text:
Ririna doesn't simply say she's willing to abandon their arranged marriage for Yukari and Misaki's sake; she lays out in a very detailed and realistic way exactly the way it's going to happen, and it involves her and Yukari pretending like they hate each other's guts—in other words, lying.
Yukari doesn't like the sound of that one bit, as he doesn't want to even pretend he doesn't like Ririna. But Ririna appeals to Yukari's deep and inspiring love for Misaki—without which Ririna would never have come out of her shell—and is able to get him to agree to her plan.
That means, at some point, if all goes as planned, Ririna will have herself "recalculated" to find another partner to marry, and asks Yukari to 'show her what to do', so to speak. The practical excuse aside, both Ririna and Yukari are lying here as well.
Ririna loves both Misaki and Yukari, so she doesn't want to hurt either. What she fails to realize is that Misaki and Yukari have the same exact reason they don't want to hurt her: they love her too. Forget about levels or tenure; love is love, and especially during one's youth it can be extremely hard to distinguish one form for another.
As a result, Yukari initially stays away from the wedding dress fitting, convinced he's hurt both Ririna (by agreeing to her plan) and Misaki (by kissing her in the chapel), and not wanting to cause any more pain to either. Nisaka shows up and lays it out as only Nisaka can: people who are hurt by loving him is not his problem; it's theirs.
Nisaka speaks from experience here; he knows he'll never have Yukari or even get him to look at him the way he wants…but he's not going to bother him about it. He tells Yukari that when it comes to love, you have to look out for number one.
In Yukari's case, he doesn't feel comfortable living life without Misaki or Ririna. At the chapel, Misaki assures Ririna that her plan is impossible, because she, Misaki, loves both Ririna and Yukari. She couldn't let Ririna drop her marriage to Yukari any more than Yukari or Ririna wanted to hurt Misaki by getting married.
It's quite the conundrum! And certainly one for which there are no long-term answers. Presumably, Ririna and Yukari will one day marry, just as Misaki will marry her match (we finally learn definitively that she hasn't received her notice yet). It would seem that love is not a problem for any of the three; it's just a matter of learning what kind of love that is, and how that will (or won't) jibe with cultural and societal norms.
Is this finale a cop-out that lets everyone off the hook by delaying a concrete decision on who marries whom? Sure is. But I asked for someone to win last week, and it would seem that, for now at least, everyone wins…Except Nisaka!
Ultimately, this show lacked the teeth that I had expected of a premise in which people were, if not outright forced, very strongly nudged into arranged marriages. As I've stated in earlier reviews, Japan's appallingly low birth rate is a crisis that threatens the nation's very existence. Drastic societal measures are needed that the notoriously unreliable bureaucracy likely won't even begin to tackle until it's too late.
Koi to Uso was initially, and could have remained, a fascinating look into the "what-if" scenario. But ultimately, The Yukari Law was little more than window dressing for a watchable but otherwise by-the-numbers youth-love-polygon show. It could have been much more, but would have had to go to darker places it clearly wasn't interested in going.


text:
Woodland Park, Colorado (CNN) – In what his campaign billed as a "major speech on health care," Rick Santorum found himself Wednesday defending a profit-driven health care system to a woman who said her son requires expensive medication to stay alive.
The former Pennsylvania senator also detailed the deficiencies he sees in his rivals' health insurance records.
Follow the Ticker on Twitter: @PoliticalTicker
One of the feistiest exchanges came in response to a young child's question on the cost of medical care in America. Urged on by his mother, a boy asked what Santorum would do to lower medical costs, but before he could finish his question, the candidate said such things should be left up to the market.
"We can make medicine cheaper by using markets," Santorum said. "That's how you make medicine cheaper is that you have free people going out there and competing against each other and competition drives up quality and drives down costs."
As Santorum was outlining his small-government, free-market approach to rising health care costs, another woman chimed in that she can no longer afford medication she desperately needs because the cost has become so exorbitant.
"The only reason new drugs are developed is because Americans actually do pay for the cost of that research," Santorum said. "And so when you say oh, I'll go and get my drugs in Canada, that's great. Go get your drugs in Canada and if everybody did that, you'd have no new drugs. You have that drug and maybe you're alive today because people have a profit motive to make that drug."
Using a somewhat confusing metaphor, Santorum tried to explain the need for a profit motive by comparing health care consumption to technology consumption.
"People have no problem going out and buying an iPad for $900," he said. "But paying $900 for a drug, they have a problem with it. It keeps you alive. Why? Because you have been conditioned to thinking that health care is something that you should get and not have to pay for. Drug companies, health care companies need to have a profit motive, because if they don't, then how are we going to regulate costs? We are gonna ration care."
The mother of the original questioner tried once more to plead her case, explaining that she's paid $1.3 million a year to keep her son alive, and while she's willing to go bankrupt for her child, it pains her to see his friends die in the hospital because their parents cannot afford the treatment.
Finding himself in the unenviable position of defending oft-derided drug companies, Santorum stuck to his guns.
"He's alive today because drug companies thought that they would make money in providing that care and if the drug company didn't think they could make any money by providing that care, I hate to put it in these terms, but that drug wouldn't be here," he said, adding that he sympathized with the mother, "we either believe in markets or we don't."
Asked by a reporter after the event about what alternatives people in such tough circumstances have, Santorum suggested that charity was a better option than government intervention.
"Even in the tough cases, even at the ones that pull at your heart strings, we've got to believe in people and markets and churches and families and charity instead of government, and that's what I believe" he said.
Earlier in his remarks, while highlighting the similarities between the health care plan Mitt Romney passed in Massachusetts and the controversial plan passed by President Obama, Santorum came out against the widely-popular provision that requires insurance companies to offer plans regardless of preexisting conditions.
"I have family members who have preexisting conditions, and I'm not for preexisting condition clauses," Santorum said.
To justify his position, he described a hypothetical situation wherein healthy Massachusetts residents opt not to buy insurance, instead paying a fine. Then when they get sick, they purchase insurance, immediately dropping it again once they get better.
"What happens to the cost of health insurance," Santorum asked the crowd, many of whom answered that costs would rise. "There's a reason for preexisting conditions clauses. You want people to get insurance, and if they don't, then they shouldn't be free riding on everybody else. That's exactly what's going to happen with Obamacare."
Santorum said this similarity between "Obamacare" and "Romneycare" would mean that "Barack Obama, in a debate or in this election, is going to destroy Mitt Romney on the issue of health care." Both plans are wrong, he argued, because both represent top-down management of an issue that should be left up to families.
Also see:
New anti-Obama ad slams Solyndra 'fiasco'
Santorum dances around the truth but can't see it. If it were the proverbial snake... If we want insurance companies not to deny coverage – then everyone has to be covered – thus the mandate. This is what the insurance companies want – they complain because Obamacare's mandate is not comprehensive enough. Santorum complains about Mass. residents paying the fine instead of paying the premium. So the mandate should be stronger so people pay the premium instead. So how is it that drug markets are free markets with drug firms having 14 year monopolies?
"We can make medicine cheaper by using markets," Santorum said. "That's how you make medicine cheaper is that you have free people going out there and competing against each other and competition drives up quality and drives down costs."
This from the guy who voted YEA, on 11/25/03 on HR1 that contained a provision that prohibited 'free market' bidding by the drug companies supplying prescriptions through medicare part D.
How dare he compare a one time cost for a technological device to monthly costs for life-sustaining drugs? Guess what, Rick? My computer is over 5 years old, both family cars are more than 10 years old, health insurance for my husband (with his doctorate) & myself (only a bachelor's degree) is something we can only hope to have again in the future, and it's thanks to the state children's health insurance plan that we are able to keep our diabetic child alive. Keep these people OUT of public office!
This is one of the sickest things I've ever heard.
The market he is so proud of doesn't do enough to help those that can't make it. The market doesn't care if you can't pay the price. It just wants the money; more disclosure help creates more chances for the price to come down.
Totally ignores the issue of why the drug is cheaper in other places.
It is so because it prescription controlled so wwhat is happening in the US is the so called grey trade wher the drugs are prescribed elsewhere sold cheaper but still with an intermediary profit element, and the even larger disgrace of exhorbitant prices being charged for short supply specialised drugs to hospitals.
Santorum has a policy that covers eveything and his very sick child has no worries even if it costs millions!! but the dear lady and child who spent $1.3m; that's 26 years of total average earnings gross in America on medications alone. 98% of this nation cannot afford that stupidity, and QED the majority of such patients will die and/or not be treated.
Keep that answer up Santorum and your presidential hopes are DOA in all future states in which you compete.
Hum, an IPad or drugs? You pay $900 for an IPad once, while you may pay $900 for drugs PER MONTH!!!! This is so typical of Republicans. These guys have great health care, they have no clue what it is like without it. They are so out of touch with ordinary Americans. To me making money off peoples illnesses is obscene and immoral.
Evangelical family-values advocate James Dobson offered his personal endorsement of former Pennsylvania Sen. Rick Santorum for president ...
Rick voted to prevent Americans from getting just compensation for their pain and suffering caused by medical malpractice
But that didn't keep Rick's wife from suing a Virginia chiropractor for a half million dollars in "pain and suffering"
Pretty hypocritical, since that's twice as much as the cap on such damages that his own legislation would have allowed others to receive
Rick calls their own lawsuit a "private family matter," but doesn't seem to think everyone else's family deserves the same rights and respect
If those things are the answer to our problems, and not government, then why is Santorum running for a position in government? If he thinks government is the problem, why does he want any part of it? Run for president of a charity instead and stop wasting our time.
Not many charities have the resources to pay one persons med /drug costs of $1.3 million per year on an ongoing basis possibly for years . If Santorun believes in markets making drugs cheaper why is against govt hospital s. medicare etc ability to negoiate bulk purchasing discounts as any other large company can. If he supported this govt heath costs would be reduced substantially
Well, no health insurance cover for "sick people", like to fire people, corporations are people too my friends, let the market bottom out, let kids clean the school toilets, lower taxes for the job creators, get rid of regulations that protect you so they can up their profits, (and the list goes on!) the statements that show you what the GOP/TP thinks of YOU are clear! They have not shame! Now, are you going to be fooled and leave your brain on the doorstep of the voting booth?
President Obama 2012!
Bought and paid for like the other GOBP wingnuts.
No Comment!
Obama 2012
Nice to see Mr. Frothy is getting back in touch with his roots as a corrupt corporate lobbyist. That's the real Slick Rick we all know and hate.
Wow! How come no one asks him how his philosphy would have helped those devistated by hurricane Katrina. Bush tried the local government, market driven solutions; it resulted in the devastation of an American city, and a huge hole in our budget (medicare part D). Santorum is a mean person with no compassion for his fellow man.
And he's a christian... if u believe that, I got some ocean front property in North Dakota I can sell ya, cheap.
Obama/Biden/Warren 2012
Why is his name ebroidered on his catholic school boy sweater vest? Is he that much of an unknown?

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Sept. 14, 2009— -- A survivor of brain surgery, Kellie Graham considers herself lucky because she was diagnosed early, because she received advanced medical care and because she had a type of tumor that could be removed through her nose.
Graham had a tumor at the base of her brain, a pituitary tumor that was removed via a relatively novel technique known as endoscopic brain surgery. In this procedure, an endoscope is put through the nasal passages and an incision is made in the back by an otolaryngologist -- an ear, nose and throat surgeon -- and then handed off to a neurosurgeon to remove tumors at the base of the brain.
"I felt really comfortable with it because both physicians explained to me exactly what they were going to do," said Graham, describing how she felt after she learned about the surgery.
She also was aided, she said, by the reassurances of a friend who had undergone a similar operation before.
"That was probably why I was not as apprehensive as I could have been," said Graham.
While the surgery treats a serious condition, surgeons who perform the operation say it is a more optimal treatment than some of those previously used.
"You're going through the nose, you're doing some dissection, but your tumor's right there," said Dr. Ameet Singh, an otolaryngologist and co-director of endoscopic pituitary and skull base surgery at the George Washington University Hospital, who performed Graham's operation. "You save the patient not only a lot of pain, but a lot of time in terms of their recovery period."
The procedure is one of many that have progressed in recent years and offer less-invasive operations, such as kidneys that are removed through the belly button. It is performed at a number of medical centers.
"This is a technique that has grown over the past five years through a close collaboration between ENT surgeons and neurosurgeons," said Dr. Theodore Schwartz, a neurosurgeon at New York-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical Center.
But while the particular operation Graham had was relatively novel, the notion of tumor removal through the nasal passages is not.
"The whole concept of removing pituitary tumors through the nose probably goes back to the 1960s -- it's probably been around 30 or 40 years," said Dr. Keith Black, director of the Cedars-Sinai Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute.
Brain tumors were initially treated by removing a piece of the skull, and in later years, procedures were done utilizing a microscope, which gave an enlarged view of the tumor and the surrounding area.
Black said that using the endoscope in place of the microscope presents a tradeoff -- advantageous in some aspects but a disadvantage in others.
With the endoscope, he said, the operation is a bit less invasive because the incision is made further back in the nasal passages.
At the same time, he said, "The disadvantage of the endoscope is that, with an endoscope, you're relying on a camera to look at the image."
In such a situation, he said, some depth perception is compromised, even with improved cameras that have higher definition.
"You don't quite have a three-dimensional image; you don't quite get three-dimensional depth," he said.
Endoscopic brain surgery is not available for all tumors in the brain, just those at the base.
Tumors like gliomas -- the type of tumor that afflicted the late Sen. Edward Kennedy -- would not be treatable with this procedure because they are located elsewhere in the brain.
Risks and Rewards
As with any procedure, endoscopic brain surgery carries its share of risks.
One risk, noted Schwartz, was that of infection, given that the surgical tools need to pass through relatively dirty nasal passages into a sterile brain area.
"You need to be very meticulous [about] how you close the skull base after surgery to make sure the opening you made is well-closed," he said.
Also for that reason, said Schwartz, antibiotics are given to the patient.
But, he said, that type of complication is uncommon.
"They don't get infections at a high rate," said Schwartz.
In her own case, Graham said she was told she needed a lumbar drain placed at the base of her spine because of the potential risk of spinal fluid draining into her skull.
"You just do something in a precautionary manner so if there is a leak, you've already taken care of it," said Graham.
Black noted that one of the advantages of the surgery could prove to be a disadvantage, since the incision is further back in the nasal passages.
"If there's a major injury, if you get major bleeding, it's harder to control with the endoscope than the microscope," said Black.
He noted, however, that doing surgeries through the nose has provided benefits overall, even if he considers the endoscope to be only an incremental advance.
Few procedures, Black said, now require cutting into the skull.
"That approach now is reserved for very large tumors that we cannot remove through the nose," he said.
At this point, he estimated, 97 percent of pituitary tumors are done through the nose, not by removing the skull.
Dr. Vijay Anand, an otolaryngologist who performs the operation with Schwartz at New York-Presbyterian Hospital, was more enthusiastic.
"It's a minimally invasive procedure with maximum benefits," he said.
Brain Surgery on the Ground
While endoscopic brain surgery may provide some advantage for people, the biggest beneficiaries of endoscopic brain surgery may walk on four legs.
Lisa Klopp, a veterinary neurosurgeon at the Sams Clinic in San Francisco, learned from a neurosurgeon, who worked on humans, in order to perform endoscopic brain surgery on cats and dogs.
"One of the difficulties with doing brain surgery in dogs and cats is the size of the cranial vault," she said.
The endoscope, she said, has allowed her to fully remove tumors that she could not have fully accessed previously because she could not fully maneuver in the skull of the animal.
"[The endoscope] allows a very good light into an area I wouldn't be able to see into," said Klopp. "Definitely, the majority of tumors I have to do, I wouldn't' be able to see into the areas with a microscope."
The Human Angle
Graham said that the greatest benefit she received in preparing for the surgery was one not available to pets.
"The more information they can have about the procedure, it just really puts them at ease," she said of patients preparing for the operation.
In her own case, Graham said, the tumor had been pressing on her optic nerve, impairing her vision, and after the surgery, the main side effect she noticed was congestion.
Overall, she said, another of the prime benefits she received was excellent care from attentive nurses, something she said is not emphasized enough when people discuss health care.
"My situation was very positive," said Graham. "I'm glad it's over and I'm glad it turned out really well."


text:
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Our Minimum Order Quantity is 10. In case of sample, you can order for 1 piece.
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Our Minimum Order Quantity is 10. In case of sample, you can order for 1 piece.
Since we accept only bulk orders (minimum 10 piece), so through website you can either send us "Bulk Enquiry" or "Request For A Sample".
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On the product page, you will see a "Request A Sample" button. Just click on that and you can request for a sample. Our team will get back to you within 24 hours and will help you with all the details.


text:
see more templates or propose new
Colingo is developing an activity for Sugar called ColingoXO. ColingoXO creates a platform for constructivist language-learning by letting children splice video clips to create and share video narratives. Children will be able to use all video clips from the Colingo video library or alternatively record new clips with the XO camera and microphone.
Beyond its role as a simple video editor, ColingoXO will focus on taking advantage of the XO's mesh capabilities. Videos will not be housed on individual XO's, but rather be housed and streamed from the School server. Video narratives, which are essentially XSPF playlists, will be kept locally in the Journal and be easily passed through the mesh due to their lightweight, text-based format.
- 1 Interface
- 2 Interface description
- 3 Specifications
- 3.1 Broadly
- 3.2 More Specifically
- 3.3 Activity vs Content Bundle
- 3.4 Get involved!
- 3.5 Code
- 3.6 See also
This interface design is by Eben Eliason, a lead UI designer for the OLPC project and the primary author of the OLPC Human Interface Guidelines. Please post comments on the discussion page, or ping lionstone in #olpc-content.
Interface description
The comboboxes at the top allow one to simply switch the language or select a phrase. Typing some words directly into the phrase box will simply filter out the results. The video bank on the left contains all of the videos which match the filter in the toolbar for language and phrase. It scrolls for easy navigation, and holds up to 15 clips before needing to scroll at all.
The timeline is the main interactive component, since it defines the dialogue for the session. It is shown as using a standard (not quite finished) Tray control, which will automatically provide drag'n'drop support, reordering, paging, and assist in supporting networked collaboration on the timeline. This will make it easy for kids to actually create back and forth dialogue with each other, alternately selecting video clips, and in the end having a record of that conversation which they can play back in any language.
The video consumes the rest of the screen, and is a fair bit larger.
Beneath the video there are some basic controls. The play/stop button is obvious. The next and previous buttons will skip to the various video clips in the sequence, like tracks on a CD. Finally, the text beneath the video updates in real time to provide the written form of the phrase being spoken during playback.
There are four programmatic arenas we must focus on in developing ColingoXO: how the user interacts with the XO, how one XO interacts with other XOs, how an XO interacts with the XS, and how the XS interacts with the rest of the world. Our primary focus right now is on the user interface on the XO and how the XO interacts with the server. Our secondary focus is on how the XOs interact with one another, and our tertiary focus is on how the XS interacts with the rest of the world.
User -> XO
From a programmatic perspective, the interface for the user must:
- read/display available video files
- search the library of videos based on a user's specified language, and return appropriate videos in the specified language
- create/save video clips
- create/save playlists built by dragging/dropping videos onto a "timeline"
- specify videos/playlists as shareable or private
- playback individual videos and playlists
- allow control via keyboard, mouse and integrated gamepad
Like the XO, the XS is still undergoing heavy development, and not all of the software that will run on these machines has been wholly settled on just yet. This makes our task a little more difficult, but it should push us to build our software with greater flexibility in mind. We are still trying to determine which SQL driven database will be running on the XS (we have been told that it will probably be MySQL), and how/where on the XS videos will be stored/streamed is undetermined. Regardless, our specs are as follows:
- XO must be able to write and read video files/playlists to/from the XS
- XS must be able to stream the same video(s) simultaneously to multiple XOs
- XS will host a database containing metadata about each video clip, including bridging videos about the same thing across all languages
- XS and its database must have support for any character set (from Arabic to Zapotec!)
The collaborative aspect of the XOs is where these machines really shine. Our activity should embody an ethos of collaboration and take full advantage of the mesh networking capabilities of the XO.
- Read/write shared files
- Collaborate in realtime on shared playlists
- Support more than one XO on one XO - groups of XOs collaborating on one project
- Provide visual signatures on clips/playlists (perhaps a watermark of the student's colored XO character)
- Some form of communication beyond just manipulating files (ie bridge with the chat activity)
XS -> World
Each XS will host its own library of videos developed by the students, as well as initial seeded content provided by Colingo. On the OLPC wiki, there is talk about regional XSs talking with one another, as well as XSs connected with the internet sharing content to the world.
- XSs should be able to share video content and playlists with the rest of the world.
- Video content from the XSs should be available to colingo.org, which will be the portal through which these videos are shared.
- XS should be able to pull content (videos) from colingo.org to share with the students.
- XS should be able to share their metadata (ie translations, associations of clips with languages) with one another and colingo.org to build a global decentralized database.
More Specifically
- The ability for a user to create media clips tagged with metadata
- Taking advantage of the XO's built in video camera and microphone, users will be able to make videos, still photos, or audio recordings. The idea being that each clip would be of a student saying a short phrase.
- The user would be able to tag the clip with information such as the language of the clip, the phrase, translations of that phrase into any other language, creative commons licensing information and information about the creator of the clip.
- The metadata for each clip would be stored in a database on the school servers, as well as Colingo's servers on the internet
- The ability to tag additional translation metadata to clips
- Anybody with access to the library would be able to add additional translation metadata to any clip (similar to dotSub's method for video translation).
- The ability to store and retrieve clips to and from the school server as well as Colingo's servers on the internet.
- ColingoXO will make calls first to the school server to see what clips are available on the local network.
- If a particular clip is requested, the metadata would be sent to the client with XML, and the video would be streamed from the school server
- If a particular clips is not available on the school server, but is available and retrievable from the internet and/or other school servers, the clip would be downloaded to and streamed to the client from the school server.
- Due to the XO's limited storage capacity, clips as well as the Colingos will be stored primarily on the school server.
- If the school server has a connection to the internet, the clips will also be uploaded to Colingo's servers.
- ColingoXO will make calls first to the school server to see what clips are available on the local network.
- The ability to search the Colingo library for clips as well as Colingos across languages
- The user would be able to enter a phrase or category in a particular language, and specify what language to return associated clips in.
- The school server would be queried and would search through the library for relevant clips, looking first at associated phrases from the metadata, and then using translation tools to return associated clips
- The school server would then query other school servers and the Colingo servers, if they were accessible.
- The ability to use these clips (retrieved clips and locally created clips) to build narratives
- Users would be able to drag/drop clips onto a timeline, creating an interactive playlist
- The integrated video player would playback the mashup of videos
- The ability for multiple XO users on the local mesh network to collaboratively create Colingos
- Users will be able to share clips or mashups with anyone they specify – locally or on the internet, if access is available.
Activity vs Content Bundle
There are two ways to develop for OLPC:
- Creating an activity
- ColingoXO is our activity. Activities are robust, python frameworks that enable programming the camera, creating databases with SQLite, etc.
- Creating content bundles
- A content bundle is a curated collection of content viewable from the library. They are limited in functionality and primarily intended to house content.
Our content bundles
On November 2, 2007, Colingo released four content bundles:
- All our movies
- English-only
- Spanish-only
- Portuguese-only
- We will be releasing more content bundles shortly,
- Lessons 2 - 10 of basic English
- Lessons 2 - 10 of basic Spanish
- Lessons 2 - 10 of basic Chinese
Please help test our content bundles, and see known issues with them. You can also watch an online demo if your web browser can handle OGG theora video.
Get involved!
We need your help to create a revolutionary educational tool completely in line with the XO's constructivist educational philosophy. If you are committed the ideals of Free Software and are interested in helping to develop a platform for global language exchange, please say hello in IRC, check out our dev environment and learn how to become a Colingo developer.
Checking out code from Colingo
Note (8/23/07): We are currently hosting ColingoXO code on the Colingo development server. Please see the instructions about how to check out code from the ColingoXO repository.
Our sugarized SVG activity icon
Integrates cleanly into the activity bar and the Home view activity ring.
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A script for DV capture automagic
This should help OLPC video content creators running linux (only tested on Debian Etch) who have:
- dvgrab
- ffmpeg2theora
- ffmpeg
installed. The shell script will:
- Connect to an attached firewire camera
- Capture all footage on tape and break footage by timestamp
- save all files as oggs (optimized for XO playback), dv, and flv
#!/bin/bash ## Script to take a raw DV file and split it by timestamp ## Robin Walsh 10/2007 echo "Please input the series title. The resulting files will be placed" echo "in a subdirectory by this name." read -e seriestitle; echo "Now please give me a filename prefix for the DV files I'm about to split up." read -e prefix; ## First, let's create the directory structure. mkdir -p $seriestitle/dv $seriestitle/flv $seriestitle/ogg ## Next, lets's grab the DV from the camera and split it by timestamp into AVI files. dvgrab --autosplit --timestamp --format dv2 $seriestitle/dv/$prefix- echo "I can wait here while you check for needed video adjustments." echo "Just hit return when you're ready to convert the grabbed DV into ogg and flv." read -e waiting; ## Here's the for loop that will convert the original AVI files into .flv for f in `ls $seriestitle/dv` do filenameflv=`basename $f .avi` ffmpeg -i $seriestitle/dv/$f -s 320x240 -ar 44100 -r 12 $seriestitle/flv/$filenameflv.flv done ## Here's the for loop that will convert the original AVI files into .ogg for i in `ls $seriestitle/dv` do filenameogg=`basename $i .avi` ffmpeg2theora -x 240 -y 160 -v 5 -a -1 -o $seriestitle/ogg/$filenameogg.ogg $seriestitle/dv/$i done
See also
Activity Summary
|Sugar icon::Image:Colingo-sugar.svg
|Activity genre::Language Learning
|Activity group:
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|Short description:
|[[Short description::ColingoXO creates a platform for constructivist language-learning by letting children splice video clips to create and share video narratives. Children will be able to use all video clips from the Colingo video library or alternatively record new clips with the XO camera and microphone.]]
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|URL from which to download the latest .xo bundle
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text: Dancin', they're dancin' in the street – Jam on Walnut 2012 June 26, 2012 Lindsay Last Friday night I stopped by the WYEP Summer Music Fest – holy smokes – what a crowd – Pittsburgh loves an outdoor concert. Schenley Park looked amazing and the entire lawn was covered with people. It was a perfect Pittsburgh summer night. Thinking about the WYEP summer Music Fest and all of the other awesome outdoor concerts… I just can get the song Dancing in the Street out of my head today… Callin' out, around the burgh Are you ready for a brand new beat? Summer's here, and the time is right For dancin' (and drinking) in the street… Read the rest


text:
Peace and conflict studies is a social science field that identifies and analyzes violent and nonviolent behaviours as well as the structural mechanisms attending conflicts (including social conflicts), with a view towards understanding those processes which lead to a more desirable human condition.[1] A variation on this, peace studies (irenology), is an interdisciplinary effort aiming at the prevention, de-escalation, and solution of conflicts by peaceful means, thereby seeking "victory" for all parties involved in the conflict.
This social science is in contrast to military studies, which has as its aim the efficient attainment of victory in conflicts, primarily by violent means to the satisfaction of one or more, but not all, parties involved. Disciplines involved may include philosophy, political science, geography, economics, psychology, communication studies, sociology, international relations, history, anthropology, religious studies, and gender studies, as well as a variety of others. Relevant sub-disciplines of such fields, such as peace economics, may be regarded as belonging to peace and conflict studies also.
Historical backgroundEdit
Peace and conflict studies is both a pedagogical activity, in which teachers transmit knowledge to students; and a research activity, in which researchers create new knowledge about the sources of conflict. Peace and conflict studies entails understanding the concept of peace which is defined as political condition that ensures justice and social stability through formal and informal institutions, practices, and norms.
As pedagogical activityEdit
Academics and students in the world's oldest universities have long been motivated by an interest in peace. American student interest in what we today think of as peace studies first appeared in the form of campus clubs at United States colleges in the years immediately following the American Civil War. Similar movements appeared in Sweden in the last years of the 19th century, as elsewhere soon after. These were student-originated discussion groups, not formal courses included in college curricula. The first known peace studies course in higher education was offered in 1888 at Swarthmore College, a Quaker school.[2]
The First World War was a turning point in Western attitudes to war. At the 1919 Peace of Paris—where the leaders of France, Britain, and the United States, led by Georges Clemenceau, David Lloyd George, and Woodrow Wilson respectively, met to decide the future of Europe—Wilson proposed his famous Fourteen Points for peacemaking. These included breaking up European empires into nation states and the establishment of the League of Nations. These moves, intended to ensure a peaceful future, were the background to a number of developments in the emergence of Peace and Conflict Studies as an academic discipline. The founding of the first chair in International Relations at Aberystwyth University, Wales, whose remit was partly to further the cause of peace, occurred in 1919.
After World War II, the founding of the UN system provided a further stimulus for more rigorous approaches to peace and conflict studies to emerge. Many university courses in schools of higher learning around the world began to develop which touched upon questions of peace, often in relation to war, during this period. The first undergraduate academic program in peace studies in the United States was developed in 1948 by Gladdys Muir, at Manchester University a liberal arts college associated with the Church of the Brethren.[3] It was not until the late 1960s in the United States that student concerns about the Vietnam War forced ever more universities to offer courses about peace, whether in a designated peace studies course or as a course within a traditional major. Work by academics such as Johan Galtung and John Burton, and debates in fora such as the Journal of Peace Research in the 1960s reflected the growing interest and academic stature of the field.[4] Growth in the number of peace studies programs around the world was to accelerate during the 1980s, as students became more concerned about the prospects of nuclear war. As the Cold War ended, peace and conflict studies courses shifted their focus from international conflict[5] and towards complex issues related to political violence, human security, democratisation, human rights, social justice, welfare, development, and producing sustainable forms of peace. A proliferation of international organisations, agencies and international NGOs, from the UN, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, European Union, and World Bank to International Crisis Group, International Alert, and others, began to draw on such research.[6]
Agendas relating to positive peace in European academic contexts were already widely debated in the 1960s.[7] By the mid-1990s peace studies curricula in the United States had shifted "...from research and teaching about negative peace, the cessation of violence, to positive peace, the conditions that eliminate the causes of violence."[5] As a result, the topics had broadened enormously. By 1994, a review of course offerings in peace studies included topics such as: "north-south relations"; "development, debt, and global poverty"; "the environment, population growth, and resource scarcity"; and "feminist perspectives on peace, militarism, and political violence".[5]
There is now a general consensus on the importance of peace and conflict studies among scholars from a range of disciplines in and around the social sciences, as well as from many influential policymakers around the world. Peace and conflict studies today is widely researched and taught in a large and growing number of institutions and locations. The number of universities offering peace and conflict studies courses is hard to estimate, mostly because courses may be taught out of different departments and have very different names. The International Peace Research Association website gives one of the most authoritative listings available. A 2008 report in the International Herald Tribune mentions over 400 programs of teaching and research in peace and conflict studies, noting in particular those at the United World Colleges, Peace Research Institute Oslo, Universitat Jaume I in Castellón de la Plana/Spain, the Malmö University of Sweden, the American University, University of Bradford, the UN mandated Peace University UPEACE in Ciudad Colón/Costa Rica, George Mason University, Lund, Michigan, Notre Dame, Queensland, Uppsala, Innsbruck School of Peace Studies/Austria, Virginia, and Wisconsin. The Rotary Foundation and the UN University supports several international academic teaching and research programs.
A 1995 survey found 136 United States colleges with peace studies programs: "Forty-six percent of these are in church-related schools, another 32% are in large public universities, 21% are in non-church related private colleges, and 1% are in community colleges. Fifty-five percent of the church-related schools that have peace studies programs are Roman Catholic. Other denominations with more than one college or university with a peace studies program are the Quakers, Mennonites, Church of the Brethren, and United Church of Christ. One hundred fifteen of these programs are at the undergraduate level and 21 at the graduate level. Fifteen of these colleges and universities had both undergraduate and graduate programs."[5]
Other notable programs can be found at the University of Manitoba, Lancaster University, Hiroshima University, University of Innsbruck, Universitat Jaume I, University of Sydney, University of Queensland, King's College (London), Sault College, London Metropolitan, Sabanci, Marburg, Sciences Po, Université Paris Dauphine University of Amsterdam, Otago, St Andrews, Brandeis University's Heller School and York. Perhaps most importantly, such programs and research agendas have now become common in institutions located in conflict, post-conflict, and developing countries and regions such as (e.g., National Peace Council), Centre for Human Rights, University of Sarajevo, Chulalongkorn University, National University of East Timor, University of Kabul, on September 11, 2014 University of peshawar, the provincial capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan established an Institute with prime objective of offering peace education to the youth who suffered it most since 1979 Afghan war. It is called Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS).
As research activityEdit
Although individual thinkers such as Immanuel Kant had long recognised the centrality of peace (see Perpetual Peace), it was not until the 1950s and 1960s that peace studies began to emerge as an academic discipline with its own research tools, a specialized set of concepts, and forums for discussion such as journals and conferences. Beginning in 1959, with the founding of the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), associated with Johan Galtung, a number of research institutes began to appear.[5]
In 1963, Walter Isard, the principal founder of regional science, assembled a group of scholars in Malmö, Sweden, for the purpose of establishing the Peace Research Society. The group of initial members included Kenneth Boulding and Anatol Rapoport. In 1973, this group became the Peace Science Society. Peace science was viewed as an interdisciplinary and international effort to develop a special set of concepts, techniques and data to better understand and mitigate conflict.[8] Peace science attempts to use the quantitative techniques developed in economics and political science, especially game theory and econometrics, techniques otherwise seldom used by researchers in peace studies.[9] The Peace Science Society website hosts the second edition of the Correlates of War, one of the most well-known collections of data on international conflict.[10] The society holds an annual conference, attended by scholars from throughout the world, and publishes two scholarly journals: Journal of Conflict Resolution and Conflict Management and Peace Science.
In 1964, the International Peace Research Association was formed at a conference organized by Quakers in Clarens, Switzerland. Among the original executive committee was Johan Galtung. The IPRA holds a biennial conference. Research presented at its conferences and in its publications typically focuses on institutional and historical approaches, seldom employing quantitative techniques.[11] In 2001, the Peace and Justice Studies Association (PJSA) was formed as a result of a merger of two precursor organisations. The PJSA is the North American affiliate of IPRA and includes members from around the world with a predominance from the United States and Canada. The PJSA publishes a regular newsletter (The Peace Chronicle), and holds annual conferences on themes related to the organization's mission "to create a just and peaceful world" through research, scholarship, pedagogy, and activism.[12]
In 2008, Strategic Foresight Group presented its report on an innovative mechanism to find sustainable solution to conflicts in the Middle East. It also developed a new Water Cooperation Quotient,[13] which is a measure of active cooperation by riparian countries in the management of water resources using 10 parameters including legal, political, technical, environmental, economic and institutional aspects.
Peace studies can be classified as:
- Multidisciplinary, encompassing elements of Politics and International Relations (particularly critical international relations theory), Sociology, Geography, Psychology, Anthropology and Economics. Critical theory is also widely used in peace and conflict studies.
- Multilevel. Peace studies examines intrapersonal peace, peace between individuals, neighbours, ethnic groups, marriages, states and civilisations.
- Multicultural. Gandhi is often cited as a paradigm of Peace Studies. However, true multiculturalism remains an aspiration as most Peace Studies centres are located in the West.
- Both analytic and normative. As a normative discipline, Peace Studies involves value judgements, such as "better" and "bad".
- Both theoretical and applied.[6]
There has been a long-standing and vibrant debate on disarmament issues, as well as attempts to investigate, catalogue, and analyse issues relating to arms production, trade, and their political impacts.[14] There have also been attempt to map the economic costs of war, or of relapses into violence, as opposed to those of peace.
Peace and conflict studies is now well established within the social sciences: it comprises many scholarly journals, college and university departments, peace research institutes, conferences, as well as outside recognition of the utility of peace and conflict studies as a method.
Peace Studies allows one to examine the causes and prevention of war, as well as the nature of violence, including social oppression, discrimination and marginalization. Through peace studies one can also learn peace-making strategies to overcome persecution and transform society to attain a more just and equitable international community.
Feminist scholars have developed a speciality within conflict studies, specifically examining the role of gender and interlocking systems of inequality in armed and other conflicts.[15][16] The importance of considering the role of gender in post-conflict work was recognised by the United Nations Security Council resolution 1325. Examples of feminist scholarship include the work of Carol Cohn and Claire Duncanson.
Conceptions of peaceEdit
The negative and positive peace framework is the most widely used today. Negative peace refers to the absence of direct violence. Positive peace refers to the absence of indirect and structural violence, and is the concept that most peace and conflict researchers adopt. This is often credited to Galtung[17] but these terms were previously used by Martin Luther King in the "Letter from Birmingham Jail" in 1963, in which he wrote about "negative peace which is the absence of tension" and "positive peace which is the presence of justice." These terms were perhaps first used by Jane Addams in a series of lectures about 'positive ideals of peace' begun in 1899 that took form in her book Newer Ideals of Peace where she switched to the term newer ideals but continued to contrast them to the term negative peace, and describes them as we think of them today, as peace with "a sense of justice no longer outraged."
Several conceptions, models, or modes of peace have been suggested in which peace research might prosper.[18]
- The crux of the matter is that peace is a natural social condition, whereas war is not. The premise is simple for peace researchers: to present enough information so that a rational group of decision makers will seek to avoid war and conflict.
- Second, the view that violence is sinful or unskillful, and that non-violence is skillful or virtuous and should be cultivated. This view is held by a variety of religious traditions worldwide: Quakers, Mennonites and other Peace churches within Christianity; Bahá'ís, Jains, the Satyagraha tradition in Hinduism, Buddhism, and other portions of Indian religion and philosophy; as well as certain schools of Islam[citation needed].
- Third is pacifism: the view that peace is a prime force in human behaviour.
- A further approach is that there are multiple modes of peace.[19]
There have been many offerings on these various forms of peace. These range from the well known works of Kant, Locke, Rousseau, Paine, on various liberal international and constitutional and plans for peace. Variations and additions have been developed more recently by scholars such as Raymond Aron, Edward Azar, John Burton, Martin Ceadal, Wolfgang Dietrich, Kevin Dooley, Johan Galtung, Michael Howard, Vivienne Jabri, John-Paul Lederach, Roger Mac Ginty, Pamina Firchow, Hugh Miall, David Mitrany, Oliver Ramsbotham, Anatol Rapoport, Mikkel Vedby Rasmussen, Oliver Richmond, S.P. Udayakumar, Tom Woodhouse, others mentioned above and many more. Democratic peace, liberal peace, sustainable peace, civil peace, hybrid peace, post-liberal peace, everyday peace, trans-rational peace(s) and other concepts are regularly used in such work.
Sustainable peaceEdit
Under the conceptions of peace, sustainable peace must be regarded as an important factor for the future of prosperity. Sustainable peace must be the priority of global society where state actors and non-state actors do not only seek for the profits in a near future that might violate the stable state of peace. For a sustainable peace, nurturing, empowerment, and communications are considered to be the crucial factors throughout the world. Firstly, nurturing is necessary to encourage psychological stability and emotional maturity. The significance of social value in adequate nurturing is important for sustainable peace. Secondly, in order to achieve real security, inner security must be secured along with arranged social systems and protection based on firm foundation. Lastly, communications are necessary to overcome ignorance and establish a community based on reliable and useful information. It will prevents isolation to take place which is critical to bring sustainable peace.[20]
Conflict triangleEdit
Johan Galtung's conflict triangle works on the assumption that the best way to define peace is to define violence, its opposite. It reflects the normative aim of preventing, managing, limiting and overcoming violence.[17]
- Direct (overt) violence, e.g., direct attack, massacre.
- Structural violence. Death by avoidable reasons such as malnutrition. Structural violence is indirect violence caused by an unjust structure and is not to be equated with an act of God.
- Cultural violence. Cultural violence occurs as a result of the cultural assumptions that blind one to direct or structural violence. For example, one may be indifferent toward the homeless, or even consider their expulsion or extermination a good thing.
Each corner of Galtung's triangle can relate to the other two. Ethnic cleansing can be an example of all three.
To simply understand these three
• Direct violence = harming or hurting body & mind • Structural violence= economic exploitation & political repression • Cultural violence = underlying values & epistemic models that legitimize direct & structural violence
Cost of conflictEdit
Cost of conflict is a tool which attempts to calculate the price of conflict to the human race. The idea is to examine this cost, not only in terms of the deaths and casualties and the economic costs borne by the people involved, but also the social, developmental, environmental and strategic costs of conflict. The approach considers direct costs of conflict, for instance human deaths, expenditure, destruction of land and physical infrastructure; as well as indirect costs that impact a society, for instance migration, humiliation, growth of extremism and lack of civil society.
Strategic Foresight Group, a think tank in India, has developed a Cost of Conflict Series for countries and regions involved in protracted conflicts. This tool is aimed at assessing past, present and future costs looking at a wide range of parameters.[21]
Normative aimsEdit
The normative aims of peace studies are conflict transformation and conflict resolution through mechanisms such as peacekeeping, peacebuilding (e.g., tackling disparities in rights, institutions and the distribution of world wealth) and peacemaking (e.g., mediation and conflict resolution). Peacekeeping falls under the aegis of negative peace, whereas efforts toward positive peace involve elements of peace building and peacemaking.[22]
Teaching peace and conflict studies to the militaryEdit
One of the interesting developments within peace and conflict studies is the number of military personnel undertaking such studies. This poses some challenges, as the military is an institution overtly committed to combat. In the article "Teaching Peace to the Military", published in the journal Peace Review,[23] James Page argues for five principles that ought to undergird this undertaking, namely, respect but do not privilege military experience, teach the just war theory, encourage students to be aware of the tradition and techniques of nonviolence, encourage students to deconstruct and demythologize, and recognize the importance of military virtue.
Critical peace and conflict studies: hybridity, trans-rational peace, and elicitive conflict transformationEdit
Scholars working in the areas of peace and conflict studies have made significant contributions to the policies used by non-governmental organisations, development agencies, international financial institutions, and the UN system, in the specific areas of conflict resolution and citizen diplomacy, development, political, social, and economic reform, peacekeeping, mediation, early warning, prevention, peacebuilding, and statebuilding.[24] This represented a shift in interest from conflict management approaches oriented towards a "negative peace" to conflict resolution and peacebuilding approaches aimed at a "positive peace". This emerged rapidly at the end of the Cold War, and was encapsulated in the report of then-UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace.[25] Indeed, it might be said that much of the machinery of what has been called "liberal peacebuilding" by a number of scholars[26] and "statebuilding" by another[27] is based largely on the work that has been carried out in this area. Many scholars in the area have advocated a more "emancipatory" form of peacebuilding, however, based upon a "Responsibility to Protect" (R2P),[28] human security,[29] local ownership and participation in such processes,[30] especially after the limited success of liberal peacebuilding/ statebuilding in places as diverse as Cambodia, the Balkans, East Timor, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Nepal, Afghanistan, and Iraq. This research agenda is in the process of establishing a more nuanced agenda for peacebuilding which also connects with the original, qualitatively and normatively oriented work that emerged in the peace studies and conflict research schools of the 1960s (e.g. see the Oslo Peace Research Institute research project on "Liberal Peace and the Ethics of Peacebuilding" and the "Liberal Peace Transitions" project at the University of St Andrews)[31] and more critical ideas about peacebuilding that have recently developed in many European and non-western academic and policy circles.[32] Some scholars have pointed towards the hybrid outcomes that have arisen in practice, indicating both the potential and problems of hybrid forms of peace, with an everyday orientation, and suggestive of the emergence of a post-liberal framework.[33]
The UNESCO Chair for Peace Studies at the University of Innsbruck/Austria proposed in 2008 a culture-based classification of peace interpretations: energetic, moral, modern, post-modern and trans-rational approaches.[34] The trans-rational approach unites existing spiritual interpretations of society and relation[35] with the mechanistic methods of modern peace. Hence this school prefers the strictly relational and systemic method of elicitive conflict transformation (Lederach)[36] to the prescriptive approaches of modern conflict resolution.[37]
Criticism and controversyEdit
A serious number of well established criticisms have been aimed at peace and conflict studies, often but not necessarily from outside the realms of university system, including that peace studies:
- do not produce practical prescriptions for managing or resolving global conflicts because "ideology always trumps objectivity and pragmatism";[citation needed]
- are focused on putting a "respectable face on Western self-loathing";[citation needed]
- are hypocritical because they "tacitly or openly support terrorism as a permissible strategy for the 'disempowered' to redress real or perceived grievances against the powerful" (i.e. ideological anti-Western concepts developed by social scientists such as Johan Galtung which arguably add a sense of unjustified acceptability which is used in support of radicalism);
- have curricula that are (according to human rights activist Caroline Cox and philosopher Roger Scruton) "intellectually incoherent, riddled with bias and unworthy of academic status...";[38]
- have policies proposed to "eliminate the causes of violence" are uniformly leftist policies, and not necessarily policies which would find broad agreement among social scientists.[39]
Barbara Kay, a columnist for the National Post, specifically criticized the views of Norwegian professor Johan Galtung, who is considered to be a leader in modern peace research. Kay wrote that Galtung has written on the "structural fascism" of "rich, Western, Christian" democracies, admires Fidel Castro, opposed resistance to the Soviet Invasion of Hungary in 1956, and has described Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov as "persecuted elite personages". Galtung has also praised Mao Zedong for "endlessly liberating" China. Galtung has also stated that the United States is a "killer country" that is guilty of "neo-fascist state terrorism" and has reportedly stated that the destruction of Washington, D.C., could be justified by America's foreign policy. He has also compared the United States to Nazi Germany for bombing Kosovo during the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.[38]
In the Summer 2007 edition of City Journal, Bruce Bawer sharply criticized Peace Studies. He noted that many Peace Studies programs in American Universities are run by Marxist or far-left Professors. More broadly, he argued that Peace Studies are dominated by the belief that "America ... is the wellspring of the world's problems" and that while Professors of Peace Studies argue "that terrorist positions deserve respect at the negotiating table," they "seldom tolerate alternative views" and that "(p)eace studies, as a rule, rejects questioning of its own guiding ideology."[40]
Regarding his claim that Peace Studies supports violence in the pursuit of leftist ideology, Bawer cited a quote from Peace and Conflict Studies,[41][42] a widely used 2002 textbook written by Charles P. Webel and David P. Barash which praised Vladimir Lenin because he "maintained that only revolution—not reform—could undo capitalism's tendency toward imperialism and thence to war."[40]
David Horowitz has argued that Webel and Barash's book implicitly supports violence for socialist causes, noting that the book states "the case of Cuba indicates that violent revolutions can sometimes result in generally improved living conditions for many people." Horowitz also argued that the book "treats the Soviet Union as a sponsor of peace movements, and the United States as the militaristic, imperialist power that peace movements try to keep in check" and that "the authors justify Communist policies and actions while casting those of America and Western democracies in a negative light." Horowitz also claimed that the authors discuss the Cuban Missile Crisis without mentioning its cause (i.e. the placement of the Soviet missiles in Cuba) and blame John F. Kennedy while praising Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev for "be[ing] willing to back down". Finally, Horowitz criticized the author's use of Marxist writers, such as Andre Gunder Frank and Frances Moore Lappe, as the sole basis on which to study "poverty and hunger as causes of human conflict."[43]
Kay and Bawer also specifically criticized Professor Gordon Fellman, the Chairman of Brandeis University's Peace, Conflict, and Coexistence Studies Program, who they claimed has justified Palestinian suicide-bombings against Israelis as "ways of inflicting revenge on an enemy that seems unable or unwilling to respond to rational pleas for discussion and justice."[40][44]
Katherine Kersten, who is a senior fellow at the Minneapolis-based conservative think tank Center of the American Experiment, believes that Peace Studies programs are "dominated by people of a certain ideological bent, and [are] thus hard to take seriously." Robert Kennedy, a professor of Catholic studies and management at the University of St. Thomas, criticized his university's Peace Studies Program in an interview with Minneapolis Star Tribune in 2002, stating that the program employs several adjunct professors "whose academic qualifications are not as strong as we would ordinarily look for" and that "The combination of the ideological bite and the maybe less-than-full academic credentials of the faculty would probably raise some questions about how scholarly the program is."[45]
Such views have been strongly opposed by scholars who claim that these criticisms underestimate the development of detailed interdisciplinary, theoretical, methodological, and empirical research into the causes of violence and dynamics of peace that has occurred via academic and policy networks around the world.[6]
In reply to Barbara Kay's article, a group of Peace Studies experts in Canada responded that "Kay's...argument that the field of peace studies endorses terrorism is nonsense" and that "(d)edicated peace theorists and researchers are distinguished by their commitment to reduce the use of violence whether committed by enemy nations, friendly governments or warlords of any stripe." They also argued that:
...Ms. Kay attempts to portray advocates for peace as naive and idealistic, but the data shows that the large majority of armed conflicts in recent decades have been ended through negotiations, not military solutions. In the contemporary world, violence is less effective than diplomacy in ending armed conflict. Nothing is 100% effective to reduce tyranny and violence, but domestic and foreign strategy needs to be based on evidence, rather than assumptions and misconceptions from a bygone era.[46]
Most academics in the area argue that the accusations that peace studies approaches are not objective, and derived from mainly leftist or inexpert sources, are not practical, support violence rather than reject it, or have not led to policy developments, are clearly incorrect. They note that the development of UN and major donor policies (including the EU, US, and UK, as well as many others including those of Japan, Canada, Norway, etc.) towards and in conflict and post-conflict countries have been heavily influenced by such debates. A range of key policy documents and responses have been developed by these governments in the last decade and more, and in UN (or related) documentation such as "Agenda for Peace", "Agenda for Development", "Agenda for Democratization", the Millennium Development Goals, Responsibility to Protect, and the "High Level Panel Report".[47] They have also been significant for the work of the World Bank, international development agencies, and a wide range of nongovernmental organisations.[48] It has been influential in the work of, among others, the UN, UNDP, UN Peacebuilding Commission, UNHCR, World Bank, EU, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, for national donors including USAID, DFID, CIDA, NORAD, DANIDA, Japan Aid, GTZ, and international NGOs such as International Alert or International Crisis Group, as well as many local NGOs. Major databases have been generated by the work of scholars in these areas.[49]
Finally, peace and conflict studies debates have generally confirmed, not undermined, a broad consensus (western and beyond) on the importance of human security, human rights, development, democracy, and a rule of law (though there is a vibrant debate ongoing about the contextual variations and applications of these frameworks).[50] At the same time, the research field is characterized by a number of challenges including the tension between "the objective of doing critical research and being of practical relevance".[51]
See alsoEdit
- Arms control
- Center for Global Nonkilling
- Conflict resolution research
- Democratic peace theory
- Global Peace Index
- List of peace activists
- Nonkilling
- Nonviolence
- Peace and Justice Studies Association
- Peace churches
- Peace education
- Security Studies
- Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
- Territorial peace theory
- War against war
- World peace
Further readingEdit
- Singer, J. David (1976). "An Assessment of Peace Research." International Security. 1 (1): 118–137.
- ^ Dugan, 1989: 74
- ^ "125 Years of Peace and Conflict Studies in Higher Education at Swarthmore College | Peace and Conflict Studies at Swarthmore College".
- ^ Abrams, Holly (2010-11-04). "Peace studies pioneer dies at 77". The Journal Gazette. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
- ^ Wallensteen 1988
- ^ a b c d e Harris, Fisk, and Rank 1998
- ^ a b c Miall, Ramsbotham, & Woodhouse 2005
- ^ Galtung 1971
- ^ Home Archived 2007-08-26 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Peace Studies Program – Student Information- Graduate Minor Field".
- ^ "Correlates of War 2". Archived from the original on 2007-08-23. Retrieved 2007-09-03.
- ^ "KU Leuven Faculteit Sociale Wetenschappen - Centrum Voor Politicologie - Algemeen". Archived from the original on 3 December 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
- ^ "About the Peace and Justice Studies Association". Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
- ^ http://strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/28799WCQ-web.pdf[bare URL PDF]
- ^ SIPRI 2007: Cooper, 2006
- ^ Cohn, C. (2013). Women and wars. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- ^ Owen, Jean (27 May 2013). "Book Review: Women and Wars, ed. Carol Cohn". The Feminist and Women's Studies Association (UK & Ireland). Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ a b Galtung & Jacobsen 2000
- ^ among many, Richmond 2005
- ^ Wolfgang Dietrich, Daniela Ingruber, Josefina Echavarría, Gustavo Esteva and Norbert Koppensteiner (eds.): The Palgrave International Handbook of Peace Studies: A Cultural Perspective, London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
- ^ Robert Gilman, Sustainable Peace putting the pieces together, The Foundations of Peace (IC#4)
- ^ "Strategic Foresight Group - Anticipating and Influencing Global Future". Retrieved 28 August 2015.
- ^ Richmond 2002
- ^ Page, James S. 2007. 'Teaching Peace to the Military'. Peace Review, 19(4):571–577.
- ^ Wallensteen, 1988
- ^ Boutros Ghali 1992
- ^ Duffield, 2001, Paris, 2004, Richmond, 2005
- ^ Caplan 2005, Chandler, 2006, Fukuyama, 2004
- ^ "International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect (ICRtoP)". Archived from the original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
- ^ Tadjbakhsh & Chenoy 2006
- ^ Chopra & Hohe 2004
- ^ Burgess, Peter. "Liberal Peace and the Ethics of Peacebuilding". Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
- ^ Jabri 2007: Richmond & Franks 2009
- ^ Richmond, Oliver (2011). A Post-Liberal Peace. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-66784-5.
- ^ Wolfgang Dietrich: Variationen über die vielen Frieden; Wiesbaden [VS Verlag], 2008
- ^ Samrat Schmiem Kumar: Bhakti – the yoga of love. Trans-rational approaches to Peace Studies; [LIT] Münster, Vienna, 2010
- ^ Lederach, John Paul: Preparing for Peace; Syracuse [Syracuse University Press], 1996
- ^ Koppensteiner, Norbert: Tha Art of the Transpersonal Self. Transformation as Aesthetic and Energetic Practise; [ATROPOS] New York, Dresden, 2009
- ^ a b "Barbarians within the gate" by Barbara Kay, National Post, February 18, 2009.
- ^ Bawer 2007
- ^ a b c The Peace Racket by Bruce Bawer, City Journal, Summer 2007.
- ^ Peace and Conflict Studies Archived 2012-10-22 at the Wayback Machine by Charles P. Webel and David P. Barash, Textbook (Hardcover – Older Edition), SAGE Publications, March 2002, 592pp, ISBN 978-0-7619-2507-1.
- ^ Take a Break from War by Kaushik Roy, The Telegraph (Calcutta, India), November 15, 2002.
- ^ "One Man's Terrorist Is Another Man's Freedom Fighter" Archived 2019-01-01 at the Wayback Machine by David Horowitz, (website of Students for Academic Freedom), November 08, 2004.
- ^ September 11 and the Field of Peace Studies Archived 2008-09-06 at the Wayback Machine by Gordon Fellman, Peacework, October 2002.
- ^ "For Young Activists, Peacemaking 101", by Tom Ford and Bob von Sternberg, Minneapolis Star Tribune, December 17, 2002.
- ^ In defence of peace studies by Catherine Morris, director, Peacemakers Trust, Victoria; Ben Hoffman, president and CEO, Canadian International Institute of Applied Negotiation, Ottawa; Dean E. Peachey, visiting professor in transitional justice, Global College, University of Winnipeg, National Post, February 25, 2009. (Full letter is available here)
- ^ Report of the Secretary- General's High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change, United Nations, 2004: Boutros Boutros Ghali, An Agenda For Peace: preventative diplomacy, peacemaking and peacekeeping, New York: United Nations, 1992; An Agenda for Development: Report of the Secretary-General, A/48/935, 6 May 1994; "Supplement to An Agenda for Peace" A/50/60, S.1995/1, 3 January 1995; An Agenda for Democratization, A/50/332 AND A/51/512, 17 December 1996.
- ^ E.g. for the World Bank, see, "Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy" [1][permanent dead link]: For DFID see [2] Archived 2009-03-19 at the Wayback Machine; e.g. see also International Crisis Group
- ^ e.g. Correlates of War at Harvard University [3]: PRIO/ Uppsala University Data on Armed Conflict [4].
- ^ Michael Doyle and Nicolas Sambanis, Making War and Building Peace, (Princeton University Press, 2006); Charles T. Call and Elizabeth M. Cousens, "Ending Wars and Building Peace: International Responses to War-Torn Societies," International Studies Perspectives, 9 (2008): Stephen D. Krasner, "Sharing Sovereignty. New Institutions for Collapsed and Failing States," International Security, 29, 2 (2004); Roland Paris, At War's End, (Cambridge University Press, 2004).
- ^ Laurent Goetschel and Sandra Pfluger (eds.) (2014): Challenges of Peace Research http://www.swisspeace.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Media/Publications/WP_7_2014.pdf
Sources and further readingEdit
- Aron, Raymond, Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations, London: Transaction, 2003 [1966].
- Avruch, Kevin, Peter W. Black, and Joseph A. Scimecca (eds.), Conflict Resolution: Cross-Cultural Perspectives, London: Greenwood Press, 1991.
- Azar, Edward E., The Management of Protracted Social Conflict, Hampshire, UK: Dartmouth Publishing, 1990.
- Beer, Francis A., Meanings of War and Peace, College Station: Texas A&M University Press 2001.
- Beer, Francis A., Peace Against War, San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1981.
- Boutros Ghali, An Agenda For Peace: preventative diplomacy, peacemaking and peacekeeping, New York: United Nations, 1992.
- Bawer, Bruce "The Peace Racket", City Journal, Summer 2007 link
- Burton, J., & EA Azar, International Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice, Wheatsheaf Books, 1986.
- Caplan, Richard, International Governance of War-torn Territories: Rule and Reconstruction, Oxford: OUP, 2005.
- Ceadal, M, Thinking About Peace and War, Oxford: OUP, 1987.
- Chandler, D. Empire in Denial: The Politics of State-building. Pluto Press, 2006.
- Churchman, D. The Origins, Nature, and Management of Human Conflict. University Press of America, 2013.
- Cooper, Neil, "What's The Point of Arms Transfer Controls?", Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 27, No. 1, April 2006 pp. 118–137.
- Jarat Chopra, Tanja Hohe, "Participatory Intervention", Global Governance, Vol. 10, 2004.
- Darby, John, and Roger MacGinty, Contemporary Peacemaking, London: Palgrave, 2003.
- Wolfgang Dietrich, Josefina Eachavarría Alvarez, Norbert Koppensteiner eds.: Key Texts of Peace Studies; LIT Münster, Vienna, 2006.
- Wolfgang Dietrich, Daniela Ingruber, Josefina Echavarría, Gustavo Esteva and Norbert Koppensteiner (eds.): The Palgrave International Handbook of Peace Studies: A Cultural Perspective, London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
- Dooley, Kevin L, and S.P. Udayakumar, "Reconceptualizing Global Conflicts: From Us Versus Them to Us Versus Then," Journal of Global Change and Governance, Volume 2, No. 1, Spring 2009.
- Duffield, Mark, Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security, London: Zed Books, 2001.
- Dugan, M. 1989. "Peace Studies at the Graduate Level." The Annals of the American Academy of Political Science: Peace Studies: Past and Future, 504, 72–79.
- Dunn, DJ, The First Fifty Years of Peace Research, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005.
- Fukuyama, Francis: State Building. Governance and World Order in the Twenty-First Century, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2004.
- Galtung, J., "A Structural Theory of Imperialism", Journal of Peace Research, Vol.13, No.2, 1971.
- Galtung, Johan and Carl G. Jacobsen, Searching for Peace: The Road to TRANSCEND, Pluto Press: London, 2000.
- Harris, Ian, Larry J. Fisk, and Carol Rank. (1998). "A Portrait of University Peace Studies in North America and Western Europe at the End of the Millennium." International Journal of Peace Studies. Volume 3, Number 1. ISSN 1085-7494 link
- Howard, M The Invention of Peace and the Re-Invention of War, London: Profile, 2002.
- Jabri, Vivienne, Discourses on Violence, Manchester UP, 1996.
- Jabri, Vivienne, War and the Transformation of Global Politics, London: Palgrave, 2007.
- Keynes, John Maynard, The Economic Consequences of the Peace, London: Macmillan, 1920.
- Koppensteiner, Norbert: The Art of the Transpersonal Self. Transformation as Aesthetic and Energetic Practice; [ATROPOS] New York, Dresden, 2009
- Kumar, Schmiem Samrat: Bhakti- the yoga of love. Trans-rational approaches to Peaec Studies; [LIT]Münster, Vienna, 2010.
- Lederach, J, Building Peace- Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies, Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1997.
- López-Martínez, Mario (dir) Enciclopedia de paz y conflictos. Granada, 2004. ISBN 84-338-3095-3, 2 tomos.
- Lund, Michael S, "What Kind of Peace is Being Built: Taking Stock of Post- Conflict Peacebuilding and Charting Future Directions", Paper presented on the 10th Anniversary of Agenda for Peace, International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada, January 2003.
- Miall, Hugh, Oliver Ramsbotham, & Tom Woodhouse, Contemporary Conflict Resolution, Polity Press, 2005.
- Mitrany, D.A., The Functional Theory of Politics, London: Martin Robertson, 1975.
- Richmond, OP, Maintaining Order, Making Peace, Macmillan, 2002.
- Richmond, OP, The Transformation of Peace, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
- Richmond OP & Franks J, Liberal Peace Transitions: Between Statebuilding and Peacebuilding, Edinburgh University Press, 2009.
- Richmond, OP, A Post-Liberal Peace, Routledge, 2011.
- Routledge Contemporary Security Studies series: Women, Peace and Security: Translating Policy into Practice First published 2010. Introduction by 'Funmi Olonisakin, Director of Conflict, Security & Development Group, King's College London, and Karen Barnes. Chapter by Lesley Abdela 'Nepal and the implementation of UNSCR1325'. ISBN 978-0-415-58797-6 (hbk)
- Rummel, RJ, The Just Peace, California, 1981.
- Tadjbakhsh, Shahrbanou & Chenoy, Anuradha M. Human Security: Concepts and Implications, London: Routledge, 2006
- Taylor, Paul, and A. J. R. Groom (eds.), The UN at the Millennium, London: Continuum, 2000.
- Tidwell, Alan C., Conflict Resolved, London: Pinter, 1998.
- Trinn, Christoph, and Thomas Wencker, "Integrating the Quantitative Research on the Onset and Incidence of Violent Intrastate Conflicts" International Studies Review, 2020. (doi.org/10.1093/isr/viaa023)
- Vayrynen, R, New Directions in Conflict Theory: Conflict Resolution and Conflict Transformation, London: Sage, 1991.
- Vedby Rasmussen, Mikkel, The West, Civil Society, and the Construction of Peace, London: Palgrave, 2003.
- Wallensteen, Peter (ed.), Peace Research: Achievements and Challenges, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988.
- Young, Nigel J. ed. The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace (4 vol 2010) 3:449–498.
- Zartman, William, and Lewis Rasmussen (eds.), Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods and Techniques, Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1997.
External linksEdit
- Peace and conflict studies at Curlie
- International Institute of Social History. "War and Peace Collection Guide". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
- "Peace and Conflict Studies (International Joint Award)". Philipps-University Marburg, University of Kent.
- Interview with Werner Wintersteiner on peace education
Library guides to peace studiesEdit
- Cornell University, New York, USA
- Michigan State University, USA
- University of Missouri, USA
- New York University, USA


text:
HTC One Mini shows up in China
Probably the most leaked gadget of all time has been globetrotting – and posing for pictures
The HTC One Mini still hasn't had an official unveil, but that hasn't stopped it appearing all over the interwebs. Now it's China's turn.
The HTC One Mini, dubbed 601e in China, has been spotted going in for certification. While that doesn't reveal any new specs, it does mean the international unveiling should be just around the corner.
So if we do get a 4.3in 720p Mini One packing in the rumoured 1.4GHz dual core processor, are you going to be rushing out to reserve one?
[via Engadget]


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African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, Methodist denomination. It was founded in 1796 by black members of the Methodist Episcopal Church in New York City and was organized as a national body in 1821. The church operates in the United States, Africa, South America, and the West Indies and maintains Livingstone College in Salisbury, N.C. The U.S. membership of the church in 1998 was about 1.2 million, making it one of the largest African Methodist bodies.
See D. H. Bradley, A History of the A.M.E. Zion Church (2 vol., 1956–70).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2023, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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Publications: Khalesi, Bahman
Stewart, M., Bonne, N., Shearer, P., Khalesi, B., Sharp, M. and Raidal, S. (2007) Baculovirus expression of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) capsid protein capable of self-assembly and haemagglutination. Journal of Virological Methods, 141 (2). pp. 181-187.
Khalesi, Bahman (2007) Studies of beak and feather disease virus infection. PhD thesis, Murdoch University.
Khalesi, B., Bonne, N., Stewart, M., Sharp, M. and Raidal, S. (2005) A comparison of haemagglutination, haemagglutination inhibition and PCR for the detection of psittacine beak and feather disease virus infection and a comparison of isolates obtained from loriids. Journal of General Virology, 86 (11). pp. 3039-3046.


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