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So a couple of days ago, Kansas City Chiefs wide receiver Dwayne Bowe was said to have dry snitched on his teammates in an ESPN interview (which can be read here) in which he allegedly said that his veteran teammates would import "talent" on the road. Today, when encountered by reporters after practice, he changed his tune and is now saying that he was misquoted by ESPN The Magazine, who has let it be known that there is audio of the interview to validate what they reported.
Here are the transcripts of Bowe's exchange with the reporters after practice today courtesy of the Kansas City Star:
Reporter: But you were misquoted?
Bowe: "Definitely it was misquoted."
Reporter: So how was it taken out of context?
Bowe: "The way he took it was totally not the way that I said it. It's over now."
Bowe also says he can't remember if he actually spoke to the writer of the article or not.
Bowe went on to deny that anything like that happens on the road. He said his teammates were OK with him.
He was also asked about his conversation with Todd Haley.
"He just said, 'D-Bowe, you know what you've got to do. This is not your first time getting into something. Get yourself out, do the right thing.' I apologize to the (Hunts), my teammates and the guys I put in a bind."
Gary Belsky of ESPN The Magazine later responded to Bowe's claims:
"We have no reason not to believe it," Belsky says. "He was being honest. Players are honest with us and they know that we will deal with them fairly. We quoted him at length. We didn't cut out anything that was significant or that would have changed the nature of the comments."
I don't know who Bowe is trying to fool at this point; it's clear that he slipped up and dry snitched on his teammates, and is now trying to backtrack because he realized that he has broken the code. What you mean you can't remember if you actually spoke to the writer? You're not Trent Green, you don't have any concussions; give it up. The writer has you on tape, dude, no escaping that. My advice to Bowe at this point is to take the initiative and put in some overtime on MySpace, line up some consolation imports for preseason as a gesture of apology to the teammates that you dropped dime on. I know if I were one of the teammates he dropped in that situation, I would be tweeting Bowe's number to @iHateKatStacks as punishment ASAP.


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Three current phishing gambits and email-borne malware currently getting past normally efficient email filtering.
Unfortunately, we'll be meeting phishing mails and malware campaigns for a while yet. My friend and colleague Urban Schrott of ESET Ireland has advised me of a massive run of targeted scam emails spamming Irish mailboxes, all with various attempts to scam Permanent TSB customers. The emails come with subject lines like "Your access to Open24 online banking has been locked", "Your account has been temporarly suspended", "We found suspicious activities on your account – Please read details!", "Permanent TSB – Customer Notice", "Open24 Internet Banking Account Notification" and they arrive from spoofed email addresses like firstname.lastname@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com, email@example.com, These addresses are all engineered to reassure recipients these addresses are the real thing. However, I've been seeing what appears to be a similar upsurge in phishing and other malicious emails in the UK, and they seem more than usually successful at bypassing spam filters maintained by major email providers and ISPs.
When you're smiling…
Perhaps the Smile phishers I mentioned in my previous blog are among my readers (for international readers, Smile is the Internet arm of the UK's Co-operative Bank). Anyway, it seems these phishers have picked up on the fact that the old-school all-text phishing email is less likely to convince nowadays than one that actually includes a logo. Preferably one that's really associated with the bank or financial institution from which the email is supposed to originate. And yes, the latest little beauty I've received actually contains a Smile logo. Or to be precise, a link to a Smile logo that can be found as a .GIF on the real bank's web site. And here is the message text.
Dear Client,
Our technical security services department has notified an
error on your account, which may lead to your account
For you to gain access back to your account. you are required
to follow the instructions below
- Instructions
- All Smile Bank customers are required to fill their
account information properly.
- Failure to do so will be automatically de-activated from
its account from our database.
We are sorry for the inconvenience this may caused you
and thank you for banking with us.
Smile Banking.
Some of the other characteristics of the previous text-only messages such as the meaningless reference numbers and the long disclaimers have disappeared. However, the social engineering hook remains: that is, the threat we might summarize as "Click on this [object, in this case a link] or something bad will happen [we'll trash your account!]
For the Journey
Subsequently, I received on the same account a somewhat similar phishmail that appeared to originate with Lloyds TSB (though the text-only format and the blatantly wrong email address llyods.tsb@theaspenmodellingcompany dot com weren't very convincing).
Dear Customer,
We are unable to process an incoming payment to your account due
to difficulties in verifying your Account.
Please download the file attached to this email , fill out the
information required to review your account and press continue.
Because email is not a secure form of communication, this email
box is not equipped to handle replies.
Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter.
Internet Banking Security,
Lloyds TSB Banking Group
Well, I think they've proved the point about email not being a secure form of communication. The phishing component is an attachment called Your Lloyds TSB Secure Account Details.htm. It looks a lot more convincing, with its Lloyds TSB logo, lots of links that go directly to pages on the real site (in case you can't remember your password, for example: very helpful of them to provide that, though of course it's for their benefit, not yours), a reassuring padlock icon copied directly from a Lloyds TSB page, and so on. The big gun in the scammer's armoury here, though, is the form below. (Links and some other content and formatting have been removed.)
How can I tell that this site is secure?
Welcome to Internet Banking
Complete security verification required.
Please enter your information correctly below to proceed
User ID: [ ]
Password: [ ]
Memorable Information: [ ]
Mobile Number: [ ]
Home Phone Number: [ ]
Date of Birth (dd/mm/yyyy): [ ]
Remember my user ID [ ]
Tick this box to save your user ID on this computer. This won't save your password though. You'll still have to enter it each time you want to access your account.
Warning: Don't tick this box if you're using a public or shared computer
Tip – We'll never ask you to enter your security details on a pop up window
This is a pretty good example of a phish that uses enough of the real site's security features to give it lots of credibility without actually hampering its ability to circumvent those features. Moral: what looks like a security site to you could be full of tricksy little holes, and might not even be a site. Go to a URL you know you can trust, not something linked from an email. I particularly like the tip at the end: since this is an HTML attachment, there is no need for a pop-up window, but that sure doesn't mean it's a safe form.
Sign up for fake security
Unfortunately, I inadvertently deleted another phishing email on my phone before I could capture it as an image. It was apparently from Lloyds TSB, but with a more interesting hook, but I can't give you the precise wording. The gist of it, however, is this:
- A generic description of what phishing is. (Not very accurate, but no worse than that of some banks: maybe lifted from a bank site.)
- A recommendation that I sign up for security alerts.
- A link to a site that was definitely not Lloyds/TSB, and presumably to a form that requires you to enter sensitive details in order to 'sign up.'.
Full marks for chutzpah, I guess.
A parcel you don't want to open
And finally, here's a recent example of a type of malicious email very similar to those flagged by Dancho Danchev earlier this month.
This time, the malicious code is in the attachment, which is not, of course, a postal receipt. This isn't phishing, as such, though there's an element of identity theft, of course. The aim here is to give a remote attacker full access to the victim's machine, which is recruited into a botnet. There's nothing new about delivering malware in the form of an email that ostensibly comes from a parcel carrier service, but the fact that the campaign is still continuing suggests that it's been successful. Not surprisingly, given the time of year.
Mind the gap
If you're looking at these and thinking "so what? It's the same old low-grade jive!" think again. Right now malware and phishing forms apparently from reputable companies seem to be particularly successful at getting through mail services with exceptionally good filtering. Now, as ever, you need to be aware that you can't rely on mail provider filtering and security software to protect you from all attacks. But scepticism and common sense will go a long way towards plugging the gaps in your defences.
David Harley CITP FBCS CISSP
ESET Senior Research Fellow

subset: commoncrawl


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Roster of Licensees
The South Dakota Board of Hearing Aid Dispensers and Audiologists licensee roster is a free service intended to provide general information to both the public and the licensees. While the Board makes every attempt to provide exact and reliable information, in no way is the roster meant to serve as an official list of licensees from the Board. Further, the Board does not guarantee the accuracy of every item of information provided and accepts no liability for damages of any kind resulting from reliance on information contained in the roster. To receive official licensure information, please contact the Board directly.


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- Trails 越野路徑指南
- Hong Kong Island
Dragon's Back
由入口開始,沿路都係泥路同石路,又有好多樹 根,適合新手練習,非常過引。有經驗既車友可 到中段既梯級抬車上山嶺,又推又抬,落斜路段 要睇人,見到行山人士要大聲講早晨,大家要禮 讓。落斜會最後落返涼亭。
如果唔上梯級,直去會到達涼亭。再由原路返回 入口,全程約6.5km,啱哂半日團。
Dragon's Back is a small trail situated in Shek O Country Park, it's the only open trails among all HK island trails
A small dragon lost on a big island
The trails is located in Shek O Country Park, it's a section of the Hong Kong Trail (from Tai Tam Gap to To Tei Wan). It's the only trail open to cycling on Hong Kong Island. It's worth a try if you live on the island and don't have time to go beyond it for a ride.
Getting There
Generally, the options are (in order from easiest to hardest);
(1) Get a taxi or hire van to take you to the Tai Tam Gap Correctional institute (aka Lai Chi Rehabilitation Centre). This allows you to use, on the trail, the time and energy which you would otherwise use in getting there.
(2) If you are keen to cycle up to the trail, it is easiest to do so from Chai Wan. Make your way to Wan Tsui Road (from Chai Wan MTR, make your way around the roundabout and take the exit toward the Hing Wah Estate). Once on that road, turn left at the first set of traffic lights onto Lin Shing Road. At the t-junction, turn right onto Cape Collinson Road and follow it all the way up until you get to Shek O Road. Turn left and the Institute is a few metres along the road, on your left. While the roads in question are not flat, this should not take most riders more than 20-30 minutes. The other advantages of taking this route are that Cape Collinson Road is one-way, and that there is relatively traffic compared to options (3) and (4). For more information on using the MTR to get around HK with your bike, see the Transportation Guide.
(3) If you want to cycle there from Central - north side - it is much nicer to cross-over to the south side via Wong Nai Chung Gap (road) and to follow Repulse Bay > Beach Road > Stanley Road > Tai Tam. It is unlikely that anyone on an MTB will be able to do this in less than 75 minutes. The penultimate segment alone is a long, grinding ride up Tai Tam Road toward Shek O (from the Tai Tam Reservoir) and will probably take quite a lot out of most riders. At the roundabout, turn right onto Shek O Road and you will see the institute/steps on your left after about 100m.
(3) The other way is to go from Shau Kei Wan through Chai Wan road (6 lines, very steep uphill ride with lots of traffic), followed by a long portion of cycling along Tai Tam Road (slightly less steep uphill, narrow and busy single lane), before turning left at the rounabout.
To the trailhead
To the right of the Correctional Institute driveway you will notice some stone steps. Climb the steps until you come out on road. Ride a short distance and you pass through a gateway. Here you will see a "Bicycles Permitted Sign"
The trail
Turn right onto the start of the trail. This first section is wide and fast, with a few technical sections and stream crossings to negotiate..
After around 15 minutes riding, the trail takes a sharp left turn up a washed-out set of steps to the main Dragon's Back trail. Here you have two options, continue along the contour trail or turn left up the steps to ride the ridgeline
The Contour trail
The contour path that continues relatively smooth and fast with few obstacles and should be followed to its' logical conclusion. You can then return the same way back to the start point or descend the obvious stone steps leading down to the Shek O Road.
The Ridge Line
Alternatively if you are up for something more challenging you can try the ridgeline that is technical and hard going. Climb the washed out steps on the left, once on the ridgeline proper follow the trail as it undulates and descends to the end of the peninsular. At t he end of the trail you need to turn around and ride the trail in reverse.
Download the Trail Finder here: Trail Finder - Dragon's Back (1.6 MB) or the handy Route Finder: Route Finder - The Dragons Back (923.9 kB)
{mosmap kml='http://hkmba.org/google_maps/HK-Island/hk-island-open.kml'|lightbox='1'}


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Real Housewives' Dina Manzo Separates from Husband of Seven Years
Former Real Housewives of New Jersey star Dina Manzo and her husband Tommy have separated after seven years together.
Early Saturday morning, Manzo broke the news on Twitter: "My secret...I have been separated since October, my head hurts but Tommy & I will always share a very special love."
RIP Jelena and TomKat! Check out the most shocking celebrity splits
"So grateful for the support of my loved ones during this time, especially my spiritual friends. You know who u are," she added.
Manzo also noted that her 17-year-old daughter Lexi from a previous marriage is her "biggest supporter." "Tommy adores her & they will remain close," Manzo said.
Throughout Manzo's tenure on the series, Tommy never appeared, though his brother Albert Manzo, who is married to Dina's sister Caroline, was often filmed.
View original Real Housewives' Dina Manzo Separates from Husband of Seven Years at TVGuide.com
Other Links From TVGuide.com


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Dear Marvin,
On a recent trip back from Venezuela, where I was the chief official for the Pan-American Mountain Bike Championships, I was able to make the most of an eight-hour layover in Miami by visiting Calle Ocho. After a short cab ride, I was quickly enjoying the hospitality of Little Havana's many cigar factories and stores. I visited the El Credito factory, where Katia Diaz allowed me to walk around on the factory floor and observe as the artisans created cigars right before my very eyes, and then made my way down the street to the Cuba Tobacco Cigar Co., where I enjoyed a very nice maduro robusto. I then stopped in with the nice people of Top Cigars before making my way eventually to Art District Cigars after a great lunch at El Pub. At Art District, I enjoyed another great cigar with the owner, Marcos A. Incer.
Needless to say, without the timely arrival of my Cigar Aficionado magazine and its feature on Little Havana, there is no way I would have been able to enjoy all of this cigar cornucopia. You see, I was reading the article as I was flying from Venezuela to Miami, when the idea that I could leave the airport during my layover and visit Calle Ocho dawned on me. Talk about a sweet idea!
Once there, the article in the magazine served as a walking guide to all of the sights, which allowed me to see all that I wanted to in the few hours that I had available.
Thanks again for a great magazine and for facilitating this little gem of a trip for me.
Michael Drolet
Bromont, Quebec, Canada
Dear Marvin,
As I write this missive I am recovering from a very successful prostatectomy. But just a few weeks before the operation I was working too far away from home, all the while nervously contemplating the surgeon's knife. I admit I wasn't handling it very well.
I am an optimistic person by nature and a performer by profession, so I was able to put on a fairly confident face for my friends and family. But a demanding workload and travel schedule combined with the weight of my impending prostatectomy had eventually caused me to crumble a bit behind my mask of self-assurance. So one night after working late out of town, I took a much-needed break and escaped to the balcony of my hotel room for some private time with the comfort of a friendly cigar. Basking in the glow of one of Mr. Fuente's finest (although certainly not his most expensive), I slowly rediscovered one of the most beneficial side effects of cigar smoke—contemplation. There, with the luxury of time and quiet solitude, my blessings became as perceptible as the stars that slowly appeared in the clear Florida sky.
Yes, I was facing a scalpel, but it would be in the hands of an excellent surgeon. My doctor's idea of recreation is pulling himself up mountaintops; surely pulling out a cancerous prostate would not be much of a challenge for him.
Yes, I would have to deal with an uncomfortable and in some ways demeaning recuperation, but I have a loving wife and caring family who would be there to support and console me. And that doesn't include my numerous friends who had already shown their encouragement with many kind words and off-color jokes.
Yes, I felt bullied by my cancer, but I had at my disposal the invaluable insight of my older brother, who had his own prostate removed years before. As the clouds of delicious smoke ghosted away, they seemed to carry with them my deepest concerns.
Marvin, as a longtime subscriber of your magazine, I have read about your many events that have benefited the fight against prostate cancer. Those efforts have brought money for research and, perhaps more importantly, crucial awareness to countless men—myself included, who subsequently proceeded to get their PSA levels tested. I thank you and all those involved for that. And allow me to remind those readers who may be facing their own battle with this daunting disease that in this day and age, the transition from cancer patient to cancer survivor can be a short journey indeed (a journey I fully intend to make). And may I suggest that when they feel overwhelmed by their condition, they take a moment to stop and smell the cigar smoke.
David DeBoy
Baltimore, Maryland
Dear Marvin,
Cigar events do not educate the public about smoking cigars. The people that go to those events are smokers like myself. The only way to stop the smoke-free madness is to stop going to cities where smoking is prohibited.
Doing this will hurt the wallets of the businesses, who will then turn to their politicians to change the law. If all the smoking population in each city would stop going to the restaurants for one month, then the owners would see the drop-off in revenue. That's when the wheel will start rolling.
Carlos Gonzalez
Miami, Florida


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World Trigger 2nd Season
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Mobile Marketing Solutions
Why Bowling Centers Should Use Text Marketing Video
BPAA members can now enroll into a mobile marketing through 3Seventy, a leading provider in mobile marketing solutions. The application will allow independent bowling centers throughout the United States the ability to provide low-cost, high end text message marketing and mobile websites through.
Each center will be provided with an easy to use text messaging platform and mobile website builder; which starts as low as $11.99/mo. All BPAA members can instantly sign up for the service at http://www.3seventylocal.com/BPAA
Mobile Payment Application: "Tabbedout"-Lucky Strike Lanes
Upscale bowling center, Lucky Strike, has invested into a secure mobile payment system for patrons called Tabbedout. Tabbedout is a free mobile application (for iPhone's and Androids) that allows customers control tabs with their phone. It also allows centers to operate within their native POS set up.
Lucky Strike currently has the application running in eight of its locations, including flagships in Hollywood, two Chicago locations, Boston, Orange County, Denver, Philadelphia and San Francisco. The goal of the application is to allow customers a safe option to store their credit and debit card information, thus enabling them to keep track of purchases and allow wait staff and service the ability to sell and serve food and drink.
"Tabbedout is unique in that it is deeply integrated with our POS system, which made it simple to install and enables customers to securely pay directly from their own device," said Steven Foster, CEO and Co-Founder of Lucky Strike.
"We want to create a guest experience that offers the latest amenities and keeps guests coming back. With Tabbedout, guests no longer have to wait for a server to bring them the check; we are ensuring they can focus on having a good time and we can focus on serving our customers."
If your center would like to inquire about Tabbedout, visit their website at http://www.tabbedout.com or merchant support


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The Basics
First you need to know how your toilet works. It consists of two parts: the tank and the bowl. Your house has a supply line that brings water into the tank, where a float stops it from filling past a certain point. When the toilet flushes, a flapper opens up between the tank and the bowl, allowing the water to flood into the bowl, flushing the contents of the toilet. This also causes the float to drop, which then starts calling for more water from the supply line. Once the tank is filled again and the float reaches its high point, the water shuts off and the toilet lies in wait for the next flush.
The toilet has two safeguards to prevent the escape of noxious gases and odors from the waste line. First, the shape of the drain line within the toilet forms a "trap." The trap creates a pocket of water that completely fills the drain line, forming a plug that prohibits any gases from escaping. The other safeguard is the wax ring. This is a semimalleable ring installed at the connection between the toilet bowl and the waste pipe. The wax ring forms a thick seal at the joint that is resistant to water and gases. You'll replace this ring when you swap out your toilet.
Out With the Old
Removing your old toilet is a two-step process—emptying the water and then removing the fixture. To clear the water, shut off the supply line that heads to the tank. This prevents any new water from getting to the toilet. There should be a valve at the wall, or near the floor if the line comes from there. Then flush the toilet. That will empty out the majority of the water; unfortunately, you will need to deal with the remainder manually. You can get some of it with a Dixie cup, but near the end you'll need to switch over to a sponge to do a thorough job. Wear gloves.
More From Popular Mechanics
Credit: flickr / KiltBear
Once the bowl and tank are empty, it's time to take the loo apart. First, disconnect the supply line from the toilet tank by unscrewing the connection at the bottom of the tank. Do the same with the two or three nuts that hold the tank to the bowl. Once they're unthreaded, lift off the tank and set it aside.
Removing the lower half of the toilet is just as easy, but maneuvering it can be tricky because of its awkward shape. At the base of the bowl are two caps, one on each side, that hide small mounting bolts. Pop off the caps with a flat-head screwdriver and unthread the nuts from the bolts.
To physically move the bowl, it's easiest to straddle it and lift it straight up. The toilet is sealed to the waste line with the wax ring, so you might have to rock it back and forth a little to break the seal. Before you actually move the bowl, lay down an old towel or rag to set it upon—you don't want to get the wax all over your bathroom floor.
In With the New
Before you install the new toilet, remove the old wax ring from the waste pipe. It doesn't need to be perfect, but you shouldn't leave any large chunks. Whatever you can scrape off with a putty knife should be fine.
Next, apply a new wax ring to the waste pipe. (You buy the ring from a hardware store. Just make sure it's room temperature when you install it.) It's best to apply the new wax ring on the pipe, rather than on the toilet, for a couple of reasons. Once the wax is in place you can use it to hold the mounting bolts in a vertical position. And if you put the ring on the toilet first, you risk it falling or shifting during installation.
The next step is to install the bowl. Lower it over the waste line so that the mounting bolts line up with the holes in the base of the toilet—this will also align the wax ring with the outlet of the bowl. Once the bowl is in place, apply downward pressure until the toilet is secure.
Now thread the nuts onto the mounting bolts. When they start to get snug, trade off between the bolts until they're tight. Don't overtighten or you'll risk cracking the ceramic bowl.
The tank goes on next, and it's just a matter of lining up the holes and threading the nuts on. You want all of the nuts tightened equally, so give each one a few turns and rotate on to the next until they're all tight. Again, be careful not to overtighten.
At this point, it's safe to reconnect your water line to the underside of the tank. Once that's done, open up the valve and watch the tank fill. Make sure that there is nothing obstructing the float. Give the unit a few flushes and check for leaks. Then take some silicone and caulk around the base of the toilet, where it meets the floor, for a more polished look.


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Oceana Hotels & Restaurants
- East Overcliff Drive
- BH1 3AG Bournemouth (Dorset) - UNITED KINGDOM
- Tel: 01202 298350
- firstname.lastname@example.com
Please use the tabs below to view information on policies and other documents. There are PDF links for you to view and download the full documents if required.
Third Party Card Form
Guests are required to present the card they used to make payment at the time of booking, allowing us to verify the card as part of our ongoing fraud prevention policy. If you are unable to present the card used at time of booking this form needs to be completed by the person paying.
Privacy Policy
At OCEANA Hotels we are committed to protecting your privacy. We will never sell or pass on your personal data to external third parties and we take this responsibility seriously. We use the information we collect to provide a superior experience. To find out more click the link below…
Lost Property
Our lost property office is open from 10am to 6pm Sunday to Friday for enquiries. If you believe an item has been left in the hotel, please call or email the specific hotel direct between these hours. We will need a full description of the item, with as much additional information as possible. For phone numbers and email addresses use the CONTACT link on this website.
If the item is found and confirmed, you may collect during the lost property opening hours of 10am to 6pm Sunday to Friday. Alternatively we can post it to you for a minimum charge of £5. ALL unclaimed lost property will be given to charity after a period of 30 days. Due to the very large volume of lost property we cannot keep it on the premises longer than this.
Cumberland Vibrant Weekends
As one of Bournemouth's largest leading destination seafront hotels, the Cumberland is known as a vibrant place at weekends. Boasting full occupancy with an outstanding reputation for events and often poolside DJ's retro pool parties, for visitors looking for a more subdued stay, the Cumberland Bournemouth is an ideal place to stay midweek.
One of Europe's only purpose built Art Deco hotels, The Cumberland offers guests total relaxation yet is only minutes walk from Bournemouth's vibrant centre with its café society, superb shopping and beautiful gardens. An additional attraction is the use of two associate hotels directly next door, The Suncliff and The Ocean Beach.
Bournemouth Room Allocations
Please note that there are three hotels in our Bournemouth resort. There could be occasions when Oceana Hotels may need to allocate your reservation to one of the sister hotels next door. We aim to give you prior notice, otherwise you will be notified on arrival. We apologise for any inconvenience this may cause.
We Care
We actively seek out employees that enjoy hospitality and that truly care about you, our guest. Paramount is endeavouring to make ALL our guests enjoy their stay, regardless of who they are.
Under onsite personal directorship we are continually monitoring our standards and at the same time trying to make a difference to the environment through recycling programmes and strict control of waste be it laundry, detergents or power.
Although our goal is perfection, we know we cannot achieve this at all times and always welcome your comments and suggestions. Please feel free to E-mail our manager.
Gay Hotel Bournemouth
With our multi cultural policies to business and employment we believe our progressive style of hotel management is a perfect fit for lesbian and gay travellers. We support Bournefree Gay Pride and many national media organizations. Many of our meeting and banquet facilities are perfect for your event, we are also licensed for civil ceremonies.


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Contact Us
our difference
Caring about what we do
What we do – and the way that we do it – can affect the world around us. We take that responsibility seriously. That's why we always focus on health and safety, and conduct ourselves ethically, giving thought to the environment and supporting our customers and the communities where we operate. Protecting our information, processes and systems, as well as those of our customers, suppliers and other business partners, is our utmost priority.
Working in safe, responsible and honest ways
From designing our equipment, to installing and operating it, health and safety is our top priority – for our people, our customers and our communities. That's why, wherever we operate, we fully comply with regulations, follow strict standards when operating our equipment, and work with honesty and integrity. What's more, we contribute to the communities we partner with. From hiring and training local people, to investing in children's welfare, education and health.
Tapping into alternative fuels and energy
We're always looking for ways to be progressive in the way we approach power. One of the ways we do this is with generators designed to work with biodiesel. And on gas rigs, we can reclaim and purify excess natural gas and use it to fuel generators. Looking to the future, we're also developing renewable energies. These will include batteries and modular solar panels.
Keeping the noise down
Generating power can be a noisy business – but it doesn't need to be. That's why we've developed sound-proofed generators that reduce noise levels to industry-leading standards. And at night, we can switch your operations to battery-operated hybrid power to make sure your operations don't disturb the people around you.
Finding ways to be more efficient
We believe you shouldn't burn more fuel or use more energy than needed. We match our equipment to the job, so you don't pay for more power than you need – or waste energy on excess heating, cooling and dehumidification. What's more, our remote monitoring service gives you the option of leaving us to manage your fuel levels, so that we can respond quickly to changes in demand.
Tell us what you need
Get in touch and we'll help find what's right for you


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The Terms and Conditions of Carriage are part of the UPS shipping contract and contain the general terms and conditions under which UPS is engaged in the transportation of packages in its own territory and jointly through interchange with its affiliates.
UPS Terms and Conditions of CarriageOpen the link in a new window
UPS tracking solutions show the progress of your shipment every step of the way, across town or around the world.
Remarkable services that go beyond shipping and tracking to help you expand your business.


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Maintaining confidentiality of student records is everyone's responsibility whether you are faculty, staff or student.
Annually, Loyola University New Orleans informs students of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974, as amended. Review this annual notice to students »
This Act (formerly known as the Buckley Amendment), which the institution intends to comply with fully, has been designated to protect the privacy of educational records. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) affords students certain rights with respect to their education records.
The following is considered "Directory Information" at Loyola University New Orleans and may be made available to the general public unless the student notifies the Office of Student Records in person or in writing before the last day to add classes:
Student's name, telephone numbers, all addresses, e-mail address, place of birth, college, major, honors, awards, photographs for University publications/web site use, classification, dates of enrollment, enrollment status, degrees conferred, dates of conferral, graduation distinctions and the institution attended immediately prior to admission.
For additional information on Loyola's policy, please visit the FERPA web site.
If you believe that your FERPA rights have been violated by Loyola University New Orleans, you may submit your complaint to the FERPA Compliance Office in Washington, D.C. Students should call (202) 260-3887 to obtain a complaint form. For privacy reasons, your allegation will not be discussed via email. Once you receive the complaint form, it should be mailed to:
Family Policy Compliance Office
U.S. Department of Education
400 Maryland Avenue, SW
Washington, DC 20202-8520
The Family Policy Compliance Office reviews and investigates complaints of violations of FERPA. If the Office finds that there has been a failure to comply with FERPA, it will notify the institution about the corrections that need to be made to bring the institution into compliance. The Office will establish a reasonable period of time for the institution to voluntarily accomplish the specified changes.
If the Secretary of Education finds, after this reasonable period of time, that an institution has failed to comply with FERPA and determines that compliance cannot be secured by any means, he can, among other options direct that no federal funds under his administrative control (financial aid, education grants, etc.) be made available to that institution.
When a student reaches the age of 18 or begins attending a postsecondary institution, regardless of age, FERPA rights transfer from the parent to the student. However, Loyola University New Orleans recognizes that many parents are concerned about their students academic progress. If their son or daughter is claimed as a dependent on their income tax, we will provide academic and financial information to either parent upon proof of identity. The parents are also given access to Lora for Parents. Students who are not claimed as a dependent must continue to provide authorization to the parent(s) to access the records. Parents must obtain a signed consent from their child to receive non-directory information. The Office of Student Records keeps that consent on file and the authorization is flagged on screen 11 of the Student Records System. Should a parent contact you regarding their child, you must check for this authorization prior to releasing that information. If the authorization does not exist, you must not discuss the student with their parent and advise the parent that their child must give us written authorization before you are allowed to do so. Once a student withdraws or graduates, the parent no longer has automatic access to their son or daughter's record. Download an authorization to disclose information to parents of non-dependent student form »
Just about any information provided by a student to the university for use in the educational process is considered a student educational record:
Student educational records may be:
The public posting of grades either by the student's name or social security number without the student's written permission is a violation of FERPA. This includes the posting of grades to a class website and applies to any public posting of grades for students taking distance education courses.
Instructors and others who post grades should use a system that ensures that FERPA requirements are met. This can be accomplished either by obtaining the student's written permission or by using code words or randomly assigned numbers that only the instructor and individual student should know.
Notification of grades via a postcard violates a student's privacy rights.
Notification of grades via e-mail is not recommended. There is minimal guarantee of confidentiality on e-mail. The institution would be held responsible if an unauthorized third party gained access, in any manner, to a student's educational record through any electronic transmission method.
Loyola provides a secure web application for students (LORA) to view their academic record. In addition to the social security number, a student must also supply a self-assigned PIN, which is a second level of security, to view these records.
Disclosing FERPA-Protected Information via Email
Email is an official means of University communication. FERPA does not prohibit the use of email for transmitting FERPA-protected information to a student or authorized third party.
Faculty and staff should use email with caution appropriate to (1) the level of sensitivity of the information being disclosed, (2) the likelihood of inadvertent disclosure to someone other than the intended recipient, and (3) the consequences of inadvertent disclosure to someone other than intended recipient.
As a general rule, email should contain the least amount of FERPA-protected information as possible. The subject line should never include FERPA-protected information. The body of an email should not contain highly sensitive FERPA-protected information, such as a social security number, financial information, the student's grades or the student's grade point average. Extra care must be taken to protect high-risk confidential information in both electronic and paper form.
Statements made by a person making a recommendation that are made from that person's personal observation or knowledge do not require a written release from the student. However, if personally identifiable information obtained from a student's educational record is included in the letter of recommendation (grades, GPA, etc.), the writer is required to obtain a signed release from the student which:
This letter should be kept as part of the student's educational record and the student has the right to read it unless he or she has waived that right to access.
Sample Student Release –
I give permission to Prof. Smith to write a letter of recommendation to:
Allstate Insurance
324 Wilkins Drive
Atlanta, GA 33011
Prof Smith has my permission to include my gpa and grades.
I waive (or do not waive) my right to review a copy of this letter at any time in the future.
Nothing in FERPA allows an institution to discuss a student's educational record publicly – even if a lawsuit has made the information a matter of public record. A school official may not assume that a student's public discussion of a matter constitutes implied consent for the school official to disclose anything other than directory information in reply. Additionally, university employees should follow university policy regarding the release of information to the media. The official spokesperson for the university is the Director of Public Affairs.
What is "legitimate educational interest"? In accordance with FERPA, a school official has a legitimate educational interest if the official needs to review an education record in order to fulfill his/her professional responsibility. This includes such purposes as:
providing services for the student or the student's family, such as health care, counseling, job placement, or financial aid.
What is NOT "legitimate educational interest"? Legitimate educational interest does not convey inherent rights to any and all student information. The law discriminates between educational interest, and personal or private interest; determinations are made on a case-by-case basis. Educational interest does not constitute authority to disclose information to a third party without the student's written permission.
To avoid violations of FERPA rules, DO NOT:
Resource: The AACRAO 2012 FERPA Guide
For more detailed information on FERPA visit these web pages:
In compliance with the Solomon Amendment, Loyola University will provide the following information to any branch of the Armed Forces for the purposes of recruiting:
If a student requests that Student Records withhold directory information under FERPA, your restriction will be honored and not released.
Revised Fall 2015


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Tag Archives: Democracy
The People must be Represented not Parties!
THURS 23rd JAN 7.30pm Metropole Hotel, MacCurtain Street, Cork. guest speakers Luke 'Ming' Flanagan TD Dr. Liam Weeks, UCC (Department of Government, UCC) & speakers from The People's Convention Representation for the People, not Political Parties! We must encourage independent People's Candidates, committed to our communities


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Individualized Studies
College of Education and Human Development
Some students in the College of Education and Human Development decide late in the four-year sequence that they do not wish to complete their methods, student teaching, and/or internship. To accommodate students who choose or do not qualify for their original program of study, the college has a plan whereby students with at least a 2.0 accumulative grade point average may select Individualized Studies as a vehicle for bachelor's degree completion.
Students desiring an Individualized Studies program must consult with a college advisor in the Student and Academic Services Office. If an Individualized Studies program is approved and the student is in a licensure program, the student is no longer eligible for licensure. If a student decides to pursue licensure after graduating with an Individualized Studies major, he or she must file an application (available in the College of Education and Human Development Student and Academic Services Office). Individualized Studies graduates may not return to the University to seek teacher licensure for a period of AT LEAST ONE ONE YEAR following graduation. At that time, Individualized Studies graduates must appeal to pursue licensure and must meet program/state licensure expectations/requirements for the desired license determined by current program, university, and state requirements/policies.
Updated: 10/12/2018 02:04PM


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The History and Treatment of the Papyrus Collection at The Brooklyn MuseumAntoinette Owen and Rachel Danzing
The Brooklyn Museum possesses one of the most important collections of papyri in the United States. The collection is a rich source for study and publication by Egyptian scholars and papyrologists, yet it was not until 1990, in preparation for a storage upgrade and for reinstallation of new Egyptian galleries, that the collection was reviewed for the first time by the conservation department. This situation is not surprising considering the scarcity of conservators specializing in papyrus. At The Brooklyn Museum this material became the responsibility of the paper conservation department from necessity and through an interest, on the part of the paper conservators, to undertake the study of papyrus and to discover whether certain paper conservation techniques could be successfully adapted to the conservation of papyrus.
The initial phase of conservation, begun in 1990, was a search of the conservation literature and various publications in order to compile a comprehensive bibliography and article file on the history, manufacture, scientific investigations and research and the reported treatments of papyrus. A second phase of conservation was obtaining papyrus stalks and making sheets in order to become familiar with the material and its manufacture and also to provide samples for experimentation and testing of various conservation treatments. The third phase involved investigations into appropriate housing for exhibition and storage and the final phase of conservation was the examination, analysis and treatment of papyrus from the collection.
A papyrus sheet is a laminate structure composed of fibers running vertically in one layer and horizontally in the other layer. This is what gives papyrus it's characteristic grid pattern when viewed in transmitted light. The sheets are made from the triangular, inner pith of the Cyperus papyrus L., a sedge plant, which often reaches 9-18 feet in height. In antiquity, the plant grew abundantly along the banks of the Nile River, in marshy areas. At present the plant grows indigenously in the area of the upper Nile in the Sudan and along the Ciane River near Syracuse, Sicily. Recently it has been cultivated near Cairo.
After the stalk of the plant is cut its green outer rind is removed exposing a soft, white pith. The pith material is composed mainly of cellulose (54-68%) and lignin (32-24%); the proportions are based on variables such as age, manufacturing process and environmental effects [Weidemann and Bayer 1983, 1230]. A magnified cross-section view of the pith reveals parenchyma cells surrounding vertical fibrovascular bundles and hollow air ducts. The fibrovascular bundles transport food and water from the roots to the flowerhead and give rigidity to the structure. The hollow air ducts provide buoyancy to the stalk. In transmitted light it is the vascular bundles which appear as the dark perpendicular lines and the parenchyma cells which form the translucent matrix.
Theories of Manufacture of Papyrus
It is surprising that a detailed record of the process by which the Egyptians transformed the pith of the papyrus plant into sheets has never been found. The Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder describes papyrus making in his Natural History XIII,[Hendricks 1980] and [Lewis 1974] but his account is obscure and open to several interpretations and many believe he did not actually see the process first hand.
The most commonly held theory on the manufacture of a papyrus sheet is as follows: strips were cut longitudinally along the pith either parallel through the triangular shape or along the sides of each triangular face. The strips were then laid down on a smooth surface, parallel to each other and slightly overlapping. Then a second layer of strips are laid on top of and perpendicular to the first. This laminate sheet was then rolled and/or pressed.
A second, more recent theory of the ancient manufacture of papyrus sheets was derived from an interpretation of Pliny's description of the process. The pith was not cut into strips but was peeled continuously down to its core [Hendricks 1984, 31]. Two of these peeled layers were then pressed together perpendicular to each other to form a single sheet. According to Wallert, these different manufacturing processes (strip vs. peeling) result in distinct and characteristic surface textures which are sometimes visible with a scanning electron microscope and, at times, with a stereo microscope [Wallert 1989].
Disagreement surrounds the nature of the bond between the two perpendicular layers. Pliny describes the "muddy water" of the Nile River as having the "effect of glue" but all research to date discounts this point. Wiedemann and Bayer believe the addition of a starch adhesive between the layers was common in ancient papyri manufactured before 300 BC and they have identified with microscopy a starch layer between the papyrus laminates in over 50 microtome cuts of ancient samples [Weidemann and Bayer 1983, 1222]. However, no such use of starch has yet been found in any papyri of the Graeco-Roman period [Cockle 1983, 149]. Hepper and Reynolds have postulated the bond is inherent in the cell sap of the pith which is composed of vegetable gums (arabans and galactans) with adhesive-like properties [Hepper and Reynolds 1967, 156-57]. A persuasive argument is made by Ragab that the main reason for bonding between layers is physical rather than chemical and occurs during pressing [Ragab 1978]. The ovoid parenchyma cells, which surround both hollow air spaces and vascular bundles, when cut have a cupped shape. When the two strips of papyrus are pressed together, the parenchyma tissue on the surface of one strip is forced to merge into the hollow air spaces on the surface of the other strip forming a dovetail-like join. Upon drying, these interlocking tissues undergo appreciable shrinkage and form a tight bond, assuring adherence of the strips.
Experimental Papyrus Manufacture at The Brooklyn Museum
In addition to studying the published literature on the subject, the conservation lab obtained papyrus stalks from both the Brooklyn and the New York Botanical Gardens and performed a variety of experiments in order to better understand the nature of the material and its structure and to prepare for treating the collection. The following summarizes our findings.
- The pith can be cut into translucent, thin strips and, though it is difficult to achieve uniformity of thinness along the strips, with much practice a certain uniformity was probably achieved. Interestingly, in transmitted light an uneven translucency could sometimes be seen in many ancient papyrus sheets.
- It is possible to successfully peel the pith into layers but again, it is difficult to achieve uniformity of thinness along the peeled layer; there are some gaps and holes as well as thicker bumps. With much practice uniformity was probably achieved. The resulting papyrus sheet in transmitted light looked remarkably similar, upon first glance, to papyrus sheets made from strips.
- We know that no adhesive is necessary to form a sheet but that heavy pressing (we used a screw press) is critical. All papyrus sheets formed in the lab with no adhesive but heavy pressing resulted, upon drying, in smooth, intact sheets. On the other hand, papyri formed without adhesive but only light pressing or air drying resulted, upon drying, in shrinkage across the grain to form individual, unattached strips, rather than sheets. These unattached, shrunken strips were rewetted and placed in a screw press and upon drying they formed a smooth intact sheet. This indicates that heavy pressing plays a large role in achieving good sheet formation.
- The intact sheets which were formed with pressing and no adhesive could not be easily separated when later immersed in water; after soaking for four days, the horizontal and vertical layers remained reluctant to part. This indicated the use of moisture treatments on ancient papyri should not cause unwanted separations.
- It was also noted that when the above mentioned soaked sheets were allowed to air dry (rather than pressed) there was considerable distortion of the sheet and several areas of delamination. This indicated that all wet treatments should be followed by pressure drying.
- Adhesive (starch paste) was used to paste layers together to form sheets: some were pressed until dry and others were not. With the papyri which were not pressed, the adhesive alone was not strong enough to restrain the shrinkage of the fibers and the resulting disruption of the sheets. The papyri which were pressed until dry formed smooth, intact sheets. This seems to indicate that starch adhesive plays a minor role in achieving good sheet formation.
- Beating or hammering of the wet strips when forming the sheet caused distortions which remained after pressing; rolling of wet strips did not cause this distortion. Sometimes these types of distortions were noted in ancient papyri and may have been caused in this way.
- A papyrus sheet made of a single layer of strips when pressed forms a smooth intact sheet for writing but is less flexible than a double layer cross-laminated papyrus when rolling into a scroll.
- Prior to pressing, the color of the pith and resulting sheets changed from bright white to yellow brown to dark brown by increasing the soaking time and rolling of the strips. Basile believes the aluminum sulfate found in natron, a salt present in the Nile waters composed primarily of carbonates and bicarbonates of soda, prevents the papyrus from darkening and that this fact was known in ancient times [Basile 1972,902]. Opinions in the literature are that a freshly made ancient papyrus sheet was of a white, light yellow tone [Cerny 1947, 6-7]. Interestingly, sheets formed in the lab which had a yellow/tan tone were bleached to a bright white by exposure to sunlight in a window for a period of several months. Given the lignin content of papyrus this was a surprising result.
Much additional research is needed to answer the questions concerning ancient manufacturing techniques; it is possible various methods were used throughout the nearly 4000 years of papyrus manufacture. By whatever method the sheets were made, the height and width of a sheet adhered to set dimensions which varied in different dynastic periods [Cerny 1947]. It is thought that these sheets may have been made in factories [O'Casey and Maney 1973, 16] which also produced rolls by attaching sheets together with starch. An adhesive was necessary in these cases because the attached sheets were already dry, but these joins are often barely discernible. Approximately 20 sheets to a roll was most common. There were at least six different qualities of papyrus produced in the Ptolemaic period and described by Pliny. Scribes usually wrote on the horizontal or recto side of a roll. This side was always the side rolled inward, the vertical side forming the outside of the roll [Cerny 1939, XVII] and the rolling began from left to right.
Writing implements were made from a particular type of rush which was feathered to produce brushes [Lucas 1962, 364-65], while reeds were sharpened to make pens [Cerny 1947, 12]. The inks were made of pigment and gum ground together and formed into small, solid cakes [Lucas 1962, 362]. The brushes and ink were often held in palettes made of wood or ivory; many of the palettes in TBM's collection have residual black and red ink still visible in the cake receptacles. The most common writing ink was carbon black or soot bound with gum. Although mention is made in the literature of iron gall and sepia also being used, examples of these have not been found in TBM collection. Rubrics, text written in red ink to distinguish chapter headings, opening words and the beginning of new sections were composed of red ochre and gum. A variety of pigments, also thought to have been mixed with gum, were used for creating vignettes.1
The Brooklyn Museum Collection of Papyri
The Museum's collection comprises over three hundred individual documents and is well represented by examples of Egyptian, Greek and Coptic papyri as well as a few fragments of Latin, Arabic and Pahlevi. The oldest papyri dates from the IV and V Dynasties (approximately 2400 BC), but the majority of the collection is from the Late Period through the Ptolemaic Period (1100-30 BC). A large number of the papyri are devoted to religious aspects of Egyptian civilization such as magical texts and the Books of the Dead. There are also papyri which represent aspects of the non-religious, everyday life such as medical texts and legal documents.
Some of the papyri exist only as very small piles of fragments, others are intact as rolls (some well over 20 feet in length) but are inaccessible to scholars and the public because their deteriorated condition prohibits their unrolling, study or exhibition. The majority of the papyri, however, upon entering the collection in the 1930's and 1940's, were flattened and cut into shorter sections from the original rolls, and sandwiched, often randomly, between glass and sealed with tape. These glass sandwiches were stacked in large, heavy drawers located in an uncontrolled climate area of the Museum until 1990, when they were moved to the Museum's newly renovated, climate controlled storage.
The general condition of the papyrus collection in The Brooklyn Museum is poor as a result of age, improper previous treatment, questionable housing methods, and poor climate control. Most of the condition problems found on the papyri were similar to those often seen with works on paper. For example, previous restorations such as Western paper backings and repairs made with many small pieces of pressure-sensitive tapes were noted. Inherent problems included deterioration of the papyrus from the corrosive action of copper-containing pigments and flaking paint. Staining and resinous-like accretions were found on the surfaces of many pieces. Environmental factors influence the condition of papyrus as well. Fluctuations in humidity contributed to the growth of mold and to salt migration on the surface of many papyri stored within glass sandwiches. Evidence of insect damage was observed with associated losses in the papyrus. Several pieces have symmetrical losses which span the sheet, indicating the damage occurred while the papyrus remained rolled. In a few cases, inactive egg casings were found as well as insect impressions in the paint layer.
Preservation: Rehousing and Treatments
The paper conservation laboratory was responsible for treating and preparing fourteen papyri in preparation for the reinstallation of new Egyptian galleries. Before treatment was begun, however, a new housing system to replace the glass sandwiches was developed. Working with the curators to determine the research and handling needs of the collection, a framing system was designed to accommodate easy viewing, handling and exhibition of the papyri.
The papyrus is placed within a 2-ply ragboard inlay or window which follows the contour of the papyrus but does not come closer than 3/16" to its edge. The papyrus is secured to the window at various points with small, toned strips of Japanese tissue and wheat starch paste. The window and papyrus rest against a 4 ply ragboard and this package is sandwiched between two pieces of Plexiglas2, the top being ultraviolet filtering. This sandwich is sealed with polyethylene tape and placed within a specially designed Plexiglas box. The two ply window will create a small space between the glazing material and the papyrus, and the rag boards will act as an absorbing material for any off-gassing of the papyrus as it ages. This system allows for easy exhibition and handling and will serve as a storage housing as well.
Many traditional conservation methods were successfully applied to treat the papyri. Conservation techniques employed include consolidation, solvent treatment, joining and repair, aqueous treatments such as blotter washing and humidification, stain reduction and enzyme treatments. The use of facings and the vacuum suction table were found inappropriate. Bleaching and float washing have not yet been tried.
A. Consolidation
Consolidation of the pigment layers, especially the more thickly applied paint, and papyrus surface fibers was often necessary before further treatment was begun. Paint layers were generally quite friable and appeared to have little binder. As mentioned, according to Lucas, gum was predominately used for binding inks and pigments. Paint surfaces varied greatly but many examined were found to be poorly ground and often chunks of undispersed pigments were seen under magnification. In certain cases where Egyptian blue (a calcium-copper silicate) had been applied, only granules of pigment were observed with little of their "paint" quality remaining.3 Much testing was done to find the appropriate consolidant which would act as a sufficient binder without darkening the paint or the papyrus support. A number of consolidants were tested in the paper lab including Klucel G (hydroxypropyl cellulose) in ethanol, B-72 (ethyl methacrylate/methyl acrylate copolymer) in diethylbenzine, methyl cellulose in both water and ethanol, gelatin, and funori, a mucilage made from seaweed. Only funori adequately secured the paint without darkening the paint or papyrus.4
B. Tape Removal
Many fragments had been adhered with numerous small pieces of pressure-sensitive tape before they had been placed inside glass sandwiches. While this "conservation" method may have saved many small fragments from being lost, removal was necessary due to the non-archival nature of the adhesive and because many of the joins held with the tapes were not perfectly aligned. Acetone was found to dissolve the adhesive on most tapes while leaving the carrier undissolved. By flooding the tapes with the solvent and slowing evaporation with a mylar cover for approximately 10-15 minutes, the tapes and adhesive could be mechanically removed. In a small proportion of papyri a second type of pressure sensitive tape was encountered which did not successfully respond to acetone. Ethanol and toluene were employed to swell the adhesive, which then had to be removed with tweezers or cotton swabs soaked in solvent (applied over a lens tissue). None of the solvents employed appeared to have any effect upon the papyrus or the paint layers.
C. Joining and Repairs
Joining and alignment of fragments was easily accomplished using the microscope and a light box. The numerous patterns created by the fibers (vascular bundles) provided a guide for exact alignment of the fragments. It was possible to determine losses as small as the width of a single fiber when joining the edges of two fragments. The light box and the microscope were also useful in identifying fragments which had previously been joined in error by scholars who were unable to detect their exact positions without the aid of a microscope. Fragments with vertical fibers joined on the horizontal side of the sheet were identified as restorations previously placed within the papyrus as "filler" pieces. Although adjustments and realignments changed each join only slightly, when carried out over an entire papyrus it resulted in recognizable visual changes. An example of this is a vignette from Thebes which dates from October 14, 651 BC and measures approximately 12" (H) X 46" (W). In the early 1950's, the fragments of this scroll had been positioned and joined with tape by scholars. The papyrus, in this joined form, was published in 1962. Using a microscope, however, we were able to correct alignment of many parts of the vignette, such as the bottom of garments, the tops of heads and other prominent design lines.
Repairs were made using toned, handmade sheets of Kozo tissue and dilute wheat starch paste. These repairs were sufficient to hold the fragments in place. Their reversibility is facilitated by cut rather than feathered edges. The tiny hairs of feathered edges tended to pull the papyrus fibers and necessitated using more moisture, while the smooth edged tissue tended to grab less when removed.
D. Humidification and Aqueous Treatments
With humidification and aqueous treatments papyrus rapidly absorbs moisture, swells and then tends to rapidly loose moisture. With humidification papyrus becomes temporarily more flexible and when fully wetted is quite malleable. Fragments which were so warped they skewed the proper alignment and attachment to each other were successfully coaxed into their original shape and brought into alignment with use of ultra-sonic vapor. Because papyrus so rapidly absorbs moisture, it easily becomes saturated if ultra-sonic humidity is applied for too long.
Discoloration within papyrus easily moves with the application of water. It was observed that papyrus fragments which were over-humidified or wetted but not fully "washed" usually darkened in tone, but that wetted fragments which were thoroughly washed between blotters lightened in tone. The difference, we assume, is that overall wetting and thorough washing provides a means for diffusion of the discoloration. For this reason it was found best to either fully saturate the papyrus, when possible, and allow thorough overall washing on blotters to occur, or to judiciously limit the amount of moisture applied to only light ultra-sonic humidification. In fact, washing between wet blotters has been very successful; discoloration moves quickly into the blotters, without disturbance of inks. Some papyri with text and drawings in black and red inks have been blotter washed for several hours. A papyrus with painted vignettes was also blotter washed but with Gore-tex cut-outs protecting the painted areas while allowing the papyrus to wash. Brittle, lifting fibers on the surface of the papyrus are often found to reattach following washing and pressing. Blotter washing was also sufficient to allow removal of paper backings attached with animal glue.
As noted local washing and even heavy humidification can cause darkening and tidelines, therefore tests were undertaken to reduce local stains on the vacuum suction table. Water had difficulty penetrating the thickness of the papyrus sheet and tended to run along the fibers of the papyrus rather than down through the sheet. This localized washing was uneven and caused mottling of the sheet.
E. Enzyme Treatments
The application of an enzyme was used to facilitate the removal of a backing attached with a starch based adhesive. This was undertaken when it became evident that water alone would not successfully dissolved the backing adhesive.5 A 0.01% solution of alpha amylase6 in deionized water was brushed onto the backing during blotter washing of the papyrus piece. The piece was kept under a warm lamp to allow the enzyme to work within its optimum temperature range. After approximately 25 minutes the backing was mechanically removed and blotter washing was continued in order to remove excess enzymes, adhesive residues and discoloration.
F. Facings
The technique of applying temporary supports or facings to the recto of fragile, fractured papyri prior to removing backings or mounts has been reported in the literature [Walker 1988] and [Fackelmann,M. 1985]. Several mounted papyri examined in the lab appeared to be candidates for facing. Several facings were tested on the papyrus samples manufactured in the lab. A Japanese machine made paper, RK-0 from Paper Nao, was used for the facing tissue and the adhesives tested were BEVA (a proprietary adhesive) flocked onto tissue; Lascaux 360 (a butyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate copolymer dispersiion) in water at various dilutions; and 10% B-72 in acetone. After drying, the faced samples were immersed in the appropriate solvents to remove the tissue and adhesive. They were then assessed for any textural changes, adhesive residues or loss of medium. Similar tests were carried out on several, small, ancient non-placeable, papyrus fragments. Although B-72 proved to be the quickest and easiest adhesive to reverse, we came to the conclusion that in removing the facing the papyrus was subject to more manipulation than when using a wet blotter alone as its support. The wetness of the blotter actually held hair-like fibers on the papyrus in position during removal of a lining and the blotter could be removed from the face of the papyrus with little disruption or pulling.
Seven separate pieces have been treated for installation in the new Egyptian galleries and seven additional pieces will be treated for rotation.7 We find it remarkable, as examination and treatment of the papyrus collection continues, how appropriate paper conservation methods are in the treatment of papyrus. The program of conserving this collection is just beginning and improvements and refinements are expected as our expertise increases. Additionally, many challenges remain such as the treatment of several intact, uncut scrolls over 20 feet in length. These works pose a whole new set of questions concerning their treatment, housing, storage and exhibition.
We would like to thank the Egyptian Classical and Middle Eastern Art Department and The Brooklyn Museum for supporting a one year contract position to assist the Paper Conservator in developing and executing a program of papyrus conservation. We are especially indebted to Paul O'Rourke, Research Associate, whose reading of hieroglyphs and knowledge of Egyptian chants and spells enabled him to configure (out of thousands of tiny fragments) cohesive documents which we could then begin to place together. Mark Wypyski, Research Scientist at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, gave generously of his time and expertise. He performed SEM/EDS analysis on our pigment samples providing valuable information, and he allowed us to view and examine papyrus layers using the SEM.
Abercrombie, John R. "Egyptian Papyri." Expedition. (Winter 1978), 32-37.
Alexander, Shirley. "Notes on the Use of Gold Leaf in Egyptian Papyri." The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 51 (1965), 48-52.
Banik, Gerhard and Herbert Stachelberger. "Salt Migration in Papyrus Fragments." Recent Advances in the Conservation and Analysis of Artifacts, Jubilee Conservation Conference Papers. Compiled by James Black, University of London Institute of Archaeology, 1987, 199-201.
Barns, J.W.B. "The Placing of Papyrus Fragments." Proceedings of the IX International Congress of Papyrology. Oslo, 1958 (1961), 134-8.
Basile, Corrado. "A Method of Making Papyrus and Fixing and Preserving it by Means of a Chemical Treatment." Conservation of Painting and the Graphic Arts. IIC Preprints of Contributions to the Lisbon Congress, Oct 9-14, 1972, 901-905. The International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, London.
Basile, Corrado. "Metodo usato dagli antichi Egizi per la fabbricazione e la preservazione della carta-papiro." Aegyptus 57 (1977), 190-199.
Bell, Lilian A. Papyrus, Tapa, Amate and Rice Paper: Papermaking in Africa, The Pacific, Latin America & Southeast Asia. Liliiaceae Press, Oregon, 1985.
Blachard, Alain. "Les papyrus litteraires grecs extraits de Cartonnages: etudes de bibliologie." Ancient and Medieval Book Materials and Techniques. Erice, Sicily, 18-25 September, 1992, 1-19. Ettore Majorana, Centre for Scientific Culture.
Caminos, Ricardo A. "Some Comments on the Reuse of Papyrus." Papyrus: Structure and Usage. Occasional Paper, no. 60 (1986), 43-61. Ed. by M. L. Bierbrier, British Museum.
Camac, C.N.B. "The Papyrus Industry of the Ancients." Proceedings from the Charaka Club. 7 (1931), 72-80.
Cerny, Jaroslav. Paper and Books in Ancient Egypt. University College London, 29 May 1947. H.K. Lewis and Co. LTD, London.
Cerny, Jaroslav. "Late Ramesside Letters." Bibliotheca Aegyptiaca 9 (1939), Bruxelles.
Clere, J.J. "The Collection of 'Book of the Dead' Papyri in The Brooklyn Museum." The Brooklyn Museum Annual 9 (1967-68), 88-93.
Cockle, W.E.H. "Restoring and Conserving Papyrus." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London 30 (1983), 147-165.
Donnithorne, Alan. "The Conservation of Papyrus in the British Museum." Papyrus: Structure and Usage. Occasional Paper, no. 60 (1986), 1-23. Ed. by M. L. Bierbrier, British Museum.
Ebers, G. "The Papyrus Plant." The Cosmopolitan 15 (1893), 677-682.
El-Hamidi, A. and El-Gengaihi, S. "Photochemical Investigation of Cyperus Papyrus." Pharmazie, Vol. 30, H. 8, 1975.
Elliot, Frances and Eric Harding. "A Modern Approach to Papyrus Conservation: Materials and Techniques as Applied at The British Museum." Papers from the 10th Anniversary Conference' New Directions in Paper Conservation'. Oxford, 14-18 April, 1986. Part 2. The Paper Conservator 11 (1987), 63-68. Ed. by Nicholas Pickwoad, The Institute of Paper Conservation.
Evans, Debra. "Funori: A Short Description, Recipe, and Source." American Institute for Conservation Book and Paper Group Annual 3 (1984).
Evans, Debra, Doris Hamburg, Meredith Mickelson. "A Papyrus Treatment: Bringing the Book of the Dead to Life." Papers Presented at the Art Conservation Training Programs Conference, April 1980, 109-125. University of DelawareWinterthur Art Conservation Program.
Fackelmann, Anton. "The Restoration of the Herculaneum Papyri and Other Recent Finds." University of London Institute of Classical Studies Bulletin 17 (1970), 144-147.
Fackelmann, Michael. Restaurierung von Papyrus und anderen Schrifttragern aus Agypten. Terra Publishing Co., Zutphen, Holland, 1985.
Fosse, Brynjhulf and Knut Kleve. "An Easy and Cheap Method of Removing Papyrus From Gesso Cartonnage." Symbolae Osloenses 56 (1981), 171-9.
Gilberg, Mark. "Antonio Piaggio and the Conservation of the Herculaneum Papyri." Early Advances in Conservation. Occasional Paper, no. 65 (November 1988), 1-6.
Hedrick, Charles, W. "Some Techniques in the Placement of Papyrus Fragments." The Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 13, no. 4 (1976), 143-55.
Hendricks, Ignace H. M. "Pliny, Historia Naturalis XIII, 74-82 and the Manufacture of Papyrus." Zeitschrift Fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik 37 (1980), 121-136.
Hendricks, Ignace H. M. "More About The Manufacture of Papyrus." Atti del XVII Congresso Internazionale di Paperologia 1 (1984), 31-37. Centro Internazionale per lo Studio dei papiri Ercolanesi, Napoli.
Hepper, Nigel. "Of Ships and Shoes and Ancient Scribes." Kew (Autumn 1991), 10-13. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Hepper, F. N. and T. Reynolds. "Papyrus and the Adhesive Properties of its Cell Sap in Relation to Papermaking." Extract from the Journal of Egyptian Archeology 53 (1967), 156-157. The Egyptian Exploration Society, London.
Hunt, A.S. "The Damping Out and Flattening of Papyri." The Oxyrhynchas Papyri 50 (1983), n.p. The British Academy by the Egypt Exploration Society.
Jones, M. B. and T. R. Millburn. "Photosynthesis in Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.)." Photosynthetica 12, no. 2 (1978), 197-199.
Kowalik, R. and I. Sadurska. "Microflora of Papyrus from Samples of Cairo Museums." Studies in Conservation 18, no. 1 (February 1973), 1-24.
Kowalik, R. "Microbiodeterioration of Library Materials, Part 2 and Microbiodeterioration of Basic Organic Library Materials, Chapter 4." Restaurator 4 (1980), 135-171.
Lewis, Naphtali. Papyrus in Classical Antiquity, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1974.
Lewis, Naphtali. "Open Letter to I.H.M. Hendricks and E.G. Turner." Zeitschrift Fur papyrologie Und Epigraphik 42 (1981), 293-294.
Lucas, A. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries. Histories & Mysteries of Man LTD, London, 1989.
Lucas, A. "The Inks of Ancient and Modern Egypt." The Analyst 47 (1922), 9-15.
McGovern, J. N. "Bonding in Papyrus and Papyrus-like Mats." Tappi, 65 (May 1982), 159-162.
McGovern, J. N. "Papermaking-Methods Developed by the Egyptians and Still Used Today." Pulp and Paper (August 1978), 112-114.
Nedelcheva, M. and S. Gabir and TZV HRistov. "On the Behavior of Lignin Isolated from Cyperus papyrus L. in Aqueous Solutions of Sugars." Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 8 (1974) 79-88.
Noack, Gisela. "Conservation of Yale's Papyrus Collection." American Institute for Conservation Book and Paper Group Annual 4 (1986), 61-70.
O'Casey, Ian V. and A. S. Maney. The Nature and Making of Papyrus. The Elmete Press, Yorkshire, England, 1973.
Pattie, T. S., and E. G. Turner. The Written Word on Papyrus. Exh. cat. British Museum, London, 30 July - 27 October 1974. British Museum Publications Limited.
Payne, Joanna. "Notes and News: Dr. Ragab Papyrus Institute." The Paper Conservator Newsletter (22 November 1983).
Pintaudi, Rosario. Handwritten translated notes from "Il Restauro dei papiri: note proposte, esemplificazioni." Bulletin of the Patalogia del Libro di Roma 30 (1978).
Posner-Krieger, P. "Old Kingdom Papyri: External Features." Papyrus: Structure and Usage. Occasional Paper, no. 60 (1986), 25-41. Ed. by M. L. Bierbrier, British Museum.
Ragab, Hassan. "A New Theory Brought Forward About the Adhesion of Papyrus Strips." I.P.H. Yearbook of Paper History 1 (1978), 113-130. 14th International Congress of Paper Historians, Manchester, 1978.
Sauneron, Serge. "Some Newly Unrolled Hieratic Papyri in the Wilbour Collection of The Brooklyn Museum." The Brooklyn Museum Annual 8 (1966-67), 98-102.
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Sturman, Shelley. "Investigations into the Manufacture and Identification of Papyrus. " Recent Advances in the Conservation and Analysis of Artifacts, Jubilee Conservation Conference Papers. Compiled by James Black, University of London Institute of Archaeology, 1987, 263-266.
Tschudin, Peter. "Papyrus." The Paper Maker 34 (1965), 3-15.
Turner, E. G. Greek Manuscripts of the Ancient World. Oxford at The Clarendon Press, 1971.
Turner, E. G. "An Open Letter to Dr. I. Hendricks.", Zeitschrift Fur Papyrologie Und Epigraphik 39 (1980), 113-114.
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Wallert, Arie. "The Reconstrution of Papyrus Manufacture: a Preliminary Investigation." Studies In Conservation 34, no. 1 (Feb 1989), 1-8.
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Weidemann, H. G., V.G. Muller and G. Bayer. "Old Egyptian Papyrus Investigated by Thermogravimetrical Analysis." Thermal Analysis. Proceedings of the 5th ICTA Conference, Kagaku Gyutsu-sha, Japan, 1977, 373-375.
Wendelbo, Oystein and Per R. Flood. "The Enzymatic Extraction of Papyri from Cartonnage: A Control Study by Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy." Restaurator 2 (1975), 53-59.
Wright, Margot M. The Extraction of Papyri from Cartonnage. May 1980. Dissertation from the University of London, Institute of Archaeology.
1 With the polarizing microscope and SEM/EDS analysis performed by Mark Wypyski at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, we found evidence of orpiment, Egyptian blue, yellow ochre, iron oxides and calcium carbonate on papyrus samples in TBM collection.
2 Plexiglas was chosen as the sandwiching material for several reasons: it has ultraviolet filtering capacity, it is light weight and it has a tendency not to break when handled or dropped. It does impart static electricity, however, and shatterproof glass with ultraviolet filtering capacity has begun to be used directly above the papyrus in most packages. We do not anticipate frequent opening of the Plexiglas sandwiches but, if necessary, a trained conservator would be in charge of this operation.
3 It was surprising to find in our examination of several papyri pieces that deterioration of paint layers and the papyrus below was often associated with Egyptian blue, a pigment considered to be fairly stable and to age well.
4 Preliminary testing at the National Archives indicates that many of the elements found in sea brine such as bromine, chlorine and iron, to name a few, are also present in the seaweed which is cooked to make funori. Further testing in this area is needed. Presoaking of the seaweed prior to cooking might diminish the presence of some of these elements.
5 The fact that some ancient papyri did have a layer of starch between the laminates was taken into consideration. Blotter washing alone could possibly dissolve a starch layer and use of alpha amylase certainly would. Although we did not believe loss of an adhesive would cause separation of the papyrus laminates, it would remove evidence of the sheet manufacture. This was weighed against the fact that the correct alignment of fibers could not be undertaken without removing the backing, which could not be safely removed without the use of a starch specific enzyme.
6 Alpha amylase Type IIA from Bacillus species. Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO 63178. Conservation literature usually recommends an optimum pH of 6.5-7.5 and an optimum temperature range of 37-40° C.
7 We have recommended 12 months at 5 footcandles for those works which have not previously been exhibited in the Museum. After deinstallation these works may not be exhibited for 2 years.Antoinette Owen, Conservator of Paper
Rachel Danzig, NEA Fellow
Brooklyn Museum
Publication History
Received: Fall 1993
Paper delivered at the Book and Paper specialty group session, AIC 21st Annual Meeting, May 31-June 6, 1993, Denver, Colorado.
Papers for the specialty group session are selected by committee, based on abstracts and there has been no further peer review. Papers are received by the compiler in the Fall following the meeting and the author is welcome to make revisions, minor or major.


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NEC Display Solutions Customer Installation Retail
Visual stimulus facilitates the travel agency of the future
When planning a much anticipated vacation, potential travellers are seeking inspiration and easy access to a wide range of options and offers. Well known travel company TUI is rolling out a new store concept using NEC video walls and touch screens which will enhance the traveller experience.
The Challenge
Europe's leading tour operator TUI is embarking on a transformation programme which will see its German network of 450 high street branches carrying the TUI brand. As part of this development, 120 of its travel agencies will undergo a major refurbishment to bring them in line with the TUI store concept.
The TUI Group prides itself on 'making travel experiences better.' By bringing all of its services under one roof with access to the company's hotel portfolio, cruise liners, airlines and tour operators, both on-line and through its travel agencies, TUI is presenting the travel agency of the future. The company's priority is to further enhance the customer experience by inspiring its customers with travel destinations both near and far, and providing easy access to information and offers.
The NEC Solution
Inspire and inform
In choosing the most suitable hardware, a number of equipment brands were put to the test: "We carried out various tests and compared the prices from different providers. No other manufacturer matched the high quality of the NEC products when it came to service and advice. Accordingly we decided upon these solutions", say Oliver Beck, the sales strategy manager at TUI Germany.
In many of the stores, the videowall is located in the window area using NEC display models NEC P553, P703 and P801, the choice of size dependent upon the space available in each branch and their unique requirements. The NEC P series has been designed for very diverse areas, such as digital signage in a retail store or applications in the transport sector and in control rooms. It offers flexible installation options and high performance. This is ideal for use in the branches as the equipment is required to operate continuously on a 24/7 basis.
The interactive ShadowSense (SST) multi-touch displays are used in store to enable customers to quickly and intuitively access information on all available travel destinations. Here the NEC 403SST, 463SST and 553SST models are available.
Both the videowall and touch solutions are integrated with an OPS plug-in solution from NEC enabling all the displays across its nationwide network to be managed and controlled centrally. "We can see this equipment over our network, install content, and detect any failures", Beck tells us.
The Result
"Top quality, the best equipment – and the delivery and the implementation also ran in a professional and efficient manner", Beck informs us. Currently NEC solutions are in operation in 20 travel agencies and in the next few years over 100 further branches bearing the TUI brand name will be fully modernised and furnished with the appropriate technology. Here too the company wishes to rely upon the proven quality of NEC. "We have decided upon a setting which we are constantly installing. Our strategy takes a long-term view – that is paying off," Beck confirms.


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No. 58 Crochet d'étirage
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California gov orders inquiry, averts SF rail strike
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) -- Hundreds of thousands of San Francisco Bay Area commuters got a temporary reprieve from a massive transit strike when Gov. Jerry Brown intervened in a labor contract dispute, but the clock began ticking again with the potent...
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) -- Hundreds of thousands of San Francisco Bay Area commuters got a temporary reprieve from a massive transit strike when Gov. Jerry Brown intervened in a labor contract dispute, but the clock began ticking again with the potential for another strike in less than a week.
Sunday night's eleventh hour order averted the walkout and left the morning commute to proceed normally, without the widespread travel congestion that a strike involving Bay Area Rapid Transit, the nation's fifth-largest rail line, would have created.
Brown named a board of investigators for a seven-day inquiry into the contract dispute that had labor unions poised to walk off the job at midnight Sunday.
But as of Monday afternoon, union leaders said they had not been contacted by the board and it remained unclear whether the board members had met. Union leaders said no negotiations were scheduled.
Brown's order was issued under a decades-old law that allows the state to intervene if a strike will significantly disrupt public transportation services and endanger public health.
It came after BART Board President Tom Radulovich sent a letter to the governor requesting his intervention and a cooling off period of 60 days, BART spokesman Rick Rice said in a statement.
"For the sake of the people of the Bay Area, I urge -- in the strongest terms possible -- the parties to meet quickly and as long as necessary to get this dispute resolved," Brown said in the order.
The board will report its findings to the governor, who can then petition a court to call a 60-day cooling-off period, said Evan Westrup, a spokesman for Brown. The report will explain BART and the unions' positions, but will not find fault or issue a recommendation.
Meanwhile, commuters who rely on BART breathed a sigh of relief. Matthew Purpura, 25, commutes from San Francisco to Oakland, where he works as a coffee roaster. He said he would have borrowed his friend's car to get to work, but the commute would have been a "nightmare."
Alexis Braren, 33, commutes on BART within San Francisco, and walked three miles to her workplace when BART workers went on strike in July. BART service was shut down for four days during that strike, leading to clogged roadways and long lines for buses and ferries. Unions later agreed to call off the strike and extend their contracts until Sunday while negotiations continued.
"It made my life easier, that's for sure," Braren said about BART trains running on Monday.
Despite allegations of stalling late Sunday, earlier in the weekend union leaders cautiously expressed hope for agreement and said progress was being made. But big differences remain on key issues including wages, pensions, worker safety and health care costs.
Employees with BART's two largest labor unions average about $71,000 in base salary and $11,000 in overtime annually. They pay nothing toward their pensions and a $92-a-month flat fee for health insurance, according to BART.
Brown named to the board his senior adviser Jacob Appelsmith, director of the state Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control. He also named Micki Callahan, San Francisco's director of human resources, and Robert Balgenorth, president emeritus of the State Building and Construction Trades Council of California, both who have union backgrounds.
The board will be working under the threat of a potential strike involving another Bay Area transit agency, as a union representing about 1,800 Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District bus operators, mechanics, dispatchers, and other employees gave notice of a strike Monday.
Mohajer reported from Los Angeles.
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press.


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Gulf oil traces spread east on sea floor, researchers say
August 16, 2010 10:10 p.m. EDT
- South Florida researchers find oil traces in undersea Gulf canyon
- Plankton showed "strong toxic response" to the crude, initial results show
- Researchers say the oil could resurface later
St. Petersburg, Florida (CNN) -- Oil from the Deepwater Horizon spill may have settled to the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico further east than previously suspected and at levels toxic to marine life, researchers reported Monday.
Initial findings from a new survey of the Gulf conclude that dispersants may have sent the oil to the ocean floor, where it has turned up at the bottom of an undersea canyon within 40 miles of the Florida Panhandle. Plankton and other organisms showed a "strong toxic response" to the crude, according to researchers from the University of South Florida.
"The dispersant is moving the oil down out of the surface and into the deeper waters, where it can affect phytoplankton and other marine life," said John Paul, a marine microbiologist at USF.
Results of the latest survey are scheduled to be released Tuesday, but CNN obtained a summary of the initial conclusions Monday night. Tests conducted offshore indicate the oil matches the 205-million-gallon Deepwater Horizon spill, which has been temporarily capped for a month, the summary states.
Some of it has spread into the DeSoto Canyon, a channel on the ocean floor east of the ruptured well. That canyon comprises part of the spawning grounds for much of the Gulf's commercial fish. "To date, this is the easternmost location for the occurrence of subsurface oils," the report states.
The oil is not "draping" across the bottom, but is spread out in "small, unevenly distributed droplets," the report states. USF chemical oceanographer David Hollander said that when an ultraviolet light used to detect oil was turned onto the sea floor, "All of a sudden, it turns out to be a constellation of little dots."
And the oil could well up onto the continental shelf and resurface later, Paul said. Or it could be eaten by fish and other animals and accumulate in the food chain, Hollander said.
"It's in such small droplets that you can see it -- you can filter it and see it," he said. "But if you look at it, it's transparent, and small larval fish see these droplets as food so they're ingesting pure oil."
The Environmental Protection Agency has previously reported some oil turning up in the sediment at the bottom of the Gulf, but has not determined whether it came from the Deepwater Horizon spill that erupted in April or whether it was already present. And on August 4, the head of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration warned that oil could persist in the water even though the well has been temporarily capped.
The oil company BP used more than 1.8 million gallons of chemical dispersants on the Deepwater Horizon spill between its eruption in late April and the time the well was capped in mid-July. BP says the chemicals allowed the oil to be broken up into droplets small enough that microbes can digest it, and the Environmental Protection Agency has said the dispersants were no more toxic than the oil itself.
Critics warned the full effect of the dispersants on the food chain was not known and that their use in deep water effectively concealed the full extent of the spill.
NOAA spokeswoman Mary Jane Schramm said on Monday that she had not seen the latest study and couldn't comment on it. BP spokesman John Curry, meanwhile, said the company wants "to know everything everyone wants to know."
The company is responsible for capping, cleaning up and compensating victims of the oil spill, and it has committed to spending $500 million to research the spill's impact over the next 10 years. The latest study will "add another piece to the puzzle," Curry said.
"There will be others that'll want to look at this study and want to look at doing some additional research," he said. "There's been extensive testing up to this point, and I'm sure there will be much more going forward."
CNN's Vivian Kuo contributed to this report.


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1 Bedroom Apartment, Westmark – West End Gate
Edgware Road, Marylebone
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- 4th Floor
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Designed by renowned architects Squire & Partners, winner of The Sunday Times' Architect of the Year and Development of the Year in 2015, West End Gate combines contemporary architecture and traditional craftsmanship. The beautifully crafted and innovative architecture will capture the spirit and character of nearby period buildings, reinterpreting the values of mansion block living into homes designed for the 21st century.
Payment Plan
1st Installment- 20% (Deposit- Immediately)
2nd Installment- 10% (6 months of sale date)
Final Installment- 70% (On Completion)