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The Best Landscape Edging Ideas & TipsUpdated: Mar. 17, 2023
Three simple, attractive, low-maintenance garden and lawn edging ideas to inspire.
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Lawn Edging: Metal: A Nearly Invisible Garden Border
Lawn Edging: Photo 1: Dig the trench
Cut a narrow, 4-in. deep trench with one vertical side along the lawn edge. Shave the vertical edge to smooth out curves. Follow a string line for straight landscape border edging.
Lawn Edging Photo 2: Place the garden edging in the trench
Snap together the 8-ft. landscape borders, drop the garden edging into the trench and lay it against the vertical edge. Cut the final section to length with a hacksaw.
Lawn Edging Photo 3: Support the landscape edgers with stakes
Drive stakes to set the depth at about 1/2 in. above the soil level of the lawn. If the garden edging drops too low, pry it up with the tip of your shovel.
The simplest and most subtle landscape borders that effectively separate your lawn from a garden are 4-in.deep strips of steel, aluminum or plastic. The metal lawn edging bends easily into smooth, graceful curves and stops the spread of grass roots. However, painted aluminum and steel offer the sleekest, most refined garden edging look because they almost disappear against the grass and garden bed. The plastic types of garden edging have a prominent black bulge along the top edge. All work best on fairly even terrain; if you have a lot of dips and rises, it's easier to install a paver border.
Plus: You may want to consider flower bed fencing, if there are pests you need to keep out.
Although aluminum and steel landscape edging cost about the same, we chose aluminum because it was much lighter. It weighs about 41 lbs. per 100 ft., while steel weighs about 225. With aluminum landscape edging, you get a professional look without the heavy lifting.
Plan to set the garden border with the top edge about 1/2 in. above the soil level to maintain the lawn/garden separation and keep roots from crossing over the top. This makes the garden border almost invisible and allows you to mow right over the top. However, be aware that the top of the thin lawn edging can hurt bare feet. After cutting it, make sure you round off any sharp edges with a file.
Follow the photos for the basic garden edging installation techniques. The key to setting this garden border is to cut a clean vertical edge along the grass with a square spade (Photo 1). Then you can lay the garden border tightly against the edge when you stake and backfill it. There's no rule for shaping the edge. Simply follow the edges of your lawn, making smooth, gradual curves.To make smooth, sharp curves, bend the metal lawn edging around a circular form.
The thicker landscaping edgers better withstand those inevitable bumps and hard knocks that go with lawn mowing.
Call your local utilities or 811 to locate underground lines before you dig and install all edging.
Buying Lawn Edging
Steel landscape edging is the most common metal garden edging, although you might not find it at local nurseries. Look for it at larger garden centers or at landscape suppliers, which is where most pros get it. (Search "Landscape Equipment and Supplies" online.) Steel garden landscape edging comes in 4-in. wide by 10-ft. long strips in a variety of colors. Keep in mind that it'll eventually rust, especially in a salt environment. It's heavy, floppy stuff and needs almost full support when you transport it.
Aluminum garden landscape edging, besides being lighter and stiffer, won't rust and is also available in a wide variety of colors. Look for it through landscaping suppliers, although it might be difficult to find. You might have to order it. Be sure stakes are included with your purchase.
You'll find black plastic landscaping edging at every garden center and home center, sometimes in both regular and heavy-duty thicknesses. Buy the thicker landscaping edging material. The thicker landscaping edgers better withstands those inevitable bumps and hard knocks that go with lawn mowing.
A Paver Garden Border: Edging Stones
Photo 1: Identify the garden border
Lay out the border of the lawn edging with a garden hose, using the brick pattern as a spacer. Make curves gradual and smooth.
Photo 2: Dig a wide trench
Dig a 4-in. deep trench about an inch wider than the brick pattern, using a square spade. Cut the edge along the grass smooth and square.
Photo 3: Fill the trench with fabric and sand
Cut landscape fabric to fit the bottom and sides of the trench and dump in about 2 in. of sand. Smooth and flatten the sand with a block of wood.
If you're having trouble deciding between various lawn edging ideas, consider concrete or brick pavers. They make a simple, handsome border and work well as lawn edging material too. They're ideal when you want a wide border that keeps grass out of the garden, yet allows flowers and other plants to spill over without intruding onto the grass. You're less likely to chop them up with the lawn mower.
The paver design shown here also provides a nice, flat surface for the lawn mower wheel to roll along and make a clean cut. You shouldn't have to trim the edges after mowing. Concrete pavers are designed for rugged outdoor use. Brick pavers are too, but don't confuse them with regular bricks, which are typically softer and more likely to break down. Set the pavers in a bed of sand for easier positioning and leveling (Photo 3).
The sand bed that you lay over landscape fabric keeps most grass types from sending roots under the lawn edging and getting into your garden. Paver borders work well for straight, formal gardens but even better for informal yards with gradual curves and varying slopes. You can easily adjust them to follow the contours of an uneven yard. But they won't fit as well on tighter curves unless you alter the design and are willing to cut them to fit with a diamond blade saw.
Use a garden hose to mark the shape and gradual curves of your lawn edging (Photo 1). Don't hesitate to trim the trench a bit here or there as you cut the edge to smooth curves or alter the garden bed shape. For straight borders, follow a tightly stretched string line. Follow the photos for installing the pavers. It's important to set the front edge of the pavers about 1/2 in. above the soil in the lawn so the lawn mower can cut the grass cleanly. We also leveled our pavers from front to back to keep the row from dipping and rising, but it's not necessary and on slopes might look better if set on an angle. Just make sure the top of each paver sits flush with its neighbor and that the front edges create a smooth line. You can go back later and whack them perfectly flush with a block of wood and a hammer or a rubber mallet. The pavers we set on edge are primarily decorative, but they also raise the garden bed slightly and help retain mulch. Set them higher or lower to fit the needs of your garden.
A Raised-Bed Border
Photo 1: Dig a trench
Mark the path of the border with paint, then dig a 4-in. deep trench along the line. Make the width the stone width plus 6 in.
Photo 2: Fill the trench with gravel
Pack in and level a bed of gravel. Keep the height at or below the soil level. If necessary on slopes, plan to step the stone up or down.
Photo 3: Set the first row of stone
Lay the first row of stones about 4 in. back from the grass edge. Push in more gravel or dig it out to align and level them. Wear goggles when chipping stones.
Photo 4: Lay the second row
Stack the second row of stones onto the first, overlapping the joints. Test several stones to find the most stable fit.
Photo 5: Fill the raised bed with topsoil
Lay a strip of landscape fabric against the back of the stones and fill the planting bed with topsoil. Trim off excess fabric later.
A stone wall does more than make a clean border along your lawn. It's a handsome visual statement in itself, a great way to add depth and texture to a flat, featureless yard. It's practical, too.
When looking at paver lawn edging ideas, be sure to explore the variety of stone materials, sizes and shapes to create your ideal landscape border. It also provides good drainage, making it a great solution for low-lying, soggy gardens. And it's a good way to terrace a sloped yard and create nice, flat gardens.
To reduce maintenance we added a 4-in. deep trench that we lined with plastic edging and filled with mulch. The lawn edging keeps grass roots from creeping into the stone wall, and the mulch provides a mowing track for lawn mower wheels. With taller types of grass, you can mow right over the plastic border and cut the lawn edge cleanly. There's no need to trim the grass.
This project doesn't require any special skills, just a strong back. For metal lawn edging you'll need a hacksaw, and for stone lawn edging you'll need a cold chisel. Remember to wear safety googles when installing your landscape edging. Design your raised bed to blend into the contours of your yard like a natural feature. You can handle slopes in one of two ways. Either let your wall follow the slope of the yard for an informal look, or level the stones as we did and step the wall up or down as the slope requires to maintain approximately the same height.
The exact size of stacking stone for walls varies considerably by region. Visit a local landscape supplier to check types. (Ours is Chilton limestone.) For lawn edging, limit the height of your wall to two courses so you won't have stones falling out. Measure your wall length and make a sketch.
The stone dealer will help you figure out the quantities of all the materials you need. The stone will probably be sold by the ton or pallet and it's heavy. Have it delivered and dropped as close to the wall location as possible. And have gravel or sand delivered to use as a setting bed for the stone (Photo 2) as well as topsoil to fill behind the wall (Photo 5). The stone or landscaping dealer will help you calculate how much of these you need.
Follow the photos for step-by-step instructions on how to edge a lawn with stone. Get started by laying out the border with a garden hose or paint. We drew a curve by setting a string at a center point and marking an arc with paint (Photo 1). The trench width will vary depending on the width of the stone. Add 6 in. to the stone width (2 in. for the mowing edge plus 4 in. extra).
Generally it's best to keep the bottom row of stone an inch or so below the original soil level, but this will vary if you keep the stones level and the yard isn't level (what yard is?). If you're considering this lawn edging idea, just know that you may need to step the stones up or down, or use thinner or thicker stones depending on aesthetic and fit. There's no rule here. Experiment when you lay the stones for the best appearance.
Lay the stones that have the most irregular faces in the first row so you can place the irregular face down in the gravel and level the top (Photo 3). Vary the sizes and colors for the best look. Chip off irregularities with the maul and chisel. Then add the second row (Photo 4). Make this row as stable as possible so the stones won't rock and fall off. As a last resort, stabilize the stones by shoving stone chips into the gaps.
Lay landscape fabric against the back of the wall before backfilling to keep dirt from washing out through the stone (Photo 5). Then install the plastic edging in front. Add organic mulch to finish up the mowing edge.


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Brothers charged with fraud after marathon bombing
Prosecutors told the judge Branden Mattier admitted to Massachusetts State Police he and his brother Domunique Grice filed a multimillion-dollar One Fund Boston claim on behalf of an aunt who had been dead for 10 years.
"An examination of that cellphone has revealed dozens of text messages between the two defendants going back and forth over the two-month period," Prosecutor Gina Masotta said at a pre-trial hearing.
According to court documents, the two attended a One Fund town hall meeting at the Boston Public Library on May 7. Afterward Mattier, who is 23, allegedly told the media his aunt needed to be compensated immediately due to mounting hospital bills.
On June 24, the brothers allegedly attended a private ceremonial closing of the memorial in Copley Square and dinner afterward intended only for bombing victims and their families.
"Each of the defendants made statements to the American Red Cross and the Boston Public Health Commission regarding their aunt having been injured in the bombing and needing victim services," said Masotta.
Grice's attorney told the judge he would likely move to have his 28-year-old client's case dismissed.
"Most of the action in terms of submitting letters or making applications are alleged to have taken place by the brother Mr. Mattier," said Michael Roitman, who is Grice's attorney.
Mattier's attorney filed a motion to suppress statements he made to police and evidence seized from his cell phone and computer, saying the defendant's rights were violated.
Mattier has also sued state police and Federal Express for allegedly violating his civil rights in the July 2 sting that lead to his arrest. Once Mattier signed for the $2.2 million dollar check delivery, police arrested him.
The South End brothers' case is set to go to trial in March.

subset: commoncrawl


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Shots fired at Yekaterinburg synagogue in Russia
Published October 9, 2013
(JTA) — Shots were fired at the synagogue of Yekaterinburg, the Russian Jewish Congress said, breaking windows but not injuring anyone.
At least two bullets hit the building housing the synagogue on Monday, according to the Russian Jewish Congress team that monitors anti-Semitism.
No one was hurt, Matvey Chlenov, deputy executive director of the Russian Jewish Congress, told JTA. The shots did damage the building, including some broken windows.
The incident is under police investigation.
Yekaterinburg, Russia's fourth largest city, has a Jewish population of approximately 6,500, according to Michael Oshtrakh, chairman of the Sverdlovsk Regional Society of Jewish Culture Hatikva.
In March, a Jewish community center in Perm, a city in central Russia located 185 miles northeast of Yekaterinburg, sustained minor damage in what police said may have been attempted arson and an anti-Semitic hate crime.


text:
Please be aware that some listings have been temporarily delisted from our marketplace in order to improve the security of the platform. We apologize for any inconvenience this may caused.
For more information on this matter, please visit #1.
If you are a listing owner and would like to have your listing(s) reinstated, please open a ticket at https://gitlab.eclipse.org/eclipsefdn/it/websites/marketplace.eclipse.org/-/issues.
Thank you for your understanding and cooperation.
Direct Remote C++ Debugging
- Step 1. Inside Eclipse select Help -> Install New Software...
- Step 2. Add a new site using the update site url to the Eclipse Update Manager.
e.g. https://marketplace.eclipse.org/release/sample/1.0/ (sample URL)
- Step 3. Select the bundles from the list that you would like to install and click Next.


text:
Phil Polstra
University of Dubuque
Phil was born at an early age. He cleaned out his savings at age 8 in order to buy a TI99-4A computer for the sum of $450. Two years later, he learned 6502 assembly, and has been hacking computers and electronics ever since.
Phil currently works as a professor at a private midwestern university. He teaches computer security and forensics. His current research focus involves use of microcontrollers and small-embedded computers for forensics and pentesting. Prior to entering academia, Phil held several high level positions at well-known US companies. He holds a couple of the usual certs one might expect for someone in his position. Dr. Phil also has a number of degrees in computer security, business, physics, and mathematics.
Phil is also an accomplished aviator with several thousand hours of flight time. He holds 12 ratings including instructor, commercial pilot, mechanic, inspector, and avionics tech. When not working, he likes to spend time with his family, fly, hack electronics, and has been known to build airplanes.
Sessions with this speaker
- BRIEFING | Mesh Stalkings-Penetration Testing with Small Networked Devices
- ARSENAL | The Deck


text:
WASHINGTON, Dec. 15, 2012 — -- Following the deadly school shooting at a Newtown, Conn., elementary school, President Obama may now be poised to push for new gun control measures after keeping relatively quiet about the issue during his first term.
In an emotional statement from the White House on Friday, Obama said the violent massacre -- the second deadliest school shooting in U.S. history -- instilled "overwhelming grief" and heartache, and that the country has "endured too many of these tragedies in the past few years."
"We have been through this too many times, whether it's an elementary school in Newtown or a shopping mall in Oregon or a temple in Wisconsin or a movie theater in Aurora or a street corner in Chicago," he said of the other mass shootings in the past year alone.
"These neighborhoods are our neighborhoods, and these children are our children," Obama said. "We're going to have to come together and take meaningful action to prevent more tragedies like this, regardless of the politics."
The statement is a subtle but marked shift for Obama, who has not made gun control a priority during his presidency in spite of at least five major mass shootings that have occurred on his watch -- Binghamton, N.Y. (2009); Fort Hood, Texas (2009); Tucson, Ariz. (2011); Aurora, Colo. (2012); and Oak Creek, Wisc. (2012).
The White House has said that Obama cannot act alone and that there is little appetite in Congress to enact new gun laws. Obama had also been seen as loathe to revive a public gun debate ahead of the 2012 election campaign.
But with the latest tragedy, the tide may be turning.
A bipartisan coalition of lawmakers, public figures and activists wasted little time Friday amping up pressure on the administration, including a hastily organized protest outside the White House gates.
"The country needs [Obama] to send a bill to Congress to fix this problem," said New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg in a statement after the Newtown attack.
"Calling for 'meaningful action' is not enough. We need immediate action," he said. "We have heard all the rhetoric before. What we have not seen is leadership – not from the White House and not from Congress."
Former Astronaut Mark Kelly, husband of Rep. Gabrielle Giffords who was shot in Tucson last year, called on lawmakers and the president to "stand up and do what is right."
"This time our response must consist of more than regret, sorrow, and condolence," he said in a statement on Facebook. "This can no longer wait."
Obama signaled in October during the second presidential debate that he is ready to take new action on gun control, including reintroduction of an assault weapons ban.
A 10-year federal ban on the sale of some semi-automatic weapons -- dubbed "assault" weapons -- expired in 2004 and has not been renewed despite several attempts. Obama in 2008 said he would push for renewal in his first term, but that effort never materialized.
"Weapons that were designed for soldiers in war theaters don't belong on our streets," Obama said in Hempstead, N.Y., on Oct. 16. "So what I'm trying to do is to get a broader conversation about how do we reduce the violence generally. Part of it is seeing if we can get an assault weapons ban reintroduced, but part of it is also looking at other sources of the violence."
The president has not mentioned gun control in any of his State of the Union addresses, including the 2011 address just days after the Tucson shooting. Meanwhile, his administration has expanded gun rights in some areas, allowing possession in national parks and on Amtrak. He has also backed off a 2008 campaign pledge to push for permanent reinstatement of the expired assault weapons ban.
The Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, a nonprofit advcoacy group, in 2010 awarded Obama an "F" on gun control, citing "extraordinary silence and passivity."
In his few public statements on guns, Obama has sought to balance support for Second Amendment rights while emphasizing enforcement of existing laws and a national background check system rather than new controls.
"I, like most Americans, believe that the Second Amendment guarantees an individual the right to bear arms. And we recognize the traditions of gun ownership that passed on from generation to generation," Obama told the National Urban League in July.
"But I believe the majority of gun owners would agree that we should do everything possible to prevent criminals and fugitives from purchasing weapons; that we should check someone's criminal record before they can check out a gun seller; that a mentally unbalanced individual should not be able to get his hands on a gun so easily," he said.
He made no mention of new legislation or initiatives to boost enforcement of existing laws, saying only that communities and government officials needed to "convene conversations" and build consensus.
"Steps to reduce violence have been met with opposition in Congress. This has been true for some time -- particularly when it touches on the issues of guns," he said.
President Obama has been widely praised for his empathetic response in the immediate aftermath of the shootings that have occurred on his watch, assuming the role of "consoler-in-chief," as have his predecessors.
But gun control advocates have been frustrated with his continued reluctance to publicly advocate for any legislative measures, including a ban on assault weapons or high-capacity ammunition magazines, to help prevent future tragedies.
"How many more Columbines and Newtowns must we live through?" said Rep. Jerrold Nadler, D-N.Y., a leading gun control advocate in Congress. "I am challenging President Obama, the Congress, and the American public to act on our outrage and, finally, do something about this."
The Aurora, Colo., movie theater shooting in July 2012 was the largest mass shooting in U.S. history with 71 people hit by bullets; 12 were killed. The Newtown, Conn., shooting today is the second deadliest in U.S. history, with more than 28 dead.
A shooting at Virginia Tech in April 2007 was the deadliest shooting in U.S. history with 33 shot and killed, including the shooter.
ABC News' John Parkinson contributed to this report.


text: In my art practice, I investigate consumerist culture by exploring motifs of advertising media, spectacle and humour. My interest in researching the Western commercial environment stems from my role as an outsider looking in. As a Bulgarian born artist, I navigate between two different locales, Bulgaria and Canada. Often my interpretation of a place is seen through my Bulgarian lens, which turns mundane Western signs of consumerism into exotic environments. When I immigrated with my family to Canada in my teen years, I was transplanted from a Communist childhood upbringing directly into Western youth culture; this experience has created a deep impression on me personally and as an artist, and has provided me with a unique critical perspective of consumerism, in both its shallow and far-ranging socio-cultural effects. I am searching to locate my identity, or rather establish it, within my work through various media including social interventions and performances.


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Let's be clear: there's no ideal time for a heart attack, but according to a recent study, there may be one specific time period that's really not good.
Researchers at the Minneapolis Heart Institute analyzed info from over 1,000 heart-attack patients and found that the greatest amount of heart injury occurs when heart attacks happen between 1 a.m. and 5 a.m.
One of the best ways to avoid having a heart attack down the road is to adopt heart-healthy habits now. Here are some articles to get you started:
More From Woman's Day
Your Daily Heart Health Schedule
How Four Women Saved Their Hearts
Create a Heart-Health Life Plan
How to Guard Your Heart On a Budget
Protect Your Heart At Every Age


text:
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CNN's National Security team in Washington is committed to breaking news, providing in-depth analysis and unique feature stories about the U.S. military, diplomatic affairs, the intelligence community and all things related to U.S. national security.
But going forward, you'll find our stories in a new place - HERE - and all across cnn.com.
We are archiving the Security Clearance blog.
Thank you for reading! We've loved hearing from you and hope to see your comments and feedback at our new home.
You can continue to follow us on Twitter @NatSecCNN.
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The National Council of La Raza (NCLR) – the largest national Hispanic civil rights and advocacy organization in the United States – works to improve opportunities for Hispanic Americans. Through its network of nearly 300 affiliated community-based organizations (CBOs), NCLR reaches millions of Hispanics each year in 41 states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia. To achieve its mission, NCLR conducts applied research, policy analysis, and advocacy, providing a Latino perspective in five key areas – assets/investments, civil rights/immigration, education, employment and economic status, and health. In addition, it provides capacity-building assistance to its Affiliates who work at the state and local level to advance opportunities for individuals and families.
Founded in 1968, NCLR is a private, nonprofit, nonpartisan, tax-exempt organization headquartered in Washington, DC. NCLR serves all Hispanic subgroups in all regions of the country and has operations in Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Phoenix, Sacramento, San Antonio, and San Juan, Puerto Rico.


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Last night we had the most extraordinary memorial tribute to Patti. There were over 200 people attending and people had to wait outside to get in. There was singing and story telling and orchids and roses and the most love I have felt in my life.
My joke with the many friends who helped to plan the evening was that we should have a party so fantastic that Patti would be really mad she wasn't there. The evening was that and much more … and Patti did attend — her spirit was very much alive all night.
Jack and I talked when we'd come home and both felt the same thing: that the horrible void we've had since last Thursday has been replaced by a peaceful knowledge that we are going to be alright because so many, many people loved Patti and us and will always be there for us, making sure we don't go off the rails.
Thank you everyone who was there and to the many others who sent us messages of peace and support. We are very fortunate.


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FreeBSD Manual Pages
WITNESS(4) FreeBSD Kernel Interfaces Manual WITNESS(4) NAME witness -- lock validation facility SYNOPSIS options WITNESS options WITNESS_COUNT options WITNESS_KDB options WITNESS_NO_VNODE options WITNESS_SKIPSPIN DESCRIPTION The witness module keeps track of the locks acquired and released by each thread. It also keeps track of the order in which locks are acquired with respect to each other. Each time a lock is acquired, witness uses these two lists to verify that a lock is not being acquired in the wrong order. If a lock order violation is detected, then a message is output to the kernel console or log detailing the locks involved and the loca- tions in question. Witness can also be configured to drop into the ker- nel debugger when an order violation occurs. The witness code also checks various other conditions such as verifying that one does not recurse on a non-recursive lock, or attempt an upgrade on a shared lock held by another thread. If any of these checks fail, then the kernel will panic. The WITNESS_COUNT kernel option controls the maximum number of witness entries that are tracked in the kernel. The maximum number of entries can be queried via the debug.witness.count sysctl. It can also be set from the loader(8) via the debug.witness.count environment variable. The WITNESS_NO_VNODE kernel option tells witness to ignore locking issues between vnode(9) objects. The flag that controls whether or not the kernel debugger is entered when a lock order violation is detected can be set in a variety of ways. By default, the flag is off, but if the WITNESS_KDB kernel option is speci- fied, then the flag will default to on. It can also be set from the loader(8) via the debug.witness.kdb environment variable or after the kernel has booted via the debug.witness.kdb sysctl. If the flag is set to zero, then the debugger will not be entered. If the flag is non-zero, then the debugger will be entered. The witness code can also be configured to skip all checks on spin mu- texes. By default, this flag defaults to off, but it can be turned on by specifying the WITNESS_SKIPSPIN kernel option. The flag can also be set via the loader(8) environment variable debug.witness.skipspin. If the variable is set to a non-zero value, then spin mutexes are skipped. Once the kernel has booted, the status of this flag can be examined but not set via the read-only sysctl debug.witness.skipspin. The sysctl debug.witness.watch specifies the level of witness involvement in the system. A value of 1 specifies that witness is enabled. A value of 0 specifies that witness is disabled, but that can be enabled again. This will maintain a small amount of overhead in the system. A value of -1 specifies that witness is disabled permanently and cannot be enabled again. The sysctl debug.witness.watch can be set via loader(8). The sysctl debug.witness.output_channel specifies the output channel used to display warnings emitted by witness. The possible values are `console', indicating that warnings are to be printed to the system con- sole, `log', indicating that warnings are to be logged via log(9), and `none'. This sysctl can be set via loader(8). The witness code also provides three extra ddb(4) commands if both witness and ddb(4) are compiled into the kernel: show locks [thread] Outputs the list of locks held by a thread to the kernel console along with the filename and line number at which each lock was last acquired by the thread. The optional thread argument may be either a TID, PID, or pointer to a thread structure. If thread is not specified, then the locks held by the current thread are displayed. show all locks Outputs the list of locks held by all threads in the system to the kernel console. show witness Dump the current order list to the kernel console. The code first dis- plays the lock order tree for all of the sleep locks. Then it displays the lock order tree for all of the spin locks. Finally, it displays a list of locks that have not yet been acquired. SEE ALSO ddb(4), loader(8), sysctl(8), mutex(9) HISTORY The witness code first appeared in BSD/OS 5.0 and was imported from there into FreeBSD 5.0. FreeBSD 13.0 November 18, 2015 FreeBSD 13.0
Want to link to this manual page? Use this URL:


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Data Mining: Principles and Best Practices
Business Knowledge Series course
Data mining is an advanced science that can be difficult to do correctly. This course introduces you to the power and potential of data mining and shows you how to discover useful patterns and trends from data. Valuable practical advice, acquired during years of real-world experience, focuses on how to properly build reliable predictive models and interpret your results with confidence. Examples are drawn from several industries, including credit scoring, fraud detection, biology, investments, and cross-selling.
This course is not hands-on training for SAS Enterprise Miner software, although SAS Enterprise Miner is used by the instructor to illustrate specific modeling techniques and by students for their classroom exercises.Learn how to
Who should attendThose who have a strong interest in solving a business problem, and who have a technical background, especially familiarity with computer programming and statistics
Before attending this course, you should
For comprehensive, hands-on training on SAS Enterprise Miner, attend the Applied Analytics Using SAS Enterprise Miner course.
This course addresses SAS Enterprise Miner software.
Executive Summary
This course is not currently scheduled in the classroom. Contact us to discuss public schedule dates or private training options for your group.


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- Actigram
A graphical representation of the cycles of activity and rest, usually indicating wakefulness and sleep. Recorded activity levels are used to assign periods of sleep or wakefulness, which are plotted over many days and nights. Each 24-hour period is plotted below the prior period. Thus, the periods of estimated sleep and wakefulness would align in people who have regular sleep/wake schedules.
- Actigraphy
The use of recordings of body motion to display activity patterns across many consecutive days and nights. These temporal patterns are used for classifying periods of relative rest that usually indicate sleep, and periods of relative activity that usually indicate wakefulness. Actigraphy can be conducted on people in their usual setting (for instance, at home) by wearing a wristwatch-sized actimeter device that measures and records accelerations of the wrist. Thus, overall sleep and wakefulness patterns can be estimated over many days and nights without the need for directly recording sleep and wakefulness by use of a polysomnogram in a laboratory setting (see entry).
- Adenosine
An essential molecule found in all cells and involved in providing the energy needed for many biochemical processes. Adenosine also appears to play an important role in sleep initiation. The concentration of adenosine surrounding cells in some of the arousal centers of the brain increases with prolonged wakefulness and inhibits arousal. For that reason, adenosine is thought to be involved in the initiation of sleep. In contrast, use of caffeine promotes wakefulness by blocking the actions of adenosine.
- Advanced sleep phase syndrome (ASPS)
A daily sleep/wake rhythm in which the onset of sleep and the time of awakening are earlier than desired. A person with ASPS wakes up earlier and wants to go sleep earlier than most individuals.
- Alpha activity
A pattern of brainwave activity detected by electroencephalography with a rhythm at 8–13 Hz or cycles per second. The presence of alpha activity usually indicates relaxed wakefulness with eyes closed, which often precedes the onset of sleep.
- Amplitude
The height of a wave. The amplitude of brainwaves derived from electroencephalography (EEG) changes with depth of sleep. For EEGs, amplitude is measured in voltage, typically microvolts.
- Antihistamines
Drugs that block the action of histamine, lessening the effect of allergic reactions. Antihistamines have a sedative side effect and are often found in many over-the-counter sleep medications.
- Apnea
A cessation of breathing. When apnea occurs during sleep due to an obstruction of the airways despite efforts to breathe—akin to an extreme form of snoring—it is called "obstructive sleep apnea." If apnea occurs because there is no attempt to breath during sleep, this is called "central sleep apnea."
- Autonomic nervous system
The part of the nervous system that controls many of the involuntary body functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing, including the dilation or constriction of arteries and small airways in the lungs. Subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. These subdivisions usually work in opposition (like a brake and an accelerator in a car). Thus, for example, slowing the heart can be achieved by simultaneously decreasing sympathetic activity (reduced acceleration) and increasing parasympathetic activity (increased braking).
- Benzodiazepine
A class of medications used to relieve nervousness, tension, and other psychological symptoms. Benzodiazepines attach to specific receptors in the brain and affect levels of neurotransmitters. Medications using benzodiazepines are frequently used as sleep aids.
- Beta activity
A pattern of brainwave activity detected by electroencephalography with a rhythm at 13–35 Hz or cycles per second. The presence of beta activity usually indicates alert wakefulness or vigilance.
- Body mass index (BMI)
An estimate of an individual's relative body fat calculated from his or her height and weight. It is calculated using the formula BMI=weight (kg)/height (m)2. Obesity is medically defined as a BMI over 30.
- Brain plasticity or neuroplasticity
Changes that occur in the brain through the reorganization of neuronal connections and receptor density. Sleep may provide one of the best circumstances for this neural restructuring to take place.
- Brainstem
The brain structure that is the major communication route between the brain and spinal cord. The brain stem contains many of the arousal centers responsible for maintaining wakefulness; it also contains other connections in specific areas that control heart rate, breathing, and other vital functions.
- Brainwaves
Patterns of electrical activity in the brain. These patterns can be recorded from scalp recordings using electroencephalography (EEG) and are described based on frequency, amplitude, and shape characteristics. See also EEG.
- Caffeine
A chemical compound with stimulant properties. Caffeine affects the central nervous system by binding to adenosine receptors in the brain, thereby inhibiting the sleep-promoting actions of adenosine that normally increase with prolonged wakefulness. Caffeine is the most widely used substance to increase vigilance and extend the time spent awake.
- Cataplexy
Sudden paralysis of some or nearly all skeletal muscles brought on by strong emotions such as those that accompany heartfelt laughter and anger. Cataplexy is a hallmark of narcolepsy.
- Central sleep apnea
A cessation of breathing attempts for at least 10 seconds during sleep. Central sleep apnea is caused when respiratory control centers in the brain temporarily pause their activation of the breathing muscles. This occurs most often during sleep when the carbon dioxide levels in the blood are reduced below normal, and can be triggered by prior overbreathing. Central sleep apnea can also occur with damage to certain neural pathways involved in respiratory control. See also obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
- Cerebral cortex
The brain's outer layer of gray matter surrounding the cerebrum. The cerebral cortex carries out most aspects of "higher" or "executive" brain function such as planning, analysis, thought, and memory. The cortex also contains many of the sensory areas as well as areas involved in the initiation of voluntary movement.
- Chronobiology
The study of the way time interacts with biological systems. One of the most pronounced chronobiological systems studied is the internal circadian system, which organizes our physiology and behavior over a 24-hour period.
- Circadian
A term derived from the Latin words circa and dies, meaning "about a day." An internal circadian pacemaker in the hypothalamus of the brain organizes our physiology and behavior over a 24-hour period, including the sleep/wake cycle.
- Circadian alerting system
An internal circadian pacemaker-dependent signal that promotes wakefulness and thereby inhibits sleep. As such, the circadian alerting system is one of the main processes that regulates sleep behavior in humans.
- Circadian clock
See Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) [also referred to as circadian clock, circadian pacemaker, or internal biological clock]
- Circadian pacemaker
See Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) [also referred to as circadian clock, circadian pacemaker, or internal biological clock]
- Circadian rhythm
A day/night pattern in many physiological and behavioral variables occurring over a 24 hour period, generated internally by a circadian pacemaker, and persisting under constant environmental conditions.
- Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
A condition in which a person's sleep/wake schedule is out of synchrony with, or occurs at an unusual phase of, the internal circadian clock. Circadian rhythm sleep disorder can occur, for instance, with shift work, jet lag, advanced sleep-phase syndrome, and delayed sleep-phase syndrome. This mismatch can lead to insomnia during attempted sleep times and excessive sleepiness throughout scheduled wake times.
- Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
A form of therapy that aims to correct ingrained patterns of negative thoughts and behaviors. CBT has been shown to be effective in treating some kinds of insomnia.
- Cognitive function
Brain mechanisms involved with thinking, reasoning, learning, and remembering. Getting healthy sleep improves cognitive function.
- Cognitive impairment
Problems in mental functions, including intelligence, judgment, learning, memory, speech, and thinking. Cognitive impairment that affects judgment, coordination, and/or the ability to process new information quickly can increase the risk of accidents. One potential outcome of insufficient sleep is cognitive impairment.
- Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
A treatment for obstructive sleep apnea in which a continuous stream of air under pressure is delivered through a mask worn over the nose, or nose and mouth, to keep the sleeper's airway open.
- Cortisol
A steroid hormone released by the outer part (cortex) of the adrenal glands. Cortisol has a robust circadian rhythm under constant conditions and is also released in stressful situations. The circadian-related increase in cortisol occurs usually before waking up and is thought to be a way of preparing the body for the stresses of the waking day. Cortisol release may inhibit sleep; this is one reason that stressful activities before bedtime are not recommended.


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I thought I was going to have an anxiety attack as my Mexicana flight from Cancún began its descent into José Martí Airport in Havana. It wasn't that the flight was rougher than usual, or that something dicey was going on in the Cuban capital. It was just that I wasn't sure what Cuban customs would think when I arrived with a box full of cigars from Nicaragua—dark-wrappered Padrón Serie 1926 No. 9. How could I explain a gringo arriving with foreign cigars to the cigar capital of the world? What's the old saying about coals to Newcastle, or how about oranges to Florida? That's more American.
I cleared immigration without incident even though I am always a little nervous handing over my American passport going through customs in Havana. I sort of feel as if I shouldn't be there, although it's all perfectly legal under regulations from the U.S. Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control. But the woman immigration officer in her green army fatigues behind the tiny cubicle with its partial glass window and glaring fluorescent light couldn't have been any more pleasant. "Have a nice time in Cuba," she said in Spanish, as she handed back my blue-and-white booklet with an eagle etched on it.
I walked through the door dividing the immigration area from the luggage return and, as always, there was an X-ray machine for hand baggage. The box of 25 Nicas was in my courier bag with my computer, notebooks and other stuff. I took a deep breath and sent the bag through the machine. Three uniformed guards were standing in front of the metal detector as I walked through while my bag crept along the conveyor belt. I kept on thinking about the 1970s movie Midnight Express. Nothing again. Nada. Granted, maybe I was being a little paranoid since it's perfectly legal to bring a box of cigars into Cuba. Usually customs is worried about people taking cigars out of Cuba!
I went to the VIP lounge to wait for my baggage and smoked a cigar—a Partagas Serie D No. 4. A friend was waiting for me with the smoke and he was already half done with his. We chilled and talked about life while waiting for my bags. Unfortunately, Josí Martí must be one of the last airports on earth where you can smoke a cigar.
You might be already asking yourself, why in the world would I bring a box of Nicaraguan cigars to Cuba? Or you probably simply think that I'm just crazy. But it was curiosity more than anything else. I just wanted to see what the Cubans thought about smoking one of the best cigars made outside of their country. Would they love the smoke or hate it? Would they be envious of the quality or dismissive? Was it lighter or stronger in taste? Or was it just not to their taste?
I am still trying to understand Cubans' tastes in cigars, even after more than 15 years of visiting the island. Honestly, I don't think that they spend as much time as many of us do thinking about it. They just enjoy their smokes. They don't sit around trying to figure out whether the flavors are more like chocolate or coffee or cedar or mahogany. They certainly don't use a 100-point score to rate them. They think that guys like me are sort of pendejos, or assholes.
I remember that Francisco Padron (no relation to the cigarmakers from Miami), the ex-head of Habanos S.A., the global distribution and marketing company for Cuban cigars, once told me that I spent too much time worrying about what cigars tasted like. "Just smoke it and enjoy it," he said, shaking his head like my father used to when I told him why my grades weren't up to scratch in university. "You are too critical and it takes away most of the pleasure being that way."
Cubans usually speak in generalities about their cigars. They use words such as smooth or coarse, light or strong, or flavorful or mild. I have been in the tasting rooms of the factories. I have smoked with quality control people in Partagas, H. Upmann and El Laguito factories, among others. They don't analyze cigars to the extent that we do. Sure, they are worried if the cigar looks bad or if it doesn't draw, but I think they look for pleasure more than flavor components, like I do.
Anyway, the word I most often heard them use when they smoked the Padrón was fuerte, or strong. They found that it was slightly simple, or one-dimensional. It lacked the complexity and finesse of a top Cuban, most said. But they all said that the cigar was fabulously constructed and smoked beautifully.
The most interesting Padrón smoking experience in Cuba was with Alejandro Robaina, the veteran tobacco farmer who is already a legend around the world for cigars. I smoked a Padrón with him at his plantation near the town of San Luis in Pinar del Río. I even did a video blog for the magazine's Web site. Check it out.
It wasn't the first time that I smoked a "foreign cigar" with Robaina. He is a curious man for an 89-year-old and he always likes to try cigars from other areas in the world. He wants to know what the cigar competition is like outside of Cuba. As proud as he is of his tobacco and Cuban cigars in general, he also admits that good cigars can come from other countries, whether Nicaragua or the Dominican Republic. He just wishes that they could use his wrapper tobacco.
Alejandro liked the Padrón. He thought it looked great, and the packaging from the white and gold bands to the wooden box was fabulous. He said that the cigar was perfectly constructed and drew like a dream. He loved that the cigar was box pressed. "I haven't seen cigars in Cuba like this in years," he said with a big smile. "Most cigars used to be like this before the revolution."
However, I am not sure he was all that excited by the character or flavor of the smoke. He used the word flojo, which literally means loose, but I think he meant it was lacking complexity. He said that the cigar was slightly earthy, like most Nicaraguan cigars, and it dominated the flavor of the smoke. "It's not really fair for me to say," he said. "I smoke Cuban cigars all the time and I smoke my cigars most of the time. So my taste is for that.
"I am sure that the public enjoys smoking the Padrón cigars," he said, almost apologizing for not being that excited about it. "They have wonderful character for what they are. And they draw marvelously."
I wasn't sure what he meant by that. I think he was trying to be diplomatic. I tried to explain to him that comparing his cigars to Padrón is like comparing Cuban coffee to Nicaraguan coffee. They have different aromas, flavors and character. But they are equally good. I have made the same argument to the Robainas, and to you, about wine. For instance, California Cabernet is different from red Bordeaux, and each has its own flavors and character. But they can be comparable in quality.
Nonetheless, it was still fun to see old Alejandro smoking the Padrón. He's really a wonderful man and a great aficionado of tobacco. I hope that one day he and José Orlando Padrón—a Cuban native—can smoke a cigar together. I would love to be there. After they had been smoking their cigars for a while sitting in rocking chairs on the terrace of Alejandro's house at the farm, their conversation would probably go down like this:
"Listen, Robaina. What do you think of my cigar?" Orlando would say, rocking back and forth in his chair. (I am sure they would have already eaten loads of succulent roasted pig, black beans and rice for lunch.)
"Very good," Alejandro would say. "Very, very good. And mine?"
"Very smooth, man," says Orlando, as he takes a huge puff. "It draws wonderfully."
"Yours does too," says Alejandro, holding the cigar in front of his face and staring at the wrapper.
"Cuban tobacco can be the best in the world," says Orlando. "There's nothing like it. Just like the pig we had for lunch today from your farm. Nothing tastes better."
"That's too nice, my friend," says Alejandro, still looking at the Padrón cigar after taking a puff. "But you know, what would be better would be you using my wrapper on your cigar."
"Yes. That is an interesting idea," says Orlando. "And what would make your cigars better would be my rollers making your cigars."
"Let's make some cigars together, then," says Alejandro.
"Yes. Let's make some cigars together," says Orlando.
And the afternoon of smoking and talking would continue, perhaps even late into the night.
Tastes aside, there's nothing better than smoking a cigar with a Cuban. Tobacco is in their blood. It's part of their soul. It's a religion on the island. And thinking back to my paranoia about bringing a box of Padróns to Havana, I think those customs officers wouldn't have done a thing if they found them. They probably just would have been curious how the cigars smoked. Hell. If they asked, I would have given them one, even two.


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'Man of Steel' (the Latest Superman Reboot) Is Riveting ... to a Point
Rating: PG-13 Running Time: 2 hours, 23 minutes
Director: Zack Snyder
Stars: Henry Cavill, Amy Adams, Russell Crowe, Diane Lane, Laurence Fishburne, Kevin Costner
A tad too lengthy with fight scenes that last longer than the half-life of Kryptonite, the new Superman movie Man of Steel nevertheless gets a lot of things terrifically right.
Since his comic book debut in the 1930s, Superman has had the best-known genesis story outside the Bible (indeed, there are many who like to draw parallels between the two accounts). That's why film reboots of the Superman legend — and many superhero stories in general — can get dangerously bogged down in the first few reels.
The story of how Superman's parents rocketed him off the planet Krypton moments before it self-destructed and how he was found and raised by a childless Kansas farm couple is as much part of American lore as George Washington chopping down a cherry tree (and probably just as true). But you can't begin to tell the story of Superman without plowing that familiar cornfield one more time.
Screenwriters David S. Goyer and Christopher Nolan (who resurrected Batman in 2005) have cracked that narrative nut nicely, opening with a thrilling sequence on Supe's native planet, then immediately introducing us to Clark Kent as an adult. The story of his early days on Earth are then told in flashback, punctuated by spectacularly staged set pieces of superhuman derring-do.
But if Man of Steel gets off to a rousing start, it soon becomes bogged down in its own determination to keep us from getting bored. It's not long before another set of Krypton survivors arrives on Earth, bent on destroying both Superman and his adopted human race, and from then on the battle scenes just keep coming.
Here's the conundrum: When one indestructible man gets into a fistfight with another indestructible man, how can either guy win? Director Zack Snyder just lets them duke it out, interminably so, laying waste on the city of Metropolis before finally, perhaps out of sheer exhaustion, ending it in an abrupt, utterly unsatisfactory twist.
You don't cast a project like Man of Steel lightly, and Snyder has done a nice job of filling the iconic roles.
Despite his British nationality, Henry Cavill, who played the handsome first Duke of Suffolk in Showtime's The Tudors, makes an authentically corn-fed Clark Kent — although Snyder does ask him to scream in anguish one or two times too many.
Amy Adams puts her perky spunkiness to good use as ace reporter Lois Lane. As Superman's Kryptonian dad, Russell Crowe is an anchor of wisdom and reassurance — and the script cleverly lets him hang around for most of the picture. I wish Laurence Fishburne had more to do as editor Perry White, but if there's a sequel, I expect him to be a larger factor. Diane Lane's Martha Kent provides Clark with the mother's love he needs.
However, my favorite performance in the movie is Kevin Costner as Superman's Earthly dad, struggling to help his son find a balance between his human- and superhuman-ness. And it can be no accident that the pair's most touching scene is played against a background of towering corn, a visual echo of Costner's Middle American classic, Field of Dreams.
At nearly 143 minutes, Man of Steel fails to merit its stay beyond two hours (the point at which I unfairly raise the bar for holding my attention). There's plenty to look at, but if it's plot development you crave, feel free to duck out for popcorn when the fists begin to fly.
Also of Interest
- Summer 2013 has plenty of Movies for Grownups
- Classic cars: then and now
- Share your wisdom and experience — help a child learn to read
Visit the AARP home page for great deals and savings tips


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The Vinyl Revival (TM) continues apace, sucking up the cash of Millennials faster than a pop up craft-beer-and-smashed-avocado stall at a box park.
With new LPs often costing £20 or more, vinyl-loving Millennials are reportedly struggling to save for a deposit on a flat. Some find it tricky enough to save for a deposit on a flat white.
So now the sockless beardies of East London are forced to swarm like famished locusts to the charity shops of Hoxton in an attempt to save money by buying "thrift store" vinyl (let's use those Americanisms: if we're all going to live in penniless gig-economy squalor we might as well pretend we're on the set of Girls). The thrill of finding a record for as little as the cost of a gourmet halloumi wrap from a streetfood stall sadly lasting only as long as it takes to discover Jim Reeves was not, in fact, any good. And neither were those old Top of the Pops albums…
As everyone agrees, except people who look at facts, the reason Millennials are unable to buy property is because they are squandering all their money on smashed avocado brunches, negronis, man-buns and moustache wax. With their apparently insatiable appetite for avocados forming an insurmountable barrier to saving a 10% deposit on a studio flat in a part of town even Bear Grylls wouldn't survive a night walking through, Millennials must find other ways to save money. Avocados are non-negotiable by all accounts, so the answer must be to find cheaper records. But how to find such records that are actually any good? Charity shops selling decent records for a pound died out at roughly the same time as the Dodo, or at least the release of the debut CD by Dido, whichever of those two ancient events happened most recently. CDs are boring, and void of hipster-cred, even if they are wonderfully cheap in charity shops. If you like Hard-fi, JLS and B*Witched.
But there is an answer.
Happily, the sound made by some of the most popular bands of the indie loving fraternity is distinctly familiar. The War On Drugs have clearly been listening to their parents' Dire Straits, Springsteen and John Waite LPs, and Father John Misty might be unfairly described as a chorus-free babbling stream of consciousness trying to find a decent Elton John song.
So the answer to those trying to scrape together the impossible dream of a house deposit while hooked on vinyl?
Save Father John Misty for your Spotify account. Listen to Elton John on Vinyl.
Why? Because Elton is your saviour.
He was a record collector himself. He gets vinyl. His early records – before the cocaine kicked in – are fun, and interesting. They are stuffed full of inserts, photos, lyrics, posters and even comic strips. There are loads of them. Although Elton is known for his hits, they are also loaded with good album tracks you may not have heard on the radio. Not only that, but Elton actually sounds better on vinyl. Those early recordings were beautifully produced and orchestrated. The instruments have room to breathe on vinyl, something lost slightly on MP3.
And, most importantly, because they sold in their millions, they're cheap!
At least, original copies are. Elton is not an artist to pick up cheaply at HMV, as a recent visit proved to me…
You can buy a five or more original Elton Johns for the price of a single Father John. Granted, you won't find wry non-sequiturs about existentialism and the irony of modern day love and life on Elton's records, but on the plus side, you won't have to listen to wry non-sequiturs about existentialism and the irony of modern day love and life.
Swings and roundabouts.
In the next week or so, we'll look at Elton John's records. It's been a glittering rise, from answering an NME advert and covertly sneaking into recording studios at midnight, to worldwide stardom and dancing with Miss Piggy. It doesn't get any better than performing with the muppets. Ask the Scissor Sisters.
Elton's albums aren't all five star successes (Caribou has more than its fair share of complacency-driven stinkers, including a song called "Stinker" and an ode to Grimsby of all places called "Grimsby"), but none are complete disasters either (Caribou still has five-star classic "Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me"), so we'll look at the highlights, point you towards what to buy, (and reveal how much picking up these used copies over the last few weeks set me back). Some even have secret colourful properties in the vinyl. For those of you who did spend a pound in a charity shop on an old Top of the Pops compilation we'll also learn which ones Elton actually sang on in his early days.
Perhaps we will build up an alternative best-of, and hopefully still leave you with enough change for your smashed avocado on toast, and 50p to put aside in your piggy bank. Only 137 years to go and you'll have that deposit…


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In poor and vulnerable countries, weather data is often unreliable or totally lacking.
CREWS is an initiative which aims to significantly increase the capacity for seamless Multi-Hazard Early Warning System (MHEWS), to generate and communicate effective impact-based early warnings, and risk information for hazardous hydro-meteorological and climate events.
Its purpose is to protect lives, livelihoods, and property in Least Developed Country (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS).
An increase of extreme weather events due to climat change
From 1970-2012, close to 2 million deaths and US$ 2.4 trillion of economic losses were reported globally as a result of droughts, floods, windstorms, tropical cyclones, storm surges and extreme temperatures alone.
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fifth Assessment Report, the frequency and severity of such hazards is increasing, exacerbating risks to lives and livelihoods around the world, particularly in developing and least developed countries.
Early warning systems in vulnerable countries are inadequate to protect people and properties
Those countries that have successfully built these systems have benefited from dramatic reduction in deaths related to weather extremes, as well as various additional benefits to their economies. The capacities of implementing early warning systems in different countries and regions remain highly varied, within Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS), particularly susceptible to weaknesses in their ability to issue critical warnings to the national and local authorities and resident.
Many countries have recognized the need to strengthen MHEWS by enhancing their hydrometeorological warning services combined with improving their emergency plans and operations. In their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), vulnerable countries define early warning systems (EWS) as a priority.
A coalition of countries and organizations specialized in weather and risk prevention
CREWS is the result of collaboration between the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster (UNISDR) and World Bank (GFDRR).
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) will support global and regional WMO centers and to promote coordination and alignment with national initiatives.
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster (UNISDR) will ensure policy coherence, and adherence to the UN Plan of Action and International Sendai Framework Target.
World Bank (GFDRR) will support the identification, design and implementation support to large scale programs at national level, as well as coordination and alignment of these programs with regional and global centers.
Partner commitment
CREWS aims to mobilize US$ 100 million by 2020 in order to fill the gaps in the exiting bilateral and multilateral cooperation programs. A trust fund, hosted by GFDRR will support the development of implementing institutions and organizations and their activities.
Funding partners
France will provide 10 million Euros over 2016 and 2017 to the multilateral trust fund. Germany intends to support CREWS with an early contribution of € 3 million in 2015. France and Germany will work with G-7 partners to provide for coherence between the CREWS imitative and the G7 Insuresilience initiative aiming to provide support to most vulnerable countries to access to climate risk insurance coverage and early warning on weather related risk.
Luxembourg will provide 1 million euros in 2016 to the multilateral trust fund to support early warning systems in the most vulnerable countries.
Australia will provide AU$5 million specifically to the CREWS initiative to be spent over 2016 to 2020. This is in addition to more than AU$19 million already committed over this period for bilateral support, predominantly in the Pacific region.
Canada will contribute $10 million to the World Meteorological Organization to support better early warning systems in the most vulnerable communities under the CREWS initiative.
The Netherlands will contribute to the CREWS trust fund for €3 million.
Supporting partners
Japan is committed to climate early warning system, and strongly supports CREWS initiative. Japan has been engaged in establishing and updating early warning systems in Asia and Pacific region including using satellite, and will continue to do so in the 2016-2020 period. Due to the budgetary cycle, Japan is unable to make quantitative commitments at this time, but will make substantive commitments in the next months ahead.
The United Kingdom will partner with the CREWS initiative. Work will start immediately through co-operation and joint working with existing programmes. These include a £24 million weather information project in Africa and other relevant projects.
Download the flyer here.
Source: http://www.cop21.gouv.fr/en/crews-systemes-dalerte-dans-les-pays-pauvres-et-vulnerables/


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On the 24th November 1981 the publishing house of Borgen brought out a book called 'The Third Testament'. Earlier the same year, on the 8th March the author, Martinus, passed away having spent the previous sixty years writing.
Only after Martinus had passed away was the correct title of his life's work officially revealed as The Third Testament. During his lifetime he thus camouflaged the real identity of his work. Interest should be directed towards the contents of his books, and not towards him as a person.
With the title Martinus establishes that his work is a direct continuation of Christ's mission. This continuation is described in the Bible* with which Western culture is so intimately connected. This is, of course, an extremely provocative assertion. But it should be fairly easy to tell whether the work is the result of a moral genius on the same level as Christ, or of a false prophet, because the books are fully available to everyone. Show us that we are wrong, and we will immediately close this website!
But ... why do we need a Third Testament? Can Christ's message of love and the Bible's Sermon on the Mount be improved? Can any person reach higher than the practical way of being which Christ demonstrated on the cross as he prayed for the forgiveness of his executioners?
The Third Testament explains life in logical chains of thought, which we ourselves can check with our reason. In this way the practical message of love is connected with our daily lives. The individual who acts in a good and caring way towards their neighbour is not naive, but wise!
- The Bible's claim that 'we reap what we sow' must be understood as seen over several lives. What we do to our surroundings, we also do to ourselves in this or future lives. Why pursue an enemy who in reality cannot die?
- Immortality and the formation of fate from life to life is a reality via our invisible eternal I which survives every organism and takes all the experiences with from life to life.
- The Bible's claim that 'everything is very good' is confirmed in the light of the eternal world plan. At this highest perspective life is an eternal passage through the cycle of lightness and darkness. Suffering is just a temporary state - life's dark contrast - which brings us quickly back to God, universal love and the real life.
It is of course up to each individual themselves to examine whether there is reality behind the Bible and origins of the other religions. You can start by reading a short introduction , share your thoughts and ask whatever you want to know in the Forum, or contribute in other ways with complaints or shouts of hurrah. This is a neutral non-profit information portal, so we are happy to help you!
The Third Testament Foundation
*(Joh. 16:12-13 og Joh. 14:25-26)


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Kansas St. gets grant for grain dust safety course
The Associated Press
MANHATTAN - Kansas State University is receiving a $105,000 grant to train workers and employers on preventing explosions from grain dust at mills and elevators.
The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration announced the award Tuesday.
Kansas State will use the funds to develop materials and training in English and Spanish on controlling dust generation when grain is being unloaded and handled. Other topics will include avoiding turbulence during handling, better control of bucket elevator operation, and use of appropriate sensors and explosion vents.
The dust generated at grain handling operations creates risks of fires and explosions. Kansas has had several grain dust explosions in recent years, including major ones at Haysville and Atchison that resulted in fatalities.
Kansas State received a $120,000 OSHA grant for similar training last year.


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[cnn-photo-caption image= http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2009/images/04/13/art.bobmcdonnell.com.jpg caption="Republican Bob McDonnell, who earned a master's degree at Pat Robertson's Regent University, is seeking the Virginia governorship."]WASHINGTON (CNN) - Eager to draw attention Bob McDonnell's conservative roots, campaign advisers to Democrat Creigh Deeds on Monday called McDonnell's newly-discovered 1989 graduate thesis a "devastating" revelation that threatens to sink the Republican's campaign for the Virginia governor's mansion.
The 93-page research paper - first revealed in Sunday's Washington Post - articulated a Christian conservative worldview that criticized "cohabitators, homosexuals and fornicators" and described working women and feminists "detrimental" to the family.
On a conference call with reporters, Deeds adviser Mo Elleithee called the thesis McDonnell's "road map" for conservative governance. The Deeds camp argued that McDonnell immediately sought to put his theories to work in state government when he was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates three years after writing the paper, which McDonnell wrote as master's student at Regent University in Virginia Beach.
Regent was founded by Pat Robertson and was initially named "CBN University" after Robertson's Christian Broadcasting Network. McDonnell wrote the paper when he was 34, twenty years before entering the Virginia governor's race.
"This paper laid out very explicity his vision for the role of government, his vision for the for a social agenda that should dominate governace, and it even went beyond just a personal political philosophy," Elleithee said. "It had a 15-point action plan for how to implement that philosophy."
The thesis was called "The Republican Party's Vision for the Family: The Compelling Issue of the Decade." In it, McDonnell wrote that working women are "detrimental" the the family; that feminism is among "the real enemies of the traditional family"; and that the "purging" of religious influence in public schools is damaging to healthy families.
McDonnell's campaign said his views have changed over time and that Deeds is "seeking to make an issue of a decades-old academic paper." McDonnell's team noted that he once pushed to include child day care in a welfare bill so that women could have greater freedom to work, and that he is a husband and father of "strong working women."
The Deeds campaign, lagging the polls, is eager to highlight McDonnell's conservative pedigree, a background the Republican nominee has downplayed on the campaign trail. Instead, McDonnell has portrayed himself as a pro-business moderate and has captured endorsements from several leading business groups in the commonwealth. Last week, for instance, his campaign launched their first TV ad of the general election, a spot that focuses on energy and green jobs.
Deeds, meanwhile, has tried to publicize McDonnell's opposition to abortion rights in hopes of swaying moderate voters away from McDonnell, particularly in more liberal northern Virginia. The discovery of research paper fits neatly into the narrative the Deeds campaign is trying to create: that McDonnell is not the candidate he says he is.
"This has the potential to really change the dynamics of the race," Elleithee said, noting that Virginia voters are only now starting to pay attention to the governor's race with just two months left until election day.
The Deeds campaign kept up their offensive throughout the day on Monday, e-mailing supporters to solicit donations and sending background material to reporters outlining McDonnell's legislative record in the House of Delegates, where he served before becoming Virginia's Attorney General in 2006.
The Democratic Party of Virginia and the Democratic National Committee also issued statements on the McDonnell thesis, with the DNC calling it "nothing short of a game changer in this election."
UPDATE: Democratic National Committee chairman and Virginia governor Tim Kaine also chimed in Monday, sending an e-mail to his political action committee encouraging supporters to read the Post article. Kaine writes that McDonnell's paper "ontains references to policy positions - such as opposition to contraception and child care availability - that most Virginians would find quite troubling."
UPDATE 2: McDonnell himself held court with reporters via conference call for more than an hour on Monday, distancing himself from elements of the thesis but not completely repudiating it in its entirety. The Republican candidate said that much of the language in the paper was simply a response to the academic and political discourse of the time. He said he has not gone back and re-read the entire thesis.
"I just sort of looked at the opening and what the premise was," he said at one point.
While he stressed his continuing commitment to a "strong two-parent family," McDonnell forcefully backed off language in the paper that criticized working women or gays. "Any of the language in there that in any way denigrates the basic dignity or worth of any human being, I very much regret that," he said.
McDonnell pledged that as governor, he would not try to change existing laws on abortion or contraceptives.
He said his beliefs are rooted in his Catholic faith: "Based on my Catholic teaching the institution of family goes back to the dawn of time - most people of the Christian faith believe that - to the Garden of Eden."
The Republican also repeatedly chided his Democratic rival for trying to make an issue out of a "decades-old" research paper. "I am insulted by Sen. Deeds to be able to suggest today that I don't support working women or women in the workforce," he said.
Another moron!
and it's funny how many times I hear conservatives talk about a "liberal agenda". I'm a liberal and know of no such master plan... unlike what we see from this conservative and their plans for how to shape the future through oppression and intolerance.
What difference should that background make. Obama ran for president and had known terrorists as friends and also marxist leaning family members. Many of his advisors have or do openly espouse marxism. Let people decide for themselves what they want Socialism or Capitalism.....
Interesting article but it is not compelling. It is all one-sided. Did the author, Mr. Hamby, bother to contact the McDonnell administration for a comment? The story seems one sided and like it could have even been taken out of context.
Let's level the playing field. Where is Obama's thesis paper from college that they have been hiding? When one lives in a glass house one should not throw stones!
"cohabitators, homosexuals and fornicators" and described working women and feminists "detrimental" to the family."
These opinions coming from a republican is no surprise.
And how long before his mistress is revealed?
Hypocritical power hungry men...that's all most of these dweebs are.
Good for Bob.
I'm tired of homosexuals thinking we're supposed to bow down to them every time they want to make a statement.
The guy doesn't "worship" homosexuals, good for him.
He should have taken a lesson form the Obama posse and restricted access to his college papers. Still wonder what Barry is afraid of.
A true republican who respresents the way the think and their policies.
How can any intelligent woman support the republican party??
For a County so caught up with "freedom and liberty", it sure seems like there is a segment that want to control your every move.
Are Right wingers this blind that they cannot see that the GOP want to impose their set of rules on everyone and anyone?
What happened to the outcry of "FREEDOM"?
Oh, I get it it's only socialism if a half-white guy is seen as the culprit. 100% White guys could get away with a Dictatorship – cause they are "Real Umericans!" – PATRIOT act anyone?.....
OMGosh, this guy is a nut.... Working women are 'detrimental?' Then he should have supported unions and a working wage. The free-market unregulated capitalism is the reason families need two incomes.
Now the Repugnants are saying it is a old paper of his and Dems are 'making an issue of it.' Maybe... But, did they articulate that opinion with Michelle Obama's old thesis paper???/
1989 -- hummmm 20 years ago. Well I seem to recall Senator Byrd fighting against civil rights. Shall we go back and dig up those papers. I will bet if we went back 20 years on anyone in Congress we could find something colorful. If Creigh Deeds had to go back 20 years to dind something devasting then I'd say Bob McDonnell is a oretty stand up guy.
I wonder why he didnt mention adultery? After all his repub buddies are good at that.
I am not shocked at all...this is the new norm for the repub party. Not the party I used to know.
if a right-wing lunatic like this can win the governorship in a swing state like Virginia, I weep for this country's future.
OK, I'm a moderate, not a conservative or far-left liberal, but I find this disturbing. While I have seen and known people who have turned their value systems around 180 degrees in 20 years, it strikes me that if McDonnell had made a drastic change from his thesis paper in that 20 years, he would have repudiated that paper long since. And "pro-business moderate" seems to me an oxymoron. I hope that the people of Virginia do some serious researching, and question McDonnell in depth as to just whose welfare he has in mind...business or the people, and just how far from his thesis he has supposedly evolved.
Pathetic attempt from a flailing Democratic candidate to get himself up in the polls.
Sorry, but a 20-year-old Masters Thesis is fair-game, as even casual comments from 15 years prior are fair-game for most politicians.
How else to get a good picture of where a candidate stands - especially when the person has not deviated substantially from the earlier viewpoints...I remember the GOP trotting out HR Clinton's papers in college as well. As for working women and feminists being evil: that's standard rhetoric for those of the GOP who are religious nuts.
It is a good thing this man's fundamentalist garbage is known. But what if a lot of Virginians think that was as well?
If "McDonnell's newly-discovered 1989 graduate thesis" is relevant and fair game then the press should show journalistic integrity and demand both President Obama and Michelle Obama's college writings be made public. Any thing that does not hold both parties to the same standards is pure hypocrisy.
So what's the problem? That's what the guy thinks. What do you think? I guess your point of view regarding behavior is superior to this guy's. Correct? Be honest. Admit it. There are some people who should be put into re-education camps to correct their thinking. Right?
And this is why republicans are so incredibly scary.
As a working woman, I don't find myself "detrimental" to the family.
These are thoughts and opinions are core beliefs that are ingrained and don't change. I'd be careful voting for someone like this that seems WAY far to the right.
Wow!! Where does the Republican party dig these freaks up?!!
I guess the only thing worse then having this dinosaur sitting in the State mansion as Governor would be to have him sitting in your living room and being married to him!!


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Where would you like to fly to from Sonderborg?
In April this year, I was one of the happy customers of Alsie Express for the flight to London. I always thought they deserved more than my likes on facebook, so this article is going to praise them to the sky :). Continue reading


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Introduced in 2007, Absolut Pears is quite a newcomer in the Absolut family. And as with all talented rookies, the audience soon took it to their hearts. Probably because it's such a good alternative to other overly sugared alternatives around.
Absolut Pears is made exclusively from natural ingredients, and unlike most other flavored vodkas, it doesn't contain any added sugar. Absolut Pears is fresh and delicate, with a smack of mellow pears and a long fruity aftertaste.
For more information and drink recipes, visit: https://www.absolut.com/en/products/absolut-pears/


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DIE FLEDERMAUS, Vienna State Opera , 31 December 2020
Event DetailsCategory: Operas Event: DIE FLEDERMAUS Date/Time: 31 December 2020 Venue: Vienna State Opera Address: Opernring 2, 1010 Wien / Vienna (Map)
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The plot of Die Fledermaus is woven around a ball given by Prince Orlofsky. During the first act, a whole host of characters are irresistibly drawn to it: The chambermaid Adele is invited (or so she believes) by her sister Ida, and after some difficulty she succeeds in getting the night off by inventing a moving story about a sick aunt. Meanwhile her employer, Eisenstein, a man of independent means, has recently been given a prison sentence for insulting a public official but, rather than reporting to serve the sentence, he is persuaded by his friend Dr. Falke to join him for a night of revelry at Orlofskys. Dr. Falke is following his own agenda Eisenstein once humiliated him in front of the whole town by leaving him to return home from a masked ball through the streets, drunk and dressed as a bat, and Falke now sees his opportunity for revenge; and so he also invites Eisenstein's wife Rosalind to the ball. Due to Eisensteins departure for prison, Rosalind is already in disarray when a former admirer of hers named Alfred shows up and tries to woo her, only to be arrested by prison governor Frank who takes him for Eisenstein. Frank, satisfied by a job well done, then also decides to attend Orlofsky's ball.
At the ball, Dr. Falkes machinations play out splendidly: to Eisensteins astonishment he meets his chambermaid Adele, who brazenly denies her identity; he befriends a French chevalier in truth none other than prison governor Frank; and finally he falls in love with his own wife, masked and disguised as a Hungarian countess.
In the third act, the knots begin to unravel. The action takes place at the prison, a rather shady affair thanks to Frosch, the permanently drunk gaoler. One by one, the characters reappear: first prison governor Frank, extremely hungover, then Adele, who is hoping to find a patron to foster her dramatic talent, along with her sister Ida, and then Eisenstein, who is astonished to find that he has apparently been locked up all night. When Rosalind also appears and, together with Alfred, demands an interview with a lawyer, Eisenstein dons a disguise and takes the place of the stuttering lawyer Dr. Blind. This trick allows him to get to the bottom of the previous evenings events. Fortunately he then allows himself to be convinced that everything was a part of Dr Falkes plot for revenge; and so it all ends happily, and Adele even finds her patron in the form of Prince Orlofsky.
Last update: 02 April 2023
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text: Celebrity Taylor Swift's New Beau: Conor Kennedy? The pair, who have been spending lots of time together, "walked out hand-in-hand" after having pizza recently By People Staff Published on July 31, 2012 01:55 PM Share Tweet Pin Email Trending Videos Photo: WENN Oops, wrong Kennedy! Over the Fourth of July, Taylor Swift was photographed hugging Patrick Schwarzenegger, Maria Shriver's son. But now it appears that Conor Kennedy, the son of Robert Kennedy Jr. and the late Mary Kennedy, is actually Taylor's love interest. He is pictured just to the right of Swift in the same photo – and the two have been spending lots of time together. On July 25, Swift, 22, and Kennedy, 18, enjoyed slices at Kennedy family favorite Marcella's Pizza in his hometown, Mount Kisco, N.Y., and "walked out hand-in-hand," according to a source. Earlier that day, Kennedy was appointed as the administrator of his late mom's $2.1 million-plus estate, according to the Boston Herald. Days later, the pair grabbed pizza again and visited with his grandmother, Ethel Kennedy. And on July 29, they lunched with friends at Baxter's on Cape Cod where she ate chicken fingers and sat next to Kennedy. Swift "was smiling a lot and she looked happy," says an observer. Taylor Swift Hangs with Patrick Schwarzenegger on Independence Day The New York Post also reports that the couple were seen kissing and holding hands over the weekend. Swift has been open about her love for all things Kennedy. She said she was "starstruck" when she met Caroline and Ethel in January, and has called Jackie Kennedy a style inspiration. And the Kennedy's seem to admire the Grammy-winning country star as well. On Dec. 3, Swift will be honored by the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights for her commitment to social change, especially her work against bullying and LGBT discrimination. Ethel Kennedy will present the award. For more on Swift and Kennedy – including photos of their time in Hyannisport – check out this week's issue of PEOPLE, on newsstands Friday • Reporting by KEVIN O'DONNELL and SYDNEY BERGER


text: Sew everything you can dream of with the Autumn Winter and Spring Summer fabrics by Katia Fabrics. Discover all kinds of print fabrics in pastel, contemporary and lively colours to make up using our sewing patterns. Waterproof fabric, denim, cotton poplin, sweat fabric, jersey knit fabrics, muslin fabrics… prints with original illustrations designed exclusively for Katia Fabrics.