and symptoms
Diagnosis
Primary vs. secondary
Primary
Secondary
Cause and treatment
References
External links
 Tooth mobility
Fremitus
Tooth migration
Pain
Thermal sensitivity
Pain on chewing or percussion
Wear facets
Diagnosis
Microscopically, there will be a number of features that accompany occlusal trauma: Hemorrhage
Necrosis
Widening of the periodontal ligament, or PDL (also serves as a very common radiographic feature)
Bone resorption
Cementum loss and tears
It was concluded that widening of the periodontal ligament was a "functional adaptation to changes in functional requirements". Primary vs. secondary
There are two types of occlusal trauma, primary and secondary. Primary
Primary occlusal trauma occurs when greater than normal occlusal forces are placed on teeth, as in the case of parafunctional habits, such as bruxism or various chewing or biting habits, including but not limited to those involving fingernails and pencils or pens. The associated excessive forces can be grouped into three categories. Excesses of: Duration
Frequency and
Magnitude
Primary occlusal trauma will occur when there is a normal periodontal attachment apparatus and, thus, no periodontal disease. Secondary
Secondary occlusal trauma occurs when normal or excessive occlusal forces are placed on teeth with compromised periodontal attachment, thus contributing harm to an already damaged system. As stated, secondary occlusal trauma occurs when there is a compromised periodontal attachment and, thus, a pre-existing periodontal condition. Cause and treatment
Teeth are constantly subject to both horizontal and vertical occlusal forces.

Occlusal trauma - Wikipedia

Tooth mobility
Fremitus
Tooth migration
Pain
Thermal sensitivity
Pain on chewing or percussion
Wear facets
Diagnosis
Microscopically, there will be a number of features that accompany occlusal trauma: Hemorrhage
Necrosis
Widening of the periodontal ligament, or PDL (also serves as a very common radiographic feature)
Bone resorption
Cementum loss and tears
It was concluded that widening of the periodontal ligament was a "functional adaptation to changes in functional requirements". Primary vs. secondary
There are two types of occlusal trauma, primary and secondary. Primary
Primary occlusal trauma occurs when greater than normal occlusal forces are placed on teeth, as in the case of parafunctional habits, such as bruxism or various chewing or biting habits, including but not limited to those involving fingernails and pencils or pens. The associated excessive forces can be grouped into three categories. Excesses of: Duration
Frequency and
Magnitude
Primary occlusal trauma will occur when there is a normal periodontal attachment apparatus and, thus, no periodontal disease. Secondary
Secondary occlusal trauma occurs when normal or excessive occlusal forces are placed on teeth with compromised periodontal attachment, thus contributing harm to an already damaged system. As stated, secondary occlusal trauma occurs when there is a compromised periodontal attachment and, thus, a pre-existing periodontal condition. Cause and treatment
Teeth are constantly subject to both horizontal and vertical occlusal forces.

Post-traumatic arthritis - Physiopedia Post-traumatic arthritis
Post-traumatic arthritis
Definition/Description
Clinically Relevant Anatomy
Epidemiology/Etiology
Characteristics/Clinical presentation
Differential diagnosis
Diagnostic procedures
Outcome Measures
Medical management
Physiotherapy management
Clinical Bottom Line
References
 Post-traumatic arthritis - Physiopedia
Post-traumatic arthritis
Jump to: navigation, search
Original Editors - Lynn Leemans Top Contributors -
Contents
1 Definition/Description
2 Clinically Relevant Anatomy
3 Epidemiology/Etiology
4 Characteristics/Clinical presentation
5 Differential diagnosis
6 Diagnostic procedures
7 Outcome Measures
8 Medical management
9 Physiotherapy management
10 Clinical Bottom Line
11 References
Definition/Description
Post-traumatic arthritis is a secondary osteoarthritis that occurs after an injury or direct trauma to the specific joint. Clinically Relevant Anatomy
Trauma can cause damage to the articular cartilage of the joint, which results in weakening cartilage that is not able to withstand the stress. The articular cartilage layer start to break down as a result of this. Epidemiology/Etiology
Any injury to any joint can lead to traumatic arthritis. It is important to differentiate between regular arthritis and post-traumatic arthritis. Post-traumatic arthritis develops as a result of a trauma, while regular arthritis develops gradually without any apparent outside reason. Post-traumatic arthritis makes out about 12% of osteoarthritis cases. Symptom onset can be as long ago as 2-5 years after an injury to the joint was sustained. The cartilage can be bruised when too much pressure is exerted on it.

Post-traumatic arthritis - Physiopedia

Post-traumatic arthritis
Post-traumatic arthritis
Definition/Description
Clinically Relevant Anatomy
Epidemiology/Etiology
Characteristics/Clinical presentation
Differential diagnosis
Diagnostic procedures
Outcome Measures
Medical management
Physiotherapy management
Clinical Bottom Line
References

Post-traumatic arthritis - Physiopedia
Post-traumatic arthritis
Jump to: navigation, search
Original Editors - Lynn Leemans Top Contributors -
Contents
1 Definition/Description
2 Clinically Relevant Anatomy
3 Epidemiology/Etiology
4 Characteristics/Clinical presentation
5 Differential diagnosis
6 Diagnostic procedures
7 Outcome Measures
8 Medical management
9 Physiotherapy management
10 Clinical Bottom Line
11 References
Definition/Description
Post-traumatic arthritis is a secondary osteoarthritis that occurs after an injury or direct trauma to the specific joint. Clinically Relevant Anatomy
Trauma can cause damage to the articular cartilage of the joint, which results in weakening cartilage that is not able to withstand the stress. The articular cartilage layer start to break down as a result of this. Epidemiology/Etiology
Any injury to any joint can lead to traumatic arthritis. It is important to differentiate between regular arthritis and post-traumatic arthritis. Post-traumatic arthritis develops as a result of a trauma, while regular arthritis develops gradually without any apparent outside reason. Post-traumatic arthritis makes out about 12% of osteoarthritis cases. Symptom onset can be as long ago as 2-5 years after an injury to the joint was sustained. The cartilage can be bruised when too much pressure is exerted on it.

Drowning (submersion injuries) - UpToDate Drowning (submersion injuries)
Drowning (submersion injuries)
Authors:
Section Editor:
Deputy Editor:
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
 The management of specific complications of nonfatal drowning (eg, hypothermia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and bradycardia), complications of SCUBA diving, and the general management of trauma are discussed separately. ( See "Accidental hypothermia in adults" and "Hypothermia in children: Management" and "Complications of SCUBA diving" and "Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Clinical features, diagnosis, and complications in adults" and "Initial management of trauma in adults" and "Trauma management: Approach to the unstable child" .) TERMINOLOGY
—
Multiple definitions of drowning, nonfatal drowning, and submersion injury have been proposed in the medical literature, creating confusion and underlining the need for a more consistent approach to reporting and studying these incidents [ 1 ]. Nonfatal drowning generally is defined as survival, at least temporarily, after suffocation by submersion in a liquid medium [ 5 ]. Most authors include the loss of consciousness while submerged as a criterion for the syndrome. However, some authors have argued that since pulmonary complications may follow the aspiration of water without the loss of consciousness, nonfatal drowning should be defined as survival, at least temporarily, after aspiration of fluid into the lungs ("wet nonfatal drowning") or after a period of asphyxia secondary to laryngospasm ("dry nonfatal drowning") [ 6 ]. In its 2010 resuscitation guidelines, the American Heart Association recommends that the Utstein definitions and methods of data reporting for drowning and related events be used to improve consistency in reporting and research [ 7-9 ].

Drowning (submersion injuries) - UpToDate

Drowning (submersion injuries)
Drowning (submersion injuries)
Authors:
Section Editor:
Deputy Editor:
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The management of specific complications of nonfatal drowning (eg, hypothermia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and bradycardia), complications of SCUBA diving, and the general management of trauma are discussed separately. ( See "Accidental hypothermia in adults" and "Hypothermia in children: Management" and "Complications of SCUBA diving" and "Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Clinical features, diagnosis, and complications in adults" and "Initial management of trauma in adults" and "Trauma management: Approach to the unstable child" .) TERMINOLOGY
—
Multiple definitions of drowning, nonfatal drowning, and submersion injury have been proposed in the medical literature, creating confusion and underlining the need for a more consistent approach to reporting and studying these incidents [ 1 ]. Nonfatal drowning generally is defined as survival, at least temporarily, after suffocation by submersion in a liquid medium [ 5 ]. Most authors include the loss of consciousness while submerged as a criterion for the syndrome. However, some authors have argued that since pulmonary complications may follow the aspiration of water without the loss of consciousness, nonfatal drowning should be defined as survival, at least temporarily, after aspiration of fluid into the lungs ("wet nonfatal drowning") or after a period of asphyxia secondary to laryngospasm ("dry nonfatal drowning") [ 6 ]. In its 2010 resuscitation guidelines, the American Heart Association recommends that the Utstein definitions and methods of data reporting for drowning and related events be used to improve consistency in reporting and research [ 7-9 ].

Blunt force trauma definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment Blunt force trauma
Blunt force trauma
Blunt force trauma
Blunt trauma pathophysiology
Blunt trauma diagnosis
Blunt trauma treatment
Blunt head trauma
Blunt head trauma prevention
Blunt force trauma to the head signs and symptoms
Effects on consciousness
Blunt head trauma complications
Blunt head trauma complications include:
Blunt head trauma diagnosis
Blunt head trauma treatment
Treating mild traumatic brain injury
Treating severe traumatic brain injury
Other factors that influence recovery
Genes
Age
Blunt head trauma prognosis
Blunt cardiac injury
Table 1. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma – Cardiac Injury Scale
Blunt cardiac injury causes
Blunt cardiac injury symptoms
Blunt cardiac injury complications
Blunt cardiac injury diagnosis
Blunt cardiac injury treatment
Blunt cardiac injury prognosis
Blunt eye trauma
Blunt eye trauma key points
Eyelids injury
Eye injury
Hyphema (anterior chamber hemorrhage)
Blowout fracture
Orbital compartment syndrome
 Blunt trauma diagnosis
The Advanced Trauma Life Support course was developed by the American College of Surgeons to promote a standardized, methodical approach to the evaluation of trauma patients 6). The course teaches the initial assessment of trauma patients with a focus on preparation, triage, the primary survey, resuscitation, adjuncts to primary survey and resuscitation, consideration of the need for patient transfer, secondary survey, adjuncts to post-resuscitation monitoring, and reevaluation and definitive care. Diagnosis of various blunt impact injuries and estimation of time since the injury occurred are made by gross and microscopic examination of wounds. Recent blunt impact injuries are typically characterized by acute hemorrhage microscopically without evidence of organization or hemosiderin deposition, while older blunt impact injuries show evidence of red and white blood cell degeneration, fibroblast proliferation, and hemosiderin deposition. Blunt trauma treatment
Victims of blunt trauma who meet certain triage criteria have been demonstrated to have improved outcomes when managed in a trauma center. Patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score greater than 13, respiratory rates less than 10/minute or greater than 29/minute, or patients who need ventilatory support warrant triage to a trauma center 7). Patients with two or more long bone fractures, crushed or pulseless extremities, amputations proximal to the ankle or wrist, pelvic fractures, paralysis, or depressed skull fractures warrant trauma center triage based on injuries. The mechanism is also important as victims of high-risk auto crashes, falls from heights, motorcycle crashes, and pedestrian accidents with significant impact should be managed in a trauma center. Elderly patients, pregnant patients, anticoagulated patients, and young children should be managed in trauma centers capable of providing specialized care. Mortality from trauma is declining for those who survive to reach trauma centers, representing improvements in resuscitation and management.

Blunt force trauma definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment

Blunt force trauma
Blunt force trauma
Blunt force trauma
Blunt trauma pathophysiology
Blunt trauma diagnosis
Blunt trauma treatment
Blunt head trauma
Blunt head trauma prevention
Blunt force trauma to the head signs and symptoms
Effects on consciousness
Blunt head trauma complications
Blunt head trauma complications include:
Blunt head trauma diagnosis
Blunt head trauma treatment
Treating mild traumatic brain injury
Treating severe traumatic brain injury
Other factors that influence recovery
Genes
Age
Blunt head trauma prognosis
Blunt cardiac injury
Table 1. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma – Cardiac Injury Scale
Blunt cardiac injury causes
Blunt cardiac injury symptoms
Blunt cardiac injury complications
Blunt cardiac injury diagnosis
Blunt cardiac injury treatment
Blunt cardiac injury prognosis
Blunt eye trauma
Blunt eye trauma key points
Eyelids injury
Eye injury
Hyphema (anterior chamber hemorrhage)
Blowout fracture
Orbital compartment syndrome

Compression of the peroneal nerve by a neurofibroma originating from collaterals of the peroneal nerve: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text Compression of the peroneal nerve by a neurofibroma originating from collaterals of the peroneal nerve: a case report
Compression of the peroneal nerve by a neurofibroma originating from collaterals of the peroneal nerve: a case report
Abstract
Background
Case presentation
Conclusions
Background
Case presentation
Discussion
Table 1 Reports of patients with neurofibroma of the external popliteal sciatic nerve
Conclusions
Consent
Abbreviations
EPSN:
MRI:
References
Acknowledgements
Author information
Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Competing interests
Authors’ contributions
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Share this article
Keywords
 The initial diagnosis was stretching of the peroneal nerve. The definitive diagnosis of a neurofibroma was revealed by imaging and confirmed by surgery and pathology. Treatment involved total removal of the tumor; however, our patient’s steppage gait persisted. Conclusions
Our patient developed compression of the external popliteal sciatic nerve from a tumor growing on a collateral nerve. Early diagnosis is an absolute necessity in such cases. Trauma and tumors of sensory nerves can distort the diagnosis, as in this case. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging can contribute to an accurate diagnosis in patients with neuropathy in the absence trauma or tomacula. Peer Review reports
Background
Paralysis of the external popliteal sciatic nerve (EPSN) is a frequent pathological condition that usually occurs secondary to trauma or compression of the nerve as it winds around the neck of the fibula [ 1, 2 ]. Compression of the EPSN by a neurofibroma originating from collaterals of the EPSN is rare.

Compression of the peroneal nerve by a neurofibroma originating from collaterals of the peroneal nerve: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text

Compression of the peroneal nerve by a neurofibroma originating from collaterals of the peroneal nerve: a case report
Compression of the peroneal nerve by a neurofibroma originating from collaterals of the peroneal nerve: a case report
Abstract
Background
Case presentation
Conclusions
Background
Case presentation
Discussion
Table 1 Reports of patients with neurofibroma of the external popliteal sciatic nerve
Conclusions
Consent
Abbreviations
EPSN:
MRI:
References
Acknowledgements
Author information
Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Competing interests
Authors’ contributions
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Share this article
Keywords

The initial diagnosis was stretching of the peroneal nerve. The definitive diagnosis of a neurofibroma was revealed by imaging and confirmed by surgery and pathology. Treatment involved total removal of the tumor; however, our patient’s steppage gait persisted. Conclusions
Our patient developed compression of the external popliteal sciatic nerve from a tumor growing on a collateral nerve. Early diagnosis is an absolute necessity in such cases. Trauma and tumors of sensory nerves can distort the diagnosis, as in this case. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging can contribute to an accurate diagnosis in patients with neuropathy in the absence trauma or tomacula. Peer Review reports
Background
Paralysis of the external popliteal sciatic nerve (EPSN) is a frequent pathological condition that usually occurs secondary to trauma or compression of the nerve as it winds around the neck of the fibula [ 1, 2 ]. Compression of the EPSN by a neurofibroma originating from collaterals of the EPSN is rare.

Secondary Trauma and Self-Care Training Secondary Trauma and Self-Care
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Have a question? Find the right department and get connected.
 Secondary Trauma and Self-Care Training
Training
Secondary Trauma and Self-Care
Individuals who work in various helping fields often do not recognize their potential to experience secondhand trauma. This training is designed to help those working in the field recognize the symptoms of secondary trauma and how to take care of themselves during times of stress. Note: This training is only available in the 20 counties we serve in North Carolina. Additional resources
Applied Behavior Analysis Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Read more
Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder
Read more
Guideline Watch (September 2009): Practice Guideline For The Treatment Of Patients With Schizophrenia
Read more
American Trauma Society, NC Division
Locations of trauma centers in North Carolina. Read more
American Foundation of Suicide Prevention
Resources and support for suicide prevention. Read more
Administration for Children & Families
Information about Secondary Trauma, prevention strategies, and resources. Read more
AFSP North Carolina
American Foundation for Suicide Prevention offers resources for those who are struggling with a mental illness. Read more
InfoSource
Sign up for our weekly provider newsletter to receive announcements, updates, and upcoming trainings.

Secondary Trauma and Self-Care Training

Secondary Trauma and Self-Care Training
Training
Secondary Trauma and Self-Care
Individuals who work in various helping fields often do not recognize their potential to experience secondhand trauma. This training is designed to help those working in the field recognize the symptoms of secondary trauma and how to take care of themselves during times of stress. Note: This training is only available in the 20 counties we serve in North Carolina. Additional resources
Applied Behavior Analysis Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Read more
Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder
Read more
Guideline Watch (September 2009): Practice Guideline For The Treatment Of Patients With Schizophrenia
Read more
American Trauma Society, NC Division
Locations of trauma centers in North Carolina. Read more
American Foundation of Suicide Prevention
Resources and support for suicide prevention. Read more
Administration for Children & Families
Information about Secondary Trauma, prevention strategies, and resources. Read more
AFSP North Carolina
American Foundation for Suicide Prevention offers resources for those who are struggling with a mental illness. Read more
InfoSource
Sign up for our weekly provider newsletter to receive announcements, updates, and upcoming trainings.

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures) What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
Join the Community
Jillian O Keeffe
📦Amazon Doesn't Want You to Know About This Plugin
 Secondary PTSD may affect the close relatives of the individual who is suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Normally, PTSD or secondary PTSD diagnoses require the person to display serious psychological symptoms. These symptoms are usually severe enough to affect the person's normal way of living and interacting with others. Secondary PTSD, however, is not as well recognized as PTSD, and the diagnosis may also go by other names. Examples of these include secondary trauma, compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma. Military personnel are prone to developing secondary PTSD. Those who may experience secondary PTSD are those people who suffer emotionally through exposure to a traumatized person. Families and friends of some military veterans are one such group, as they have to deal both with the trauma their loved one went through, and the resultant stress of living with the person and trying to help. People who come into contact with PTSD sufferers through their work can also develop secondary trauma as a result. These include nurses, doctors and psychiatric personnel, who help the traumatized people after the event, and who may, over time, be exposed to many different people with PTSD.

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)

What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
What Is Secondary PTSD? (with pictures)
Join the Community
Jillian O Keeffe
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Secondary PTSD may affect the close relatives of the individual who is suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Normally, PTSD or secondary PTSD diagnoses require the person to display serious psychological symptoms. These symptoms are usually severe enough to affect the person's normal way of living and interacting with others. Secondary PTSD, however, is not as well recognized as PTSD, and the diagnosis may also go by other names. Examples of these include secondary trauma, compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma. Military personnel are prone to developing secondary PTSD. Those who may experience secondary PTSD are those people who suffer emotionally through exposure to a traumatized person. Families and friends of some military veterans are one such group, as they have to deal both with the trauma their loved one went through, and the resultant stress of living with the person and trying to help. People who come into contact with PTSD sufferers through their work can also develop secondary trauma as a result. These include nurses, doctors and psychiatric personnel, who help the traumatized people after the event, and who may, over time, be exposed to many different people with PTSD.

Redefining hypotension in traumatic brain injury - ScienceDirect Redefining hypotension in traumatic brain injury
Injury
Redefining hypotension in traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Background
Patients and methods
Results
Conclusions
Keywords
Introduction
Patients and methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Conflict of interest statement
References
 3 Significant haemorrhage decreases stroke volume and cardiac output causing the body to compensate through systemic vasoconstriction. Consequently, a decrease in cerebral perfusion and oxygenation exacerbates secondary brain injury and subsequently increases mortality. 3 Not surprisingly, the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines 4 recommends avoiding hypotension in TBI patients (Class II evidence). Hypotension is well established as a late sign of hypovolemic shock and is a surrogate for circulatory insufficiency. The classic definition of hypotension is a systolic blood pressure (SBP) less than 90 mm Hg. 3 Increasing evidence suggests hypotension occurs at a higher SBP in injured (non-TBI) trauma patients. 5, 6, 7 To our knowledge, no study to date has attempted to redefine hypotension in TBI patients. The purpose of the current study was to determine the age-adjusted optimal SBP in patients with isolated moderate to severe TBI. We hypothesize, that similarly to non-TBI trauma patients, hypotension should be defined at a higher SBP than 90 mm Hg. Patients and methods
This was a retrospective study of all adult trauma patients (age > 14 years) with blunt isolated moderate to severe TBI admitted between January 1998 and December 2005 to one of 13 trauma centres in the county of Los Angeles.

Redefining hypotension in traumatic brain injury - ScienceDirect

Redefining hypotension in traumatic brain injury
Injury
Redefining hypotension in traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Background
Patients and methods
Results
Conclusions
Keywords
Introduction
Patients and methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Conflict of interest statement
References

3 Significant haemorrhage decreases stroke volume and cardiac output causing the body to compensate through systemic vasoconstriction. Consequently, a decrease in cerebral perfusion and oxygenation exacerbates secondary brain injury and subsequently increases mortality. 3 Not surprisingly, the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines 4 recommends avoiding hypotension in TBI patients (Class II evidence). Hypotension is well established as a late sign of hypovolemic shock and is a surrogate for circulatory insufficiency. The classic definition of hypotension is a systolic blood pressure (SBP) less than 90 mm Hg. 3 Increasing evidence suggests hypotension occurs at a higher SBP in injured (non-TBI) trauma patients. 5, 6, 7 To our knowledge, no study to date has attempted to redefine hypotension in TBI patients. The purpose of the current study was to determine the age-adjusted optimal SBP in patients with isolated moderate to severe TBI. We hypothesize, that similarly to non-TBI trauma patients, hypotension should be defined at a higher SBP than 90 mm Hg. Patients and methods
This was a retrospective study of all adult trauma patients (age > 14 years) with blunt isolated moderate to severe TBI admitted between January 1998 and December 2005 to one of 13 trauma centres in the county of Los Angeles.

Primary and secondary brain injury - Wikipedia Primary and secondary brain injury
Primary and secondary brain injury
Contents
Primary
Secondary
Prevention
See also
References
 Excitotoxicity can cause a variety of negative effects, including damage to cells by free radicals, potentially leading to neurodegeneration. Another factor in secondary injury is loss of cerebral autoregulation, the ability of the brain's blood vessels to regulate cerebral blood flow. Other factors in secondary damage are breakdown of the blood–brain barrier, edema, ischemia and hypoxia. Ischemia is one of the leading causes of secondary brain damage after head trauma. Similar mechanisms are involved in secondary injury after ischemia, trauma, and injuries resulting when a person does not get enough oxygen. After stroke, an ischemic cascade, a set of biochemical cascades takes place. Prevention
Since primary injury occurs at the moment of trauma and is over so rapidly, little can be done to interfere with it other than prevention of the trauma itself. However, since secondary injury occurs over time, it can be prevented in part by taking measures to prevent complications such as hypoxia (oxygen deficiency). Furthermore, secondary injury presents opportunities for researchers to find drug therapies to limit or prevent the damage. Since a variety of processes occur in secondary injury, any treatments that are developed to halt or mitigate it will need to address more than one of these mechanisms.

Primary and secondary brain injury - Wikipedia

Primary and secondary brain injury
Primary and secondary brain injury
Contents
Primary
Secondary
Prevention
See also
References

Excitotoxicity can cause a variety of negative effects, including damage to cells by free radicals, potentially leading to neurodegeneration. Another factor in secondary injury is loss of cerebral autoregulation, the ability of the brain's blood vessels to regulate cerebral blood flow. Other factors in secondary damage are breakdown of the blood–brain barrier, edema, ischemia and hypoxia. Ischemia is one of the leading causes of secondary brain damage after head trauma. Similar mechanisms are involved in secondary injury after ischemia, trauma, and injuries resulting when a person does not get enough oxygen. After stroke, an ischemic cascade, a set of biochemical cascades takes place. Prevention
Since primary injury occurs at the moment of trauma and is over so rapidly, little can be done to interfere with it other than prevention of the trauma itself. However, since secondary injury occurs over time, it can be prevented in part by taking measures to prevent complications such as hypoxia (oxygen deficiency). Furthermore, secondary injury presents opportunities for researchers to find drug therapies to limit or prevent the damage. Since a variety of processes occur in secondary injury, any treatments that are developed to halt or mitigate it will need to address more than one of these mechanisms.

Chapter 24 - Trauma Emergencies Flashcards | Quizlet Chapter 24 - Trauma Emergencies
Chapter 24 - Trauma Emergencies
STUDY
PLAY
Key concepts:
Terms in this set (33)
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...
Chapter 23 - Gynecologic Emergencies
Chapter 27 - Face and Neck Injuries
Chapter 26 - Soft Tissue Injuries
Chapter 22 - Psychiatric Emergencies
 In which type of vehicle crash are you most likely to find a patient with whiplash injuries? - Frontal
- Rear-end
- Rollover
- Rotational
In which type of vehicle crash are you most likely to find a patient with whiplash injuries? - Frontal
- Rear-end
- Rollover
- Rotational
Rear-end impacts often cause whiplash injuries, particularly when the head and/or neck is not restrained by a headrest. The phenomenon that results from the rapid changes in tissue and fluid pressure that occur with the passage of a projectile, resulting in serious injury to internal organs distant to the actual path of the bullet, is known as what? - Cavitation
- Drag
- Fragmentation
- Tumble
The phenomenon that results from the rapid changes in tissue and fluid pressure that occur with the passage of a projectile, resulting in serious injury to internal organs distant to the actual path of the bullet, is known as what? - Cavitation
- Drag
- Fragmentation
- Tumble
What type of blast injury occurs when objects are propelled by the force of the blast wave and strike the victim, causing injury? - Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary
What type of blast injury occurs when objects are propelled by the force of the blast wave and strike the victim, causing injury? - Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary
What level of trauma center provides prompt assessment, resuscitation, and stabilization of injured patients and emergency operations, but not definitive care for all patients? - Level I
- Level II
- Level III
- Level IV
What level of trauma center provides prompt assessment, resuscitation, and stabilization of injured patients and emergency operations, but not definitive care for all patients? - Level I
- Level II
- Level III
- Level IV
You are assessing a patient who opens her eyes when you speak to her, who can respond to you but seems confused as to time and place, and localizes pain.

Chapter 24 - Trauma Emergencies
Chapter 24 - Trauma Emergencies
STUDY
PLAY
Key concepts:
Terms in this set (33)
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...
Chapter 23 - Gynecologic Emergencies
Chapter 27 - Face and Neck Injuries
Chapter 26 - Soft Tissue Injuries
Chapter 22 - Psychiatric Emergencies

Secondary shock | definition of secondary shock by Medical dictionary secondary shock
secondary shock
shock
Etiology
Symptoms
Treatment
Critical Care
Patient care
anaphylactic shock
Etiology
Symptoms
Prevention
Patient care
anesthesia shock
cardiogenic shock
Patient care
compensated shock
cryptic shock
culture shock
decompensated shock
deferred shock
distributive shock
electric shock
Symptoms
First Aid
Treatment
endotoxic shock
hemorrhagic shock
hypoglycemic shock
Patient care
hypovolemic shock
insulin shock
irreversible shock
neurogenic shock
obstructive shock
oligemic shock
protein shock
psychic shock
psychogenic shock
refractory shock
secondary shock
septic shock
Etiology
Symptoms
Treatment
Patient care
serum shock
spinal shock
shell shock
stacked shock
surgical shock
traumatic shock
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 Secondary shock | definition of secondary shock by Medical dictionary
secondary shock
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia. shock
(shok)
1. A clinical syndrome marked by inadequate perfusion and oxygenation of cells, tissues, and organs, usually due to marginal or markedly lowered blood pressure. Synonym: circulatory collapse
Etiology
Shock may be caused by dehydration, hemorrhage, sepsis, myocardial infarction, valvular heart disease, cardiac tamponade, adrenal failure, burns, trauma, spinal cord injury, hypoxia, anaphylaxis, poisoning, and other major insults to the body. Symptoms
Shock results in failure of multiple organ systems, including the brain, heart, kidneys, lungs, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. Common consequences of shock are confusion, agitation, anxiety, or coma; syncope or presyncope; increased work of breathing;

Secondary shock | definition of secondary shock by Medical dictionary

secondary shock
secondary shock
shock
Etiology
Symptoms
Treatment
Critical Care
Patient care
anaphylactic shock
Etiology
Symptoms
Prevention
Patient care
anesthesia shock
cardiogenic shock
Patient care
compensated shock
cryptic shock
culture shock
decompensated shock
deferred shock
distributive shock
electric shock
Symptoms
First Aid
Treatment
endotoxic shock
hemorrhagic shock
hypoglycemic shock
Patient care
hypovolemic shock
insulin shock
irreversible shock
neurogenic shock
obstructive shock
oligemic shock
protein shock
psychic shock
psychogenic shock
refractory shock
secondary shock
septic shock
Etiology
Symptoms
Treatment
Patient care
serum shock
spinal shock
shell shock
stacked shock
surgical shock
traumatic shock
Feedback
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Secondary shock | definition of secondary shock by Medical dictionary
secondary shock
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia. shock
(shok)
1. A clinical syndrome marked by inadequate perfusion and oxygenation of cells, tissues, and organs, usually due to marginal or markedly lowered blood pressure. Synonym: circulatory collapse
Etiology
Shock may be caused by dehydration, hemorrhage, sepsis, myocardial infarction, valvular heart disease, cardiac tamponade, adrenal failure, burns, trauma, spinal cord injury, hypoxia, anaphylaxis, poisoning, and other major insults to the body. Symptoms
Shock results in failure of multiple organ systems, including the brain, heart, kidneys, lungs, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. Common consequences of shock are confusion, agitation, anxiety, or coma; syncope or presyncope; increased work of breathing;

Cricothyrotomy - ScienceDirect Cricothyrotomy
The Journal of Emergency Medicine
Cricothyrotomy
Abstract
Keywords
References
 Obstruction secondary to a mass effect or stenosis or displacement IV. Traumatic injuries Maxillofacial, cervical spine, head, neck, and multiple trau- ma injuries V. Need for prolonged intubation Nasotracheal intubation is contraindicated in a pa- tient with a cribiform plate or a basilar skull frac- ture2.2h.2*.because of the hazards of contamination and infection2JR as well as the danger of producing further damage to the region of the fracture and to the brainzY In patients with proven or suspected cervical spine injuries, the positioning of the head (extension or flexion) usually needed for oral or nasotracheal intu- bation, is contraindicated because of the danger of causing further cervical spine injury.7+22,25JO-32 In such patients, oral intubation may be contraindicated. Cri- cothyrotomy or nasal intubation is the method of choice for definitive airway control. If there is any difficulty with nasotracheal intubation in such a pa- tient, especially if there is a possible cervical spine injury or respiratory distress, emergency cricothyro- tomy is indicated.30-3z Airway obstruction can occur as a result of trau- matic injury or from nontraumatic lesions. In the nontrauma patient, airway obstruction caused by oropharyngeal edema can be due to 1) infection, in- cluding epiglottitis, or retropharyngeal abscess, 2) an anaphylatic or allergic reaction, 3) smoke or inhala- tion injury, and 4) caustic or chemical injury. Ob- struction due to a foreign body can occur in the non- trauma patient (often a toddler who swallows and aspirates a small toy, a peanut, or other object) or in the trauma patient, who may aspirate loose teeth, fragments of fractured bone, other tissues, or blood. In the nontrauma patient, oropharyngeal obstruction from a mass lesion or stenosis has many causes, in- cluding: benign tumor, cancer, polyp, congenital de- formity, anatomical variant, stenosis, or web. In the trauma patient, obstruction can occur secondary to massive swelling or edema, and also from hemor- rhage, or disruption, or displacement of various structures in the oropharynx. With maxillofacial, cervical spine, head, or neck injuries, the trauma patient may have several prob- lems or complications that make endotracheal intu- bation difficult or impossible to perform.

Cricothyrotomy - ScienceDirect

Cricothyrotomy
The Journal of Emergency Medicine
Cricothyrotomy
Abstract
Keywords
References

 Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

 create

lower

morale,

and

less

effective

workers. Consequently,

this

can

produce

poorer

outcomes

for

children

and

families. One

of

the

reasons

that

child

case

workers

prematurely

leave

their

jobs

is

thought

to

be

exposure

to

Secondary

Trauma

(Siegfried,

2008). High

turnover

increases

agency

costs

in

the

recruiting,

hiring,

and

training

of

new

staff. Prevention: “Experience

has

shown

that

a

systemic

prevention

program

can

maintain

helpers’

wellbeing

and

decrease

individual

and

organizational

losses

like

turn

over

(Stamm,

2002).” By

showing

recognition

of

secondary

trauma

agencies

can

begin

to

show

workers

that

the

agency

cares

about

their

health

and

well-being. Education

on

trauma

informed

care

including

secondary

trauma

is

crucial

in

prevention

and

in

the

retention

of

workers. Agency

acknowledgement

helps

to

reduce

the

stigma

and

silence

around

the

impact

of

their

cases. Knowing

others

are

experiencing

similar

affects,

feeling

supported

and

prepared

to

deal

with

cases

can

reduce

the

negative

impacts

on

caseworkers

and

decrease

the

potential

for

secondary

trauma.

Secondary Traumatic Stress Overview
Secondary

Traumatic

Stress

Overview

Definitions:

Common

Sources

of

Secondary

Traumatic

Stress:

Statistics:

How

to

recognize

it?

Affects:

Prevention:

Methods:

Current

Practices:

create

lower

morale,

and

less

effective

workers. Consequently,

this

can

produce

poorer

outcomes

for

children

and

families. One

of

the

reasons

that

child

case

workers

prematurely

leave

their

jobs

is

thought

to

be

exposure

to

Secondary

Trauma

(Siegfried,

2008). High

turnover

increases

agency

costs

in

the

recruiting,

hiring,

and

training

of

new

staff. Prevention: “Experience

has

shown

that

a

systemic

prevention

program

can

maintain

helpers’

wellbeing

and

decrease

individual

and

organizational

losses

like

turn

over

(Stamm,

2002).” By

showing

recognition

of

secondary

trauma

agencies

can

begin

to

show

workers

that

the

agency

cares

about

their

health

and

well-being. Education

on

trauma

informed

care

including

secondary

trauma

is

crucial

in

prevention

and

in

the

retention

of

workers. Agency

acknowledgement

helps

to

reduce

the

stigma

and

silence

around

the

impact

of

their

cases. Knowing

others

are

experiencing

similar

affects,

feeling

supported

and

prepared

to

deal

with

cases

can

reduce

the

negative

impacts

on

caseworkers

and

decrease

the

potential

for

secondary

trauma.

Raynaud’s Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | U.S. News A Patient's Guide to Raynaud's Syndrome
A Patient's Guide to Raynaud's Syndrome
Types
Primary Raynaud's.
Secondary Raynaud's.
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatments
Lifestyle Changes
Medications
Surgery
Health Care Providers That Treat Raynaud's Syndrome
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 Repetitive actions like typing on the computer over extended periods of time or trauma to the fingers or toes can also lead to secondary Raynaud's. It's sometimes seen in workers who are continually exposed to strong vibrations from drills and other vibrating devices. Hand and foot injuries, frostbite, smoking and certain medications can also contribute to developing this Raynaud's type, which tends to appear in adults in their 30s and 40s. With secondary Raynaud's, patients are more likely to need to take medication to control it and experience long-term complications if it's not well-controlled. Causes
No definitive cause has been established for primary Raynaud's syndrome. However, because it commonly runs in families, often begins in adolescence and tends to improve with age, it's believed to be inheritable, Wigley says. For secondary Raynaud's syndrome, several types of medical conditions may be responsible. Disease-related causes of secondary Raynaud's include the following: Autoimmune diseases such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis. Connective tissues diseases like scleroderma.

Raynaud’s Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | U.S. News

A Patient's Guide to Raynaud's Syndrome
A Patient's Guide to Raynaud's Syndrome
Types
Primary Raynaud's.
Secondary Raynaud's.
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatments
Lifestyle Changes
Medications
Surgery
Health Care Providers That Treat Raynaud's Syndrome
Related Articles

Repetitive actions like typing on the computer over extended periods of time or trauma to the fingers or toes can also lead to secondary Raynaud's. It's sometimes seen in workers who are continually exposed to strong vibrations from drills and other vibrating devices. Hand and foot injuries, frostbite, smoking and certain medications can also contribute to developing this Raynaud's type, which tends to appear in adults in their 30s and 40s. With secondary Raynaud's, patients are more likely to need to take medication to control it and experience long-term complications if it's not well-controlled. Causes
No definitive cause has been established for primary Raynaud's syndrome. However, because it commonly runs in families, often begins in adolescence and tends to improve with age, it's believed to be inheritable, Wigley says. For secondary Raynaud's syndrome, several types of medical conditions may be responsible. Disease-related causes of secondary Raynaud's include the following: Autoimmune diseases such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis. Connective tissues diseases like scleroderma.

TRAUMA.ORG: Critical Care: Airway Management
Verification  of Tracheal Tube Placement
References
 TRAUMA.ORG: Critical Care: Airway Management

CRITICAL CARE
SPINAL INJURY
NEUROTRAUMA

Airway Management of the Trauma Victim
The potential  for cervical spine injury makes airway management more complex in  the trauma patient. A cervical spine injury should be suspected  in all injury mechanisms involving blunt trauma. Patients with injury  above the clavicles are at increased risk, and this is increased  4-fold (9) if there is a clinically significant head injury (GCS  < 9). Cervical spine injury is often occult, and secondary injury  to the spinal cord must be avoided. Immobilization of the cervical spine must  be instituted until a complete clinical and radiological evaluation  has excluded injury. Assessment
The fully conscious, talking patient  is able to maintain his own airway and needs no further airway  manipulation. However patients' status may deteriorate at any  time, and ABC's must constantly be reassessed. The following categories of patients  require a definitively secured airway :

TRAUMA.ORG: Critical Care: Airway Management

Verification  of Tracheal Tube Placement
References

TRAUMA.ORG: Critical Care: Airway Management

CRITICAL CARE
SPINAL INJURY
NEUROTRAUMA

Airway Management of the Trauma Victim
The potential  for cervical spine injury makes airway management more complex in  the trauma patient. A cervical spine injury should be suspected  in all injury mechanisms involving blunt trauma. Patients with injury  above the clavicles are at increased risk, and this is increased  4-fold (9) if there is a clinically significant head injury (GCS  < 9). Cervical spine injury is often occult, and secondary injury  to the spinal cord must be avoided. Immobilization of the cervical spine must  be instituted until a complete clinical and radiological evaluation  has excluded injury. Assessment
The fully conscious, talking patient  is able to maintain his own airway and needs no further airway  manipulation. However patients' status may deteriorate at any  time, and ABC's must constantly be reassessed. The following categories of patients  require a definitively secured airway :

ICD-10-CM Code M87 - Osteonecrosis ICD-10-CM Code
M87

ICD-10-CM Code M87
Osteonecrosis
The ICD code M87 is used to code Avascular necrosis
Coding Notes for M87 Info for medical coders on how to properly use this ICD-10 code
ICD-10-CM Alphabetical Index References for 'M87 - Osteonecrosis'
 ICD-10-CM Code M87 - Osteonecrosis
ICD.Codes
ICD-10-CM (2016)
Chapter 13
Section M86-M90
Code M87
Copy Code
Copy Description
ICD-10-CM Code M87
Osteonecrosis
NON-BILLABLE
Non-Billable Code
Non-Billable means the code is not sufficient justification for admission to an acute care hospital when used a principal diagnosis. Use a child code to capture more detail. | ICD-10 from 2011 - 2016
ICD Code M87 is a non-billable code. To code a diagnosis of this type, you must use one of the six child codes of M87 that describes the diagnosis 'osteonecrosis' in more detail. M87 Osteonecrosis
NON-BILLABLE
M87.0 Idiopathic aseptic necrosis of bone
NON-BILLABLE
M87.00 Idiopathic aseptic necrosis of unspecified bone BILLABLE
M87.01 Idiopathic aseptic necrosis of shoulder NON-BILLABLE
M87.02 Idiopathic aseptic necrosis of humerus NON-BILLABLE
M87.03 Idiopathic aseptic necrosis of radius, ulna and carpus NON-BILLABLE
M87.04 Idiopathic aseptic necrosis of hand and fingers NON-BILLABLE
M87.05 Idiopathic aseptic necrosis of pelvis and femur NON-BILLABLE
M87.06 Idiopathic aseptic necrosis of tibia and fibula NON-BILLABLE
M87.07 Idiopathic aseptic necrosis of ankle, foot and toes NON-BILLABLE
M87.08 Idiopathic aseptic necrosis of bone, other site BILLABLE
M87.09 Idiopathic aseptic necrosis of bone, multiple sites BILLABLE
M87.1 Osteonecrosis due to drugs
NON-BILLABLE
M87.10 Osteonecrosis due to drugs, unspecified bone BILLABLE
M87.11 Osteonecrosis due to drugs, shoulder NON-BILLABLE
M87.12 Osteonecrosis due to drugs, humerus NON-BILLABLE
M87.13 Osteonecrosis due to drugs of radius, ulna and carpus NON-BILLABLE
M87.14 Osteonecrosis due to drugs, hand and fingers NON-BILLABLE
M87.15 Osteonecrosis due to drugs, pelvis and femur NON-BILLABLE
M87.16 Osteonecrosis due to drugs, tibia and fibula NON-BILLABLE
M87.17 Osteonecrosis due to drugs, ankle, foot and toes NON-BILLABLE
M87.18 Osteonecrosis due to drugs, other site NON-BILLABLE
M87.19 Osteonecrosis due to drugs, multiple sites BILLABLE
M87.2 Osteonecrosis due to previous trauma
NON-BILLABLE
M87.20 Osteonecrosis due to previous trauma, unspecified bone BILLABLE
M87.21 Osteonecrosis due to previous trauma, shoulder NON-BILLABLE
M87.22 Osteonecrosis due to previous trauma, humerus NON-BILLABLE
M87.23 Osteonecrosis due to previous trauma of radius, ulna and carpus NON-BILLABLE
M87.24 Osteonecrosis due to previous trauma, hand and fingers NON-BILLABLE
M87.25 Osteonecrosis due to previous trauma, pelvis and femur NON-BILLABLE
M87.26 Osteonecrosis due to previous trauma, tibia and fibula NON-BILLABLE
M87.27 Osteonecrosis due to previous trauma, ankle, foot and toes NON-BILLABLE
M87.28 Osteonecrosis due to previous trauma, other site BILLABLE
M87.29 Osteonecrosis due to previous trauma, multiple sites BILLABLE
M87.3 Other secondary osteonecrosis
NON-BILLABLE
M87.30 Other secondary osteonecrosis, unspecified bone BILLABLE
M87.31 Other secondary osteonecrosis, shoulder NON-BILLABLE
M87.32 Other secondary osteonecrosis, humerus NON-BILLABLE
M87.33 Other secondary osteonecrosis of radius, ulna and carpus NON-BILLABLE
M87.34 Other secondary osteonecrosis, hand and fingers NON-BILLABLE
M87.35 Other secondary osteonecrosis, pelvis and femur NON-BILLABLE
M87.36 Other secondary osteonecrosis, tibia and fibula NON-BILLABLE
M87.37 Other secondary osteonecrosis, ankle and foot NON-BILLABLE
M87.38 Other secondary osteonecrosis, other site BILLABLE
M87.39 Other secondary osteonecrosis, multiple sites BILLABLE
M87.8 Other osteonecrosis
NON-BILLABLE
M87.80 Other osteonecrosis, unspecified bone BILLABLE
M87.81 Other osteonecrosis, shoulder NON-BILLABLE
M87.82 Other osteonecrosis, humerus NON-BILLABLE
M87.83 Other osteonecrosis of radius, ulna and carpus NON-BILLABLE
M87.84 Other osteonecrosis, hand and fingers NON-BILLABLE
M87.85 Other osteonecrosis, pelvis and femur NON-BILLABLE
M87.86 Other osteonecrosis, tibia and fibula NON-BILLABLE
M87.87 Other osteonecrosis, ankle, foot and toes NON-BILLABLE
M87.88 Other osteonecrosis, other site BILLABLE
M87.89 Other osteonecrosis, multiple sites BILLABLE
BILLABLE
M87.9 Osteonecrosis, unspecified
The ICD code M87 is used to code Avascular necrosis
Avascular necrosis (AVN), also called osteonecrosis, bone infarction, aseptic necrosis, and ischemic bone necrosis, is cellular death (necrosis) of bone components due to interruption of the blood supply. Without blood, the bone tissue dies and the bone collapses. If avascular necrosis involves the bones of a joint, it often leads to destruction of the joint articular surfaces. ( see Osteochondritis dissecans). Specialty: Orthopedics
MeSH Code:

ICD-10-CM Code M87 - Osteonecrosis

ICD-10-CM Code
M87

ICD-10-CM Code M87
Osteonecrosis
The ICD code M87 is used to code Avascular necrosis
Coding Notes for M87 Info for medical coders on how to properly use this ICD-10 code
ICD-10-CM Alphabetical Index References for 'M87 - Osteonecrosis'