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Black History Month 2013
Dr. Martin Luther King Exhibit
This exhibit was put together by the Dr. Martin Luther King Holiday Commission. It is free and open to the public and is on display in the Level 1 lobby and two display cases on Level 3.
February 3 - March 3
Denver's Urban Cipher Collective presents The Art of Black and White, guest curated by Helen Littlejohn
Cousins Gallery - 3rd Floor
Featuring work by 13 Colorado artists and three others from South Carolina, Missouri and Arizona, working in several art mediums showcasing the infinite possibilities of black and white in artistic expressions.
Opening Reception:
Saturday, February 9, 11 a.m. -4 p.m. (will also feature several community vendors with art, jewelry, clothing and handmade gifts.)
For more information, please contact 303-907-4587.
PLEASE NOTE: Library hours:
Mon. 12-8 PM/Wed and Fri 10 AM – 6 PM./ Sat 9 AM – 5 PM
Closed - Tuesday, Thursday and Sunday
Three Day Special Event: One Million Bones: Make a Bone for Peace
Monday, February 4, 4-6:30pm @ Blair-Caldwell Library
Monday, February 11, 4-6:30pm @ Redline
Saturday, March 23, 10 a.m. @ Schlessman Family Branch Library
Join the Denver Public Library and RedLine for a Collaborative Social Arts Event to Remember Victims and Survivors of Genocide
Free and Open to the Public ~ All Ages
Saturday, February 2, 1:30 - 3:30 p.m.
Juanita Ross Gray Community Service Award Presentation
Ford-Warren Branch Library
Free and Open to the Public
Light Refreshments will be served
Join the Denver Public Library as we honor individuals with the annual Juanita Ross Gray Community Service Award, named for a former Denver Public Library staff member and dedicated community advocate. To honor the memory of Mrs. Gray, awards will be presented to African American men and women who have made an outstanding contribution to the Denver Metro area and who exemplify the ideals and spirit represented by Gray's commitment to the community.
For more information about the event, please visit www.denverlibrary.org/content/juanita-ross-gray-community-service-award or call 720-865-2045.
Wednesday, February 6, 6-7:30 p.m.
Special Reception and Book Signing Event
An Evening with Rev. Dr. Willie Jennings, Ph.D., Duke Divinity School
With tribute to Black History Month, join us for a reception and book signing planned for Wednesday, Feb. 6 from 6 – 7:30 p.m. Seating is limited, please RSVP to M. Celeste Jackson at email@example.com or call 303-765-3119. Please feel free to share this invitation with friends, family, colleagues and students.
Sponsored By the Iliff School of Theology (Iliff) Diversities Program, in partnership with Blair-Caldwell African American Research Library of the Denver Public Library
Saturday, February 9, 2 p.m.
Black History Live-Chautauquan Hasan Davis
Colorado Humanities presents, Black History Live with Hasan Davis as "York," the slave who accompanied Lewis and Clark on their expedition. Join us for this unique way of exploring history.
Black History Month Film Series:
Monday, February 4, 6 p.m.
The Black Power Mixtape (2011)
A treasure trove of 16mm material shot by Swedish journalists who came to the US drawn by stories of urban unrest and revolution. Gaining access to many of the leaders of the Black Power Movement, the filmmakers captured them in intimate moments and remarkably unguarded interviews. 100 minutes, Not Rated Trailer
Monday, February 11, 6 p.m.
Slavery By Another Name (2011)
This film challenges one of America's most cherished assumptions, the belief that slavery in the US ended with Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation by telling the harrowing story of how in the South, a new system of involuntary servitude took its place with shocking force. 90 minutes, Not Rated
Monday, February 25, 6 p.m.
More Than a Month (2012)
Film and Discussion
Shukree Hassan Tilghman, a 29-year-old African American filmmaker, goes on a cross-country campaign to end Black History Month. 54 minutes, Not Rated
Please contact the Blair-Caldwell Library at 720-865-2401 or email email@example.com for more information.


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Update: Apparently there's actually something good in this update! Too bad they didn't actually include it in the press release, but the Xbox 360 will support DivX and XviD! Hurray! Here's what we got from the Xbox team:
**15. What types of AVI files are supported?
The Xbox 360 supports files encoded using MPEG-4 Part 2, Simple and Advanced Simple Profile. These files are often referred to as Xvid or DivX® video files. Many common PC DVD authoring tools, cameras, and camcorders are capable of encoding files using MPEG-4. Note that some files authored for DivX devices may also contain additional functionality(menus, subtitles, multiple audio tracks, etc). The Xbox 360 will attempt to play these files, but does not support any of the additional functionality and in some cases will be unable to play the file.
16. Why don't some of my older versions of DivX® files play?
Since we only support Mpeg-4 compatible codec implementations, we will not be able to play video files older than DivX® 5.0.
Original post, before we knew about DivX:
We thought that the previously released details of Xbox 360's Fall Update were kinda lame, and hoped the rest of the yet-to-be-released features would make up for the fact that seeing your friends' friends, parental timers, and downloadable Xbox 1 games are so-so at best. No such luck. Microsoft's just dropped the rest of the details, and they're not so great either.
The new features are Xbox LIVE Arcade Hits (a plan to discount older XBLA games permanently), Inside Xbox (a news stream from Xbox.com to your Dashboard), an enhanced online profile (you can enter in more details about yourself), full-screen movie previews, and slightly changed navigation. Here's the full release:
Xbox Originals - With this new service, announced on Nov. 13, consumers can download-to-own full original Xbox games that were previously only available at retail. The digital shelves will always be stocked with classic titles, such as "Crash Bandicoot: Wrath of Cortex," "Crimson Skies: High Road to Revenge," "Halo," "Fable," "Fuzion Frenzy," "Psychonauts," and more as the catalogue grows over time, at 1200 Microsoft Points per game.
· Xbox LIVE Arcade Hits - On Xbox LIVE Arcade, the Arcade Hits program kicks off where some of the best sellers will become available at permanently reduced prices, making it easier than ever for everyone to build a library of downloadable games! The first games to become Arcade Hits will be "Bankshot Billiards 2" and "Lumines LIVE," which will be available for 800 Microsoft Points each, and "Marble Blast Ultra," "Small Arms" and "Zuma Deluxe," which will be available for 400 Microsoft Points each. With free trial downloads for every game and over 100 games to choose from, Xbox LIVE Arcade offers something for every member of the family.
· Inside Xbox - A new direct feed brings current news straight from Xbox.com into the Xbox LIVE Dashboard providing members an easy, predictable entry point where they can discover what's new in: game releases, events, and Xbox LIVE Marketplace offers.
· Enhanced online profile - Members interested in sharing a few more details about themselves will have the option to go beyond their motto and further personalize their profile with an expanded bio. The extended bios will be visible to "Friends Only" or the entire Xbox LIVE community.
· Expanded Friends List access - A quick and easy way for gamers to expand their personal community on Xbox LIVE, members will be able to see the Friends Lists of other Xbox LIVE members, boosting their social networking experience on the service.
Enhanced Parental Controls - Family Timer, a strong and flexible new addition to the Xbox 360 Family Settings, enables parents to set the amount of time their Xbox 360 can be used on a per-day or per-week basis by their children or other members of the household.
New video features - The convenience of full-screen movie previews and enhanced video codec support further expand the options when it comes to the Xbox 360 entertainment experience.
· Easy-to-use navigation features - With several noteworthy changes in the Xbox LIVE Dashboard, from the new Game Store button to the Video Store button to enhanced visuals and descriptions in the video library, Xbox LIVE members can find what they want, when they want it.

subset: commoncrawl


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A few weeks back J came across this great old drafting table that is from New York {or so the guy who sold it said}.
It was super cheap so we figured we would probably just resell it. But then J had a great idea that was a little risky… we could alter the drafting table to make a new dining room table! We have been contemplating getting a new dining room table for a couple months, and even searched around plenty for dining chairs and table for sale. We did see some beautiful options, but haven't found one we love yet, so when J said we could make one I thought it would be fun. Our plan was to try to merge a farmhouse style table with a drafting table base. Here is how we did it.
- We took ourselves down to HD to buy some wood and supplies:
- 9 – 2″x6″X8′ boards
- L brackets
- Screws
- Jig for screwing boards into each other
|J making sure the board is straight. You want to make sure and get super straight boards. And/or super straight husbands. I choose both.
- Next step was to lay out the boards. We were going for a table that was 44″ wide by 76″ L {We will cut the boards to the desired length later}.
- Using the jig screw the boards together one by one. Use a clamp to ensure the boards are level with each other. Ideally you would want to use a clamp that could span longer than 36″, but a 36″ clamp is all we had.
|Gooo ASU. NOT. Jk- thats where we both went, and J currently is getting his MBA at, so GOOO ASU.
- Once the boards are screwed together we cut them down to 76″.
- Now it was time to make the braces that would add stability to the table while connecting it to the base. We copied the measurements from the existing top of the drafting table and attached similar braces to our table top. We attached the braces using glue and L brackets.
- Using a chisel we chiseled out sections for the semi-circle metal pieces to sit flush with the brace. We then connected these pieces to the braces by drilling holes and using the original nuts and bolts from the drafting table. However, one of our friends recommended that we also purchased some lock nuts to ensure that all of the nuts and bolts stay in place for longer. Apparently, lock nuts prevent the nuts and bolts from loosening with all of the use that the table is likely to have. Hopefully, they will add some extra security for the table, ensuring that it all stays in place.
- Next we had to alter the base a bit. Originally the base would only lower to around 34″ but a normal dining table sits at 30″ so we had to cut a section out. If you look at the base you can see that there is a slit in the vertical piece of wood that straddles one of the support bars. We removed the bottom of this piece and cut a 5″ section out of it and carried the slit up another 5″ so that table could now be lower to 28″ {even though we secure it at 30″}. Again using the Jig and glue we reattached the bottom of the piece of wood that we removed to finish the base.
- The next step was to attach the base to the table top. This took a few adjustments for the bolts, but overall worked out relatively easily.
- Once the table was built it was time to distress and stain it. To distress the table and make it look old, we beat the effing crap out of it with hammers, chisels, screws, and screwdrivers. We added dings and sanded corners to give the wood a weathered look. {sorry no photos, we got a little carried away with the 'beating up' portion of the project}
- For the stain we chose to use Minwax Dark Walnut. We started by dissembling all the pieces of the table and sanding everything down. Then applied the stain to the bottom side of the table to test out the stain. Once we figured out what tone we were going for, we applied the stain to the table top and the base. Once the stain had soaked in, and all the pieces had been wiped down, we sealed the table and base using Minwax Wipe-On Poly. We did 2 coats on the base and probably 5 coats on the table top, since this will get more wear, thus needing more protection. After a few coats we wet sanded the table with fine sand paper and applied a new coat of poly. After 5 coats we felt it would hold up and have a nice shine.
- Next we assembled the table and moved it into our dining room to sit atop our super ugly rug {its weird how we loved this rug when we bought it, but since then the dogs have chewed, and we have repainted, and so now we HATE it… so no judging allowed- we totally know it does NOT go!}
PS- I linked this to my favorite parties!


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Yesterday the mathematician Steven Stragatz wrote the first article in a mulit-part series for the NY Times. In this first article, called From Fish to Infinity, he describes his intent.
Crazy as it sounds, over the next several weeks… I'll be writing about the elements of mathematics, from pre-school to grad school, for anyone out there who'd like to have a second chance at the subject — but this time from an adult perspective. It's not intended to be remedial. The goal is to give you a better feeling for what math is all about and why it's so enthralling to those who get it.
So, let's begin with pre-school.
I'm very interested in to see what Steve has to write on this topic. I'll re-post the links here as they come out.
List of his essays [updated each time a new one appears]:
- From Fish to Infinity (1/31/10)
- Rock Groups (2/7/10)
- The Enemy of My Enemy (2/14/10)
- Division and Its Discontents (2/21/10)
- The Joy of x (2/28/10)
- Finding Your Roots (3/7/10)
- Square Dancing (3/14/10)
- Think Globally (3/21/10)
- Power Tools (3/28/10)
- Take it to the Limit (4/4/10)
- Change we Can Believe In (4/11/10)
- It Slices, It Dices (4/18/10)
- Chances Are (4/25/10)
- Group Think (5/2/10)
- The Hilbert Hotel (5/9/10)


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All Locations
Get the best appliance repair services in Nairobi area, including washing machine repair, washing machine installation, washing machine maintenance, washing machine cleaning, washing machine parts and spares replacement and repair. We also offer the same services for other home and fitness appliances and equipment. They include but are not limited to the Washing Machine, oven, cooker, dishwasher, tumble dryer, fridge, refrigerator, freezer, water dispenser, water purifier, electric showers, swimming pool, television (tv), DSTV satellite dishes, wifi installations, air conditioners, treadmill, exercise bike, gym upholstery, computer, inbuilt cookers and ovens, microwave oven, rice cooker and more.
We fix these and more home and office appliances in Nairobi and its environs. We repair all brands currently in the Kenyan market. Our technicians are well trained, exposed and experienced in working on these appliance models.
A washing machine repair is our specialty at Imperial Appliances Repair Nairobi and we engage in the installation, maintenance, repair, and service and parts replacement of washing machines and tumble dryers in and around Nairobi Kenya. Your washing machine and / or Tumble Dryer is one of the hardest working electrical / mechanical laundry appliance in your home and a broken washing machine can be a major problem as we rely on them for our hygiene and health. However, a broken washing machine does not have to be a disaster or an expensive problem to fix. Imperial Appliances Repair Nairobi will send you the expert you need to take care of machines that require repair, installation, maintenance and service in Nairobi Kenya
Does your range hood properly ventilate your kitchen? Do you smell food aromas wafting through your house every time you cook a meal? Do you notice grease on the walls around your cooking area? Perhaps you range hood is not working as it should. Our technicians are trained and qualified to provide the highest standard of range hood repair.
Our team of Customer Service Representatives understands that it's not every day that you need service repairs. They will be there to help you every step of the way. There's no need to feel overwhelmed when it comes to fixing your range, we have been doing this for over 10 years
We have been offering first rate kitchen hood repair in the greater Nairobi area for over 10 years and has worked with every major appliance brand. Whether your range hood needs to be serviced, maintained, or repaired, you can rest assured that the job will be done quickly and efficiently.
We strive to provide you with the best quality work at the lowest rates for range and kitchen hood repair.
The coffee machine is a critical part of your household and your day. The common problems with coffee machines may include a clogged water line, coffee grounds in the cup or even unexpected powering on and off. Best Appliance Repair is skilled and experienced in handling these issues as well as many others. To keep your day going and the coffee flowing, call Imperial Appliance Repair Nairobi . Our familiarity and expertise with coffee system repair and manufacturers is a valuable resource to you, making us among the best choice for you and your coffee system.
We have built a strong relationship with these manufacturers over the last 20 plus years providing us with an extensive knowledge of each brand.
Our experience extends to the following brands: Ariston, Bosch, Dacor, DCS, Electrolux, Gaggenau, Miele, Thermador, Water Inc, and many more.
Dishwashers were once thought of as a kitchen luxury, however over the years they have become so dependable that they are now considered an essential kitchen appliance. This becomes extremely clear the moment your dishwasher stops working. Clogged water system, wash quality problems or pump motor issues are all issues that may become an inconvenience hindering your luxurious lifestyle.
Best Appliance Repair has become a service leader in servicing, maintaining and repairing all major brands of dishwashers such as AGA, Amana, Asko, Blomberg, Bosch, Dacor, DCS, Electrolux, Fisher & Paykel, Frigidaire, GE, GE Monogram, GE Profile, Jenn-Air, KitchenAid, LG, Maytag, Miele, Kenmore, Samsung, Thermador, Viking, Whirlpool, and many more. We take immense pride in our work at Best Appliance Repair and seek to provide quality service at excellent rates to maintain your comfort and convenience. Our experience extends to the following brands: AGA, Amana, Ariston, Asko, Blomberg, Bosch, Dacor, Danby, DCS, Electrolux, Electrolux Icon, Fagor, Fisher & Paykel, Frigidaire, GE, GE Café, GE Monogram, GE Profile, Hotpoint, JENN-AIR, Kenmore, KitchenAid, LG, Maytag, Miele, Samsung, Thermador, Viking, Whirlpool, and many more
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We pride ourselves on the relationships we maintain with some of the leading brands and regularly send our technicians to be certified in order to offer you the highest quality of service. Some of the famous brands of dryers we service, maintain and repair include Amana, Asko, Bosch, Electrolux, Fisher & Paykel, Frigidaire, Hotpoint, LG, Kenmore, Maytag, Miele, Samsung, Whirlpool, and many others.
Our experience extends to the following brands:
Amana, Ariston, Asko, Bosch, Electrolux, Fagor, Fisher & Paykel, Frigidaire, GE, Hotpoint, Kenmore, LG, LG Studio, Maytag, Maytag Commercial, Miele, Samsung, Speed Queen, Whirlpool, and many more.
Freezers are an essential component of our daily lives, so when something goes wrong, it can become a major inconvenience. There are a number of things that can go wrong with your freezer, but the most common problems include damage to the compressor, problems with the condenser or a defective evaporator. Carrying out a freezer repair is a complex task that should only be performed by factory certified technicians. Fortunately, with over 10 years in the business of servicing, maintaining and repairing appliances, Best Appliance Repair is guaranteed to solve your problems.
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Our experience extends to the following brands: Amana, Danby, Frigidaire, GE, U-Line, Whirlpool
At Imperial Appliance Repair Nairobi , we understand that living in Nairobi can be uncomfortably hot. Ice Makers are a popular solution to the unforgiving summers in LA. Unfortunately, every appliance ultimately experiences issues such as not producing enough ice, bad odor and taste, and wear and tear from regular use. It is important to keep your ice maker properly-maintained to prevent unexpected service issues. A technician can arrive at your location to complete your ice maker repair equipped with all the tools to get the job done. When it comes to servicing, maintaining, and repairing ice makers, our technicians are the experts.
They can provide you with the best information for maintaining and prolonging the life of your ice maker. We want to provide you with the tools to not only fix your problem, but help prevent future problems as well. Our loyal client base is just one result of the excellent service that we've provided for over 10 years .
Microwaves have proven to be an invaluable kitchen appliance. Whether you are reheating leftovers or warming up a quick meal to go, a microwave is the go-to appliance. Aside from being convenient, microwaves are typically very reliable. Your microwave may go extended periods of time without needing any repairs. Unfortunately, you can still find yourself in need of microwave repair because of misuse or even everyday wear and tear. If you do need microwave maintenance or repairs, our professional technicians are at your service. We understand the convenience of this diverse kitchen appliance; we want to make sure to provide you with the best repair service as quickly as possible.
Our loyal client base can speak for itself. Our technicians have experience with many major brands and can resolve a variety of microwave service issues. Don't wait until it's too late to get your microwave serviced, let us help! Our experience extends to the following brands: Amana, Bertazzoni, Bosch, Dacor, DCS, Electrolux, Electrolux Icon, Frigidaire, GE, GE Monogram, Hotpoint, JENN-AIR, KitchenAid, LG, Maytag, Samsung, Sharp, Viking, Whirlpool, and many more.
Knowing how important your kitchen appliances are to you and your family, Best Appliance Repair guarantees a quick and efficient fix in order to minimize your inconvenience. Despite the conveniences that a double or single, gas or electric, oven can offer, there are a number of defects that can occur. Some of the most common problems may include issues with the compressor, problems with the thermostat or timer defects. Thankfully, Best Appliance Repair is experienced in maintaining, servicing and repairing all makes and models of all major brands of ovens.
Our factory certified technicians guarantee to get your oven back in outstanding working condition in the quickest turnaround time.
Our experience extends to the following brands: American Range, Bertazzoni, Bosch, Dacor, DCS, Electrolux, Electrolux Icon, Fagor, Fisher & Paykel, Frigidaire, GE, GE Café, GE Monogram, JENN-AIR, KitchenAid, LG, LG Studio, Maytag, Miele, Thermador, Verona, Viking, Whirlpool, Wolf, and many more.
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Our team of Customer Service Representatives understand that it's not every day that you need service repairs. They will be there to help you every step of the way. There's no need to feel overwhelmed when it comes to fixing your range, we have been doing this for over 10 years ! Using the latest technological advances, we can guarantee you the best possible service. Best Appliance Repair has worked with all makes and models of major range brands and can provide solutions to a variety of problems. Our repair technicians are experts when it comes to appliance repair, they understand the tools and practices needed to solve your range service issues.
Our experience extends to the following brands: AGA, Amana, American Range, Bertazzoni, BlueStar, Bosch, Capital, Dacor, Danby, DCS, Electrolux Icon, Fisher & Paykel, FiveStar, Frigidaire, GE, GE Monogram, Hotpoint, JENN-AIR, KitchenAid, LG, Maytag, NXR, Premier, Samsung, Thermador, Verona, Viking, Whirlpool, Wolf, and many more.
As we are all well aware off, refrigerators are likely to be the most used appliances in anyone's home; exactly why maintaining their upkeep is of such importance to Imperial Appliance Repair Nairobi . Whether your refrigerator is built-in or freestanding or an energy-efficient measure on your part, Best Appliance Repair can help you with servicing, maintaining, and repairing your most prized possession in the kitchen. Issues with the compressor, the defroster or with the fan motor can become a real nuisance in your daily life. Your convenience is our business and that's what Best Appliance Repair is here for!
Our technicians are industry leaders in refrigerator repair and are approved to work on all major makes and models of all major brands of refrigerators.
Our experience extends to the following brands: Amana, Bosch, DCS, Electrolux Icon, Fagor, Fisher & Paykel, Frigidaire, GE, GE Café, GE Monogram, JENN-AIR, KitchenAid, LG, Samsung, Viking, Whirlpool, and many more.
Does your range hood properly ventilate your kitchen? Do you smell food aromas wafting through your house every time you cook a meal? Do you notice grease on the walls around your cooking area? Perhaps you range hood is not working as it should Our technicians are trained and qualified to provide the highest standard of range hood repair.
Our team of Customer Service Representatives understand that it's not every day that you need service repairs. They will be there to help you every step of the way. There's no need to feel overwhelmed when it comes to fixing your range, we have been doing this for over 10 years !
We have been offering first rate kitchen hood repair in the greater Nairobi area for over 10 years and has worked with every major appliance brand. Whether your range hood needs to be serviced, maintained, or repaired, you can rest assured that the job will be done quickly and efficiently.
We strive to provide you with the best quality work at the lowest rates for range and kitchen hood repair. Our experience extends to the following brands: Vent-A-Hood®, AGA, Dacor, Danby, Electrolux, Frigidaire, GE, GE Monogram, Gaggenau, Hestan, JENN-AIR, Liebherr, Marvel, Kitchen Aid, Wolf, Thermador, Viking, and many more.
Our services are available in and around Nairobi, Mombasa, Machakos, Nakuru, Kiambu, Thika, and the rest of Kenya including :
We offer the best repair services in Dandora for washing machines, dishwashers, ovens, fridge freezers, cookers, tumble dryers in Dandora and many more locations in Nairobi, Machakos, Kiambu, Thika, Nakuru, Narok and Kenya
Our technicians are available for deployment in Dandora area and the locations listed. They come fully equipped and ready to repair / fix your appliance the same day and they are able to fix all types and brands of home appliances - Washing Machines, Cookers, Ovens, Dishwashers, Refrigerators, Computers, Water Dispensers, Water Purifiers and more.
If you find us by searching Appliance "Repair Near Me", by refferal or any other means, you landed at the right address and you will enjoy Top Notch Services from the Number 1 Home & Office appliances Repair service provider in Dandora, Nairobi & Mombasa - Kenya.
Call us on 0725414578 and one of our friendly staff today to find our more about our repair service throughout the Dandora area, or book a visit online.
We repair Washing Machines, Cooker, Oven, Dishwasher, Dryer, Fridge in Dandora and:
We are a leading name when it comes to domestic appliance repairs in the Kenya. Here are just a few reasons why hundreds of customers in Dandora book with us every week:
Next day appointments available with 99% of our same/next day in Dandora appointments met!
Includes Unlimited time and repeat visits with only parts charged on top. Simple pricing to make it easy.
We repair almost all makes and models of domestic appliances in Dandora.
Whether it's sunshine, rain, or snow outside we work in all weather conditions.
All of our engineers in Dandora have fully stocked vans to maximise the chances of a first visit fix.
Our engineers live and work in and around Dandora - that's why we can come out to you quick!.
Our customers love us because we offer a tumble dryer repair service in Dandora which covers almost all makes and models including; Bosch, Samsung, BEKO, Miele, and more!
Having a faulty tumble dryer can cause more stress and inconvenience than people realise, until of course they go through the experience, so we know what it feels like. That's why, our engineers are on standby ready to attend fast.
We offer washing machine repair services throughout the Dandora area, and in fact it's one of our most common appliance repairs.
We have been offering washing machine repair since our inception back in 1975 so we know a thing or two about them!
We have already repaired over 10,000 appliances this year alone. Add that over our 40 years of existence and it quickly becomes apparent just how much experience and knowledge we have!
Over this time we have found our customers in Dandora frequently have the following problems with their appliances:
These are just a few of the examples of common faults however give us a 0770029959to discuss the specific fault with your appliance.
We repair these appliances in Dandora
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Tumble Dryer Repairs - ,
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"Repair Near Me (Dandora)" Yields Imperial Appliances Repair Services
Book Your Repair Now
Trusted and approved by the World's leading manufacturers, here's some of the brands we repair every day:
Zerowatt Repair in Dandora,
Zelmer Repair in Dandora,
Zanker Repair in Dandora,
White-Westinghouse Repair in Dandora,
Wolf Repair in Dandora,
Westinghouse Repair in Dandora,
Voss Repair in Dandora,
Vyatka Repair in Dandora,
Viva Repair in Dandora,
Viking Repair in Dandora,
Vestfrost Repair in Dandora,
V-ZUG Repair in Dandora,
Valor Repair in Dandora,
ufesa Repair in Dandora,
UPO Repair in Dandora,
Tricity Bendix Repair in Dandora,
Termogamma Repair in Dandora,
Thermador Repair in Dandora,
Technika Repair in Dandora,
Sub-Zero Repair in Dandora,
Süsler Repair in Dandora,
Stinol Repair in Dandora,
Tappan Repair in Dandora,
Simpson Repair in Dandora,
Somela Repair in Dandora,
Scholtès Repair in Dandora,
Sidex Repair in Dandora,
Rosières Repair in Dandora,
Servis Repair in Dandora,
Prosdócimo Repair in Dandora,
REX-Electrolux Repair in Dandora,
Roper Repair in Dandora,
ProLine Repair in Dandora,
PROFiLO Repair in Dandora,
PRAUD Repair in Dandora,
Privileg Repair in Dandora,
Pitsos Repair in Dandora,
Polar Repair in Dandora,
Philco Repair in Dandora,
Parkinson Cowan Repair in Dandora,
Pelgrim Repair in Dandora,
Olympic Group Repair in Dandora,
Otsein Hoover Repair in Dandora,
Nobo Repair in Dandora,
Mora Repair in Dandora,
Montpellier Repair in Dandora,
Mademsa Repair in Dandora,
Marvel Repair in Dandora,
Mastercook Repair in Dandora,
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Wolf Blitzer delivers the most important breaking news and political, international, and national security stories of the day. Tune to The Situation Room weekdays 5-7pm ET on CNN.
Tom Foreman analyzes ISIS video showing the death of journalist James Foley to see what intel can be gleaned from it.
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Gold Mines of Los Angeles County
It is with deep sadness and regret that we wish to inform you our
beloved husband, loving father, fearless explorer and fine friend Hugh Blanchard passed away on Sunday,
November 23rd 2008 after
an accidental fall while hiking in the Castaic Mine area. He did not suffer that we know of and
he never regained consciousness. He lived a
long full life and died doing what he most loved.
This site consists of several articles on hard rock mining primarily gold mining mostly in Los Angeles County. My intent is to preserve local mining history. Several of these articles have appeared in the Lookout, the publication of the Hundred Peaks Section of the Sierra Club and the Explorer, the publication of the local chapter of the National Speleological Society.
My sincere appreciation to John W. Robinson who has contributed so much to local history with his several books and trail guides on local mountains including much information on mining history.


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Surely one of the best ways to generate motivation in ourselves and others is by dangling rewards?
Yet psychologists have long known that rewards are overrated. The carrot, of carrot-and-stick fame, is not as effective as we've been led to believe. Rewards work under some circumstances but sometimes they backfire. Spectacularly.
Here is a story about preschool children with much to teach all ages about the strange effects that rewards have on our motivation.
It's child's play
Psychologists Mark R. Lepper and David Greene from Stanford and the University of Michigan were interested in testing what is known as the 'overjustification' hypothesis—about which, more later (Lepper et al., 1973).
Since parents so often use rewards as motivators for children they recruited fifty-one preschoolers aged between 3 and 4. All the children selected for the study were interested in drawing. It was crucial that they already liked drawing because Lepper and Greene wanted to see what effect rewards would have when children were already fond of the activity.
The children were then randomly assigned to one of the following conditions:
- Expected reward. In this condition children were told they would get a certificate with a gold seal and ribbon if they took part.
- Surprise reward. In this condition children would receive the same reward as above but, crucially, weren't told about it until after the drawing activity was finished.
- No reward. Children in this condition expected no reward, and didn't receive one.
Each child was invited into a separate room to draw for 6 minutes then afterwards either given their reward or not depending on the condition. Then, over the next few days, the children were watched through one-way mirrors to see how much they would continue drawing of their own accord. The graph below shows the percentage of time they spent drawing by experimental condition:
As you can see the expected reward had decreased the amount of spontaneous interest the children took in drawing (and there was no statistically significant difference between the no reward and surprise reward group). So, those who had previously liked drawing were less motivated once they expected to be rewarded for the activity. In fact the expected reward reduced the amount of spontaneous drawing the children did by half. Not only this, but judges rated the pictures drawn by the children expecting a reward as less aesthetically pleasing.
Rewards reduce intrinsic motivation
It's not only children who display this kind of reaction to rewards, though, subsequent studies have shown a similar effect in all sorts of different populations, many of them grown-ups. In one study smokers who were rewarded for their efforts to quit did better at first but after three months fared worse than those given no rewards and no feedback (Curry et al., 1990). Indeed those given rewards even lied more about the amount they were smoking.
Reviewing 128 studies on the effects of rewards Deci et al. (1999, p. 658) concluded that:
"tangible rewards tend to have a substantially negative effect on intrinsic motivation (…) Even when tangible rewards are offered as indicators of good performance, they typically decrease intrinsic motivation for interesting activities."
Rewards have even been found to make people less creative and worse at problem-solving.
So, what's going on? The key to understanding these behaviours lies in the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. When we do something for its own sake, because we enjoy it or because it fills some deep-seated desire, we are intrinsically motivated. On the other hand when we do something because we receive some reward, like a certificate or money, this is extrinsic motivation.
The children were chosen in the first instance because they already liked drawing and they were already intrinsically motivated to draw. It was pleasurable, they were good at it and they got something out of it that fed their souls. Then some of them got a reward for drawing and their motivation changed.
Before they had been drawing because they enjoyed it, but now it seemed as though they were drawing for the reward. What they had been motivated to do intrinsically, they were now being given an external, extrinsic motivation for. This provided too much justification for what they were doing and so, paradoxically, afterwards they drew less.
This is the overjustification hypothesis for which Lepper and Greene were searching and although it seems like backwards thinking, it's typical of the way the mind sometimes works. We don't just work 'forwards' from our attitudes and preferences to our actions, we also work 'backwards', working out what our attitudes and preferences must be based on our current situation, feelings or actions (see also: cognitive dissonance).
When money makes play into work
Not only this but rewards are dangerous for another reason: because they remind us of obligations, of being made to do things we don't want to do. Children are given rewards for eating all their food, doing their homework or tidying their bedrooms. So rewards become associated with painful activities that we don't want to do. The same goes for grown-ups: money becomes associated with work and work can be dull, tedious and painful. So when we get paid for something we automatically assume that the task is dull, tedious and painful—even when it isn't.
This is why play can become work when we get paid. The person who previously enjoyed painting pictures, weaving baskets, playing the cello or even writing blog posts, suddenly finds the task tedious once money has become involved.
About the author
Psychologist, Jeremy Dean, PhD is the founder and author of PsyBlog. He holds a doctorate in psychology from University College London and two other advanced degrees in psychology.
He has been writing about scientific research on PsyBlog since 2004. He is also the author of the book "Making Habits, Breaking Habits" (Da Capo, 2003) and several ebooks.


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The Farr Side: 'Idol' alumni kept going strong in 2012
If you're thinking "American Idol" has seen its day, think again.
"Idol" alums were everywhere in 2012, proving the show can produce quality entertainers beyond the hype.
2012 belonged to Kelly Clarkson (Season 1 winner) as her album "Stronger" continued to dominate the charts with four songs in the Top 40, including the mega-anthem "Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)."
Clarkson managed to have a hit tour, judge on "Duets," release a first-ever "Greatest Hits" package, and become engaged in 2012, while also earning a slew of award nominations and honors. She is also up for four Grammy Awards in February, including the coveted Record and Song of the Year honors for "Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)."
Carrie Underwood (Season 4 winner) also saw her star shine brighter with the release of fourth studio album "Blown Away," which quickly made its way to the top of the country charts.
Underwood has become a mainstay on the charts ever since winning "AI," becoming one of the most popular country artists of the last decade.
She also made her movie debut in "Soul Surfer" and will take center stage as Maria von Trapp in a live NBC broadcast of "The Sound Of Music" to air during the 2013 holiday season.
Like Clarkson, Underwood is up for three Grammy Awards including Best Country Album for "Blown Away."
Jordin Sparks (Season 6 winner) began 2012 wrapping up her first movie "Sparkle" to which she co-starred with the legendary Whitney Houston. Houston's death last year was a tough blow to Sparks, who was hand-picked by Houston to play the role of Sparkle in the movie musical version of the Broadway hit.
Sparks' performance turned the heads and her vocals on the soundtrack earned her even more praise. She also began a high-profile relationship with singer Jason DeRulo.
Katharine McPhee (Season 5 runner-up) lit up the small screen as Karen Cartwright in the hit NBC musical drama "Smash." McPhee dazzled as she slowly transformed her character into Marilyn Monroe.
McPhee co-stars alongside Oscar-winning actress Angelica Huston, Emmy-winner Debra Messing and Broadway star Megan Hilty. Season 12 is set begin next week and will also feature Idol alum Jennifer Hudson (Season 3 finalist). NBC is going all out for this show.
Hudson made plenty of headlines herself as she continued to be the latest spokesperson for Weight Watchers. She also released her second album and at last minute notice performed in tribute to Whitney Houston at the Grammys.
Hudson, an Oscar winner already, finished shooting "Winnie" in South Africa, playing Winner, former wife to Nelson Mandela.
Other Idol alums including Taylor Hicks (Season 5 winner), Constantine Maroulis (Season 4 finalist), Diana DeGarmo (Season 3 runner-up), Ace Young (Season 5 finalist), and others called Broadway home in 2012. Scotty McCreery (Season 10 winner), Lauren Alaina (Season 10 runner-up), Danny Gokey (Season 8 finalist), Kellie Pickler (Season 5 finalist), Bucky Covington (Season 5 finalist), and Josh Gracin (Season 2 finalist) found themselves on the country music charts. Chris Daughtry (Season 5 finalist) released his third straight hit album, too, as "Break The Spell" debuted at No. 1.
Clay Aiken (Season 2 runner-up) raised a ton of money on Donald Trump's "Celebrity Apprentice," ultimately finding himself runner-up to Arsenio Hall. He released his 6th studio album, "Steadfast."
Adam Lambert (Season 8 finalist) debuted on Billboard's Hot 200 with his second album "Trespassing," keeping Underwood's album that week from debuting on top. Lambert also starred on VH1's Divas Live with such stars Clarkson, Kelly Rowland, Miley Cyrus, Keri Hilson and others.
But it was Phillip Phillips who perhaps did the most to silence "American Idol" critics who think the show has seen its day.
Phillips, despite several kidney operations, managed to pull off the inevitable to win Season 11 and become the show's newest Idol.
Phillips' debut single "Home" defined the year for many, including the women's Olympic gymnastics team as it became their official theme song.
"Home" became one the year's biggest hits giving mad props to "AI." The song also appears on Phillips' hit album "The World From The Side Of The Moon," which is a stellar piece of work.
"Home" was the perfect song for the perfect winner on Idol, proving that no matter who the judges are it truly comes down to the talent at hand and he definitely has it.
Season 12 begins Jan. 16 with three new judges joining the original dawg himself, Randy Jackson: Mariah Carey, Keith Urban and Nicki Minaj.
David T. Farr is a Sturgis, Mich., Journal correspondent. Email him at firstname.lastname@example.com. You can also find The Farr Side on Facebook.


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Story highlights
NEW: Obama's top campaign adviser calls GOP claims to lower gas prices "snake oil talk"
Mitt Romney says two Cabinet ministers and the EPA head need to go
The Republican presidential hopeful attacks President Obama's energy policies
The president says he favors developing all energy sources to reduce foreign oil dependency
Mitt Romney escalated Republican attacks on President Barack Obama's energy policies Sunday, calling for the firing or resignations of what he labeled the "gas hike trio" of top energy and environment officials in the administration.
The Republican presidential hopeful's remarks on "Fox News Sunday" illustrated a GOP strategy to target Obama for rising gas prices as part of a campaign narrative that depicts the president as stifling U.S. production in order to boost alternative energy sources.
On Sunday, the AAA reported that the national average price for a gallon of regular unleaded gasoline rose to $3.84 for an increase of almost 17% so far this year, according to www.fuelgaugereport.com.
CNNMoney: Gas prices up for ninth consecutive day
Polls indicate Obama may be vulnerable on the issue, with his slowly rising approval rating in recent months appearing to stagnate or drop as gas prices have spiked.
Romney appeared eager to exploit the issue Sunday following similar comments he made the night before at a campaign event in Illinois, the next major primary in the Republican presidential race to decide who will run against Obama in November.
"There's no question" that Obama is to blame for higher gas prices, Romney said on Fox, adding that the president wanted higher energy costs to help speed the transition from oil and other fossil fuels.
"He has selected three people to help him implement that program," Romney said of Energy Secretary Steven Chu, Interior Secretary Ken Salazar and Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Lisa Jackson, "and this gas hike trio has been doing the job over the last three and a half years, and gas prices are up."
Zakaria's opinion: Republicans are pandering
According to Romney, Obama had an "election-year conversion" and now advocates increased U.S. oil drilling as well as natural gas and coal energy development. Therefore, Romney said, the threesome of Chu, Salazar and Jackson "ought to be fired" or should "hand in their resignations."
"It's a very different policy that he's now talking about, and I hope it's a real conversion," Romney said. "Time will tell."
Obama contends that oil prices are set by a global market and there is little that any administration can do in the short term to prevent recurring price spikes, like what is happening now.
In recent weeks, the president has ridiculed Republican assertions that increased drilling could lower gas prices, saying such claims were either misinformed or deliberately misleading.
"That's not oil talk. That's snake oil talk, and the American people know the difference," David Axelrod, Obama's senior campaign adviser, told the CBS program "Face the Nation" on Sunday.
Axelrod said Obama advocates a broad energy policy that invests in clean energy alternatives while continuing oil, gas and nuclear development. When asked about Romney's claim that Obama sought higher energy costs, Axelrod called it "nonsense," noting that domestic production now was greater than any time in the last eight years.
However, Republicans including Romney and fellow presidential contender Newt Gingrich call for accelerated drilling and development of U.S. oil and natural gas reserves as a way to end U.S. dependence on foreign oil.
They criticize Obama for holding back domestic oil development and argue Obama's policies have little to do with increased production happening now.
Republican National Committee Chairman Reince Priebus told the CBS program that today's increased domestic oil production was due to polices under the Clinton and George W. Bush administrations, rather than anything Obama has done.
"This president has shut down everything when it comes to energy independence in this country," Priebus said.
Last week, Salazar pushed back hard against that argument, telling White House reporters that such attacks by Republicans were "simply wrong."
"The fact of the matter is that we are producing more from public lands, both oil and gas, both onshore as well as offshore, than at any time in recent memory," Salazar said. "And when you look back at the year of 2009, 2010, and 2011, we've continued to make millions and millions of acres of the public estate available both on the land, as well as on the sea."
Even after the Gulf oil disaster, Salazar said, new permits have been issued for both deepwater and shallow water drilling and "more rigs working there than at any recent time in memory."
At the same briefing, White House Press Secretary Jay Carney said that "if increasing drilling were the answer in the United States to lowering prices at the pump, we would be seeing lower prices at the pump, because under President Obama we have increased significantly domestic oil and gas production. That is a fact."
In the Fox interview Sunday, Romney also criticized the Obama administration's rejection of the Keystone XL oil pipeline from Canada's tar sands development to the U.S. Gulf Coast.
Romney said the Keystone decision demonstrated bad policy by stifling job creation at the same time that the government was giving $500 million to Solyndra, the failed solar panel manufacturer.
However, Romney's assertion misstated the timing of those events. The Solyndra loan occurred in 2009, during Obama's first year in office, while the State Department rejected a permit for the Keystone pipeline earlier this year.
The Keystone permit was turned down after congressional Republicans forced a decision as planners continued seeking an alternate route through Nebraska requested by state officials.
TransCanada, the company developing the pipeline, has said it will reapply for approval of an alternate route, and in the meantime will construct one segment of the project from Oklahoma to the Gulf Coast that doesn't require State Department approval.
Axelrod told CBS that Obama was "not hostile to transporting oil, but we have to do it in an appropriate way."


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Ongoing US wind market uncertainties led GE to establish a new organisation responsible for identifying dedicated products for onshore growth regions outside the US, von Bobart explained. "The first outcome of this was a low-wind turbine specifically focused on the German market, where dedicated products for inland regions have become a key technology-market driver," he said. "The new German coalition government favours a key role for onshore wind as part of the Energiewende [energy transition] effort, which underlines that we are on the right track with our 2.5-120."
The first GE 2.5-120 prototype was installed in the Netherlands, followed by a second atop a hybrid concrete-steel tower in September in Bavaria, southern Germany.
Von Bobart added that customer feedback had been very positive, resulting in several major projects already under construction across inland Germany. Countries in eastern Europe and Scandinavia could develop into substantial additional 2.5-120 markets.
The combination of 2.5MW nameplate capacity and a 120-metre rotor diameter results in specific power rating of 221W/m2, which is in line with competitor Nordex's N117/2400 and N131/3000 low-wind models (223W/m2).
Hybrid tower
For the hybrid towers, GE teamed up with German specialist Max Bögl, which also delivers other leading suppliers with its Max Bögl Hybrid Tower System. This comprises multiple pre-cast 3.8-metre high coning rings stapled atop each other by precision "dry joints", followed by post-tensioning to a structural single assembly by internal steel cables. The next steps involves tubular-steel section mounting nacelle and rotor installation.
GE's current hybrid tower with 139-metre hub height offers 199-metre total installation height, just below an informal 200-metre limit, as opposed to some competitors such as Enercon who will cross this barrier with the new E-115 (206.5 metres). Von Bobart said: "It is fact that German height restrictions are being relaxed, and everybody is looking into higher towers. We are evaluating both larger rotors and higher towers, together with expanding our supply chain for hybrid towers, as this is the only relevant solution for Germany. But a further cost of energy reduction remains our primary goal."
The slender, about 59-metre-long blades for the 2.5-120 do not contain carbon and were developed in cooperation with "a leading independent European blade supplier".
Mechanically, the 2.5-120 builds on the 2.x series introduced in 2003. This evolved into the 2.5MW 2.5xl (2008), a 2.75-103 and, last year, into a 2.85-103 high-wind model. The drivetrain comprises a compact main shaft with twin bearings, incorporated into a cast housing that forms an integral part of a cast main carrier in two flanged sections. The main shaft is supported by a double-row tapered roller bearing facing the rotor and a cylindrical roller bearing behind. GE claimed the drivetrain lifetime-enhancing benefits include "pure" rotor torque transfer into the gearbox and full absorption of rotor-induced axial forces.
With the 2.85-103 GE switched back from a permanent magnet generator to doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), also for the 2.5-120 and latest 3.2-103 high-wind turbine model standard fitting.
A genuine wind industry novelty of both later turbine models is battery-type storage integrated in the power-electronic converter DC-bridge, an advanced feature for enhancing grid stability and voltage regulation capability. Additional industrial internet and built-in control features help manage the intermittency of the wind and offer predictability and higher reliability/availability.
Germany is a major focus for GE's wind division. The Salzbergen assembly facilities are instrumental for its entire European wind portfolio. The assembley of the 2.5-120 turbines for all markets will take place here, at least in the near-term. "Having manufacturing locations closer to projects helps improve logistics costs for our customers and makes wind projects even more competitive," said Von Bobart. "The cumulative track record of all 2X model versions is now around 1,300 units, and we aim to have a significant number of 2.5-120 turbines in operation by the end of 2014."


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Police: Woman's gut feeling thwarts planned school massacre, family murder
(CNN) -- When Chelsie Shellhas saw a tall young man slip into a storage locker and shut the door behind him one evening this week, it just looked wrong. She dialed 911.
Her instincts were right: Behind the door were bomb-making materials, police in Wacesa, Minnesota, said Thursday. Her call thwarted a cunningly planned gun and bomb attack at a school, they say.
John David LaDue, 17, was looking to carry it out in the coming weeks, police said in an official statement.
After Shellhas' call on Tuesday, officers arrived at the storage park to find LaDue among an assortment of gunpowder, pyrotechnic chemicals, ball bearings and a pressure cooker, police said.
CNN does not usually publish the names of minors charged with crimes but is naming LaDue in this case, because his name has been widely reported in his community.
Police locked up the storage bay and took LaDue in for a voluntary interview. He shared a macabre plan, police said.
His tale and recovered evidence resulted in charges of four counts of attempted murder, six counts of explosives possessions and related property damage charges.
He is being charged as a juvenile, said prosecutor Brenda Miller.
Alleged plan: Kill the family first
First, LaDue was planning to kill his father, mother and sister, police said.
He was particularly close to his sister, their music tutor said. Ryan Lano gave LaDue guitar lessons for four years. \"He would almost always come in with his sister, who played the drums,\" he said.
After their slayings, the teen, who idealized the Columbine school shooters, allegedly wanted to set a fire.
The arson, however, would only be a diversion to tie up emergency responders while he carried out the main plot at the school, police said.
He'd planned to set off \"numerous bombs\" during the lunch hour at Waseca Junior/Senior High School, then kill the school resource officer, police said.
Then he'd unleash gunfire on students until police officers arrived, allegedly planning to let them kill him.
Armed to the teeth
The teen's cache in the storage locker contained just pieces of the puzzle.
Police got a search warrant and at 10:30 p.m. arrived at LaDue's home, where he lived with his family.
Behind that door lay finished bombs, \"numerous guns\" and ammunition, police say. And they found LaDue's neatly laid plan journaled onto paper.
A bomb squad removed all recovered explosives and destroyed them by controlled detonation at a local airport.
Seemed up to no good
Shellhas and others in her building first saw a young man in their backyard, Shellhas' cousin Katy Harty told CNN's Brooke Baldwin.
As they watched him fiddle with the storage unit for about 10 minutes, they thought perhaps he was trying to break in, Harty said.
Shellhas picked up the phone, and 10 minutes later, police were taking LaDue in. His alleged plan hit frighteningly close to home.
Harty's younger brother is a senior at the targeted school. Her cousin is a freshman there.
\"It's scary; we're both, like, really glad that we did call and didn't just shrug it off,\" she said.
'Liked' guns, dark entertainment
If his Facebook page is any indicator, LaDue is partial to the dark side, and he \"likes\" assault rifles: the AK-101, Heckler & Koch SL8 and Steyr TMP.
In a photo, he can be seen picking an electric guitar with a skull on its shoulder strap; his preferred bands -- more than 190 of them in total -- are predominantly heavy metal.
His taste in movies is dominated by blood, gore, combat and fisticuffs. His favorite authors are Stephen King and a more traditional master of literary darkness, Edgar Allen Poe.
LaDue also seems to like to hunt. His avatar is a picture of himself in hunter's orange, posing with a slain deer with a rifle draped over it.
It was not immediately clear Thursday whether LaDue had retained an attorney.
His mother preferred not to give a statement but told CNN before hanging up the phone: \"Our family is dealing with a lot of grief.\"
LaDue, 17, was in juvenile detention Friday and has made death threats to facility staff, a prosecutor said.
A lucky calendar this year may have prevented him from hatching his plan already.
He had wanted to carry it out on April 20, the 15th anniversary of the mass shooting at Columbine High School in Colorado. But the date fell on Easter week this year, when school was out.


text: It was recently announced that in the next James Bond movie, Skyfall, the legendary spy will not be drinking his trademark martinis — instead he'll be sipping Heinekens. We think it's shameful when a classic institution whores itself out (unrelated, but be sure to watch MAD on Cartoon Network!) — and we realize it's only the beginning in a slew of dreadful product placement in the Bond films.


text:
Memory Model
A Memory Model defines the rules under which writes to various stored object data become visible to later reads to that data. For example, the memory model defines when writes to a Texture attached to a Framebuffer Object become visible to subsequent reads from that texture.
Under normal circumstances, a coherent memory model is rigidly enforced by OpenGL. In general, if you write to an object, any command you issue later will see the new value. Because OpenGL behaves "as if" all operations happened in a specific sequence, it is up to the OpenGL implementation to make sure that subsequent writes have occurred when you issue a read.
For example, if you fire off a rendering command, OpenGL will not have finished executing that command by the time the function returns. If you issue a glReadPixels operation (without doing an asynchronous read) to read from the framebuffer, it is now on the OpenGL implementation to synchronize with all outstanding write operations. OpenGL will therefore halt the CPU thread issuing the read until all rendering is done, then perform the read and return.
What follows will be a list of exceptions to the basic rule of "reads issued after a write will see the written data".
Multiple threads and contexts
It is possible to use multiple CPU threads in OpenGL. This raises a number of questions about synchronization and state visibility between threads.
The multithreading model that OpenGL uses is built on one fact: the same OpenGL context cannot be current within multiple threads simultaneously. While you can have multiple OpenGL contexts which are current in multiple threads, you cannot manipulate a single context simultaneously from two threads.
Of course, this raises the possibility of having a race condition on the currency of a context. That is, one thread is manipulating a context while another thread makes it current. Who wins?
The correct answer is that you lose. You should design your application such that this is impossible. It is up to the OpenGL application to avoid race conditions on the current context. This should be done by using appropriate synchronization primitives, which should be available to you from your language or threading library of choice.
Object content visibility
OpenGL Contexts can share objects. This means that it is possible for an object in one thread to be manipulated while it is being used in a second thread.
In terms of synchronization, OpenGL states that changes only happen once those commands have completed. Since each context has its own command streams, you will need to either use a Sync Object or glFinish to ensure that the command has executed. But you must also communicate with the other thread to let it know that the data has been updated. This will require using the appropriate language/library inter-thread communication features (mutex's, atomics, etc).
However, this is not enough to ensure that the changes are visible in the consuming thread. The OpenGL specification has a number of complex rules (OpenGL 4.5, Section 5.3.3, page 54) that determine when updates to an object in one thread will become visible to other threads.
The general gist of the rules is that each consuming context must bind the object to its context before the change becomes visible. The binding can either be direct binding (with a glBind* call) or indirect binding, by binding a container object that references the changed object.
Even if that object is already bound in thread 2 when the change takes place in thread 1, thread 2 must rebind the object to ensure the visibility of the updated data. The rebinding however does not need to rebind the object to every possible binding or attachment point it is associated with. Any one of them will cause the object's new data to be visible on the current thread.
Note that the above is true even in a single-threaded case. This would happen if you have multiple contexts in one thread that share objects. If you change an object's data in context 1, then make context 2 current, the object's data will only become visible in the new context if you rebind it.
Sync objects
The only objects that don't work this way are Sync Objects. Specifically, when multiple contexts are blocked on the same sync object. When the sync object becomes signaled in one context, it becomes signaled in all contexts that are currently blocked on that object.
Framebuffer objects
When performing a rendering operation to images attached to a Framebuffer Object, attempts to access pixels from those images via texture or image fetches will result in undefined values. Such fetches from images that are being written to are not coherent. Note that this only concerns fetches due to rendering operations; image reads via Pixel Transfer operations (even asynchronous ones) will work just fine (though non-async reads will stall the CPU to wait for the GPU to finish rendering).
OpenGL is actually quite strict about fetching data from attached textures. It states that the value of a texture being accessed is undefined if it is at all theoretically possible for any texture fetch executed by the shaders to access any part of any image being written in the rendering operation. OpenGL is quite conservative about this.
If an image is attached to a framebuffer object, then to get defined behavior from reading from a texture (or any texture whose storage provides access to that image), you must use the texture mipmap range specifiers to make it actively impossible to access any mipmap levels that are attached. Alternatively, you may use nearest or linear minification filtering, and fetch from mipmap levels other than those which are attached.
You will get undefined fetches when using Array Textures or Cubemap Textures, even if you have attached one array layer and are fetching only from a different one. So long as the fetch and the attached layer are both in the same mipmap level, you will get undefined behavior.
View textures can help resolve the array/face problem. For example, if you want to read from array layer 0 and write to array layer 1 in the same mipmap, you may create two view textures, each of which can only access that specific layer. The view for layer 0 can be bound as a texture, while the view for layer 1 can be attached to the FBO. No feedback loop will work.
Once those images are no longer being written to, then rendering commands made after that change will be able to read the values written by rendering commands prior to the change. Things that change what is being rendered to include:
- Binding a new FBO that doesn't use the image(s) in question.
- Detaching the image from the FBO altogether.
Because of this, if you want to implement programmatic Blending (more complex blend functions than OpenGL provides) operations, you will often need to "ping-pong" between two textures. The algorithm works like this:
- Read from texture 0, blend and write to texture 1.
- Bind texture 1 for reading.
- Change the FBO's attachment to texture 0 (remember: just calling glDrawBuffers isn't enough).
- Read from texture 1, blend and write to texture 0.
- Bind texture 0 for reading.
- Change the FBO's attachment to texture 1 (remember: just calling glDrawBuffers isn't enough).
- Repeat as needed for each blended object.
Texture barrier
|Core in version
|Core since version
|Core ARB extension
|Vendor extension
This functionality changes the above in several ways. Note that, even before this functionality was core OpenGL, the NVIDIA extension was implemented even on AMD hardware.
First, it expands the rules to say that it is OK to render to the same image that you read from, so long as you render to different parts of the image. So if you use the Viewport and Scissor Test to limit where you render to on the image, and use proper texture coordinates and filtering to limit where you read from, it is possible to avoid having to ping-pong between two separate textures.
This also allows you to use Cubemap Textures and Array Textures, where you attach one layer/face to the FBO and read from a different one. That is, the undefined behavior is only triggered if the shader attempts to read from texels that were written by a prior rendering call.
Despite this relaxation of the rules, undefined behavior is still triggered whenever a shader attempts to read from texels written by a prior rendering call (so long as the texture remains a render target). So if you wanted to implement ping-ponging as above, but within two regions of the same texture, you won't be able to read from the area you just wrote to without undefined behavior. Similarly, if you wrote to an image in a framebuffer, then want to read from it without detaching the images or changing bound FBOs, all the Write Masks or Draw Buffer state in the world will not make the previously written data visible to you.
Therefore, the second thing this feature provides is a function that ensures visibility of previously written data:
This function states that all writes to framebuffer images due to rendering operations before this command is issued will become visible to reads from those images after this command. Therefore, if you want to ping-pong between two separate regions of the same image, the way it works is as follows:
- Read from region 0, blend and write to region 1.
- Call glTextureBarrier.
- Read from region 1, blend and write to region 0.
- Call glTextureBarrier.
- Repeat as needed for each blended object.
Without the barrier, this would not work.
Similarly, if you wrote to an image, then want to read the data you wrote, you can issue the barrier instead of having to detach the image. You can use Write Masks or Draw Buffer state to prevent writing while you are reading.
The third thing this functionality changes is that you are permitted to perform a single read/modify/write operation between a texel fetch and a framebuffer image under the following conditions:
- Each fragment shader reads only from a single texel from the image being written to. Specifically, the texel that that particular fragment shader will write to. This is easily done via texelFetch(sampler, ivec2(gl_FragCoord.xy), 0), though if the Viewport is adjusted from the 0,0 origin, you may need to bias the value by the viewport.
- The read/modify/write happens only once between barrier calls. That is, you only perform one read/modify/write for each texel in the texture between calls to glTextureBarrier or other operations that ensure the visibility of writes. Note that even writing a value without reading counts, so you need a barrier before you start if you've already rendered to the image.
This generally means that you can only have a single layer of read/modify/write blending between calls to glTextureBarrier. So there can be no overlapping within a single render call. In many cases, this is sufficient for some complex blending algorithms.
With this functionality, you don't need to pingpong between different regions at all. You just issue a barrier anytime you draw something that may have overlapped with some other blended object you drew. Thus, the above becomes:
- Render an object that reads from image, blends in the shader, and writes to image.
- Call glTextureBarrier, if the next object overlaps with the first.
- Render an object that reads from image, blends in the shader, and writes to image.
- Call glTextureBarrier, if the next object overlaps with the first.
- Repeat as needed for each blended object.
Incoherent memory access
There are a number of advanced operations that perform what we call "incoherent memory accesses":
- Writes (atomic or otherwise) via Image Load Store
- Writes (atomic or otherwise) via Shader Storage Buffer Objects
- Atomic operations on Atomic Counters
- Writes to variables declared as shared in Compute Shaders (but not output variables in Tessellation Control Shaders)
These are called "incoherent" because these operations do not use the normal OpenGL memory model, which is normally "coherent". OpenGL has specific rules for the ordering of commands, so normal memory reads and writes are coherent: commands that cause a read from data written by a command that occurred before that command are valid.
However, if memory has been modified in an incoherent fashion, any subsequent reads from that memory are not automatically guaranteed to see these changes. These reads could be from any OpenGL operation that reads from the memory. This includes, but is not limited to:
- Image load operations.
- SSBO reading operations.
- Reads from the texture via glGetTexImage, or if it is attached to an FBO, glReadPixels.
- Texture reads via samplers.
- Reading from a buffer object via OpenGL processes. This includes, but is not limited to, Vertex Specification, Uniform Buffers, and so forth.
- Blending
- Depth Tests
- Stencil Tests
Generally speaking, all of these operations will not be guaranteed to produce the modified value if the value was incoherently modified. OpenGL will not protect you from the asynchronous nature of the OpenGL implementation.
Furthermore, any subsequent writes to those memory locations are not guaranteed to overwrite the value written incoherently. This means that you can issue a write later via, for example, Transform Feedback, but even though the incoherent write was in an earlier command, the incoherent write can overwrite the feedback operation's write.
There are ways to ensure the visibility of writes to various operations, but they all require the user to explicitly request them. It will not happen automatically.
Despite the above, there are some protections that OpenGL provides. What follows is a list of situations where reading memory that was written incoherently will be guaranteed to read the written value.
First, within a single shader invocation, if you perform an incoherent memory write, the value written will always be visible for reading. But only through that particular variable and only within the shader invocation that issued the write. You need not do anything special to make this happen. However, it is possible that, between writing and reading, another invocation may have stomped on that value. So long as that is not the case, reading it will produce the value you have written.
Second, if a shader invocation is being executed, then the shader invocations necessary to cause that invocation must have taken place. For example, in a fragment shader, you can assume that the vertex shaders to compute the vertices for the primitive being rasterized have completed. This is called a dependent invocation. They get to have special privileges in terms of ordering, but simply having a dependent invocation is not enough to ensure visibility.
Third, sometimes a fragment shader is executed for the sole purpose of computing derivatives for neighboring fragment shader invocations. All incoherent memory writes (as well as coherent memory writes) will be ignored by that invocation.
Invocation order and count
One problem with the above is what defines "subsequent reads". Sometimes, this is obvious; if you issue a rendering command, any OpenGL commands are required to happen after that. The OpenGL memory model may be incoherent with regard to data visibility, but actual OpenGL commands are still ordered.
When dealing with shader invocations, ordering is less certain. While OpenGL explicitly requires that commands are completed in order, that does not mean that two (or more) commands cannot be concurrently executing. As such, it is possible for shader invocations from one command to be exeucting in tandem with shader invocations from other commands.
As such, it is unclear whether a shader invocation has taken place after the execution of some other shader invocation. This ordering issue only matters when dealing with writing from one invocation and trying to read from another, since you cannot see a value that has not been written yet.
OpenGL allows drivers a lot of leeway on the ordering of shader invocations, as well as the number of invocations. Here is a list of the rules about ordering and invocations:
- You may not assume that a Vertex Shader will be executed only once for every vertex you pass it. It may be executed multiple times for the same vertex. In indexed rendering scenarios, it is very possible for re-used indices to not execute the vertex shader a second or third time.
- The same applies to Tessellation Evaluation Shaders.
- The number of Fragment Shader invocations generated from rasterizing a primitive depends on the Pixel Ownership Test, whether Early Depth Test is enabled, and whether the rendering is to a multisample buffer. When not using per-sample shading, the number of fragment shader invocations is undefined within a pixel area, but it must be between 1 and the number of samples in the buffer.
- Invocations of the same shader stage may be executed in any order. Even within the same draw call. This includes fragment shaders; writes to the framebuffer are ordered, but the actual fragment shader execution is not.
- Invocations within a Compute Shader work group or invocations that act on the same patch in a Tessellation Control Shader can be ordered with the barrier command. No invocation in that group/patch can execute code after the barrier until all invocations have executed code before their corresponding barrier calls. CS invocations in other work groups or TCS invocations in other patches cannot be ordered with this function. The TCS barrier function can only be called from `main` and outside of any control flow; the Compute Shader version is a bit more liberal about when it is called
- Outside of invocations which are dependent (as defined above), invocations between stages may be executed in any order. This includes invocations launched by different rendering commands. While it is perhaps unlikely that two vertex shaders from different rendering operations could be running at the same time, it is also possible, so OpenGL provides no guarantees.
Ensuring visibility
The term "visibility" represents when someone (whether shader code or another process something else) can safely access the value written incoherently by some shader invocation. There are two cases in which one can try to read incoherent data (outside of those few cases where visibility is guaranteed, stated above): visibility from within a rendering command (one part writes a value, and another part reads it), and visibility from subsequent OpenGL commands issued after the incoherent write.
Internal visibility
This visibility applies when the writing and reading invocations are in the same rendering command. In order to read such values properly, certain GLSL syntax is required.
To make writes from one invocation visible to reads from another, you must do two things. First, you must ensure that the write has actually happened. This requires following the ordering, as defined above.
Dependent shader invocations are ordered after the invocations they depend upon. Therefore, it is possible for them to read values written by invocations they depend on.
However, this is not the only possible ordering between invocations. In Compute Shaders, calling the barrier function ensures that all other invocations in a work group have reached that point in the computation. This ensures an ordering between invocations, as it requires all invocations in the work group to have executed at least that far before any of them can go farther.
After ensuring ordering, the other element that is needed for visibility is special GLSL syntax. The image or buffer variable being written to and read from must be qualified by the coherent qualifier. Note that both the writer and reader shaders must qualify their variables properly; otherwise, nothing is guaranteed.
Qualifying the variable with coherent alone is not enough however. You also need to use a memory barrier; this will let OpenGL know that an invocation wants all previously executed writes (of some kind) to become visible to another shader invocation. The GLSL functions that do this have the word "memoryBarrier" in them (no relation to the glMemoryBarrier API function). The various flavors of the function operates on different kinds of writes:
- memoryBarrier
- Provides a barrier for all of the below operations. This is the only function that doesn't require GL 4.3 or some 4.3 core extension.
- memoryBarrierAtomicCounter
- Provides a barrier for Atomic Counters.
- memoryBarrierImage
- Provides a barrier for image variables.
- memoryBarrierBuffer
- Provides a barrier for buffer variables.
- memoryBarrierShared
- Provides a barrier for Compute Shader shared variables.
- groupMemoryBarrier
- Provides a limited barrier. It creates visibility for all incoherent memory operations, but only within a Compute Shader work group. This can only be used in Compute Shaders.
External visibility
Internal visibility only handles cases of shader-to-shader reading/writing where you can be certain of invocation order. If you want to establish visibility between shader invocations in two different rendering commands (which, as previously stated, have no ordering guarantees), or if you want to establish visibility between one rendering command and some later OpenGL operation (such as a CPU read via glReadPixels, GPU read via glGetBufferSubData, etc), you need to do something else.
This is external visibility: making an incoherent write from one command visible to a read in a later OpenGL command.
You might think that a Sync Object could ensure synchronization between commands. But there are two problems with that. First, it's incredibly expensive, because it means having to wait to issue the second command until the first completed. Second, it is insufficient, because data may still be in a GPU cache. Sync objects don't ensure cache coherency. So don't do that.
Instead, you must use a special OpenGL function, issued between the writing OpenGL call and the reading OpenGL call:
void glMemoryBarrier(GLbitfield barriers);
This function is a way of ensuring the visibility of incoherent memory access operations with a wide variety of OpenGL operations, as listed on the documentation page. The thing to keep in mind about the various bits in the bitfield is this: they represent the operation you want to make the incoherent memory access visible to. This is the operation you want to see the results.
For example, if you do some image store operations on a texture, and then want to read it back onto the CPU via glGetTexImage, you would use the GL_TEXTURE_UPDATE_BARRIER_BIT. If you did image load/store to a buffer, and then want to use it for vertex array data, you would use GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_BARRIER_BIT. That's the idea.
Note that if you want image load/store operations from one command to be visible to image load/store operations from another command, you use GL_SHADER_IMAGE_ACCESS_BARRIER_BIT. There are other similar bits for other incoherent memory accesses.
Guidelines and usecases
Here are some basic use cases and how to synchronize them properly.
- Read-only variables
- Reading by itself, even through Image Load Store or buffer variables, is not incoherent. So there is nothing to synchronize. Even if you upload data from the CPU, these are still coherent.
- barrier invocation write/read
- Use coherent and an appropriate memoryBarrier* or groupMemoryBarrier call if you use a mechanism like barrier to synchronize between invocations. You only need these in a Compute Shader, not a TCS-invoked barrier call.
- Dependent invocation write/read
- If you have one invocation which is dependent on another (the vertex shaders used to generate a primitive used for a fragment shader), then you need to use coherent on the variables and invoke an appropriate memoryBarrier* after you finish writing to the images of interest.
- Shader writes, other shader in another rendering command reads
- coherent is the wrong tool. Use glMemoryBarrier before issuing the reading rendering command, using the access bit appropriate for the reading operation.
- Shader writes, other OpenGL operation(s) read
- Again, coherent is the wrong tool. Use a glMemoryBarrier before performing the read, using the access bit appropriate for the reading operation.


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This is the point in the term when I look up from my daily class prep and the endless line-up of papers to mark and realize that (holy cow!) the end is in sight. Though there is always a bit of relief in the mix, the chief emotion this elicits is panic: so much left to do, so little time! And if I feel this way, imagine how the poor students feel, as they contemplate the term papers and exams they have to begin planning for even as we continue to expect them to show up keen and well-prepared for class. No wonder they look a bit worn. But we all have to press on: we are in books stepped in so far that to return (if we even could) would be, not just tedious, but regrettable…
In 19th-Century Fiction, we've pretty much run out of time for Middlemarch: I have one more lecture, in which I have all kinds of work to do concluding the particular web of connections I've been following–leaving all kinds of other tempting relevancies untouched. Having worked up a lecture on politics in the novel, now I'm regretting not having addressed religion directly, especially because a bright, curious student was in my office talking to me about plans for her assignment and returned to this a couple of times as something she'd like to spend more time on. It is certainly something I consider important in the novel, and I've written a bit about how I think the novel works to move us towards Eliot's commitment to a secular morality (e.g. here and here). Next time perhaps I'll spend less time on narrative strategies (but they are so interesting!) and conflicts between egotism and altruism (but they are so important!) and use a class to consider, not just the general idea that religion can be understood as a wholly human phenomenon, but also the specific examples of different religious attitudes we get, by way of Tyke, Farebrother, and Bulstrode, for instance. I also, as usual, feel that in focusing primarily on Dorothea and Casaubon, and Lydgate and Rosamond, I neglected Fred and Mary–especially Mary. By way of compensation, here's a bit of the narrator's description of her from Chapter 12:
Only a few children in Middlemarch looked blond by the side of Rosamond, and the slim figure displayed by her riding-habit had delicate undulations. In fact, most men in Middlemarch, eexcept her brothers, held that Miss Vincy was the best girl in the world, and some called her an angel. Mary Garth, on the contrary, had the aspect of an ordinary sinner: she was brown; her curly dark hair was rough and stubborn; her stature was low; and it would not be true to declare, in satisfactory antithesis, that she had all the virtues. Plainness has its peculiar temptations and vices quite as much as beauty; it is apt either to feign amiability, or, not feigning it, to show all the repulsiveness of discontent: at any rate, to be called an ugly thing in contrast with that lovely creature your companion, is apt to produce some effect beyond a sense of fine veracity and fitness in the phrase. At the age of two-and-twenty Mary had certainly not attained that perfect good sense and good principle which are usually recommended to the less fortunate girl, as if they were to be obtained in quantities ready mixed, with a flavor of resignation as required. Her shrewdness had a streak of satiric bitterness continually renewed and never carried utterly out of sight, except by a-strong current of gratitude towards those who, instead of telling her that she ought to be contented, did something to make-her so. Advancing womanhood had tempered her plainness, which was of a good human sort, such as the mothers of our race have very commonly worn in all latitudes under a more or less becoming headgear. Rembrandt would have painted her with pleasure, and would have made her broad features look out of the canvas with intelligent honesty. For honesty, truth-telling fairness, was Mary's reigning virtue: she neither tried to create illusions, nor indulged in them for her own behoof, and when she was in a good mood she had humor enough in her to laugh at herself.
It's a characteristically rich passage, bringing out not just Mary's gift for looking realistically at herself and the world (a great moral advantage), but the portentous contrast between her and Rosamond, whose ability to indulge in illusions sets up one of the novel's saddest failures. In the "intelligent honesty" with which Mary looks out of her canvas, we might see a truer reflection of George Eliot than in the well-known identification the novelist made of herself with the tiresomely pedantic Mr Casaubon.
In Victorian Sensations, we have begun our series of workshops intended to build on our experience of reading four key examples of sensation fiction by putting them into some specific contexts. On Friday we considered questions of genre and canonicity by grappling with comparisons between our novels and some specific novels more firmly situated in the list of 'great books' but which were in their day, and might still be now, seen as more alike than distinct from sensation fiction. In particular, I asked the students to think about Jane Eyre and Great Expectations and about the technique of intrusive narration (which, we have speculated a couple of times this term, is used by our sensation novelists with the aim of elevating their work by adding philosophical perspective). I was interested in how far we were prepared to say that there is, indeed, something different about the novels that carry the 'sensation' label. As might be expected, we didn't settle the question, but I think it is valuable to consider why people care(d) about drawing distinctions of this kind. We did (partly at my prompting) spend time on the idea of literary merit as well. Yesterday we moved on to a selection of 19th-century critical responses; tomorrow and Friday we will be discussing a range of contemporary critical articles and books. The discussion yesterday seemed pretty stilted to me, and perhaps it was my fault for not structuring it more carefully or for allowing (even encouraging) it to range over a fairly wide range of issues. My feeling was that the students were not really accustomed to metacritical questions, such as what assumptions underly a particular approach to fiction or particular judgments. I think some things will come into better focus, though, as we compare what critics do today with what the Victorian reviewers did. A key distinction that always strikes me is how closely the 19th-century critics assume we are affected, personally, by what we read–no academic critic today is worried (at least, not overtly) about whether readers will be corrupted or learn bad moral lessons from sympathizing too closely with Fosco or Isabel Vane. As we began to discuss yesterday, there are some moralizing assumptions in some contemporary criticism when the focus is on class relations, for example, or gender politics, but I don't think anyone is debating whether Lady Audley is a subversive or a misogynistic characterization because they think it will make a difference to how we actually live. Historical distance is part of this, but so too is an assumption about our relationship to the book–although, as we also touched on, perhaps audience matters a lot here. Academics aren't worried on behalf of other academics, as there is a tacit assumption of our independence in the face of a novel's blandishments or appeals to our senses or prejudices. There's a bit of a different attitude, I think, when it comes to the 'mass reading audience'–today, as in the 19th-century, there is an implicit (occasionally, perhaps, even today, an explicit one) that there are good readers and bad readers, and the bad readers are the ones vulnerable to false consciousness, bad ideology, etc. (I have noticed this attitude in relation to women's reading especially, as if women will simply fall for the worst possible invitations to materialism or fairy-tale fantasies of romance etc. I've been thinking about this and related issues because of the recent Guardian post in defense of "chick-lit" and the subsequent thread at Bookninja…but more about that later, I hope, in a separate post.)