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Have you ever had a car that was close to 100,000 miles? You tell yourself that you are going to watch it get to that milestone, but the next time you look at the odometer, it is at 100,007. That has happened to me a couple of times, and I swear to myself, the next time I will pay more attention. I am still not sure what the allure is, maybe subliminally you think that confetti will come out of the sky, and there will be a band playing in the background, all because of this big milestone. Well – I have been looking at my page views lately, as I edge towards one million…yes, that is a very large number. I was so excited to reach that milestone. Of course, I forgot about it though, and the next time I looked, I was a thousand over. Would you believe I was actually disappointed that I missed it? Like I would actually sit at my blog and keep refreshing the dashboard until I reached the magic number? Maybe if I had nothing else to do with my time, but certainly that should not be my priority with the life I currently lead.
Back to why you are here in the first place…food. Yes, my husband was away again, and I was back to making another variation on macaroni and cheese – this time the chili version. I saw this recipe in Cooking Light, and when I saw the cream cheese in the list of ingredients, I knew it would be a winner. I am edging my way towards my college roommate's orange pasta with this recipe, and I knew it had to be awesome. I loved how creamy this was – and the meat was a welcome addition. The kids actually loved it – but then again, I am not sure I have ever made a mac-n-cheese that they didn't like. For a super easy recipe, this was definitely a keeper. Here's to a million more…
- 1 teaspoon canola oil
- 3/4 pound ground round
- 1 teaspoon garlic powder
- 1 teaspoon ground coriander
- 1 teaspoon ground cumin
- 2 teaspoons chili powder
- 2 cups fat-free, lower-sodium beef broth
- 1 cup water
- 1 (10-ounce) can mild diced tomatoes and green chiles, undrained
- 8 ounces uncooked elbow macaroni
- 1/2 cup fat-free milk
- 4 ounces 1/3-less-fat cream cheese
- 4 1/2 ounces finely shredded reduced-fat sharp cheddar cheese
Heat a Dutch oven over medium-high heat. Add oil. Add beef and next 4 ingredients; cook 3 minutes. Add broth, water, and tomatoes; bring to a boil. Stir in macaroni; cover and cook 10 minutes or until macaroni is done.
Heat milk and cream cheese in a saucepan over medium heat. Cook 4 minutes or until cheese melts, stirring frequently. Remove from heat. Stir in cheddar. Add cheese sauce to macaroni mixture; toss well to coat.
For a printer-friendly version of this recipe, please click here: Chili-Cheese Mac


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This post is another in my ongoing series of "basic questions about open data", which includes "What is a Dataset?" and "What does a dataset contain?". In this post I want to focus on dataset attribution and in particular questions such as:
- Why should we attribute data?
- How are data publishers asking to be attributed?
- What are some of the issues with attribution?
- Can we identify some common conventions around attribution?
- Can we monitor or track attribution?
I started to think about this because I've encountered a number of data publishers recently that have published Open Data but are now struggling to highlight how and where that data has been used or consumed. If data is published for anonymous download, or accessible through an open API then a data publisher only has usage logs to draw on.
I had thought that attribution might help here: if we can find links back to sources, then perhaps we can help data publishers mine the web for links and help them build evidence of usage. But it quickly became clear, as we'll see in a moment, that there really aren't any conventions around attribution, making it difficult to achieve this.
So lets explore the topic from first principles and tick off my questions individually.
Why Attribute?
The obvious answer here is simply that if we are building on the work of others, then it's only fair that those efforts should be acknowledged. This helps the creator of the data (or work, or code) be recognised for their creativity and effort, which is the very least we can do if we're not exchanging hard cash.
There are also legal reasons why the source of some data might be need to be acknowledged. Some licenses require attribution, copyright may need to be acknowledged. As a consumer I might also want to (or need to) clearly indicate that I am not the originator of some data in case it is find to be false, or misleading, etc.
Acknowledging my sources may also help guarantee that the data I'm using continues to be available: a data publisher might be collecting evidence of successful re-use in order to justify ongoing budget for data collection, curation and publishing. This is especially true when the data publisher is not directly benefiting from the data supply; and I think it's almost always true for public sector data. If I'm reusing some data I should make it as clear as possible that I'm so doing.
There's some additional useful background on attribution from a public sector perspective in a document called "Supporting attribution, protecting reputation, and preserving integrity".
It might also be useful to distinguish between:
- Attribution — highlighting the creator/publisher of some data to acknowledge their efforts, conferring reputation
- Citation — providing a link or reference to the data itself, in order to communicate provenance or drive discovery
While these two cases clearly overlap, the intention is often slightly different. As a user of an application, or the reader of an academic paper, I might want a clear citation to the underlying dataset so I can re-use it myself, or do some fact checking. The important use case there is tracking facts and figures back to their sources. Attribution is more about crediting the effort involved in collecting that information.
It may be possible to achieve both goals with a simple link, but I think recognising the different use cases is important.
How are data publishers asking to be attributed?
So how are data publishers asking for attribution? What follows isn't an exhaustive survey but should hopefully illustrate some of the variety.
Lets look first at some of the suggested wordings in some common Open Data licenses, then poke around in some terms and conditions to see how these are being applied in practice.
Attribution Statements in Common Open Data Licenses
The Open Data Commons Attribution license includes some recommended text (Section 4.3a – Example Notice):
Contains information from DATABASE NAME which is made available under the ODC Attribution License.
Where DATABASE NAME is the name of the dataset and is linked to the dataset homepage. Notice no mention of the originator, just the database. The license notes that in plain text the links should be included as text. The Open Data Commons Database license has the same text (again, section 4.3a)
The UK Open Government License notes that re-users should:
…acknowledge the source of the Information by including any attribution statement specified by the Information Provider(s) and, where possible, provide a link to this licence
Where no attribution is provided, or multiple sources must be attributed, then the suggested default text, which should include a link to the license is:
Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v1.0.
So again, no reference to the publisher but also no reference to the dataset either. The National Archives have some guidance on attribution which includes some other variations. These variants do suggest including more detail including name of department, date of publication, etc. These look more like typical bibliographic citations.
As another data point we can look at the Ordnance Survey Open Data License. This is a variation of the Open Government License but carries some additional requirements, specifically around attribution. The basic attribution statement is:
Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right [year]
However the Code Point Open dataset has some additional attribution requirements, which also acknowledge copyright of the Royal Mail and National Statistics. All of these statements acknowledge the originators and there's no requirement to cite the dataset itself.
Interestingly, while the previous licenses state that re-publication of data should be under a compatible license, only the OS Open Data license explicitly notes that the attribution statements must also be preserved. So both the license and attribution have viral qualities.
Attribution Statements in Terms and Conditions
Now lets look at some specific Open Data services to see what attribution provisions they include.
Freebase is an interesting example. It draws on multiple datasets which are supplemented by contributions of its user community. Some of that data is under different licenses. As you can see from their attribution page, there are variants in attribution statements depending on whether the data is about one or several resources and whether it includes Wikipedia content, which must be specially acknowledged.
They provide a handy HTML snippet for you to include in your webpage to make sure you get the attribution exactly right. Ironically at the time of writing this service is broken ("User Rate Limit Exceeded"). If you want a slightly different attribution, then you're asked to contact them.
Now, while Freebase might not meet everyone's definition of Open Data, its an interesting data point. Particularly as they ask for deep links back to the dataset, as well as having a clear expectation of where/how the attribution will be surfaced.
OpenCorporates is another illustrative example. Their legal/license info page examples that their dataset is licensed under the Open Data Commons Database License and explains that:
Use of any data must be accompanied by a hyperlink reading "from OpenCorporates" and linking to either the OpenCorporates homepage or the page referring to the information in question
There are also clear expectations around the visibility of that attribution:
The attribution must be no smaller than 70% of the size of the largest bit of information used, or 7px, whichever is larger. If you are making the information available via your own API you need to make sure your users comply with all these conditions.
So there is a clear expectation that the attribution should be displayed alongside any data. Like the OS license these attribution requirements are also viral as they must be passed on by aggregators.
My intention isn't to criticise either OpenCorporates or Freebase, but merely to highlight some real world examples.
What are some of the issues with data attribution?
Clearly we could undertake a much more thorough review than I have done here. But this is sufficient to highlight what I think are some of the key issues. Put yourself in the position of a developer consuming some Open Data under any or all of these conditions. How do you responsibly provide attribution?
The questions that occur to me, at least are:
- Do I need to put attribution on every page of my application, or can I simply add it to a colophon? (Aside: lanyrd has a great colophon page). In some cases it seems like I might have some freedom of choice, in others I don't
- If I do have to put a link or some text on a page, then do I have any flexibility around its size, positioning, visibility, etc? Again, in some cases I may do, but in others I have some clear guidance to follow. This might be challenging if I'm creating a mobile application with limited screen space. Or creating a voice or SMS application.
- What if I just re-use the data as part of some back-end analysis, but none of that data is actually surfaced to the user? How do I attribute in this scenario?
- Do I need to acknowledge the publisher, or a link to the source page(s)?
- What if I need to address multiple requirements, e.g. if I mashed up data from data.gov.uk, the Ordnance Survey, Freebase and OpenCorporates? That might get awkward.
There are no clear answers to these questions. For individual datasets I might be able to get guidance, but it requires me to read the detailed terms and conditions for the dataset or API I'm using. Isn't the whole purpose in having off-the-shelf licenses like the OGL or ODbL supposed to help us streamline data sharing? Attribution, or rather unclear or overly detailed attribution requirements are a clear source of friction. Especially if there are legal consequences for getting it wrong.
And that's just when we're considering integrating data sources by hand. What about if we want to automatically combine data? How is a machine going to understand these conditions? I suspect that every Linked Data browser and application fails to comply with the attribution requirements of the data its consuming.
Of course these issues have been explored already. The Science Commons Protocol encourages publishing data into the public domain — so no legal requirement for attribution at all. It also acknowledges the "Attribution Stacking" problem (section 5.3) which occurs when trying to attribute large numbers of datasets, each with their own requirements. Too much friction discourages use, whether its research or commercial.
Unfortunately the recently published Amsterdam Manifesto on data citation seems to overlook these issues, requiring all authors/contributors to be attributed.
The scientific community may be more comfortable with a public domain licensing approach and a best effort attribution model because it is supported by strong social norms: citation and attribution is essential to scientific discourse. We don't have anything like that in the broader open data community. Maybe its not achievable, but it seems like clear guidance would be very useful.
There's some useful background on problems with attribution and marking requirements on the Creative Commons wiki that also references some possible amendments and clarifications.
Can we converge on some common conventions?
So would it be possible to converge on a simple set of conventions or norms around data re-use? Ideally to the extent that attribution can be simplified and ideally automated as far as possible.
How about the following:
- Publishers should clearly describe their attribution requirements. Ideally this should be a short simple statement (similar to the Open Government License) which includes their name and a link to their homepage. This attribution could be included anywhere on the web site or application that consumes the data.
- Publishers should be aware that the consumers of their data will be doing so in a variety of applications and on a variety of platforms. This means allowing a deal of flexibility around how/where attribution is displayed.
- Publishers should clearly indicate whether attribution must be passed on to down-stream users
- Publishers should separately document their citation requirements. If they want to encourage users to link to the dataset, or an individual page on their site, to allow users to find the original context, then they should publish instructions on how to do it. However this kind of linking is for citation so consumers should be bound to include it
- Consumers should comply with publishers wishes and include an about page on their site or within their application that attributes the originators of the data they use. Where feasible they should also provide citations to specific resources or datasets from within their applications. This provides their users with clear citations to sources of data
- Both sides should collaborate on structured markup to support publication of these attribution and citation requirements, as well as harvesting of links
Whether attribution should be a legally enforced is another discussion. Personally I'd be keen to see a common set of conventions regardless of the legal basis for doing it. Attribution should be a social norm that we encourage, strongly, in order to acknowledge the sources of our Open Data.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I highlight
one of my portrait commissions
to give you an example of what I can
do for you.
" Portrait
of Sofia" is special because it
is a Christmas gift from a father,
and because, as a portrait artist,
I enjoyed painting Sofia so much.
Below is
a small movie that shows part of my
artistic process in painting "Portrait
of Sofia." The movie shows the
very first part of my painting process,
blocking out the basic work.


text:
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text:
Misconception: Aveilim (mourners) stop sitting shivah on erev Shabbat at noon.
Fact: Private displays of mourning continue on Shabbat, while the public aspects of shivah cease shortly before Shabbat.1
Background: For the first seven days following the burial of a first-degree relative (father, mother, brother, sister, son, daughter or spouse), one observes a period of intense mourning ("shivah"). During shivah, certain restrictions apply. One is forbidden to wash one's body, anoint with perfumes or lotions, get a haircut or shave, wear leather shoes, wear freshly laundered clothing, study Torah, work, greet people, have conjugal relations, leave the house and sit on regular chairs. These seven days are followed by a less-intense period that concludes thirty days from the time of burial ("shloshim") and involves restrictions on wearing freshly laundered clothing, haircutting and shaving and participating in public celebrations.2 For most first-degree relatives, official mourning ends with shloshim. For a parent, however, official mourning continues for twelve months ("yud-beit chodesh"), with restrictions on purchasing or wearing new clothing and participating in public celebrations. Additionally, a mourner must change his seat in shul. It is important to keep in mind that the majority of the practices observed during mourning are not Biblical3 but are based on rabbinic rulings or local custom. In cases of uncertainty the principle is that "the law follows the lenient opinion with regard to aveilut" (halachah kedivrei hamakil beavel)." 4
Because every shivah includes a Shabbat, it is counted as a day of mourning—albeit one on which only some, but not all, aspects of mourning apply.5 The prevalent custom is that public displays of mourning are suspended on Shabbat while private mourning restrictions are still in effect; thus, mourners are allowed to leave the house and go to synagogue and are encouraged to dress in a manner that honors Shabbat.6 However, the restrictions on Torah study and marital relations still apply. (According to some authorities, however, all restrictions that apply to shloshim also apply to the Shabbat of shivah, even if they are public. This, for example, would preclude the mourner from wearing freshly laundered Shabbat clothing.)7
Not only does mourning not cease on Shabbat, but, according to strict halachah, visitors may even perform the mitzvah of nichum aveilim, "comforting the mourners," on Shabbat (SA, OC 287:1); nowadays, however, it is preferable to visit mourners on a weekday whenever possible (MB 287:1; Aruch Hashulchan, OC 287:1). The Gesher Hachaim (vol. 1, 20:5:2, pp. 208-9) notes that Sephardim still perform the mitzvah of nichum aveilim on Shabbat, and the Tur (YD 393) cites the Rosh as saying that Ashkenazim used to escort the aveil home from shul on Shabbat and console him there.
Because there is a difference between the public weekday mourning and the less intense, private Shabbat mourning, the question arises, At what point does the transition occur?8 The erroneous notion that it occurs on Friday at noon is old and widespread. Many halachic authorities reject this practice outright. For example, Elya Rabbah (1660-1712, Prague; OC 132:4) writes that some are lenient and end the Friday shivah immediately after halachic noon, but that this practice is incorrect. Pitchei Teshuvah (YD 400:1) quotes the Teshuvot Givat Shaul (72; printed in 1834) as saying that some Torah-knowledgeable people have the practice of ending shivah on Friday at noon, but they are wrong. All learned people, he writes, should "rebuke and scowl at those who are lenient and abolish this practice." He suggests that the root of this error stems from a misunderstanding of the halachah that eulogies are not delivered after noon on erev Shabbat (Rema, YD 401:6). Haelef Lecha Shlomo (318; Rabbi Shlomo Kluger; d. 1869 in Brody, Galicia) also asserts that the practice of ending at noon is wrong, and that the aveilut continues until candle-lighting time. A contemporary scholar, Rabbi Hayim Halevy Donin, writes9 that "the widespread notion that shivah concludes at noon on a Friday or a festival eve has no basis in Jewish law."
If not at noon, when does the transition occur? It seems that in the classical literature there is no clearly defined time for the transition. Rambam (Hilchot Aveil 10:2, quoting a beraita from Moed Kattan 27a and echoing Meiri, Moed Kattan 27a) states that on erev Shabbat overturned beds, which was a traditional sign of mourning in Talmudic times, are put upright after Minchah,10 but may not be sat upon until dark. Rambam does not comment any further on the topic. Rabbi Avigdor Halevi Nebenzahl11 reports that when Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach paid a shivah call to Rabbi Chaim Kanievsky, who was sitting shivah for his father, the latter asked Rabbi Auerbach how to act on erev Shabbat. Rabbi Auerbach responded that the issue was not clear.
There are thus a variety of opinions found in the halachic literature.12 The most stringent opinion is that weekday-type mourning continues right until the "start of Shabbat."13 Elya Rabbah (132:4) states that public mourning extends on Friday until it is "dark," as written in the Shulchan Aruch (OC 548:10). Similarly, regarding sitting shivah on erev yom tov, the Magen Avraham (548:14) rules that all practices of mourning apply until "dark." Shulchan Aruch Harav (606:14) says that all the laws of mourning apply until actual "night." Rabbi Ovadiah Yosef maintains that all laws of mourning apply until "sunset";14 those who get up from shivah earlier, he asserts, are in error and the practice should be stopped.15 Rabbi Sroya Deblitzki (cited in Tzitz Eliezer 7:49:11:1) opines similarly and states that this is the practice of the Yemenites (cited in Be'er Lechai Roi 157, p. 432).16 Rabbi Moshe Sternbuch writes that ideally one should wait until the "start of Shabbat" to cease public mourning, but if need be, one can get up from shivah a little bit before (i.e., half an hour).17 Although mourning continues until Shabbat, Rabbi Nebenzahl (Yerushalayim Bemoadehah, pp. 278-280, based on MB 548:40, and Pitchei Teshuvah [YD 400:1]) rules that an aveil can daven with a minyan that is making an early Shabbat and thereby end public mourning earlier in the day.18
Others are more lenient, permitting an aveil to terminate his public mourning at plag haMinchah (one hour and a quarter before sunset),19 which is when the sanctity of Shabbat commences (i.e., when one can, in theory, start Shabbat). This was the practice of Rabbi Auerbach (Halichot Shlomo, vol. 3, p. 185, n. 27).20
Some are even more lenient, and transition to Shabbat mourning at Minchah ketanah (two-and-a-half hours before sunset).21 Concerning mourning on erev yom tov, the Mishnah Berurah (548:39, citing MA 548:14) distinguishes between various restrictions; washing one's body,22 he states, is permitted after Minchah, but other activities, such as wearing shoes and sitting on chairs, remain prohibited until sunset. The Mishnah Berurah (548:40, citing MA 548:14) opines that it is not the time of Minchah that ushers in the yom tov but rather the act of davening that does. In other words, public aveilut is not lifted for the aveil until he davens Minchah.
There is a minority opinion that recognizes the noon option. In truth, this practice must have been prevalent at one time—why else would the posekim have felt the need to censure it? The Ikrei Dinim (also known as the Ikrei Hadat; Rabbi Daniel Terni, d. 1815; Florence, Italy; YD 36:34) tries to justify it. So too, the Pnei Aharon (Teshuvot 29, 30; printed 1801) defends the practice of getting up from mourning at noon. He maintains that it is an old, established custom that was practiced in the presence of Sages and that because of the law in regard to aveilut "the law follows the lenient opinion," the custom may be continued. The Pnei Aharon draws support for getting up from shivah at noon from kabbalah, even though Talmudic rules tend to trump kabbalistic concepts in halachah. He states that because the "extra soul" one has on Shabbat (neshamah yetaira) starts to arrive at noon, marking the early signs of Shabbat, mourning therefore should be curtailed then. The Pnei Aharon also links curtailing shivah at noon on erev Shabbat to the Talmudic aversion (Pesachim, chap. 4) to working after Minchah gedolah (six-and-a-half hours into the day) on erev yom yov and erev Shabbat.
The Tzitz Eliezer (Rabbi Eliezer Waldenberg; 7:49:11:1-6) takes issue with those who attempt to enforce the "until dark" rule. In an impassioned teshuvah, he marshals a bevy of authorities, spanning generations, who permitted one or another of the lenient opinions. He concludes that although there is a basis to be stringent in this area, those who are lenient should be left to follow their customs. Therefore, the Tzitz Eliezer rules that an aveil who needs to travel home on erev Shabbat may get up from shivah and return home after chatzot (halachic noon), and certainly can do so after plag haMinchah.
Because of the lack of consensus, some authorities combine various views in formulating their own opinions. The Aruch Hashulchan writes (YD 387:3) that an aveil can begin sitting on a chair a few hours before sunset, and can put on regular shoes close to candle-lighting time.23 In another place, however, it states (YD 400:5) that from the time of Minchah ketanah all signs of mourning are stopped, but nonetheless "one should not put on shoes until shortly before Shabbat, i.e., plag haMinchah." 24 Thus, the Aruch Hashulchan mentions all three possibilities: Minchah ketanah, plag HaMinchah and close to candle-lighting time.
Rabbi Joseph Ber Soloveitchik25 and Rabbi Ahron Soloveichik26 both avoided identifying a specific time for the transition, but rather ruled that a person may end the weekday mourning so as to allow sufficient time to prepare for Shabbat. In essence, they held that the actual mourning continued until the start of Shabbat, but that one could prepare for Shabbat. A student of Rabbi Joseph Ber Soloveitchik relates that the Rav maintained that a mourner may not change his clothing until Shabbat, but he may uncover the mirrors after Minchah.27
It appears that on erev Shabbat and erev yom tov, various mourning practices apply at different times. For example, on erev yom tov an aveil may wash his clothing beginning at chatzot,28 but may not put them on until nightfall. The washing cannot take place before noon29 so that it will be obvious that the washing is for yom tov (SA, OC 548:10 and YD 399:5).30
Concerned about showing the proper "respect" to the shivah of erev Shabbat, the Kol Bo (Rabbi Yekutiel Yehuda Greenwald, 1973, vol. 2, p. 112) ruled that an aveil may not get up from shivah early to travel to his grandson's Bar Mitzvah. He ruled thus despite the fact that on other days of the week, a mourner may travel in order to finish sitting shivah at another location. It appears that Rabbi Moshe Feinstein may have disagreed with the pesak of the Kol Bo and is cited31 as ruling that a mourner may return home for Shabbat even if the traveling requires them to leave early Friday morning.
In summation, most modern posekim rule that on erev Shabbat, public mourning continues until dark. There is support for the more lenient positions that allow for a transition to Shabbat mode at Minchah ketanah or plag haMinchah, and some authorities rely on these rulings. The idea of ending shivah on erev Shabbat at noon is not new, but it has been strongly condemned by many halachic authorities, and is, at most, defended—but never advocated—by others. Rabbi Maurice Lamm32 summarizes this topic in a lucid manner: "The bereaved should not arise from shivah [on Friday] until as close to the Sabbath as possible, allowing themselves the time necessary for Sabbath preparations, such as cooking or dressing. This should not take more than approximately one hour and a quarter. In an emergency, one is allowed approximately two and a half hours is allowed for such preparations. Contrary to popular opinion, avelut does not cease at noon on Friday. The bereaved should return to their mourning on Saturday night, immediately after the evening services."33
Rabbi Dr. Zivotofsky is on the faculty of the Brain Science Program at Bar-Ilan University in Israel.
1. This is the generally accepted halachah. However, due to the sensitive nature of this topic, one should consult with one's local Orthodox rabbi for guidance.
2. The lists of restrictions are not meant to be comprehensive.
3. In summary, Rabbeinu Tam and the Rosh maintain that shivah is derabbanan (of rabbinic origin), while Rambam and the Geonim (Hilchot Aveil 1:1; Kesef Mishnah) hold that only the first day of shivah (if the burial also took place that day) is deOraita (of Biblical origin). The Rif in Berachot (10a in Rif pages) quotes the view that all of shivah is deOraita (see Beit Yosef, YD 398). Ramban (Torat Ha'adam, pp. 207-213 in Chavel ed.) suggests that all the prohibitions that involve affliction are rabbinic, whereas those that concern the avoidance of pleasure are Biblical. It is not clear whether he is referring to only the first day of shivah or to all seven days. The Netziv (Ha'emek She'eilah, p. 22, quoted in Gesher Hachaim 19:1, p. 181) believes that even on the Biblical first day, private mourning practices are deOraita and public mourning practices are derabbanan. Regarding the shloshim, Rambam (Aveil 6:1) states that it is "midivrei sofrim" while the Ra'avad (on Aveil 6:1) views it as deOraita. See also Shiurei Harav on aveilut (edited by Rabbi Elyakim Koenigsburg, 5760, chap. 8, pp. 24-29). I thank Rabbi Aaron Segal for assistance with some of this material.
4. See e.g., Moed Kattan 18a.
5. See Moed Kattan 19a; Tur, YD 400; Shulchan Aruch, YD 400:1.
6. Radvaz 2:693. Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchatah 65:7, p. 310, based on the Gra. See Gilyon Maharsha on YD 389 (commenting on Rema 389:1, quoting Shu"t Maharshal 27) that a person who does not wear a freshly laundered "kutonet" on the Shabbat of shivah is acting with foolish piety ("chassidut shel shtut").
7. See Moed Kattan 24a; Darkei Moshe YD 400:1; Rema YD 389:3 and Shach, YD 393:7 and 400:2. The Kol Bo on aveilut (1973, vol. 2, p. 112) cites Moed Kattan 22 as a source for this position.
8. This discussion presupposes that Friday is not the last day of shivah. Because of the rule "miktzat hayom kekulo," ("part of a day counts as the full day"), mourning ends on the morning of the final day. If the seventh day of shivah falls on a Friday, then the shivah terminates that morning.
However, it is very unusual for the seventh day of shivah to fall on a Friday because that would mean that the first day was the previous Shabbat. There are a limited number of ways in which this can happen. In two different places, Gesher Hachaim lists three possible ways. In his first list (vol. 1, 21:12:4; p. 238) he writes: 1. If the burial was forcibly done on Shabbat, 2. If the burial occurred on Friday afternoon immediately before sunset and there was no opportunity to observe any shivah on Friday, or 3. If Shabbat is isru chag (i.e., the day after Pesach, Shavuot or Shemini Atzeret). In his second list (vol.1, 23:2:1; p. 254) he suggests:
1. Normally, if a person hears about the death of a first-degree relative after the burial but within thirty days of the death ("shmuah krovah"), they are required to sit a full shivah starting from the moment they hear the news. If one hears the news on Shabbat, the shivah commences then (see SA, YD 402:7; for a full discussion of this case, see Be'er Lechai Roi 158, pp. 439-441), 2. If the burial was forcibly done on Shabbat, or 3. If hope (of finding the body) was abandoned on Shabbat. An additional scenario is if the death of a first-degree relative occurs on Shabbat in such a way that the body is consumed and there cannot be a burial. Four of these reasons are also listed and discussed in Be'er Lechai Roi 156, p. 430, n. 1. See Tosafot, Moed Kattan 17b, s.v. "keshechal," in the name of the Yerushalmi; SA, YD 375:5-7 and 400:2 and Shach, YD 400:5.
9. To Be a Jew (New York, 1972, 1991), 300.
10. Tosafot is uncertain whether the Gemara meant Minchah gedolah or Minchah ketanah.
11. Yerushalayim Bemoadehah, "Kuntres Chayei Nefesh" (Jerusalem, 2007), p. 278, n. 82, citing Halichot Shlomo, vol. 3, p. 185, n. 27.
12. A summary with sources can be found in Pnei Baruch (Rabbi Chaim Binyamin Goldberg, 1986), 23:3, pp. 240-242; Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchatah 65:7, pp. 309-310, especially n. 22-24 and Be'er Lechai Roi 156, pp. 430-433.
13. Note that although the laws of erev yom tov are similar to those of erev Shabbat (SA, OC 548:10; cf. MB 606:25 about erev Yom Kippur), erev Pesach is a holiday in its own right and is different in that there is no public mourning after noon (Rema, YD 399:3; Chachmat Adam 169:3). Might this be the source of this misconception? In addition, although erev yom tov laws are similar to erev Shabbat laws, they may not be identical because on Shabbat there is still mourning, while yom tov terminates the shivah.
14. Yalkut Yosef on aveilut, 5764 ed., 34:1, p. 542, based on Yabia Omer 9, YD: 39:1.
15. Ibid., 34:2, p. 544.
16. The Yemenite practice is to get up from shivah shortly before Shabbat, when the first person shows up at the shivah house for Shabbat davening. The community thus tries to have someone come early and start reciting Shir Hashirim, at which point the aveil may get up.
17. Teshuvot Vehanhagot, vol. 4 (Jerusalem, 2002), p. 299, n. 5 and p. 307, n. 8. He also notes that when sitting shivah for parents, if consolers come late on Friday the aveilut extends until the last consoler leaves. This is similar to the last day of shivah.
18. The Pitchei Teshuvah, quoting Shivat Zion 60, rules that an aveil can make a very early Shabbat (earlier than Minchah ketanah) and thus terminate his public mourning. He can only do so with a minyan and not as an individual. This statement is difficult to understand because in general one cannot start Shabbat that early (see Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchatah, vol. 2, 43:12 and 46:4).
19. Rabbi Yechiel Michel Tukachinsky, Gesher Hachaim (Brooklyn, 1960) vol. 1, p. 238. He says that in case of need one may rely on the lenient opinion (cited next in text) that one may get up at Minchah ketanah.
20. Although Rabbi Gavriel Goldman (Meolam ad Olam [2006], p. 173, n. 6) quotes Rabbi Nebenzahl as saying that Rabbi Auerbach held the most stringent position—that mourning continues until candle-lighting time.
21. This position is implied in the second opinion in SA, OC 548:10 quoting the Hagahot Maimoni, which cites the Ra'avya regarding erev yom tov. This is also the opinion of the Nimukei Yosef (Moed Kattan, 16b in Rif pages), who says that one can transition to Shabbat mourning at Minchah ketanah. Sha'ar Hatiyun 548:29 quotes the Elya Rabbah as quoting the Ravan, who is lenient regarding all aspects after Minchah. This is the opinion advocated by Rabbi Chaim David Halevi (Mekor Chaim Hashalem, vol. 5, p. 409). See Sdei Chemed, Ma'arechet Aveilut (5722 ed., vol. 5, sec. 61, p. 45), where he cites this as the opinion of the Chaim B'yad (Rabbi Chaim ben Yaakov Palagi; d. 1868; 125:70, 73, 98).
22. See Yalkut Yosef on aveilut (42:2, 5764 ed., p. 660).
23. The rule about wearing leather shoes is more stringent than that regarding sitting on the ground.
24. The Kol Bo (1973, vol. 1, p. 335, no. 1 and vol. 2, p. 112), who was based in Columbus, Ohio, limits the application of the Aruch Hashulchan's hour and a quarter to Europe. He determined that in Columbus a mourner may put on his shoes only thirty minutes before Shabbat.
25. Rabbi Avishai David, student of Rabbi Joseph Ber Soloveitchik, personal communication, fall 2007.
26. Rabbi Chaim Soloveichik, son of Rabbi Ahron Soloveichik, telephone conversation, fall 2007.
27. Rabbi Menachem Genack, e-mail message to author, December 3, 2007.
28. Although not his body. For that he has to wait until dark, or some say until after Minchah.
29. The MB 548:37 points out that according to the Rema even the washing must be pushed off until later.
30. A common misconception that relates to Friday at noon is that a person visiting the Kotel or seeing Har HaBayit for the first time in thirty days and who would otherwise be obligated to tear keriyah is exempt if it is erev Shabbat after noon. Rabbi Moshe Feinstein (Iggerot Moshe, YD 3:52:4) knew of no source for this exemption and was very hesitant to sanction it. See "Letters," The Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society 45 (Pesach 5763): 122-125.
31. Rabbi Aaron Felder, Yesodei Smochos (New York, 1976), 7:5:13, p. 83.
32. The Jewish Way in Death and Mourning (New York, 1969), 94.
33. See Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchatah 65:33, and Gesher Hachaim, vol. 1, chap. 20, pp. 206-7, n. 6.


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5 Ways Of Looking At Unemployment
NOTE: These graphics were updated at 8:45am after the government released the new jobs report.
The recession ended three years ago. But looking at the jobs picture, that's hard to see: 12 million people are still unemployed, and unemployment is still nearly 8 percent.
Unemployment By Age, Education And Gender
Use the dropdown menu below to select a demographic.
Source: Bureau Of Labor Statistics
Credit: Lam Thuy Vo and Jess Jiang/NPR
But the jobs picture looks brighter depending on who you are. We slice it five ways.
1. Gender
During the recession, the unemployment rate for men was higher than for women. That has to do with the industries men go into versus women. A larger percentage of women work in sectors where there was a lot of job growth like health care and education, while there were a lot of men in industries that cut jobs, like manufacturing and construction.
2. Age
Joblessness is worse for the young. It's almost at 24 percent for people ages 16 to 19 and over 12 percent for people ages 20 to 24. But the recession hit all age groups.
3. Education
The unemployment rate is higher for the less educated. But during the recession, people without a high school diploma were hit the hardest. The gap between the least educated and the most educated widened.
4. How many people are looking?
Participation Rate For People Age 25-54, Since 2001
Source: Bureau Of Labor Statistics
Credit: Lam Thuy Vo and Jess Jiang/NPR
The unemployment rate only looks at the number of unemployed people out of those looking for work. People who are unemployed and have stopped looking for work aren't counted in the rate.
So it's worth looking at the labor force participation rate for working-age people: the percentage of people ages 25 to 54 who either have a job or are looking for one. We chose this demographic because it excludes the large number of baby boomers who are retiring and dropping out of the labor force.
5. But over the long run, more people are looking
The data since 1950 show that the labor force participation actually went up. That's thanks to many women who entered the work force in the 1970s and 1980s.
Participation Rate For People Age 25-54, Since 1950
Source: Bureau Of Labor Statistics
Credit: Lam Thuy Vo and Jess Jiang/NPR


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Jackson has a very special pillow.
We don't go on any trip without it.
He doesn't sit in his chair without it.
Well– truth be told it's not really the PILLOW it's a pillow CASE
Let me go back about 7 years
Clay ( Jackson's Daddy) is a MAJOR WWI history buff. Specifically the airplanes. He's the type of guy that when you're watching a movie says "Oh, that's a Blah flippity blah blah but that couldn't have flown THEN because they hadn't started production until……."
Yeah. He's THAT guy. So he had a t shirt that had an airplane on it. A WWII P40 to be exact. He LOVED this shirt, but it was wearing thin, and Clay was loathe to part with it because the design was so cool. No problem for a crafty dame like myself, I turned it into a simple t shirt pillow.
We weren't prepared for Jackson to glom on to this pillow. But he did. It became HIS airplane pillow.
He sits in his chair and pats it. He looks at the plane on it. He asks for it.
It goes through a cycle of use, wash, repair, use, wash repair,repair repair.
All too soon the t shirt fabric is almost too thin to BE a pillow. And the batting inside it matted and lumpy and misshapen from repeated washings.
Time to get creative again
I cut away everything BUT the airplane and salvage what I can.
I stabilize it ( oh how I love you SF101) and affix it to a custom made pillow case that matches the colors and present it to Jack.
Thankfully it passed the test. It's been well over two years and its still going strong.
But……… I have tried breaking the obsession. I've tried introducing other pillows and pillow cases. I want a back up. I want something ELSE to be able to take the place……Just in case…
I've tried baseballs
I've tried Spongebob
Etc etc ad nauseum
I would place the pillow near him and I would get a resounding
Loud and clear
But then. I found it
THE fabric that would TOTALLY captivate him!!
I smugly patted myself on the back, ordered the fabric and
TODAY made the pillow cases.
The fabrics? oh just…….Prints of Jacks all time favorite book Goodnight Moon ! Cows jumping over the moon! A red balloon in the great green room !! Pictures from the book.
Perfect images !!
RIGHT?! How much more perfect could it possibly be?!
You have to know– there are at least 5 copies of Goodnight, moon! in this house.
2 ALWAYS within his reach.
I put one of the pillow cases on the spare pillow. I walk over to the chair.
He sees it and says, "Goodnight moon. La Luna"
I'm ecstatic
I put the pillow on his lap
He says, "No"
His respite worker says, "Jack , see it's on your pillow – Goodnight moon on your pillow!"
He pushes it away and begins to make a noise that sounds like a vintage Plymouth trying to start on a cold morning. His voice rises in pitch as he emphatically states . "Nooooo-oooooo!" pronounced with several syllables.
I take the pillow away.
I am totally bummed and I chalk it up to his obsession with the airplane pillow .
(Autism 1 Tina 0) I take pictures of the pillowcases and post on social media because I still think they're pretty cool. And beautiful.
And that's what we geek sewers do ☺
Now it's night and we are putting Jack to bed when I remember –" I gotta go retrieve Jacks pillows for bed — Aw heck. I'm not gonna put the old pillowcases back on. I'll just leave the Goodnight Moon ones on. He never notices pillowcases on the bed."
Jack is getting into bed and all we hear is:
"Daddy. The cow jumping over the moon. I see the circles. The moon. The moon. La Luna. The moon Daddy? I see the circles. The cow jumping over the moon."
His hands would flap. He would look at his pillow case and smile. He was animated. He was communicating. He was engaged and engaging. He kept looking at us. He kept looking at his pillowcase. It went on and on long after the lights went out.
I made him happy.
I made Jackson very, very happy when I had absolutely no expectation to do so and wasn't trying to.
I wanted Jackson to want that pillow case for his chair and enjoy it it THERE . He didn't.
And in my shortsightedness, that's where I let it end. But that's not where JACK let it end.
I wonder how often we allow our expectations to limit our enjoyment of something.
I know for Jack , whose head is resting upon pictures of the cow jumping over the moon, who went to sleep saying "Tina the moon the moon the moon Tina "– He taught me -once again – to live in the moment. Be open to all the joy that is out there.


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The Great Lakes Rabbit Sanctuary in Willis, Michigan is the largest rabbit rescue in the US, housing 550 rabbits. You can read more about the sanctuary in an earlier Rabbit Rescue Spotlight post on our bunny blog or at the Great Lakes Rabbit Sanctuary website.
I love seeing photos of the place with all the permanent residents hopping around in their fenced-in rabbit pastures. Here is a recent photo from The Ann Arbor News. Celeste Defellici had called out "TREATS!" and all the bunnies came running.
The Great Lakes Rabbit Sanctuary is in need of donations – leafy greens or a monetary contribution. If you would like to help, call 734-461-1726, or visit the website at www.rabbitsanctuary.org.


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Judge rips feds in Sherrod-Breitbart lawsuit
A federal judge delivered a severe tongue-lashing to a Justice Department lawyer Thursday, slamming the Obama Administration for its handling of demands for government records in the libel lawsuit fired Agriculture Department employee Shirley Sherrod filed against conservative blogger Andrew Breitbart.
During a 40-minute hearing, U.S. District Court Judge Richard Leon repeatedly ripped into the government and DOJ trial counsel David Glass for resisting requests from both sides in the case for government files and e-mails that might be of use in the litigation. At one point, the judge snapped at Glass, ordering him to "sit right down."
Sherrod was forced to resign as a state rural development director for USDA in 2010 after Breitbart posted video clips online from a speech she gave earlier in the year at an NAACP event. The videos appeared to suggest that Sherrod was a racist. Within a matter of hours, Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack dismissed her, acting in consultation with the White House.
(Also on POLITICO: Savage dominates Hannity in key markets)
When fuller context for Sherrod's remarks emerged, the administration offered to return her to her job, which she declined. In 2011, she sued Breitbart and his employee Larry O'Connor for defamation. Breitbart died unexpectedly in 2012, but his wife was substituted as a defendant in the suit.
At the outset of Thursday's hearing, Leon lit into Glass for filing a 21-page statement outlining the government's position—a filing submitted electronically just after midnight Thursday along with a stack of nine exhibits. The judge called it "a self-serving pleading, not requested by anyone" and repeatedly suggested it was filed for "public relations" reasons rather than because it might be useful to the court.
The case has drawn attention because of the subject matter and, more recently, because of indications that the Obama White House might assert executive privilege to block some of the parties' demands for information.
Glass said it was his idea to file with the court the legal document, which—citing a Supreme Court decision protecting records Vice President Dick Cheney's Energy Task Force—said the president shouldn't be forced now to make a decision on privileg.. "I assure you that public relations had absolutely nothing to do with it," he said of the filing (posted here).
(Also on POLITICO: Breitbart to launch Texas, London sites)
When the lawyer apologized for any offense, the judge shot back: "It's not a question of being offended....I'm questioning your judgment....It appears you're doing it for other reasons."
"We are very frustrated by this discovery," Glass said, complaining about subpoenas from both Sherrod and a defendant in the case, Breitbart employee Larry O'Connor. "We are fully prepared to move to quash all this discovery if it is not cut back substantially.....It makes absolutely no different why [she] was appointed to her job or what skeletons she may have in her closet."
"The documents sought from us are completely irrelevant to this matter," the DOJ lawyer said, expressing additional frustration that there were now signs the parties might seek deposition of figures like Vilsack. "The government has done nothing [connected] to this case, with the sole exception of offering Ms. Sherrod her job back," Glass said.
The judge seemed further annoyed by Glass's claim that dealing with the requests was burdensome for the government. Leon proceeded to require Glass to outline all the meetings and emails he'd had related to the case. Glass said he'd met with the parties once for about an hour and exchanged 30 or 40 emails with them since October. He also said he'd had contacts with USDA lawyers and lawyers at the White House.
(Earlier on POLITICO: Exec privilege fight may loom in case)
When Glass tried to make a follow-up to his initial presentation, Leon snapped: "You sit right down. I'm not calling you up here....In my world, [that's] not a lot of effort to work things out."
Attorneys for both Sherrod, O'Connor and Susannah Breitbart all described as baffling the government's assertion that government records were largely irrelevant to the case.
"These are the people who fired her," Sherrod lawywer Beth Williams said, adding that her client deserved to know what government officials were saying about her at the time of the firiing and how Andrew Breitbart's blog posts on the subject influenced them. "This case is about Ms. Sherrod losing her job because the defendants made her look like a racist."
"The relevance here is indisputable," O'Connor lawyer Mark Bailen added, claiming that the Justice Department was "presumptuously" deciding what the parties to the case needed.
Leon seemed to agree. "We call that the Casablanca syndrome.....Gambling?.....We'll deal with that," he said.
"This is not a typical case.....This case involves someone who was fired by a cabinet officer....The government is not going to be able to slow roll this case," the judge insisted.
"The notion that government has nothing to do with the case other than offering her her job back: it's crazy," Breitbart attorney Eric Dubelier said. "That's delusional."
The judge ordered both sides to submit plans for future discovery in the case by March 3. And the government to respond by March 13.
Leon said towards the end of the hearing that he's intent on getting the lawsuit to trial by the fall. However, O'Connor's lawyer said he hopes it will be tossed out before that.


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America's Greatest Shame: Child Poverty Rises and Food Stamps Cut While Billionaires Boom
There are 16.4 million American children living in poverty. That's nearly one quarter (22.6%) of all of our children. More alarming is that the percentage of poor children has climbed by 4.5 percent since the start of the Great Recession in 2007. And poor means poor. For a family of three with one child under 18, the poverty line is $18,400.
Meanwhile, the stock market is booming. Banks, hedge funds and private equity firms are making tens of billions of dollars again, while the luxury housing and goods markets are skyrocketing.
Most amazing of all is the fact that 95 percent of the so-called "recovery" has gone to the top 1 percent who have seen their incomes rise by 34%. For the 99 percent there's been an undeclared wage freeze: the average wage has climbed by only 0.4 percent.
To add to the misery, Washington has decided that the best way to tackle childhood poverty is to have poor kids eat less. Both parties already have agreed to cut billions from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (Food Stamps). Starting this November 1, payments are scheduled to drop from $668 a month to $632 for more than 47 million lower-income people -- 1 in 7 Americans, most of them children. (Three incredible graphs that visualize the issues in this story are at the bottom of this article.)
And more cuts are coming. The Tea Party House passed a bill to cut food stamps by $4 billion a year, while the Senate calls for $400 million in cuts. How humane! And since it will be part of the omnibus Farm Bill, President Obama will sign it. (I wonder how our former community organizer will explain this to the poor children he once tried to help in Chicago.)
But that's just the start. More austerity is coming in the form of cuts to Social Security as well as a host of other social programs. When times get tough, you've got to suck it up and take more from the poor.
Rewarding Billionaires Who Increase Poverty?
It gets even more revolting when we realize that the financial billionaires who are profiting so handsomely from the recovery are the very same who took down the economy in the first place. They were the ones who created and pedaled the toxic securities that puffed up and then burst the housing bubble. Those financial plutocrats caused 8 million workers to lose their jobs in a matter of months. Those bankers, hedge fund honchos and fund managers are directly responsible for the rise in child poverty rates. Washington bailed out those billionaires and is now asking the poor and the middle class to pay for the ensuing deficits with further cuts in social programs at every level of government.
Why do we put up with such injustices?
Washington Is in Wall Street's Pocket
Before we entirely succumb to financial amnesia, let's recall how we got here. Since the late 1970s, the financial sector has been on a crusade to remove any and all financial regulations. The goal was to undo all the controls put in place during the Great Depression that so effectively curtailed financial speculation and outright gambling. Once deregulated Wall Street engineered a Ponzi-like housing bubble that netted it astronomical sums. By the time it burst in 2007, 40% of all corporate profits flowed into the financial sector. Wall Street wages grew by leaps and bounds.
As the crash hit, all the largest Wall Street firms, not just Lehman Brothers and Bear Stearns, were in serious trouble. Had AIG gone under, so would nearly every major bank and investment house, along with thousands of hedge funds that depended on AIG to ensure its toxic bets. So Wall Street's Washington cadre engineered a $13 trillion bailout consisting of cash, no interest loans and a program by which the Federal Reserve would buy up Wall Street's toxic waste at par value. To produce a financial recovery, the Fed also drove down bond interest rates which in turn drove money into the stock market, sending it to new heights.
Here's the best of all. After getting $480 billion in bailout cash, the top financiers in the country paid themselves more than $150 billion in bonus money for a job well done. Is this a great country or what?
What didn't happen is this: Mortgages were not written down in mass to assist underwater home owners and those who suffered from predatory loans. No lasting jobs programs were created to put the unemployed back to work. No lasting penalties were paid by the individuals who took down the economy. And there was no serious effort at all to cap financial wages and bonuses in the name of justice.
All in all, you could not have designed a more perfect program to enrich the rich and do absolutely nothing for the 99 percent -- and as a result, sink ever more children into poverty.
Waiting for the Recovery That Will Never Come
We are constantly told that the recovery is just around the corner. Liberals say we need more stimulus. Conservatives call for more austerity and cuts in regulations. But all agree that sooner or later more growth will benefit the 99 percent. Unfortunately, it's not happening and it won't happen. Here's why.
First of all, they assume that trickledown actually works, that there is something mechanical within our heavily financialized economy that will bring renewed prosperity to the 99 percent. They look back at previous recessions and recoveries and continue to believe that slumps are followed by renewed growth and income gains for all.
But as financialization has spread throughout the economy, new mechanisms are in place that siphon off wealth into financial gains for the very few. Productive enterprises are turned into financial enterprises that are loaded up with debt and then carved and slaughtered so that wealth can be extracted for hedge funds and private equity firms. In our brave new financialized economy renewed growth turns into renewed incomes primarily for the investment class. The stock market will rise but jobs and incomes won't. The traditional capitalist slump-recovery process died more than a decade ago. Adam Smith's invisible hand no longer produces shared prosperity -- instead it picks our pockets.
Waiting for the Political Pendulum to Swing
Second, we are told how America is essentially a moderate country -- how there's a kind of invisible political pendulum that swings from the extremes back to the sensible center. When the left or the Tea Party gets too wild, the center supposedly pulls them back and common sense economics prevails. But this consoling media meme obscures the fact that our politics are moving ever more rightward. Moderate Democrats and Republicans today are to the right of Eisenhower, Nixon and even Herbert Hoover. They have already agreed to cut the very entitlements that are needed to help alleviate poverty. In fact, they have agreed it's quite OK for America to have 442 billionaires and also have 22.6% of its children living in poverty. The sensible center now sees its role as forging a "compromise" on how much to cut food stamps and other supports for the poor.
Obviously, both political parties lose little sleep worrying about economic injustices. Even most Democrats no longer have a serious game plan to eradicate poverty. That's considered to be 1960s stuff that doesn't make sense in a world where politicians have to make peace with at least some players in the billionaire class in order to survive. As for the poor, alas, they will always be with us.
America Leads the World
Not a day goes by without hearing about "American exceptionalism." We are told by our leaders and pundits that we are the best, the greatest, the mightiest and the most democratic of all nations. It is our mission in life to uphold justice and freedom around the world. But as this chart shows, when it comes to child poverty, we are just about dead last.
Why is that? Because in wealthy nations, children live in poverty if and only if that nation allows it. Our nation, the richest in history, has more than enough wealth to go from the bottom of this list to the top, right next to Finland, if only we decided to act justly.
A Simple Proposal to end Child Poverty
America has 442 billionaires with an average net worth of $4.2 billion each according to Forbes. That means collectively these 442 Americans have nearly $1.9 trillion in wealth.
During the current "recovery," these 442 billions saw their wealth rise on average by over 12 percent per year. What would happened if those billionaires received only 6 percent a year and the other 6 percent were taxed away in order to pull all of our children out of poverty?
That would provide sufficient revenue so that each child now living in poverty would receive an extra $7,000 per year which would pull nearly all of their families above the poverty line. The 442 billionaires would not suffer. No one in their families would go hungry. No luxury goods or services would be out of reach. No cooks, maids, chauffeurs or pilots would have to be let go. The 442 billionaires would feel no pain at all -- not even an itch. As a result of this painless tax, America would eradicate childhood poverty overnight.
Dream on?
Of course, our simple proposal sounds insane in a world where austerity reigns supreme and where billionaires are immune from such redistributive proposals. But I wonder who is sane and who isn't. It seems utterly psychotic to live in a society that chooses to spread poverty to its young. It also seems psychotic to claim that cuts in food stamps are good for the poor while at the same time saying that it's quite OK for billionaires to pile up unearned, tax-sheltered income. The fact that we're putting up with all this should be driving us all insane.
Sooner or later, the millions of Americans who still have souls that ache for justice will take democracy into their own hands. I don't know how it will happen or when, but one day we will eradicate needless poverty and reclaim our nation from those who are robbing it blind.
3 Incredible Charts


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Jeudi 11 septembre 2014par Olivier
We are happy to announce the launch later this year of the new Love Radius baby carrier: The « PhysioCarrier. »
The PhysioCarrier is exactly what parents expect in 2015 from an upscale preformed baby carrier designed and manufactured by Love Radius: a baby carrier that is uncompromisingly modern and truly versatile.
We are very proud this was made possible by a small independent French family business like Love Radius.
The PhysioCarrier has all the Love Radius DNA: the pocket of the Original baby wrap, the leather (artificial) of the Little Wrap Without a Knot. But beyond esthetics, what you mainly rediscover is all the expertise of this baby carrying method that respects Baby's sensory and neuromotor development.
Description of the baby carrier:
The Love Radius PhysioCarrier is a preformed baby carrier that comes with a removable booster (0-18 months) and a removable padded collar to support the neck (for infants).
The collection will be available in several colors (for the fabric and the pocket).
OekoTex 100
The price is € 125 (mirror back carry included)
Pack booster 0-18 months and removable collar is € 12
It can be carried in the front, to the side, on the back, from birth to 3 years. (3.5kg – 20kg, from 6 months for the back.
Availability: 2015
The special features of PhysioCarrier:
The booster is useful from birth to around 18 months, depending on the size and weight of Baby. Unlike some models, the Love Radius booster goes only under the child's bottom. Freshness and breathability are not reduced even with the booster in place, because there is no additional layer of padding on the back or the ribs.
The booster slips into a sleeve to be an integral part of the baby carrier, making it even easier and faster to pop Baby in; it is also safer than first putting Baby into an insert and then into the baby-carrier.
The booster allows 3 things:
1/3: To carry an infant in a high and secure carrying position (kissing height), leaving his/her respiratory passages clear and ventilated. In addition it enables Baby to be seated in a physiological flexion position without forcing the natural gap between his/her knees (a gap that must not exceed the width of the pelvis at this age).
2/3: The booster allows an older baby to enjoy greater visibility than ever before when he/she is carried on an adult's back, as Baby is higher.
3/3: Finally, many baby-carrying adults will appreciate the backpack feel of this baby carrier, i.e. most of the weight on the shoulders and a higher center of gravity.
The removable padded collar for infants makes it possible to adjust the carrier to the small size of Baby's neck by providing soft, padded support without pressure or direct contact with the neckline hems.
The side straps have different functions according to Baby's age.
1/2: For an infant, it allows adjusting the front panel's height and width. This various settings permits a precise adjustment of the baby carrier measurements, that offers you tailor-made solutions.
The newborn will thus be well contained and the tightened straps allow the edges of the baby carrier to hold his/her small body snugly, providing support lines that allow the baby to be maintained in a curled up position and not flattened.
These side straps also prevent the hypotonic infant's back from going into an "S" position because the baby carrier is too large.
2/3: For a bigger baby (> 10 months), the side straps give support to the bended knees and help to better tilt the pelvis to provide Baby with a wide and comfortable seat. This also makes it possible for the arms to come out when Baby is awake.
3/3: The side straps will also allow weight distribution between the suspenders and the belt.
This is possible because the anchor point of the straps goes from the suspender to the belt. This is useful if you prefer to put the weight on the suspenders and reduce the weight on the belt.
The side straps represent a unique and simple way to adjust the baby carrier, regardless of the child's age. The baby carrier fits Baby, not the reverse, and without complicated and time-consuming procedures.
Thanks to the opening in the baby carrier, Baby's back can be ventilated and cooled when it's hot, or covered when it's cold, using the two zippers.
The transparent mesh provides better visibility of Baby's position and more precise installation.
The mesh head cover supports the head. And it is transparent, allowing the child and the person carrying him/her to see through it; it also keeps the respiratory passages unobstructed.
The abundant padding on the suspenders and on the belt provides aerated, lightweight cushioning and unique comfort.
And also …
- The seat is shaped (not flat), putting the baby in a seated position with lower back curled and knees drawn up. This prevents the pelvis from being flattened.
- The double suspenders adjustment allows easy positioning, whether Baby is in a front or back carry.
- The suspenders can be crossed in the back when Baby is carried on the back.
- There is a (removable) mirror to watch the baby when he/she is being carried on your back.
- Back/chest strap with an elastic end-stop to facilitate the movement of the baby-carrying person's shoulders while keeping the straps in place.
- All straps have an elastic to keep them wound and not dangling.
Thank you to our partners and our beloved Love Radius team, to friends of the brand and to the families for their support and their patience during these long months of multiple tests.
Behind the Scenes:
As in the development of the PESN, we didn't rush the design of the baby carrier. Initial research began in July 2010, four years ago. The positive aspect is that we had plenty of time to think and experiment, to confirm or disprove various assumptions.
We take this opportunity to share with you a few high points in the development of the PhysioCarrier.
This was just a (long) preview, to be continued soon!
tags : bretelles, jpmbb, physiocarrier, porte-bébé, préformé


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Avery Safety Consulting, Inc. has been providing services to amusement and leisure industry professionals, facilities and attorneys seeking exceptional quality, integrity and expertise since 1990.
We are recognized internationally as leaders in the amusement and leisure industry. This reputation stems from our pursuit and dedication to preserving the safety of the amusement and leisure industry.
We provide expert witness and consultation to amusement and leisure industry professionals and attorneys. We specialize in amusement ride, device, facility and leisure activity safety.
We serve those that own, operate, visit or use amusement parks, inflatables, go-karts, water parks, theme parks, carnivals, fairs, festivals, exhibitions, family entertainment centers, children's play centers, arenas, sports complexes, leisure facilities & more. We welcome the opportunity to provide you with the same quality, integrity and expertise that we have provided for many clients.


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[2013.09.22 - 2013.09.24] Malaysia - Kota Kinabalu and Mount Kinabalu
Kota Kinabalu is the main entry point in Borneo from the Malaysian side. There is not much you can do in the city but it's also the starting point for trips on Mount Kinabalu. The mountain has the top pick at 4,095 meters and is one of the highest in South East Asia. This is also the reason why many people attempt the climb. There is only one agency that manages the park so prices are very expensive. To make it worse everything is sold in minutes because other agencies buy in order to sell more expensive. The usual package is for 2 days and 1 night but there are some with 3 days 2 nights. If you want something more special you can do Via Ferrata when going down and that was the highlight of our time there.Read More


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Cargo Clothing is all about dresses and here is where you will find a huge range of gowns for a variety of occasions from a school prom to a company Christmas Ball. You can view all of our dresses here or select a more specific category from; Bridesmaid, cocktail, day, maxi, party, plus size, prom, wedding or 2 piece dresses. We stock designs from brands around the world including Pia Michi, Sherri Hill, Mascara, Tiffanys along with two of our favorite new designers from Australia; Elle Zeitoune and Jadore.
As well as offering a fantastic range of designer gowns which are in stock with us in the UK we will match or beat the price of any other UK store holding stock. Quality designer dresses are not cheap but you can comfortably buy from Cargo knowing that it will not be cheaper elsewhere.
We continue to source our dresses from designers worldwide with many new top designers coming from countries which have not traditionally been known as home for great designs. We are now stocking beautiful gowns from the Australian designers Elle Zeitoune and Jadore. These are two of our favorite brands for 2018 using great fabrics and coming in a t a very reasonable price. If you are after something a bit less subtle and more individual Jessica Stuart designs are a great choice and well worth a look.
We group each dress into suitable departments however please consider that it is a personal choice and don't feel you have to stay in a particular department. We try to avoid mass produced gowns as a dress should be individual and make you feel special not make you look the same as someone else. We encourage customers to speak to us on the phone on 01326 376486 for any advice or queries.
If we show a dress as "in stock" it will be in our store in the UK and ready to post out for next day delivery if you need it fast. Every dress has a UK price match guarantee as we always try to be the cheapest and best value shop in the country. Every single item on our website is a genuine product from the listed designer, we have never and will never sell copy or cheap imitation goods on our website or in our store.
The Elle Zeitoune Arianna Dress has been a big hit this year proving that some of the new upcoming brands such as this fantastic Australian designer are producing gorgeous Ball Gowns. If you prefer a summer gown with a modern stylish print the Pia Michi 1781 Floral Print Halterneck Dress is stunning.
If you are getting confused with the huge choice of pretty gowns try choosing a more specific category such as Prom Dresses, 2 Piece Gowns or plus size to make your search a bit easier. Always remember a dress is to make you feel comfortable and special and we will do anything we can to help you find the one. Email us at email@example.com anytime or call us on 01326 376486 when we are open if you need anything.
Günstige und schnelle Lieferung aller Kleider nach Deutschland. Wir verkaufen hochwertige Designer Kleider zu den besten Preisen.
Sehen Sie unsere Mascara Kleidsammlung hier für ein erstaunliches hochwertiges Kleid an.
Abendkleid Kollektion mit schnelle Lieferung.
Schnelle Lieferung von Designerkleidern nach Deutschland.


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Fresh, fun and fierce is what Custo Barcelona's Fall 2013 collection was all about. The designer, known for a mix of standout patterns and mediums, went to the max this season combining fair isle, tribal prints, studs, leather panels and patchwork in sculptured and oversized silhouettes. From cocoon coats and capes, to a 70s-esque chubbies and embellished jumpsuits in earth tone hues, it was a stunning collection that had editors on the edge of their seats.
The inspiration was a 60's girl without the sweetness—much more edgy. They didn't want to use too many vivid colors on the models because the clothes were bright enough. Maybelline BB creams $7.44 were used on the face for a quick clean look. Eyebrows were filled in and a simple grey yeliner was used for a solid line. The cheekbones were chiseled using brozer, and a stroke of mascara was applied only on the roots.
More From Cosmopolitan
The hair was something that was insanely different. A cornrow straight down the center that makes the part. The rest of the hair down to the ears was slicked down, then it goes to a drier texture and stays in front. So original!


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Today we look at the possible starting pitchers in Tacoma – and this is the most difficult part of the roster to figure out.
There are two big problems: first, the Mariners have two open slots in their rotation, with a handful of guys competing for them this spring. We won't know who is going to win those spots for several weeks.
The other problem is roles. Several of the pitchers who are competing for Triple-A rotation spots could end up in the bullpen at either Seattle or Tacoma. I'll make a note of any pitcher who has recent bullpen experience.
OK, here we go…
- Felix Hernandez
- Jason Vargas
- Hisashi Iwamura
- Open
- Open
Kevin Millwood appears to be the leader for the #4 slot. The MLB veteran is in camp on a minor league contract, but I think he is unlikely to come to Tacoma if he doesn't make the big club. Yes, he did pitch in Triple-A a bit last year, but I've been led to believe that is unlikely to happen again.
Blake Beavan availed himself nicely in his first MLB experience last year, going 5-6 with a 4.27 ERA in 15 starts for Seattle. Early word is that he arrived at camp in great physical shape.
Hector Noesi came from the Yankees in the Pineda trade. He was a starter in the minor leagues, but last year when the Yankees called him up they used him in relief. He did make two starts for New York. Just from my reading, I've heard that many scouts see him as a starter in the majors. It will be very interesting to see what Noesi is doing on opening day: big league starter? big league reliever? Triple-A starter? Triple-A reliever?
Charlie Furbush is another player in a similar position to Noesi – he could fill either a starting or a relief role, and he could be at either level. I would think that with his experience in Seattle last year, Furbush would be likely to break camp in a major league role of some kind.
Danny Hultzen was the Mariners first-round draft pick last year, the second player chosen overall. His only professional experience is 19 innings in the Arizona Fall League. However, the Mariners have said all along that Hultzen will compete for a major league spot in spring training. I think that might be a bit ambitious – if I had to speculate, I would guess that Hultzen will open the season at Double-A Jackson.
- Erasmo Ramirez
- Open
- Open
- Open
- Open
Erasmo Ramirez is the only name I am 100% confidant will be in the Tacoma starting rotation. Amazing, huh?
Of the five players who I listed above as "frontrunners" for the Mariners final two slots, three might come to Tacoma – and two could end up in the Mariners bullpen instead. Only Beavan from the above group would definitely start in Tacoma if he did not make the Mariners rotation.
There is a large group of pitchers currently competing in major league camp who profile as possible Tacoma starting pitchers. Let's run 'em down:
Mauricio Robles is a hard-throwing lefty with command issues. He flashed tremendous potential at the end of the 2010 season for the Rainiers, and then was battling injuries throughout 2011. Robles has often been mentioned as a possible reliever.
Anthony Vasquez seems like a likely candidate to earn a spot in Tacoma's rotation. Indeed, he had a rough time for Seattle in September – but let's not forget that he was very good in eight starts for Tacoma, posting a 3.21 ERA in the hitter-happy PCL.
Matt Fox is a minor league free agent signed this winter after a solid season for Pawtucket of the International League (10-4, 3.96 in 21 starts, 7 relief appearances). Fox has two seasons of Triple-A experience under his belt and one MLB start (for the Twins in 2010). He has shuffled between the rotation and the bullpen for 4 of the last 5 years.
Steve Garrison is a lefty the Mariners signed after the Yankees removed him from the 40-man roster last year. Garrison had major shoulder surgery that cost him essentially the entire 2009-2010 seasons, but he was healthy last year and made a big league cameo. Garrison pitched mostly in AA last year, and he's always been a starting pitcher.
Jarrett Grube has started games at Double-A and Triple-A in the Mariners organization the last two years. A reliable minor league veteran, Grube could start or work as a long reliever in 2012.
Jeff Marquez is a sinkerballing right-hander who the Mariners signed as a minor league free agent. He's pitched three seasons in the International League and had a brief call-up with the Yankees last year. He also had injury problems. Most of his career has been spent in starting rotations. He's a strong candidate to make the Rainiers rotation.
James Paxton is the most advanced of the Mariners "big three" starting pitching prospects. He made seven dominant starts at Double-A Jackson last year (3-0, 1.85, 51 K's in 39 innings), and he could be in line to make the Triple-A rotation to start the season. When he does come to Tacoma, he'll be fun to watch.
Oliver Perez is a 30-year-old left-hander with 195 major league starts under his belt. He was impressive early in his career with Pittsburgh but injuries and a loss of command have spiralled him into his current status as a minor league camp invitee. If he shows improved command in spring training, he could land in any number of roles – there has been some scuttlebutt that he could resuscitate his career with a move to the bullpen.
Forrest Snow was an emergency temporary fill-in from Class-A High Desert when he first joined the Rainiers last summer – and he pitched so well that we never sent him back. Then he went to the Arizona Fall League and excelled in a difficult pitching environment, Snow could start or relieve in 2012 – and if the Tacoma staff is full, a Double-A assignment to open the season wouldn't be unreasonable in his development.
Andrew Carraway is a control artist who had a solid season for Jackson last year: 9-5, 3.66 in 21 starts, with a 106-to-25 strikeout-to-walk ratio. He'll wear a Rainiers uniform someday, but will it be on Opening Day?
Other names to know: Steven Hensley, Kenn (two n's) Kasparek, James Gillheeney, and Yoervis Medina.
Go ahead and throw darts at your computer screen, and make a Rainiers rotation!
Just to answer the inevitable question about Taijuan Walker: he's 19 years old and pitched in Low-A last year. Even an assignment to Double-A Jackson would be a very aggressive promotion, and jumping three levels to Triple-A would be unheard of. We'll talk about him next year – or maybe late this season, if he dominates all year.
- We were stunned to learn of the death of Mariners professional scout Frank Mattox, at the far-too-early age of 49. Mattox was a former Mariners Director of Player Development, and he would often watch the Rainiers during the PCL season. Our condolences to his family.
- Ken Griffey Jr. has arrived at spring training camp.
- It may not be the New York City pressure cooker, but Geoff Baker writes that there is going to be pressure on Jesus Montero to perform.
- Larry LaRue has a feature on Mike Carp and the work he has done to keep himself in shape.
- Carlos Guillen has returned to his original team, and he wants to stay healthy.
- Justin Smoak just wants to have a normal season.
- Oh, boy am I confused. LaRue did one of his insider videos on Daren Brown, talking about giving signs from the third base coach's box.
- The Mariners have players from 19 different countries in the organization.
- Rick Rizzs guested on the Mariners blog, reminiscing with Stan Javier.
- In the PCL, Tucson inked a radio deal. This is news – last year the "temporary" franchise only had home internet broadcasts.
Check back Friday for a news round-up, and next Wednesday we'll look at the pool of Tacoma bullpen candidates.


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On May 20, 2008, at 4:26 PM, Maciej Stachowiak wrote: > >> 3) The TAG's working hypothesis is that "aria:" is both technically >> feasible and strategically preferable, on the grounds that the >> long- term benefits of a consistent approach to extensibility >> across all the Web languages outweighs the short-term costs of >> making the change at this time: >> (to the WAI PF WG): Would you consider specifying 'aria:' in the >> next WD of ARIA; >> (to the implementers): Could you see your way to changing your >> implementation/spec. to comply? > > WebKit (the browser engine used in Safari and other browsers) now > has a partial implementation of ARIA on trunk. > > Prefixing ARIA attributes with aria: instead of aria- creates some > difficulties. > > 1) It would require changing the core architecture of the DOM to > match on localname+prefix instead of localname+namespaceURI in this > case. This core work would be risky, and may hurt performance. To > expand on this: WebKit's core DOM has a type called QualifiedName > which contains a localname, a prefix, and a namespaceURI. This class > is designed to carry a prefix but match exclusively on the prefix > and namespaceURI for equality comparisons and hashing. Sorry, I meant to say "match exclusively on the *localname* and namespaceURI". > It is used throughout the engine everywhere that names appear. It > would be challenging to support an exception to sometimes match > differently. I would also be worried about security risk from time- > of-check / time-of-use bugs if we had two different ways of matching > qnames. >Received on Wednesday, 21 May 2008 00:34:13 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.4.0 : Saturday, 9 October 2021 18:44:31 UTC


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30 Days and Badass Cinema
Morgan Spurlock's show on FX, 30 Days, started its new season at the beginning of June. I've been recording them on my DVR and finally watched the first two during a lazy Father's Day on the couch. The first episode features Spurlock returning to West Virginia, his home state, to spend 30 days as a coal miner. If you're not familiar with the show, the idea is that someone with a particular point of view spends 30 days living a an opposing point of view to see how the other side lives. Spurlock typically subjects himself to the treatment at least one or two episodes each season and uses others to fill out the rest of the shows. Former NFL Cornerback, Ray Crockett, is featured in last week's episode.
During the episode, there are a couple of shots of Spurlock clearly sporting an Alamo Drafthouse Badass Cinema t-shirt. Hooray for plugging everyone's favorite Austin theater chain. You can pick up your very own Badass Cinema shirt at the Alamo Drafthouse store, but the version with Pam Grier that Spurlock wears in the show in apparently out-of-print. I tried finding a photo of it on Alamo's Flickr page, but didn't have any luck. As always though, somebody on Flickr has my back.
Photo via Gudrun on Flickr