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Collins Corner LLC, the owner of a 10,000-square-foot office condominium at 968 Civic Center Drive in Collierville, has filed a $1.3 million loan on the property.
The limited liability company filed the loan Nov. 15 through IberiaBank on the property's suite 103.
It is home to the Collierville office of Prudential Collins-Maury Inc. Realtors and Sovereign Homes LLC homebuilders, two companies owned by local real estate and building professional Doug Collins.
Built in 2005, the Class A office space is condo in the Marketplace Professional Centre Condos at the northwest corner of Market Boulevard and West White Road.
The Shelby County Assessor of Property's 2012 appraisal is $1.5 million.
Collins Corner acquired the property the same day via quitclaim from Collins, who has served as 2008 president of the Memphis Area Home Builders Association and is a past president of the Memphis Area Association of Realtors.
Collins bought the property in 2006 for $1.5 million.
Source: The Daily News Online & Chandler Reports
– Daily News staff
A group of 50 Electrolux employees began moving Monday, Nov. 26, into the company's Memphis manufacturing plant in the Frank C. Pidgeon Industrial Park.
The plant will make stoves and ranges starting in 2013 in a phased-in opening that will add product lines as it goes.
Those moving in this week are front office employees including plant management, construction management, staff support and human resources.
And with the move-in comes the installation of the hardware to be part of the company's Memphis research and development center. At the center, which is part of a 750,000-square-foot facility, more than 300 products can be tested at one time. The testing is to map out and ultimately improve what happens to the products during their usage over a long period of time.
Earlier this month, prospective Electrolux employees began taking job training classes at Southwest Tennessee Community College as part of the application process. The classes, which Electrolux executives set the specifications and requirements for, are being coordinated and funded through the federally funded Workforce Investment Network.
The company plans to hire 200 more workers through the training process by May. Over the next five years, the plant's goal is to hire 1,200 people.
– Bill Dries
The creative work of Walker-Associates Inc., a Memphis-based advertising, marketing and public relations firm, was recently recognized with 15 International MarCom Creative Awards, a competition administered and judged by the Association of Marketing and Communication Professionals.
Top awards, Platinum MarCom statuettes, were awarded to Walker-Associates for: "So Inspiring - Civil Rights," a Web video for the DeSoto County Convention and Visitor's Bureau that narrates the civil rights movement and its effect on the area; "Be Social," a social media and PR campaign for Duncan-Williams Inc. that features a series of Web videos, internal and external events and PR; "Free Bird," a Web video for Duncan-Williams; "Skip Poker Night," a print ad for Gould's Day Spa & Salon; and "Stonehenge," a national trade print ad for Lucite International promoting the global acrylic manufacturer's new colors for the spa/hot tub market.
Gold MarCom statuettes were awarded to the firm for: "Report to the Community," the annual report for Arkansas Methodist Medical Center; "So Soulful - The Blues," a Web video for the DeSoto County CVB that documents blues music in the area; "Faking It," a print ad Gould's Day Spa & Salon's Mother's Day campaign; and "Mother Nature," a national trade print ad for Lucite International.
Honorable Mention Gold MarCom certificates were awarded to the firm for: "Dragon Trolley," Memphis' first-ever wrapped trolley for Duncan-Williams; "Girls on Film" and "Kissed by a Rose" Web videos for Duncan-Williams; "PCG Recruitment," a direct mail campaign for Duncan-Williams; "Brand Identity," a new logo for the Ovarian Cancer Awareness Foundation; and "TNStars launch event," an event for the Tennessee Treasury Department to launch the state's new college savings program.
– Sarah Baker
Paragon National Bank's four bank branches are serving as donation centers for the fifth Annual Mid-South Food Bank Student Food Drive through the end of this week.
Donations of non-perishable food items can be made through Friday, Nov. 30, at Paragon Place, 6300 Poplar Ave.; Fountain Place, 5400 Poplar Ave.; Saddle Creek, 7600 Poplar Ave.; and Grove Park, 4515 Poplar Ave.
The Student Food Drive is conducted by Memphis area high school students to benefit the Mid-South Food Bank. The food goes to the Mid-South Food Bank for distribution to its member agencies throughout the area, including food pantries, soup kitchens, shelters, youth programs, rehabilitation and residential centers, senior programs, daycares and schools.
Last year, Paragon saw record levels of donations, collecting more than $11,000 in monetary donations and more than 1,000 food items.
– Andy Meek
This year's 15th annual Indie Memphis Film Festival, held Nov. 1 through Nov. 4, shattered its previous attendance record.
This year's festival, presented by Duncan-Williams Inc., saw a nearly 38 percent rise in attendance, from 8,000 last year to 11,028 this year. Also, the festival's ticket and pass sales grew by more than 60 percent.
Central to the festival's growth was the new Innovation component, which presented a program of panel discussions and presentations by innovation and technology leaders. The festival also included a "48-Hour Hack" presented in collaboration with LaunchMemphis and sponsored by Microsoft, as well as a series of Microsoft education and training opportunities.
The 2012 festival was named a "Top 20 Event" by the Southeast Tourism Society, and it included 39 feature films and about 70 shorts. Also new this year was the festival's award sculptures, designed and created by Yvonne Bobo and commissioned by Duncan-Williams.
Copyright 1995 -
by The Daily News Publishing Co. Inc. - All Rights Reserved


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Visitor Center:
+374-10-54-19-32; 54-19-34
Summary of CCA's 2016 Programs was PresentedDecember 23, 2016
The program included:
• Overview of the Formation of National Modernism in the Scope of One Collection
Speaker: Anna Galstyan, art historian, PhD in Art History
• Boris Galstyan on his Collection and Exhibition
• Summary of CCA activities in 2016 and handing out of letters of acknowledgement
The Encounters with Art program was launched at the Cafesjian Center for the Arts in October 2010, as a series of events dedicated to Armenian and international artists, as well as important cultural events.
Other materials from this section
Admission and Hours
Cafesjian Sculpture Garden: always open.
Escalator Gallery: everyday, 8:00-20:00.
Exhibition Galleries, Museum Store and Visitor Center: Friday, Saturday, Sunday, 10:00-20:00.
The Center is closed on state holidays.
From April 1 until October 31, CCA Museum Store, besides Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays, will also be open on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays, from 10:00am till 6:00pm.

subset: commoncrawl


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Sony's new Android Walkman, currently dubbed the Sony Walkman Mobile Entertainment Player, has some cool music features and a huge screen.
Sony had a surprise up its sleeve at the IFA tech-fest in Berlin, showing off a new device in its music-pumping Walkman line. But this noisy little monster is different to Walkman kit that has gone before -- it runs Android, which is Google's app-filled mobile operating system.
It's currently in the prototype stage apparently, so there's no final name. At the time of writing Sony is calling it the Walkman Mobile Entertainment Player, though we'd bet our bottom dollar that it'll be dubbed something fancy like the 'Spruce' or 'Lifesonic' for when it actually goes on sale. Packed with apps and with a massive touchscreen up front, this device will compete with Apple's iPod touch.
We've toyed with the Android Walkman, and both the hardware and software seem complete to us, so we wouldn't be at all surprised to see this hitting the shelves in the next few months, in time for Christmas. Read on for our first impressions, and what you can expect from a Walkman that runs Android.
This new Walkman looks a little like a Sony Ericsson Xperia Arc on steroids. It's got the same curving edge along the top and bottom, and if you turn it sideways you can see there's a shallow dent in the back, giving the device an arched appearance.
Along the back there's the splodgy Walkman logo against a deep blue background, and down the right of the player there's a dedicated Walkman button, for quick access to music.
We'd like to see a few playback controls on the device itself -- something that bugs us about using an iPhone or iPod touch to listen to music while on the move is that we need to actually pull the thing out of our pockets to change track, making us 100 per cent more muggable.
That's something Sony could stick on this player to give it an edge -- perhaps that dedicated Walkman button could play/pause the music with one press, skip forward with another and skip back with a triple-tap, like the in-line remote controls you find on headphones built for the iPod.
This Walkman has an absolutely massive touchscreen plastered over the front. It's a 4.3-inch display, which is the same size as the panels on enormous smart phones such as the HTC Desire HD.
We wonder if the screen is perhaps too big -- for years we've seen MP3 players shrink down to be as tiny as possible, so a return to the pocket-filling devices of yesteryear may seem a bit strange. There's no phone functionality on this Android Walkman, so you'll still have to carry a phone around with you. There's no camera on it either, so if you're fond of taking a few snaps while on the move, this won't fill that gap.
That massive screen does mean that the player's usefulness extends far beyond listening to music, though. Videos and movies will look great rendered in massive-o-vision, as will games you download from the Android app store.
Sony already has a tonne of slim, pocketable Walkman MP3 players, so we're perfectly happy to see this 4.3-inch monster join the roster at the top end of the scale, catering to anyone who fancies something more than just music from their device. The only risk is that the huge display could sap battery life.
When we heard that Sony was making an Android-powered Walkman, we rolled our eyes so hard they nearly flew out of our sockets. All too often lately, manufacturers seem content to throw Google's mobile operating system at their products, expecting it to solve all their problems just by being there.
Once we'd had a go with the Android Walkman though, we were feeling much more positive, because Sony appears to have made some effort to tinker with the default Android look, making the player look like it was made for music and video, and not for making phone calls.
Along the bottom of the home screen there are big, glowing blue buttons that -- once tapped -- will call up either the video player, music player or photo viewer. The music app gets pride of place in the centre, and we noticed a music player widget too, so you can skip track or pause playback from the homescreen, without having to open the app itself.
The music app itself is looking good (though we're wondering what's going to fill most of the screen if your music doesn't come with cover art), and Sony was making much of the ability to stream, or 'throw' your music to a Sony Bravia TV wirelessly via a DLNA connection. If you've already got a Sony TV, that could be useful -- when you get back to your house, just fire the tunes over to your telly for big-speakered fun.
The best thing about Android though is access to the Android Market, where you can sift through thousands of apps to download, making your player potentially a lot more than just an MP3 player. Alternatively Sony has its own cloud-based music service called Music Unlimited, that contains over 10 million tracks.
Traditonally Walkman devices offers better sound quality than their Apple rivals, so anyone who's particularly fussy about audio quality should keep an eye on this player, as we suspect it will pump out extremely sweet noises.
We're not sure how many people wouldn't be better off buying a smart phone, but if Sony can make this Android Walkman cheap enough, it could make a great all-round device for strolling around town with, and a tempting alternative to Apple's iPod touch. Stay tuned for more news as it unfolds.
Edited by Nick Hide


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Weekly Briefing (1/9/2012 – 1/13/2012)
January 11: Foreign Policy published a Letter to the Editor written by Ambassador Ertharin Cousin and USAID Assistant Administrator Nancy Lindborg. The letter provided clarification describing U.S. food aid and highlighted the fact that aid is distributed after careful analysis and in a competitive manner. Furthermore, the letter states that USAID now has a program that uses cash, vouchers, and local and regional food purchases to ensure "we reach people more quickly with the right type of response based on local conditions."
January 11: In The Miami Herald, USAID Administrator Dr. Rajiv Shah published an op-ed citing the accomplishments in Haiti, two years after the 7.0 magnitude earthquake. "Over half of the 10 million tons of rubble has been cleared from Port-au-Prince's streets, more people have access to clean water today than before the earthquake, and collective efforts have mitigated the outbreak of cholera that killed thousands in the country." In addition to rescue efforts, the U.S. is also working to rebuild the country. "With the leadership of Secretary Clinton, we are trying to harness the transformative power of science, technology and innovation to accelerate economic progress and improve lives throughout Haiti."
January 11: OhMyGov! published a story on the Famine, War, Drought (FWD) Campaign being led by USAID. The article highlighted the important role social media has played in the campaign, as well as the dramatic increase USAID has experienced in Facebook followers. According to OhMyGov's media analysis platform, during the week of December 22-29, USAID's Facebook page experienced a 27% growth in total Facebook fans, amassing nearly 12,000 new fans in just seven days.
January 12: On NPR's Talk of the Nation and Tell Me More programs, USAID Administrator Dr. Rajiv Shah and USAID Deputy Administrator Donald Steinberg were interviewed to discuss the two-year anniversary of the Haiti Earthquake. In both interviews, Administrator Shah and Steinberg stated that the U.S. remains committed to supporting and investing in Haiti.
January 12: Mark Feierstein, Assistant Administrator for USAID's Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean, published an op-ed in The Huffington Post discussing the progress being made in Haiti. In addition to playing a critical role in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, "the United States is helping Haiti create jobs, boost agricultural production, more effectively deliver services, expand access to health care and provide higher quality education to its youth."


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OLPCorps Harvard University Volta Ghana
Project Overview
Ghana Youth: Reach Beyond is a 9-week intensive leadership-training program focused on educating children ranging from the ages of 8-12 years old at two public schools in Volta, Ghana. Per the help of Heart for Humanity, a NGO organization led by Paul Badasu, our team will hold daily workshops on pragmatic ways to become a leader of integrity, purpose and vision in the rural communities of Denu and daklu-Wumenu. Each section of the curriculum will focus intensely on empowering students at the Golden Children School and Adaklu-Wumenu La Primary School to use resources such as the XO laptop to become active change agents, aspiring to become the positive change they would like to see in their community, country and world.
Change. Although change has the potential to become a very abstract concept, our team defines it in a very pragmatic way. For Project Reach Beyond, progressive change is the creativity of doing what you can with what you have in order to leave a space better than you found it. In this way, the power to become a change agent is an opportunity available to everyone regardless of age or economic barriers. In sum, Project Reach Beyond is a unique initiative because it will help children identify their strengths as well as unique ways to make a difference on both small and large scales.
Empowerment: The importance of an organization like "One Laptop Per Child" lies not only in its capacity to place technology in the hands of children but also in it's ability to empower children to self-educate. Having access to the World Wide Web, teaches children to be more than just passive recipients of information but independent thinkers that actively question, challenge and engage with their environment. Project Ghana Youth Reach Beyond will accent the mission of One Laptop Per Child because it will continuously stress the importance of self-education and academic curiosity.
With the help of One Laptop Per Child, Project Ghana Youth: Reach Beyond would distribute laptops to 100 students at 2 different schools in rural Ghana. In addition to teaching our students to be agents of change, our project will teach our students to use the XO system and applications. In addition, using the experience one of our group members has gained in interning at Google, Inc. our team will teach students how to find educational information on the internet using resources such as Google Scholar, Google Books and Google Search.
Pen Pal System. Upon the completion of our time in Ghana, our team will use a pen pal system that links leaders of various organizations and businesses in the USA to students in Ghana. This will doubly provide our students with an opportunity to gain valuable advice from successful leaders as well as an opportunity to use their XO laptops to network.
Heart for Humanity (HFA) Transition Team. Per the help of HFH, a transition team stationed in Ghana will help to sustain our efforts upon our departure. This team will continuously follow up with our students to ensure that they are getting the most out of their XO experiences. With the help of Google Analytics and Google Surveys, we will also send our students bi-monthly questionnaires to assess their satisfaction. Furthermore, this transition team will take over our curriculum in our absence so that students who may not be in school during the months of July and August will have the opportunity to benefit from the training upon their return.
Pay it Forward. The last aspect of our leadership training program will involve more deeply instilling the values of gratitude and reciprocation in our students. As a part of "Pay it Forward" our students will write various OLPC donors thank you letters that describe how XO has changed their lives. In addition to the thank you letters, our students will complete at least one community service activity during the program.
Please use the following links to visit our project and partner sites:


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By CARRIE ANTLFINGER
Associated Press
MILWAUKEE (AP) — Virginia Davis describes says the pain left behind by her 9-year-old sister's 1970 rape and strangulation as being like "a million holes."
Only 4 years old at the time, Davis knew little about the crime. The subject remained off-limits for the next four decades for many in a family that hoped to forget the hurt. But Davis couldn't forget, and after years seeking help to solve her sister's killing, she's preparing to face the man police believe is responsible.
On Monday, prosecutors will argue that a childhood neighbor and convicted sex offender — who they say confessed to the killing but has since recanted — should go to trial in the death of Donna Willing. With physical evidence in the case lost or destroyed, prosecutors say the will argue under the state's sex offender law that Robert Hill, 73, is a sexually violent person and must remain in custody indefinitely.
Davis says that when she was a child, her sisters would scold her for talking about Donna, warning, "You don't want to make mom cry, do you?" Most of the siblings don't discuss it even now.
But Davis needed answers. At 15 she found the courage to go to the library and read news coverage about her sister's death. Every detail discovered since has helped.
"I didn't feel like so lonely, I didn't feel so empty, I didn't feel like I had a million holes anymore," said Davis, now a mother of three who lives in suburban Milwaukee. "I just started feeling like it's easier, it's easier, it's easier now. I can talk about her now. I can speak her name."
Davis clearly remembers the afternoon of Feb. 26, 1970. Her big sister Donna was reading to her from a favorite book about animals as they sat on the couch. Her mother wanted Donna to go to the bakery for bread, but Virginia purposely delayed the trip, begging for one more story.
"I remember seeing out the window, it was getting dark and thinking 'Mom won't make her go if it gets dark. She'll send (my brother) or somebody else. She can't go,'" Davis recalls. "We were afraid of the boogeyman and stuff back then. The boogeyman will get her if she goes out after dark."
Donna walked out at 5:15 p.m. A witness later saw her get into a green car. Less than two hours later, a man discovered her bruised and bloodied body under a car in his garage about a mile away.
Newspaper reports at the time said police had people of interest, but no leads panned out.
In 2004, Virginia Davis saw a Milwaukee Journal Sentinel story about police arresting an 83-year-old man for a 1958 murder based on DNA evidence. She called the reporter for help getting police to take another look at her sister's case.
A cold case unit that formed in 2007 did, and soon focused on Hill. He had lived next door with his wife and five children and Davis said she remembered playing with his son. She also remembered his wife, who always yelled, but not him.
Prosecutors soon discovered physical evidence in Donna Willing's case had been lost during a flood or when detectives cleaned out the evidence room in the 1990s, according to police Lt. Keith Balash. So investigators in 2008 began interviewing Hill in prison — where he was serving a 10-year sentence for sexually assaulting four children under the age of 10 between 1995 and 2002.
Hill first told police he sexually assaulted Donna after she got into his car that night, according to court documents. She began to squirm and slapped him. He became angry, afraid she would tell on him. He strangled her and dumped her in a garage. It all took about 10 minutes, he said.
In another account outlined in court documents, Hill said he molested Donna for years, picked her up and had sex with her. After she screamed, he put his hand over her mouth and strangled her.
Hill, who is now being in held a supervised facility, has since recanted both statements. Balash said Hill knew specifics of Donna's injuries that hadn't been released.
Hill's attorney, Robert Prifogle, didn't return a phone call seeking comment before Monday's hearing.
Before her mother died in 2009, Davis finally asked why she needed Donna to go to the bakery. Her mother said she wanted to make French toast for dinner. That filled a big hole. This year, Davis met the man who discovered his sister's body — another big hole filled. She said she had blamed herself when she was younger for delaying her sister's trip until after dark, but no more.
Davis chokes up when talking about her gratitude for the cold case detectives who pursued the case.
"I want to invent or create a word and I can't come up with anything yet that is the equivalent to how I feel," she said.


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With clamp on display lights adding sleek design is easy. Illuminate artwork, family photos, bedsides and more.
At Lightology, our goal is simple: to be the premier contemporary lighting company for both homeowners and design professionals. Lightology offers over 30,000 contemporary indoor and outdoor lighting products, including clamp on display lights, clamp-on display lighting and more!


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Last night together
Teddy leaves us tomorrow, so tonight is he's and Bingley's last night together.
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Active, sporting, sound little spaniels
Click on this link The POUNDLANE Spaniel to view our main website
Contacting us
We ask that first contact to be done by phone. I (Jane) can be contacted by phone at 01769 560969 for a friendly, no pressure chat.
Click HERE to know what our facebook page is for.
"Humans are aware of very little, it seems to me, the artificial brainy side of life, the worries and bills and the mechanisms of jobs, the doltish psychologies we've placed over our lives like a stencil. A dog keeps his life simple and unadorned." Brad Watson, Last Days of the Dog-Men: Stories
Welcome to this blog. I am Jane, a hobby breeder, situated in North Devon, England, UK (map at bottom of page ,shows where we are) on a quest to breed a healthier small spaniel similar to the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel.
January 2023
Why I don't export
Our breeding dogs are multi generational extensively health tested. With all our breeding stock having recommended and relevant DNA tests for their breed/breeds. We also have breeding stock annually eye examined on the BVA Hereditary Eye Disease Scheme for dogs, MRI scanned on the BVA scheme using the BVA chiari malformation /syringomyelia breeding protocol, and heart examined using The Kennel Club Heart Scheme for Cavalier King Charles breeding protocol


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Radiation Hardened Motors & Resolvers
Radiation Hardened Products
High energy gamma radiation will attack all of the materials in a device, however the non-metallic materials in a motor or resolver are subject to more rapid breakdown. Lubricants, varnish, adhesives, insulations, and cables deteriorate and ultimately crumble. Empire Magnetics radiation hardened stepper motors, motors and resolvers (RH-) combine the best available radiation resistant materials with practical commercial practices to provide products with the longest possible service life within pragmatic budgetary considerations.
The standard RH series products are rated for 2 x 108 Rads, total accumulated dose of Gamma radiation. However on a custom basis, products can be provided with life in excess of 1 x 109 Rads, TAD. Several of these products were tested in a hot cell, all of the supplied products exceeded requirements. (For details see frequently asked questions (FAQ) at the bottom of this page)
Radiation hardened include stepper motors, resolvers, brushless motors, gearboxes, brakes. On a custom basis AC motors, assemblies of various types and complete systems can be provided.
Note: Waterproof and Radiation Hardened products have been developed for specific applications. This combination requires a compromise of radiation resistance or a significant design change.
Radiation Hardened Stepper Motors
Learn More About:
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About Radiation Hardened Installations
Learn about Radiation Motor Applications
- Motors in Radiation-Intensive Environments
- ORNL Develops Fuel Pin Dissolver with Empire's Radiation-Resistant Motors


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One of the things we posted t'other day detailed the bust of a smuggling ring in Bulgaria who/which had in its possession a two-metre sculpture of Aphrodite. Today Novinite suggests there are questions about that identification:
The 2-meter antique statue, which was found buried in the back yard of a Bulgarian village house belonging to illegal treasure hunters, is not of Aphrodite, as the police, who seized it, initially believed.
Petar Banov, archeology expert from the Regional History Museum in the northern city of Pleven told the Bulgarian National Radio, BNR, that the statue is a Roman tomb sculpture of an ordinary woman.
Banov pointed out the find has no signs and symbols around her legs and/or arms, designating the female figure as a goddess, adding it was made during the flourishing of the ancient Roman city of Ulpia Oescus on the Danube, close to the village of Gigen in the Pleven District.
Banov, however, explained the archeological value of the discovery is still very high because it is of great quality and craftsmanship and it would give historians precious information.
According to the expert, it would be very hard to make a monetary appraisal of the statute because Bulgaria does not have an official antiques market and auctions.
… here's a photo … I really don't see how anyone could have called that an Aphrodite other than to further sensationalize the story:


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Sanat Kumara:
Greetings to all on this auspicious day, another rung in the ladder of your deep Awakening and Ascension. And to you I give my strength and purpose and Love of all Humanity to hold and cherish in your hearts.
It is to this end that I address you now – the Love of all Humanity, the Love of all Beings of the Celestial and Galactic Realms, the Love of Creator – and that, dear ones, is the crux, for that brings you to the inception of your experience with Oneness.
It is this day that I address you into and from your Hearts to hold a vision for Humanity, a vision so encompassing that it takes over your consciousness – A vision of Love for all, and Harmony for all, and the creation of your dreams from deep within yourself and consciousness, utilizing all the gifts and abilities that are lying deep within you, and for some still dormant.
Allow these abilities now to come forth, for they are needed in this grand awakening of all Humanity. Place your hand over your heart and decree:
'I now hold within me all that I need to create within my reality the perfect life and creations that model and enhance my deep essence and purpose and being, that as it unfolds like the petals of a beautiful lotus flower, it creates Harmony and Abundance, and for not only myself but for all. And in that comes Perfection and Purity of my unfolding of my Divinity.
'May all Humanity experience a deep awakening now, and with that a sense of Peace and deep purpose for the well-being of all.
'And I thank Creator with all my Heart for this chance to experience imperfection, for in that is yielded and created my Perfection and Wholeness, for in illuminating anything keeping me from realizing my wholeness within Creator, I am born again into Wholeness.
'I ask for all my aspects to come into my Being with effortless Grace, and for all Humanity to experience the same, and together and always we come together in Wholeness, the individual and the collective, and experience a deep explosion of awakened Bliss and Harmony, forever and always.
My dear ones, it is foremost important that you realize that you are already whole and complete when you allow the Love of Creator to permeate your Being, when you allow yourself to allow and accept your complete divine nature as a servant of Creator, and thus an essential part of Creator, for you are one and the same whenever you surrender yourself to experiencing the deep Bliss and Wholeness of Creator as the essence of who you really are, an aspect of Creator, yet the whole of Creator's essence.
Accepting this, you are Whole, you are complete in your Divine Nature, for you carry the blueprint of Creator within your very beings, and that spark can be illuminated at will with your increasing Love of yourself and of all Humanity.
Accept the help of all Beings of the Celestial and Galactic Realms and come back into yourself with full disclosure of your Divinity, dear ones. The time is now, the time is eternally now, and forever and always you carry that beautiful Spark of Divinity, of Oneness with Creator.
Recognize your Divinity in everything around you. All the beauty around you is part of you. All the magic around you is part of you. All the Love you see in others' hearts is you. You are Love. You are one heart with the hearts of others, dear ones. Rest and relax into that knowing. For you are awakening to that truth, and you will be forever changed with that deep acceptance and knowing.
Relax into the knowing that you are complete and whole whenever you dwell within Love, whenever you invite all your aspects to integrate within you, and whenever you immerse those parts that you deem negative or separate into the Love of your Being and Wholeness.
I give you this today to enhance your awareness of your Wholeness and Abundance, and with every breath you take you are 'solidifying' that truth into your very core.
I bid you farewell for now, with the prayer and wish that you take unto you the complete awareness of your Oneness with Creator with every breath that you take.
I AM Sanat Kumara, at your service.
Copyright © 2011-2014 Fran Zepeda. All Rights Reserved. Permission is given to copy and distribute this material, provided the content is posted in its entirety and unaltered, is distributed freely, and this notice and links are included. www.franhealing.com www.franheal.wordpress.com www.ouremergingdivinity.com
For Healing & Reading/Channeling Services, please visit my website: www.franhealing.com


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LAS VEGAS (AP) Webb Simpson opened a four-stroke lead Friday in the Shriners Hospitals for Children Open, taking advantage of perfect scoring conditions at TPC Summerlin.
Making his first start since helping the U.S. win the Presidents Cup, the 2012 U.S. Open champion shot an 8-under 63 to reach 15 under. He had nine birdies and a bogey - on the par-5 16th in his opening nine.
The four-stroke lead broke the tournament second-round record of three set by Lon Hinkle in 1984 and matched by Rich Fehr in 1996 - both when the event was 90 holes.
J.J. Henry followed his course-record 60 with a 71 to join John Senden, Jeff Overton, Chesson Hadley and Jason Bohn at 11 under. Bohn had a 64, Senden and Hadley shot 66, and Overton had a 68.
Defending champion Ryan Moore and Russell Knox were 10 under. Moore shot 63, and Knox had a 65.
Argentina's Andres Romero, second after a first-round 61, had an 81 to miss the cut.


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Voices: Cuba embargo? What Cuba embargo?
- U.S. companies exported %24350 million in goods to Cuba last year
- Many Cuban-Americans send remittances to relatives back home
- Americans can visit the island for religious%2C cultural or educational reasons
MIAMI — Danilo Gomez (no relation) chuckles when asked whether the U.S. embargo on Cuba should end.
"What embargo?" he says, sitting on top of his scooter after picking up some groceries near downtown Miami.
Gomez's observation underscores a fact little known outside Cuban-American communities in the United States. While the U.S. touts the embargo as a way to starve the Castro government of funding it needs to survive, and the international community routinely criticizes America for it, U.S. companies exported more than $350 million in goods to the island last year. Four years ago, it was more than $700 million.
In past years, the U.S. has been the main food supplier to Cuba. U.S. companies send medicine, medical devices and agricultural products. Cuban Americans send untold amounts of consumer goods to relatives back home, from TVs and computers to toilet paper and T-shirts. Nearly 100,000 American citizens visited the island in 2012 through a variety of specialized visa programs, according to Cuban government figures.
The biggest contribution comes through cash remittances that Cuban Americans send to relatives — more than $2.6 billion worth in 2012, according to a study by the Miami-based Havana Consulting Group.
"That's not an embargo," says Gomez, 71, who left Cuba in 1975. "Money, clothes, food, medicine — we send all that."
The 54-year-old economic embargo on Cuba is designed to prevent U.S. businesses and their foreign subsidiaries from trading with Cuba. But since 2000, American businesses have been allowed to sell humanitarian goods to the island. Americans can't travel to Cuba as tourists, but President Obama expanded access to visas for people visiting the island for religious, cultural or educational reasons.
The embargo returned to the national debate last week when former Florida Republican governor Charlie Crist — now running for the same office as a Democrat — called for an end to the embargo. Crist's comments have prompted some politicians to defend the embargo.
"The sanctions codified in U.S. law affirm that the American people stand in solidarity with the Cuban people in their struggle for freedom by refusing to sustain their oppressors," read a statement from Rep. Mario Diaz-Balart, R-Fla., the son of Cuban immigrants.
But how much solidarity can there be when U.S. businesses and citizens can routinely travel to the island and strike deals with the government there?
Government officials from Florida, Georgia, California, Nebraska and a slew of other states have led trade delegations to Cuba to help sign export deals for their states' businesses.
American citizens used to sneak into Cuba by flying through Mexico, Canada or Caribbean countries, with Cuban customs officials knowingly leaving their passports unstamped so the bold travelers wouldn't get into trouble when they returned to the U.S. Now they can more easily get a people-to-people visa and fly directly from Miami, Los Angeles, Atlanta, New York and other U.S. airports.
Whether the embargo should be maintained or eliminated is a debate for members of Congress. But people like Danilo Gomez know well just how porous that economic barrier already is.


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State Department's Accountability Review Board Report Leaves It To Obama Explain His And His Minions' Explanations
Col. Tom Snodgrass (Ret.), Right Side News
Excerpts from the Accountability Review Board (ARB) Report Findings beg further explanation
1. "The attacks were security related, involving arson, small arms and machine gun fire, and the use of RPGs, grenades, and mortars against U.S. personnel at two separate facilities – the SMC (Special Mission Benghazi, which is the official designation of the U.S. diplomatic facility) and the Annex (the CIA operations center in Eastern Libya) – and en route between them. Responsibility for the tragic loss of life, injuries, and damage to U.S. facilities and property rests solely and completely with the terrorists who perpetrated the attacks. The Board concluded that there was no protest prior to the attacks, which were unanticipated in their scale and intensity."
2. "Systemic failures and leadership and management deficiencies at senior levels within two bureaus of the State Department (the "Department") resulted in a Special Mission security posture that was inadequate for Benghazi and grossly inadequate to deal with the attack that took place."
3. "The interagency response was timely and appropriate, but there simply was not enough time for armed U.S. military assets to have made a difference."
4. "The Board found that certain senior State Department officials within two bureaus demonstrated a lack of proactive leadership and management ability in their responses to security concerns posed by, given the deteriorating threat environment and the lack of reliable host government protection. However, the Board did not find reasonable cause to determine that any individual U.S. government employee breached his or her duty."
The insufficient ARB Discussion of these findings that demand elaboration
1. "Identification of the perpetrators and their motivations are the subject of an ongoing FBI criminal investigation. The Board concluded that no protest took place before the Special Mission and Annex attacks, which were unanticipated in their scale and intensity."
2. "Through the course of its inquiry, the Board interviewed over 100 individuals, reviewed thousands of pages of documents, and viewed hours of video footage. On the basis of its comprehensive review of this information, the Board remains fully convinced that responsibility for the tragic loss of life, injuries, and damage to U.S. facilities and property rests solely and completely with the terrorists who perpetrated the attack."
3. "The interagency response was timely and appropriate, but there simply was not enough time given the speed of the attacks for armed U.S. military assets to have made a difference. Senior-level interagency discussions were underway soon after Washington received initial word of the attacks and continued through the night. The Board found no evidence of any undue delays in decision making or denial of support from Washington or from the military combatant commanders. Quite the contrary: the safe evacuation of all U.S. government personnel from Benghazi twelve hours after the initial attack and subsequently to Ramstein Air Force Base was the result of exceptional U.S. government coordination and military response and helped save the lives of two severely wounded Americans. In addition, at the State Department's request, the Department of Defense also provided a Marine FAST (Fleet Antiterrorism Security Team) as additional security support for Embassy Tripoli on September 12."
4. "The Board found that certain senior State Department officials within two bureaus demonstrated a lack of proactive leadership and management ability in their responses to security concerns posed by Special Mission Benghazi, given the deteriorating threat environment and the lack of reliable host government protection. However, the Board did not find reasonable cause to determine that any individual U.S. government employee breached his or her duty so as to be the subject of a recommendation for disciplinary action."
Analysis of ARB Findings and the insufficient Discussion
First, is should be noted that ARB purports to "discuss" their findings by just repeating the substance of their findings! However, what follows here is a closer examination the findings and the ARB's inadequate discussion of those findings. The explanations of the findings actually raise more questions than are answered.
Regarding issue #1. and according to President Barack Obama, the alleged protest before the attack on the Special Mission Benghazi was purportedly caused by spontaneous mob's emotional reaction to an anti-Islamic video produced in the U.S. However, the ARB's conclusion, "there was no protest prior to the attacks," directly contradicts the president's, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's, UN Ambassador Susan Rice's, and White House Spokesman Jay Carney's repeated false statements to the nation blaming the video as the motivation for the attack and the deaths of four Americans, including U.S. Ambassador Chris Stevens. What follows are some of the more egregious falsehoods perpetrated by the president and his subordinates.
09/12/2012 – President Obama's White House Rose Garden Speech to the nation:
"While the United States rejects efforts to denigrate the religious beliefs of others, we must all unequivocally oppose the kind of senseless violence that took the lives of these public servants."
09/12/2012 – President Obama's CBS 60 Minutes Interview:
"KROFT: Mr. President, this morning you went out of your way to avoid the use of the word terrorism in connection with the Libya Attack, do you believe that this was a terrorism attack?
OBAMA: Well it's too early to tell exactly how this came about, what group was involved, but obviously it was an attack on Americans."
09/20/12 – President Obama's response to a question in a Univision town-hall meeting:
"I don't want to speak to something until we have all the information. What we do know is that the natural protests that arose because of the outrage over the video were used as an excuse by extremists to see if they can also directly harm U.S. interests."
09/25/2012 – President Obama's Address to United Nations:
"That is what we saw play out the last two weeks, as a crude and disgusting video sparked outrage throughout the Muslim world. I have made it clear that the United States government had nothing to do with this video, and I believe its message must be rejected by all who respect our common humanity."
09/12/12 – Secretary Clinton's address to the nation:
"We are working to determine the precise motivations and methods of those who carried out this assault. Some have sought to justify this vicious behavior along with the protests that took place at our embassy in Cairo yesterday as a response to inflammatory material posted on the Internet.
America's commitment to religious tolerance goes back to the very beginning of our nation. But let me be clear, there is no justification for this. None."
09/16/12 – One of UN Ambassador Rice's five TV talk show appearances:
"Joining us now our ambassador to the United Nations, Susan Rice. Ambassador, welcome back to "Fox News Sunday.
AMB. SUSAN RICE, U.S. AMBASSADOR TO THE UNITED NATIONS: Thank you.
WALLACE: This week, there have been anti-American protests in two dozen countries across the Islamic world. The White House says it has nothing to do with the president's policies.
Let's watch. Direct Link is HERE
JAY CARNEY, WHITE HOUSE PRESS SECRETARY: This is not a case of protests directed at the United States writ large or at U.S. policy. This is in response to a video that is offensive.
WALLACE: You don't really believe that?
RICE: Chris, absolutely I believe that. In fact, it is the case. We had the evolution of the Arab spring over the last many months. But what sparked the recent violence was the airing on the Internet of a very hateful very offensive video that has offended many people around the world."
09/14/12 – White House Spokesman Carney's response to media question:
"We don't have and did not have concrete evidence to suggest that this was not in reaction to the film."
So, the ARB Report definitively states that the attack did not grow out of a flash mob protest and, furthermore, the report makes absolutely no mention of any anti-Islamic video! Well then, where did this lie come from and when did it materialize? Catherine Herridge of Fox News reports:
"The first reference to the anti-Islam film, initially blamed by the Obama administration for provoking the violent attack in Benghazi, appears to be a retweet of a Russia Today story that was not posted until Sept. 12 at 09:12 a.m. local time. The translation reads, "U.S. ambassador killed in Libya during his country's consulate in Benghazi – Russia today http://t.co/SvAV0o7T response to the film abuser."
However, juxtaposed with this anonymous "retweet" from Russia is this USA Today report:
"The White House and State Department were advised two hours after attackers assaulted the U.S. diplomatic mission in Benghazi, Libya, on Sept. 11 that an Islamic terrorist group had claimed credit for the attack, official e-mails show.
"The e-mails, obtained first by Reuters and later by USA TODAY, specifically mention that the Libyan group called Ansar al-Sharia had asserted responsibility for the attacks .The brief e-mails also show how U.S. diplomats described the attack, even as it was still under way, to the Obama administration."
As amazing as it seems, Secretary Clinton rejected the al-Qaeda-affiliated social media claim of attack responsibility and the simultaneous, real-time reporting of U.S. diplomats in Libya, that verified the jihadists' declaration of attack responsibility, in favor of the day-later video-causation assertion from an unidentified Russian social media source! Here is the report of what Clinton said on video:
"Hillary Clinton dismissed the information in the newly released emails which show that the State Department and the NSC were aware that Ansar Al-Sharia was behind the Benghazi consulate attack.
"Clinton sneeringly dismisses it as 'Posting something on Facebook is not in and of itself evidence.'"
The report goes on to observe regarding Clinton's dismissal of this evidence:
"That might be true for the average person, but when an Islamist terrorist militia linked to Al Qaeda that plays a major role in Benghazi posts something on Facebook while an attack is taking place and appears to know more about it than the State Department does, that is evidence."
Clearly, Obama owes the American people an explanation why he and his regime personnel lied to them about the circumstances of the attack and the motivation of the jihadist attackers.
Regarding issues #2. and #4., the ARB Report finds that there were "systemic failures," but that "the Board did not find reasonable cause to determine that any individual U.S. government employee breached his or her duty so as to be the subject of a recommendation for disciplinary action."
In the report there is no explanation of the role played by the president or the secretary of state. Did the president and secretary have no part to play in the unfolding of the Benghazi fiasco? Was only the system to blame, but no individuals? Well, while it is apparent that the ARB could find no high ranking individuals to blame, that does not mean that Obama and Clinton would not find lower ranking "fall guys" to blame. Third-level State Department personnel, Eric Boswell, Charlene Lamb, and Raymond Maxwell, have been pressured to resign in an attempt to appease the American public and deceive them into believing that the "wrong-doers" have been punished. Undoubtedly these bureaucrats were instrumentally involved in the systemic failures, and probably do deserve dismissal; but were they the highest ranking individuals culpable? The report certainly does not answer that question. Only testimony by Clinton before the Congress and an explanatory speech by Obama, followed by open, intense press questioning, can convincingly resolve that issue for the American people.
Regarding issue #3., "there simply was not enough time for armed U.S. military assets to have made a difference" – this is without a doubt the most contentious concern for Americans. Could these Americans in peril have been saved? Obama claimed in a local Denver TV interview he tried:
Question: "Were they [the Americans in Benghazi] denied requests for help during the attack?"
Answer: "Well, we are finding out exactly what happened. I can tell you, as I've said over the last couple of months since this happened, the minute I found out what was happening, I gave three very clear directives.
"Number one, make sure that we are securing our personnel and doing whatever we need to. Number two, we're going to investigate exactly what happened so that it doesn't happen again. Number three, find out who did this so we can bring them to justice. And I guarantee you that everyone in the State Department, our military, the CIA, you name it, had number one priority making sure that [our] people were safe."
The ARB Report's flat assertion, "not enough time for armed U.S. military assets to have made a difference," is a totally unsatisfactory explanation!
The ARB Report admits that "mistakes were made," but discloses that essentially no one made them. The effort is merely a very poor attempt to disguise a cover-up. D-
Col. Thomas Snodgrass, USAF (retired), was stationed in Peshawar, Pakistan, working daily with Pakistani military personnel for more than a year; additionally, he was an Intelligence Officer and an International Politico-Military Affairs Officer serving in six more foreign countries during a thirty-year military career.


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One of the greatest freight car innovations of the 20th century was the creation of the refrigerator car, commonly referred to as a "reefer." The ability to haul perishables such as fruits, vegetables and meat products across the country was a major factor in the development of modern America. No longer did food have to be produced close enough to urban areas, so that it could be consumed before spoiling. At the same time, areas with additional capacity for agricultural production could produce more food, since it did not have to be sold locally.
For many years, reefers relied on ice bunkers to keep loads cool. After World War II, technological advances made mechanical refrigeration practical for a freight car. In addition, a mechanical reefer could be larger than an ice reefer because of the greater cooling capabilities.
Fruit Growers Express owned the largest fleet of reefers in the East. FGE was owned by a group of ten railroads, with Atlantic Coast Line and Southern being two of the largest original owners. Many of FGE cars were built at its Jacksonville Shops, including these 57' smooth-side mechanical reefers.
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South African Journal of Science
On-line version ISSN 1996-7489
Print version ISSN 0038-2353
S. Afr. j. sci. vol.108 n.9-10 Pretoria Jan. 2012
Is Greulich-Pyle age estimation applicable for determining maturation in male Africans?
Kundisai A. Dembetembe; Alan G. Morris
Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Skeletal age estimation as a means of assessing development and skeletal maturation in children and adolescents is of great importance for clinical and forensic purposes. The skeletal age of a test population is estimated by comparison with established standards, the most common standards being those in the Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist published by Greulich and Pyle in 1959. These standards are based on the assumption that skeletal maturity in male individuals is attained by the chronological age of 19 years. Although they have been widely tested, the applicability of these standards to contemporary populations has yet to be tested on a population of African biological origin living in South Africa. We therefore estimated the skeletal age of 131 male Africans aged between 13 and 21 years, using the Greulich-Pyle method which we applied to pre-existing hand-wrist radiographs. Estimated skeletal age was compared to the known chronological age for each radiograph. Skeletal age was on average approximately 6 months younger than chronological age. The Greulich-Pyle method underestimated skeletal age for approximately 74% of the sample and overestimated skeletal age for 26% of the sample. Skeletal maturity as characterised by complete epiphyseal fusion occurred approximately 2.1 years later than Greulich and Pyle's estimate of 19 years. Thus skeletal maturation was still in progress in a large proportion of the 20- and 21-year-old individuals in our study. The Greulich-Pyle method showed high precision but low accuracy and was therefore not directly applicable to African male individuals. Formulation of skeletal age estimation standards specific to South African populations is therefore recommended.
The estimation of skeletal age is a means of assessing development and the process of skeletal maturation in children and adolescents for clinical or forensic purposes.1,2,3,4 These assessments involve comparing the skeletal age of a test population against established standards. The most commonly used standards are those published in the Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist by Greulich and Pyle5. Malina6 proposed that the Greulich-Pyle5 method is appropriate because it has a low systematic error and its application is simple, relative to individual bone methods.
The applicability of the Greulich-Pyle standards to populations which differ from their reference population is often questioned. This scepticism is because, by its nature, a standard is based on the results of a specific study performed on a specific population at a specified point in time.7 Greulich and Pyle's reference population was from the Brush Foundation study carried out from 1931 to 1942. Differences in growth rate and maturation which were noted when the Greulich-Pyle standards were applied to contemporary populations, have been attributed to secular trends and differences in genetic origin, health status and economic status.7,8,9 These factors influence growth and skeletal development, causing varying effects on different populations, which thereby affect the direct applicability of the Greulich-Pyle standards to various populations.
In the present study, we assessed the applicability of the Greulich-Pyle standards to contemporary African male individuals living in South Africa, for the assessment of skeletal maturation as defined by the termination of long bone growth and complete epiphyseal fusion of the bones in the hand and wrist. Methodology detailed by Greulich and Pyle5 was applied and the resulting skeletal age estimate was compared to the chronological age for each individual.
A sample of 131 pre-existing hand-wrist radiographs of male patients attending the Martin Singer Cape Hand Clinic for treatment was used. The age range of the selected individuals was 13-22 years; this range was selected in order to encompass the age of onset of puberty and skeletal maturation. Although Greulich and Pyle determined adolescence to be between 14 and 18 years, we expanded the range for the current sample as the actual age of skeletal maturation was unknown.
The individuals in the sample came to the clinic to receive treatment for trauma to the hand or wrist; the individuals were in reasonably good health prior to their injury. Billing information, that is, whether their treatment was free, state funded or privately funded, served as a useful indicator for socio-economic status.
Selection criteria
Only radiographs of male individuals of African biological origin between the ages of 13 and 22 years were used. Age was determined using the date of birth supplied on admission to the clinic and the date of the radiograph. African ancestry was determined from the information given on the radiograph envelope. Family name and home language were used as proxies for African ancestry. We reasonably assumed that individuals who indicated isiXhosa, isiZulu, seSotho, seTswana and other African languages as their home language were not likely to have been of European or other descent. It is acknowledged that some individuals who satisfied the above selection criteria could still have been of non-African descent, but it can be reasonably assumed that such cases were the exception rather than the rule.
To be included, the images had to be clear and had to include the distal radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges taken in the anteroposterior or posteroanterior views. Images were rejected if the above criteria were not satisfied or if the hand or wrist was too damaged for an estimate to be made.
Based on the above criteria, the sample available consisted of 61 radiographs of the left hand and 81 of the right hand, of which 11 were paired. Analysis was performed on the left hand unless only the right hand was available or if the left hand was severely damaged. Where images of both hands were available, the level of skeletal development of each hand was assessed and if a significant difference in development was detected, then both radiographs were excluded.
Ethical clearance
Ethical clearance was obtained from the University of Cape Town's Health Sciences Faculty Research Ethics Committee (REC REF: 271/2009). The study was approved provided that pre-existing radiographs be used and that patient information be kept anonymous. Permission to access patients' radiographs was given by the Head of the Hand Surgery Unit at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town.
According to the Greulich-Pyle5 method, each radiograph was selected at random and compared to the male standard which it most closely matched to generate an age estimate - the skeletal age. Using a standard light box, the level of development was assessed in the following areas: the size of the radial and ulnar epiphyses relative to their respective diaphyses, the size of sesamoid bones, the extent of epiphyseal capping in the metacarpals and phalanges, and the extent of epiphysis to diaphysis fusion in all these bones.
Three age estimations were made at different times throughout the study. Two estimations were performed 1 month apart by the primary researcher (mean error 1.0 months) and a third estimate was made by a second researcher familiar with the method, on a randomly selected sample of the radiographs being analysed (mean error 1.1 months). No significant differences were found between these estimates (p = 0.969, Mann-Whitney test; p = 0.909, Kruskal-Wallis test). The average of the two estimates made by the primary researcher was therefore used for further analysis and is referred to as the skeletal age in years. Only once all skeletal age estimates had been made, was chronological age calculated as described. The estimated skeletal age was then compared to the calculated chronological age.
Comparison between skeletal age and chronological age
Table 1 shows the age distribution of the sample. From this table it is evident that the sizes of the younger age groups are smaller than the older age groups. Table 2 shows the estimated skeletal ages and the differences between skeletal age and chronological age. The mean skeletal age estimates are generally lower than their corresponding chronological ages, except for the older groups. The table was therefore divided into two areas of analysis. The first part of the table shows the 13- to 19-year age groups which are consistent with the Greulich-Pyle age categories with an upper limit for skeletal age of 19 years. The second part of the table shows skeletal age estimates for the 20- and 21-year age groups. This division is useful for the determination of age of skeletal maturation. The differences between skeletal age and chronological age ranged from 2.4 months to 8.4 months between the ages of 13 years and 18 years. However, for age groups 14, 16 and 17 years, the Greulich-Pyle method overestimated chronological age by 4.8, 3.6 and 6.0 months, respectively. A mean underestimation of 2.7 months was recorded for the 13- to 19-year age groups. At the chronological age of 19 years, skeletal age was underestimated by 1 year. As expected, this difference increased as chronological age increased from 19 years.
A positive correlation was found to exist between skeletal age and chronological age, as shown in Figure 1, a scatter plot of skeletal age against chronological age with the line of best fit indicated (R = 0.76). A Spearman rank-order correlation produced a value of 0.679 (significant at α = 0.05), indicating that the two parameters - chronological age and skeletal age - are both measuring an increase in age. However, skeletal age tended to underestimate chronological age. A Mann-Whitney test showed a significant difference between chronological age and skeletal age (p < 0.001) and the Kruskal-Wallis test showed those significant differences to be at chronological ages 19, 20 and 21 years. From Table 2 it can be seen that the 20- and 21-year-old groups had a mean skeletal age of 18.4 years and a mean difference in ages of 25.2 months. This result is not unexpected, as the Greulich-Pyle method identifies the attainment of maturity as 19 years. Thus individuals chronologically older than 19 years should have an estimated skeletal age of 19 years.
From Figure 2 it can be seen that the difference between chronological age and skeletal age is fairly consistent for individuals between 13 and 18 years old, with values within two standard deviations of the mean. It is also evident from Figure 2 that the Greulich-Pyle skeletal age estimation method is less accurate in older individuals. The change in gradient of the trend line between 19 years and 21 years, indicates the increasing difference between chronological age and skeletal age in this age range. Figure 2 also shows whether the skeletal age overestimated or underestimated chronological age, depending on whether the differences lie below or above the line y = 0, respectively. Skeletal age underestimated chronological age for approximately 74% of the sample and overestimated chronological age for approximately 26%. The y = 0 line is the line on which all points would lie if skeletal age and chronological age were identical at all ages.
Determination of age of maturation
As indicated by the number of points lying above the y = 0 line, the Greulich-Pyle method underestimated age in 57 of the 61 individuals between the ages of 18 and 21 years. Therefore skeletal maturation was still ongoing in these individuals at ages beyond the age of maturity of 19 years given by Greulich and Pyle. Further investigations took place to establish the age at which skeletal maturation was reached in the current subjects, the results of which are presented in Table 3.
Table 3 shows that the individuals who were both chronologically and skeletally 19 years old, represent only 23% of the 19-year age group. Therefore 77% of 19-year-old individuals had not yet attained skeletal maturity. Of the total number of twenty-two 19-year-old individuals, two had a skeletal age of 15 years, one had a skeletal age of 16 years, five had a skeletal age of 17 years and six had a skeletal age of 18 years. For the 20-year age group, one individual had a skeletal age of 17 years and three had a skeletal age of 18 years. For the 21-year age group, only seven individuals had reached maturity while one individual recorded a skeletal age of 16 years, one of 17 years and five of 18 years. These findings confirm a delay in the skeletal maturation of this sample and account for the high level of variation in this age range.
The Bland-Altman11 plot of the comparison between skeletal age and chronological age for the current sample is presented in Figure 3. The level of agreement between the two methods is shown by plotting the average of the two measurements (skeletal age and chronological age) against the difference between them. Also shown is the number of individuals for whom the difference in ages differed by more than two standard deviations. The vertical line shows the point at which the accuracy of the Greulich-Pyle method decreases as indicated by the increased number of points falling outside of two standard deviations.
The precision, that is, the degree of similarity between measurements performed at different times on the same sample by the same or a different observer,12 of the Greulich-Pyle method was satisfactory. This is supported by the low inter- and intra-observer errors. The accuracy of the method, however, was unsatisfactory, as shown by the magnitude of the difference between chronological age and skeletal age.
Difference between chronological age and skeletal age
The overall results showed that skeletal ages determined using the Greulich-Pyle method5 were lower than the chronological ages for a large proportion of the sample. Our results are comparable to those published previously, in which it was found that the Greulich-Pyle method became inapplicable to the sample at 17 years of age, as indicated by the increased number of outliers or estimates falling outside of two standard deviations of the mean.13 For our current sample, the point at which progressively more outliers were observed with increasing age occurred at the chronological age of 16.5 years. These outliers were individuals whose chronological age was underestimated or overestimated by more than 2.5 years or two standard deviations. The majority of these individuals had not yet attained skeletal maturity, as shown in Table 3 by their skeletal ages being lower than their chronological ages in the 19-, 20- and 21-year age groups. The high incidence of individuals with differences between chronological age and skeletal age greater than two standard deviations is the main criticism for the Greulich-Pyle method.3,13 This high incidence occurs because the method assumes epiphyseal fusion in the hand and wrist is complete in male individuals by the age of 19 years.5
Delayed skeletal maturation
The underestimation of chronological age by the Greulich-Pyle method reported here can be interpreted as a delay in skeletal maturation in our subjects compared with Greulich and Pyle's reference population. These results are consistent with those of previous studies in which delays in skeletal development of between 1.5 months and 6 months were recorded when Greulich-Pyle standards were applied to populations of European descent.2,14 A discrepancy of up to 20 months was reported when estimating skeletal age in a Malawian sample.15 In the current sample the average difference between chronological age and skeletal age in individuals older than 19 years was 2.1 years (or 25.2 months). Such a difference would support the conclusion that there was a delay in skeletal development and thus attainment of skeletal maturation in our subjects.
Other studies on South African populations have tested the applicability of the Greulich-Pyle method for assessing age. One of these studies reported an underestimation of age of up to 1 year for the 'Negroid' sample.10 Another study also noted the increasing tendency for age to be underestimated in male individuals as chronological age increased, which we found in this study.16
In the few cases where age was overestimated, it is possible that these individuals were indeed developing at a faster rate than were the other individuals in our sample and those in Greulich and Pyle's reference population. Overestimations may also have been as a result of the position in which the hand was placed on the radiographic plate; because the subjects' hands were injured, they may have been unable
(physically or as a result of the pain) to place their hand in the appropriate position. The resulting image may have been distorted and the extent of epiphyseal fusion may thus have been misinterpreted (Phillips VM 2010, personal communication, 29 June). This possibility presents an important limitation to using pre-existing radiographs. Lastly, the overestimations observed may also be statistical artefacts resulting from the small sizes of each age group. In which case, this possible effect may have been reduced in the older age groups as these group sizes were larger than those of the younger age groups.
Possible causes of delay in skeletal development
Delayed skeletal maturity is not unique to the African context but is found in other populations as well. The question then arises as to the reason for this apparent delay. Factors affecting skeletal development range from biological origin, also referred to as 'race' or 'ethnicity', to secular trends in growth and socio-economic and health status.7,8,9
Although the current study was based on a single sample of African biological origin, the results are comparable to previous research on populations from North America, specifically in African Americans.7,8,17,18 The Greulich-Pyle method overestimated age in adolescent male African Americans in two studies.7,17 In this study, the same method underestimated age in male Africans, leading to the conclusion that our subjects were developmentally delayed compared with the African Americans in the other studies and therefore can be described as being 'accelerated', that is, their chronological age was in advance of their skeletal age.2 This finding provides a strong argument for biological origin as a factor affecting skeletal development. However, the design and aim of the current study did not include individuals of different biological origin and so such comparisons cannot be drawn.
Socio-economic status is reported to have only minimal effects on skeletal age,7 although some studies have found that growth and physiological development differed between population groups of different socio-economic status.19,20 In 1992, using height-weight measurements, it was found that the children of 'black' farm labourers in South Africa tended to weigh less and were shorter than their urban counterparts.19 Using menarche as an indicator of maturation, some researchers found that the age of menarche in middle-class 'Cape Coloured' girls was younger than that of 'white' girls and even younger than that of 'black' girls, but no further data on skeletal maturation was provided.21
The current sample was homogenous with respect to biological ancestry, so conclusions on the effect of ancestry on skeletal maturation are limited. In regard to socio-economic status, the sample consisted of individuals attending the Martin Singer Hand Clinic which draws patients from all sectors of society and with a wide range of income. However, in the current sample, there were more patients that received free or state-funded care than private patients, which limits comparisons based on socio-economic status.
Limitations and recommendations
The main limitations of this study were the small sample sizes of each age group and the reliance on pre-existing radiographs. Generating new radiographic images using more efficient high-resolution low radiation imaging, in addition to gathering data on genetic and geographic origin, health status, and socio-economic status on a larger sample would enable the testing of individual or combined effects of these factors on skeletal development.
The results of this study have shown that the current skeletal age estimation standards, formulated by Greulich and Pyle5 are not directly applicable to male South Africans of African biological origin. The Greulich-Pyle method, although precise, is not accurate for determining skeletal maturity, especially after the chronological age of 16.5 years. In our subjects, epiphyseal fusion of the hand and wrist was not complete by the chronological age of 19 years, suggesting that the onset of epiphyseal fusion occurs approximately 2 years later in male Africans. Moreover, whatever effect biological origin would have had on the rate of skeletal development, low socio-economic status and unfavourable environmental conditions are thought to have a much stronger effect on the rate of ossification of the bones of the hand and wrist.22
Although the difference recorded is within the accepted limits of error given by Greulich and Pyle5 by virtue of its consistency in the 13- to 19-year age groups, it would be advisable to formulate new standards in which the delay in development has been incorporated. New standards would be necessary for determining minimum adult age characterised by complete epiphyseal fusion. It is also recommended that, for the biologically diverse South African population, the average deviation from the Greulich-Pyle standard should be calculated for each age group.13 The age intervals given for each standard could then be adjusted by this value, thereby making the skeletal age estimation standards more applicable to, and more accurate in determining developmental age of a South African population.
We thank the Palaeontological Scientific Trust (PAST) for providing funding, Dr Michael Solomons and Sr Orie for granting permission to gather data from the Martin Singer Cape Hand Clinic, and Belinda Speed for performing the interobserver error analysis.
Competing interests
We declare that we have no financial or personal relationships which may have inappropriately influenced us in writing this paper.
Authors' contributions
A.G.M. made conceptual contributions to the project. K.D. designed the data collection methodology and performed the data analysis. K.D. wrote the manuscript and A.G.M. assisted with editing of the scientific content.
1. Garamendi PM, Landa MI, Ballesteros J, Solano MA. Reliability of the methods applied to assess age minority in living subjects around 18 years old: A survey on a Moroccan origin population. Forensic Sci Int. 2005;154(1):3-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.08.018 [ Links ]
2. Schmidt S, Koch B, Schulz R, Reisinger W, Schmeling A. Comparative analysis of the applicability of the skeletal age determination methods of Greulich-Pyle and Thiemann-Nitz for forensic age estimation in living subjects. Int J Legal Med. 2007;121(4):193-296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-007-0165-7 [ Links ]
3. Schmidt S, Baumann U, Schulz R, Reisinger W, Schmeling A. Study of age dependence of epiphyseal ossification of the hand skeleton. Int J Legal Med. 2008;122(1):51-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-007-0209-z [ Links ]
4. Lynnerup N, Belard E, Buch-Olsen K, Sejrsen b, Damgaard-Pedersen K. Intra- and interobserver error of the Greulich-Pyle method as used on a Danish forensic sample. Forensic Sci Int. 2008;179(2):242-247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.05.005 [ Links ]
5. Greulich WW, Pyle SI. Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist. Stanford: Stanford University Press; 1959. [ Links ]
6. Malina RM. A consideration of factors underlying the selection of methods in the assessment of skeletal maturity. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1971;35(3):341-346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330350308 [ Links ]
7. Loder RT, Estle DT, Morrison K, et al. Applicability of the Greulich and Pyle skeletal age standards to black and white children of today. Am J DisChild. 1993;147(12):1329-1333. [ Links ]
8. Zhang A, Sayre JW, Vachon L, Liu BJ, Huang HK. Racial differences in growth patterns of children assessed on the basis of bone age. Radiology. 2009;250:228-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2493080468 [ Links ]
9. Schmeling A, Schultz R, Danner B, Rösing FW. The impact of economic progress and modernization in medicine on the ossification of hand and wrist. Int J Legal Med. 2006;120(2):121-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-005-0007-4 [ Links ]
10. Phillips VM, Thompson IOC. A correlation between dental age and bone age. In: Willems G, editor. Forensic odontology. Proceedings of the European IOFOS Millennium Meeting Leuven (Belgium). Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2000; p. 55-58. [ Links ]
11. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986;327:307-310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90837-8 [ Links ]
12. Vignolo M, Milani S, Cerebello G, Coroli P, Di Battista E, Alcardi G. FELS, Greulich-Pyle, and Tanner-Whitehouse bone age assessments in a group of Italian children and adolescents. Am J Hum Biol. 1992;4(4):493-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.1310040408 [ Links ]
13. Van Rijn RR, Lequin MH, Thodberg HH. Automatic determination of Greulich and Pyle bone age in healthy Dutch children. Pediatr Radiol. 2009;39(6):591-597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00247-008-1090-8 [ Links ]
14. Groell R, Lindbichler F, Riepl T, Gherra L, Roposch A, Fotter R. The reliability of bone age determination in central European children using the Greulich and Pyle method. Br J Radiol. 1999;72:461-464. [ Links ]
15. Lewis CP, Lavy SBD, Harrison WJ. Delay in skeletal maturity in Malawian children. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2002;84B:732-734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.84B5.12642 [ Links ]
16. Roff B. Greulich and Pyle (1959) skeletal age estimation using hand-wrist radiographs - does the method apply to South African children? A pilot study. Unpublished honours dissertation, Cape Town, University of Cape Town, 2008. [ Links ]
17. Ontell FK, Ivanovic M, Ablin DS, Barlow TW. Bone age in children of diverse ethnicity. Am J Roentgenol. 1996;167:1395-1398. [ Links ]
18. Mora S, Boechat MI, Pietka E, Huang HK, Gilsanz V. Skeletal age determinations in children of European and African descent: Applicability of the Greulich and Pyle standards. Pediatr Res. 2001;50(5):624-628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200111000-00015 [ Links ]
19. Cameron N, Kgamphe JS, Leschner KF, Farrant PJ. Urban-rural differences in the growth of South African black children. Ann Hum Biol. 1992;19(1):23-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014469200001892 [ Links ]
20. Henneberg M, Louw GJ. Average menarcheal age of higher socioeconomic status urban Cape Coloured girls assessed by means of status quo and recall methods. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1995;96(1):1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330960102 [ Links ]
21. Simmons K., Greulich WW. Menarcheal age and the height, weight, and skeletal age of girls age 7 to 17 years. J Pediatr. 1943;22(5):518-548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(43)80022-6 [ Links ]
22. Schmeling A, Reisinger W, Loreck D, Vendura K, Markus W, Gesrick G. Effects of ethnicity on skeletal maturation: Consequences for forensic age estimations. Int J Legal Med. 2000;113(5):253-258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004149900102 [ Links ]
Correspondence to:
Kundisai Dembetembe
Private Bag X3
Observatory 7935, South Africa
Email: email@example.com
Received: 06 Dec. 2011
Accepted: 23 Mar. 2012
Published: 10 Sept. 2012
© 2012. The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS OpenJournals. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.


text:
from the human point of view:
We are limited in what we see.
We dont know the future.
we are trapped in time, and experence moment after moment.
We age, we get older, we change we learn new things.
To find something out we have to seek answers.
so when I consider my salvation , I can think back to a moment in time when I p***ed from death to life.
My salvation came as the result of a moment in time when I believed.
I was lost one moment, and the next I was saved.
So it all came down to a decision i made.
I was asked to belioeve.
I was told that unless I believed I would remain lost.
So I changed my mind, and I believed and I was from that point on, saved.
thats the human point of view.
its correct, sorta.
But its also way short of the correct answer too.
For when you look at the same question of my salvation from God's point of view, then you see things differently.
God does not learn.
God does not wait
God does not have to glance into the future to know.
God is not held in time's grasp.
My salvation was always a fact in God's eyes.
Nothing was ever in doubt
Nothing was ever left for me to decide,
Nothing was left to chance
Nothing was out of God's full 100% total control.
I was saved because I had always been seen as saved and nothing in the world could change that fact...for it was a fact from the start of the universe!
I was "predestined"...nothing was left in doubt or up to me to decide.
God decided...
The fortunate thing about your statement is that it is totally true in accordance with the Bible. That is exactly what the Bible says about salvation. That is all that we know about salvation, if we indeed know anything. To be honest with you that is all that we can know about salvation is the human point of view because God told us in human point of view terms about salvation and if you look around, we, as a collective, still have it unclear. Just look at the controversy that is totally obvious just on these forums. Mormons, Catholics, JW, UPC, and on it goes. No one agrees about salvation.
Now you want to explain it from Gods point of view?? You are only fooling yourself if you really think that you have a clue about Gods point of view. (See Isaiah 55:8 and 9)
You have made a few philosophical statements that are likely true about God:
God does not learn. God does not wait. God does not have to glance into the future to know. God is not held in time's grasp.
But this has nothing to do with what God has revealed to man on mans level so man could come close to understanding about salvation. The last part of the statement is pure emotional drivel with no scriptural support to it what so ever.
I totally reject your argument. Start again but keep it on the human point of view because that is as close to a true understanding that you or I will ever get.
Isaiah 55:8 For my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways my ways, saith the Lord.
Isaiah 55:9 For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts.


text:
Physcial Sciences Division
Staff Awards & Honors
July 2009
Jim Amonette Writes Chapter in New Biochar Book
Jim Amonette.
Congratulations to Dr. Jim Amonette at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory on writing a chapter in a new book that is likely to become the definitive reference work on biochar. Published in March, Biochar for Environmental Management is the first book to bring together the expanding research literature on the potential environmental applications of biochar. The material biochar is a form of charcoal that is produced when biomass is burned under low-oxygen conditions to release energy. The book's interdisciplinary approach covers engineering, environmental sciences, agricultural sciences, economics, and policy aspects.
The book's editors selected Amonette to write the chapter entitled "Characteristics of Biochar: Microchemical Properties" because of his reputation as a soil mineralogist and chemist, his interest in soil-carbon sequestration, and his current research in the characterization and usage of biochar. Amonette's chapter focuses on the chemical makeup of biochar at the microscopic and molecular scale.
Generation and storage of biochar in soil may offer a long-term soil-based solution to the global climate change problem. The process transforms the biological matter into a more stable form of carbon, slowing the release cycle and thereby keeping more carbon out of the atmosphere. Amonette's work focuses on what happens when the biochar is added to soil.
"The potential for biochar to permanently sequester atmospheric carbon is on the order of a billion tons per year, if sustainable practices are used," said Amonette.
Amonette has 29+ years of research experience and has been with PNNL since 1986. He has authored or co-authored 57+ peer-reviewed scientific journal publications, 20 book chapters, 40 technical reports, and 6 patents.


text:
Arcadia High School offered students a chance to tour various Ivy League and other Northeastern universities this Spring (see article), then discovered that they couldn't round up enough students to make the trip happen.
College Counselor Laurie McQuaid complied some interesting stats about which colleges the students apply to, where they're accepted and where they ultimately attend.
The most applied-to and most-attended colleges were UC Irvine and UC San Diego.
Sixteen students applied to Caltech and both of the students accepted there wound up attending. None of the 13 who applied to rival MIT got in.
Similarly, 16 applied to Yale. Two were accepted, but none went there. At Princeton, one of the 11 students who applied got in, but that student didn't attend.
Other students were accepted to Brown, Dartmouth, Columbia, Georgetown and Boston College, but wound up not going there.
It makes me curious along with McQuaid, who said, ""Did they not realize that it snows (there)?
Did the school not offer their major? Was there a better school that
they got into? Was it too expensive? Did they not get the financial aid
they wanted?"


text:
How to shoot deceptive angles, including the zolly shooting technique and why you should include multiple different angles.
Camera tricks and shooting techniques can add to the magic of your videos along with some simple special effects. When combined these two forces become unmistakedly powerful. A very creative way to shoot an action sequence or lead up and build to an action sequence is by taking advantage of some of the more interesting camera angles and special effects that shake up the viewing experience for the audience.
One of these techniques is known as the Zolley. The Zolley adds a bit of drama by creating a disorienting visual experience for the viewer. By zooming out with the camera while using a dolly to move in the subject stands out as separated from the background and looks as if they are floating toward the camera.
This helped create many memorable scenes in such major motion pictures as Vertigo when Jimmy Stewart looks down the staircase and Goodfellas in the scene outside the café.
[Dialogue from Goodfellas, Male voice: "The booth near the window, so we could see everyone who drove up to the restaurant. We wanted to make sure I wasn't tailed. He was jumpy. He hadn't touched a thing. On the surface, of course, everything was supposed to be fine. We were supposed to be discussing my case but I had the feeling Jimmy was trying to sense whether I was gonna rat him out to save my neck."]
The key here is that the dolly speed should be the same as the zoom speed. Otherwise, the effect doesn't work.
Another important piece of the puzzle when shooting action is to be creative when capturing your scenes. Camera placement is only limited to your creativity. Using different angles will make your video more dynamic and dramatic. The more you deviate from the norm the more energetic the visual effect will become. Shooting from varying angles also enhances the illusion of depth in your videos. Remember a video is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional world.
By placing your camcorder at different vantage points in three-dimensional space you help convince the viewer that a third dimension still exists in the flat pictures they're watching. High angles offer useful perspectives over the heads of crowds but from a composition standpoint they're great for making patterns within the image.
Low angles are, of course, the opposite, imparting feelings of dynamic engagement with the action. A nice camera trick using some of these elements would be the illusion of climbing a hill or mountain side. By using some deceptive shooting we can pull off this illusion. Sure, we can shoot someone actually doing it but we're a tad bit lazy and we'd rather fake it.
The first step is going to be to set the stage for the audience and grab a few establishing shots so that they get lost within the setting. Utilize cutaways to help put a stamp on things and make sure to sell the illusion.
When shooting the climb cut to a different angle to show the resistance of the rope and be sure to have a grip pull anything hanging to add to the effect of gravity. A few key pointers are to wear tight clothes and to have someone pull on anything that can help solve the action. For instance, pull on the rope.
Camera angles can change the messages, ideas, and emotions behind your projects. Be creative and always give yourself plenty of options.
[End of Audio]


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Welcome, friends, to the best Miata mod I have ever seen.
It should come to no surprise that this car is the 8-Bit Miata, the little dorifto MX-5 currently sliding around the tracks of the Southwest. Now watch the magic happen.
I still am not totally clear how exactly they got this mod to work, but setting your car up to run only when a circuit is completed is relatively simple, and adding a coin start to the mix shouldn't be too hard for the 8-Bit Miata team, lead by a former electronic technician.
TofuDriftVan explains how the setup works in the YouTube description of the above clip, and that it's still a bit of a work in progress.
We thought it would be a cool idea to have a pair of coin slots on the dashboard to simulate the feel of an arcade machine. We are still waiting on the arcade style "Player 1" button so we can wire it to the actual engine start.
Also the arcade door will double as a racing switch panel for the fuel pump, fan, etc.
Video Credit: TofuDriftVan


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Find this item in your closest Burberry store.
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- Available in seven shades that perfectly complement the Burberry lipstick collection for a lasting, immaculate finish.
- - Multi-use: base, definer, lip colour
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- - Sharpener included


text:
Ever since Facebook's $1 billion acquisition of Instagram, the search for the next "Instagram of [insert app category here]" has been on. One area many pundits have focused on in this context is video and according to the latest data from mobile app analytics company Flurry, that's probably not a bad bet. Video & Photo is now the fastest growing mobile app category across the major mobile platforms. The time spent on photo and video apps per active user increased 89% to 231 minutes per month between October 2011 and March 2012 and a massive 166% since July 2011.
This data is based on Flurry's analysis of the 180,000 apps that currently use its analytics software on iOS, Android, Windows Phone, BlackBerry and HTML5. Other mobile app categories that, according to Flurry, are currently growing fast are music (72% since October 2011), productivity (66%), social networking (54%) and entertainment (40%).
With the advent of affordable phones with built-in HD video cameras and increased network bandwidth, it does indeed look as if the time is right for social video apps.
Sadly, Flurry doesn't distinguish between video and photo apps in its report. The fact that active users now spent an average of 231 minutes per month in photo and video apps, however, clearly shows the momentum that apps like Viddy, Socialcam and Color are trying to capitalize on.
The quick rise of this app category becomes even more impressive when compared to how much time users are spending on Google's YouTube. According to comScore, Internet users in the U.S. watched an average of 425 minutes of video content per month on Google's site in March 2012 – a number that was actually down from a record 472 minutes in December 2011.
This data doesn't quite make a convincing argument that these mobile video and photo apps are cutting into the time that users' would otherwise spent on YouTube. As Flurry's Peter Farago rightly argues, though, "the shift in time spent between these two platforms appears to be a signal of disruption."