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Behavioral Techniques to Improve Sleep
Behavioral Techniques to Improve Sleep
Sleep Hygiene
Graduated Extinction
Variations include:
- Parents can shift from sleeping with a child, to sitting in a chair, and then moving the chair further away from the bed until it is out of the child's visual field.
- Parents can put the child to bed at a set time and then check-in on the child (without intervention) on a schedule with gradually increasing intervals until the child falls asleep on own.
- Can often be done in a week
- Does not require the parent to stay up late
- The child's behavior often worsens before it improves.
- The child is likely to cry heartily at the initiation of this process.
Bedtime Fading
Advantages include:
- May avoid having to deal with extended bouts of crying
- Parent may need to stay up late
- May take weeks to complete the process.
Visual Schedules
Bedtime Pass Sleep Tickets
Variations include:
- The child gets 1 "pass" (similar to a "hall pass" used at school) to use in the night, and if it is not used, the child can exchange it for a reward in the morning.
- Alternatively, start with several tickets and gradually reduce the tickets over several days or weeks.
Scheduled Awakening
Restricted Sleeping Time
Additional Considerations
- Psychosocial issues: Consider psychosocial circumstances that may impact sleep training including crowded sleeping area, noise, unsafe environment, homelessness, parents working at night, etc. For example, it would be more difficult for a family sharing a bedroom to endure a "cry-it-out" approach to sleep training. Consider a social work consult when resources are limited.
- Safety: If the child wakes up during the night and wanders, advise parents to use room gates and/or door alarms to ensure the child remains safe.
- Sleep logs: Also known as sleep diaries or trackers, these can be used to track different behaviors such as getting ready for bed, electronics use, caffeine consumption, as well as documenting hours of sleep and night awakenings. Multiple versions are available; see Resources, below. Sleep logs can be reviewed by the clinician or sleep specialist to identify concerning patterns.
- Consultation: Families can consult with a sleep specialist for additional family education and support. There are some online consulting services to coach families through sleep training, and there are pediatric sleep medicine specialists (typically pulmonologists with specialized training) who can work with families as well.
- Medications: The clinician can consider medications, such as melatonin, as adjunctive therapy while initiating a behavioral program or to get the parents some needed sleep before they embark on the behavioral program.
Information & Support
For Parents and Patients
Better Sleep in Kids and Parents (Dr. Craig Canapari)
Excellent, in-depth, and easy-to-read resource about sleep training, sleep hygiene, use of melatonin, and more; developed by Dr. Craig Canapari, a Yale Pediatric Sleep Medicine physician.
Sleep for Kids (National Sleep Foundation)
Fun for children and useful for parents and teachers to understand and overcome sleep problems.
Patient Education
Sleep Hygiene for Children (CHOC Children's) ( 32 KB)
Printable, 2-page handout with 14 easy tips for good sleep hygiene in children ages 0-13; Children's Hospital of Orange County.
Bedtime Routines Shown with Photos and Checklists (Autism Speaks) ( 2.1 MB)
Tips, sample visual bedtime routines, and a sample bedtime pass.
Sleep Tips for Adolescents (Medical Home Portal) ( 193 KB)
A 1-page printable handout with basic suggestions for improving sleep.
Sleep Tips for Children (Medical Home Portal) ( 189 KB)
A 1-page printable handout with basic suggestions for improving sleep.
Sleep History Questionnaire ( 20 KB)
A 14-day sleep tracker and 1-page questionnaire about sleep routines and behavior.
Sleep Diary ( 2.3 MB)
Includes a 1-week, kid-friendly version for school-aged children who are able to communicate in writing and/or verbally.
Adolescent Sleep & Comfort Log ( 205 KB)
Features a 16-day sleep-time log and comfort tracker for teens to fill out on their own.
Services for Patients & Families in Ohio (OH)
|Service Categories
|# of providers* in:
|Other states (4) (show)
|General Counseling Services
|Pediatric Sleep Medicine
|Sleep Studies/Polysomnography
For services not listed above, browse our Services categories or search our database.
* number of provider listings may vary by how states categorize services, whether providers are listed by organization or individual, how services are organized in the state, and other factors; Nationwide (NW) providers are generally limited to web-based services, provider locator services, and organizations that serve children from across the nation.
Authors & Reviewers
|Jennifer Goldman, MD, MRP, FAAP
Page Bibliography
Honaker SM, Schwichtenberg AJ, Kreps TA, Mindell JA.
Real-World Implementation of Infant Behavioral Sleep Interventions: Results of a Parental Survey.
J Pediatr. 2018;199:106-111.e2. PubMed abstract / Full Text
Study examining parental practices in successfully implementing different behavioral sleep intervention (BSI) outside a clinical setting and duration until improved sleep.


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BERLIN – Germany's finance minister says the worst of euro area's debt crisis appears to be over after three years of worries over Greece and other members of the group of 17 European Union countries that use the single currency.
Finance Minister Wolfgang Schaeuble was quoted Thursday as telling the Bild newspaper: "I think we have the worst behind us."
Schaeuble says Greece and others have recognized that they can only overcome the crisis by implementing reforms and that the Greek government — which has received two bailouts — "knows that it cannot financially overburden the other euro states".
Some in Germany have expressed concern about the economy of neighbouring France. But Schaeuble says the government there "knows very well that every country must constantly conduct reforms to remain competitive."

subset: commoncrawl


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In a statement the company said its was closing its factory in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and cut 300 jobs. It will also end production of the the V52 and V60 850-kW machines.
Vestas said it took the decision as it projected a low market for the kW range. It said it would honour all existing contracts and continue servicing the turbines.
The closure of the Hohhot plant will leave Vestas with two factories in China, at Tianjin and Xuzhou. In all it has 2,600 employees in the country.
Although, Vestas is pulling back on the 850kW range, other suppliers such as Enercon and Gamesa continue to back the turbines. Recently, Gamesa signed a licensing deal with US community wind developer Harvest the Wind to sell the turbine.
The last Chinese deal for the V52 was for the Jiaochekou wind farm in Chongli County, Hebei Province in January 2011.
The decision follows last week's announcement from Vestas that it was canceling plans to build a factory in Sheerness, southern England to build its upcoming V164 offshore turbine.


text:
The city of London
London is a city situated in Southwestern Ontario. The City of London is a separated municipality, politically independent from Middlesex County; still it remains the county seat.
London is at the gathering of the non-navigable Thames River, it sits at the junction of Highway 401 and 402, approximately halfway between Toronto, Ontario and Detroit, Michigan.
The North and South divisions of the Thames River meet at the centre of the city in a location known as "The Forks" or "The Fork of the Thames".
Victoria Park in downtown London is a dominant centre of community events. Other major parks include Harris Park, Gibbons Park, Fanshawe Conservation Area (Fanshawe Pioneer Village), Springbank Park, and Westminster Ponds. The city also preserves a number of gardens and conservatories.
The city is home to many festivals, promoted by the London Arts Council. The London Rib-Fest is the second largest barbecue rib festival in North America. Sunfest, a World music festival, is the second biggest in Canada after Caribana in Toronto, and is one of the top 100 summer destinations in North America.
London has several museums, including Museum London, which is situated at the Forks of the Thames. Other museums include the London Regional Children's Museum, the Royal Canadian Regiment Museum, and the Secrets of Radar Museum.
The entire property of Eldon House was granted to the city of London in 1959 and is now a heritage site. It is featuring 19th century period mansion and gardens and it is known as Harris Park.


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[The unions gave him unconditional support, just like they've always given Democrats. Obama talked "progressive" — even "left" (according to some reformists). But since the election, Obama has consistently walked the "rightward" corporate road. The question is raised once again, when will workers organize to challenge the ways they are used? And to build a powerful movement independent of such charlatans? — Frontlines ed.]
March 13, 2011 by the Associated Press
Will Workers Stand with Obama Again in 2012?
WASHINGTON — Union leaders urged Vice President Joe Biden during a White House meeting last month to go to Wisconsin and rally the faithful in their fight against Gov. Scott Walker's move to curtail collective bargaining rights for most public employees.
So far, however, the White House has stayed away from any trips to Madison, the state capital, or other states in the throes of union battles. The Obama administration is treading carefully on the contentious political issue that has led to a national debate over the power that public sector unions wield in negotiating wages and benefits.Some labor leaders have complained openly that President Barack Obama is ignoring a campaign pledge he made to stand with unions; others say his public comments have been powerful enough.
The stakes are high as Obama looks toward a grueling re-election campaign. Republicans have begun airing television ads linking Obama to "union bosses" standing in the way of budget cuts in Wisconsin, Ohio and other states.
As a candidate, Obama seemed to promise more to organized labor, among the Democratic Party's most loyal constituencies.
"If American workers are being denied their right to organize and collectively bargain when I'm in the White House, I'll put on a comfortable pair of shoes myself," Obama said at a speech in 2007. "I'll walk on that picket line with you as president of the United States of America because workers deserve to know that somebody is standing in their corner."
Rose Ann DeMoro, executive director of National Nurses United, the nation's largest nurses union, called Obama "largely a bystander" in the debate over collective bargaining. "I think we're feeling a sense of betrayal from him and not liking it much," she said.
Doug Schoen, a Democratic political strategist, said Obama's strategy seems to be "keep your distance, avoid direct engagement, say most of the right things most of the time, and hope for resolution through sources other than your own."
Walker on Friday signed a bill that strips most collective bargaining rights from the state's public workers, except police and firefighters. The measure passed the Legislature following more than three weeks of protests that drew tens of thousands of people to the state Capitol in opposition. The governor had announced his plan on Feb. 11, saying his state was broke and there was no point negotiating with the unions when there was nothing to offer.
The request for Biden to travel to Wisconsin came from Gerald McEntee, president of the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, according to two union officials familiar with the Feb. 24 meeting. The officials requested anonymity because the meeting was private.
Five days later, during the AFL-CIO winter meeting, McEntee told Obama senior adviser David Plouffe that unions wanted more than words, the officials said. McEntee told Plouffe they wanted a high-profile emissary to stand with protesters to show that the president was by their side.
A spokesman for McEntee, Gregory King, declined comment on the substance of the private meetings, but said the union is "pleased with the support we've received from the Obama administration."
Biden's press secretary, Elizabeth Alexander, declined to elaborate on Biden's discussions with union leaders or say why he had not gone to Madison. She said Biden was "obviously very supportive" of labor, had a long history of fighting for collective bargaining rights and, along with Obama, has been "very involved in what has been going on in Wisconsin both privately and publicly from day one."
Obama has called Walker's proposal an "assault on unions" and urged governors not to vilify public workers. After the state Senate relied on a procedural move Thursday to pass the anti-bargaining rights measure without any Democrats in the chamber, White House spokesman Jay Carney said Obama believes it is wrong for Wisconsin to use its budget troubles "to denigrate or vilify public sector employees."
Solis also pledged her support for public employees on a phone call with thousands of members of the Communications Workers of America.
"Budget sacrifices are one thing but, demanding that workers give up their voice is another," Solis told the union members.
But asked whether Solis would go to Wisconsin or any other state where protesters are rallying, spokesman Carl Fillichio said she's "keeping an eye on the situation."
DeMoro, from the nurses' union, has been reminding Obama about his 2007 campaign promise to walk with union members. She has even sent out press releases offering to buy the president a pair of shoes to march with demonstrators.
"Standing with the embattled workers would be an important symbol," DeMoro said.
There's no question that Obama will keep getting strong re-election support from organized labor. But he stands the risk that unions won't be as enthusiastic if he is too aloof about the attack on bargaining rights. On the other hand, it's possible that unions will be so consumed with their own efforts to save bargaining rights, recall governors or other issues of self-preservation that they won't have the time to work on Obama's behalf with full vigor.
Schoen, the Democratic consultant, said Obama is "trying to have it both ways."
If the budget-cutting tactics of Walker and GOP Gov. John Kasich of Ohio are successful, Obama doesn't want to be seen as aggressively taking sides, Schoen said. If they fail, the president can say he was always on the side of the unions.
Most union leaders have praised Obama in public for offering support with his words. Some believe it may be better for him to stay out so Republicans can't claim the protests are being organized in a grand political move.
"Obama needed to hang back and let people fully understand this is being run by the people of Wisconsin, not by the Democratic Party leadership," said Greg Junemann, president of the International Federal of Professional and Technical Engineers.
Both parties already are using Wisconsin to try to boost their political fortunes.
Crossroads GPS, a group organized by former Bush advisers Karl Rove and Ed Gillespie, announced this past week that it would spend $750,000 on national cable television ads supporting Walker and the Wisconsin Republicans.
The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee on Thursday set a goal of raising $100,000 in 24 hours from angry voters opposing the Wisconsin legislation.
Associated Press writer Jim Kuhnhenn contributed to this report.


text: 190720-maunakea00079_web Post author By Melodie Turori Post date July 22, 2019 No Comments on 190720-maunakea00079_web By Melodie Turori Finding fresh and exciting ways to tell stories that stir the soul is my great love. View Archive → Leave a Reply Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Comment * Name * Email * Website Δ


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I Got a Second Chance After Robbing Banks—and Others Should, Too
After serving a 12 year prison sentence, the author was able to build a meaningful life. Today's irrational laws are robbing young people of that opportunity.
"Never in my life did I think I'd be sitting in a prison cell, facing life," said Adam Clausen, a federal inmate sentenced at the age of 24 for his role in nine robberies he committed in Philadelphia. "I am not a murderer, a rapist, a terrorist, or an international spy. Yet, I have been sentenced that way, all the same."
A fundamental precept of our federal criminal justice system is the equal application of the laws -- the principle that similar crimes should receive similar punishment. But federal sentencing is more like a series of right angles than parallel lines.
Take my case. When I was 23, the FBI arrested me on federal bank robbery charges. Fortunately, my prosecutor and defense counsel were cordial, and they settled on a deal that allowed me to plead guilty to lesser charges than those the prosecutor could've brought. A federal judge sentenced me to twelve 12 years in prison of imprisonment.
I served my sentence. Today, I'm free, married, raising two young children, attending law school, and volunteering in order to use my second chance in life to give back to the community.
Adam was not so lucky. His federal prosecutor had already made bargains with several of his co-defendants, and he was unwilling to offer Adam a reasonable deal. Adam went to trial, where a jury convicted him of robbery and firearms charges.
Although our crimes were similar, a federal judge sentenced Adam to 213 years of imprisonment; his release date is December 1, 2185.
Adam now spends his days teaching and mentoring other prisoners. And unless there's a miraculous presidential commutation of his sentence, he will die in prison.
In the 1990s, Congress passed several get-tough-on-crime mandatory minimum sentencing bills. One of those laws requires a judge to impose an additional 25-year sentence for anyone convicted of a second or subsequent firearm charge. Without these laws, Adam may have received the same 12-year sentence I did. Instead, mandatory minimums allowed prosecutors to transform a crime that averages a 10-year sentence into life imprisonment.
Congress passed mandatory minimums, in part, because it believed that similar crimes deserved similar punishments. But what Congress failed to consider is the role that federal prosecutors play in charging the accused. Possessing an arsenal of over 4,500 federal criminal statutes, a federal prosecutor can manipulate prison sentences by picking and choosing which crimes to charge, and this charging decision ultimately dictates the prison sentence a judge must impose. In my case, a federal prosecutor, armed with unchecked discretion given by Congress, selected the charges in a way that provided me with a second chance, but Adam's prosecutor came to the opposite conclusion.
The result is actually greater randomness in federal sentencing, not more uniformity, and this is inimical to our sense of justice and common sense. On a fundamental level, the sentence a criminal defendant receives should be determined through even application of sentencing laws, not by the subjective judgments of prosecutors.
As a practical matter, mandatory minimum sentences remove discretion from those most likely to impose just sentences: the federal judiciary. And mandatory minimums almost always increase the amount of time that offenders spend in custody. Just a few months ago, the Justice Department reported that the growing federal prison population imposes costs that are "unsustainable." Indeed, incarcerating Adam instead of affording him a second chance will cost taxpayers approximately $35,000 a year -- equivalent to the annual cost of funding a teenager's college education, but continued over his entire lifetime.
When the development of the law leads to such arbitrary results, we should take it as a sign that the rules need to be rethought. When it comes to federal sentencing laws, the nation needs to act so that reason triumphs over whim and happenstance.


text:
- Description
DetailsThe $50 Gold maple leaf is Canada's 1 Ounce bullion gold coin and a flagship of Bullion Coins since its introduction in 1979. The face features Elisabeth II, reigning monarch of the Commonwealth and nominal face value of $50. The reverse features the Maple, as well as its troy weight. The maple is minted in 99.99% pure gold and was lately updated to include rays emanating from the center of the coin, as well as a holographic maple leaf privy. These coins are minted 2019.
- Details
Composition: .9999 fine
Packaging: Tubes of 10 Coins
Manufacturer: Royal Canadian Mint
Metal Content: 1 Troy Ounce
Denomination: $50
IRA Eligibility: Yes
- Reviews


text: Thank You for visiting Marley Art. Im mostly a self taught artist who lives near the beach and loves to paint in my little studio.I work in a Secondary College in Student Wellbeing and Integration which I absolutely LOVE.Most of my art is water colours or acrylics on canvas. Most originals have sold but prints are available here on ArtPal in paper or canvas.I am also on Face Book as Marley Art and custom originals can be ordered.I had to include my 13 year old daughters pencil drawing of Nelson Mandela. It is just so amazing and can be ordered as a print. She draws in a realistic style, where I am more animated.Creating art is so very special to me. Enjoy a browse through my folio.Much love Marley.


text:
Reflettere – Alba Sample
This is a large-scale artwork translated from an original painting. It is available printed on wallpaper and hung as a large scale wall mural, or on an option of three fabric grounds to be used as either engineered non-repeating window treatments or upholstery. All printing is done per order and takes up to 6 weeks to ship. Please be sure to order a sample before purchasing.


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Ruckus Removes Hurdles to Digital Learning While Helping to Address the Vaping Epidemic
New multigigabit access products address network capacity crunch and new IoT partnership enables more effective response to E-cigarette use
HICKORY, N.C.–(BUSINESS WIRE)–Ruckus Networks (now part of CommScope via acquisition) today announced two new products to complement its growing multigigabit access network portfolio. The Ruckus R750 Wi-Fi 6 access point (AP) and ICX 7150-C10ZP switch address the capacity crunch caused by the transition to digital learning. Ruckus is also announcing a new Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem partnership with Soter Technologies to address the student health risk of vaping on school grounds.
By 2022, most primary and secondary schools will deliver 50 percent of their curriculum digitally. As schools undertake the transition to digital learning, Wi-Fi networks are quickly overtaxed due to initiatives such as 1:1 computing, bring your own device (BYOD), as well as the simultaneous growth of IoT sensor networks for building automation and security. Furthermore, the pervasive use of video for digital learning, online collaboration and campus safety exerts more capacity demand on Wi-Fi networks. To solve this capacity challenge and others like it, Ruckus is introducing the 4×4:4 R750 Wi-Fi 6 AP and the accompanying ICX 7150-C10ZP multigigabit access switch. Together, with CommScope's power-over-ethernet (PoE) cabling, these new products meet the capacity and requirements of a modern digitally-enabled school.
Additionally, to support schools' needs to effectively address what the U.S. Surgeon General refers to as a youth E-cigarette (vaping) epidemic, Ruckus is partnering with Soter Technologies, a leading vendor of sensor systems that detect vaping, smoke, and noise disturbances. With these sensors, schools are better able to monitor for E-cigarette use, including in areas, such as restrooms, where cameras cannot be placed. Ruckus has integrated Soter's FlySense™ family of real-time sensors into the Ruckus IoT Suite, enabling alerts to be sent to this centralized IoT dashboard when vaping is detected. School staff may choose to enable such an alert to trigger actions by other devices, such as a nearby hallway camera, managed by the IoT Controller, by making use of the embedded rules engine.
"Fly Sense is a tool that allows high schools and middle school administrators to respond to the growing vaping epidemic happening across the nation and internationally," said Derek Peterson, founder and CEO of Soter Technologies. "Together we will bring this important technology to more schools."
"Digital learning, the vaping epidemic and overall student safety are top of mind for school administrators and principals," said Bart Giordano, senior vice president of worldwide sales, Ruckus Networks. "Schools are turning to Ruckus to provide converged network and IoT solutions that support both their digital learning and student safety initiatives. We are committed to the primary and secondary education markets and will continue to innovate to help schools meet their digital learning, student safety and wellness objectives."
The Ruckus converged multigigabit network for schools and other capacity-challenged environments includes:
- Ruckus R750 Access Point (new)— A dual-band, 4×4:4 (5GHz) + 4×4:4 (2.4GHz) with embedded IoT radios (BLE, Zigbee) and 2.5GbE support. The R750 is optimized for high client-density classroom environments and supports the latest WPA3 Wi-Fi security standard.
- Ruckus ICX 7150-C10ZP Access Switch (new)—A 10-port compact, fanless switch with 1, 2.5, 5 and 10GbE access ports, four of which are PoE-enabled with up to an industry-best 90W. Like all Ruckus ICX switches, the ICX 7150-C10ZP can be stacked with other ICX 7150-family switches within a single wiring closet or across closets or classrooms.
- Ruckus SmartZone™ Network Controller—Physical or virtual converged management appliances used to manage Ruckus APs and switches through a single interface. SmartZone Network Controller is available today as a unified management platform for the ICX7150 and R750.
- Ruckus IoT Controller—A virtual controller, deployed in tandem with a Ruckus SmartZone network controller, that performs connectivity, device and security management functions for non-WiFi devices.
Ruckus Networks will be demonstrating these and other products and solutions at ISTE 2019, June 23-26, at the Pennsylvania Convention Center in Philadelphia, Booth #1438.
About CommScope:
CommScope (NASDAQ: COMM) and the recently acquired ARRIS and Ruckus Networks are redefining tomorrow by shaping the future of wired and wireless communications. Our combined global team of employees, innovators and technologists have empowered customers in all regions of the world to anticipate what's next and push the boundaries of what's possible. Discover more at www.commscope.com.
Follow us on Twitter and LinkedIn and like us on Facebook.
Sign up for our press releases and blog posts.
This press release includes forward-looking statements that are based on information currently available to management, management's beliefs, as well as on a number of assumptions concerning future events. Forward-looking statements are not a guarantee of performance and are subject to a number of uncertainties and other factors, which could cause the actual results to differ materially from those currently expected. In providing forward-looking statements, the company does not intend, and is not undertaking any obligation or duty, to update these statements as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
Source: CommScope
News Media Contact:
Kris Kozamchak, CommScope
+1-972-792-3311 or [email protected]
Financial Contact:
Kevin Powers, CommScope


text:
Croker, John Wilson
Croker, John Wilson krō´kər [key], 1780–1857, British Tory politician and author, b. Ireland. He was a member of Parliament from 1807 to 1832 and secretary of the admiralty from 1810 to 1830. The most famous of his regular contributions as a critic to the Quarterly Review was his virulent attack (1818) on Keats's Endymion. Croker's best work was his careful edition (1831) of Boswell's Life of Johnson.
See Croker Papers (ed. by L. J. Jennings, 3 vol., 1884; repr. 1972).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2023, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: English Literature, 19th cent.: Biographies


text:
About this paper
Based on a survey of 2,500 respondents in two dozen industries, this research report from MIT Sloan Management Review and SAS examines the characteristics, beliefs and practices of analytical innovators – and why these organizations are different from others. In addition, it offers a framework that shows how companies – regardless of their current analytical sophistication – can move toward analytical innovation.
About SAS
SAS is the leader in analytics. Through innovative software and services, SAS empowers and inspires customers around the world to transform data into intelligence. SAS gives you THE POWER TO KNOW®.
Have a SAS profile? To complete this form automatically Sign In
Welcome, . Edit Profile Log Out


text:
Ford Drum Brakes - How To Install 11-Inch Rear Drum Brakes
Upgrade Your Braking Performance With An Easy-To-Install Rear Drum-Brake Kit From Master Power Brakes
In our never-ending quest for better performance from our vintage Mustangs, we tend to think about four-barrel carburetors, hotter cams, dual exhausts, and larger engine modifications. But better braking is just as crucial to performance as a more powerful engine. After all, what good is a hotter engine if you can't stop your Mustang?
Front disc brakes have always been a key to improved brake performance. In more recent years, rear disc brakes have become a popular upgrade because they virtually eliminate brake fade under the most demanding conditions. The downside to them is cost-they can be expensive. Now you can get larger, more powerful rear drum brakes with Master Power Brakes' super-large 11-inch drum-brake conversion kit. Actually an off-the-shelf Ford drum brake designed for intermediate and large Fords with large-bearing and 9-inch rear axles, the kit also fits 8-inch rearends with small-bearing axles in classic Mustangs.
After spending time with this new drum-brake kit from Master Power, here's what we know: It installs with great ease, although you may need to tweak or replace the rear-axle brake lines for correct fit. Although it'll fit most 14-inch wheel applications, it won't fit them all. We suggest this kit for 15-inch-and-larger wheel sizes.
When we first heard about this kit, it made us think of the vintage Fairlane station wagon 10X2.5-inch rear drum-brake package upgrade that has long been popular. But the brake shoes with the Master Power kit are 2 inches wide, providing more brake-friction surface area. Parking brake performance is also better than most rear disc-brake kits.
Proper Fit
Correct wheel fit isn't just a matter of appearance. The wheel face must lay flush on the brake drum for stability and safety. Ideally, the wheel will fit squarely on the hub. Although some wheel-indexing holes don't always fit perfectly, the brake-indexing hole must. If it's loose, it will cause the drum to track haphazardly around the shoes.
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text:
A student who contemplates withdrawing is advised first to consult with the Dean or either the Associate Dean for Students and Academic Life, or the Associate Dean for Academic Administration. The rules regarding readmission after withdrawal are:
First-year students: A student who withdraws during his or her first academic year is not eligible as a matter of right to return to school. These students must compete for a place in the class with other applicants for the year they wish to return.
Second- and third-year students: A second- or third-year student not subject to dismissal who withdraws from school is eligible as a matter of right to return if readmission is sought within 24 months of withdrawal and current deadlines are met. Readmission after two years is at the discretion of the Dean of the Law School.
All students: Any student in good standing required to withdraw because of a military obligation is entitled to return upon the completion of the first tour of military service.
If a law student is called to active military duty in the middle of a law school term and is unable to complete that term, individual faculty members will, at their discretion, make reasonable efforts to allow such students to meet course objectives for appropriate credit.
Source: November 1, 2001 Faculty Resolution
© Copyright 2023, All Rights Reserved University of Washington School of Law
4293 Memorial Way Northeast, Seattle, WA 98195


text:
Major Mayhem
Major Mayhem was a quick little game I wrote in 1985 while I was living with my Dad in Salt Lake City, Utah. It took me about 2 weeks to polish up and I eventually sent it in to Nibble Magazine and they published it in their December 1987 issue (over 2 years after I wrote it!)Read More


text:
TOKYO (Reuters) - Japan on Saturday launched an H-2A rocket carrying a geo-positioning satellite into orbit after a week-long delay, the government said.
The launch of Japan's third geo-positioning satellite is part of its plan to build a version of the U.S. global positioning system (GPS) to offer location information used for autopiloting and possible national security purposes.
The government postponed the launch a week ago because of a technical glitch.
"With the success of the third satellite, we have made another step closer for having signals from four satellites in the future," Masaji Matsuyama, minister in charge of space policy, said in a statement.
The government plans to launch a fourth satellite by the end of the year to start offering highly precise position information by next April.
Japan plans to boost the number of its geo-positioning satellites to seven by 2023, making its system independently operational even if the U.S. GPS becomes unavailable for some reason, a government official said previously.
The satellite was manufactured by Mitsubishi Electric Corp and was blasted into orbit by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd.
Reporting by Junko Fujita and Kiyoshi Takenaka; Editing by Robert Birsel
Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.


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|United Kingdom
|Alternative Rock
Radiohead is a band from the United Kingdom that is very influential in music, and was especially so during the 2000s. They have had nine studio albums, five EPs and one live album. Singer/guitarist/pianist Thom Yorke has three solo albums, and guitarist Jonny Greenwood has composed soundtracks for major motion pictures such as There Will Be Blood.
Early Years
The band was formed in high school by Thom Yorke and bassist Colin Greenwood. Drummer Phil Selway was added shortly after forming as was guitarist Ed O' Brien. Greenwood's younger brother Jonny would tag along to band practices at their mother's request and after begging to become a member numerous times, he was added as a harmonica player. He soon moved to keyboards and eventually lead guitar. The band were originally called 'on a Friday' - reflecting their practice schedule. They played together under this name throughout their school years and then during university vacations whilst the bands members were studying.
After completing their studies the band were signed to Parlaphone Records and changed their name to Radiohead. They released their debut album, Pablo Honey, then The Bends, before the highly acclaimed OK Computer- a regular high placing entry in critics' "best albums of all time" lists even twenty five years after its initial release.
Due to the success of OK Computer, the band were given absolute artistic freedom to record anything they liked for their next release. The band went against expectations, and rather than record another guitar based "britpop" style record, released the electronica-influenced Kid A. Later albums continued this trend throughout the remainder of their recording contract with Parlaphone.
Digital Sale
No longer signed to a major label, the band decided not to sign with another big label for their next album. Radiohead's 2007 album In Rainbows is notable for being the first major blockbuster release by a major band to be released for free. Upon the album's release, the record label sold it through InRainbows.com, where customers had the option to enter whatever price they wanted to pay (including $0). Similar practices have since been used by other major artists such as Nine Inch Nails and Girl Talk.
- Pablo Honey (1993)
- The Bends (1995)
- OK Computer (1997)
- Kid A (2000)
- Amnesiac (2001)
- Hail to the Thief (2003)
- In Rainbows (2007)
- The King of Limbs (2011)
- A Moon Shaped Pool (2016)
EPs and Non-album Singles
- Drill (1992)
- Pop is Dead (1993)
- Itch (1994)
- My Iron Lung (1994)
- No Surprises/Running From Demons (1997)
- Airbag/How Am I Driving? (1998)
- COMLAG (2plus2isfive) (2003)
- (In Memory Of) Harry Patch (2009)
- Supercollider/Butcher (2011)
- Daily Mail/Staircase (2011)
- Spectre (2015)
- Ill Wind (2016)
Live Albums
- I Might Be Wrong (2001)


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Former Jewish Agency Chief Avraham Burg Rejects Idea of a 'Jewish State'
Former Knesset speaker and ex-head of the Jewish Agency Avraham Burg has sparked quite a brouhaha with a recent interview in the Israeli daily Ha'aretz. Among other things, he said that "to define the State of Israel as a Jewish state is the key to its end. A Jewish state is explosive. It's dynamite."
Ha'aretz's Ari Shavit writes:
In an interview in Haaretz Weekend Magazine, he said that he is in favor of abrogating the Law of Return and calls on everyone who can to obtain a foreign passport.
Burg, who was interviewed on the occasion of the publication of his book "Defeating Hitler" said "the strategic mistake of Zionism was to annul the alternatives. Israeliness has only body; it doesn't have soul."
"Judaism always prepared alternatives," says Burg, who three years after leaving Israeli politics is now a citizen of France and a successful businessman.
Burg also said that his book's original planned title was "Hitler Won."
Needless to say, as Ha'artez reports, Burg's remarks have not sat well with many Israelis. Kadima Knesset member Otniel Schneller called for Burg to be denied the privilege of burial in Israel's cemetery on Mount Herzl, resting place for senior state officials. And from the left, the article notes:
Meretz Chairman Yossi Beilin expressed sadness that "a man like Burg, who is salt of the earth, can say things like that. Obviously I don't agree with him." As opposed to Burg, Beilin said "if this country is not the Jewish State, and has no Jewish majority, it doesn't interest me."
UPDATE: The full text of Ha'aretz's interview with Avraham Burg is now online.
UPDATE #2: Forward editor J.J. Goldberg speaks with Burg about his controversial interview here.


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Norman gives his first talk on Suffering and Clinging to the Mar de Jade December 2012 Sesshin.
Suffering and Clinging
December 2012
Edited by Barbara Byrum and Cynthia Schrager
Welcome to our annual retreat. I hope everybody is okay, settling into the practice. What we are trying to do this week couldn't be more simple or clear. Some of you who haven't done a seven-day silent retreat may think that it is very difficult, but, actually, it is quite easy. What is really difficult is your ordinary life. That's what's hard, all the stress and strain of ordinary life.
The Buddha's great insight was this great stress and strain of ordinary life: a life in which you often do not get what you want; a life in which you very often have to endure some trouble; a life in which you have emotions that are unpleasant and difficult; a life, in which, eventually, if you are lucky, you get old, you get sick, and you die. This was the Buddha's great insight: stress and suffering is absolutely inescapable. Because it is inescapable, when you try to escape the suffering, you only make it worse.
Facing this reality, the Buddha had a brilliant insight. He saw there was a way out of stress and suffering, not by escaping it, but by seeing through it. The way to see through stress and suffering is, first of all, to understand it and to admit how powerful it is, how pervasive it is, and how inevitable it is. When you see this and you understand this, then you can see right through it. When you can see through the suffering, it becomes possible to live with some composure and some dignity.
This is pretty simple and clear. It's a tall order. It's not easy to do, but it's not very hard to understand. This is the point of our sitting here together this week: to begin to face our stress and our suffering, and to begin to be able to see through it, and, therefore, to begin to make our lives better.
The practice we are doing is also pretty simple. The first thing is the posture, paying attention to your body, opening up your body, lifting up the chest, lifting up the back of the head, so that the back of the head is reaching up for the sky. The whole upper part of the body is lifting and opening. You are not making your body be in a certain posture, but allowing it to open up like a flower, just the way it wants to open, if only you will let it.
Then, hands like this. This is the best way, with the left hand on top of the right, and the thumbs just touching slightly, and resting the hands nicely in your lap. As you sit, pay attention to the position of your hands. Again, not something that you impose on your hands, but you just allow your hands to be gentle. You feel the beauty of the gesture made with your hands, this ancient gesture, made over the centuries by millions of practitioners. Then you can place your mind inside the palms of your hands. The mind is not inside the head. The mind is everywhere, inside your body, and also outside your body. So, you can put your mind in your hands.
You can pay attention to the breathing in your belly. If you pay attention, you see how your belly gently rises and falls with your breathing. Then it might be good to count each breath, one to five or one to ten, as you exhale.
So these are the things we're paying attention to: the opening of the body and the feeling of the body, the gentle breathing in the belly, the feeling in the hands. No matter what else happens to distract you from this, as soon as you notice you are distracted, you gently come back. Come home. Come home to the body. Come home to the breathing. Come home to the feeling of being present in this moment, with your human condition.
When you practice like that, all you are doing is paying attention to the feeling of your life. Such a simple thing. That is your life, right? That is the feeling of your life. The feeling of your life is the feeling of your body. It is the feeling of your breathing. It is the feeling of your presence and your awareness. That's your life, right? Whatever problems that you are wrapped up in, whatever difficulties you think you have at any time in your life, your life is always your body, your breathing, your presence.
This is such a miracle. Why would you be here at all? How did that happen? We know all kinds of things, but we don't really know why we are here. How did we get here? What a blessing! What an opportunity.
Of course, when we are all entangled in our human problems, we don't think of this. We forget the miracle. We forget the blessing. All we do is complain and try to escape. For these six days of retreat, we have removed all problems. No problems. Everything is beautiful. All you have to do is feel your life. There is nothing to distract you from that.
No matter what is going on in your mind, just come back to your life, not only when you're on your cushion, but all of the time. When you are doing walking meditation, come back to your life. When you are chanting in the service, come back to your life. When you are eating the meal, you come back. When you are working. When you're on the beach. Come back, come back home to your life. When you forget to do that – because you are going to forget a million times – use the forgetting itself as a device to remember to come back. Notice that you forgot, notice that you are not in your in life, and as soon as you notice, come back. Right there you can come back. Nothing stops you.
Try your best not to evaluate yourself too much, or to measure how well you are doing. Measuring how well you are doing is almost always a trick of the mind, a sneaky trick of the mind to keep you entangled in your suffering. Try not to let that happen too often. If you find yourself frustrated because you think you are not doing very well, or because your mind is full of worries and thoughts, or maybe your body is painful, and you want to move around on your seat, just realize that all this is perfectly normal. It has nothing to do with you, and it's not your fault. In that very moment, come home. Come home to the body and the breathing. Cut through all of that thinking and just come back.
In every moment, no matter what's going on, no matter how compelling it seems, even if it seems that you are just at the point of figuring out everything in your life, just forget about it. Then come back to your breath. Come back to your body. Even if you do come back, and you are there for just half a second, and the next half a second you are again wandering all over, that's perfectly okay. In that moment come back. You only have to practice for one moment. That's all it takes: one moment.
The story of the Buddha, his spiritual path, began with suffering. Although he himself was a young man and very privileged, and he seemed not to be suffering, he noticed that other people were suffering. Other people were old. Other people were sick. Other people were dying. Of course, this is no news to us; we all know this. But usually we think, That's the problem of other people. That's not my problem. Maybe we are a little more thoughtful about this and we say, Probably some day that is going to be my problem…later. Or maybe we think, No, no, maybe I will be able to escape all of those problems. If you do yoga every day and eat vegan food, and you only put good things into your mind, and you are very healthy, it's possible that you might be the one exception, and you might live practically forever as a young, healthy person. You are laughing, because it is a ridiculous idea. Yet, a lot of people actually think this. Maybe, most of us actually believe this.
The Buddha didn't look at it that way. Quite to the contrary, he took the suffering of other people very personally. He actually saw the suffering of other people as his own suffering. He profoundly realized that if even one person is suffering, he is also suffering. Feeling this, he thought that there was no other choice but to go forth into the spiritual life, to find a path to end suffering.
A lot of religious people start out with some big truth: how the world is created, what reality is, what happens after we die, or why we have to die at all. But this was not the Buddha's concern. His only concern was suffering and the end of suffering, and the way to live a human life, taking suffering into account, and yet still finding true happiness. All of his instructions were only about this. He would often say, "I only teach two things: suffering and the end of suffering."
What causes suffering? If we want to end suffering, we better find out what causes it. The Buddha taught that the cause of suffering is clinging. Why is clinging going to cause suffering? Because we are trying to cling to something we can't hold on to. So, it is frustrating, and the frustration grows into deep suffering. If we cling to our health, and we are sick, that is suffering. If we cling to another person, and that person leaves us, that is suffering. If we cling to our money or our house, and we lose our money or our house, that's suffering. If we cling to our good reputation, and people disrespect us, then that is suffering. If we cling to life when we are dying, that's suffering. All these things do happen to us. We can't hold on to the things we cling to. So we suffer.
Why do we cling? Why do we do that? We cling, because we feel incomplete. It does not seem enough for us to accept this moment of life. We think we need more. Maybe we think we need another person to complete this life. Or we need some special state of happiness or gratitude to complete this life. Or we need to be intelligent or youthful. Or we need special status among others.
We cling to these things because we are not enough. Even if we are successful in acquiring many things to make us feel complete, we still don't feel complete. We are clinging more and more and more. Clinging makes more clinging, and we are suffering.
To end suffering and clinging, we need to see through this sense of our own incompletion. This means that we need to understand more deeply who and what we really are. We have to admit that this feeling of incompletion is very deep in us. It is really at the center of who we think we are. To this extent, all of us are, in some profound way, wounded. We have all been taught and believe that we must be more. We are not enough. We must be more and we must go on being more. This is something we deeply believe, but it is simply not true. It's not true.
In this moment of your sitting here and breathing, hearing the sound of the sea and my words, you are lacking nothing. You don't need anything more than this moment, this moment of your living the blessing of your life. When this is clear to you, not only right now, but all the time, then you are free. You are no longer bound to clinging and grasping and suffering. Whatever arises in this moment, will be okay, even if it is something difficult, even if it is some grave loss. It won't be suffering, when there is no clinging and no grasping. Even death, when there is no clinging, may be perfectly okay. It may be a letting go of all barriers and all boundaries, a great leap into the endlessness.
So this is the point of our practice and the goal of our meditation. The real reason to make effort to sit here and pay attention is not just to be peaceful for a few days, or to have some wonderful spiritual experiences – although, I hope you do. The real reason is to find out who you really are. To cut through the forest of your many, many viewpoints. To see your life more deeply. When you see more deeply, there is less clinging. When there is less clinging, there is more happiness and less suffering.
This is really simple and really clear. But as you will find out, you will still have to work at it, because the ancient, human habit of self-ignorance and clinging is really strong in all of us. The good news and the bad news is that it is not just you. It is not just your personal defects. That's the good news and the bad news. It is all of us; it is being human. That's the problem. That's why, although this is very simple and very clear and very natural to us, it is going to take some effort to overcome this. It is very clear: if you don't overcome this, you will suffer. If you overcome it a little bit, you will suffer a little bit less, and you will be a little happier. If you overcome it a lot, you will have a lot less suffering, and you will be a lot happier.
As all of you who have been doing this practice for a while know, much more is involved than meditation. Little by little, as you go on, pretty much everything in your life is involved in spiritual practice: the way you think, the way you speak, what you feel, how you feel, your actions, your choices, your friendships, what you want to do or don't want to do. Pretty much everything in your life is involved. But this is not something that you force, or advance through will power. It all just happens gradually as you continue to sit and listen to teachings, especially as you continue to pay attention to your living and notice more closely what makes you suffer and what brings you joy.
The Buddha said that the path involves your whole viewpoint, your intentions, all your actions, every word you speak, your livelihood, the quality of your awareness, your effort, your determination, and your meditation practice. Of all of these, maybe for us the meditation practice is the most important, not because in itself it is so important, but because it is the best thing that we can do to help us practice with all the other things. The strength of the meditation practice can, little by little, draw our whole life toward clarity.
It really is a blessing that we are able to be here this week together, doing nothing but practicing meditation. So I want to thank each and every one of you for coming and doing this. Please continue through these days with energy, with effort, with care, and especially with gentleness and love. Remember that when you take care of your own practice, it doesn't just help you. It has an impact on everyone else in the retreat. Everyone in the retreat will be affected by your strong effort to really do the practice. Everyone will be inspired by that, and they will practice more. In this way, just by taking care of ourselves, will take care of others. Together we can do what would not be possible for any one of us alone.
I can tell you for sure that this practice works. If you really give yourself to it and stay with it, it will really open up your life and make your life more beautiful. My job is to tell you this. Your job is to make my words real.
Thank you for listening.


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"My network of mom friends is my other half"
I became a single mom by choice, because I was confident, independent, and really, really wanted children. None of that helped me, however, when I found myself with a newborn and the stomach flu, unable to stand upright long enough to change a diaper or lift my baby girl into her crib. I discovered the limits of autonomy as I lay in bed with my milky infant and agonized about my options. Desperate, I emailed a mothers' group through my church in Cincinnati: "I'm violently ill and really need help tonight. I know you're all busy with your own bedtimes, but can anyone possibly come by for an hour or two?" A fellow mom — who I'd never even met before — was at my door in minutes. And thus a wonderful pattern began.
Partnered parents have a copilot, a significant other, to help when times get tough. I don't. Instead, I have a community of other mothers on this journey, and four years into the trip, I've become convinced this village of moms has made my family whole.
Years have passed since that flu, and I've moved to Toronto, but my fellow moms still remain my other half. A week before my daughter's third birthday, I was struggling through a practice cake — strawberry-shaped, per her request, with pumpkin seeds on pink icing and a complicated green section for the stem. When my neighbor Sarah happened to knock on the door, we started chatting, and soon enough I was crying from fatigue and lamenting a midwinter birthday, a fussy new second baby, and the absence of family. She hugged and consoled me, and left. An hour later, she was back with the most fragrant potted spring bulb, a pink hyacinth, that's obscenely expensive in January. She had dragged her own two small children out into the snow to find the flower. It was the simple gesture of support that I had needed to keep me going.
More From Redbook
I've never forgotten these kindnesses, and I try to pay them forward. When a mom I met outside our daughters' ballet class confided of a worrying lump, I filled a bag with chocolate, magazines, and bubble bath for her. And after a neighbor told me of her house full of vomitty kids, my daughter and I got out the mixing bowls and had breakfast muffins on her doorstep before dawn. It's not much. Muffins. A spring bulb. A hot meal. Extra chairs for the birthday party, a can of chickpeas in a pinch, a playdate when someone really needs time to herself. But these little things that my mom friends do for me, and I for them — they're everything. — ANDREA HOPKINS is a writer in Toronto
"I'm a proud single parent — even on food stamps"
In 2007, I was a married mother of two kids, living in a four-bedroom house with a pool. My income as a writer and Spanish translator helped to support our comfortable lifestyle. Then came 2008. As newspapers closed down, I lost writing gigs, and my husband was unemployed as well. After years of trying to keep our marriage going, we divorced and had nothing left but a huge pile of debt. The girls and I moved into a small two-bedroom apartment in 2009. I was so broke I could barely keep enough gas in the car to drive them to school, and was forced to sell my jewelry and family heirlooms. I can still remember my 4-year-old admiring the bling in the cases while the jeweler handed me an $800 check. It was just enough to cover the rent.
I was too proud to ask for help, but thank God I wasn't too proud to accept it when it was offered. After a rough day of job hunting, I unloaded on an acquaintance that I had sold my jewelry. She was twice divorced and told me she'd been saving her platinum engagement and wedding rings for someone in need. Pressing them into my hands, she said, "Sell them. For you and for your girls." Had I not been a mom, I never would've accepted such a gift, but my need to provide smothered my pride. I cried as I took her jewels, and told her I would never forget her gesture. "I was waiting for the right person," she said.
Soon after, another friend came through for me in a different way. He asked me why I hadn't applied for food stamps. "But those are for poor people," I said. He just stared at me. I couldn't face how much my life had changed — the year before I'd been donating to charity, and now I needed it. I applied, and we qualified. A few weeks later we had food on the table. Jobs eventually returned and I got back on my feet, but I'll never forget those days of need and the generosity of near strangers. Now, my 10-year-old gives clothes she's outgrown to a friend whose single mom is struggling. It's not about being thanked, but about making them feel a little warmer and more hopeful about the future, just like others did for us. — LORRAINE C. LADISH is the managing editor of the website VOXXI.com, Mujer for Latinas
"I do it all when my husband's deployed"
When I married Tom, a naval officer, 16 years ago, I never envisioned myself becoming a single mom. But here I am, commander in chief at home to four boys while my husband is on a 20-month deployment overseas — his third since 9/11. I'm out there pushing the mower, pulling weeds, and trimming bushes when the grass starts growing in the spring. When a shelf in our craft closet fell down, I was the one at the hardware store buying the parts, whipping out the electric drill, and putting it back up. And when I decided the family room needed freshening up, I picked the color (peanut butter brown) and painted it myself.
Knowing I can do the heavy lifting is pretty empowering; it's the emotional work that wears me down. One of our boys is autistic, and when he has a rough day, I find myself carrying the weight of it all, because it feels selfish to share it with Tom while he's shouldering heavy responsibilities with international consequences. I keep my emails and video calls with him light, so I usually lean on another Navy wife. And I've been deeply touched by words of encouragement from friends and strangers in our community. Hearing a simple "Thank you for your service and sacrifice" gets me through some tough days.
Unlike other single parents, my situation is temporary. When Tom returns in July, I'll be ecstatic. But I confess, readjusting after a long deployment can be tricky. He can feel out of the loop and unsure of his role. It takes a while to find the new dynamic, but being aware of the problem makes it easier — and we've had a lot of practice! In July, we're headed to Disney World for a much-needed family vacation. And then, after more than a year and a half of solo parenting, it might be nice to take my own vacation. — ERIN ROVAK HENDERSCHEDT blogs at deploymentdiatribes.com
"It's hard to let go of your kids when you share custody"
An entire day and a half to read books, sleep in, take uninterrupted baths?!" That's the envious cry I hear from married moms when they find out that my 12- and 8-year-old sons spend the bulk of each weekend with their dad. Since my marriage ended two years ago, my boys are with their father — a wonderful, loving father — from Saturday afternoon through Monday morning. That's two nights a week I'm alone, without the bedtime struggle or midnight requests for water, but also minus irreplaceable tuck-ins and the comforting lullaby of little snores.
The truth is, I feel like a mother isn't meant to be separated from her young children — I'm not there for a third of their short childhoods. I want to be the one making little decisions like whether they should keep that sweatshirt on to play outside or if they've eaten enough dinner to get dessert. Complicating matters is that the rules are more lax at Dad's house. Bedtime is later. Screen time is longer. Discipline is different. There's a duality to my children's lives, and I can't do anything about it. I've had to accept a certain lack of control and focus some of my nurturing energy inward. For me, sharing custody is like facing an empty nest a decade early. It has required a reinvestigation of who I am and what makes me happy. I've restarted the improv classes that lit me up in the years before having kids, built an excuse-free relationship with my treadmill, and given away my TV (which invited me to sit on the couch feeling sorry for myself). Now I spend that time reading books that make me feel something. And I've restored my commitment to my faith through prayer.
These steps don't fill the space that the absence of my children has created. But they do push me to focus on being resilient and positive. In a more standard family, I might have found myself wishing away my boys' childhoods under the pressure of unrelenting demands at home and at work. But now, the demands are all too relenting. That allows me to be more patient with my sons than I might otherwise have been — and, most importantly, to be fully present in the moments with them, even the challenging ones, because I know how fleeting they really are. — RESHMA MEMON YAQUB is a writer in Bethesda, MD
The Mad Men star told REDBOOK that he was raised primarily by his mother, Deborah, after his parents split. And before he lost her to cancer, she gave him everything he would ever need.
"My mom did an amazing job at instilling incredible confidence in me. She was a secretary back in the '60s and '70s. She would say, 'There are opportunities in this world. Take advantage of them.' She impressed upon me that achievement is something to be lauded and to work toward. She told me that I could accomplish anything I wanted, and that really stuck with me. When I became a teacher out of college, I tried to instill that same sense in my students — that it's not dorky to be good at school, that it's about putting value in the things that matter. Whatever I've accomplished, it's because of my mom, even though she died when I was 9 years old."


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Rita causes record damage to oil rigs
Hurricane Rita has caused more damage to oil rigs than any other storm in history and will force companies to delay drilling for oil in the US and as far away as the Middle East, initial damage assessments show.
Oil prices eased on Wednesday over concerns that demand for crude would be hit by the continued shutdown of refineries. US crude fell 27 cents to $64.80 a barrel by 06:444 GMT after losing 75 cents on Tuesday.
ODS-Petrodata, which provides market intelligence to the offshore oil and natural gas industry, said it expected a shortage of rigs in the US Gulf this year.
"Based on what we have right now, it appears that drilling contractors and rig owners took a big hit from Rita," said Tom Marsh of ODS-Petrodata. "The path Katrina took was through the mature areas of the US Gulf where there are mainly oil [production] platforms. Rita came to the west where there is a lot of [exploratory] rig activity."
Ken Sill of Credit Suisse First Boston said: "Early reports indicate numerous rigs are missing, destroyed or have suffered serious damage and several companies have yet to report. Rita may set an all-time record."
The US Coast Guard said nine semisubmersible rigs had broken free from their moorings and were adrift.
This damage could not have come at a worse time for oil companies and consumers. US crude futures on Monday fell 37 cents to $65.45 a barrel in midday trading in New York as refineries that were evacuated before the onset of Rita returned to operation.
Earlier in the day, Ali Naimi, Saudi Arabia's oil minister, said the market had not taken up the 2m barrels a day of spare capacity the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries offered last week. Speaking in Johannesburg, he blamed high oil prices on a lack of industry infrastructure, including rigs and refineries, rather than oil reserves. Rigs, which are movable and are used for exploration and development, were in short supply before hurricanes Katrina and Rita blew through the US Gulf in late August and September.
High oil prices and the desperate search for new oil supplies needed to meet rampant demand from the US and
China have made rigs difficult to find and expensive to hire. Rigs cost $90m-$550m to construct, depending on how sophisticated the structure and how deep the water in which it will drill. A rig ordered today is unlikely to be ready before 2008 or 2009, analysts said.
As a sign of just how precious rigs are becoming to the market, Anadarko, the biggest US independent oil company, this week set a record by committing to a rig six years in advance; commitments in the past were made months ahead of time rather than years.
Initial reports from companies are ominous. Global Santa Fe reported it could not find two of its rigs. Rowan
Companies reported four rigs damaged, with two having moved, one losing its "legs" and the fourth presumed sunk. Noble has four rigs adrift, with two run aground one into a ChevronTexaco platform.


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A new report released in Los Angeles Monday by the state's attorney general seeks to shine a light on truancy - pointing out that one million elementary school kids racked up three or more unexcused absences last year.
In a press conference, Kamala Harris said truancy cost California school districts a combined $1.4 billion in funding from the state last year because they're paid based on student attendance.
Harris also wanted to draw attention to what she said are the costs to society as some truants become dropouts.
"There is a direct connection between this issue of elementary school truancy and who will invariably be a victim, if not a perpetrator of crime," she said at the beginning of a daylong symposium in downtown Los Angeles with other law enforcement officials, educators, and social service agencies on how to combat the problem of truancy.
State Superintendent of Public Instruction Tom Torlakson attended the event. In a statement issued after its ended, Torlakson said he'd organized similar events to shine the spotlight on the issue and plans to work with courts officials to find out what more law enforcement can do to keep students in school.
"I welcome the growing attention around chronic absence, because its implications are staggering," he said.
In 2011, LAPD stopped issuing truancy tickets to students on or near schools after the first bell rang. Student rights advocates said the former policy led to the issuing of 47,000 tickets to mostly Latino and African American students between 2004 and 2009. The court dates and fines for those tickets, advocates said, were a heavy burden on low income families.
Educators agree that improving discipline policies and delving into the root causes of truancy, such as poor health, lack of transportation, or joblessness, was a better solution than punishment.
Harris said districts should provide an intervention at the family level after the first unexcused absence - and stay away from prosecuting families except for the most extreme truancy cases.
She also said prosecutors across the state need to have more face-to-face meetings with students and parents through "student attendance review boards."
The Los Angeles Unified School District, the state's largest, has been working to cut back on suspensions for students who are truant or otherwise exhibit "willful defiance," according to Superintendent John Deasy. He said the district has cut those suspensions by 75 percent in two years.
"We are certainly keeping vastly more students in schools than there were before," Deasy said.
Truancy rates at the district went up to 43 percent last year from 28 in 2009-10, the district reports.
During Monday's press conference, Harris said she wants to improve how the state tracks truants.
Los Angeles student rights activist Maisie Chin said she doesn't see how that will help.
"It is not just about numbers, it is not just about tracking, and it is certainly not just about procedure," she said. "We really have to surround these communities with better resources, better schools."


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I am notorious for my hair dryer purchasing. I always buy a dryer that I think has great power and features, only to end up replacing it within a year. I think I currently own 5 hair dryers and I don't like any of them. I jumped at the chance to try out the Epic Nano Pro Hair Dryer from One. Just look at these great features!:
Epic Pro Dryer
- Ergonomically designed for optimum balance and comfort
- Ionic Intel™ system generates positive or negative ionic output suitable for multiple styling needs
- Ceramic Spheres purify the outgoing airflow, removing carbon dioxide, and activate water molecules to replenish moisture into the hair shaft and minimize damage
- Lightweight powerful AC motor
- Cool shot button for style setting
- Double walled body provides shock resistance
- Professional length, extra durable cord ideal for the salon environment
- Variable speed and temperature settings
- 1875 Watts
"Nano Pro Dryer: Ergonomically designed for optimum balance and comfort, and including a professional length, durable cord ideal for the salon setting, Epic blow dryers are lightweight, yet powerful, delivering up to 1875 watts of power. Featuring a cool shot button for style setting, as well as a double-walled body for shock resistance, these dryers combine ONE's signature Ionic Intel System with variable heat and temperature settings to deliver versatile styles. Developed with ceramic spheres that remove pollutants to purify outgoing airflow and activate water molecules to replenish moisture into the hair shaft, Nano Pro Dryers create soft, silky hair styles with incredible body."
Nicki Minaj has been all over the tri-state area promoting her new album, Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded with her hairstylist Terence Davidson. Looking to add some lift and volume to your pin-straight locks? Terence Davidson says when you're doing your hair at home, it's all about the tools – ONE tools.
GET THE LOOK: Adding lift and volume that will last throughout the day is simple if done right. Starting with damp hair, mist strands with a thermal-protecting anti-breakage spray, like the Davines MELU Shield. Then dry each section with a natural bristle brush and angle the blow dryer down towards the floor. "I love the Epic Nano Pro Dryer because it has Ionic Intel. I can decide if I want to smooth the hair shaft or add volume!," says Davidson. "For this step I recommend the negative ion setting because it closes the hair follicles and smoothes the hair shaft."
Once hair is completely dry, set the front pieces in large pin curls while you tend to the rest of the hair. Using a straightener with negative ionic output to lock in moisture and eliminate static and frizz, like the Slim Epic Flat Iron, take small sections and pass the straightener through the hair until the desired straightness is achieved.
Release the front pieces and with the Epic Nano Pro Dryer set to positive, apply a root-boosting hairspray to the roots, like Philip B's Self Adjusting Hair Spray to help add body and shine and dry the front sections to lift the hair at the roots. Pass the straightener through the hair once more to smooth and finish.
My Experience:
I have never purchased a high end dryer before and I must say that the difference is outstanding! The dryer felt great in my hand and was easy to handle. The ergonomic features made this hair dryer really easy to manipulate. I loved the extra long durable cord, 8 feet long!! This is great for when I need to move around in the bathroom or take my dryer to a hotel that may not have a convenient outlet. The "Ionic Intel" feature was really great. It made my hair feel thicker and smoother. The cool shot feature was also really nice for setting my look after it was styled without adding unnecessary heat. With 3 kids in tow I don't get to dry my hair everyday. I found that this hair dryer worked so great at styling my hair, that the results easily lasted for 2 days.
This Hair Dryer retails for $240 and can be purchased at onestyling.com.
"A sample of this product was provided to help facilitate this review. All opinions expressed are my own."


text:
The content of this page is a proposal for the local Manual of Style of this book.
Book structureEdit
- Keep the book structure "flat" (i.e., no subchapters) for easy reading and linking.
- Use proper book title naming (i.e., Wikimedia/Subpage Name, not Wikimedia/Subpage name (administrative pages like this one being a notable exception).
- No transcluded categories (if templates are used, don't include categories, so that the book's category structure can be kept as simple as possible).
General MOSEdit
- This is a wikibook, so it should be worked on in the spirit of all wikibooks. Wikipedians should resist the urge to link every term or phrase, because wikibooks really just doesn't work that way. (If you feel you absolutely must link terms used here, use the [[w:term to be linked|]] format (don't forget the pipe at the end, which makes the "w:" disappear... this will be discussed further in chapter on the wikibooks MOS).
Sections on particular Wikimedia projectsEdit
- "History" sections should start at the beginning, but need not be kept "up to the minute" (this is a book, not a newspaper).
- "Culture" sections should be as NPOV as possible, pointing out both the strengths and weaknesses of the communities built around each project.
- "MOS" sections (which need a better name) are about the policies and guidelines of each project. It should include the policies, how they evolved, why they were adopted, and why they are important. Remember that policy changes should not be discussed here, as this is just a book about Wikimedia, and shouldn't be mistaken for an administrative page.
Adapted from MOS of "Wikipedia" a Wikibook conceived and outlined by the user Johnny B.


text:
legal research: an overview
The purpose of legal research is to find "authority" that will aid in finding a solution to a legal problem. Primary authorities are the rules of law that are binding upon the courts, government, and individuals. Examples are statutes, regulations, court orders, and court decisions. They are generated by legislatures, courts, and administrative agencies. Secondary authorities are commentaries on the law that do not have binding effect but aid in explaining what the law is or should be. The resources available to find legal authority are vast and complicated leading many law schools to require students to take a class in legal research. See Legal education
Finding tools enable a researcher to find and interpret legal authority. Initially, many researchers turn to tools that provide summaries of a particular area of the law. Some examples are legal encyclopedias, treatises, and the American Law Reports (ALR). Law reviews and legal periodical articles provide interpretation of the law as well as detailed articles on particular legal topics. These interpretations may be found through indexes such as the Index to Legal Periodicals. Restatements provide detailed summaries of what the law generally is or what the restatement writers believe the law should be. The citations to other authorities and annotations provided in legal encyclopedias, treatises, American Law Reports, law reviews, and legal periodicals are an important element of their value in the research process.
There are also a number of specialized finding tools that enable one to search for relevant materials in primary authorities. The index volumes for statutes and regulations compilations provide a quick guide to relevant rules and regulations. There are also privately published version of statutes that are annotated. Case reporters contain the decisions in cases that have been deemed important enough to publish. Case digests enable a researcher to look up a particular area of the law and find a list of case decisions that are "reported" in relevant case reporters. If one has the common name of a law (e.g., The Lanham Act), a popular name table can provide a quick reference to where the law can be found in the statute compilation. There are also conversion tables that allow one to link a statute to the bill from which it developed and the commentary surrounding it's approval. Shepard's Citations provides references to when cases and law review articles were cited by another source.
Computer databanks have provided the legal profession with quick and efficient tools to do research. LEXIS and WESTLAW, two prominent legal search engines, provide databases that have case reporters, statutes, legal periodicals, law reviews and various secondary authorities. State and specialty law collections pulling together diverse types of authority are now appearing on CD-ROM and the Internet.
menu of sources
Other References
Key Internet Sources
- LII: Basic Legal Citation
- Legal Research (Nolo)
- State Law Resources (Nolo)
Useful Offnet (or Subscription - $) Sources
- Good Starting Point in Print: Christina Kunz et al., The Process of Legal Research, Aspen Publishers, 6th ed. (2004)
- LII Disk Materials


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WINSTON v. MOORE(1981)
On petition for writ of certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.
The motion of respondent for leave to proceed in forma pauperis is granted. The petition for a writ of certiorari is denied.
Justice REHNQUIST, with whom THE CHIEF JUSTICE and Justice STEWART join, dissenting.
The respondent was charged with feloniously breaking and entering with intent to commit larceny, and was tried by the Circuit Court of the city of Richmond, Va., on March 10, 1980. At approximately 4:30 p.m., the presentation of evidence and arguments of counsel having been completed, the jury retired to deliberate. At approximately 6 p.m., the jury recessed for the evening. The next morning the trial court gave the jury its version of an "Allen" charge because it sensed that the jury was having difficulty reaching a verdict. The jury again began deliberating, but after a little less than an hour the foreman notified the trial court that the jury had not been able to reach a verdict. The court then excused the jury and declared a mistrial, all without objection from the respondent. At the same time, the court set the case down for retrial the following month, on April 16, 1980.
On April 15, 1980, the trial court denied respondent's motion to dismiss the indictment on the ground that a retrial would violate the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment. Respondent sought the same relief from the Supreme Court of Virginia, which was summarily denied on April 16, 1980. App. to Pet. for Cert. 6a. Respondent then filed a federal habeas petition in the Eastern District of Virginia, likewise seeking to enjoin a retrial. Respondent contended that the trial court erred when it declared a mistrial at the March 10, 1980, trial because there was an insufficient showing of "manifest necessity," as required by this Court's ruling in United States v. Perez, 9 Wheat. 579 ( 1824). On April 17, 1980, the District Court held a hearing, apparently on the basis of sworn allegations and responses, see App. to [452 U.S. 944 , 945] Pet. for Cert. 6a, and issued a writ of habeas corpus directing that respondent "shall be free from any further jeopardy on the charges set forth in the indictment against him set forth in the record in this case." Id., at 8a. This determination was in turn affirmed on the basis of the " reasons adequately stated by the district court" by a divided Court of Appeals on December 18, 1980. 639 F.2d 781 (CA 4).
The reasoning of the District Court seems to have been that the jury had deliberated for a relatively short period of time: approximately 11/2 hours on March 10th, and approximately an hour the following day. The state judge, however, had given the jury his version of an "Allen" charge before they commenced deliberations on the second day, and the District Court in its findings of fact and conclusions of law stated that "[t]here is, of course, no magic number of hours." App. to Pet. for Cert. 7a. The second critical flaw which the federal habeas court found in the state- court proceedings was that the foreman of the jury had not specifically informed the judge that the jury was deadlocked, but instead simply stated " the jurors have not been able to reach a verdict." Thereafter, the trial judge failed to inquire of the jury as a whole. Ibid. The federal habeas judge explained: "I think that such an inquiry by the court is required by the law, and in the absence of such an inquiry there is no record which would support a finding that a mistrial was manifestly necessary." Id., at 8a.
Certainly the "law" upon which the federal habeas judge relied is not law which has emanated from this Court. We have recognized that the determination of "manifest necessity" is one which a trial court is uniquely capable of making, and said as much in United States v. Perez, supra :
Over a century later, this Court noted in a somewhat different context:
The classical case of "manifest necessity" in this Court, and so far as I know in other court systems, has been the case of the "hung jury." The federal habeas court gave a tip of its hat to the Perez case, went on to state that "this question of manifest necessity has been interpreted by the Third Circuit in Ruscoe and in Webb," App. to Pet. for Cert. 7a, and the remainder of its two-page opinion seems to consist of the federal judge's own opinion of what the law of double jeopardy should be.
I know of no case in this Court imposing on a trial judge a [452 U.S. 944 , 947] requirement that each individual juror be interrogated as to the possibility of reaching a verdict before a mistrial is declared, nor do I know of a single case from this Court which has ever overturned a trial court's declaration of a mistrial after a jury was unable to reach a verdict on the ground that the "manifest necessity" standard had not been met. This Court reiterated in Wade v. Hunter, 336 U.S. 684, 692 , 838 (1949), what it had stated in Perez, that "the sound discretion of a presiding judge should be accepted as to the necessity of discontinuing a trial." And in our most recent foray into the area of "manifest necessity," Arizona v. Washington, 434 U.S. 497, 506 , 830 (1978), we stated that these words did not "describe a standard that can be applied mechanically or without attention to the particular problem confronting the trial judge."
In sum, I am reluctantly led to the conclusion that the District Court did one of two things in order to grant the relief that it did, and that either of them merit review by this Court. Either it simply "second- guessed" the state trial judge as to whether this particular jury could, after further deliberation, reach a verdict, or it created a principle of law that has never been sanctioned by this Court to the effect that a trial judge must interrogate each juror as to the possibility of reaching a verdict before it may declare a mistrial because the jury has "hung." Either one of these actions, with their concomitant affirmance by the Court of Appeals, merits plenary review here.
In my view, the determination of "manifest necessity" is one uniquely vested in the discretion of a trial judge, and particularly should not be subject to attack by a habeas action after trial counsel had failed to object to the declaration of a mistrial. Accordingly, I dissent from the denial of the petition for a writ of certiorari to review the action of the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit which summarily affirmed the action of the District Court in releasing respondent from custody and preventing a retrial.


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Zone Pressure Diagnostics
A new protocol shows how to make a valuable diagnostic test even more useful.
Since 1990, zone pressure diagnostics (ZPD) has become an established tool for diagnosing indirect air leakage paths in houses (see "User-Friendly Pressure Diagnostics," HE Sept/Oct '94, p. 19). ZPDs are used to identify and measure series leaks, or leaks that pass through several zones of the house. For example, air leaking through the attic roof must first move from the living spaces into the attic through the attic floor (see Figure 1). ZPDs measure the pressure difference between the living space and the bordering zone (such as the attic), and between the bordering zone and the outdoors.These bordering zones can also be basements, garages, kneewall areas, or particular rooms (see Table 1).
ZPD testing relies on the principle that the ratio of the pressure difference across the interior and exterior boundaries of a series leak is a direct function of their leakage area. Michael Blasnik developed the set of ZPD techniques known as the Blasnik methods.These methods have become well established among weatherization crews, with hundreds of users across the country. Field technicians can choose from three different methods:
• the Hole method—adding a hole of known size to one side of the flow path and measuring how the pressure differences change;
• the Flow method—making a large opening (such as a door) between the house and the zone and measuring the change in the flow rate of the blower; and
• the Vent method—estimating the amount of attic venting to the outside through roofs, gables, ridges, turbines, or other openings.
All three methods are based on depressurizing (or pressurizing) the house by about 50 Pa and making one or more additional pressure measurements. For example, if the ceiling and roof are equally leaky, the pressure difference across the ceiling will be midway between the inside and the outside pressure—25 Pa when the house is at 50 Pa. If the ceiling is completely airtight, the pressure difference across it will be 50 Pa and the pressure difference across the roof will be 0 Pa. If the ceiling is somewhat tighter than the roof, the attic pressure will be closer to the outside than the inside.
When to Use ZPDs
Simple visual inspection, blower door-assisted visual inspection using chemical smoke, and infrared camera scans are often used to identify air leakage paths. ZPD tests can aid in identifying and measuring leakage paths, but the expected value of the ZPD results should be greater than the cost (and hassle) of performing the test.The expected value of a given test depends on how important it is to know the answer, and how accurate that answer is likely to be. There are three main reasons for wanting to know the zone air leakage. In order of importance, these reasons are
• To assess a known or likely indoor air quality (IAQ) problem, such as a garage or a moldy crawlspace connection to a living area.
• To identify potential building durability threats, such as attic moisture buildup.The level of importance is even greater where there are other factors that give cause for concern. Examples include over-tight houses or houses with high indoor relative humidity that are located in a cold climate.
• To identify leaks that can be sealed to increase energy savings. In most situations, the biggest holes are obvious without a ZPD test.This is the least important reason to test, unless the climate is severe, or the house has unexpectedly high leakage.
In other words, it is most important to perform ZPD tests when IAQ problems and threats to building durability have been identified. It becomes less important when saving energy in a moderate climate is the goal. For example, it is more important to test a moldy house in Minnesota than a poorly insulated house in Ohio. It is likely that the protocol may differ (or tightness guidelines may vary) based on the type of climate.
ZPDs are probably most widely used for prioritizing air sealing. By estimating the available air leakage reduction potential of various locations within a house, a crew can make informed decisions about where best to spend their time. Some groups within and outside of the low-income weatherization community have also set performance specifications based on ZPDs. For example, the American Lung Association's Health House program specifies a maximum amount of garage-to-house leakage, as determined using ZPDs.
Developing a Protocol
Despite widespread use, there are substantial differences in the way field technicians use ZPDs.There is no established protocol for deciding when to use ZPDs, which of the three methods to use, or how to make the best measurements.
A project team comprised of staff from my organization, the Center for Energy and Environment, Michael Blasnik & Associates, and the Energy Conservatory developed and tested protocols for ZPDs used by weatherization crews, and developed methods for determining the accuracy of ZPDs. The overall goal of the project was to develop a more effective ZPD protocol that could be more widely adopted for weatherization crews. Our work was supported through funding provided by the Energy Center of Wisconsin, DOE, DOE's Chicago Region, State Weatherization Agencies, and the states of Minnesota,Wisconsin, Iowa, Ohio, and Indiana.
In developing the protocol we relied on both laboratory test results and tests conducted by weatherization crews in the field.We conducted laboratory tests to measure the relationship between the physical and effective area of different openings used in the Hole method.We also performed numerous simulations and made measurements at two staff houses to look at how initial house pressures and measurement errors affect ZPD conclusions. In the field, six different weatherization crews conducted extensive ZPD measurements on their program houses to provide information on the frequency of occurrence of zone conditions, investigate the reliability of the different ZPD methods, and compare the postweatherization air leakage reduction measured by ZPDs to whole-house air leakage tests.
What We Learned
Measurements of nine different hole types were performed at the Energy Conservatory test laboratory.The results indicate that a small rectangular hole cut in a piece of cardboard and placed over an opening has an effective area about equal to the opening.This is true even when there is framing or an insulation dam around the opening and for openings with a length no more than 40% of the width (larger holes were not tested). The air flow rate through other types of holes, resembling small open attic access hatches or partially opened hatches,was up to 37% higher than that for holes without hatches that had the same area. This would cause the Hole method to overestimate zone leakage by 37%. It is difficult to predict the amount of overestimate just by looking at the opening. When access hatches are used to make an opening, a good rule of thumb is to increase the actual area by 20% for the Hole method calculation.
The Flow method calculations, which depend on the change in the blower flow rate when the opening is made, provide another means of estimating leakage—even when a smaller opening is used. It was hoped that the results of the two calculations could be combined to produce more accurate leakage estimates. Unfortunately, simulations showed that the house baseline pressures and pressure measurement errors produced similar errors for both calculation methods. We did find that the Flow method results can be used as a valuable check for the Hole method results.
Resolving Discrepancies
In most cases where there are discrepancies between the two leakage results, we recommend that the results from the Flow method calculation be used.The main reason for this recommendation is that the measurement of some attic access openings using the Hole method can have large errors in the effective area. We also recommend that the access to the zone be completely opened, or that a traditional open-door test be performed. This reduces the uncertainty relative to the area of the opening and provides better information on possible connections between zones.
Most people who have used ZPDs recognize that connections between zones result in an overestimate of the leakage. For example, an open floor joist between two side attics will cause the attic leaks to be counted twice. The degree to which this occurs depends on the relative size of the connection compared to the size of the attic leaks. We found that the relative overestimate due to a connection is about equal to the percentage change in the pressure of one side attic when an opening is made to another side attic. The overestimate is likely to be unacceptably large when this figure exceeds 20%.
Field Testing ZPDs
Six low-income weatherization crews from three states completed extensive field tests on 69 houses. More than 50% of these houses were built before 1930, and 19% were built before 1900.There was a fairly even distribution of one-, one-and-a-half, and two- story houses. Almost all of the houses had basements. The average total floor area was slightly greater that 1,900 ft2.Approximately half of all leaky zones identified in the houses were attics (about 20% of these were kneewalls). Few houses had crawlspaces or attached garages. Compared to typical low-income weatherization houses, the houses studied were generally tight, with a median overall leakage of 2,250 CFM50.
The field tests produced over 1,000 ZPD measurements. One of the findings from the test results was that, after the houses were treated, fewer than 10% of the tested zones had significant connections to other zones. Before the houses were weatherized, over 25% of all zones had significant connections, and more than 50% of the kneewall attics had significant connections. This indicates that it is important to check the change in the pressure of surrounding zones when an opening is made to a zone as part of a ZPD test, particularly before houses have been treated.
When the houses were depressurized to 50 Pa, a majority of the zones had initial pressures that were measurable (greater than 2–3 Pa). The typical atticto- outside pressure for kneewall attics was 17 Pa, and it was 6.7 Pa for nonkneewall attics. An error analysis showed that for about 80% of the zones the error of the series leakage was less than 25%, or 200 CFM. The results from the Hole and Flow calculation methods generally agreed quite closely; they had a correlation of 0.92. Statistical error analysis indicated that the differences between the methods were consistent with expectations.This indicates that ZPDs are fairly reliable for a large fraction of zones.
The field project was originally intended to further assess the accuracy of ZPDs by comparing overall wholehouse leakage reductions from air sealing to the predicted change based on the ZPD tests. However, there were several logistical factors that made this comparison problematic, including very small leakage reductions and air sealing work performed on the exterior envelopes of the houses. The resulting comparison showed essentially no relationship between the ZPD predictions and the measured whole-house leakage reductions, but this finding was not considered reliable.
The results of the weatherization crew's ZPD tests show that Vent method calculations are a poor substitute for Hole method or Flow method calculations. However, no attempt was made to incorporate background construction leakage into the vent calculations, causing an average 50% underestimate. The Vent method would be more reliable if this background leakage could be estimated. However, the Vent method may still be useful as a rough screening tool and as a way to provide guidelines related to the use of pressure-only diagnostic approaches.
The results of the project were used to produce a recommended protocol to guide weatherization crews on the use of ZPDs in program houses. The protocol specifies when it is appropriate to use ZPDs and what type of ZPDs should be used. Agencies will need to customize the protocol for their own use by determining house and zone tightness limits. It is expected that further refinements will be made as weatherization crews start using the protocol.
David Bohac is a senior research engineer with Center for Energy and Environment in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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