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Enjoyment and Ejaculation: Inside and Outside
Heather Corinna replies:Is it true that an orgasm is more enjoyable for a guy if it happens inside his partner? Even though I take the pill religiously, I've always been afraid to let my partners finish inside me. I have them pull out and ejaculate their sperm on my stomach instead. No one has ever complained but I hate to think I'm robbing my boyfriend of pleasure. Any truth to this?
Let's shift this question a little bit, because ultimately, what you're asking isn't just about guys. You're asking if there is one way where orgasm or ejaculation feels better or best for any given group of people.
The easy answer, and the truest answer, to that is no: just like there isn't any one kind of sex everyone likes best, there isn't any one way of reaching orgasm, or one way or place to ejaculate (when that happens: many women don't ejaculate at all or often, and guys don't always ejaculate with orgasm either) everyone likes best. All of that varies from person to person, relationship to relationship, day to day, life phase to life phase, and isn't usually primarily about gender. Our gender is one of many facets of our sexuality, and the idea that it somehow rules everything, or leads our sexuality more than anything else just isn't sound.
As well, what a partner -- who really is being a partner in the truest sense of the word -- likes and feels pleasure with when it comes to partnered sex isn't usually just about what physically feels good to them: it's also about what their partner does or doesn't enjoy. So, for instance, even if ejaculating inside your body felt, physically, very good to your boyfriend, if it made you scared, nervous, uncomfortable or unhappy, that'd likely impact his experience a lot and it would probably not feel so good to him overall.
In a separate question you posted, you also asked,
I've been sexually active with my boyfriend for 6 months and he never finishes inside me. He'll pull his penis out and ejaculate his sperm on my stomach and breasts. Is this more enjoyable for some guys? Is there some hidden pleasure that I don't know about? I want to give him the best possible pleasure I can but I'm starting to get tired of being covered in sticky sperm each time we are intimate.
Is ejaculating on a partner something some guys (and women) like? Yes, it is. Some people really, really like it, some like it fine, others could care less, some don't like it, some strongly dislike it. And some partners are excited by and like their partners fluids, others are neutral, and others, again, really aren't into it at all. Some people like fluid-sharing in any number of ways sometimes, but not others. Some people like it with one partner, or in one relationship dynamic, but not with someone else or where the emotional dynamics with it are different. I know it can seem pretty vague to answer questions like this with "different people like different things," but that really is what this all boils down to.
Now, some pornography has made a rather big deal out of men ejaculating on women, so it can happen that people who get a lot of their sexual information or cues from pornography may be more interested in this than others. Often in porn that is presented as a sort of humiliation, though I would not say that my sense is that's how most men or women who enjoy each others' fluids in real life usually feel about it when they engage in ejaculating on or inside of a partner's body.
For some men and women, for instance, semen is highly symbolic stuff. Think about it this way: if, during or after sex, we could just hand a partner one of our ova, there'd be some serious symbolism in that, right? We'd literally be giving them, in their hand, what could potentially create new life. That's heavy-duty. Because semen contains sperm, and thus, part of the material for creating life, it's understandably a body fluid that some men and women find to be especially meaningful or important, especially when shared.
In addition, there are partners of women who also really get off on our fluids: we might also get aroused by our own fluids and sharing them with partners. While ours don't have anything to do with reproduction, they can say a lot about how aroused we are, or how excited we got, so it's common to have our sexual partners get pretty jazzed about vaginal fluids. Men and/or partners of men can feel the same way about male sexual fluids. Sometimes the enjoyment of fluids is simply tactile, just like we might enjoy the feeling of running our fingers through someone's hair, or soaking our feet in cool water. And fluids are part of sexuality, just like erections can be, swollen clitorises can be, moans and groans can be. Fluids are only of many possible parts of sexual experiences that people may or may not value, find important, or get excited about.
I hear that you have a concern about "robbing" someone of pleasure, or not doing something the other person would prefer to do. Partnered sex isn't about one person satiating the other based only or primarily on what that other person likes or wants: it's about doing things together based on mutual pleasure and the places we intersect sexually.
When we have places we don't intersect, we have some options. We can either just nix doing something we don't like or aren't interested in, we can try something to see if we do like it with that partner then see how we feel, we can seek out middle ground that may have aspects of something a partner likes without the aspects we don't. It's pretty rare for any two people to find that they share exactly the same set of sexual desires, likes and dislikes, wants and needs: more often, we will have plenty of places we intersect, but some where we don't.
In partnerships where we have no or few intersections with desires, wants and needs, likes and dislikes, we might consider that that isn't the best partnership for us both: in other words, that we just aren't very sexually compatible. But in partnerships where there are just a couple areas where these things don't mesh, it's not usually any big deal: any of us will be just fine not having every single desire we have met by one person or in one partnership.
What I hear you saying is that you're not comfortable with your partner ejaculating inside of you, but you also don't really like your partner ejaculating on you. So, why not explore the other options with this?
For instance, if your partner uses a condom, or you use a female condom, he CAN ejaculate while he is still in your body without ejaculating inside you. Condoms are a more effective method than withdrawal anyway, so that should also take care of your pregnancy concerns better. And if you two also haven't been sexually exclusive for at least six months AFTER you each had a full round of STI tests and used latex barriers for six months first, then it's not wise to go without condoms anyway from a standpoint of infection prevention.
If you prefer not having any ejaculate inside you or on you, your partner can also ejaculate somewhere else entirely, like into a tissue or his own hand. Or, if it's only being sticky that you don't like, but you do like him ejaculating unto you, you could simply keep some tissue or wipes handy to quickly clean the semen off of you when he's ejaculated. This activity is also something that you two can do sometimes when it is exciting to you, but which don't have to do at the times when it's not.
Ultimately, these are the kinds of things we have conversations about with our sexual partners. In fact, I'm not the best person to ask about what "guys" like, nor is anyone, since men like different things: they don't all like the same things just because they're all men. And you don't need to know about all guys, anyway: you just need to know about the given guy you're sleeping with at the time. You need to know what this guy likes, right? I'm not the right person to ask about what he likes: he's the right person to ask.
Ask him what he enjoys, ask him how he feels about all of this, then talk about your own feelings. Talk about all of your options around this together and find the places where you have shared desires and things you enjoy and the places where you don't. I bet he's invested in your pleasure just like you are in his, so these are things you both likely want to know about each other.
In the areas where one partner likes something and the other does not, the general etiquette -- and this also can be about consent -- is to defer to the partner who does not like something, who does not want to do something. But that partner also has the option of compromising if he or she wants to. But if you really, really don't want to do something or don't enjoy something? My advice is simply not to do it. Getting in a pattern of doing things you don't enjoy, like or want because a partner does can start to create a dynamic where pleasure isn't shared and about both people, but about the sexuality of only one. And that's what masturbation is for, not partnered sex: partnered sex is supposed to be about both, very mutually. And partners really invested in that are not going to experience a lot of pleasure from a partner doing things they really aren't into or just don't like, just because they think we do: that can actually feel kind of creepy.
It's obvious what really bad places that kind of dynamic can go to, but I think it can also keep partners from getting to the really good places, too. Sexual partnerships are so unique, and when we truly and openly communicate, and explore sex in a way that's about both of us where we intersect, and our unique partnership, over time what we'll usually wind up with is a sex life that fits us -- you, he, and the partnership you have together -- best and most authentically. It may not look or feel like the sex life we have had with other partners, which is fine: again, we're all unique. It may not look or be like the sex life we have with ourselves during masturbation, or the kind of sex life we might fantasize about having with a partner: that's also okay. It may or may not look like porn or anyone else's sex life. This is reality, not fantasy, after all.
Okay? So, I'd suggest you think on all of this, and what you really like and don't like, and then just get talking together. In those conversations and your thoughts around this, I'd try and dump your worries about robbing anyone of anything. Lead with what you and your partner each enjoy and finding the places where you meet, remembering that they don't all have to be the same, and not every single desire any of us has needs to be met for us to be satisfied and have a sex life we enjoy.
Here are some links I think might be helpful to you:


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pro2am· Registered
1,861 Posts
Discussion Starter · #1 ·
Iraqi Parliament Adjourns for Month Without Benchmark Legislation
Tuesday, July 31, 2007
BAGHDAD â€" Iraq's parliament on Monday shrugged off U.S. criticism and adjourned for a month, as key lawmakers declared there was no point waiting any longer for the prime minister to deliver Washington-demanded benchmark legislation for their vote.
Speaker Mahmoud al-Mashhadani closed the final three-hour session without a quorum present and declared lawmakers would not reconvene until Sept. 4. That date is just 11 days before the top U.S. military and political officials in Iraq must report to Congress on American progress in taming violence and organizing conditions for sectarian reconciliation.
The recess, coupled with Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki's failure to get the key draft laws before legislators, may nourish growing opposition to the war among U.S. lawmakers, who could refuse to fund it.
Critics have questioned how Iraqi legislators could take a summer break while U.S. forces are fighting and dying to create conditions under which important laws could be passed in the service of ending sectarian political divisions and bloodshed.
But in leaving parliament, many lawmakers blamed al-Maliki.
"Even if we sit next month, there's no guarantee that important business will be done," said Mahmoud Othman, a prominent Kurdish legislator. The parliament had already extended its session by a month, having initially planned a recess for July and August.
"There are Iraqi-Iraqi and Iraqi-American differences that have not been resolved," Othman said of the benchmark legislation. "The government throws the ball in our court, but we say that it is in the government's court and that of the politicians. They sent us nothing (to debate or vote)."
The September reports by Ambassador Ryan Crocker and U.S. commander Gen. David Petraeus were to assess progress by the Iraqi government and its security forces on 18 political and security benchmarks.
Those include a so-called oil law that would set out rules for foreign investment and the fair distribution of revenue to all of Iraq's sects and ethnic groups.
"We gave the government a good chance by continuing to sit in July. We can still return for an emergency session if that's required, but I don't think that this is necessary because the draft legislation is not complete," said Salem Abdullah, spokesman for the Iraqi Accordance Front, the key Sunni bloc in parliament.
In Washington, the State Department was unusually silent on the matter, declining to criticize the lawmakers for the break.
"There's a lot of work to be done in Iraq," deputy spokesman Tom Casey said. "I'll leave it to the parliamentary leaders themselves to explain why this might be a good time to take a break."
He said the United States would continue to push for work on critical legislation, including pieces like the oil law, during the vacation.
"Whether the parliament is in session or not, I think we expect that all of Iraq's political leadership is going to be continuing to work on those kinds of issues and work out the kinds of compromises so that when the parliament does come back into session, there'll be something there for them to vote on and them to act on," Casey said.
"This is not just about having the votes," he said. "It's about doing the work in advance so that there's actually legislation there that folks can agree on."
Meanwhile, al-Maliki faces a revolt within his party by factions that want him out as Iraqi leader, according to officials in his office and the political party he leads.
Ibrahim al-Jaafari, al-Maliki's predecessor, leads the challenge and already has approached leaders of the country's two main Kurdish parties, parliament's two Sunni Arab blocs and lawmakers loyal to powerful Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr.
Al-Jaafari's campaign, the officials said, was based on his concerns that al-Maliki's policies had led Iraq into turmoil because the prime minister was doing too little to promote national reconciliation.
The former prime minister also has approached Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, Iraq's top Shiite cleric, proposing a "national salvation" government to replace the al-Maliki coalition. The Iranian-born al-Sistani refused to endorse the proposal, the officials said.
"Al-Jaafari is proposing a national and nonsectarian political plan to save the nation," Faleh al-Fayadh, a Dawa party lawmaker familiar with the former prime minister's contacts.
Other officials, however, said al-Jaafari had only an outside chance of replacing or ousting al-Maliki. But they said the challenge could undermine al-Maliki and further entangle efforts at meeting important legislative benchmarks sought by Washington.
All the officials spoke of the sensitive political wrangling only on condition of anonymity.
Also Monday, a small bus exploded in a central Baghdad market district, killing at least six people â€" a brutal reminder of the dangers facing Iraqis who celebrated in the streets by the tens of thousands Sunday night after their national team won the prestigious Asian Cup soccer tournament.
Black smoke rose into the air after the blast struck a transit point near Tayaran Square, damaging several nearby cars and kiosks selling clothes, fruit and juice, police and hospital officials said. The minibus was one of several waiting for passengers heading to predominantly Shiite areas in eastern Baghdad.
At least 31 people were wounded, according to the officials, who spoke on condition of anonymity because they weren't authorized to release the information.
A total of 42 Iraqis were killed or found dead nationwide, according to police, hospital and morgue officials.
A Marine was killed Monday in fighting in the Anbar province west of Baghdad, the military said. Three U.S. soldiers were killed fighting in Anbar on Thursday. At least 3,652 members of the U.S. military have died since the start of the Iraq war in March 2003, according to an Associated Press count.

subset: commoncrawl


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Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Sabinianus
The date of his birth is unknown, but he was consecrated pope probably 13 Sept., 604, and died 22 Feb., 606. The son of Bonus, he was born at Blera (Bieda) near Viterbo. In 593 he was sent by St. Gregory I as apocrisiarius or Apostolic nuncio to Constantinople; but in some respects his administration of the office did not come up to Gregory's expectations. He was not astute enough for the rulers of Byzantium. He returned to Rome in 597, and was chosen to succeed Gregory soon after the death of that great pontiff; but as the imperial confirmation of his election did not arrive for some months, he was not consecrated till September. The difficulties of his pontificate were caused by fear of the Lombards and by famine. When the Lombard danger had passed, Sabinianus opened the granaries of the Church, and sold corn to the people at one solidus (twelve shillings) for thirty pecks. Because he was unable or unwilling to allow the people to have the corn for little or nothing, there grew up in later times a number of idle legends in which his predecessor was represented punishing him for avarice. He is reputed to have restored to the secular clergy posts which St. Gregory had filled with monks. He was buried in St. Peter's.
Liber Pontificalis, ed. DUCHESNE, I (Paris, 1886), 315; Epp. Gregorii; 1, ed. EWALD (Berlin, 1891); MANN, Lives of the Popes in the early Middle Ages, I, 251 sq.
Horace K. Mann.


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Rising featherweight contender Jose Aldo (13-1), who's won six consecutive fights (including three straight via knockout in the WEC), is expected to meet WEC newcomer Chris Mickle (26-11-1) next month at WEC 39.
Sources close to both fighters today told MMAjunkie.com that the fight is agreed upon, and though not signed, it could be finalized as early as Tuesday.
The bout would fill a spot on the WEC 39 fight card that was vacated with the recent cancellation of a WEC welterweight title fight between champ Carlos Condit and challenger Brock Larson.
Condit was forced off the card with a wrist injury, and he then signed to fight Martin Kampmann in April at UFC Fight Night 18's main event. The signing likely signalizes the elimination of the WEC's welterweight division, which will be absorbed by the UFC's already-stacked 170-pound class.
However, while the Aldo vs. Mickle fight could take a spot on the card, it won't take Condit vs. Larson's previous slot as the co-main event. As MMAjunkie.com recently reported, a bout between Richard Crunkilton and Bart Palaszewski has been promoted to co-headline status.
WEC 39, the organization's first-ever trip to Texas, takes place March 1 at the American Bank Center in Corpus Christi. The night's main card airs on Versus.
Although Aldo, a Brazilian from the Nova Uniao team, has a solid base in grappling, he's put his crowd-pleasing stand-up game to use in recent fights. All three of his WEC victories have come via strikes, which included a second-round TKO of Alexandre Franca Nogueira in June, a third-round TKO of Jonathan Brookins in November, and a first-round knockout of Rolando Perez just eight days ago at WEC 38.
The 22-year-old will now likely meet a fellow youngster in 25-year-old Mickle, a 38-fight veteran who turned pro just four-and-a-half years ago. The Iowa-based submission specialist has fought in just about every major Midwest show and his racked up seven wins (six via submission and one TKO) in his past eight fights. In fact, 22 of his 26 career wins have come via submission, and only one victory has gone to a decision. And the current Midwest Cage Championship featherweight champion has never been one to shy away from top competition; his list of opponents includes Jeremy Stephens, Clay Guida, Cole Miller, Rich Clementi and other notables.
For the latest on WEC 39, including the full fight card, check out the MMA Events section of MMAjunkie.com.
(Pictured: Jose Aldo, courtesy CombatLifestyle.com)


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White Coat Ceremony 2021 cum The Opening Ceremony of the 30th Anniversary Celebration @ LT 1, Henry Cheng International Conference Centre, Cheng Yu Tung Building (CYT), The Chinese University of Hong Kong (University Exit B)
Nov 8 @ 7:00 pm – 8:00 pm
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LT 1, CYT, CUHK (University Exit B): Google Map Venue: Floor Plan COVID-19 Infection Control Measures
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Two online Admission Talks (JS4525 Pharmacy ) will be held on 25 & 26 May 2022 (Wed & Thu). We will explain admission requirements of our Programme and provide other related information. Also, there will be a #MockInterview after the talk! If you would like to know more about CUSOP … Continue Reading
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Workshop on Population Pharmacokinetics with NONMEM This year, a one-day free workshop on population pharmacokinetics with NONMEM will be presented following the half-day summer workshop. This workshop will cover the foundational theory, basics of NONMEM coding, interpretation of NONMEM output, and applications of population pharmacokinetics. A temporary NONMEM license will … Continue Reading
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Table of Contents:
Action plan for mobility
Outline of the Community (European Union) legislation about Action plan for mobility
These categories group together and put in context the legislative and non-legislative initiatives which deal with the same topic.
Education training youth sport > Lifelong learning
Action plan for mobility
Document or Iniciative
Resolution of the Council and the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States, meeting within the Council, of 14 December 2000, concerning an action plan for mobility, [Official Journal C 371 of 23.12.2000].
The construction of a genuine European area of knowledge is a priority for the Community both for cultural and economic reasons. The mobility of citizens, notably as regards education and training, encourages the sharing of cultures and promotes the concept of European citizenship as well as that of a political Europe. Besides, in an internationalised economy, the ability to educate oneself and work in a multilingual environment is essential to the competitiveness of the European economy.
The Community's Socrates, Leonardo da Vinci and Youth programmes represent appreciable progress, which must however be taken further via the joint efforts of the Community and the Member States. These efforts should lead to an increase in the number of people choosing mobility and remove the remaining obstacles.
Three major objectives:
The plan has three major objectives:
- define and democratise mobility in Europe;
- promote appropriate forms of funding;
- increase mobility and improve the conditions for it.
Accompanying measures
The Resolution is conceived as a "toolbox" of 42 measures divided into four chapters designed to identify and deal with the remaining obstacles to mobility. The measures are classified under specific objectives within each chapter.
Measures relating to the general objective
These consist of two measures to support the general objective of adopting a European mobility strategy:
- establish a common definition of the concept of mobility and the target groups concerned: age, circuit, geographical scope, length of stay;
- democratise access to mobility measures.
Chapter I: Promote mobility through measures in the field of training and information
Train "human resources" for mobility:
- prepare those involved in implementing mobility: teachers, the administrative staff concerned, etc. (the "mobility organisers");
- develop exchanges and mobility between the mobility organisers;
- encourage educational establishments to devote more resources to mobility.
Develop multilingualism:
Promote training in the relevant foreign language and culture, before and during the mobility periods;
- give language teachers the opportunity to go on long-term training placements abroad;
- ensure exchange of good language teaching practice;
- adopt common indicators to evaluate the language skills of trainees;
- make a commitment on the quality of language teaching following up the Council Resolution of 31 March 1995 on improving and diversifying language learning and teaching.
Make it easier to find information on mobility:
- create a mobility portal site providing access to the various European sources of information;
- put in place ad hoc forums in educational establishments to ensure exchanges between mobility organisers and potential beneficiaries.
Draw up a mobility chart:
- define a methodology enabling the various players to compile reliable statistics on mobility and make as full as possible an inventory of the exchanges;
- improve awareness of the different mobility programmes (bilateral and multilateral) by assembling them in a database;
- ensure better advertising of posts by using networks such as EURES.
Chapter II: Measures promoting the financing of mobility
Look into the financing of mobility: towards financial partnerships
- strengthen coordination between the various players, for example by means of a framework for partnerships, and make best use of financing;
- study possible ways of making better use or increasing mobility budgets;
- encourage public sector participation by examining for example the possibility of loans at preferential rates for those intending to take a period of mobility;
- encourage multiple partnerships, e.g. with the private sector, social partners, etc. to become involved in financing mobility;
- look ahead and study ways of redeploying the mobility appropriations at national level and within future Community programmes.
Democratise mobility by making it financially and socially accessible for all:
- launch an information campaign on the mobility assistance available and how to apply for it and on the social conditions of mobility at the time of going abroad and during the period spent there;
- ensure retention of social benefits for people who take mobility and regularly review any problems that persist;
- study the possibility of offering young people opting for mobility the same preferential tariffs as young people in the host country, regularly review any problems that persist and take suitable steps to remedy them.
Chapter III: Increasing and improving mobility
Introduce new forms of mobility:
- organise more mobility circuits, for example more European universities for all citizens receiving training, including the mobility organisers;
- encourage virtual mobility by making academic and vocational training modules available on the Internet;
- develop bilateral or multilateral exchange circuits, in particular mobility partnerships between universities.
Improve reception facilities for people opting for mobility:
- adopt a quality charter covering reception facilities for trainees who are foreign nationals providing in particular for equal reception facilities;
- provide on-line information on the reception facilities for people opting for mobility.
Simplify the mobility calendar:
- ensure wide dissemination of information on university calendars and school years;
- draft a "European academic calendar" showing the core periods of term time and in appropriate cases concentrate mobility training modules in those periods;
- study the possibility of dividing the university year into semesters and of enrolling and paying fees by semester.
Proper status for people opting for mobility:
- declare that mobility is a priority at all levels and an important component of instruction;
- create a European card for young people opting for mobility;
- give teachers the opportunity to take all or part of their initial or continuing training in another Member State;
- examine the possibility of extending the current higher education post of associate member to other levels.
Chapter IV: Gaining more from periods of mobility
Increase cross-over opportunities by developing the system of recognition and equivalence of diplomas and training:
- encourage all universities to generalise systems of diploma equivalence such as the ECTS;
- generalise academic and vocational diploma supplements to make them recognisable in all Member States;
Recognise the experience gained:
- certify skills acquired during the period of mobility in the field of languages, for example by issuing a certificate;
- generalise Europass-training;
- take into account voluntary work in the Member State of origin.
Gain more from periods of mobility:
- examine the desirability and possibility of providing professional incentives for mobility for teaching staff;
- devise a methodology for measuring the professional impact of periods of mobility.
Priority activities
The resolution emphasises certain priority actions:
- developing multilingualism;
- establishment of a portal giving access to the different European sources of information on mobility;
- recognition of periods of mobility in diploma courses;
- training the teachers and administrative staff involved to become true mobility organisers able to provide advice and guidance and draft mobility projects;
- definition and adoption of a quality charter on reception facilities for foreign nationals on training courses;
- drawing up of an inventory of existing mobility circuits and good practices, exchanges of students, trainees and trainers;
- creating linkage between mobility funding from the different players involved.
Implementation and evaluation
This plan will be implemented by the Commission and the Member States within the limits of their respective powers. With a view to creating a Europe of innovation and knowledge, the Social Agenda approved by the Nice European Council confirmed this commitment by inviting Member States to reinforce their internal coordination to implement the 42 concrete measures and to examine progress achieved every two years.
With an eye to economy and efficiency, this evaluation of progress in the field of mobility will be integrated in the follow-up mechanism provided for in the " Recommendation on mobility within the Community for students, persons undergoing training, young volunteers, teachers and trainers".
The Resolution follows up the conclusions of the extraordinary European Council in Lisbon of 23 and 24 March 2000 which recognised the urgency of removing obstacles to the mobility of citizens within the European Union in order to create a genuine European area of knowledge. Numerous obstacles still exist, viz. unequal access to information, financial obstacles, administrative difficulties associated with social protection, etc. In this context the European Council invited the Council and the Commission to define the means for fostering the mobility of students, teachers, training and research staff. Hence this plan addresses these categories and suggests possible measures in this area, to be selected by the Member States and the Commission.
This Resolution supplements existing initiatives laying down the appropriate legal framework for promoting mobility and in particular the instrument provided for in the proposal for a " Recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council on mobility within the Community for students, persons undergoing training, young volunteers, teachers and trainers", currently being negotiated.
Following the Communication on the New European Labour Markets, which launched the debate on mobility at the Stockholm European Council of March 2001, the Commission instructed a high level task force to produce a report [PDF ] which forms the basis of this Action Plan. The Action Plan calls for Member States, enterprises and workers themselves to be more responsive to the new requirements of the labour market and also sets the European governments a concrete short-term objective, namely the creation of an EU health insurance card.
The 2005 proposal to recommend that Member States adopt a Charter for Mobility is targeted at the organisations responsible for mobility. It comprises ten guidelines.
Related Acts
Proposal for a Recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 September 2005 on transnational mobility within the Community for education and training purposes: European Quality Charter for Mobility [COM(2005) 450 final – Not published in the Official Journal].
Decision No 2241/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2004 on a single Community framework for the transparency of qualifications and competences (Europass)
Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions of 13 February 2002 – Commission's Action Plan for skills and mobility [COM(2002) 72 final – not published in the Official Journal].
on mobility within the Community for students, persons undergoing training, young volunteers, teachers and trainers [Official Journal L 215 of 9 August 2001].
Green Paper of 2 October 1996: Education, Training and Research: The Obstacles to Transnational Mobility [COM(1996) 0462 final – not published in the Official Journal].


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A welterweight contest between two fighters looking for their first UFC win is the latest addition to September's UFC on FOX Sports 1 3 event, as Sean Spencer (9-2 MMA, 0-1 UFC) meets Yuri Villefort (6-2 MMA, 0-1 UFC).
UFC officials today announced the new matchup.
Featuring a light heavyweight headliner between Ryan Bader and Glover Teixeira, UFC on FOX Sports 1 3 takes place Sept. 4 and will serve as the lead-in to the new season of "The Ultimate Fighter." The event will be the promotion's return to Belo Horizonte, Brazil, after first visiting for UFC 147, which also took place at Estadio Jornalista Felipe Drumond one year ago.
The evening's main card airs on FOX Sports 1 following prelims on Facebook. The positioning of the Spencer vs. Villefort was not revealed but would seem a likely candidate for the preliminary bouts.
Spencer makes his second UFC appearance after falling short against Rafael Natal on short notice at January's UFC on FOX 6 event. Prior to the loss, Spencer had dropped just one fight in 10 fights on the regional stage.
Meanwhile, Villefort is certainly in a must-win decision after dropping back-to-back fights under the UFC and Strikeforce banners. The Brazilian started his career with a perfect 6-0 mark but has since dropped decision results against Nah-Shon Burrell and Quinn Mulhern.
With the addition to the card, the UFC on FOX Sports 1 3 lineup now includes:
- Ryan Bader vs. Glover Teixeira
- Yushin Okami vs. Ronaldo Souza
- Joseph Benavidez vs. Jussier Formiga
- Sean Spencer vs. Yuri Villefort
For the latest on UFC on FOX Sports 1 3, stay tuned to the UFC Rumors section of the site.
(Pictured: Yuri Villefort)


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I like spring, but it is too young. I like summer, but it is too proud. So I like best of all autumn, because its leaves are a little yellow, its tone mellower, its colors richer, and it is tinged with sorrow and a premonition of death. Its golden richness speaks not of the innocence of spring, nor of the power of summer, but of the mellowness and kindly wisdom of approaching age. It knows the limitations of life and is content. From a knowledge of those limitations and its richness of experience emerges a symphony of colors, richer than all, its green speaking of life and strength, its orange speaking of golden content and its purple of resignation and death.
~ Lin Yutang


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NASA is now evaluating the external fuel tank crack that caused the cancellation of the Space Shuttle Discovery launch last week. These are the first pictures of the 20-inch fissure, which was the origin of the fuel leak.
There's no more information at this point. NASA is planning a November 30 launch for STS-133. The external fuel tank has been a permanent source of problems in the space shuttle program, ultimately causing the Columbia accident that ended with the lives of Commander Rick D. Husband, Pilot William C. McCool, Payload Commander Michael P. Anderson, Payload Specialist Ilan Ramon, Mission Specialist Kalpana Chawla, Mission Specialist David M. Brown, and Mission Specialist Laurel Clark.
Understandably, NASA is making sure that they understand the source of the problem and take all the necessary measures to avoid any further incidents or delays.
These images were taken by an unnamed person working at NASA, and posted on his son's blog. [Proof Math Is Beautiful—Thanks Oscar!]


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I'm going to bite the bullet and buy this camera tomorrow:
A Panasonic Lumix that has a fancy Leica lense. Best Buy has one with 8 mega pixels for under $200 so I'm gonna go for it. Starting tomorrow, hopefully, I can have pretty pictures on here again. yay.
Just in time for…packing.
Yep, me and the mister are headed back to my homeland, Providence RI. But I'll be back to Brooklyn so much I figure it will be more like splitting our time between the two cities, rather than hunkering down and never leaving Rhody. Its just that now my home base will be A. bigger, and B. cheaper. I cannot wait for an actual –gasp– office space of my own.


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Today's Numbers Midday results are in. Here are the winning numbers for Sunday March 19, 2023
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- In the book "The Lottery Wars", we learn that thousands of people scrounge through garbage cans to look for winning tickets.
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- Many lotteries recommend that you sign the back of your ticket so as to provide irrefutable evidence in case your winning ticket is misplaced.
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"I have won this lottery. It's a gigantic lottery, and it's called Amazon.com. And I'm using my lottery winnings to push us a little further into space." (Jeff Bezos)


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+ − Contact Information
Email Address: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: (518) 455-4561
Office Address:
Albany, NY 12248
+ − Biography
Jeffrion L. Aubry for the 35th A.D. of Queens County was elected to the New York State Assembly in a Special Election on January 3, 1992.
Assemblyman Aubry is the newly appointed New York State Speaker pro tempore and member of the following committees: Ways and Means, Rules, Social Services and Governmental Employees. He also serves as a chairman of the Board of Justice Center, a national organization which provides technical assistance to states to develop data driven consensus supported criminal justice policies to reduce crime and decrease the cost of incarceration nationwide. Assemblyman Aubry is a member of the Council of State Governments and is a Toll Fellow, a distinguished association of state legislators from across the country.
Mr. Aubry is also a member of the New York State Association of Black and Puerto Rican Legislators, Inc., a member of the New York State Assembly/Senate Puerto Rican/Hispanic Task Force and a member of the New York State Black, Puerto Rican, Hispanic and Asian Legislative Caucus. As Chairman of the Committee on Correction, Assemblyman Aubry successfully championed legislation enacted in 2009 that significantly reformed the Rockefeller Drug Laws in New York State by returning discretion to judges to sentence drug addicted offenders to treatment as an alternative to prison, and led the fight to ensure that prisoners suffering from serious mental illness receive needed treatment and are not confined under inhumane conditions through the enactment of the Special Housing Unit Exclusion Law. He has developed a series of efforts to advance several national and statewide issues. He has also raised money to advance the cause of bone marrow donor identification in the state of New York and passed legislation to allow employees to receive sick time if they choose to become a donor.
Assemblyman Aubry was the former Director of Economic Development for the Borough Presidents Office of Queens. Mr. Aubry was the Queens representative to the Economic Development Corporation of the City of New York, Chairman of the Small Business Development Centers Advisory Board at York College and has served on the District Management Association for all business improvement districts in Queens.
Assemblyman Aubry was formerly employed by Elmcor Youth and Adult Activities, a not-for-profit multi-service corporation, for sixteen years, and held various positions, including Executive Director. While at Elmcor, Mr. Aubry initiated new economic development, housing, and capital development programs. He also worked as a teacher in the New Mexico State Penitentiary for Eastern New Mexico University, as a consultant for Massand Associates, an engineering firm, and as the Director of the North Shore Fair Housing Center.
Assemblyman Aubry attended P.S. 92, Saint Gabriel School, Monsignor McClancy High School, Saint Augustines High School and was awarded a Bachelor of Arts from the College of Santa Fe in 1969. He was inducted into the Elmcor Youth and Adult Activities Hall of Fame and received a Community Service Award from New York State Black and Puerto Rican Legislative Caucus, Inc. He has also been honored with the East Elmhurst/Corona Civic Association Award, the Key Women Award, the Concerned Citizens Award, the Unit Citation from the LaGuardia Redevelopment Program of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the Man of the Year Award from The Wheelchair Classic, the Congressional Award for Outstanding Leadership from the National Marrow Donor Program, the Martin Luther King Drum Major Justice Award, the Advocate for Justice Award, and was selected as the Toll Fellow from New York in 2000. He was also presented the Advocate for Justice Award, in recognition of his commitment to improving New Yorks criminal justice system for women offenders in 2004. Mr. Aubry received the Outstanding Contribution to Legislation Award from the Criminal Justice Selection of the New York State Bar Association in 2005. In 2009, Assemblyman Aubry received The Justice Gerald Le Dain Award in the Field of Law at International Drug Policy Reform Conference in New Mexico, recognizing his leadership and tenacity in a successful effort to roll back draconian New York State drug laws. It is bestowed on those involved in the law who work within official institutions to challenge traditional drug war orthodoxy. He was also the recipient of The Award for Outstanding Legislative Leadership in the Cause for Justice from the Correctional Association of New York.
In his capacity as Chairman of Correction, Assemblyman Aubry has sponsored and passed numerous pieces of legislation designed to improve the outcome of the criminal justice system.
Prison Telephone Bill
Provides inmates with telephone services utilizing a prepaid or collect call system Chapter 240 of 2007 Mental Health Services in Prison (SHU bill)
removes inmates with serious mental illness from segregated confinement and to establish residential mental health treatment units that provide for the treatment of such inmates consistent with their mental health needs Rockefeller Reform Legislation Chapter 1 of 2007 Significant Labor Legislation
Ensures that employees of the OMH who work in prison mental health units receive the same immunity from civil damages as other state employees who work in prisons; civil actions cannot be brought in state court against any office of mental health officer or employee providing mental health services in a department of correctional services facility in his or her personal capacity for acts or omissions within the scope of employment. It is currently in Correction Committee. A.10163 (2010)
Prime Sponsored by Assemblyman Heastie, Multi-Sponsored by Assemblyman Aubry Establishes the wage theft prevention act. Currently in the Labor Committee A.3494 (2010)
Requires the commissioner of corrections to establish a staffing plan for all uniformed and non-uniformed employees; further requires adequate staffing at correctional facilities. It is currently in Correction Committee. A.1470A (2010)
Prime Sponsored by Assemblyman Keith Wright; Co-Prime Sponsored by Assemblyman Jeffrion L. Aubry Relates to provisions regarding domestic workers and such workers' employment regulations concerning hours of labor and wages, employment restrictions and employment contracts. Passed the Assembly Rockefeller Drug Law Reform
Permits civil and pretrial inmates to receive medical diagnosis and treatment in outside hospitals without a court order; repealed Chapter 33 of 2009 A.4552A
Provides that unlawful solicitation of ground transportation at an airport shall be a class B misdemeanor Chapter 481 of 2009 A.8521
Provides for notification between the department of corrections and the sentencing court as to erroneous sentences Chapter 337 of 2009 (2008)
Makes a technical amendment relating to the probation detainer warrant pilot program Chapter 16 of 2008 A.11721
Relates to issuance/entry of probation warrants, declarations of delinquency, court appearances for violations Chapter 652 of 2008 (2007)
Allows the board of parole to grant parole from an indeterminate sentence or release for deportation from a determinate sentence Chapter 239 of 2007 (2006)
Expands sex offender internet posting; requires the division of criminal justice services to maintain a subdirectory of level two and three sex offenders Chapter 106 of 2006 A.11550A
Establishes certain restrictions on scheduling any state mandated examinations on religious holidays Chapter 276 of 2006 (2004)
Makes comprehensive amendments to penalties for certain controlled substance offenses and further makes provisions relating to indeterminate sentences To reform the sentencing structure of New York's drug laws to reduce prison terms for non-violent drug offenders, provide retroactive sentencing relief and make related drug law sentencing improvements. The current indeterminate sentencing system for drug offenders would be changed to a determinate sentencing system which would provide lower sentences for non-violent drug offenders. Chapter 738 of 2004
Standing Committee Assignments 2013: Ways and Means, Rules, Social Services and Governmental Employees


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1759 - British expedition against Martinique and Guadeloupe
Hierarchical Path: Seven Years War (Main Page) >> Campaigns >> 1759 - British expedition against Martinique and Guadeloupe
The campaign lasted from November 1758 to May 1759
Preparation of the expedition
In November 1758, the British squadron of Keppel had hardly sailed for Sénégal (see 1758 - British expedition against Gorée in Senegal) before another fleet of transports gathered at Portsmouth. Indeed, 6 battalions (3rd Buffs, 4th King's own, 61st Elliot's, 63rd Watson's, 64th Barrington's, 65th Armiger's), a detachment from the Royal Regiment of Artillery at Woolwich and 800 Royal Marines were under orders for foreign service in the West Indies. Major-general Peregrine Hopson, who had been governor of Nova Scotia before the outbreak of war, was appointed to the chief command and Colonel Barrington, a junior officer, was selected to be his second. The expedition was delayed beyond the date fixed for its departure by bad weather.
On November 12, the 60 transports carrying these reinforcements for the Leeward Islands, escorted by 8 ships of the line, 1 frigate and 4 bombs under Captain Robert Hughes, set sail from Spithead with a fair wind to the west.
Arrival in the West Indies
On January 3 1759, the convoy of Captain Hughes reached Carlisle Bay in Barbados. Commodore John Moore, commanding the British squadron on the Leeward Islands' station, was waiting with 2 more ships of the line to join it and to take command of the fleet. He was now at the head of a force to make an attempt against some of the French Caribbean Islands which were supposed to be weakly garrisoned. Moore's fleet consisted of:
- Ships of the line
- Cambridge (80), Captain Thomas Burnett, flagship of Commodore John Moore
- St. George (96), Captain Clarke Gayton
- Norfolk (74), Captain Robert Hughes
- Buckingham (70), Captain Richard Tyrrell (later Captain Lachlin Leslie)
- Burford (70), Captain James Gambier
- Berwick (70), Captain William Harman
- Lyon (60), Captain William Trelawney
- Rippon (60), Captain Edward Jekyll
- Panther (60), Captain Molyneux Shuldham
- Winchester (50), Captain Edward Le Gras
- Bristol (54), Captain Lachlin Leslie (later Captain Peter Parker)
- Frigates
- Woolwich (44), Captain Peter Parker (later Captain Daniel Dering)
- Roebuck (44), Captain Thomas Lynn
- Ludlow Castle (44), Captain Edward Clark, transporting the II./42nd Royal Highland Foot from Scotland
- Renown (30), Captain George MacKenzie
- Amazon (26), Captain William Norton
- Rye (24), Captain Daniel Dering
- Sloops of war
- Bonetta (10), Commander Richard King
- Weazle (16), Commander John Boles
- Antigon (13), Commander Weston Varlo
- Spy (10), Commander William Bayne
- Bomb ketches
- Kingfisher (8), Commander Sabine Deacon
- Falcon (8), Commander Mark Robinson
- Grenado (8), Commander Samuel Uvedale
- Infernal (8), Commander James Mackenzie
- Transports (60 sail)
On January 13, the whole British force sailed away north-westward before the trade-wind. Astern of them the mountains of Saint-Vincent hung distant, ahead of them two tall peaks, shaped like gigantic sugar-loaves, rose higher and higher from the sea, and marked the southern end of Sainte-Lucie which was left astern and Martinique loomed up larger and bolder ahead. An islet like a pyramid was passed on the starboard hand: the Diamond Rock. Then the fleet came under the lee of the island. A little farther, the coast of Martinique shrank back to eastward into a deep inlet ringed about by lofty volcanic hills.
On January 15, when the fleet approached the Bay of Fort Royal (present-day Fort de France) the French fired a few cannon-shot from a rocky islet near the entrance of the bay. The ships lay off the bay while Hopson thought out his plan of operations. The governor of the island, François de Beauharnais, immediately put his forces on the alert.
Attempt against Martinique
The town and fortress of Fort Royal lies well within the bay on the northern shore, so Morne aux Nègres (aka Negro Point), which marks the entrance to the harbour to the north, was the spot selected for the landing.
On the morning of January 16, the Bristol (54) and the Rippon (60) silenced and occupied a fort on Morne aux Nègres. The Winchester (50), Woolwich (44) and Roebuck (44) cannonaded the batteries in the Bay of Cas des Navires, where it was intended to disembark troops. A landing was effected at about 4:00 p.m. under Captains Molyneux Shuldham, James Gambier, and Thomas Burnett. The troops landed unopposed in a small bay adjacent to Morne aux Nègres. A camping ground was chosen in the only open space that could be found, between two ravines, and there the army passed the night formed up in square, to be ready against any sudden attack.
By the morning of January 17, nearly the whole army (about 4,400 men) was ashore. At dawn, shots were heard, and the outposts reported that the French were advancing and entrenching a house close to the British position. The British grenadiers were sent forward to dislodge them and a smart skirmish ended in the retreat of the French. Hopson would have pushed more of his men into action, but the jungle was so dense that they could find no enemy. It was out of the question to attempt to drag the heavy artillery before Fort Royal over such a country. General Hopson, despairing of success, withdrew his troops to the transports and decided to re-embark them immediately. Nearly 100 men had been killed and wounded in the morning's skirmish, but the embarkation was accomplished without further loss.
On January 18, the expedition proceeded to Saint-Pierre, the second town in Martinique. The fleet coasted the island northward and by evening lay off Saint-Pierre which stood nestling in a little plain at the head of a shallow bay. About 40 merchantmen were lying in the bay.
On the morning of January 19, Commodore Moore prepared 2 bombs to attack the town, sent a ship of the line to sound and ordered the Rippon (60) to silence a battery about 2 km north of Saint-Pierre, the reduction of which would not in the least have influenced the general fate of the island. The Rippon (60) was quite unsupported and fought from 2:00 p.m. till 4:30 p.m. with great gallantry and silenced one battery. However, 4 other batteries opened and she was obliged to cut her cable and tow off. She narrowly escaped grounding, and could not entirely get clear till 6:00 p.m.. Jekyll, her captain, behaved magnificently. The fire of the French batteries from the heights to right and left soon convinced the commodore that the town could not be taken without such damage to his ships as would disable them for further service. It was then decided to abandon the attempt on Martinique, without even attacking the merchantmen lying in the Bay of Saint-Pierre, and to attack Guadeloupe which was not only the richest of the French Islands but also the principal nest of French privateers in the West Indies. For the defence of the island, there were very few regular troops: 300 men of the Colonial Compagnies Franches de la Marine and part of a company of Canonniers-Bombardiers de la Marine under Chevalier Antoine Le Pelletier de Liancourt and Lieutenant Joseph Gaspard de Tascher de la Pagerie. The rest of the defending forces consisting exclusively of irregulars.
Departure for Guadeloupe
On the morning of January 20, the British fleet steered northward past Dominica where the French flag floated over Fort Roseau.
On January 21, Chef d'escadre Bombar finally set sail from Brest, after much delay, for the West Indies with eight ships:
- Le Courageux (74)
- Le Défenseur (74)
- Le Diadème (74)
- Le Hector (74)
- Le Protée (64)
- Le Sage (64)
- Le Vaillant (64)
- L'Amphion (50)
By noon on January 22, the British fleet was off Basse-Terre. A single ship was sent forward with the chief military engineer on board to reconnoitre the town which lies on the western or leeward coast a few miles to north of the most southerly point of Guadeloupe. The engineer returned with no very encouraging report. The town though lying on an open roadstead was well fortified and all the approaches to it along the coast were well protected, while the fort of Basse-Terre, situated on a lofty eminence at the southern end, was declared to be impregnable by the attack of ships alone. Notwithstanding, these observations, Moore was resolute to take Basse-Terre. It was determined that the citadel would be cannonaded the following day.
Capture of Basseterre
On January 23, Commodore Moore decided to send the St. George (96), Norfolk (74) and Cambridge (80) against the citadel of Basse-Terre, mounting 47 guns. Furthermore, he ordered the Lyon (60) to silence a 9 guns battery; the Panther (60) and Burford (70), a 12 guns battery; the Berwick (70), a 7 guns battery; and the Rippon (60), a 6 guns battery at Morne Rouge. The French batteries were manned by experimented Canonniers-Bombardiers de la Marine, professional artillerymen and corsairs supervising soldiers and militaimen. Moore shifted his broad pennant from the Cambridge (80) and hoisted it on board the frigate Woolwich (44). At 9:00 a.m., the ships having all taken their stations, Moore launched his attack. The citadel and the various batteries were cannonaded. During the ensuing artillery duel, the Burford (70) and Berwick (70) were forced to retire. Meanwhile, the Rippon (60) got aground, and was again in the greatest danger, until relieved by the Bristol (54) and Roebuck (44). As soon as the several batteries were silenced, the 4 bomb-ketches stood in for the shore and threw shells and carcasses into the town. At 10:00 a.m., Basse-Terre, crammed with the sugar and rum of the past harvest, was burning furiously. At about 5:00 p.m., the French fire was silenced. By nightfall, the town was a heap of blackened ruins. Indeed, Commodore Moore exerted from the first much unnecessary force. He might have landed his troops a little to the north of the town and so captured the place, which was open on the land side. But he preferred the useless and risky expedient of opposing his ships to forts. In the action, however, only about 30 men were killed and about 60 wounded, among the latter being Captain Trelawney, of the Lyon (60). During this action, Charles François Emmanuel Nadeau du Treil, the French governor of the island retired to a plantation out of gun-shot where he remained idle.
At dawn on January 24, the British troops were landed unmolested near Fort Saint-Charles (would be renamed "Fort Royal" by the British after its capture) which had been abandoned by its defenders under M. Leroi de la Polherie. Basse-Terre, which was still burning, was occupied. They found the inland elaborate lines of defence deserted and every gun spiked. Only a few French skirmishers fired sporadically from among the sugar-canes. The army encamped in Basse-Terre. Hopson sent a summons to the French governor to surrender, but received only an answer of defiance. Indeed, du Treil had retired with his troops to a rising ground 10 km from the town. It was an impregnable position such as can be found only in a rugged, mountainous and untamed country. Each flank was covered by inaccessible hills clothed with impenetrable forest. In his front ran the river Galeon with high and precipitous banks and beyond the river a gully so steep and sheer that the French themselves used ladders to cross it. The position was further strengthened by entrenchments and cannon. A frontal attack was impossible. The only practicable access was by a narrow road which led through dense forest upon one flank, and this was most carefully guarded.
The latter part of January, small parties of French were continually laying ambushes among the sugar canes. British picquets and advanced posts were harassed to death by incessant alarms and petty attacks. The British set the cane-fields on fire to prevent such attacks.
Hopson health was failing rapidly and the men were beginning to fall down fast under the incessant work at the advanced posts and the fatigue of carrying provisions to them. Gradually, British advanced posts had been pushed farther and farther inland. They now embraced a circuit of some 5 km. Hopson was now considering the possibility of re-embarking.
By the end of January the men on the sick list numbered 1,500, or fully a quarter of the force. Hopson sent 600 invalids to Antigua in the hope of saving at least some of them. He then remained inactive and even the representations of Barrington could not stimulate him to further action.
Guadeloupe is in reality not one island but two, being divided by a narrow strait known as the Salt River. The western island being known as Guadeloupe proper and the eastern as Grande-Terre, the most fertile part of the island. The latter still lay open to attack, with an excellent harbour at Pointe-à-Pitre, of which the principal defence, Fort Louis, could be reached by the cannon of ships.
On February 6, Moore being fortunately independent of Hopson in respect of naval operations, detached the Roebuck (44), Winchester (50), Berwick (70), Panther (60), Woolwich (44) and the Renown (30). The squadron was placed under the command of Captain Harman and sailed for Fort Louis.
On February 13, Captain Harman's force attacked Fort Louis on the Grande-Terre side of the island. After a severe cannonade, which lasted 6 hours, a large detachment of Marines, along with the II./42nd Royal Highland Foot, landed, drove the French from their entrenchments and hoisted the British colours at the fort. Harman installed a garrison of 300 Highlanders and Marines. Even with this new base secured to him, Hopson still declined to move. He was indeed sick unto death.
On February 27, Hopson died, leaving the command to devolve to Major-general John Barrington. The British expeditionary force was by now on the brink of destruction. Over and above the 600 invalids sent to Antigua, there were more than 1,600 men on the sick list, and the remainder were succumbing so fast that sufficient men could hardly be found to do the daily duty.
On March 1, Barrington put an end to the fatal period of inaction. The defences of the fort of Basse-Terre (Fort Saint-Charles, aka Fort Royal) had already been repaired and rendered safe against attack. The 63rd Watson's Foot and a detachment of artillery were left to hold this fort under Colonel Desbrisay while the remainder of the troops were embarked on board the transports.
On March 11, after several days of weary beating against the trade-wind a portion of the ships came to anchor before Fort Louis, but more than half of them had fallen to leeward.
The next day was spent by Barrington in an open boat reconnoitring the coast, but on his return in the evening he was met by the bad news that a French squadron had been sighted to northward of Barbados. Indeed, it was M. de Bompart with 5 ships of the line and 3 large frigates, transporting a Swiss regiment (probably Hallwyl Infanterie) intended for the relief of the French islands. Moore felt bound to fall back with his own squadron to Prince Rupert's Bay in the Island of Dominica, in order to cover Basse-Terre and the British Leeward Islands. Finally, as sickness had wrought little less havoc in the fleet than in the army, the commodore begged for troops to make up the complement of his crews. The French squadron lay in Great Bay, Fort Royal, Martinique.
Raids in the island
Few situations could have been more embarrassing than that in which Barrington now found himself. He gave Moore 300 soldiers for his ships, and watched the fleet on which his communications depended vanish from sight. The small British army was now partially deprived of the assistance of the fleet for its operations on shore. Almost half of Barrington's force had perished or was unfit for duty. The 63rd Foot was isolated in Basse-Terre and half of his remaining troops were still at sea, striving to beat into Pointe-à-Pitre. Fort Louis, the only strong position in which he could hope to wait in safety, was found to be untenable. Furthermore, the French were already preparing to besiege it.
In the following 11 weeks, the French privateers took advantage of the fact that the two squadrons were watching one another and sailed out. During this period, they captured more than 90 British merchantmen and carried them into Martinique.
Despite all these difficulties, Barrington resolved to begin offensive operations at once. Using his transports, he planned to attack isolated French settlements and to devastate them as well as the cultivated land in the surrounding countryside. He hoped that this would force the enemy to action. Otherwise, these raids would gradually reduce the island to starvation. Even though the French had raised several batteries and entrenchments to protect these settlements, their forces were forcibly dispersed. Therefore, Barrington, by concentrating his remaining troops, could always attack these isolated settlements with superior forces, breaking up the defences in detail.
Some 15 days were first occupied in strengthening the defences of Fort Louis.
On March 27, 600 men were embarked under command of Colonel Crump and sent off to the south coast of Grande-Terre, with orders to land between the towns of Sainte-Anne and Saint-François, to destroy both of them and to ruin the batteries erected for their protection. Crump accomplished this mission punctually and with little loss.
On March 29, Barrington, guessing that the French would certainly have detached some of their troops from Le Gosier, a port a few km to westward of Sainte-Anne sailed with 300 men against it, and at dawn fell upon the French in their entrenchments. The troops, eager for work after long inaction, attacked with great spirit, drove the French out with little difficulty and slight loss, and then prepared to force their way back to Fort Louis by land.
Barrington had also ordered two separate sallies to be made by the garrison of Fort Louis upon the lines erected by the French against the fort, but owing to some mistake only one was delivered. Nevertheless his own little detachment did the work unaided, captured a battery of 24-pdrs which had been planted by the enemy to open on the fort on the next day, and returned to its quarter triumphant.
By this time the missing transports had succeeded in working into Pointe-à-Pitre. There also came news from Basse-Terre that the French were constructing batteries to bombard Fort Royal and that Desbrisay, the colonel in command, a valuable officer, had been killed, together with one or two of his men, when the powder magazine had exploded. Barrington appointed Major Melville as new commander, with orders to sally forth and capture these batteries without more ado. The task was performed with little trouble or loss. Moreover, having now ruined the most important settlements in Grande-Terre, Barrington resolved to apply the same principles of warfare to Guadeloupe.
On April 12, Brigadier Clavering, with 1,300 men and 6 guns, was sent off to a bay close to Arnouville. His force landed unopposed, the enemy retiring to a strong position in rear of Licorne River. This position was all-important to the French since it covered Baie-Mahault, which was the port by which the Dutch supplied Guadeloupe with provisions from the island of Saint-Eustatia. It was so strong by nature that it needed little fortification. Access to the river being barred by a mangrove swamp, across which there were but two narrow approaches, both of them protected by redoubts, palisaded entrenchments, and cannon. None the less, Clavering determined to attack. Covered by a heavy fire of artillery the 4th Foot and II./42nd Royal Highland Foot advanced against the French left, calmly firing by platoons. This behaviour so intimidated the French militia that they abandoned the first entrenchment on their left. The Highlanders threw themselves into this entrenchment and drawing their claymores made a rush and the 4th dashing forward with the bayonet drove the French from the redoubt. Then pushing round to the rear of the entrenchments on the French right they forced the enemy to evacuate them also and captured 70 prisoners. The French then retreated southward, setting fire to the cane-fields as they passed in order to check the British pursuit, and took post behind Lézarde River, breaking down the bridge behind them. It was too late for Clavering to attack them on that day, for the only ford on the river was protected by a redoubt and 4 guns.
During the night of April 12 to 13, Clavering kept up a fire of artillery to distract the attention of the French. Meanwhile, he passed a party in a canoe across the river below the position of the French, who realising that their right flank had been turned, retired with precipitation, abandoning all their guns. The French then followed the coast southward to Petit Bourg, where they had prepared fortified lines and armed redoubts. At Petit Bourg, they tried to make another stand, but Barrington had sent a bomb-vessel to await them off the coast. It opened fire with shell and drove them back once more, before they could withdraw their guns from the entrenchments. Then and not till then did Clavering grant his men a halt after their hard work under the tropical sun.
On April 15, Clavering was in motion again. A detachment of 100 men was sent to capture the next battery to southward at the town of Goyave. The French, now thoroughly disheartened, waited only to fire one shot and then fled, leaving 7 guns behind them. The British spiked the guns and retired to Petit Bourg. On the same day, Colonel Crump was sent with 700 men to Baie-Mahault where he found the French defences abandoned. Having destroyed them, together with a vast quantity of stores, he marched to join Clavering at Petit Bourg and to help in the work of desolating the country round it.
Heavy rain suspended operations during the two following days.
On April 18, the entire British force, excepting a garrison of 250 men which was left at Petit Bourg, renewed the advance southward upon Sainte-Marie, where all the French troops in the island were assembled to oppose it. The French position was as usual strongly entrenched, but the paths that led to rear of it, being judged impassable, were left unguarded. A detachment was therefore sent to turn the entrenchments by these paths, and the artillery was hastened up to the front. The guns had hardly opened fire when the French, perceiving the movement in their rear, deserted their fortifications and fled to another entrenched position on the heights beyond Sainte-Marie. The British pursued and, while the ground was clearing for the artillery to come into action, part of the infantry tried to force a way through the forest and precipices on the flank of the earthworks. The French, weary of finding position after position turned, left their fortified lines to meet this attack, whereupon Clavering instantly launched the remainder of his troops straight at the lines, and despite a heavy fire of artillery and musketry swept the enemy out of this last refuge.
Guadeloupe surrenders
On April 19, the British army entered the District of Capesterre, reputed the richest in the whole of the West Indies. The planters sent MM. de Clairvilliers and Duquenay to beg for terms. Clavering, knowing that a French relief force was close at hand, accepted to negotiate.
On May 1, the French governor of Guadeloupe signed the capitulation stipulating that the garrison should be sent to Martinique. M. de Bompart had made no attempt to relieve the island. Guadeloupe, one of the wealthiest of the Antilles, with a harbour large enough to shelter the whole Royal Navy from hurricanes, passed to Great Britain.
No sooner was the capitulation signed that news came of the arrival of General Beauharnais from Martinique with 600 French regular troops and 2,000 buccaneers. He landed at Sainte-Anne. A day earlier this reinforcement would have saved Guadeloupe but, on hearing of the capitulation, Beauharnais re-embarked his troops and sailed away. Nothing therefore remained for Barrington but to settle the administration, fortify the harbour, and leave a sufficient garrison to hold it. Crump was installed as governor. The 4th Foot, 63rd Foot and 65th Foot were left with him to garrison the island.
After the capture of Guadeloupe, General Barrington summoned and received the surrender of Marie-Galante Island (May 26) which had not been included in the capitulation, and had made some show of defiance. Barrington also received the surrender of the Saintes, La Désirade and Petite-Terre.
A little later Moore, reinforced by the Raisonnable (64), and the Nassau (64), proceeded to Basse-Terre Road. The 38th Foot returned to its old quarters in the Leeward Islands and the II./42nd Royal Highland Foot was shipped off to America.
By June 1, the French had the following ships of the line stationed in the West Indies:
- Le Courageux (74)
- Le Défenseur (74)
- Le Diadème (74)
- Le Florissant (74)
- Le Hector (74)
- Le Protée (64)
- Le Sage (64)
- Le Vaillant (64)
- L'Amphion (50)
On June 25, Barrington with the remnant of the 3rd Buffs, 61st Foot and 64th Foot returned to Great Britain, under convoy of the Roebuck (44).
The island had been conquered, but the climate had not and it took its revenge. By the close of the 7 months that remained of the year 1759 nearly 800 officers and men of the garrison had found their graves in Guadeloupe.
Their inferiority of force prevented the French from attempting anything of importance against either the British fleet or the British garrisons in the West Indies. Therefore, no French fleet put to sea. Moore had subsequently to confine himself to the repression of the French privateers and to the protection of the British trade.
On the Jamaica station, where Vice-admiral Cotes still commanded, the situation was very similar.
In 1760, Governor Nadeau du Treil was tried by a Councul of War assembled upon Louis XV's order to examine the behaviour of the officers responsible for the fall of Guadeloupe. On January 15 1761, the former governor was found guilty of cowardice and inefficiency. He was stripped of his rank and imprisoned!
This article is essentially a compilation of texts from the following books which are now in the public domain:
- Anonymous, A Complete History of the Present War, from its Commencement in 1756, to the End of the Campaign, 1760, London, 1761, pp. 344-357
- Clowes, Wm. Laird, The Royal Navy – A History from the Earliest Time to the Present, Vol. III, Sampson Low, Marston and Company, London: 1898, pp. 196, 200-204
- Fortescue J. W., A History of the British Army Vol. II, MacMillan, London, 1899, pp. 346-357
Other Sources
Dull, Jonathan R.: The French Navy and the Seven Years' War, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, p. 119, Appendix H
Jean-Pierre Loriot and Jean Charles Soulié for information on the French forces defending Guadeloupe


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What is money? How much do you need to make you happy? How is your relationship with money?
Money is life energy. It is the life energy – our hours – we invest to have what we need and to pursue what we want.
Money is called 'currency' because it flows like a river, though sometimes a trickle rather than a torrent. How can we shape this current so we move towards ease and mastery in our lives?
Another way currents flow is electricity – maybe that is why money is such a hot topic and so many of us feel burned in our relationship with it. How can we get our earning, spending, investing, borrowing, giving and saving to all lead to a life we love?
Most of us spend a third of our lives on money. Don't we deserve to have a clear and empowered relationship with the stuff free of fear, worry and confusion? We can have that – even in this economy – but we have to transform our relationship not just with money, but all life energy flows.
If you and I want to transform our relationship with money we need to take a look at how we spend not just our dollars, but our time and attention. We need to look at our consumption, not just the stuff we buy but the food we eat, the lotions and potions we buy to pursue health, the endless efforts to gain status and control. You can transform all these life energy flows – in fact, transforming one can empower you to transform them all. Imagine that.
Here's the LIFE part. While money is life energy – it is just one way you transform what flows through your life into a life you love. Transforming your relationship with money happens as you relate your money life to your happiness life – your daily joys and your life purpose. Does my relationship with food make me happy? Does my relationship with time make me happy? What about love – is my love life a source of happiness – or a sink hole for life energy?
The tools for transforming your relationship with money also work for all areas of our lives such as food, health, relationships, love too. When people say 'Your Money or Your Life changed my life' they mean they are both liberated from money servitude and they are living a fulfilling life.
Step One to transforming your relationship with money, time, food and love is to be clear about what you really want to get out of and give to life. By what measure will you know you have enough? What makes you happy?
Step Two is to observe carefully how life energy flows for you, in daily transactions and in larger patterns – without judgment with an attitude of "no shame, no blame."
Step Three is to see if Step One and Step Two match. Does the life energy I am spending buy me a happy, meaningful life? Is it feeding all of me, not just some of me?
How is your relationship with food? Does the food you eat satisfy you – not just your stomach but nourish your life?
Food is life energy. It's the vitality of the earth and sun, transformed into food through much hard work. When you eat it your body transforms it into life energy you invest in work, play and love. Our relationship with food isn't just strategies for controlling weight or health. It has to do with assumptions about size, health, beauty, nourishment, entitlement, attractiveness and more. You can have a clear empowered fulfilling relationship with food that comes through self-observation and inquiry rather than self-control and resistance to any aspect of how you are. Is how you're eating actually filling you? Are you crazy about food – loving it and hating it and confused even about what and how much and when to eat? Is it in alignment with your goals and dreams?
How are you investing your time? Is it buying you a life you love?
Time itself is life energy, a resource that flows through our lives. In fact, it is our real "allowance", what we have to spend between birth and death to do all the caring and creating and learning and producing that's in us. We look for more, squander it, hoard it, give it away in all the wrong places, and we invest it in our hopes for a better future. The solution isn't really about just the amount of time you have, but rather the quality of how you spend your time.
Annie Dillard says, "How we spend our days is, after all, how we spend out lives."
How are you? Are you well? Do you have a healthy relationship with your body? How much vitality do you have?
Our vitality is the amount of life energy available to move us forward towards our goals, purposes, dreams and desires. Health, they say, is true wealth, because without it, your life energy is locked up in a daily struggle to survive. Vitality isn't just the ticking clock of time but the amount of energy and passion we have to invest. Truly healthy people have what science calls an "internal locus of control" – they consult doctors and take pills and undergo treatments, but they never surrender responsibility for their health.
Vitality arises from listening to the body, not rejecting some aspect, accepting others and trying to get you to fit some model of health. It is even possible for people who are ill and dying to be vital and alive, and people who have nothing wrong with them to find life itself a burden.
The same transformational tools for observing, accepting and evaluating the flow of money apply to the flow of vital energy.
Are you in love with your life? Do you spend your love in ways that make you happy and lead you to a life you love? What is the life energy return of how you invest your love?
How you invest your love into your relationships, community and world work has everything to do with a happy life. Love, generosity, caring, respect and interest all flow naturally when you invest love wisely. Loving isn't just having a mate or having sex. It is, as – it is actually loving your life. We invest love in things and people but it is really a "space" you cultivate of transparency and respect. It's having a healthy, happy, nourishing relationship with life itself. Does this seem beyond possible, given all the daily challenges you face? Transforming your relationship with love isn't about not having challenges. It's about loving the challenges as ways to release the barriers to love. Practicing love in the face of wherever you are in your life is a springboard for liberation.


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Cardinals shortstop Furcal to have elbow surgery
Staff Writer
State Journal-Register
JUPITER, Fla. -- St. Louis Cardinals shortstop Rafael Furcal will have major surgery on his right elbow next week.
The team did not say in its statement Thursday how long the three-time All-Star will be out. Dr. James Andrews, the noted orthopedist, examined Furcal Wednesday and will perform Tommy John surgery.
Cardinals manager Mike Matheny and general manager John Mozeliak will discuss Furcal's status at a news conference at spring training Thursday.
The 35-year-old Furcal has been sidelined since reinjuring the elbow he hurt late last season. Furcal and the team had tried rehab rather than reconstructive surgery in the offseason.


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Last Wednesday, when Justin Timberlake hosted the ESPY Awards, he received mostly positive reviews for his first-time hosting abilities. The entire event went off hitch-free and was perfectly entertaining for those who love watching sports figures and entertainers ham it up at pointless awards shows. However, a report from SI's Arash Markazi on Monday suggested that there was one "blemish" during the event, when Timberlake was joking around with The Boston Celtics' Paul Pierce:
Justin Timberlake was teasing Paul Pierce about his "injured" knee in Game 1 of the NBA Finals during his opening monologue. In describing how Pierce quickly came back after being taken off on a wheelchair, Timberlake joked that Pierce was back on the court, "shucking and jiving."
Markazi said the comment was edited from the show due to the phrase's racial overtones. As long as it was out of sight to viewers, it's out of mind, though. ESPN officially told Deadspin it has "no comment" about the incident and "declines to elaborate" on the story. To be honest, I first saw the quote and thought "shuckin' and jivin'" meant "dinkin' and dunkin'" or "jukin' and fakin'" or something along those lines. Apparently, not.
Considering ESPN's track record in the last year with offensive comments, it was probably for the best.
Easy Edit [SI]
Racist Joke Cut From ESPYs? [SBB]