text:
George V
|George V
Coronation portrait by Sir Luke Fildes, 1911
|King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, Emperor of India (more ...)
|6 May 1910 – 20 January 1936
|22 June 1911
|Imperial Durbar
|12 December 1911
|Edward VII
|Edward VIII
|Prime Ministers
|See list
3 June 1865
Marlborough House, London
|Script error: The function "death_date_and_age" does not exist.
Sandringham House, Norfolk
|28 January 1936
St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
|Mary of Teck (m. 1893)
|Edward VIII, King of the United Kingdom
George VI, King of the United Kingdom
Mary, Princess Royal
Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester
Prince George, Duke of Kent
Prince John
|Windsor (from 17 July 1917)
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
(until 17 July 1917)
|Edward VII
|Alexandra of Denmark
George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936.
He was the second son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII), and grandson of the then reigning British monarch, Queen Victoria. From the time of his birth, he was third in the line of succession behind his father and his own elder brother, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale. From 1877 to 1891, George served in the Royal Navy, until the unexpected death of his elder brother in early 1892 put him directly in line for the throne. On the death of his grandmother in 1901, George's father became King-Emperor of the British Empire, and George was created Prince of Wales. He succeeded his father in 1910. He was the only Emperor of India to be present at his own Delhi Durbar.
His reign saw the rise of socialism, communism, fascism, Irish republicanism, and the Indian independence movement, all of which radically changed the political landscape. The Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the elected British House of Commons over the unelected House of Lords. As a result of the First World War (1914–18) the empires of his first cousins Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany fell while the British Empire expanded to its greatest effective extent. In 1917, George became the first monarch of the House of Windsor, which he renamed from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha as a result of anti-German public sentiment. In 1924 he appointed the first Labour ministry and in 1931 the Statute of Westminster recognised the dominions of the Empire as separate, independent states within the Commonwealth of Nations. He had health problems throughout much of his later reign and at his death was succeeded by his eldest son, Edward VIII.
- 1 Early life and education
- 2 Marriage
- 3 Duke of York
- 4 Prince of Wales
- 5 King and Emperor
- 6 Legacy
- 7 Titles, styles, honours and arms
- 8 Issue
- 9 Ancestry
- 10 See also
- 11 Notes and sources
- 12 References
- 13 External links
Early life and education
George was born on 3 June 1865, in Marlborough House, London. He was the second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales, Albert Edward and Alexandra. His father was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, and his mother was the eldest daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark. He was baptised at Windsor Castle on 7 July 1865 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Longley.[1]
As a younger son of the Prince of Wales, there was little expectation that George would become king. He was third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother, Prince Albert Victor. George was only 17 months younger than Albert Victor, and the two princes were educated together. John Neale Dalton was appointed as their tutor in 1871. Neither Albert Victor nor George excelled intellectually.[2] As their father thought that the navy was "the very best possible training for any boy",[3] in September 1877, when George was 12 years old, both brothers joined the cadet training ship HMS Britannia at Dartmouth, Devon.[4]
For three years from 1879, the royal brothers served on HMS Bacchante, accompanied by Dalton. They toured the colonies of the British Empire in the Caribbean, South Africa and Australia, and visited Norfolk, Virginia, as well as South America, the Mediterranean, Egypt, and East Asia. In 1881 on a visit to Japan, George had a local artist tattoo a blue and red dragon on his arm,[5] and was received in an audience by the Emperor Meiji; George and his brother presented Empress Haruko with two wallabies from Australia.[6] Dalton wrote an account of their journey entitled The Cruise of HMS Bacchante.[7] Between Melbourne and Sydney, Dalton recorded a sighting of the Flying Dutchman, a mythical ghost ship.[8] When they returned to Britain, Queen Victoria complained that her grandsons could not speak French or German, and so they spent six months in Lausanne in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to learn another language.[9] After Lausanne, the brothers were separated; Albert Victor attended Trinity College, Cambridge, while George continued in the Royal Navy. He travelled the world, visiting many areas of the British Empire. During his naval career he commanded Torpedo Boat 79 in home waters then HMS Thrush on the North America station, before his last active service in command of HMS Melampus in 1891–92. From then on, his naval rank was largely honorary.[10]
As a young man destined to serve in the navy, Prince George served for many years under the command of his uncle, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, who was stationed in Malta. There, he grew close to and fell in love with his uncle's daughter, Princess Marie. His grandmother, father and uncle all approved the match, but the mothers—the Princess of Wales and the Duchess of Edinburgh—both opposed it. The Princess of Wales thought the family was too pro-German, and the Duchess of Edinburgh disliked England. Marie's mother was the only daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia. She resented the fact that, as the wife of a younger son of the British sovereign, she had to yield precedence to George's mother, the Princess of Wales, whose father had been a minor German prince before being called unexpectedly to the throne of Denmark. Guided by her mother, Marie refused George when he proposed to her. She married Ferdinand, the heir to the King of Romania, in 1893.[11]
In November 1891, George's elder brother Albert Victor became engaged to his second cousin once removed, Princess Victoria Mary of Teck. She was known within the family as "May", nicknamed after her birth month. May's father, Prince Francis, Duke of Teck, belonged to a morganatic, cadet branch of the house of Württemberg. Her mother, Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, was a male-line granddaughter of King George III and a first cousin of Queen Victoria.
On 14 January 1892, six weeks after the formal engagement, Albert Victor died of pneumonia, leaving George second in line to the throne, and likely to succeed after his father. George had only just recovered from a serious illness himself, after being confined to bed for six weeks with typhoid fever, the disease that was thought to have killed his grandfather Prince Albert.[12] Queen Victoria still regarded Princess May as a suitable match for her grandson, and George and May grew close during their shared period of mourning.[13] A year after Albert Victor's death, George proposed to May and was accepted. They married on 6 July 1893 at the Chapel Royal in St James's Palace, London. Throughout their lives, they remained devoted to each other. George was, on his own admission, unable to express his feelings easily in speech, but they often exchanged loving letters and notes of endearment.[14]
Duke of York
The death of his elder brother effectively ended George's naval career, as he was now second in line to succeed to the throne, after his father.[15] George was created Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney by Queen Victoria on 24 May 1892,[16] and received lessons in constitutional history from J. R. Tanner.[17]
The Duke and Duchess of York lived mainly at York Cottage,[18] a relatively small house in Sandringham, Norfolk, where their way of life mirrored that of a comfortable middle-class family rather than royalty.[19] George preferred a simple, almost quiet, life in marked contrast to the lively social life pursued by his father. His official biographer, Harold Nicolson, later despaired of George's time as Duke of York, writing: "He may be all right as a young midshipman and a wise old king, but when he was Duke of York ... he did nothing at all but kill [i.e. shoot] animals and stick in stamps."[20] George was an avid stamp collector, which Nicolson disparaged,[21] but George played a large role in building the Royal Philatelic Collection into the most comprehensive collection of United Kingdom and Commonwealth stamps in the world, in some cases setting record purchase prices for items.[22]
George and May had five sons and a daughter. Randolph Churchill claimed that George was a strict father, to the extent that his children were terrified of him, and that George had remarked to Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby: "My father was frightened of his mother, I was frightened of my father, and I am damned well going to see to it that my children are frightened of me." In reality, there is no direct source for the quotation and it is likely that George's parenting style was little different from that adopted by most people at the time.[23]
In October 1894, George's uncle-by-marriage, Tsar Alexander III, died and George's maternal cousin, Tsar Nicholas II, ascended the Russian throne. At the request of his father, "out of respect for poor dear Uncle Sasha's memory", George joined his parents in St Petersburg for the funeral.[24] George and his parents remained in Russia for the wedding a week later of Nicholas to another one of George's first cousins, Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine, who Queen Victoria had once hoped would marry George's elder brother.
Prince of Wales
As Duke and Duchess of York, George and May carried out a wide variety of public duties. On the death of Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901, George's father ascended the throne as King Edward VII. George inherited the titles of Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay, and for much of the rest of that year, was known as the "Duke of Cornwall and York".
In 1901, George and May toured the British Empire. Their tour included Gibraltar, Malta, Port Said, Aden, Ceylon, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Mauritius, South Africa, Canada, and the Colony of Newfoundland. The tour was designed by Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain with the support of Prime Minister Lord Salisbury to reward the Dominions for their participation in the South African War of 1899–1902. George presented thousands of specially designed South African War medals to colonial troops. In South Africa, the royal party met civic leaders, African leaders, and Boer prisoners, and was greeted by elaborate decorations, expensive gifts, and fireworks displays. Despite this, not all residents responded favourably to the tour. Many white Cape Afrikaners resented the display and expense, the war having weakened their capacity to reconcile their Afrikaner-Dutch culture with their status as British subjects. Critics in the English-language press decried the enormous cost at a time when families faced severe hardship.[25]
In Australia, the Duke opened the first session of the Australian Parliament upon the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia.[26] In New Zealand, he praised the military values, bravery, loyalty, and obedience to duty of New Zealanders, and the tour gave New Zealand a chance to show off its progress, especially in its adoption of up-to-date British standards in communications and the processing industries. The implicit goal was to advertise New Zealand's attractiveness to tourists and potential immigrants, while avoiding news of growing social tensions, by focusing the attention of the British press on a land few knew about.[27] On his return to Britain, in a speech at London's Guildhall, George warned of "the impression which seemed to prevail among [our] brethren across the seas, that the Old Country must wake up if she intends to maintain her old position of pre-eminence in her colonial trade against foreign competitors."[28]
On 9 November 1901, George was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester.[29][30] King Edward wished to prepare his son for his future role as king. In contrast to Edward himself, whom Queen Victoria had deliberately excluded from state affairs, George was given wide access to state documents by his father.[15][31] George in turn allowed his wife access to his papers,[32] as he valued her counsel and she often helped write her husband's speeches.[33] As Prince of Wales, George supported reforms in naval training, including cadets being enrolled at the ages of twelve and thirteen, and receiving the same education, whatever their class and eventual assignments. The reforms were implemented by the then Second (later First) Sea Lord, Jacky Fisher.[34]
From November 1905 to March 1906, George and May toured British India, where he was disgusted by racial discrimination and campaigned for greater involvement of Indians in the government of the country.[35] The tour was almost immediately followed by a trip to Spain for the wedding of King Alfonso XIII to Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, a first cousin of George, at which the bride and groom narrowly avoided assassination.[36] A week after returning to Britain, George and May travelled to Norway for the coronation of King Haakon VII, George's cousin and brother-in-law, and Queen Maud, George's sister.[37]
King and Emperor
On 6 May 1910, King Edward died, and George became king. He wrote in his diary, "I have lost my best friend and the best of fathers ... I never had a [cross] word with him in my life. I am heart-broken and overwhelmed with grief but God will help me in my responsibilities and darling May will be my comfort as she has always been. May God give me strength and guidance in the heavy task which has fallen on me".[38]
George had never liked his wife's habit of signing official documents and letters as "Victoria Mary" and insisted she drop one of those names. They both thought she should not be called Queen Victoria, and so she became Queen Mary.[39] Later that year, a radical propagandist, Edward Mylius, published a lie that George had secretly married in Malta as a young man, and that consequently his marriage to Queen Mary was bigamous. The lie had first surfaced in print in 1893 but George had shrugged it off as a joke. In an effort to kill off rumours, Mylius was arrested, tried and found guilty of criminal libel, and was sentenced to a year in prison.[40]
George objected to the anti-Catholic wording of the Accession Declaration that he would be required to make at the opening of his first parliament. He made it known that he would refuse to open parliament unless it was changed. As a result, the Accession Declaration Act 1910 shortened the declaration and removed the most offensive phrases.[41]
George and Mary's coronation took place at Westminster Abbey on 22 June 1911,[15] and was celebrated by the Festival of Empire in London. In July, the King and Queen visited Ireland for five days; they received a warm welcome, with thousands of people lining the route of their procession to cheer.[42][43] Later in 1911, the King and Queen travelled to India for the Delhi Durbar, where they were presented to an assembled audience of Indian dignitaries and princes as the Emperor and Empress of India on 12 December 1911. George wore the newly created Imperial Crown of India at the ceremony, and declared the shifting of the Indian capital from Calcutta to Delhi. They travelled throughout the sub-continent, and George took the opportunity to indulge in big game hunting in Nepal, shooting 21 tigers, 8 rhinoceroses and a bear over 10 days.[44] He was a keen and expert marksman.[45] On 18 December 1913, he shot over a thousand pheasants in six hours[46] at the home of Lord Burnham, although even he had to acknowledge that "we went a little too far" that day.[47]
National politics
George inherited the throne at a politically turbulent time.[48] Lloyd George's People's Budget had been rejected the previous year by the Conservative and Unionist-dominated House of Lords, contrary to the normal convention that the Lords did not veto money bills.[49] Liberal Prime Minister H. H. Asquith had asked the previous king to give an undertaking that he would create sufficient Liberal peers to force the budget through the House. Edward had reluctantly agreed, provided the Lords rejected the budget after two successive general elections. After a general election in January 1910, the Conservative peers allowed the budget, for which the government now had an electoral mandate, to pass without a vote.[50]
Asquith attempted to curtail the power of the Lords through constitutional reforms, which were again blocked by the Upper House. A constitutional conference on the reforms broke down in November 1910 after 21 meetings. Asquith and Lord Crewe, Liberal leader in the Lords, asked George to grant a dissolution, leading to a second general election, and to promise to create sufficient Liberal peers if the Lords blocked the legislation again.[51] If George refused, the Liberal government would otherwise resign, which would have given the appearance that the monarch was taking sides – with "the peers against the people" – in party politics.[52] The King's two private secretaries, Lords Knollys and Stamfordham, gave George conflicting advice. Knollys, who was Liberal, advised George to accept the Cabinet's demands, while Stamfordham, who was Unionist, advised George to accept the resignation.[53] Like his father, George reluctantly agreed to the dissolution and creation of peers, although he felt his ministers had taken advantage of his inexperience to browbeat him.[54] After the December 1910 election, the Lords let the bill pass on hearing of the threat to swamp the house with new peers.[55] The subsequent Parliament Act 1911 permanently removed – with a few exceptions – the power of the Lords to veto bills. The King later came to feel that Knollys had withheld information from him about the willingness of the opposition to form a government if the Liberals had resigned.[56]
The 1910 general elections had left the Liberals as a minority government dependent upon the support of Irish Nationalists. As desired by the Nationalists, Asquith introduced legislation that would give Ireland Home Rule, but the Conservatives and Unionists opposed it.[15][57] As tempers rose over the Home Rule Bill, which would never have been possible without the Parliament Act, relations between the elderly Knollys and the Conservatives became poor, and he was pushed into retirement.[58] Desperate to avoid the prospect of civil war in Ireland between Unionists and Nationalists, George called a meeting of all parties at Buckingham Palace in July 1914 in an attempt to negotiate a settlement.[59] After four days the conference ended without an agreement.[15][60] On 18 September 1914, the King – having considered vetoing the legislation[61] – gave his assent to the Home Rule Bill after it had been passed by Westminster, but its implementation was postponed by a Suspensory Act due to the outbreak of the First World War.
First World War
On 4 August 1914 the King wrote in his diary, "I held a council at 10.45 to declare war with Germany. It is a terrible catastrophe but it is not our fault. ... Please to God it may soon be over."[62] From 1914 to 1918, Britain and its allies were at war with the Central Powers, led by the German Empire. The German Kaiser Wilhelm II, who for the British public came to symbolise all the horrors of the war, was the King's first cousin. The King's paternal grandfather was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; consequently, the King and his children bore the titles Prince and Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke and Duchess of Saxony. Queen Mary, although British like her mother, was the daughter of the Duke of Teck, a descendant of the German Dukes of Württemberg. The King had brothers-in-law and cousins who were British subjects but who bore German titles such as Duke and Duchess of Teck, Prince and Princess of Battenberg, and Prince and Princess of Schleswig-Holstein. When H. G. Wells wrote about Britain's "alien and uninspiring court", George famously replied: "I may be uninspiring, but I'll be damned if I'm alien."[63]
On 17 July 1917, George appeased British nationalist feelings by issuing a royal proclamation that changed the name of the British royal house from the German-sounding House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to the House of Windsor.[64] He and all his British relatives relinquished their German titles and styles, and adopted British-sounding surnames. George compensated his male relatives by creating them British peers. His cousin, Prince Louis of Battenberg, who earlier in the war had been forced to resign as First Sea Lord through anti-German feeling, became Louis Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven, while Queen Mary's brothers became Adolphus Cambridge, 1st Marquess of Cambridge, and Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone.[65] George's cousins Princess Marie Louise and Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein dropped their territorial designations.
In letters patent gazetted on 11 December 1917 the King restricted the style of "Royal Highness" and the titular dignity of "Prince (or Princess) of Great Britain and Ireland" to the children of the Sovereign, the children of the sons of the Sovereign and the eldest living son of the eldest living son of a Prince of Wales.[67] The letters patent also stated that "the titles of Royal Highness, Highness or Serene Highness, and the titular dignity of Prince and Princess shall cease except those titles already granted and remaining unrevoked". George's relatives who fought on the German side, such as Prince Ernst August of Hanover, 3rd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale (the senior male-line great-grandson of George III) and Prince Carl Eduard, Duke of Albany and reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (a male-line grandson of Queen Victoria), had their British peerages suspended by a 1919 Order in Council under the provisions of the Titles Deprivation Act 1917. Under pressure from his mother, Queen Alexandra, George also removed the Garter flags of his German relations from St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.[68]
When Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, George's first cousin (their mothers were sisters), was overthrown in the Russian Revolution of 1917, the British government offered political asylum to the Tsar and his family, but worsening conditions for the British people, and fears that revolution might come to the British Isles, led George to think that the presence of the Romanovs would be seen as inappropriate.[69] Despite the later claims of Lord Mountbatten of Burma that Prime Minister Lloyd George was opposed to the rescue of the Russian imperial family, the letters of Lord Stamfordham suggest that it was George V who opposed the idea against the advice of the government.[70] Advanced planning for a rescue was undertaken by MI1, a branch of the British secret service,[71] but because of the strengthening position of the Bolshevik revolutionaries and wider difficulties with the conduct of the war, the plan was never put into operation.[72] The Tsar and his immediate family remained in Russia, where they were murdered by Bolsheviks in 1918. The following year, Nicholas's mother (George's aunt) Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark) and other members of the extended Russian imperial family were rescued from the Crimea by British ships.
Two months after the end of the war, the King's youngest son, John, died at the age of 13 after a lifetime of ill health. George was informed of his death by Queen Mary, who wrote, "[John] had been a great anxiety to us for many years ... The first break in the family circle is hard to bear but people have been so kind & sympathetic & this has helped us much."[73]
In May 1922, the King toured Belgium and northern France, visiting the First World War cemeteries and memorials being constructed by the Imperial War Graves Commission. The event was described in a poem, The King's Pilgrimage by Rudyard Kipling.[74] The tour, and one short visit to Italy in 1923, were the only times George agreed to leave the United Kingdom on official business after the end of the war.[75]
Reign after the Great War
Before the First World War, most of Europe was ruled by monarchs related to George, but during and after the war, the monarchies of Austria, Germany, Greece, and Spain, like Russia, fell to revolution and war. In March 1919, Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Lisle Strutt was dispatched on the personal authority of the King to escort the former Emperor Charles I of Austria and his family to safety in Switzerland.[76] In 1922, a Royal Navy ship was sent to Greece to rescue his cousins, Prince and Princess Andrew. Prince Andrew was a nephew of Queen Alexandra through her brother King George I of Greece, and Princess Andrew was a daughter of Prince Louis of Battenberg, one of the German princes granted a British peerage in 1917. Their children included Prince Philip, who would later marry George's granddaughter, Elizabeth II. The Greek monarchy was restored again shortly before George's death.
Political turmoil in Ireland continued as the Nationalists fought for independence; George expressed his horror at government-sanctioned killings and reprisals to Prime Minister David Lloyd George.[77] At the opening session of the Parliament of Northern Ireland on 22 June 1921, the King appealed for conciliation in a speech part drafted by General Jan Smuts and approved by Lloyd George.[78] A few weeks later, a truce was agreed.[79] Negotiations between Britain and the Irish secessionists led to the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty.[80] By the end of 1922, Ireland was partitioned, the Irish Free State was established, and Lloyd George was out of office.[81]
The King and his advisers were concerned about the rise of socialism and the growing labour movement, which they mistakenly associated with republicanism. The socialists no longer believed in their anti-monarchical slogans and were ready to come to terms with the monarchy if it took the first step. George adopted a more democratic, inclusive stance that crossed class lines and brought the monarchy closer to the public and the working class—a dramatic change for the King, who was most comfortable with naval officers and landed gentry. He cultivated friendly relations with moderate Labour party politicians and trade union officials. His abandonment of social aloofness conditioned the royal family's behaviour and enhanced its popularity during the economic crises of the 1920s and for over two generations thereafter.[82][83]
The years between 1922 and 1929 saw frequent changes in government. In 1924, George appointed the first Labour Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald, in the absence of a clear majority for any one of the three major parties. George's tactful and understanding reception of the first Labour government (which lasted less than a year) allayed the suspicions of the party's sympathisers. During the General Strike of 1926 the King advised the government of Conservative Stanley Baldwin against taking inflammatory action,[84] and took exception to suggestions that the strikers were "revolutionaries" saying, "Try living on their wages before you judge them."[85]
In 1926, George hosted an Imperial Conference in London at which the Balfour Declaration accepted the growth of the British Dominions into self-governing "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another". In 1931, the Statute of Westminster formalised George's position as "the symbol of the free association of the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations". The Statute established "that any alteration in the law touching the Succession to the Throne or the Royal Style and Titles" would require the assent of the Parliaments of the Dominions as well as the Parliament at Westminster, which could not legislate for the Dominions, except by consent.
In the wake of a world financial crisis, the King encouraged the formation of a National Government in 1931 led by MacDonald and Baldwin,[86][87] and volunteered to reduce the civil list to help balance the budget.[86] He was concerned by the rise to power in Germany of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. In 1934, the King bluntly told the German ambassador Leopold von Hoesch that Germany was now the peril of the world, and that there was bound to be a war within ten years if she went on at the present rate; he warned the British ambassador in Berlin Eric Phipps to be suspicious of the Nazis.[88]
In 1932, George agreed to deliver a Royal Christmas speech on the radio, an event that became annual thereafter. He was not in favour of the innovation originally but was persuaded by the argument that it was what his people wanted.[89] By the silver jubilee of his reign in 1935, he had become a well-loved king, saying in response to the crowd's adulation, "I cannot understand it, after all I am only a very ordinary sort of fellow."[90]
George's relationship with his eldest son and heir, Edward, deteriorated in these later years. George was disappointed in Edward's failure to settle down in life and appalled by his many affairs with married women.[15] In contrast, he was fond of his second eldest son, Prince Albert (later George VI), and doted on his eldest granddaughter, Princess Elizabeth; he nicknamed her "Lilibet", and she affectionately called him "Grandpa England".[91] In 1935, George said of his son Edward: "After I am dead, the boy will ruin himself within 12 months", and of Albert and Elizabeth: "I pray to God my eldest son will never marry and have children, and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne."[92][93]
Declining health and death
The First World War took a toll on George's health: he was seriously injured on 28 October 1915 when thrown by his horse at a troop review in France, and his heavy smoking exacerbated recurring breathing problems. He suffered from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pleurisy. In 1925, on the instruction of his doctors, he was reluctantly sent on a recuperative private cruise in the Mediterranean; it was his third trip abroad since the war, and his last.[94] In November 1928, he fell seriously ill with septicaemia, and for the next two years his son Edward took over many of his duties.[95] In 1929, the suggestion of a further rest abroad was rejected by the King "in rather strong language".[96] Instead, he retired for three months to Craigweil House, Aldwick, in the seaside resort of Bognor, Sussex.[97] As a result of his stay, the town acquired the suffix "Regis", which is Latin for "of the King". A myth later grew that his last words, upon being told that he would soon be well enough to revisit the town, were "Bugger Bognor!"[98][99][100]
George never fully recovered. In his final year, he was occasionally administered oxygen.[101] The death of his favourite sister Victoria in December 1935 depressed him deeply. On the evening of 15 January 1936, the King took to his bedroom at Sandringham House complaining of a cold; he remained in the room until his death.[102] He became gradually weaker, drifting in and out of consciousness. Prime Minister Baldwin later said:
each time he became conscious it was some kind inquiry or kind observation of someone, some words of gratitude for kindness shown. But he did say to his secretary when he sent for him: "How is the Empire?" An unusual phrase in that form, and the secretary said: "All is well, sir, with the Empire", and the King gave him a smile and relapsed once more into unconsciousness.[103]
By 20 January, he was close to death. His physicians, led by Lord Dawson of Penn, issued a bulletin with words that became famous: "The King's life is moving peacefully towards its close."[104][105] Dawson's private diary, unearthed after his death and made public in 1986, reveals that the King's last words, a mumbled "God damn you!",[106] were addressed to his nurse, Catherine Black, when she gave him a sedative that night. Dawson, who supported the "gentle growth of euthanasia",[107] admitted in the diary that he hastened the King's death by injecting him, after 11.00 p.m., with two consecutive lethal injections: 750 mg morphine followed by a gram of cocaine shortly afterwards.[106][108] Dawson wrote that he acted to preserve the King's dignity, to prevent further strain on the family, and so that the King's death at 11:55 p.m. could be announced in the morning edition of The Times newspaper rather than "less appropriate ... evening journals".[106][108] Neither Queen Mary, who was intensely religious and might not have sanctioned euthanasia, nor the Prince of Wales was consulted. The royal family did not want the King to endure pain and suffering and did not want his life prolonged artificially but nor did they approve Dawson's actions.[109] British Pathe announced the King's death the following day, in which he was described as "more than a King, a father of a great family".[110]
The German composer Paul Hindemith went to a BBC studio on the morning after the King's death and in six hours wrote Trauermusik (Mourning Music). It was performed that same evening in a live broadcast by the BBC, with Adrian Boult conducting the BBC Symphony Orchestra and the composer as soloist.[111]
At the procession to George's lying in state in Westminster Hall, part of the Imperial State Crown fell from on top of the coffin and landed in the gutter as the cortège turned into New Palace Yard. The new king, Edward VIII, saw it fall and wondered whether it was a bad omen for his new reign.[112][113] As a mark of respect to their father, George's four surviving sons, Edward, Albert, Henry, and George, mounted the guard, known as the Vigil of the Princes, at the catafalque on the night before the funeral.[114] The vigil was not repeated until the death of George's daughter-in-law, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, in 2002. George V was interred at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 28 January 1936.[115] Edward abdicated before the year was out, leaving his brother Albert, Duke of York, to ascend the throne (taking the regnal name George VI).
George preferred to stay at home pursuing his hobbies of stamp collecting and game shooting, and lived a life that later biographers would consider dull because of its conventionality.[116] He was not an intellectual: on returning from one evening at the opera he wrote, "Went to Covent Garden and saw Fidelio and damned dull it was."[117] Nonetheless, he was earnestly devoted to Britain and its Commonwealth.[118] He explained, "it has always been my dream to identify myself with the great idea of Empire."[119] He appeared hard-working and became widely admired by the people of Britain and the Empire, as well as "the Establishment".[120] In the words of historian David Cannadine, George V and Queen Mary were an "inseparably devoted couple" who upheld "character" and "family values".[121] George established a standard of conduct for British royalty that reflected the values and virtues of the upper middle-class rather than upper-class lifestyles or vices.[122] He was by temperament a traditionalist who never fully appreciated or approved the revolutionary changes under way in British society.[123] Nevertheless, he invariably wielded his influence as a force of neutrality and moderation, seeing his role as mediator rather than final decision maker.[124]
Numerous statues of King George V include one by Bertram Mackennal outside the Flower Poll Bazaar Police Station in Madras,[125] and one by William Reid Dick outside Westminster Abbey, London. Other memorials include the King George V Playing Fields in the United Kingdom. The many places named after him include a reservoir and a dock in London; King George V Park in St John's, Newfoundland; Mount George V in British Columbia; King George V Memorial Hospital in Sydney, Australia and King George's Medical University, India; Stade George V in Curepipe, Mauritius; major thoroughfares in both Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; an avenue, a hotel and an underground station in Paris; King George V School, Seremban, Malaysia; and a school and two parks in Hong Kong. Two Royal Navy battleships were named HMS King George V in his honour, one in 1911 and her successor in 1939. George V gave both his name and donations to many charities, including King George's Fund for Sailors (later known as Seafarers UK).
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
- 3 June 1865 – 24 May 1892: His Royal Highness Prince George of Wales
- 24 May 1892 – 22 January 1901: His Royal Highness The Duke of York
- 22 January 1901 – 9 November 1901: His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall and York
- 9 November 1901 – 6 May 1910: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales
- in Scotland: His Royal Highness The Duke of Rothesay
- 6 May 1910 – 20 January 1936: His Majesty The King
His full style as king was "George V, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India" until the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927, when it changed to "George V, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India".
British honours
- KG: Knight of the Garter, 4 August 1884[126]
- KT: Knight of the Thistle, 5 July 1893[126]
- KP: Knight of St Patrick, 20 August 1897[126]
- GCSI: Knight Grand Commander of the Star of India, 28 September 1905[126]
- GCMG: Knight Grand Cross of St Michael and St George, 9 March 1901[126][127]
- GCIE: Knight Grand Commander of the Indian Empire, 28 September 1905[126]
- GCVO: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 30 June 1897[126]
- ISO: Imperial Service Order, 31 March 1903[126]
- Royal Victorian Chain, 1902[126]
- PC: Privy Counsellor, 18 July 1894[126]
- Privy Counsellor (Ireland), 20 August 1897[126]
- Queen Victoria Golden Jubilee Medal, with 1897 bar[128]
After his accession to the throne in 1910, George became sovereign of all the orders awarded by the British Empire and (later) Commonwealth, including those awarded him prior to his accession.
Military appointments
- September 1877: Cadet, HMS Britannia[129]
- 8 January 1880: Midshipman, HMS Bacchante and the corvette HMS Canada[126]
- 3 June 1884: Sub-Lieutenant, Royal Navy[126]
- 8 October 1885: Lieutenant, HMS Thunderer; HMS Dreadnought; HMS Alexandra; HMS Northumberland[126]
- 21 June 1887: Personal Aide-de-Camp to the Queen[130]
- July 1889 I/C HMS Torpedo Boat 79[131]
- By May 1890 I/C the gunboat HMS Thrush[132]
- 24 August 1891: Commander, I/C HMS Melampus[126]
- 2 January 1893: Captain, Royal Navy[126]
- 1 January 1901: Rear-Admiral, Royal Navy[126][133]
- 25 February 1901: Personal Naval Aide-de-Camp to the King[134]
- 26 June 1903: Vice-Admiral, Royal Navy[126]
- 1 March 1907: Admiral, Royal Navy[126][135]
- 1910: Admiral of the Fleet, Royal Navy[126]
- 1910: Field Marshal, British Army[135]
- 1919: Chief of the Royal Air Force (title not rank)[136]
- 1 January 1901: Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Marine Forces[137]
- 29 November 1901: Honorary Colonel of the 4th County of London Yeomanry Regiment (King′s Colonials)[138]
- 21 December 1901: Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Welsh Fusiliers[139]
Foreign honours
- Knight of the Order of the Elephant (Denmark), 11 October 1885[126]
- Order of the Dannebrog (Denmark),[128] Grand Commander 9 May 1914
- Knight of the Order of the Seraphim (Sweden), 14 June 1905[126]
- Collar of the Order of Charles III (Spain)[140]
- Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece (Spain)[126]
- Knight of the Order of Saint Hubert (Bavaria)[141]
- Knight of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (Italy)[126]
- Grand Commander of the House Order of Hohenzollern (Prussia)[141]
- Grand Cross of the House Order of the Wendish Crown (Mecklenburg)[141]
- Member 1st Class with Brilliants of the Order of Osmanieh (Ottoman Empire),[126]
- Knight of the Order of St Andrew (Russian Empire)[126]
- Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle (Prussia)[126][141]
- Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order (Saxon duchies)[128][141]
- Knight of the Order of the Rue Crown (Saxony)[126][141]
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle (Prussia),[141]
- Grand Cross of the Order of the White Falcon (Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach)[141]
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer (Greece)[128]
- King Christian IX Jubilee Medal (Denmark)[128]
- King Christian IX and Queen Louise of Denmark Golden Wedding Commemorative Medal (Denmark)[128]
- Cross of Liberty, 1st class (Estonia), 17 June 1925[142]
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Colonial Empire (Portugal), 19 February 1934[143]
Honorary foreign military appointments
- 1 February 1901: À la suite of the German Navy[144]
- 26 January 1902: Colonel-in-Chief of the Rhenish Cuirassier Regiment "Count Geßler" No. 8 (Prussia)[145]
- Honorary Colonel of the Infantry Regiment "Zamora" No. 8 (Spain)[146][147]
Honorary degrees and offices
- 8 June 1893: Royal Fellow of the Royal Society,[126] installed 6 February 1902[148]
- 1899: Doctor of Laws (LLD), University of the Cape of Good Hope[149]
- 1901: Doctor of Laws (LLD), University of Sydney[150]
- 1901: Doctor of Laws (LLD), University of Toronto[151]
- 1901: Doctor of Civil Law (DCL), Queen's University, Ontario[152]
- 1902: Doctor of Laws (LLD), University of Wales[153]
- 1901: Chancellor of the University of Cape Town[154]
- 1901–1912: Chancellor of the University of the Cape of Good Hope[149]
- 1902–1910: Chancellor of the University of Wales[153]
As Duke of York, George's arms were the royal arms, with an inescutcheon of the arms of Saxony, all differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing an anchor azure. As Prince of Wales the centre label lost its anchor. As King, he bore the royal arms. In 1917, he removed, by warrant, the Saxony inescutcheon from the arms of all male-line descendants of the Prince Consort domiciled in the United Kingdom (although the royal arms themselves had never borne the shield).[155]
|Coat of arms of George as Duke of York
|Coat of arms of George as Prince of Wales
|Coat of arms of George V in the United Kingdom (except Scotland)
|Coat of arms of George V in Scotland
|Edward, Prince of Wales
Later Edward VIII, then Duke of Windsor
|23 June 1894
|28 May 1972
|Wallis Simpson
|Prince Albert, Duke of York
Later George VI
|14 December 1895
|6 February 1952
|Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
|Elizabeth II
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
|Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood
|25 April 1897
|28 March 1965
|Henry Lascelles, 6th Earl of Harewood
|George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood
The Honourable Gerald Lascelles
|Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester
|31 March 1900
|10 June 1974
|Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott
|Prince William of Gloucester
Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
|Prince George, Duke of Kent
|20 December 1902
|25 August 1942
|Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark
|Prince Edward, Duke of Kent
Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy
Prince Michael of Kent
|Prince John
|12 July 1905
|18 January 1919
|Never married
See also
Notes and sources
- ↑ His godparents were the King of Hanover (Queen Victoria's cousin, for whom Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach stood proxy); the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Prince Albert's brother, for whom the Lord President of the Council, Earl Granville, stood proxy); the Prince of Leiningen (the Prince of Wales's half-cousin); the Crown Prince of Denmark (the Princess of Wales's brother, for whom the Lord Chamberlain, Viscount Sydney, stood proxy); the Queen of Denmark (George's maternal grandmother, for whom Queen Victoria stood proxy); the Duke of Cambridge (Queen Victoria's cousin); the Duchess of Cambridge (Queen Victoria's aunt, for whom George's aunt Princess Helena stood proxy); and Princess Louis of Hesse and by Rhine (George's aunt, for whom her sister Princess Louise stood proxy) (The Times (London), Saturday, 8 July 1865, p. 12).
- ↑ Clay, p. 39; Sinclair, pp. 46–47
- ↑ Sinclair, pp. 49–50
- ↑ Clay, p. 71; Rose, p. 7
- ↑ Rose, p. 13
- ↑ Keene, Donald Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912 (Columbia University Press, 2002) pgs. 350–351
- ↑ Rose, p. 14; Sinclair, p. 55
- ↑ Rose, p. 11
- ↑ Clay, p. 92; Rose, pp. 15–16
- ↑ Sinclair, p. 69
- ↑ Pope-Hennessy, pp. 250–251
- ↑ Rose, pp. 20–21, 24
- ↑ Pope-Hennessy, pp. 230–231
- ↑ Sinclair, p. 178
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 Matthew, H. C. G. (September 2004; online edition May 2009) "George V (1865–1936)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33369, retrieved 1 May 2010 (Subscription required)
- ↑ Clay, p. 149
- ↑ Clay, p. 150; Rose, p. 35
- ↑ Renamed from Bachelor's Cottage
- ↑ Clay, p. 154; Nicolson, p. 51; Rose, p. 97
- ↑ Harold Nicolson's diary quoted in Sinclair, p. 107
- ↑ Nicolson's Comments 1944–1948, quoted in Rose, p. 42
- ↑ The Royal Philatelic Collection, Official website of the British Monarchy, retrieved 1 May 2010<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Rose, pp. 53–57; Sinclair, p. 93 ff
- ↑ Clay, p. 167
- ↑ Buckner, Phillip (November 1999), "The Royal Tour of 1901 and the Construction of an Imperial Identity in South Africa", South African Historical Journal, 41: 324–348<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Rose, pp. 43–44
- ↑ Bassett, Judith (1987), "'A Thousand Miles of Loyalty': the Royal Tour of 1901", New Zealand Journal of History, 21 (1): 125–138<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>; Oliver, W. H., ed. (1981), The Oxford History of New Zealand, pp. 206–208<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Rose, p. 45
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27375. p. 7289. 9 November 1901.
- ↑ Previous Princes of Wales, Household of HRH The Prince of Wales, retrieved 1 May 2010<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Clay, p. 244; Rose, p. 52
- ↑ Rose, p. 289
- ↑ Sinclair, p. 107
- ↑ Massie, Robert K. (1991), Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War, Random House, pp. 449–450<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Rose, pp. 61–66
- ↑ The driver of their coach and over a dozen spectators were killed by a bomb thrown by an anarchist, Mateu Morral.
- ↑ Rose, pp. 67–68
- ↑ King George V's diary, 6 May 1910, Royal Archives, quoted in Rose, p. 75
- ↑ Pope-Hennessy, p. 421; Rose, pp. 75–76
- ↑ Rose, pp. 82–84
- ↑ Wolffe, John (2010), "Protestantism, Monarchy and the Defence of Christian Britain 1837–2005", in Brown, Callum G.; Snape, Michael F. (eds.), Secularisation in the Christian World, Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 63–64, ISBN 978-0-7546-9930-9<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Rayner, Gordon (10 November 2010) "How George V was received by the Irish in 1911", The Telegraph
- ↑ "The queen in 2011 ... the king in 1911". the Irish Examiner. Retrieved 13 August 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Rose, p. 136
- ↑ Rose, pp. 39–40
- ↑ About one bird every 20 seconds
- ↑ Windsor, pp. 86–87
- ↑ Rose, p. 115
- ↑ Rose, pp. 112–114
- ↑ Rose, p. 114
- ↑ Rose, pp. 116–121
- ↑ Rose, pp. 121–122
- ↑ Rose, pp. 120, 141
- ↑ Rose, pp. 121–125
- ↑ Rose, pp. 125–130
- ↑ Rose, p. 123
- ↑ Rose, p. 137
- ↑ Rose, pp. 141–143
- ↑ Rose, pp. 152–153, 156–157
- ↑ Rose, p. 157
- ↑ Rose, pp. 138–139, 147–148
- ↑ Nicolson, p. 247
- ↑ Nicolson, p. 308
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 30186. p. 7119. 17 July 1917. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
- ↑ Rose, pp. 174–175
- ↑ At George's wedding in 1893, The Times claimed that the crowd may have confused Nicholas with George, because their beards and dress made them look alike superficially (The Times (London), Friday, 7 July 1893, p. 5). Their facial features were only different up close.
- ↑ Nicolson, p. 310
- ↑ Clay, p. 326; Rose, p. 173
- ↑ Nicolson, p. 301; Rose, pp. 210–215; Sinclair, p. 148
- ↑ Rose, p. 210
- ↑ Crossland, John (15 October 2006), "British Spies In Plot To Save Tsar", The Sunday Times<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Sinclair, p. 149
- ↑ Pope-Hennessy, p. 511
- ↑ Pinney, Thomas (ed.) (1990) The Letters of Rudyard Kipling 1920–30, Vol. 5, University of Iowa Press, note 1, p. 120, ISBN 978-0-87745-898-2
- ↑ Rose, p. 294
- ↑ "Archduke Otto von Habsburg", The Daily Telegraph, London, 4 July 2011<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Nicolson, p. 347; Rose, pp. 238–241; Sinclair, p. 114
- ↑ Mowat, p. 84
- ↑ Mowat, p. 86
- ↑ Mowat, pp. 89–93
- ↑ Mowat, pp. 106–107, 119
- ↑ Prochaska, Frank (1999). "George V and Republicanism, 1917–1919". Twentieth Century British History. 10 (1): 27–51. doi:10.1093/tcbh/10.1.27.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Kirk, Neville (2005). "The Conditions of Royal Rule: Australian and British Socialist and Labour Attitudes to the Monarchy, 1901–11". Social History. 30 (1): 64–88. doi:10.1080/0307102042000337297.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Nicolson, p. 419; Rose, pp. 341–342
- ↑ Rose, p. 340; Sinclair, p. 105
- ↑ 86.0 86.1 Rose, pp. 373–379
- ↑ Vernon Bogdanor argues that George V played a crucial and active role in the political crisis of August–October 1931, and was a determining influence on Prime Minister MacDonald, in Bogdanor, Vernon (1991) "1931 Revisited: The Constitutional Aspects", Twentieth Century British History 2 (1): 1–25 (Subscription required). Philip Williamson disputes Bogdanor, saying the idea of a national government had been in the minds of party leaders since late 1930 and it was they, not the King, who determined when the time had come to establish one, in Williamson, Philip (1991) "1931 Revisited: the Political Realities", Twentieth Century British History 2 (3): 328–338 (Subscription required).
- ↑ Nicolson, pp. 521–522; Rose, p. 388
- ↑ Sinclair p. 154
- ↑ Sinclair, p. 1
- ↑ Pimlott, Ben (1996), The Queen, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, ISBN 0-471-19431-X<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Ziegler, Philip (1990), King Edward VIII: The Official Biography, London: Collins, p. 199, ISBN 0-00-215741-1<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Rose, p. 392
- ↑ Rose, pp. 301, 344
- ↑ Ziegler, pp. 192–196
- ↑ Arthur Bigge, 1st Baron Stamfordham, to Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone, 9 July 1929, quoted in Nicolson p. 433 and Rose, p. 359
- ↑ Pope-Hennessy, p. 546; Rose, pp. 359–360
- ↑ Roberts, Andrew (2000), Antonia Fraser (ed.), The House of Windsor, London: Cassell and Co, p. 36, ISBN 0-304-35406-6<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Ashley, Mike (1998), The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens, London: Robinson Publishing, p. 699<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Rose, pp. 360–361
- ↑ Bradford, Sarah (1989), King George VI, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, p. 149, ISBN 0-297-79667-4<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Pope-Hennessy, p. 558
- ↑ The Times (London), 22 January 1936, p. 7, col. A
- ↑ The Times (London), 21 January 1936, p. 12, col. A
- ↑ Rose, p. 402
- ↑ 106.0 106.1 106.2 Watson, Francis (1986), "The Death of George V", History Today, 36: 21–30<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Lelyveld, Joseph (28 November 1986). "1936 Secret is Out: Doctor Sped George V's Death". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 September 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 108.0 108.1 Ramsay, J. H. R. (28 May 1994), "A king, a doctor, and a convenient death", British Medical Journal, 308 (6941): 1445, doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6941.1445, PMC 2540387, PMID 11644545<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> (Subscription required)
- ↑ "Doctor Murdered Britain's George V". Observer-Reporter. Washington (PA). 28 November 1986. Retrieved 18 September 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "The Death of His Majesty King George V 1936". British Pathe. Retrieved 18 September 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Steinberg, Michael (2000), The Concerto, Oxford University Press, pp. 212–213, ISBN 0-19-513931-3<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Windsor, p. 267
- ↑ The cross surmounting the crown, composed of a sapphire and 200 diamonds, was retrieved by a soldier following later in the procession.
- ↑ The Times (London), Tuesday, 28 January 1936, p. 10, col. F
- ↑ Rose, pp. 404–405
- ↑ e.g. Harold Nicolson's diary quoted by Sinclair, p. 107; Best, Nicholas (1995) The Kings and Queens of England, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 0-297-83487-8, p. 83: "rather a dull man ... liked nothing better than to sit in his study and look at his stamps"; Lacey, Robert (2002) Royal, London: Little, Brown, ISBN 0-316-85940-0, p. 54: "the diary of King George V is the journal of a very ordinary man, containing a great deal more about his hobby of stamp collecting than it does about his personal feelings, with a heavy emphasis on the weather."
- ↑ Andrew Pierce (4 August 2009), "Buckingham Palace is unlikely shrine to the history of jazz", The Telegraph, London, retrieved 11 February 2012<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Clay, p. 245; Gore, p. 293; Nicolson, pp. 33, 141, 510, 517
- ↑ Harrison, Brian (1996) The Transformation of British Politics, 1860–1995 pp. 320, 337
- ↑ Gore, John (1941) King George V: A Personal Memoir pp. x, 116
- ↑ Cannadine, David (1998) History in our Time p. 3
- ↑ Harrison, p. 332; American reporters noted that the king "if not himself a characteristic example of the great British middle class, is so like the characteristic examples of that class that there is no perceptible distinction to be made between the two." Editors of Fortune, The King of England: George V (1936) p. 33
- ↑ Rose, p. 328
- ↑ Harrison, pp. 51, 327
- ↑ Steggles, Mary Ann; Barnes, Richard (2011). British Sculpture in India: New Views and Old Memories. Frontier Publishing. pp. 169 and 207. ISBN 978-1-872914-41-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 126.00 126.01 126.02 126.03 126.04 126.05 126.06 126.07 126.08 126.09 126.10 126.11 126.12 126.13 126.14 126.15 126.16 126.17 126.18 126.19 126.20 126.21 126.22 126.23 126.24 126.25 126.26 126.27 126.28 White, Geoffrey H.; Lea, R. S. (eds.) (1959) Complete Peerage, London: St Catherine's Press, vol. XII, pp. 924–925
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27293. p. 1762. 12 March 1901.
- ↑ 128.0 128.1 128.2 128.3 128.4 128.5 Photograph of King George V taken August/September 1897 Archived 10 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Victoria and Albert Museum
- ↑ Kidd, Charles; Williamson, David (eds; 1999) Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage, London: Debrett's Peerage, vol. 1, p. cv
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 25773. p. 102. 5 January 1888.
- ↑ Rose, p. 18
- ↑ Clay, p. 139
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27262. p. 4. 1 January 1901.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27289. p. 1417. 26 February 1901.
- ↑ 135.0 135.1 The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 28380. p. 3859. 31 May 1910.
- ↑ "New Titles in the R.A.F." (pdf), Flight, 1919: 1044, 7 August 1919, retrieved 31 October 2011<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27263. p. 83. 4 January 1901.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27383. p. 8644. 6 December 1901.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27389. p. 8982. 20 December 1901.
- ↑ La Ilustración Artística, El Diario de Andalucía, 19 June 1905, retrieved 27 December 2015<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 141.0 141.1 141.2 141.3 141.4 141.5 141.6 141.7 Written Answers to Questions: Column 383W, Hansard, 10 March 2010<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Estonian State Decorations, Office of the President, retrieved 28 March 2013<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas, Presidência da República Portuguesa, retrieved 28 March 2013<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ The Times (London), Saturday, 2 February 1901, p. 5
- ↑ The Times (London), Monday, 27 January 1902, p. 5
- ↑ "Un jefe y un oficial del Ejército, a las exequias por el Rey Jorge", ABC, 25 January 1936 (Andalusia ed.), p. 34, retrieved 28 April 2016
- ↑ Official Gazette of the Army, 8 January 1936, vol. I, p. 287, Virtual Library of the Defence (Spain), retrieved 28 April 2016
- ↑ The Times (London), Friday, 7 February 1902, p. 12
- ↑ 149.0 149.1 Boucher, Maurice (1973) Spes in Arduis: a history of the University of South Africa, Pretoria: UNISA, pp. 74 and 114
- ↑ The Times (London), 1 June 1901, p. 3
- ↑ The Times (London), Saturday, 12 October 1901, p. 5
- ↑ The Times (London), Wednesday, 16 October 1901, p. 3
- ↑ 153.0 153.1 The Times (London), Monday, 5 May 1902, p. 10
- ↑ The Times (London), 22 August 1901, p. 3
- ↑ Velde, François (19 April 2008), "Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family", Heraldica, retrieved 1 May 2010.
- Clay, Catrine (2006), King, Kaiser, Tsar: Three Royal Cousins Who Led the World to War, London: John Murray, ISBN 978-0-7195-6537-3<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Matthew, H. C. G. (September 2004; online edition May 2009) "George V (1865–1936)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33369, retrieved 1 May 2010 (Subscription required)
- Mowat, Charles Loch (1955), Britain Between The Wars 1918–1940, London: Methuen<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Nicolson, Sir Harold (1952), King George the Fifth: His Life and Reign, London: Constable and Co<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Pope-Hennessy, James (1959), Queen Mary, London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Rose, Kenneth (1983), King George V, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ISBN 0-297-78245-2<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Sinclair, David (1988), Two Georges: The Making of the Modern Monarchy, London: Hodder and Stoughton, ISBN 0-340-33240-9<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Windsor, HRH The Duke of (1951), A King's Story, London: Cassell and Co<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
External links
- Special issue of the Illustrated London News covering King George V's death
- Newsreel footage of King George V's coronation
- Sound recording of King George V's Silver Jubilee speech
- "Archival material relating to George V". UK National Archives.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Portraits of King George V at the National Portrait Gallery, London
- Somervell, D. C. (1936) The Reign of King George V
George V
Cadet branch of the House of WettinBorn: 3 June 1865 Died: 20 January 1936
|Regnal titles
|Preceded by
Edward VII
|King of the United Kingdom
and the British Dominions,
Emperor of India
6 May 1910 – 20 January 1936
|Succeeded by
Edward VIII
|British royalty
|Preceded by
Prince Albert Edward
later became King Edward VII
|Prince of Wales
Duke of Cornwall
Duke of Rothesay
|Succeeded by
Prince Edward
later became King Edward VIII
|Honorary titles
|Preceded by
Prince George, Duke of Cambridge
|Grand Master of the Order of
St Michael and St George
Title next held byEdward, Prince of Wales
|Preceded by
The Lord Curzon of Kedleston
|Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
|Succeeded by
The Earl Brassey
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- Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
- Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
- Presidents of the Royal Philatelic Society London
- Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle


text:
The Dean of Students, as a designee of the Dean of Students, is responsible for determining the appropriate mechanism for resolving alleged violations of the Niagara University Student Code of Conduct. The Dean of Students, or designee, will provide oversight and coordination of the student conduct process. Any member of the Niagara University community shall bring complaints against a student or a group of students to the attention of any university official, which will be directed to the Dean of Students or designee.
It is the policy of Niagara University that any time allegations of misconduct are brought against a student, the university will pursue to conclusion any necessary investigation and hearing process, aside from the decision by the accused student to withdraw, temporarily or permanently from the university.
Any member of the university community may initiate the student conduct process by filing a complaint with any university official, which will be directed to the Dean of Students' office. Residence Life staff document incidents by submitting an incident report to the Dean of Students, or designee. Campus Safety officers file reports at the end of each shift, which are forwarded to the Dean of Students, or designee.
The Dean, or designee, will conduct a preliminary review of the complaint. Based on the review, one of the following means of resolution will be pursued:
Further Investigation
The Dean, or designee, may designate an officer of the university to further investigate the complaint.
Residence Hall Community Standards Accountability Meeting
In cases involving a resident(s) with a residence hall community who are believed to be violating the agreed upon community standards, the Dean, or designee, may refer the case to a Residence Hall Community Standards Accountability Meeting.
The Accountability Meeting is intended to serve as a form of mediation between the community and the resident(s) within the community who are believed to be violating the agreed upon community standards. The goal is to determine if the floor considers the behavior to be a violation of community standards and, if so, to have the resident(s) understand how their behavior is affecting floor residences and to have the resident(s) agree to modify the offending behavior.
The Accountability Meeting is not a punishment meeting, which means the community cannot impose student conduct sanctions. However, resident students are empowered to recommend actions of the accused student to remedy the behavior. Similarly, the Accountability Meeting should not be used to address violations of the Student Code of Conduct that extend beyond the community standards.
The Dean of Students, or designee, may propose mediation as a means to resolve some student conduct cases. Mediation is possible, with the approval of the Dean of Students, or designee, when all parties involved (accused and accuser) agree to engage in the mediation process and when students involved have not previously engaged in mediation through this process. If mediation fails, the case will be directed to an alternate means of resolution. Records shall be kept of all cases that have been mediated, with names and a summary. Mediation yields neither a student conduct record nor sanction.
Administrative Conduct Hearing
The Dean of Students, or designee, may decide to resolve an issue through an Administrative Conduct Hearing with the Dean of Students (or his/her designee) or a Residence Director/Graduate Residence Director.
Conduct Council Hearing
The Dean of Students, or designee, may also decide to resolve an issue through a Conduct Council Hearing. Conduct Council is comprised of two faculty and/or staff and two students, and hears various student conduct cases. The Conduct Council hearing is designed to review information and determine the student's level of responsibility. Students will be required to appear before the Conduct Council to discuss their involvement and determine responsibility for the alleged violations.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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©2003-2020 Check Point Software Technologies Ltd. All rights reserved. Check Point, AlertAdvisor, Application Intelligence, Check Point 2200, Check Point 4000 Appliances, Check Point 4200, Check Point 4400, Check Point 4600, Check Point 4800, Check Point 12000 Appliances, Check Point 12200, Check Point 12400, Check Point 12600, Check Point 21400, Check Point 21600,Check Point 21700, Check Point 6100 Security System, Check Point Anti-Bot Software Blade, Check Point Anti-Virus Software Blade,Check Point Application Control Software Blade, Check Point Data Loss Prevention, Check Point DDoS Protector, Check Point DLP, Check Point DLP-1, Check Point Endpoint Security, Check Point Endpoint Security On Demand, Check Point Firewall Software Blade, Check Point Full Disk Encryption, Check Point GAiA, Check Point GO, Check Point Horizon Manager, Check Point Identity Awareness, Check Point Infinity, Check Point IPS, Check Point IPSec VPN, the Check Point logo, Check Point Media Encryption, Check Point Mobile, Check Point Mobile Access, Check Point NAC, Check Point Network Voyager, Check Point OneCheck, Check Point R75, Check Point Secure Web Gateway, Check Point Security Gateway, Check Point Security Gateway Virtual Edition, Check Point Threat Emulation, Check Point Threat Emulation Software Blade, Check Point R76, Check Point Update Service, Check Point URL Filtering Software Blade, Check Point Virtual Systems, Check Point WebCheck, CloudGuard, ClusterXL, Compliance Software Blade, Confidence Indexing, ConnectControl, Connectra, Connectra Accelerator Card, Cooperative Enforcement, Cooperative Security Alliance, CoreXL, DefenseNet, Dome9, DynamicID, Endpoint Connect VPN Client, Endpoint Security, FireWall-1, FireWall-1 GX, FireWall-1 SecureServer, Hacker ID, HackingPoint, Hybrid Detection Engine, IMsecure, INSPECT, INSPECT XL, Integrity, Integrity Clientless Security, Integrity SecureClient, InterSpect, IP Appliances, IP Series Appliances, IPS-1, IPS Software Blade, IPSO, R75, Software Blade, MailSafe, the More, better, Simpler Security logo, Multi-Domain Security Management, MultiSpect, Nano Agent, Next Generation Secure Web Gateway, NG, NGX, Open Security Extension, OPSEC, OSFirewall, Pointsec, Pointsec Mobile, Pointsec PC, Pointsec Protector, Policy Lifecycle Management,Power-1, Provider-1, PureAdvantage, PURE Security, the puresecurity logo, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] N, SandBlast, Secure Virtual Workspace, SecureClient, SecureClient Mobile, SecurePlatform, SecurePlatform Pro, SecuRemote, SecureServer, SecureUpdate, SecureXL, SecureXL Turbocard, Security Management Portal, SecurityPower, Series 80 Appliance, SiteManager-1, Smart-1, SmartCenter, SmartCenter Power, SmartCenter Pro, SmartConsole, SmartDashboard, SmartDefense, SmartDefense Advisor, SmartEvent, Smarter Security, SmartLSM, SmartMap, SmartPortal, SmartProvisioning, SmartReporter, SmartUpdate, SmartView, SmartView Monitor, SmartView Reporter, SmartView Status, SmartViewTracker, SmartWorkflow, SMP, SMP On-Demand, SocialGuard, SofaWare, Software Blade Architecture, the softwareblades logo, SSL Network Extender, Stateful Clustering, Total Security, the totalsecurity logo, ThreatCloud, Threat Emulation Portal, ThreatSpect,TrueVector, UserCheck, UTM-1, UTM-1 Edge, UTM-1 Edge Industrial, UTM-1 Edge N, UTM-1 Total Security, VPN-1, VPN-1 Edge, VPN-1 MASS, VPN-1 Power, VPN-1 Power Multi-core, VPN-1 Power VSX, VPN-1 Pro, VPN-1 SecureClient, VPN-1 SecuRemote, VPN-1 SecureServer, VPN-1 UTM, VPN-1 UTM Edge, VPN-1 VE, VPN-1 VSX, VSX, VSX-1, Web Intelligence, ZoneAlarm, ZoneAlarm Antivirus + Firewall, ZoneAlarm DataLock, ZoneAlarm Extreme Security, ZoneAlarm ForceField, ZoneAlarm Free Firewall, ZoneAlarm Pro Firewall, ZoneAlarm Internet Security Suite, ZoneAlarm Security Toolbar, ZoneAlarm Secure Wireless Router, ZoneAlarm Web Secure, Zone Labs, and the Zone Labs logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Check Point Software Technologies Ltd. or its affiliates. ZoneAlarm is a Check Point Software Technologies, Inc. Company. All other product names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The products described in this document are protected by U.S. Patent No. 5,606,668, 5,835,726, 5,987,611, 6,496,935, 6,873,988, 6,850,943, 7,165,076, 7,540,013, 7,725,737 and 7,788,726 and may be protected by other U.S. Patents, foreign patents, or pending applications.
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text:
This tree diagram shows the relationships between several groups of organisms.
The root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the Tree of Life. The basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. This ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right.
You can click on the root to travel down the Tree of Life all the way to the root of all Life, and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the Tree of Life all the way to individual species.
For more information on ToL tree formatting, please see Interpreting the Tree or Classification. To learn more about phylogenetic trees, please visit our Phylogenetic Biology pages.close box
Relationships after Boertmann 1990
Boertmann, D. 1990. Phylogeny of the divers, family Gaviidae (Aves). Steenstrupia 16:21-36.
Carboneras, C. 1992. Family Gaviidae (Divers). In: del Hoyo J., Elliott A., Sargatal J. (eds) Handbook of the birds of the world, vol 1Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, pp 162172.
Cracraft, J. 1982. Phylogenetic relationships and monophyly of loons, grebes, and hesperornithiform birds, with comments on the early history of birds. Syst. Zool. 31:35-56.
Johnsgard, P. A. 1987. Diving Birds of North America. Nebraska Univ. Press, Omaha, Nebraska.
Cracraft, J. 1982. Phylogenetic relationships and monophyly of loons, grebes, and hesperornithiform birds, with comments on the early history of birds. Syst. Zool. 31:35-56.
Gill, F. and M. Wright. 2006. Birds of the World: Recommended English Names. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.
Johnsgard, P. A. 1987. Diving Birds of North America. Nebraska Univ. Press, Omaha, Nebraska.
Mayr, G. 2004. A partial skeleton of a new fossil loon (Aves, Gaviiformes) from the early Oligocene of Germany with preserved stomach content. Journal of Ornithology 145(4):281-286.
McKitrick, M. C. 1991. Forelimb myology of loons (Gaviiformes), with comments on the relationship of loons and tubenoses (Procellariiformes). Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 102:115-152.
Roselaar, C. S., T. G. Tineke, M. Aliabadian, and V. Nijman. 2006. Hybrids in divers (Gaviiformes). Journal of Ornithology 147(1):24-30.
Information on the Internet
About This Page
Page copyright © 2007
Page: Tree of Life Gaviiformes. Gaviidae. Loons. The TEXT of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License - Version 3.0. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. Click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. For the general terms and conditions of ToL material reuse and redistribution, please see the Tree of Life Copyright Policies.
- First online 18 April 2007
- Content changed 18 April 2007
Citing this page:
Tree of Life Web Project. 2007. Gaviiformes. Gaviidae. Loons. Version 18 April 2007 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Gaviidae/26386/2007.04.18 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/


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~ Guys without confidence"Hi, I'm Troy McClure. You might remember me from such self-help videos as "Smoke Yourself Thin", and "Get Confident, Stupid.""
~ Troy McClure on The Simpsons
Confidence is, umm, faith in oneself. Right? Something like believing in ones ability to, umm, do, umm, something well. I think. Ex-girlfriends have been known to complain that their boyfriends don't have enough before dumping them for some jerk named Jordan who isn't even that good looking or rich. They'll realize their terrible mistake after they see what a successful uncyclopedia writer their ex has become. Right?
Definitions[edit | edit source]
Anyway, confidence might also be when someone is conscious of one's power to succeed. Maybe. But confidence is not always constant. While one might not be good at sports one can still retain a confident demeanor due to the fact that one does not particularly care about how the game ends. This is common advice offered by gym teachers and guidance counselors to scrawny, nerdy, and fat kids who cannot seem to run one lap around the gym without crying like little babies. It's easy for them to give that advice since they aren't the ones who need to deal with the laughing, pointing, teasing, and social isolation that almost always results from such scenarios. Who are they to tell them what to do or how to feel anyway?! Sorry.
Can we offer more examples for you? Is that ok?
People with confidence rarely ask permission or apologize for their actions. Since they believe what they are doing is both right and bound to succeed, they see these actions as unnecessary. Or something. Sorry about that. Was that a better definition? Sorry.
Other authority figures keep saying that with practice or more knowledge about a particular task, one's confidence will grow. They keep saying that with each success, one's confidence will get stronger. What they fail to mention is that after a lifetime of failures, successfully emerging from the basement once a day to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich, hardly makes a dent. Not only that, but with each passing day, one has more and more time to contemplate not only past failures but a steady stream of new ones. Sorry.
Sources of Confidence[edit | edit source]
Confidence is a state of being, in which people - for one reason or another - feel that they have self-worth. No one really knows where this feeling of not being a single, unemployed failure living in one's parent's basement comes from. But there are several theories about, you know, where some people get confidence.
Wealth[edit | edit source]
Confidence can come from many places, but none are as important as wealth or having lots of cash or rolling in the dough. Many otherwise useless and stupid people have been known to exhibit the signs of confident behavior for no reason other than the fact that they are rich. While normal people with confidence have faith in themselves due to their own abilities, looks, personality, and/or physical prowess, rich assholes simply rely on their money to get them through life. They know that even if they do something stupid, make a complete ass out of themselves or do something that would make other people hide their face in shame, they can always buy their way back out of the hole they dug. So, while average shmoes in the same situation would need to work hard and learn some humility, these cash-infused crap-masters can simply take out their wallets and buy their way back into polite society. It's a great system in which wealthy wang-gobblers can do whatever they want and not only succeed, but get laid and accolades in the process. I mean, why should they have to struggle like the rest of us? Why should they have to suffer indignity and shame when they have the money to buy their way out? Forget it. Just. Forget it.
Love[edit | edit source]
The most powerful source of confidence comes from knowing one has the love of another person. Love is a very powerful emotion, or so we're told. It seems that when one knows there is someone out there who - for one reason or another - can not only tolerate you, but actually cares for you deeply, it makes one feel like they aren't a completely worthless waste of space. This presents an interesting catch-22: Once one has the love of another, one is given a strong boost of confidence; however, in order gain the love of another human being (not just your cat) one must exhibit confidence before love can be reciprocated. This temporal anomaly has been studied by many of the best and nerdiest minds in between games of dungeons and dragons and episodes of Star Trek. Unfortunately, they have yet to come up with a solution to this perplexing riddle.
Professor F. Ever Aloneberg of MIT received a grant to study ways to break this infinite loop back in 1964. However, each time his research team is close to finding a solution, a new group of pledges from some stupid fraternity breaks into the lab and destroys all their findings. Professor Aloneberg has refused to press charges because he "doesn't want to make a fuss," and would rather spend the rest of the night cleaning up while the pledges are rewarded back at the frat house with blow jobs by the whores from that slutty sorority (you know the one we're talking about). Many members of his staff have talked about quitting, but the allure of finally understanding how to get the confidence to win the love of a human male/female/blowup doll is too strong to abandon. Plus, they don't have the confidence to make such a rash decision in the first place and would only be able to get such confidence after they finished their research. And so the loop continues.
Delusions[edit | edit source]
Some people seem to believe in themselves for no apparent reason. Be advised: do not mistake people living in a fantasy world with people who actually have confidence. Ironically, many people who have no confidence whatsoever retreat into their own fantasy worlds to deal with this issue as well. It is unclear why some people create a fantasy world in this one while others do so on the Internet instead (see below). Some hypothesize that those with delusional confidence are in said state of mind not by conscious choice, but rather due to social misunderstandings and an inability to comprehend the world around them as normal social outcasts do. It is thought that, despite all attempts to show these poor souls their true, lonely place in life, they are unable to recognize that no one likes them, cares about them and that the world would be better off without them. Right? Everyone else seems to get it, why can't they? Hopefully, with any luck, these unfortunate bastards will eventually come to terms with their true lot in life and recede into obscurity as God intended.
Anonymity[edit | edit source]
While in real life someone might have no confidence whatsoever, oftentimes that same person will have a surprising amount in situations where they can remain anonymous. The most common occurrence being online (not at masked sex-parties ala Eyes Wide Shut since people without confidence would never get invited to such a party in the first place).
The Internet has given rise to a whole subculture of people who's only goal is to make up for their lack of confidence by destroying others, knowing full well that their identity will remain a secret and therefore, no one can mock them back. This is known as trolling (pronounced: drooling) due to the fact that most of those who engage in it are ugly, overweight, and live under and guard bridges. They operate in loose networks of association and have formed a barter system in which "lols," "lawlz," "lolololsss," and "lulz" are the only currency. Outsiders have yet to figure out what this currency is but most agree it consists of unopened star wars figurines, 24 sided dies, and hair collected from girls they were too intimidated to talk to in person.
Additional Information[edit | edit source]
Origin[edit | edit source]
From the 1430 Middle English/French/Pig Latin word confidentiatariantoria meaning being in a state mastery over oneself and one's surroundings, it was coined by Pope Martin V (Papa Martinus Quintus) after he successfully saved the souls of thousands of African heathen by using fire to liberate them from their bodies. The Holy Father continued to use the term to describe just how certain he was that his actions were righteous and sanctioned by God. After Christendom saw how confident the Pope was that slavery was moral (as long as a Jew or Muslim didn't own a Christian), the rest of Europe slowly began to use the phrase as well. It was in this way that confidence made its way from the Bishop of Rome to douche bags fist-pumping on the Jersey Shore.
Related Forms[edit | edit source]
- Unconfidence
- Overconfidence
- Underconfidence
- Superconfidence
- Hyperconfidence
- Ultraconfidence
- Spectroconfidence (in theory only)
Synonyms[edit | edit source]
- Wealth
- Good Looks
- A Large Dong
- Delusions
- A .97 blood-alcohol level
- This guy
Antonyms[edit | edit source]
- You
- Yourself
- Your life
- Your future


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Grimm seeks leadership talks
New York Rep. Michael Grimm — who was indicted on Monday on 20 federal criminal charges — is quietly trying to line up private meetings with House Republican leaders to discuss his political situation, according to lawmakers and aides.
Grimm has asked for a one-on-one meeting with House Majority Whip Kevin McCarthy (R-Calif.), said the sources, and other meetings are expected to follow.
The 44-year-old Grimm will also give up his seat on the House Financial Services Committee, the New York Republican announced in a letter he sent to Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio).
( Also on POLITICO: Grimm: 'I'm a moral man')
"The Speaker believes Rep. Grimm's decision is appropriate under the circumstances," said Michael Steel, a Boehner spokesman.
And Grimm will seek permission in coming days from the House Ethics Committee to create a legal defense fund to pay his attorney bills. Grimm already owes more than $450,000 to the law firm Patton Boggs, which had been helping Grimm respond to the Justice Department's probe into his campaign fundraising practices. His legal bills will soar now that he has been indicted on federal criminal charges.
Boehner and other top party leaders only briefly discussed the Grimm matter during a closed-door leadership meeting on Monday, and they are still wrestling with what position to take on the ex-FBI agent's serious legal problems.
( DRIVING THE DAY: What's next for Michael Grimm?)
There is no meeting scheduled between Boehner and Grimm at this point, sources said.
The New York lawmaker is one in a string of ethically challenged Republicans recently posing problems for the House leadership. At least one headache disappeared Monday when Louisiana Rep. Vance McAllisterannounced he wouldn't seek reelection this year after a local newspaper posted video of him in a romantic embrace with his scheduler. House GOP leaders urged Florida Rep. Trey Radel to resign earlier this year after he was caught possessing cocaine .
House Republicans, coming back from the two-week Easter recess on Monday, were tight-lipped about the Grimm situation at their regular leadership meeting in Boehner's office. National Republican Congressional Committee Chairman Greg Walden of Oregon would not comment on the allegations against Grimm, and other top Republicans scurried away when asked their opinion about whether Grimm should stay in office.
( Also on POLITICO: The GOP's bad boys)
Grimm will be at House votes on Tuesday, his office announced on Monday night, although he will no longer be serving on any House panels.
"As Congressman Grimm stated in his press conference earlier today, he intends to do the same thing he's been doing since day one: getting to work to serve and fight for his constituents on Staten Island and Brooklyn," said Nick Iacono, Grimm's press secretary, in a statement. "The Congressman will absolutely be in Washington this week for votes starting tomorrow morning."
Grimm was hit with a 20-count federal indictment on Monday. Grimm allegedly failed to report more $1 million from a Manhattan restaurant he owned from 2007 to 2010, and then tried to cover up his tax-avoidance scheme when sued by former employees of the restaurant in federal court. The charges against Grimm were announced by Loretta Lynch, U.S. attorney for the Eastern District of New York.
Grimm has made clear that he intends to remain in office and will run for reelection in November. The filing deadline for New York's congressional races has already closed, meaning Grimm will almost certainly be on the ballot come Election Day.
( Also on POLITICO: Grimm could cost GOP swing seat)
"I will not abandon my post or the wonderful people who entrusted me to represent them. I have their backs and I know that they have mine. I will get right back to work as I always have," a defiant Grimm vowed after he was released by a federal magistrate on a $400,000 bond. "On top of all that, I have an election to win."
But Grimm's determination to seek a third term is a dilemma for House GOP leaders, especially Boehner, who vowed when he took the speaker's gavel in January 2011 to crack down on members who step out of line.
McCarthy confirmed that he had been contacted by Grimm's staff for a one-on-one meeting, but he declined to comment further until that session takes place.
"It happened this morning; everybody just flew in town this afternoon," said Rules Committee Chairman Pete Sessions (R-Texas.). "I'm sure you guys can wait for a few minutes for people to determine when they get together how they're going to handle this. That's about where it is."
Sessions, himself a former NRCC chairman, also wouldn't say whether Grimm could reelection in the fall with the criminal charges hanging over him.
"Let's find out what it is. We just found out about it. Give us a chance," Sessions pleaded.
Under House rules, contributions to Grimm's defense fund would be limited to $5,000 from any single source. Grimm's attorneys will file a request with the Ethics Committee to create such a fund in upcoming days.
"During the next couple of days, we will be submitting paperwork with the Committee on Ethics seeking permission to establish a legal expense fund so that Congressman Grimm has resources necessary to fight these erroneous charges and clear his good name," said William McGinley, a Patton Boggs attorney who has represented Grimm.
Grimm has hired New York City-based attorney Elizabeth Kase of the firm Kase & Druker to represent him in the federal criminal case. Kase is a former prosecutor in the Manhattan District Attorney's office.


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Delegating Responsibility
At some point, you've got to let go a little.
Opinions expressed by Entrepreneur contributors are their own.
Q: I'm a business owner involved in the day-to-day operations of my business, but my business is getting so big that I think I need to begin delegating many of my responsibilities. How do I decide what needs delegating--and how can I trust my employees to handle things?
A: You've posed one of the most important questions in business. And how you handle this situation will determine the level of your success for many years to come. Will you continue to grow and prosper, or will you wake up to a nightmare? The fact that you realize the business is getting too large for you to manage is the first and, perhaps, the most important step.
Now it's time to look in the mirror and inventory your skills, your dreams and the needs of your business and yourself. As businesses grow, they become not merely larger versions of themselves, but rather new businesses with different dynamics. You must be willing to embrace real change. There's an old expression in business: "Grow or die." We think that's an oversimplification--many businesses die because they place too much focus on getting large for the sake of size itself. So let's assume you've thought about it and you really do want your business to expand.
Back to that inventory we mentioned. What are your personal strengths? If you're the greatest living salesperson, don't allow your ego to get in the way of giving up some real power. It might well be best for you to spend more time in sales and find someone else to act as the CEO, for example.
Now you'll want to take some time to "recruit" the best person to fill your new, open slot. In a perfect world, you've been thinking about this for some time and have been grooming someone. But it's not a perfect world, and your new CEO may have to be hired from outside the company. Many business owners are frightened by this prospect. Don't allow it to deter your dreams. Wherever your new CEO comes from, make certain all the pieces fit--does he or she share your vision of where the company should be in three, five and 10 years down the road? Can you see how his or her general ideas for implementing that vision have a good chance of success?
Shared Wisdom: Best Practices in Development and Succession Planning by Robert A. Levit and Christina Gikakis
When we talk about hiring the best person, we don't necessarily mean the candidate with the greatest paper resume or the one who's attended the finest university. What we're suggesting is that you have your antennae up for the person who most impresses you with his or her understanding of your vision and what the journey ahead looks like.
On the other hand, does this candidate have the personal confidence to challenge some of your own current methods? While you're not looking for someone to disrupt a successful business, you will need someone who is able to help you take your business to the next level. That's rarely easy. Many companies build to a sales level of a few million dollars and hit a wall they're never able to clear. This is an area in which your new CEO may have the greatest impact. By offering even minor changes to your successful operation, he or she will have you asking, "Why didn't I think of that?"
You asked about trusting your employees to perform new duties. First, they must trust you, too. They must trust that, in their new positions, you will give them not only new responsibilities to perform, but also the authority and the tools. And they must trust that you'll allow them to fail. In the Marine Corps, there's a term, "lifeboat leadership," that applies here. Your employees must have the confidence that you trust their skills and judgment, but everyone must also have confidence that the leader will throw them a rope when they get in over their heads. If they can trust you, you'll be able to trust them--after all, you already do.
So go ahead and take the plunge. Either hire new talent, or promote from within. Just always be there to lend support, the wisdom of your experience and, yes, constructive criticism when it's warranted. Your business will never be the same--but with proper planning and little fear of change, you'll be delighted with the results.
Rod Walsh and Dan Carrison are the founding partners of Semper Fi Consulting in Sherman Oaks, California and the authors ofSemper Fi: Business Leadership the Marine Corps Way.
The opinions expressed in this column are those of the author, not of Entrepreneur.com. All answers are intended to be general in nature, without regard to specific geographical areas or circumstances, and should only be relied upon after consulting an appropriate expert, such as an attorney or accountant.


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Yeats, Jack Butler
Yeats, Jack Butler yāts [key], 1871–1957, Irish painter, son of the painter John Butler Yeats and brother of the poet William Butler Yeats. He began his career as an illustrator and produced his first oils in 1915, choosing literary subjects. His Irish seascapes and landscapes are notable for their loose, spontaneous brush work.
See biography by B. Arnold (1998).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2023, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: European Art, 1600 to the Present: Biographies


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Lucy by the Sea: A Novel (CD-Audio)
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October 2022 Indie Next List
"I've read quite a few pandemic books in the last year, but this one stands out. Strout has produced a meditation on memory as much as a character study as Lucy, William, and their neighbors grapple with the pandemic and political divides."
— Emily Crowe, An Unlikely Story, Plainville, MA
NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • From Pulitzer Prize–winning author Elizabeth Strout comes a poignant, pitch-perfect novel about a divorced couple stuck together during lockdown—and the love, loss, despair, and hope that animate us even as the world seems to be falling apart.
"Strout's understanding of the human condition is capacious."—NPR
ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR: The New York Times Book Review, The New Yorker, Oprah Daily, Entertainment Weekly, San Francisco Chronicle, NPR, Time, The Washington Post, The Christian Science Monitor, PopSugar, She Reads
With her trademark spare, crystalline prose—a voice infused with "intimate, fragile, desperate humanness" (The Washington Post)—Elizabeth Strout turns her exquisitely tuned eye to the inner workings of the human heart, following the indomitable heroine of My Name Is Lucy Barton through the early days of the pandemic.
As a panicked world goes into lockdown, Lucy Barton is uprooted from her life in Manhattan and bundled away to a small town in Maine by her ex-husband and on-again, off-again friend, William. For the next several months, it's just Lucy, William, and their complex past together in a little house nestled against the moody, swirling sea.
Rich with empathy and emotion, Lucy by the Sea vividly captures the fear and struggles that come with isolation, as well as the hope, peace, and possibilities that those long, quiet days can inspire. At the heart of this story are the deep human connections that unite us even when we're apart—the pain of a beloved daughter's suffering, the emptiness that comes from the death of a loved one, the promise of a new friendship, and the comfort of an old, enduring love.
Shortlisted for the Rathbones Folio Prize
About the Author
Elizabeth Strout is the #1 New York Times bestselling author of Lucy by the Sea; Oh William!; Olive, Again; Anything Is Possible, winner of the Story Prize; My Name Is Lucy Barton; The Burgess Boys; Olive Kitteridge, winner of the Pulitzer Prize; Abide with Me; and Amy and Isabelle, winner of the Los Angeles Times Art Seidenbaum Award for First Fiction and the Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize. She has also been a finalist for the PEN/Faulkner Award and the Orange Prize in London. She lives in Maine.
Praise For…
Praise for Lucy by the Sea
"No novelist working today has Strout's extraordinary capacity for radical empathy, for seeing the essence of people beyond reductive categories, for uniting us without sentimentality. I didn't just love Lucy by the Sea; I needed it. May droves of readers come to feel enlarged, comforted, and genuinely uplifted by Lucy's story."—The Boston Globe
Praise for Elizabeth Strout
"One proof of Elizabeth Strout's greatness is the sleight of hand with which she injects sneaky subterranean power into seemingly transparent prose. Strout works in the realm of everyday speech, conjuring repetitions, gaps and awkwardness with plain language and forthright diction, yet at the same time unleashing a tidal urgency that seems to come out of nowhere even as it operates in plain sight."—The New York Times Book Review
"Strout managed to make me love this strange woman I'd never met, who I knew nothing about. What a terrific writer she is."—Zadie Smith
"Strout animates the ordinary with an astonishing force. . . . [She] makes us experience not only the terrors of change but also the terrifying hope that change can bring: she plunges us into these churning waters and we come up gasping for air."—The New Yorker
"Elizabeth Strout is one of my very favorite writers. The depth, complexity, and love contained in these pages are a miraculous achievement."—Ann Patchett
"Writing of this quality comes from a commitment to listening, from a perfect attunement to the human condition, from an attention to reality so exact that it goes beyond a skill and becomes a virtue."—Hilary Mantel