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In this issue:
Click on any highlighted text to view the item in our online store!
This is my first LLE color and I know it should be called "St. Patty's Parade" or something appropriate for the holiday or the first day of spring, but I had to give credit where credit is due and the inspiration for this month's colorway actually came from sea turtles.
I've had an affinity for sea turtles for a long time and it's not just because they are graceful and beautiful, or because of the fascinating science behind their navigation skills. From the start of their lives, sea turtles are models for perseverance. They are born on land, in an environment they are not built for, and have to struggle through predators and heat to make it to the ocean where they belong. Once there, it takes years of drifting and hiding among seaweed for them to grow big enough and strong enough to venture out, where they suddenly find a whole ocean of possibilities.
I think we all have our times when we feel out of place and our dreams seem unreachable. I honestly believe that without those struggles we wouldn't be able to fully appreciate the sense of belonging and fulfillment we get when we do finally find our niches.
In reality, sea turtles come in a wide range of colors, but when I picture one swimming through the oceans, I picture the shades of deep seaweed, bright grassy green, light sage and shadowy black featured in this month's colorway. I love the richness, the variation and the way the colors blend with one another, fluid like the ocean itself.
I truly enjoyed coming up with this colorway. I hope you find it inspiring. :) -Tiffany
If you are a Noro-lover and a sale lover, keep your eyes on Wool Watcher on the 5th for some Noro Karuta at an unbelievable discount!
We are so excited about these new yarns from Knit Collage that we want to give you the opportunity to try some out at an unbelievably low price! Keep your eyes on Wool Watcher on March 6th for your chance to snag a few skeins!
The first day of spring is March 20th, and we want to be ready! Luckily for us, our friends at Tahki have recently sent us new 100% cotton yarns that will work beautifully for spring knits!
Check out Wool Watcher on March 7th for some of the lovely new Rosa yarn at a fantastic, discounted price!
Many new and exciting things are on the way for the Stitch Red campaign, so many that we're starting a monthly e-newsletter
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While you're signing up for the newsletter, don't forget to check out all the new Stitch Red products we've added, including the new Red Dress kits featured here. P.S. Are you a local? Come by for our next Stitch Red Knit Night on Tuesday, March 6th at 6pm in our shop on Capital Blvd! We hope to see you there!
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Hello everyone! So, it is time to reveal the answers for our April author interview session. We interviewed Romance and Erotica authors last month. I would like to take this opportunity to thank all seven authors who took part in this author interview!
Here is the answer to the first question: Do you plan the characters in your story? Do you believe that strong characters should resemble real-life people?
1) Author #1 Anne Conley
Absolutely. The one book I wrote freely, with no planning, was a disaster. J I feel like characters should resemble real life people that readers can relate to, so I write my own stories with that in mind, giving characters real problems. Most of my characters are in their thirties and forties, with real jobs. I've never really spent much time with CEOs or billionaires, so I don't write about them.
2) Author #2: Marie Lavender
Most of my story ideas come to me in the form of dialogue or full scenes so I wouldn't say the characters are exactly planned. Their personalities do come out in the writing of the book or story. I do a major character work-up when I am more focused on the project; when I do that, I try to figure out the character's secrets or how they would react to certain situations as well as their background. I do believe that characters should be complex and as close to real people as we can make them. I don't usually base them on anyone in my life, but I do want readers to relate to them.
3) Author #3: Emily Eck
Most of my characters are based on someone in my life, or a mash-up of people. When I am coming up with a side character, I draw on people I have met. If I need an aggressive person, I will go through my mental Rolodex of people I've met to pull traits for that character. If I need someone more passive, I do the same.
My primary characters tend to be based more so on a single person, although sometimes a side character demands to be heard and ends up in a more visible role in the story. When this happens, they tend to already have developed their personality in my mind and are easy to write.
In regards to if strong characters should resemble real-life people, I think it's to each their own. There are so many different books out there, so many different story lines, that I feel it is unfair to make hard and fast rules about characterization. We all like different things. I can give a book 5 stars, and someone else gives it 1 star. Who am I to say what someone else should read or like? I think the diversity of books available represents the diversity of the world we live in.
4) Author #4: AJ Summer
No – they kind of just happen as I write. I do use some of the quirks and oddities of real people I know to make my characters seem more real.
5) Author #5: Lucien Bane
The characters in Dom Wars are a fictional form of my life.
6) Author #6: Annie Edmonds
I do believe the strong characters should resemble real-life people. I plan the hero or main characters in my books but as I write and the story evolves the character's come alive.
You will see their flaws, their fears. Why they are who they are. Sometimes or most time I surprise myself as to how the story unfolds.
7) author #7: Larae Parry
Um, that's two questions, but I'll answer both truthfully and honestly. Yes. I plan the characters in my stories. Sometimes, however, some characters just show up and I have to make room for them. I love it when characters pop in.
I believe all characters, whether strong or not should be realistic—not cardboard. Even the strongest character has flaws. Even the weakest character has strengths. For readers to be able to connect, all characters must emit some kind of quality—even if it isn't written outright, but implied instead. As writers, we need to ask ourselves, "Why should the reader care?"
Question #2 is "Do you have a specific goal to achieve through your stories or is your story just for pure fun?"
What do you think these authors's will be? Watch out for the next post !
Signing out,
Founder of IBP

subset: commoncrawl


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MOUNTAIN VIEW — Call it hubris. Call it modern science. Google (GOOG) is launching a new company to focus on aging and related health issues, in a self-described "moonshot" effort that will apply some of the tech giant's vast resources and data-crunching savvy to one of the most fundamental challenges of human life.
What will come of the venture is difficult to say: Google released few details about the new company except its name, Calico, and that it will be led by veteran biotech executive Art Levinson, a highly regarded former CEO at Genentech who's also chairman of Apple's (AAPL) board of directors.
But the prospect is intriguing, both because of Google's reputation for pursuing offbeat ideas and its impact on other sectors of the tech industry, from online search and Internet advertising to Web-based email and mobile computing.
"This is clearly a long-term bet," Google CEO Larry Page said Wednesday. He added in a statement: "With some longe-term, moonshot thinking around health care and biotechnology, I believe we can improve millions of lives."
The 40-year-old Page, who has struggled with health problems affecting his vocal chords, is one of several tech leaders who have thrown their weight behind efforts to prolong human life and ease the travails of aging. Oracle (ORCL) CEO Larry Ellison put a chunk of his fortune into a namesake foundation that supports research in age-related medicine, while PayPal cofounder Peter Thiel is known for backing biotech startups working to extend human life.
Google cofounder Sergey Brin and Levinson are among prominent backers of the multimillion-dollar Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences program, and Google is an investor in the DNA-testing startup 23andMe, where Brin's wife, Anne Wojcicki, is cofounder and CEO.
To some extent, their interest may be personal, said Paul Saffo, a veteran futurist and longtime Silicon Valley observer. As they get older, he noted, "the 30-somethings who launched the dot-com revolution are suddenly looking at mortality."
But health care is also a lucrative business that's ripe for new and disruptive thinking, Saffo added. "Health is an enormously large industry that's enormously inefficient," he said, "so it's only natural that someone would say, 'There's money to be made here.' "
While Google's primary business is in Internet advertising, Page has increasingly pushed the tech giant to pursue other so-called "moonshot" projects that have no immediate financial payoff, such as its driverless car and the wearable computer known as Glass. With more than $50 billion in revenue last year, the company has ample cash to invest in new ventures.
In brief statements, Page and Levinson glossed over any specific plans for products or how the new company will make money. It's unclear if Calico will open its own medical labs, although a person familiar with the venture said it will undoubtedly embrace Google's penchant for collecting vast amounts of data and analyzing it for relationships, trends and causes.
"It's still very early days, so there's not much more to share yet," Page wrote in a post on the Google+ social network.
Google is taking the unusual step of funding Calico as a spinoff company, rather than housing it in the Google X division that oversees Glass and the self-driving car. Levinson, who reportedly owns more than $75 million in Apple stock, is also investing personally in the venture.
A spokesman declined to give details about Calico's financial structure or other leadership, although Page wrote that "new investments like this are very small by comparison to our core business."
Reaction to the venture ranged from skeptical to awestruck. After Page spoke about it in an exclusive interview with Time magazine, the newsweekly headlined this week's cover story: "Can Google solve Death?" That prompted some online jokes about temerity and chutzpah.
Page has said before that he believes technology can solve a variety of human problems. Industry officials, meanwhile, said Levinson's track record in biotech gives Calico some instant credibility.
"Art Levinson is highly regarded by everyone," said Travis Blaschek-Miller, a spokesman for the BayBio, a regional biotech trade group. He noted that Levinson is a trained biochemist who worked as a research scientist at Genentech before he was promoted into management there.
Levinson was CEO from 1995 to 2009 at the thriving biotech company, which is based in South San Francisco but owned by the corporate parent of Swiss health-care giant Hoffman-La Roche. He will remain as a director at Hoffman-La Roche.
Some of Levinson's other corporate ties could be problematic. He and Page became acquainted while Levinson sat on Google's board from 2004 to 2009. But Levinson resigned his seat after federal regulators began looking into concerns about Levinson also serving on the board at Apple, as the two companies were starting to compete head-to-head in mobile computing and other sectors. Google Chairman Eric Schmidt left Apple's board around the same time.
Levinson now will continue as chairman of Apple's board, which could raise new questions about whether Apple and Google are competing or cooperating in the health-care field. Both companies are working on so-called wearable computing devices, which could have potential medical uses.
Contact Brandon Bailey at 408-920-5022; follow him at Twitter.com/brandonbailey.


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Upland Sour: The Ultimate Cranberry Cocktail
On Long Beach Peninsula, that thin finger of sand extending from Southern Washington's coastline, Starvation Alley Farms is busy growing your new favorite cocktail mixer. In a bog surrounded by 10 acres of Northwest farmland, young owners Jared Oakes and Jessika Tantisook wade through the waist-high water to skim and collect cranberries every October. Waterlogged boggers yank thick fistfuls of weeds entangling the crimson haul before sending the berries to be cleaned and flash-frozen (check out photos of Starvation Alley's cranberry harvest).
Each week throughout the year, the team thaws and cold-presses just enough of its berries to make another fresh batch of juice for its growing Northwest fan base at farmers markets, restaurants, and bars—only around 100 gallons a month. It's worth all the trouble: the four-year-old, all-organic operation's mouth-puckering cranberry juice bears little resemblance to the overly sweet, ultrapasteurized supermarket brands you're used to.
At the Woodsman Tavern, beverage director Evan Zimmerman embraces Starvation's labor-intensive version of the oft-maligned mixer: "We've always shrugged our shoulders when people ask for vodka cranberries or cosmopolitans—we refuse to use that Ocean Spray crap." Zimmerman's newest creation, the Upland Sour, a scotch-based cocktail with cardamom spice and a thimbleful of Starvation Alley juice, is proof that cranberries are making a comeback. "You don't need to use much," says Zimmerman, "but, man, does it pack a wallop."
Upland Sour
Combine 1 oz blended scotch, 1 oz applejack, 1 oz cardamom maple syrup,* 1 oz lemon juice, ½ oz egg whites, and a scant ½ oz Starvation Alley cranberry juice** in a mixing glass. Fill with ice and shake. Strain into a lowball glass and serve with ice.
*To make cardamom maple syrup, combine 2 cups Grade B maple syrup and 2 tbsp whole cardamom pods and steep over medium heat for 12–15 minutes. Strain syrup before storing.
**Starvation Alley's "Cranberry for Concoctions" juice is available at Food Front Cooperative Grocery; find more locations online.


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June 2014 TV News Bloopers Are a Total Riot
It's time to tear off another month from the calendar, which can only mean one thing: let's take a look at the best news bloopers.
Here are the finest flubs (be warned: some are NSFW) from June. They should definitely carry you through July.


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Dangers from both within and without make today's security landscape a treacherous one, but one with ample opportunity for security vendors. This is especially true now that the ugly aftermath of last holiday season's Target data breach and the data breaches that hit organizations like JPMorgan Chase, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and the Washington Post, all in December alone, have put enterprise security back in the spotlight. And that's not even taking Edward Snowden into account. Meanwhile, enterprise data environments are growing more complex and more distributed, increasing the challenges of security. In an environment with pressures this intense, how are security vendors adapting? For some, growth is key.
The Big Get Bigger: Orange Business Services Snaps Up Atheos
Earlier this month, Orange Business Services announced its acquisition of French IT identity and security management firm Atheos for an undisclosed amount. Already a titan, with services in 220 nations and territories, staff in 160, and a focus on governments and large enterprise, Orange Business Services, the MSP subsidiary of French telecom Orange S.A., plans to integrate Atheos into the new Orange Cyberdefense brand. This will make Orange Cyberdefense "the largest cyberdefense company in Europe," according to an Orange Business Services statement.
"Our clients know that they may be the target of an attack some day, and they feel that in spite of all the efforts that they have already made to improve their security level, they may not be sufficiently prepared to react efficiently and rapidly when such an attack happens," Nicolas Furgé, head of security services at Orange Business Services, told me.
To assist those clients in preparing for attacks, Orange Cyberdefense will combine Atheos's advanced access control, DLP, and attack detection, analysis, and response capabilities with Orange's global reach and decade of experience in cybersurveillance. "The important thing is not so much the vulnerabilities themselves as the ability to detect the moment when such vulnerabilities are being exploited by an enemy, and the ability to react very rapidly in such a case," Furgé said.
In such a case, how much does size matter? Plenty, according to Orange. When it comes to protecting large enterprises wherever they operate, "there are few players that combine our experience, expertise, and geographical scope," Furgé said.
Cloud Security Spurs Growth: Alert Logic Posts Record Growth
While Orange Cyberdefense builds on its impressive global footprint, other vendors credit their growth to the cloud. In 2013, security-as-a-service vendor Alert Logic posted record numbers, exceeding its $50 million goal for the year and increasing its annual revenue by 42 percent over 2012. The company also released public cloud security solutions for AWS and Windows Azure and integrated its agentless security offering with VMware's NSX network virtualization platform.
Alert Logic specializes in a combination of native security and compliance solutions for cloud-based applications with security analytics and research delivered as a service. Like Orange, the company claims more comprehensive protection than the competition. "Most competitors deliver some, but not all, of these capabilities but do not have the holistic solution for cloud-based security and compliance," Alert Logic CEO Gray Hall told me.
Looking ahead at 2014, Hall said that Alert Logic will continue to capitalize on the demand "in all industry segments for cloud security solutions that really work."
"Our target market is large enough to maintain, or even increase, our historical growth rate for many years," Hall said. And to support that growth, he added, "we now have the resources, breadth, and technical depth to continue improving our degree of innovation and new product launches. 2013 was our best year ever in bringing new products to market, and I expect 2014 to be even better."
Big Investors and Big Customers Lead to Big Gains: HyTrust Grows over 350 Percent in a Year
Last year, cloud and virtualization security vendor HyTrust grew by both acquisition and sales and picked up some new investors, too. Focusing tightly on visibility, role management, and administrative controls within virtual infrastructures, HyTrust touts its ability to protect customers as much from insider threats as from outsiders.
The focus on control looks to have worked well for the company in 2013. HyTrust grew over 350 percent and added customers from the Global 1000 in verticals like financial services, health care, technology, and government, according to Eric Chiu, HyTrust president and co-founder. An oversubscribed Series C funding round brought in $18.5 million in investments, with Intel, Cisco and VMware among the investors, and the acquisition of HighCloud Security brought cloud encryption and key management to HyTrust's portfolio.
Chiu credits both the rise of virtualization and last year's "highly visible breaches"—from Edward Snowden to Target—for increased interest in solutions like HyTrust's. Those breaches, he said, brought "the realization that traditional perimeter-based security is not adequate and a new 'inside-out' approach to security is needed." In 2014, HyTrust plans to continue meeting that demand.
"We will continue to develop the role for HyTrust as a control point in the virtual infrastructure, including tighter integration with the HighCloud technology so that organizations can automate not only what their admins can and can't do but also automate policy to make sure data is secured as well," Chiu said. Additionally, HyTrust is working on "building out greater platform support to enable customers to have consistent control, visibility, and policy enforcement across heterogeneous private, hybrid, and public cloud environments," he said.
In nature as in technology, evolution is a long, incremental process. Sometimes, though, conditions are just right for an evolutionary leap. Could this be happening within the security space now? The globalization of enterprises, the increasing virtualization of network and data environments, and the constant threats of hacking and leaks put great pressure on the security space and give rise to bigger, better (one hopes) security solutions. And the software defined data centers and networks of the future are sure to drive even more innovation. Perhaps Orange Cyberdefense, Alert Logic, and HyTrust are a preview of what's yet to come: a security paradigm that's a whole different animal than what came before.
Header photo courtesy of Shutterstock.
Jude Chao is managing editor of Enterprise Networking Planet. Follow her on Twitter @judechao.


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This is Week 35 in my Beyond the Internet series in which I explore the sources of information beyond our computer screens and the topic is Published Family Histories.
In the course of this series we've mainly been talking about primary records, those original documents created contemporaneously with the event. Published family histories are of course secondary documents and like all such documents need to be assessed for the accuracy and merit of their research, which is why source citations are so important.
Nevertheless it's well worthwhile to check out the indexes to these books to see if your family name appears, however peripherally (mine usually remain elusive!). You may gain a lot or you may gain a little. You may even find someone has already done "all" the work on your family. For example there are about 1500 individuals listed in the index to my family history Grassroots Queenslanders, the Kunkel Family. Many of those whose surname wasn't Kunkel had no awareness of their descendancy from this family until I contacted them for the book.
So where do you look for these published family histories?
Well if they are formal publications, legal deposit requirements mean that there should be a copy in the National Library of Australia and the reference library state where the book was published, so that's your first port of call. Only infrequently will you find them through booksellers as most aren't going to be big money-spinners. Other places where you stand a good chance of finding them are regional family history societies or the Society of Australian Genealogists (SAG), or the Australian Institute of Genealogical Studies (AIGS). Australian family historians are also fortunate that there's a publication called Australian Family Histories by Ralph Reid, which provides a bibliography and index of family histories known to be published in Australia.
So to summarise, you can look for published family histories in these places:
- your national library (legal deposit)
- your state reference library (legal deposit)
- your local/state family history library
- the family history library where your ancestors lived
- a national family history society eg SAG or AIGS.
- a publication which may summarise all family histories published.
Have you had any success with discoveries in a published family history? If so, why not share with all of us either in the comments or on your blog.


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Our pasty-faced and pencil-necked in-laws at Kotaku uncovered a possible strap-on steering wheel peripheral for the upcoming Nintendo Wii that might just add a new dimension to car chasing on the game console. According to Wii watchers at Go Nintendo:
"Ubisoft's Japan-developed GT Pro Series—which may or may not be a Wii launch title, depending on where you get your information from—will come with an attachment of some sort that will make it a 'must-have'. We're guessing a clip-on steering wheel. Developed by the people behind the GT Advance series, the game will include over 80 licensed vehicles."
Who cares about the PlayStation 3 or Xbox 360? We've got Wii! Or, we will, someday, and probably on time, too.
Wii Strap-On Steering Wheel? [Kotaku]


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For screen reader problems with this website, please call313-381-14923 1 3 3 8 1 1 4 9 2Standard carrier rates apply to texts.
Use this maintenance brush to remove lint from your dryer where the lint screen is in the front or use it to clean your refrigerator coils. Cleaning refrigerator coils is part of regular maintenance for most refrigerators. Using the coil brush once a month to remove dust and other airborne particles on your refrigerator's condenser coils can save energy, ensure proper performance, and extend the life of your refrigerator. The coil brush's soft bristles will not harm the coils.
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Young Rewired State was born back in 2009 when a small group of us decided that we needed to bring the open government data revolution to the next generations. Our intention was to show them what had been fought and won on their behalf for democracy and scrutiny, introduce them to the potential for open data, open government or otherwise, in a non-dull way.
Google hosted that first weekend for us but the legend now goes that it took us three months and a massive credit card bill for hotels and trains to find 50 coding kids in the whole of the UK for a single weekend hackathon at the much-lauded Google HQ in London. Our original sign-up was three kids… three… for a free weekend in Google HQ London.
- schools were not teaching programming, computer science, or anything really other than the PE/Geography/any spare teacher showing the kids how to turn on a computer and use Word/Excel/How to photoshop a kitten pic (the only nod to programming – some of you will get this)
- this was not something the teachers were happy about and I found acres of frustrated geeky teachers fighting a Latin Goliath
- young people were being driven to teaching themselves, something well-served online with a tonne of lessons on YouTube, websites with individual lessons in the greatest detail, should you care to look, but these kids were isolated and bullied
- some/many were being failed at school <- when I posted that blog post 25,000 people on Hacker News clicked on it within the first hour…
M'esteemed colleagues were well-renowned software engineers and designers and did not have the capacity to fight this particular fight, except by continuing to do good – most of whom are now in the UK Government Digital Service – but I was able enough, and I was a Mum and I was an entrepreneur, and I was an open government data campaigner – and I had to stay to do something.
Through personal and professional means I turned myself into a lobbying machine to teach our kids to code and, through Rewired State, continued to run Young Rewired State as an annual event, growing from 50 kids to 600 kids, now 1000.
I gave up my job.
I fought battles.
I lost battles.
I won them.
I did school runs.
I got cross about girl engineers (lack of).
I wrote.
I did.
I talked (although I am not a natural speaker – BetaBlockers FTW).
And I found a community of fabulous people: Mathematica, CodeClub, Mozilla, Nominet, Nesta, Raspberry Pi, Raspberry Jam, MadLab, Birmingham City Council, CoderDojo, Treehouse, General Assembly – seriously so many people… and now I feel like I can step back from that fight now. I have been as much use as I can be… and a *lot* is happening.
I need to look to the future and I need to re-focus the kids we are now finding in increasing numbers, and as the others teach them how to code, and as the others fight the battle with institutions and education – I want to go back to what we wanted to do in the first place.
And so I think now is the time, as we grow beyond the UK, to re-focus what we are doing on finding these kids and introducing them to Open Government Data. I will always fight for education, but I fight for democracy, transparency and accountability over all – and I would like our children to grow up understanding Open Data as freely as they understand Open Source.
Starting now…
Our aim is to find and foster every child driven to teach themselves how to code – and introduce them to open government data


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email : email@example.com
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The performance contains traditional Cambodian dances such as Apsara Dance, Peacock Dance, Shiva Dance, Bokator (traditional Khmer martial art).
- Click on the ticket to book one of our packages! SPECIAL DISCOUNT FOR EVERY ONLINE BOOKING, click here for more information!
- Smile of Angkor, an evocation of life in the majestic temple of Angkor Vat at the time of Suryavarman II.
The show is 70 minutes long and is divided into six chapters: "Dialogue with God", "Glorious Kingdom", "Resurrection of the Gods", "Churning the Sea of Milk", "Prayer for Life and "Smile of Angkor".
- Our theater is located in Siem Reap, Cambodia
SHOW TIME: 7:30pm to 8:45pm (75 minutes, every evening)
If the regular show at 19:30 is full, we will add another show. Then the show time is set at


text:
How the poor debtors still sell their daughters, How in the drought men still grow fat
December 29, 2011 at 8:01 am gabrielrossman 21 comments
| Gabriel |
[Update 12/18/2012: Struck through the bit about Apple because I think people make way too big of a deal about this. It's an isolated mistake in a very long book, big deal. I used strike-through rather than out-right deleting it to preserve the record. On the other hand I stand by my criticism of the "tribute" thesis of chapter 12 as this is not nitpicking but a substantive disagreement with a sustained argument. In retrospect I might have changed a word here or there in my take on "tribute," but overall I think my argument holds up.]
I recently read Graeber's Debt: The First Five Thousand Years and found it to be very impressive and thought-provoking. As an indication of how impressed I was, I'll just say that: I've recommended it to several people, I'm citing it in one of my next papers, I'm very seriously considering assigning it as a text when I prep econ soc sometime in the next couple years, and it inspired me to go back and read The Gift by Mauss and several journal articles. I'd long been vaguely aware of the anthropology of exchange through my exposure to Zelizer and Fiske, but had never read very deeply in it and so I learned a lot. Debt is written as "big history" (not unlike JLM's Social Structures and Fukuyama's OoPO) and this gives it a different character than the more cross-sectional approaches taken by Mauss, Zelizer, or Fiske.
Large parts of the book could better be called Commerce: The First 5,000 Years or Exchange: The First 5,000 Years. However there are a few places where Graeber explicitly tackles debt. The most widely known of these (in part because Graeber opened a can of whup-ass on some guy at Mises who tenaciously stuck to the discredited view) is the origins of money. The received view from Adam Smith which still persists in econ textbooks is that primordial exchange takes the form of barter but that barter suffers from the "double coincidence of wants" problem wherein A can only trade with B if A has something B desires and vice versa. In this model, money lubricates exchange by creating a universal medium of exchange. As Graeber shows, this model of pre-monetized exchange assumes arms-length transactions whereas almost all documented exchange in primitive cultures is thoroughly embedded and takes one form or another of communal sharing or gift exchange. That is, delayed reciprocity is typical and this avoids the problem of coincidence of wants. From the economist's perspective delayed reciprocity introduces further issues of trust, time preference, etc and thus is a more complex form of exchange than barter, but this is because (at least on this issue) economists are acting as arm chair philosophers of the social contract and it is the anthropologists who are (at least on this issue) being good empiricists.
The important exception to the "barter is a myth" point is that Graeber argues that arms-length exchange does occur in primitive cultures, but only between and not within meaningful social units and that such arms-length exchange is somewhat sketchy and dangerous. More broadly, one of the central points of the book is that arms length exchange in general and market economies in particular require the disembedding of people and commodities from their social context. Graeber sees this process as often violent and he makes a powerful argument that this originates with slavery, both in antiquity and in early modern Africa.
Other interesting points he makes on debt are various ways that it becomes a moral obligation such that debtors are seen as sinners and religious salvation is seen as a spiritual analog to redemption. This helps explain something I never completely understood when watching The Sopranos, which is why gangsters first go to the trouble of getting someone to incur an illegal debt before shaking them down? It turns out that the point of loan-sharking instead of mere naked extortion is the victim feels a certain moral obligation to repay the debt and so loan sharks exploiting gambling addicts has the same logic as how many grifts (e.g., 419 advanced-fee fraud, the fiddle game, etc.) first involve the victim as co-conspirator in a crime against a real or imagined third party. Moreover, Graeber makes the bold point towards the end of the book that debt can drive people to do things that they otherwise would be morally averse to, with his example being the conquistadores.
This is all fascinating but it depends a lot on how much you trust Graeber's empirical claims. For instance, was it really true that everyday economic life in early modern Britain was largely cashless and instead used a combination of token currencies, informal credit, and asynchronous barter? Maybe, I really don't know. I'd like to trust Graeber on this but I don't know if I can since he gets some things pretty wrong, or at least dubious. At Unfogged there's a review (and a very funny comments thread) pointing out that the following sentence contains six factual claims all of which are incorrect:
Apple Computers is a famous example: it was founded by (mostly Republican) computer engineers who broke from IBM in Silicon Valley in the 1980s, forming little democratic circles of twenty to forty people with their laptops in each other's garages. This is not exactly stuff written in the cuneiform of Mesopotamian diplomacy, the barbarian law codes of mediaeval Ireland, or the field notes of Victorian anthropologists, but something that occurred in suburban California around the time I was born and concerns the extremely well documented origins of one of the world's biggest firms. If Graeber gets this wrong, how can we trust him about the stuff that's harder to check, like all that business about barbarian law codes.
The thing that really bothers me though (because it's more than an isolated sentence) is the last few chapters, which argue that America's current account deficit constitutes military tribute. He means this literally. For instance, he suggests that the Iraq War was punishment for Iraq switching to the euro — meanwhile back in reality the euro area itself overlaps pretty closely with NATO and several eurozone countries invaded Iraq together with the United States. I guess we've just been too busy punishing Iraq for using euros to get around to dropping a few bombs on the European Central Bank which actually issues those euros. (This is pretty strange since the ECB is just a few minutes of flight time from a massive USAF base, so bombing it would be a very convenient way to ensure the continued flow of tribute).
When I first read this military tribute argument in the early 1990s (in Chomsky's Deterring Democracy) it made a lot of sense to me, but two things were different then:
- I was a lot younger, less informed about economics, and more paranoid in my political thinking.
- In the early 1990s the US government's major foreign debt holders were countries that could plausibly be described as military protectorates (Japan, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, etc.). Now the single largest holder of US government debt is the People's Republic of China. For those of you following at home, China is most certainly not a US military protectorate but our major geostrategic rival against whom a post-GWOT DOD is orienting its strategic doctrine.
Graeber addresses problem #2 head on and tries to explain this away by some convoluted argument that I can't even reproduce but I find his argument much less plausible than the more parsimonious explanation that the Chinese are buying t-bills (a) as a store of value (b) as a medium of exchange and (c) as a tacit export subsidy that suits their domestic politics. That is, they buy t-bills for basically the same reasons as everybody else, including those countries where we have Air Force or Navy bases. This deliberate obtuseness about how a reserve currency works and the paranoid understanding that it is provincial tribute is by far the worst part of the book. I'm trying to draw a fact/value distinction between my lack of sympathy for his political positions and his empirical claims as I'd like to think that when reading someone with whom I disagree I can distinguish between their empirical claims that are well-supported, debatable, and downright nuts. That is to say I don't think these chapters upset me because they are normatively "anti-American" but because as an empirical matter they badly fail to understand how (for better or worse) American power works.
This business about tribute is at the end so I'd like to say that I recommend the book but that you stop on page 365, right before he gets his Chomsky on, but I honestly worry whether I can trust the parts of the book I'm not as informed about. This is the 13th chime of the clock, the brown M&Ms in the Van Halen dressing room; pick your metaphor, but this business about Apple computer and especially about Chinese t-bill holdings ultimately makes me take a "trust but verify" attitude towards a book that I found both extremely enjoyable and intellectually inspirational as I was reading it. My recommendation is that people interested in exchange read the book, but do so with an appropriate degree of skepticism and look to see reactions from historians and anthropologists who are qualified to assess the empirical claims. Also see other reviews at Understanding Society and OrgTheory. [Update 2/23/12, also see the Crooked Timber symposium. Like all of their book clubs it's truly excellent]
Entry filed under: Uncategorized. Tags: economic sociology.
21 Comments
>> Now the single largest holder of US government debt is the People's Republic of China.
The single largest holder of US gov. debt is the US Federal Reserve.
Thanks for posting this. I was hoping that others would see what I saw in the book. The thing is, I'm certainly open to criticisms of American "imperialist" foreign policy (as such), but when they are presented in such a paranoid style, with such naked contempt, it indeed makes me distrust the other statements from the author. But, like you, I do recommend the book. There is a lot there that is interesting.
One correction, he does mention the "tribute" theory near the beginning of the book, before revisiting it again near the end. So, stopping early won't help a reader avoid the crazy.
What's wrong with "naked contempt" when it is deserved?
I don't see what's wrong with being contemptuous of Americans. Most educated people in the world are. I say the more contemptuous you are, probably the more clear-eyed you are about their foreign policy.
And since when has Chomsky been discredited? To my knowledge, he's bested all of his detractors.
[…] How the poor debtors still sell their daughters, How in the drought men still grow fat « Code and C…: […]
[…] Gabriel Rossman: How the poor debtors still sell their daughters, How in the drought men still grow fat « Code and Culture: At Unfogged there's a review (and a very funny comments thread) pointing out that the following sentence contains six factual claims all of which are incorrect: […]
[…] in it would not preclude giving a book to undergraduates to read, but as other bloggers (see here, here, and here) have pointed out, Graeber's book contains a sentence with no less than six […]
Thanks for an interesting review. I was following Graeber for a while, but I haven´t read anything from him yet. It is always intriguing to read some interesting economic analysis from somebody, who is (or at least pretends to be) an anarchist.
But your point about inaccuracy in his thoughts makes me rethink it again. We all know that each one of us perceives the reality in a bit different way, but those errors he committed were just astounding.
Maybe I will just get back to my favorite economic scientist prof. Stiglitz, who with his careful analysis and more insider approach names the current problems of the system (like for example Privatizing Profits, Socializing Losses). Or I will just listen to some mp3 with Noam Chomsky giving speech at Catholic University of Chile (yeah the same one famous for having and agreement with Chicago university back in times of Milton Friedman).
[…] the seignorage afforded by the $US role as global reserve currency represents a form of tribute. Here's someone who disagrees. Here's someone else who […]
I stumbled across this through CT symposium (Farrell linked to you). Nice post.
I have one question though. Could you point me to where Chomsky claims the "military tribute" thesis as you call it? I haven't read Deterring Democracy in a while, but I don't recall it. A section would be sufficient.
Of course, as you said, it is quite possible when Chomsky made this argument in the early 90s that it was true (or at least more plausible).
This is mainly for my own intellectual satisfaction in finding a few of the errors (I have found very few) in Chomsky's work.
[…] clear that his argument is actually based primarily in two reviews written about Debt a while back: One by Gabriel Rossman and the other by Henry Farrell at Crooked Timber. Both have a lot of good things to say about […]
I think Graeber's anthropological evidence is inarguable. But. It stands to reason that neighbor tribes, who mitigated the terms of external-barter more peacefully than others, would have realized the positive-sum gains from continuing to trade voluntarily. Recognizing these gains, these people would have had plenty of incentive to continue. And they would have suffered from the dual coincidence of wants problem, and invented money to do their trading.
So here's a proposition. There is astounding variation in language among indigenous people. But this is a situation we are left with today — a bunch of outlier languages and groups in the New Guinea Highlands whose languages are completely mutually incomprehensible. What if, in mesopotamia where groups' languages would not have suffered the isolation and "genetic drift" of the evolution of their languages, groups who occasionally traded with one another had an easier time of it because their languages were closer to one another. Lower transactions costs. More trust. More trade. It stands to reason that early city states evolved out of the peaceful cooperation and co-evolution of tribes who increasingly traded with one another further and further, and specialized and divided labor internally (as firms now do).
Of course, enforcement becomes an issue, as do public goods, and the usual rent seeking — so we see States come along for this ride. But it's not clear that the early emergence of states was built exclusively on enslaving and conquering. Nor especially markets.
I think Graeber's story is extremely important to economic sociology. The same situation he describes for tribes thousands of years ago still exists today. Letting a tribe = an organization or firm, we see that even down to the present, a majority of social exchange takes place *within* organizations by way of delayed reciprocity and social scripts — and that priced, market transactions take place *between* them.


text:
I'm going to start with a question for Nico, Mark and Kimi, as, with all due respect to our back row, I think you three gentlemen are best placed to challenge Sebastian Vettel for victory this weekend. He's won the last five races, he's won both Indian Grand Prix from pole position and he's led every lap as well. Simple question Nico: how do you beat a man in such form?
Nico Rosberg: Well, I'm here to do that, that's for sure and the last couple of races have not really gone to plan, a lot of bad luck also. But, I have a very good car at the moment. I think the Red Bull is a bit quicker than us but you never know, you know. If we really get everything right on a weekend like here in India then it's possible to beat Mark and Sebastian in that car. That's what I'm here to do, so I'll give it everything and we'll see.
What about you Kimi? What have you got up your sleeve?
Kimi Raikkonen: I think I have to do a bit better in qualifying. That would help a lot. That would give ourselves a good chance then to try to beat them. It's not just only them though, so we'll see what happens here.
It's tricky Mark, you were on pole in Japan, it didn't quite work out in the race, but what's the secret? Can Sebastian be beaten?
Mark Webber: He's on a phenomenal run obviously and as you said his stats here in the last few years he's been pretty strong. It needs a perfect weekend - pole, perfect race, perfect strategy, perfect everything to obviously put him off the top step, so that's got to be the plan.
I wish you all perfection this weekend. Back to you in a few moments. Max, if I can turn to you next. Japan, your fastest qualifying lap there beat both Caterhams and your team-mate Jules Bianchi. Was that your lap of the season?
Max Chilton: It was one of them. Obviously, it was a bit of a standout performance because we managed to out-qualify both Caterhams and Jules, but I've had good laps in the year and I've been very happy with certain laps but in Japan we just managed to get things right. It was a bit of a manic last lap and I managed to just get enough space and just got the most out of the car and the car performed well. As Nico said earlier, if you get everything right then you get good performances.
I'll ask Giedo about the perspective from the Caterham side of things but Marussia are still hanging on to 10th place in the Constructors' Championship with four races to go. It's vitally important, financially, for a team to finish in that 10th spot not 11th, so how are things? Nervy, tense, determined, excited?
MC: It's definitely tense but I believe that when you're passionate and working on the best result possible, you get the best out of yourself and the team. At the moment we're doing that. It's definitely going to be tight but we've got 10th at the moment and we're hoping to keep it that way until the end of the season.
What about from the Caterham side, Giedo? Anything can happen I'm sure in the last four races but is there extra pressure given that you're not the team in 10th at the moment?
Giedo Van der Garde: Yeah, a little bit. Of course for us it's very important to get the 10th place back. I think the last few races we've seen that we've always been in front in the race compared with Marussia, so the one thing we need is a little luck and the only thing we can do is maximise ourselves, maximise the car, maximise the team and the rest is luck.
Well, good luck with the luck if it comes your way. Daniel, it's been a few weeks since you were announced as a Red Bull driver for next year and you've had time to come to terms with that announcement. How has life changed? Has the attention grown race by race?
Daniel Ricciardo: No, not really. I think around the time of the announcement it was pretty hectic with the media and everything but it's nicely calmed down now. It's good. I'm sure once I hop in the car next year it will probably rise again but it's been a quiet few weeks. I had a bit of time to myself, which is good.
Have you started to focus on what you need to do next year against a man who is likely to be a four-time world champion, or is the focus still on this season? How do you cope with that?
DR: Definitely still my main focus is on this year. Obviously aware of the competition I'll be up against next year and slowly employing a few things to help me out for January and to settle in with the team but yeah, still very much focussed on the rest of the year with Toro Rosso. I guess once the season's over after Brazil I'll make the conversion, start getting in the simulator and trying to figure out what makes Seb so quick and try to learn quickly.
Nico, this morning, tell us about your bus journey into the track. Kind of a special bus ride with some under-privileged children, stepping out of the Formula One bubble for a moment.
NR: Yeah, it's nice. I'm involved in the Laureas Sport for Good programme, so this morning I took a bus journey to the track with a whole bunch of children from the local community. In the end just trying to be a little bit of an inspiration to them, to show how good sport is for personal development really, to learn about discipline and to learn to be with people and respect other people and things like that. Also, to show them the importance of education. That was the aim - but they also had a great time. We had a good time, we played a bit of soccer together, and showed them the racing car. So, that's good, yeah, a very nice programme.
Brings you down to Earth a little bit, I suppose?
NR: Yeah.
Kimi, this is your second year coming to race in India. Do you notice the popularity that you have? Does it spur you on when you get to the track? Does it give you extra motivation?
KR: I think it's very nice to have it but I mean I've only really seen the hotel this morning, from the airport to the hotel, and the circuit. So, especially today there were not many people when we came here - so I feel it less than at many other places but I'm happy that there are fans here. This circuit is nice and hopefully we can have a good weekend for all of them.
When you come to what is still a relatively new venue, would you like to take more time out to see a bit of India?
KR: Yeah - but I think it'd be a little nicer if you come when it's not a race weekend, so when you have proper time and not during the weekend. But for sure I'm sure there's a lot of nice places to go and see.
And for Mark, your last time in India in Formula One, four races to go now. Do you relax more as the final race approaches or does the desire to get that one more win - at least - intensify race by race?
MW: My mentality hasn't really changed, mate, from the start of the year. Still enjoying driving the car to a degree and no exception to that. The last grand prix, obviously the best racing track in the world in Suzuka - unfortunately they can't design them like that any more - but it's a beautiful circuit. This is not bad and yeah, some good tracks to look forward to. That's the bit that I still enjoy - to a degree. And... yeah, I think the last four is not really changing how I go about it. It would be nice to get a top result before the year's out but... yeah... it'll be four weeks and that's it.
Would it change your view of Formula One and how you remember the sport if you didn't get one more win?
MW: No, wouldn't change it.
Still look back fondly?
MW: yeah, of course. I would never have thought when I left Australia the results and the career that I've had. So, another win or so, of course it would be nice but it's not going to change my retirement too much.
Questions From The Floor
(Abhishek Takle - Richland F1) Mark, following the last race, you said you were surprised at the switch in strategy from a two stop to a three stopper. Having gone over all of the data, do you still feel the two stop was quicker, or are you satisfied with the strategy switch?
MW: I haven't gone over any data whatsoever from the last race. I still stand by what I said at the time but obviously a bit surprised that we elected to do that. Having a three stop, you've got to pass two cars to win the race instead of maybe sticking to a two where we just focused on trying to beat Romain. What I said at the time is still pretty accurate today.
(Sandeep Sikdar - IndoAsian News Service) Nico, Mark and Kimi, we're quite uncertain about the future of Formula One here in India. I wanted to know what exactly is the feeling in the paddock regarding visiting India, coming to India for the Grand Prix?
NR: The track is fantastic to drive, they've done a really good job with that. There's a growing fan base and a lot of fans in India. It's great to be here and it's a pity that there's no Indian Grand Prix next year and I hope that maybe some time in the future we can come back again.
MW: Yeah, Nico's right. Obviously the fan base is certainly growing very very fast. I know cricket is the number one sport here by a long way but they've certainly shown some incredible enthusiasm to try and understand and get some... attract some interest in the sport. They're proud to have a very very high profile sport which Formula One is and the track layout is sensational. The enthusiasm.. they're doing what they can to hold a very nice event here but it doesn't seem to have been enough for next year. I hope that we can come back in the future.
(Bharat Sharma - IndoAsian News Service) For the front row, if you talk about the track, most drivers have praised the track, they like the layout but as far as overtaking is concerned, there's only the first sector which has a real chance of overtaking, so how do you see the track in terms of overtaking opportunities?
MW: That's generally the case at a lot of circuits actually. There's not any more than one or two chances these days. The second and third sector are quite quick, it's not easy to get a move done there so yeah, most of the focus is on the first sector and the beginning of the sector. But that's not against the circuit, that's how a lot of tracks are and we like the rest of the rhythm and the layout because it's quite challenging, it's quite quick, a little bit of undulation so there's a lot of good qualities inside this circuit. As you said, the racing maybe hasn't been super exciting over the last few years, maybe it's not going to be the same on Sunday but time will tell.
Is that right, Kimi, there's really only the first sector where you can get past?
KR: In a normal situation, yes, but on some of the circuits there's not even one place. You might get a chance in some other places - it depends - but it's a good race circuit. Last year I got stuck behind (another car) but that can happen anywhere.
It rather drives the set-up, Nico, doesn't it? It's a compromise track anyway, but you need to give yourself that chance of getting some overtaking done?
NR: Yeah, but it's OK, the track has what it needs to be able to overtake well and for there to be exciting races. They've extended the DRS zone a bit to try and make it easier to overtake - see how that goes, should be in the right direction.
(Ajay Devadason - Sify.com) Mark, is it a cause for concern that the series that you're moving to recently had a fatality in their event?
MW: At Le Mans? Look, we know motor racing can be dangerous. It was very very tragic, obviously, that they had a fatality this year and they've certainly learned from that accident, I believe. Every time we step into a racing car there's obviously risk; I accept those risks as we all do and they are always going to try and find ways to improve motor sport to a degree which is finding the levels of safety and risk-taking to the right levels. I'm certainly very comfortable with my decision, what I'm doing in the future and looking forward to it.
(Paolo Ianieri - La Gazzetta dello Sport) Kimi, in the last few races, Lotus seem to have been the second team after Red Bull. Do you think that you have the chance to try to grab second place in the Constructors' championship in the last four races and that this could be a place to win?
KR: That's the aim for us but it's hard to say if it's going to happen. It seems that the last races have been strong for our team but I have to qualify better, to put myself up there and maybe try to win some races but it will not be easy.
Max and Giedo, you are the only two men here whose futures aren't yet set for next year, or not so that we know about. Could you both please rate your chances of staying both within Formula One next year and with wearing the same uniforms?
GvdG: Of course I hope to stay in (F1) next year but the management is very busy, talking to some teams, also Caterham. At the moment, they told me to be focused for the last four races and I'm doing that, but hopefully we will have some news soon, but it's still far away.
MC: Yeah, I think my chances are looking good. Nothing's set in stone yet. I've learned in GP2 how much continuity can help. I'd love to stay with Marussia again because you always get more out of yourself when you know the team, it's a natural progression. We have been contacted by other teams but at the moment we know where we want to be and we're not far away from it now.
Do you two both feel you've met your targets and your goals for this year?
GvdG: Yeah, I think so. At the beginning, I struggled a little bit, then in the middle of the season everything fell into place and since then I've good speed, still have to improve the qualifying a little bit but race pace has been very good.
MC: Yeah, I think to be honest it took me a little bit longer than I was expecting to kind of get up to speed. I think it's hard without the testing, but from the August break, when you have a bit of time to go through everything with the team, we had a really good sit down and picked on key areas where you can really enhance your performance and since then, I think I've proved why I deserve to be here and I'm hoping to keep that on until the end of the year.
(Vinayak Pande - AutoX) Kimi, given the way Lotus is performing towards the end of this season and how Fernando has been struggling recently, how do you feel about your decision going to Ferrari next year?
KR: Good, otherwise I wouldn't have made the decision if I didn't think it was right for myself. It's so competitive... and the rules, nobody really knows how it's going to work out next year.
(Sandeep Sikdar - IndoAsian News Service) Nico and Mark, Pirelli have brought different tyre compounds this year unlike the last two years, how do you think they will affect the lap times?
NR: I'm not sure. The cars are also so much quicker this year. It's been very variable throughout the season. You've never been able to predict how we're going to go, in terms of lap times from one track to another. Sometimes we're faster, sometimes the same, so it changes all the time and I don't know yet for this weekend.
MW: Yeah, very difficult to predict how the tyres will behave. We know how sensitive they are. Even when we had the slight change of construction during the year we see some teams coming forward, some teams going back, some drivers being happy, some drivers less happy. The tyres are super super sensitive. I think we will find out here whether it's... last year was quite easy on the tyres, we had a pretty comfortable one stop. Whether that's possible again, I'm not sure. We will find out on Friday with the long runs, maybe.
Mark, your teammate is going to be a consecutive four time World Champion and obviously you've had your differences with him, you're not the best of friends but as his teammate, and somebody who's worked with him closely for quite a few years now, can you shed some light on Sebastian Vettel, the racer and the four time World Cham... or soon to be four time World Champion?
MW: Yeah, obviously he's had an incredible run. Some of the championships have been tight, some less tight. Obviously '11 and this year have been pretty much a non-event but 2010 and 2012 were up to the last race. I think he's certainly done an incredible job. I think he's been very strong on the Pirellis; obviously (on) the Bridgestones was probably a little bit tighter but on Pirellis he's certainly been very strong and no real weaknesses on those tyres so it's been strong for him. Just super consistent and that's what's made him strong, obviously, and also getting the most out of the package. Obviously the car's been quick and he's capitalised on a lot of venues. He's won with a dominant car but also he's won with a car which some races is probably not... certainly over those four years to win races he probably shouldn't have won races. That's also been a quality of his.
(Unnatee Gidithuri - Auto India Magazine) To you all, what are all of your opinions on the Indian Formula One fans?
DR: I think that as the boys touched on earlier, it's growing each year we come here, there seems to be getting more and more interest. It's good, there are a lot of seats to fill here. Unfortunately they are not always full but they are filling up each year so that's good. I don't think a sport can grow overnight and it does take time. It's definitely gone in the right direction.
MC: It's obviously got huge possibilities. I think there's over a billion that live in India and that, from my calculations, is a seventh of the world, so it's probably got one of the biggest potential markets anywhere in the world, so it's a shame we're not back here next year but there's a lot of other countries that want a Grand Prix as well. It is a bit of a shame.
GvdG: I think it's good to be back here. It is a special place, especially when you see cows on the street, dogs! It's different to Europe and I have to say I quite like it. It's good to see different environments, the track is very nice. Of course, it's my second time here. Last year I saw some friends in the grandstand and hopefully this year there are going to be more.
I think you tweeted a photo of a cow in the road, Nico.
NR: We had a bit of a close call yesterday because the cow decided it was going to cross the motorway just in front of us but we managed to keep out of its way, let it cross over nicely and then we could continue.
Mark, Kimi's touched on his love of India, what about yourself?
MW: Yeah, you can see the enthusiasm. Again, I don't want to talk about the cricket too much but you see how much they love their sport with the cricket, they are super passionate about it and the same here, they want to understand, they're very willing to understand the sport as quick as they can. It's been a very quick snapshot for them, in terms of coming to the circuit and seeing the cars and maybe having the drivers as heroes for them. What's also been interesting for me in such a short period of time is also the journalists here and the people are making such a good effort. Their questions, even away from the track, and different things... they're quite knowledgeable on our sport, they want to understand which is a big advancement on some of the other fresh countries that we go to which are super super naive. A lot of good positives about it, so it's a shame it's not here again.
Did you watch the one day yesterday?
MW: It was washed out, wasn't it? Not lucky for us: 296 or 293.
(Rachit Thukral - RachF1) Daniel Ricciardo, two years ago you were racing for HRT. At that time, could you imagine that you could be racing for Red Bull one day?
DR: Seemed like a fair way away at the time but I think that going back years before that, since I got Red Bull supporting me and knowing what opportunities I had with them, then I think anything was possible. A lot of it was up to me. With HRT, I knew there was a bit of a road to travel on, but yeah, it's come along quite quickly, obviously to my delight and as I've said, I can't wait but if you would have said, back in 2011, that I would be in a Red Bull seat in 2014 then I would have smiled and said 'beauty.' One other thing I found out, just touching on the cricket, apparently myself and Mark don't come from Australia. We come from Ricky Ponting country! That's what they all say. Nice.
(Vinayak Pande - AutoX) Mark, it's your last season in F1. Do you think the sport is in good shape going into the future with the new regulations? Do you think that's a good direction for F1 to be taking, or are you going to a technologically more sound series, in terms of sports car racing?
MW: Again, pretty good question. To be fair, I think Formula One needed a bit of a facelift in terms of technology, which they're going to get next year. Maybe it's not what we all want in terms of all the electric stuff and those type of things but that's the way all the manufacturing and all those types of things are going in terms of car production, so Formula One should be the benchmark in terms of rolling that stuff out. How it's going to go in terms of a spectacle only time will tell. I'm sure it's going to be good. The main thing with Formula One is the drivers, the drivers are the important thing. You can have what cars you want but if you've still got the best drivers out there then that's the most important thing. But in terms of sports cars and Formula One, obviously the technology is going to be very similar. Sports cars now are super technical as well as Formula One will be next year. As long as the smaller teams can have a chance, I think that whenever you make a big regulation change like we are going to do next year, the midfield and the smaller teams are really going to be stretched, so I think that the gap between Mercedes, Red Bull, Ferrari, McLaren maybe is probably going to be bigger.
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Chemical and Process Engineering Resources
Correlations for Convective Heat TransferNov 08 2010 01:20 PM | bspang in Heat Transfer
In many cases it's convenient to have simple equations for estimation of heat transfer coefficients. Below is a collection of recommended correlations for single-phase convective flow in different geometries as well as a few equations for heat transfer processes with change of phase. Note that all equations are for mean Nusselt numbers and mean heat transfer coefficients.
ÂSection 1: Forced Convection Flow Inside a Circular Tube
All properties at fluid bulk mean temperature (arithmetic mean of inlet and outlet temperature).
Nusselt numbers Nu0 from sections 1-1 to 1-3 have to be corrected for temperature-dependent fluid properties according to section 1-4.
|Eq. (1)
|Eq. (2)
|Eq. (3)
1-1 Thermally Developing, Hydrodynamically Developed Laminar Flow (Re<2300)
Constant wall temperature:
|Eq. (4)
Constant wall heat flux:
|Eq. (5)
1-2 Simultaneously Developing Laminar Flow (Re<2300)
Constant wall temperature:
|Eq. (6)
Constant wall heat flux:
|Eq. (7)
which is valid over the range 0.7 < Pr < 7 or if Re Pr D/L < 33 also for Pr > 7.
1-3 Fully Developed Turbulent and Transition Flow (Re>2300)
Constant wall heat flux:
|(Petukhov, Gnielinski)
|Eq. (8)
Constant wall temperature:
For fluids with Pr > 0.7 correlation for constant wall heat flux can be used with negligible error.
1-4 Effects of Property Variation with Temperature
Liquids, laminar and turbulent flow:
|Eq. (9)
Subscript w: at wall temperature, without subscript: at mean fluid temperature.
Gases, laminar flow:
Nu = Nu0
|Eq. (10)
Gases, turbulent flow:
|Eq. (11)
Temperatures in Kelvin.
Section 2: Forced Convection Flow Inside Concentric Annular Ducts, Turbulent (Re > 2300)
Dh = Do - Di
All properties at fluid bulk mean temperature (arithmetic mean of inlet and outlet temperature).
Heat transfer at the inner wall, outer wall insulated:
|(Petukhov and Roizen)
|Eq. (12)
Heat transfer at the outer wall, inner wall insulated:
|(Petukhov and Roizen)
|Eq. (13)
Heat transfer at both walls, same wall temperatures:
|Eq. (14)
Section 3: Forced Convection Flow Inside Non-Circular Ducts, Turbulent (Re > 2300)
Equations for circular tube with hydraulic diameter:
|Eq. (15)
|Eq. (16)
|Eq. (17)


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ALBANY — It was 14-degrees and icicles were hanging from the disabled power lines as dozens of firefighters battled a stubborn two-alarm fire which started at 159 Dove St. and spread to 161. Smoke and water damage were seen at 157 as well. Gabrielle Gage, a resident of one of the row houses affected, stood across the way near the corner of Myrtle Avenue and Dove. Uncertain of the state of her home and possessions in the three-story structure at 157 Dove St., the only thing on her mind was wondering if her nine cats were okay. "They all hid," she said, surrounded by several friends who came to support her through the challenging incident, which is, she said, the third blaze that has affected her life since two of her prior residences had also caught on fire. "Bad luck would be an understatement." While 157 would likely not need to be razed due to the fire which started around 3:45 p.m. Friday, Chief Robert Forezzi speculated that the other two buildings will have to be demolished. "There was heavy fire," he said of the inferno which had flames and smoke that could be seen from blocks away. The Albany Fire Department had a difficult time, he said, getting to the rear of the building where the blaze appeared to originate. Firefighters had to bring hoses through the houses and there was a partial collapse. On top of the structural safety concerns, the temperatures were below freezing and it started snowing just as the crews got the fire under control, a good two hours after it started. Warren Ogren of 159 Dove St. said he was cooking lunch when he smelled smoke. He tried to fight a fire that he found in the basement with a fire extinguisher that he said he had purchased at a nearby garage sale. "If I had two fire extinguishers, I could have put it out," he said. He had lived at the location since 2011. Though uncertain of the exact cause, he felt that the fire likely started due to a malfunction in the pipes. He sat in the dark with his 3-year-old small dog across the street in the New Hope Ministry, which did not have electricity, since National Grid cut power to the affected and surrounding buildings, but did have hot food and drinks. Forezzi said five were displaced from 161 and one, Ogren, from 159. No one was injured. The cause of the fire is still under investigation. Even though an official cause and origin have not yet been determined, some neighbors and friends of people affected pointed their fingers at Ogren for starting the fire. "These are people's lives. Families now don't have homes," said one woman in front of the Ministry as she spoke with multiple TV crews. Despite the myriad of misfortunes found, many took the opportunity to lend a hand where it was so obviously needed. The New Hope Ministry gave clothes to Ogren who said all he had left in the world were the clothes on his back. CDTA provided a bus where firefighters could warm up and where the affected residents could meet with the Red Cross, which was providing basic necessities like food, and shelter. "I don't even know where I'll be sleeping tonight," said Ogren, before meeting with the Red Cross. Meanwhile, in Saratoga County, a three-alarm fire was burning at the same time as the Albany fire. The Mechanicville blaze started around 5:10 p.m. at 249 South Third St. and spread to 251. Both were two-story edifices and were not attached, police said. Fire crews were still working on the fire at 8:30 p.m. and had just gotten it under control. Emergency responders from Clifton Park, Melrose, Malta Ambulance, Round Lake, Stillwater, Waterford, and Halfmoon were at the scene. Danielle Sanzone may be reached at 270-1292.
VIDEO: Two-alarm blaze on Dove Street in Albany leaves six homeless
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text:
Chicken Stir-Fry
Total: 30 min
Prep: 10 min
Cook: 20 min
Yield: 4 servings
2 tablespoons dark sesame oil, divided
2 garlic cloves, finely minced
2 pounds chicken breasts, skinless and boneless,
1 head broccoli, stems removed
1 dozen mushrooms, sliced
3 carrots, peeled and julienned
1/4 pound green beans, diced
1 head bok choy, chopped,
2 to 3 tablespoons teriyaki sauce
Heat 1 tablespoon oil in a saute pan over medium heat.
Add garlic and stir.
Place the chicken in the pan and brown 4 minutes on each side.
Remove from pan, slice into strips, set aside.
Heat remaining tablespoon of oil in a wok over high heat.
Add the vegetables and teriyaki sauce.
Stir-fry quickly until the vegetables begin to soften.
Add the chicken strips, combine well and continue to cook for 2 to 3 minutes.
Serve immediately.


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Penguins close in on return trip to East finals
NEW YORK (AP) Henrik Lundqvist had little help in front of him and couldn't rescue the New York Rangers from the loss that pushed them to the brink of elimination.
That series-opening overtime win against the Pittsburgh Penguins less than a week ago is now a distant memory as the Rangers have dropped three straight since - including back-to-back losses at Madison Square Garden.
The Penguins can advance to the Eastern Conference finals as early as Friday night at home.
''It's a tough feeling, a disappointing feeling,'' Lundqvist said Wednesday night after the Rangers' 4-2 defeat. ''Tonight is going to be a tough one, but tomorrow we just need to forget about it and go to Pittsburgh and look at it as just one game.''
Brandon Sutter scored a short-handed goal to break a second-period tie, and the Penguins rode that momentum to victory. They are looking to reach the East finals for the second straight year and the fourth in seven seasons.
The Rangers recorded only 15 shots in a lackluster performance after firing 35 at Marc-Andre Fleury in a 2-0 loss in Game 3. They fought the puck all night, and star forward Rick Nash wasn't immune to that.
Nash, who leads the NHL in shots during these playoffs, hasn't scored in New York's 11 games. He heard loud boos when he touched the puck in the third period.
''It's a tough situation,'' said Nash, who called this the most frustrating time of his career. ''It doesn't matter what you do (in the regular season). Playoffs do. Obviously I struggled.
''It's a battle right now. It's ultra-frustrating.''
The Penguins have won seven of nine at the Garden and are 12-4 there since Dan Bylsma became their coach. Overall, Pittsburgh is 19-5 against the Rangers in the playoffs and 9-2 in New York.
''This is one of the best places to come in and play,'' Bylsma said. ''It's a great building and we seem to always have a rivalry with the Rangers, so we don't need that motivation for the playoffs.''
Evgeni Malkin scored 2:31 in, and Jussi Jokinen made it 3-1 at 7:02 of the third before the teams traded late goals.
The only negative for the Penguins was that Fleury allowed a goal for the first time in three games. Carl Hagelin's tying tally in the second period was the Rangers' first goal in 145 minutes, 30 seconds of playing time.
Mats Zuccarello cut it to 3-2 with 6:53 left on the Rangers' second shot of the third, but Chris Kunitz restored Pittsburgh's two-goal edge 57 seconds later.
Lundqvist made 23 saves.
''This is not the ideal night for us,'' Rangers forward Brad Richards said. ''The good thing is ... we're still in it. We win Game 1, we are on top of the world. You lose three in a row, and as quick as it went that way it can go right back.
''We want to try to bring it back here. Our goal is to keep pushing the series along. You never know what can happen.''
The weary Rangers played for the sixth time in nine nights, and not even a full rest day on Tuesday or the return of forward Chris Kreider helped. Kreider played for the first time since breaking his left hand a month ago.
Jokinen, who has an eight-game points streak, made it 3-1 with a shot that struck the right leg of Rangers defenseman Marc Staal and bounded past Lundqvist.
Pittsburgh had regained the lead late in the second period by pouncing on New York's inept power play. Not only did the Rangers fail to score for the 36th consecutive advantage, they fell behind for the second time.
New York threw all the momentum back to the Penguins when Sutter scored with 1:33 left in the second. The Rangers turned over the puck shortly after a drop pass in the neutral zone. Brian Gibbons streaked in alone and had his shot stopped by Lundqvist, but the rebound sat in front and Sutter scored his fourth of the postseason.
''It was huge momentum for us going into the third,'' captain Sidney Crosby said. ''The way we played in the third showed that we fed off that.''
The Rangers broke out of their drought 4:30 into the second when Ryan McDonagh passed the puck from his end to Hagelin, who took off with a burst of speed, split the defense, and snapped in his third of the playoffs to tie it.
It was New York's first goal since Derick Brassard's overtime winner in Game 1.
Any early lift the Rangers got from the return of Kreider was lost when Malkin gave the Penguins a 1-0 lead.


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Candy previews our Super Bowl Sunday State of the Union with Defense Sec. Leon Panetta, Joint Chiefs Chmn. Martin Dempsey, Hines Ward and George Allen.
On "State of the Union," Candy Crowley talks with Defense Secretary Leon Panetta and Joint Chiefs Chairman Gen. Martin Dempsey about Defense Secretary nominee Chuck Hagel's confirmation hearings, the U.S.. troop draw-down in Afghanistan and the al Qaeda threat in north Africa.
Then, the economy's mixed signals, immigration reform and President Obama's domestic policy agenda with former Obama policy adviser Melody Barnes, former Labor secretary Elaine Chao, Time magazine's Michael Duffy and The Hill's A.B. Stoddard.
Plus, a super bowl Sunday conversation about the dangers of football with Super Bowl XL MVP Hines Ward.
And, former football player and Fmr. Sen. George Allen on the lessons of politics and football.
Sunday at 9a & 12p eastern.
Watch a special preview about Sunday's program here.
Defense Sec. Leon Panetta and Joint Chiefs Chmn. Gen. Martin Dempsey on the motives behind the Turkey terror attack.


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text:
[cnn-photo-caption image= http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2010/images/03/22/art.capitol.0321.gi.jpg caption =" The Capitol dome on the eve of the House of Representatives' health care reform votes."]Washington (CNN) - A majority of Americans have a dim view of the sweeping health care bill passed by the House, saying it gives Washington too much clout and won't do much to reduce their own health care costs or federal deficits, according to a new poll released Monday.
A CNN/Opinion Research Corporation poll found that 59 percent of those surveyed opposed the bill, and 39 percent favored it. All of the interviews were conducted before the House voted Sunday night, but the contents of the bill were widely known.
In addition, 56 percent said the bill gives the government too much involvement in health care; 28 percent said it gives the government the proper role and 16 percent said it leaves Washington with an inadequate role.
On the question of costs, 62 percent said the bill increases the amount of money they personally spend on health care; 21 percent said their costs would remain the same and 16 percent said they would decrease.
Listen: CNN Radio's John Lisk and CNN Political Editor Mark Preston discuss health care reform
Subscribe to the Political Notebook Podcast in iTunes
The poll's results about the bill's fiscal impact were particularly stark: 70 percent of respondents said they believed deficits would go up because of the bill; 17 percent felt they would stay the same and 12 percent said they would go down.
After more than a year of partisan debate, the House voted 219-212 in favor of a bill that the Senate had passed on Christmas Eve. President Obama is expected to sign it on Tuesday.
The measure constitutes the biggest expansion of federal health care guarantees since Medicare and Medicaid were enacted more than four decades ago. The House also approved a series of amendments to the bill through a separate so-called reconciliation bill. The Senate, which must pass the reconciliation measure for the full package to take effect, is expected to vote this week.
According to a preliminary estimate by the Congressional Budget Office, the overall reform legislation would cost $940 billion over the course of a decade. Offsetting provisions would reduce deficits by $143 billion in the first 10 years and by more than $1 trillion in the following decade.
The CNN poll also suggests that public opposition to health care will not necessarily be a boon to Republicans in the 2010 midterm elections in Congress.
Roughly one in five of respondents who said they opposed the bill did so because it was not liberal enough, and those people are unlikely to vote Republican. Take them out of the picture and opposition to the bill because it is too liberal is 43 percent.
"The Democrats have another advantage - most Americans also trust Barack Obama more than the GOP on health care," said Keating Holland, CNN's polling director. "That gives the president an opportunity - and seven months - to make the affirmative case for the health care bill."
The survey was conducted on March 19-21 through telephone interviews with 1,030 adult Americans. The poll has a margin of error of plus or minus 3 percentage points.
The headline of your story misrepresents the numbers you get in your survey and gives a fodder to republicans. One of the most important numbers in the survey is that 13% of the people oppose the bill because it is not liberal enough. These are the people who probably are unhappy with the bill because it doesn't have a public option. However, it should be obvious to anyone that this group will prefer to have the current bill rather than having nothing or having any republicant plan which are tiny tweaks to the current system. What this essentially means that only 45% of the people are really unhappy with this bill, while 52% are either satisfied or would want an even more liberal bill.
Didnt seem to matter what the American people wanted. Nov. will be here soon enough.
Where are the internals? Let's look at it.
Three words: Americans are dumb.
Sounds like the Dems' job is not done. When asked about specific benefits from the bill, such as the reomval of pre-existing conditions or lifting annul/lifetime spending caps, most Americans are in favor. If the press would actually do some real reporting, and interviewers who should know better would challenge the liars out there, Americans could get the facts instead of the scare tactics. Trust me – by November everyone will be a fan of this bill and the GOP will claim that they were responsible for its passage!
For God's sake STOP lumping all Americans into this stupid poll! Most of us were NOT polled and over 1/2 of us WANT the reform...get it straight
what part of the "we the people' do not want government run health care and spend..spend..spend.. did our elected officials did not understand?
Let's repeal Medicare and see what they think.
It's time for CNN to find a new group of people to survey. The poll results are a far cry from the views of people in my area.
What a joke! The joke of a poll for today.
I think the CNN pole is more a reflection of some deceptive advertising that had saturated the airwaves as the debate was happening. Most of those survey probably have little idea what is actually in the bill and the rhetoric contained so many distortions and fabrications, it would be hard many to have an objective opinion.
of course we don't support this baby killing bill!
Not only do we NOT like it, We hate it. This is being crammed through against our will and being told it is for our own good. We know what a disaster it is and Obamas words are no longer magical, they are LIES and we have had enough. We the people should be voting on our healthcare instead of these Democrats making decisions for us..........Democrats don't think people are capable of taking care of themselves.
"Roughly one in five of respondents who said they opposed the bill did so because it was not liberal enough, and those people are unlikely to vote Republican. Take them out of the picture and opposition to the bill because it is too liberal is 43 percent."
Thank you, CNN for FINALLY doing your journalistic duty and making it ABSOLUTELY CLEAR that it's NOT a monolithic block of 59% who agrees with the TEA/FOX crowd.
But you're just finally doing this NOW? By allowing lies and misinformation be repeated ad nauseum over the past year, you contributed to the toxic climate we saw this weekend. I've blocked CNN on my TV, and I will only unblock it if and when you grow a spine.
The people who don't have health care are Americans too. If you are one of those Americans that don't like it, then don't use it. Problem slove as simple as that and get over it.
Despite the NEGATIVE headline and lead above - let's be clear what this says:
These numbers say that 51% of those polled either FAVORED this bill or FAVORED an even more liberal reform.
47% apparently favor less liberal reform, or no reform.
Thus, Republican congressmembers' constant claim that liberal health reform is "against the will of the people" is a LIE.
For many people, the reality is that health insurance premiums will go up. Sure, I don't like everything in the bill. But if I need health insurance and can not afford to pay for it. Who will help? but if I don't have health insurance, and need it, the cost still will be there or suffer the consequence of not having health insurance for treatment or prevention? So either way health cost will be there one way or the other. I'm not fond of the mandate on health insurance, but if I can get help to pay for health insurance and more options to choose, then what's wrong with that? health care is a reality of life, not an option of life. I believe a start to a reform is better then nothing at all.
I don't put much faith in this poll, and here are my reasons why.
How many people polled actually took the time to conduct their own research on Health Care Reform (HCR), and formed their own opinion about it, and are not regurgitating someone else's.
Not that by any means are my observations scientific, but I cannot deny that approximately 85-90% of people that I have talked to about HCR are against it. That in itself is fine, but, when pressed further about the reasons why, the answers I mostly get are,
"Well, Senator says…"
"On the radio/TV said…"
"Governor tells us…"
When I asked those same people,
"What research have you done on your own?"
The answer I always get is,
"Ummm, well, That's what I heard."
This is what disturbs me. Too many people are borrowing other people's opinions. When people do that, they are giving up their inalienable right to form an opinion of their own. They are restricting their own freedom. It's not being taken away.
We as American's need to have the personal fortitude to do our own research, and come to our own conclusions based on facts that we uncover ourselves, and not on the opinions of others.
Don't trust the politicians, or the media to do it for you. In the end, they only serve themselves.
The fact is we, America, did vote for HCR. We voted for it by putting Obama in office. HCR was the platform on which President Obama ran his campaign.
Some American's only waiver now, because of the self-admitted fear mongering tactics of the republicans and several prominent radio conservatives.
From the beginning, President Obama did give the GOP an opportunity to be a part of this bill. The GOP refused. They removed themselves from the process. They weren't forced out.
With the GOP refusing to be a part of the HCR bill, President Obama did not have a choice but to continue in a partisan manner.
It is true, that some Democrats withdrew support from the bill, but, it was not because they don't believe in HCR, it was because that wanted a certain passage included, or omitted from the bill, and it took a while to find a balance to get the bill passed.
In the end, President Obama did the right thing. Like a parent dealing with a child that doesn't like vegetables, he is making us eat them anyway, because he knows it's for the greater good.


text:
Bruins sign Pandolfo
Associated Press
Sports staff
Associated Press
BOSTON -- The Boston Bruins have signed forward Jay Pandolfo to a one-year, two-way contract.
The deal that was announced on Tuesday would pay him $600,000 if he is in the NHL and $350,000 in the minor leagues. Pandolfo was placed on waivers, a move that allows the Bruins to send him to Providence of the AHL.
The two-time Stanley Cup champion, a native of suburban Burlington, Mass., has scored 100 goals with 126 assists over 881 games with the New Jersey Devils and New York Islanders.
Pandolfo, 38, went to Boston University before the Devils picked him in the second round of the 1993 draft.