text:
People have radically different views of the patent system. Critics see it as an unmitigated disaster, while many in the patent bar don't understand what all the fuss is about. But it's rare for prominent advocates of these contrasting perspectives to engage each other directly.
But that happened on Wednesday in a teleconference debate hosted by the Federalist Society. Defending the status quo was Judge Paul Michel. Until 2010, Michel was the chief judge of the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals, a post that made him the nation's top patent judge. He debated Judge Richard Posner, a Chicago-area appeals court judge who threw out a patent lawsuit between Apple and Motorola earlier this year, complaining that the patent system had descended into "chaos."
"A failed system"
Because Congress gave Judge Michel's Federal Circuit jurisdiction over all patent appeals in 1982, Judge Posner's own Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals doesn't hear any patent cases. But in recent years Posner has sought to learn about patent law by volunteering to serve temporarily on other courts that do hear patent cases. That's how he came to be the trial judge in the battle between Apple and Motorola. And it also allowed him to spend time on the Federal Circuit bench.
Posner's first-hand experiences with the patent system helped to turn him into a harsh critic. "Our patent law is a failed system," he declared on Wednesday. He cited a laundry list of problems, including an under-staffed and poorly managed patent office and expert witnesses whose credibility is undermined by fees paid by litigants.
Striking closer to home, Posner accused the Federal Circuit—the court Michel headed until 2010 and a sister court to Posner's own Seventh Circuit—of being too favorable to patent holders. A specialized court like the Federal Circuit, he said, tends to take a "promotional view of the activity it regulates." That "promotional view" has caused the court to become "too welcoming to patents," watering down the standards for patent validity.
Michel disputed this point, insisting the court he served on for more than two decades has been "quite balanced." Readers can judge for themselves by reading our recent 30th anniversary retrospective on the Federal Circuit.
Michel acknowledged the current patent system has "friction points" and "shortcomings." But he insisted that "to say that it's broken or failed hugely overstates the real situation."
"The best patent system on the planet"
Michel argued the focus on the costs of litigation is misguided because most patent disputes lead to a license agreement being signed before they reach the courthouse. This system of licensing, he argued, is "working quite well on the whole." Michel contends the United States has "the best patent system on the planet," and that it is "widely imitated" around the world.
In Michel's view one of the big problems with the patent system is actually that people criticize it too much. No, really: "The patent system has been so excessively criticized with overstated claims by so many commentators that it has been substantially weakened in the last five to seven years," Michel said. (We at Ars had no idea our words were so powerful!)
Michel downplayed concerns that 20 years of patent protection is excessive for fast-moving industries. "I don't see the harm of patents being 20 years even in technologies that may have a very fast situation as in the software industry. Patents that have no commercial value aren't enforced. If they become passe, they're still there, but they don't cause much problems that I can see."
"We need a stronger patent system, not a weaker patent system," Michel argued. The incentives currently provided by the patent system "are not adequate now and we need sharply increased incentives."
These calls for even more patent protection "frightened me a little bit," Posner countered. "For most inventive activity, the incentives are quite adequate without patent protection. So when you throw in protections, all you do is increase the costs of the competitive process by entangling firms in litigation."
Judge Posner acknowledged that patents are needed in some industries, notably pharmaceuticals, to provide incentives for investment. But he argued that "in most industries there's very little need for patent protection." He argued this is particularly true in software, an industry where product development costs are low and first-mover advantages can be significant. "I don't want to say that [patents are] never appropriate for software," Posner said, but "I think generally it's just a clog on competition," enriching trolls, trial lawyers, and expert witnesses, but not the general public.
Posner pointed to several other reasons that patents were a poor fit for software. He argued that the 20-year term of patents was way too long for the fast-paced software industry. He noted that software innovation tends to be piecemeal. "A software program or tablet might have thousands of components, resulting in huge patent thickets," he said. This will create "rich opportunities to try to hamstring competitors by suing them."
Judge Michel didn't directly address Posner's point about the dangers of patent thickets. And indeed, if our May interview with Michel was any indication, he may not even understand how patent thickets create problems for IT firms. "If software is less dependent on patents, fine then. Let software use patents less as they choose," he told us in May. Of course, the whole problem is that software firms can't opt out of the patent system; choosing not to seek patents doesn't give a software firm any protection against lawsuits from others.


text:
The truth is…
- I've been in a funk and not my usual happy self. I'm not going to start using you guys as my therapist and boo-hoo about anything, but it is what it is and I'm working through it. I actually have a whole program I've worked out for myself to get out of the funk and am doing it, so I hope to let you know soon if it worked and how I did it!
- I have gained a lot of weight. Hello, my name is Veronica…and I'm an emotional eater. I feel a cleansing coming on because I pretty much can't stand myself any more!
- Oh yeah, my hubby didn't get that 911 call taker job! I forgot I never updated you on that. We thought he had it in the bag, but the old adage, "don't put all your eggs in one basket," comes to mind. We are not worried, he got severance pay from his last job and if he can't get another job right away, he can get up to 6 months unemployment if he needs it. Though we'd really prefer an amazing job right away if you feel like praying for him! :)
- My hubby and I are going out of town on a sort of staycation an hour and a half from home, to stay with his 'rents and check out the sights in good old Abilene, KS. (Don't scoff, it may only take 5 minutes to drive through Abilene (we timed it), but they pack quite a tourist punch!) So this is likely the last blog from me for a week or so but try not to have too much fun in my absence. ;) I will definitely return with lots of pictures to share.
- I'm so glad to have this creative outlet and I'm so glad that you're here to share in it! I so appreciate your comments and appreciate those who read silently as well–I'm not omniscient but my statistics let me know you're there. :) I usually convince myself that I only keep this blog for my own benefit, but if there wasn't anyone reading, I know I wouldn't have enough motivation to continue, despite my amazing threshhold for selfish endeavors. You guys make it fun, and you are why I do it if I'm completely honest with myself. Thank you for all your recipe reviews, comments, and encouragement. Thanks for reading and putting up with me, and hopefully enjoying some of my craziness.
See you again very soon!
P.S. So that you don't feel recipe-deprived in my absence, how about checking out these oldies but goodies in the mean time:
This vegetable appetizer pizza is SO good, I bring it to at least one party a year. I'm bringing it to one tomorrow, in fact!
I'm also bringing some 7 layer dip because I have some leftover refried beans from the last batch I made. Love this stuff!
I'm bringing two plum pies to a Mother's Day picnic. This pie is so easy and so good! By the way, the plate in this picture belongs to my Mother-in-Law, whose own Mother-in-Law passed it on to her. So I'm kinda hopin' she'll stick to the theme and I'll inherit it some day. Isn't is gorgeous?
And of course, I'm making a double batch of dilly cucumber salad because I need enough for both parties. It's the perfect summer side dish, so light and refreshing!
And while I'm not making this Italian cornmeal-crusted white fish over the weekend, it is a favorite, and elegant enough to serve Mom on Mother's Day!
God bless you all, especially the mothers out there. What would we do without you? Happy Mother's Day!

subset: commoncrawl


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Some of my readers know that I am the Lead Chef at Camp Celiac every summer. One important part of that role is to spend time finding great products to have at camp that campers will love and may not be aware of. I was recently approached by Rise Buddy to try an outstanding snack product.
Rise Buddy is a healthy snack option when your looking for something salty, savory and fun. Its easy to find gluten free crackers on the market but hard to find one that comes in fun flavors and shapes. They taste similar to a normal cracker but are made from whole grain 100% brown rice. They come in four great flavors including sea salt, BBQ, Sour Cream and Onion and my favorite PIZZA!!
Rise Buddy Healthy Snacks Have it ALL:
Trans-Fat Free
Over Baked, Not Fried
Education Smart Snack Approved
Whole Grain from Brown Rice
Buy them online today!! Shop NOW


text:
|Lug Width
|21 mm
|Calf Skin / Full Grain Texture (Genuine Leather)
|Clasp Color
|Butterfly Buckle Clasp
|Full Grain Texture
COVID-19 Updates
Currently, our team are still working and our online shop is accepting orders as normal. Your orders will be shipped using Japan Post (Standard) or DHL (Express). For some countries where Japan Post's services are suspended, only DHL express shipping method will be available.
- Countries where Japan Post's services are suspended:
- United Arab Emirates/ Afghanistan/ Antigua Barbuda/ Anguilla/ Albania/ Armenia/ Angola/ Argentina/ Australia/Azerbaijan/ Bosnia/ Barbados/ Bangladesh/ Burkina Faso/ Bahrain/ Burundi/ Benin/ Bermuda/ Brunei Darussalam/ Bolivia/ Brazil/ Bahamas/ Bhutan/ Botswana/ Belarus/ Belize/ Canada/ Congo Dem.Rep/ Centrafrique/ Congo Rep/ Cote Divoire/ Chile/ Cameroon/ Colombia/ Costa Rica/ Cuba/ Cape Verde/ Cyprus/ Djibouti/ Dominica
- Dominican Rep/ Algeria/ Ecuador/ Eritrea/ Ethiopia/ Fiji/ Falkland Is/ Micronesia/ Faroe Is/ Grenada/ Georgia/ French Guiana/ Gibraltar/ Greenland/ Gambia/ Guinea/ Greece/ Guatemala/ Guinea-Bissau/ Guyana/ Honduras/ Haiti/ Ireland/ Israel/ India/ Iraq/ Iran/ Jamaica/ Jordan/ Kyrgyzstan/ Kiribati/ Comoros/ St Christopher/ Kuwait/ Cayman Is/ Kazakhstan/ Lao/ St Lucia/ Lesotho/ Libyan Arab/ Morocco/ Moldova/ Montenegro/ Mali/ Mongolia/ Martinique/ Mauritania/ Montserrat/ Malta/ Maldives/ Malawi
- Malaysia/Mozambique/ Namibia/ New Caledonia/ Niger/ Nicaragua/ Nepal/ Nauru/ Oman/ Peru/ French Polynesia/ Papua New Guinea/ Pakistan/ St Pierre And Miquelon/ Pitcairn Is/ Puerto Rico/ Paraguay/ Reunion/ Romania/ Serbia/ Rwanda/ Saudi Arabia/ Solomon Is/ Seychelles/ Sudan/ Slovakia/ Sierra Leone/ Senegal/ Somalia/ Suriname/ South Sudan/ Sao Tome/ El Salvador/ Syrian Arab Rep/ Tristan Da Cunha/ Turks & Caicos/ Chad/ Togo/ Tajikistan
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- India
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Worldwide Shipping Fee
Your orders will be shipped using Japan Post (Standard) or DHL (Express) with shipping fee specified as follows:
The order amount below is the Total Order Amount after applying discount. Track your order here:
- Standard (5~20 days): 10.00 USD
- Express (4~10 days): 25.00 USD
- Standard (5~20 days): FREE
- Express (4~10 days): 25.00 USD
- Standard (5~20 days): FREE
- Express (4~10 days): FREE
Handling Time
Delivery varies by destination. It might also be prolonged upon special request of customization or pre-order.
Orders which are placed during weekend or national holidays will be processed on the following business day. Handling time for orders with in-stock items is 3 business days.
The expected shipping date for pre-order items will be different from the normal orders of in-stock items. Please refer to product page or our notification email for a shipping update of your pre-order.
Customs Duty/Tax Charges
All Wancher products are shipped from Japan and will be declared at the actual value of your order. Please be noticed that you are responsible for all customs and import fees when the parcel reached the destination country. We will not be responsible for any customs and import fees charged.
Since customs duty varies from country to country, the customs and import fee might be different depending on your shipping address. Please check with your country's regulations to calculate the fees.
If your parcel is returned to us because you fail to pay the customs duty, you can choose to have it reshipped (and pay for the shipping again) or cancel the whole order. For the latter option, we can refund your purchased products except for the shipping fee.
Should you have any question regarding the shipping, please feel free to contact us here or send emails to email@example.com.
Wancher is committed to making your shopping experience a success. If you are not 100% satisfied with your online purchase, we will happily accept returns for a full refund or exchange any Wancher products purchased on the website for up to 30 days following delivery.
Proof of purchase or packing slip invoice is required for reimbursement of the full purchase price.
In all cases, refunds will be made in the form of the original payment. Wancher Watch does not honor any warranty claims that are not accompanied by the original documentation.
In case that the return product is not a damaged or defective item and/or because of personal reasons/preferences, we will deduct the original shipping fee and 10% re-stocking fee from the refund payment.
Returns and exchanges are subject to the following terms and conditions:
- Product must be returned in a new and unused state, in perfect condition with the Wancher original box or package, including all accessories and documents (if applicable). Wancher will not accept any return if the product shows signs of wear, or has been used or altered from its original condition in any way.
- Personalized products cannot returned to Wancher for exchange or refund.
- If you have received free items as part of your order, they must be returned with the products unless you receive different instruction from our representatives.
- All returns will be subject to strict quality control by Wancher to ensure that the returned products satisfy these requirements. If the products do not meet the quality control standards, Wancher will refuse the return, and send back the products to the customer or recipient after informing the customer about the case. If the returned product satisfies the quality control standards, Wancher will process the applicable refund or exchange as soon as possible.
To ease and expedite the method, please include the subsequent info when contacting us:
- Order number (If your watch may be a gift you have to contact the one that purchased it for you to receive the proof of purchase)
- Pictures of the watch and the damage
- Receipt
- Your current address info: First and Last name; Street address; Postal code; Country; City; Telephone number
Your WANCHER® watch have been manufactured with scrupulous workmanship and finest quality materials. Our production method includes numerous quality controls applied to every step of the creation of the product. The strict quality control ensures that the product you have chosen will be as functional as it is beautiful.
Your WANCHER® watch is guaranteed for one year from the date of original purchase against defects in materials or workmanship*.
If found to be defective in material or workmanship under normal use anytime within the warranty period, your WANCHER® product will be repaired or replaced free of charge.
Upon the expiration of the warranty period, any repairs are going to be subject to a service fee.
*Products priced under $100 is not eligible for warranty.
This warranty does not cover:
• Defects and damages caused due to loss, theft, fire, or a natural disaster.
• Failure or damage incurred due to improper use, carelessness (knocks, dents, crushing, broken crystal/glass, etc.), or accidents.
• Failure or damage that has been caused by unjustifiable repair or modification.
• Changes, defects, and damages caused due to normal wear and tear and aging.
• Battery, wristband, crown, or crystal/glass. If purchasing from an unauthorized third party vendor, there is a risk of receiving a timepiece that is counterfeit, used, or defective.
If you have purchased your Wancher® product from a retailer and feel the item has a manufacturer's defect, please contact your retailer and return them to the place of purchase.
Should you have any question, please feel free to contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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This isn't my first blog about the best place to buy school supplies, and I'm sure it won't be the last! But we're smack dab in the middle of all of these amazing back-to-school deals and I've gone through the top store's weekly ads and found you ALL the bargains! I literally geek out over school supplies, so please excuse me! Not to mention, I'm a list maker and I go through tons and tons of paper so when I can get a notebook for $.17, you KNOW I'm going to jump all over it.
Target – Weekly Ad
This week at Target, if you spend $30 or more on school supplies, you'll get a $5 Target gift card. And if you spend $50 or more on school supplies, you can get a pretty cool $10 Target gift card. Text SCHOOL5 for the $5 gift card coupon or SCHOOL10 for the $10 gift card coupon.
WALMART – Weekly Ad
I'm going to be honest with you, Walmart is my favorite place to buy the back-to-school basics because they probably have the best deals! I mean, you can get a binder, some binder dividers, a notebook, and a folder for UNDER $3! I use binders and notebooks and folders all the time and I'm almost 30!.. Well, I mean I'm almost 28, allow me to not get carried away!
STAPLES – Weekly Ad
Office Depot – Weekly Ad
Office Depot is doing something kinda cool. As long as you spend a minimum of $5, you can get packs of loose sleeved paper for $.01. You cannot beat that!
You can get TONS of school supplies when there are such great deals out there, but not all kids are quite as lucky. My friend Nick, founder of the non-profit Make Caring Cool, has started a back-to-school initiative where he's trying to collect enough supplies for all the kids in two schools in the Norfolk, VA area! A lot of the children in these two schools come from low income homes and dont have the tools they need to succeed everyday at school. I've attached a direct link to the donation page below where any amount of money you can donate will go to good use and be very helpful to get these kids the supplies they need, but if you'd like to take a look around at Make Caring Cool's page, you can click right here. You won't be disappointed. There's lots of amazing things going on over there!
Donate to Make Caring Cool's Back-to-School initiative here!


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Stoney Creek Hotel Kansas City – Independence
President Truman's hometown with the Truman Library, Frontier Trails Museum & comfort food joints.
This sleek conference hotel is located on a 200-acre estate off I-470/I-70. It overlooks a lake. It's 14 miles from downtown Kansas City.
Contemporary, hunting lodge-inspired rooms and suites provide free Wi-Fi and flat-screens, plus Keurig coffeemakers, minifridges and microwaves. Some quarters include pull-out sofas, massage chairs, fireplaces and/or whirlpool tubs; upgraded suites add wet bars or kitchens. Children stay free with an adult.
Parking and a hot breakfast are free. The bar offers light evening meals. A 24/7 business center and 30,000 sq ft conference space are available, as well as an indoor/outdoor swimming pool, hot tub, and fitness room.
Business Name:
Stoney Creek Hotel Kansas City – Independence
18011 Bass Pro DrIndependence Missouri 64055United States
About Independence
Independence is the fifth-largest city in Missouri and the county seat of Jackson County. Independence is a satellite city of Kansas City, Missouri, and is the largest suburb on the Missouri side of the Kansas City metropolitan area. In 2020, it had a total population of 123,011.Independence is known as the "Queen City of the Trails" because it was a point of departure for the California, Oregon, and Santa Fe Trails. It is the hometown of U.S. President Harry S. Truman, with the Truman Presidential Library and Museum, and the gravesites of Truman and First Lady Bess Truman. The city is sacred to the Latter Day Saint movement, as the home of Joseph Smith's 1831 Temple Lot, and the headquarters of several Mormon denominations.
Neighborhoods in Independence, Missouri
Armour Hills, Ashland Ridge, Blue Hills, Blue Vue Hills, Boone Hills, Briarcliff - Claymont, Broadway Gillham, Brookside Park, Coachlight Square, Coleman Highlands, Cooley Highlands, Country Valley - Hawthorn Square, Cunningham Ridge, East Community Team North, East Community Team South
Things to do in Independence, Missouri
Our Newest Profiles


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Some years ago a tall tower stood at the extreme end of Cape Marabata; the Christians called Torre Blanquilla (White Tower) and it was known to the Mohammedans as El-Minar. All day long the tower looked out on the sea; at night it was lulled to sleep by the murmur of the wind on the water. It was an ancient tower whose walls were covered with gnarled vines; scorpions hid between her stones, and evil jinn gathered nearby at nightfall. The gypsies, who knew about all things, said the tower was built by the Portuguese who came here to fight against the Mohammedans. The mountaineers of Andjera are better informed; they say the tower was built by Lass el-Behar the pirate in order to hide his treasures within its walls.
Lass el-Behar came from Rabat. He was a skillful navigator; and skilled at an even more difficult art- that of commanding men. The Spaniards and Italians knew his name only too well. El-Behar's frigate was slender and light as a swallow; the oars of a hundred Christian galley slaves made it skim swiftly over the waves. The ship was greatly feared because of the boldness of her sailors and her many cannons, each different from the other, which the pirate had captured from Christian vessels of various nationalities.
Lass el-Behar was young, handsome and brave. Many a captive Christian woman fell deeply in love with him as did the daughters of rich and powerful Mohammedans. But he rejected the love of Christians and mohammedans alike, for his ship meant more to him then the beauty of women. He loved his ship, the companionship of his valiant warriors, and the glorious battles which were later to be celebrated in songs & poetry. Above all, it was the sea he loved; He loved her with so deep a passion that he could not live away from her, and he spoke to her as men speak to their sweethearts. His warriors would say that at the hour of prayer he would turn his eyes away from the direction of Mecca in order to gaze at the sea.
On the day of Aid el-Kbir (sheep sacrifice), Lass el-Behar, who was in the village of El-Minar with his companions-in-arms, declined to go to Tangier to hear the sermon of the cadi and to pray in the company of the devout.
"Go if you must" he said to his men. "As for me I shall rest here."
He shut himself up in his tower; from there he could contemplate the sea and the ships as they moved slowly on the horizon. The charqui, more breeze than wind, made the water dance under the warm summer light. "The best sermon of the cadi," thought el-Behar "could never equal the beauty of this scene? What prayer, be it ever so perfect, could equal the sweet murmur of rippling waters? What on earth is as powerful as the sea, which stretches from one shore of the world to the other? Oh would that the waves were a woman so that I might marry her, and the ocean a mosque in which I might pray."
As these thoughts were running through his mind a storm gathered in the west; it swept over the plains and the mountains, and roared about the tower. The sea gulls cried out in fright and flew away; flocks of sheep ran frantically to their enclosures. The tempest lasted a day and a night.
When the wind quieted down and the sea ceased to bellow like a thousand oxen, Lass el-Behar descended from his tower. On the narrow band of sand which lay between the rocks and the water he saw a woman lying stretched out, white and cold. He approached closer.
"She must be a christian," He said to himself, "for her hair is the color of new gold."
He lifted her up and took her in his arms.
"Perhaps she is still alive."
The woman opened her eyes; they were green eyes, green as the algae that grows in the cracks of rocks. She was a bahria, a jinniyeh (female genie) of the sea. Her beauty was magic and el-Behar fell madly in love with her. He neglected his warriors; he forgot about his swift galley, his glory, even his prayers to Allah.
"I love you more than anything else on earth," he said to her, "more than my life and my salvation"
During the equinox the furious sea again hammered at the tower and threatened the village nearby. Her waters mingled with those of the Charf River and even reached the garden of Tanger el-Balia.
"The ocean is going to smash our tower," said the pirate to his beloved, "let us flee to the mountains."
"Why fear the ocean?" asked the bahria with a smile. "Don't you love her above all things? Aren't you constantly praising her force and her power? Don't you turn your head away from the direction of Mecca in order to gaze out to sea? I am a daughter of the sea. I came here to reward you for the love you bear her. Now the sea calls me back. Farewell, Lass el-behar, you shall never see me again."
"Don't leave me," implored the pirate "don't leave me, I beg of you. Without you I shall never know happiness."
"Happiness," answered the bahria, "belongs only to those who fear Allah and honor him. I must leave you. I dare not disobey the voice that calls me, but you may follow me if you wish."
The jinniyeh wandered off with the tide and Lass el-Behar followed her into the murky depths of the sea. Nor was he ever seen again. He sleeps under the waves between Tarik Mountain (Gibraltar) and Cape Tres-Forcas. He will not waken until that day when men will be judged for their actions and the earth will be a shadow of a shadow which will finally disappear.
For Allah is the Almighty One.


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Christian IV of Denmark
|Christian IV
King Christian IV by Pieter Isaacsz,
Frederiksborg Castle, Hillerød
|King of Denmark and Norway (more...)
|4 April 1588 – 28 February 1648
|29 August 1596
Copenhagen Cathedral
|Frederick II
|Frederick III
12 April 1577
Frederiksborg Palace
|Script error: The function "death_date_and_age" does not exist.
Rosenborg Castle
|Roskilde Cathedral
|Anne Catherine of Brandenburg
Kirsten Munk
|Christian, Prince-Elect of Denmark
Frederick III of Denmark
Ulrich, Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Schwerin
Sophie Elisabeth Pentz
Leonora Christina Ulfeldt
Valdemar Christian of Schleswig-Holstein
Elisabeth Augusta Lindenov
Christiane Sehested
Hedevig Ulfeldt
Dorothea Elisabeth Christiansdatter
Christian Ulrik Gyldenløve
Hans Ulrik Gyldenløve
Ulrik Christian Gyldenløv
|Frederick II of Denmark
|Sofie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Christian IV (Danish: Christian den Fjerde; 12 April 1577 – 28 February 1648), sometimes colloquially referred to as Christian Firtal in Denmark and Christian Kvart or Quart in Norway, was a monarch of the German House of Oldenburg who ruled as king of Denmark-Norway from 1588 to 1648. His reign of 59 years is the longest of all Danish monarchs, and the longest of all the Scandinavian monarchies.
Christian began his personal rule of Denmark in 1596 at the age of 19. He is frequently remembered as one of the most popular, ambitious, and proactive Danish kings, having initiated many reforms and projects. Christian IV obtained for his kingdom a level of stability and wealth that was virtually unmatched elsewhere in Europe.[1] He engaged Denmark in numerous wars, most notably the Thirty Years' War (1618–48), which devastated much of Germany, undermined the Danish economy, and cost Denmark some of its conquered territories.[2]
However, his personal obsession with witchcraft led to the public execution of some of his innocent subjects, leading to the greatest number of deaths in Denmark during the Burning Times. He renamed the Norwegian capital Oslo as Christiania after himself, a name used until 1925.
- 1 Early years
- 2 Reign
- 3 The cultural king
- 4 City foundations
- 5 Legacy
- 6 Issue and private life
- 7 Ancestry
- 8 Titles & Style
- 9 References
- 10 Further reading
- 11 External links
Early years
Birth and family
Christian was born at Frederiksborg Castle in Denmark on 12 April 1577 as the first child and eldest son of King Frederick II of Denmark–Norway and Sofie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.[3] He was descended, through his mother's side, from king John of Denmark, and was thus the first descendant of King John to assume the crown since the deposition of King Christian II.
At the time, Denmark was still an elective monarchy, so in spite of being the eldest son Christian was not automatically heir to the throne. However in 1580, at the age of 3, his father had him elected Prince-Elect and successor to the throne.
The young king
At the death of his father on 4 April 1588, Christian was just 11 years old.[3] He succeeded to the throne, but as he was still under-age a regency council was set up to serve as the trustees of the royal power while Christian was still growing up. It was led by chancellor Niels Kaas and consisted of the Rigsraadet council members Peder Munk, Jørgen Rosenkrantz and Christopher Walkendorf. At the death of Niels Kaas in 1594, Jørgen Rosenkrantz took over leadership of the regency council. His mother Queen Dowager Sophie, just 30 years old, had wished to play a role in the government, but this was denied by the Council.
Christian continued his studies at Sorø Academy and received a good education with a reputation as a headstrong and talented student.[4]
Coming of age and coronation
In 1595, the Council of the Realm decided that Christian would soon be old enough to assume personal control of the reins of government. On 17 August 1596, at the age of 19, Christian signed his haandfæstning which was an identical copy of his father's from 1559.[3]
Twelve days later, on 29 August, Christian IV was crowned at the Church of Our Lady in Copenhagen by the Bishop of Zealand, Peder Vinstrup. He was crowned with a new splendid crown made for him by Didrik Fyren in Odense assisted by the Nuremberg goldsmith Corvinius Saur in the years 1595-1596.[5]
On 30 November 1597, he married Anne Catherine of Brandenburg, a daughter of Joachim Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia.
Military and economic reforms
Christian took an interest in many and varied matters, including a series of domestic reforms and improving Danish national armaments. New fortresses were constructed under the direction of Dutch engineers. The Danish navy, which in 1596 had consisted of but twenty-two vessels, in 1610 rose to sixty, some of them built after Christian's own designs. The formation of a national army proved more difficult. Christian had to depend mainly upon hired mercenary troops as was common practice in the times—well before the establishment of standing armies—augmented by native peasant levies recruited for the most part from the peasantry on the crown domains.[3]
Up until the early 1620s, Denmark's economy profited from general boom conditions in Europe. This inspired Christian to initiate a policy of expanding Denmark's overseas trade, as part of the mercantilist wave fashionable in Europe. He founded a number of merchant cities, and supported the building of factories. He also built a large number of buildings in Dutch Renaissance style.
His sister Anne had married King James VI of Scotland, who succeeded to the English throne in 1603. To foster friendly relations between the two kingdoms, Christian paid a state visit to England in 1606. The visit was generally judged to be a success, although the heavy drinking indulged in by English and Danes alike caused some unfavourable comments: both Christian and James had an ability to consume great amounts of alcohol, while remaining lucid, which most of their courtiers did not share. The entertainment which was intended to crown the visit- a masque of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba- was described by the audience as a drunken fiasco, where most of the players simply fell over from the effects of too much wine.
Despite Christian's many efforts, the new economic projects did not return a profit. He looked abroad for new income. Christian IV's Expeditions to Greenland involved a series of voyages in the years 1605-1607 to Greenland and to Arctic waterways in order to locate the lost Eastern Norse Settlement and to assert Danish sovereignty over Greenland. The expeditions were unsuccessful, partly due to leaders lacking experience with the difficult Arctic ice and weather conditions. The pilot on all three trips was English explorer James Hall. An expedition to North America was commissioned in 1619. The expedition was captained by Dano-Norwegian navigator and explorer, Jens Munk. The ships, searching for the Northwest Passage, arrived in Hudson Bay landing at the mouth of Churchill River, settling at what is now Churchill, Manitoba. However, it was a disastrous voyage, with cold, famine, and scurvy destroying most of the crew.[4][6]
In 1618, Christian appointed Admiral Ove Gjedde to lead an expedition establish a Danish colony in Ceylon. The expedition set sail in 1618, taking two years to reach Ceylon and losing more than half their crew on the way. Upon arriving in May 1620, the establishment of a colony in Ceylon failed,[7] but instead the Nayak of Tanjore (now Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu) turned out to be interested in trading opportunities and a treaty was negotiated granting the Danes the village of Tranquebar (or Tarangamabadi) on India's south coast[8] and the right to construct a "stone house" (Fort Dansborg) and levy taxes.[9] The treaty was signed on 20 November 1620, establishing Denmark's first colony in India.
Christian also assigned the privilege establishing the Danish East India Company.
The Kalmar War
In 1611, he first put his newly organized army to use. Despite the reluctance of Rigsraadet, Christian initiated a war with Sweden for the supremacy of the Baltic Sea.[4] It was later known as the Kalmar War because its chief operation was the Danish capture of Kalmar, the eastern fortress of Sweden. Christian compelled King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden to give way on all essential points at the resulting Treaty of Knäred of 20 January 1613.[3] However, despite Denmark's greater strength, the gains of the war were not decisive.[4]
He now turned his attention to the Thirty Years' War in Germany. Here, his objectives were twofold: first, to obtain control of the great German rivers— the Elbe and the Weser— as a means of securing his dominion of the northern seas; and secondly, to acquire the secularized German Archdiocese of Bremen and Prince-Bishopric of Verden as appanages for his younger sons. He skillfully took advantage of the alarm of the German Protestants after the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, to secure coadjutorship of the See of Bremen for his son Frederick (September 1621). A similar arrangement was reached in November at Verden. Hamburg was also induced to acknowledge the Danish overlordship of Holstein by the compact of Steinburg in July 1621.[3]
The Emperor's War
Christian IV had obtained for his kingdom a level of stability and wealth that was virtually unmatched elsewhere in Europe.[10] Denmark was funded by tolls on the Oresund and also by extensive war-reparations from Sweden.[11] Denmark's cause was aided by France which, together with Charles I, had agreed to help subsidize the war, not least because Christian was a blood uncle to both the Stuart king and his sister Elizabeth of Bohemia through their mother, Anna of Denmark. Some 13,700 Scottish soldiers were to be sent as allies to help Christian IV under the command of General Robert Maxwell, 1st Earl of Nithsdale.[12] Moreover, some 6000 English troops under Charles Morgan also eventually arrived to bolster the defence of Denmark though it took longer for these to arrive than Christian hoped, not least due to the ongoing British campaigns against France and Spain. Thus Christian, as war-leader of the Lower Saxon Circle, entered the war with an army of only 20,000 mercenaries, some of his allies from Britain and a national army 15,000 strong, leading them as Duke of Holstein rather than as King of Denmark.
The growing power of the Catholics in North Germany in and after 1623 was a threat to the Danish holdings in the Schleswig-Holstein duchies and almost induced Christian to intervene directly in the Thirty Years' War. For a time, however, he stayed his hand. The urgent solicitations of the western powers, and his fear that Gustavus Adolphus should supplant him as the champion of the Protestant cause, finally led him to plunge into war on 9 May 1625.[3] He also feared that Sweden could use a war to further expand their holdings in the Baltic Sea. Christian embarked on a military campaign which was later known in Denmark and Norway as "The Emperor War" (Danish: Kejserkrigen, Norwegian: Keiserkrigen).[13]
He had at his disposal from 19,000 to 25,000 men, and at first gained some successes; but on 27 August 1626 he was utterly routed by Johan of Tilly in the Battle of Lutter.[3] Christian had not thoroughly planned the advance against the combined forces of the Holy Roman Emperor and the Catholic League, as promises of military support from the Netherlands and England did not materialize.[14] In the summer of 1627 both Johan of Tilly and Albrecht von Wallenstein occupied the duchies and the whole peninsula of Jutland.[3]
Christian now formed an alliance with Sweden on 1 January 1628, as he and Gustavus Adolphus shared the reluctance of German expansion in the Baltic region.[14] Gustavus Adolphus pledged to assist Denmark with a fleet in case of need, and shortly afterwards a Swedo-Danish army and fleet compelled Wallenstein to raise the siege of Stralsund. Thus with the help of Sweden, the superior sea-power enabled Denmark to tide over her worst difficulties, and in May 1629 Christian was able to conclude peace with the emperor in the Treaty of Lübeck, without any diminution of territory.[3] However, the treaty bound Christian not to interfere in the Thirty Years' War any further, removing any Danish obstacles when Gustavus Adolphus entered the war in 1630.[14]
Containment of Sweden
Christian's foreign policy did not suffer from lack of confidence following the Danish defeat in The Emperor's War. To compensate for lacking export revenues, and also in order to stifle the Swedish advances in the Thirty Years' War, Christian enacted a number of increases in the Sound Dues throughout the 1630s.[4] Christian gained both in popularity and influence at home, and he hoped to increase his external power still further with the assistance of his sons-in-law, Corfitz Ulfeldt and Hannibal Sehested, who now came prominently forward.[3]
Between 1629 and 1643 the European situation presented infinite possibilities to politicians with a taste for adventure. However, Christian was incapable of a consistent diplomatic policy. He would neither conciliate Sweden, henceforth his most dangerous enemy, nor guard himself against her by a definite system of counter-alliances.[3] Christian contacted the Catholic part of the Thirty Years' War, and offered to broker a deal with Sweden. However, his mediating was highly skewed in favour of the Holy Roman Emperor, and was a transparent attempt of minimizing the influence Swedish influence in the Baltics.[15] His Scandinavian policy was so irritating and vexatious that Swedish statesmen advocated for a war with Denmark, to keep Christian from interfering in the peace negotiations with the Holy Roman Emperor, and in May 1643, Christian faced another war against Sweden.[3] The increased Sound Dues had alienated the Dutch, who turned to support Sweden.[4]
Torstenson War
Sweden was able, thanks to their conquests in the Thirty Years' War, to attack Denmark from the south as well as the east; the Dutch alliance promised to secure them at sea. In May, the Swedish Privy Council decided upon war; on 12 December the Swedish Field Marshal Lennart Torstensson, advancing from Bohemia, crossed the southern frontier of Denmark; by the end of January 1644 the whole peninsula of Jutland was in Swedish hands. This unexpected attack, conducted from first to last with consummate ability and lightning-like rapidity, had a paralysing effect upon Denmark.[3]
In his sixty-sixth year he once more displayed something of the energy of his triumphant youth. Night and day he laboured to levy armies and equip fleets. Fortunately for him, the Swedish government delayed hostilities in Scania till February 1644, and the Danes were able to make adequate defensive preparations and save the important fortress of Malmö.[3] The Danish fleet denied Torstensson crossing from Jutland to Funen, and defeated the Dutch auxiliary fleet which came to Torstensson's assistance at the Action of 16 May 1644.[15] Another attempt to transport Torstensson and his army to the Danish islands by a large Swedish fleet was frustrated by Christian IV in person on 1 July 1644. On that day the two fleets encountered at the Battle of Colberger Heide. As Christian stood on the quarter-deck of the Trinity a cannon close by was exploded by a Swedish cannonball, and splinters of wood and metal wounded the king in thirteen places, blinding one eye and flinging him to the deck. But he was instantly on his feet again, cried with a loud voice that it was well with him, and set every one an example of duty by remaining on deck till the fight was over. Darkness at last separated the contending fleets; and the battle was drawn.[3]
The Danish fleet subsequently blockaded the Swedish ships in the Bay of Kiel. But the Swedish fleet escaped, and the annihilation of the Danish fleet by the combined navies of Sweden and the Netherlands, after an obstinate fight between Fehmarn and Lolland at the end of September, exhausted the military resources of Denmark and compelled Christian to accept the mediation of France and the Netherlands; and peace was finally signed with the Treaty of Brömsebro on 8 February 1645.[3] Here Denmark had to cede Gotland, Ösel and (for thirty years) Halland, while Norway lost the two provinces Jämtland and Härjedalen, giving Sweden the supremacy of the Baltic Sea.[15]
The Norwegian issue
Christian IV spent more time in Norway than any other Oldenberg monarch. He visited the country a number of times, making a lasting impression on the country, and founded four cities. He also established and took control over one silver mine (Kongsberg), one copper mine (Røros), and tried to make an iron plant with limited success in Eiker. He also restored the fortress at Akershus, where he invited the people of Norway to the official and age-old installment of the king in 1590, and again in 1610.
When the king was busy overseeing the reparations and re-building of the fortress at Oslo, he lived in the country all summer, and at the same time tried to establish a center for producing iron at Eiker, Buskerud. History tells he actually ruled the entire kingdom from this area in the summer of 1603. In 1623, Christian again visited Norway for an entire summer, this time to oversee the foundation of Kongsberg. He was also present in the area in 1624, being able to re-establish Oslo on the spot. The town burned in August, and the king was able to reach the area in a few weeks, being in Eiker. No Oldenburg king made such a lasting impression on the Norwegian people.
Securing the Northern Lands under the Danish Crown
During the fourteenth century the Swedish kings tried to push the areas of their control towards the north, and contemporary maps depicted the now Norwegian coastal areas of Troms and Finnmark as a part of Sweden. The possibly boldest move of any Danish-Norwegian regent was to make a voyage to the Northern Lands to secure these lands under the Danish-Norwegian crown.
Last years and death
After the Torstenson War, Rigsraadet took on an increasing role, under the leadership of Corfitz Ulfeldt and Hannibal Sehested.[4] The last years of Christian's life were embittered by sordid differences with his sons-in-law, especially with Corfitz Ulfeldt.
He was responsible for several witch burnings, most notably the conviction and execution of Maren Spliid (Splids), who was victim of the witch hunt at Ribe and was burned at the Gallows Hill near Ribe on 9 November 1641.[citation needed]
On 21 February 1648, at his earnest request, he was carried in a litter from Frederiksborg to his beloved Copenhagen, where he died a week later.[3] He was buried in Roskilde Cathedral.[citation needed]
The cultural king
Christian was reckoned a typical renaissance king, and excelled in hiring in musicians and artists from all over Europe. Many English musicians were employed by him at several times, among them William Brade, John Bull and John Dowland. Dowland accompanied the king on his tours, and as he was employed in 1603, rumor has it he was in Norway as well. Christian was an agile dancer, and his court was reckoned the second most "musical" court in Europe, only ranking behind that of Elizabeth I of England. Christian maintained good contact with his sister Anne, who was married to James VI of Scotland. His other sister, Elizabeth, was married to the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, and artists and musicians traveled freely between the courts.
City foundations
Christian IV is renowned for his many city (town) foundations, and is most likely the Nordic head of state that can be accredited for the highest number of new cities in his realm. These towns/cities are:
- Christianopel, now Kristianopel in Sweden. Founded in 1599 in the then Danish territory of Blekinge as a garrison town near the Swedish border.
- Christianstad, now Kristianstad in Sweden. Founded in 1614 in the then Danish territory of Skåne.
- Glückstadt, now in Germany, founded in 1617 as a rival to Hamburg in the then Danish territory of Holstein.
- Christianshavn, now part of Copenhagen, Denmark, founded as a fortification/garrison town in 1619.
- Konningsberg (King's Mountain), now Kongsberg in Norway, founded as an industrial town in 1624 after the discovery of silver ores.
- Christiania, now Oslo in Norway. After a devastating fire in 1624 the king ordered the old city of Oslo to be moved closer to the fortification of Akershus slot and also renamed it to Christiania. The city name was altered to Kristiania in 1877 and then back to Oslo in 1924. The original town of Christian is now known as Kvadraturen = The Quarters.
- Christian(s)sand, now Kristiansand in Norway, founded in 1641 to promote trade at the no in Southern Norway.
- Røros, now in Norway, founded as an industrial town after the discovery of copper ores.
A short-lived town was:
- dk, now in Schleswig, Germany, founded as a garrison town near Kiel in the then Danish territory of Holstein.
Furthermore, Christian is also known for many erections of important buildings in his realm, and these include the observatory Rundetårn, the stock exchange Børsen, the Copenhagen fortress Kastellet, Rosenborg Castle, workers' district Nyboder, the Copenhagen naval Church of Holmen (Holmens Kirke), Proviantgården, a brewery, the Tøjhus Museum arsenal, and two Trinity Churches in Copenhagen and modern Kristianstad, now known as respectively Trinitatis Church and Holy Trinity Church. Christian converted Frederiksborg Castle to a Renaissance palace and completely rebuilt Kronborg Castle to a fortress. He also founded the Danish East India Company inspired by the similar Dutch company.
When Christian was crowned king, Denmark held a supremacy over the Baltic Sea, which was lost to Sweden during the years of his reign. Nevertheless, Christian was one of the few Danish kings from the House of Oldenburg that achieved a lasting legacy of popularity with the Danish people. As such, he featured in the Danish national play Elverhøj. Furthermore, his great building activities also furthered his popularity.[4]
Christian IV spoke, besides his native tongue, German, Latin, French and Italian. Naturally cheerful and hospitable, he delighted in lively society; but he was also passionate, irritable and sensual. He had courage, a vivid sense of duty, an indefatigable love of work, and all the inquisitive zeal and inventive energy of a born reformer. His own pleasure, whether it took the form of love or ambition, was always his first consideration. His capacity for drink was proverbial: when he visited England in 1606, even the notoriously hard-drinking English Court were astonished by his alcohol consumption. In the heyday of his youth his high spirits and passion for adventure enabled him to surmount every obstacle with elan. But in the decline of life he reaped the bitter fruits of his lack of self-control, and sank into the grave a weary and brokenhearted old man.[3]
In fiction
- Christian IV is depicted as a brilliant but hard-drinking monarch in the Eric Flint and David Weber alternate-history novel 1634: The Baltic War.
- Christian IV is featured several times in the book series The Legend of the Ice People.
- Christian IV also features prominently in the novel Music and Silence by Rose Tremain, which is primarily set in and around the Danish court in the years 1629 and 1630.
- Christian IV is depicted as a foul-natured person, but a good king who did a lot to make his realm flourish, by the Danish alternative music band Mew in their song, "King Christian".
Issue and private life
His first queen Anne Catherine died fourteen years later, after bearing Christian seven children. Four years after her death the king privately married a handsome young gentlewoman, Kirsten Munk, by whom he had twelve children — a connection which was to become disastrous to Denmark.[3]
In the course of 1628 he discovered that his wife, Kirsten Munk, was having a relationship with one of his German officers; and when he put her away she endeavoured to cover up her own disgrace by conniving at an intrigue between Vibeke Kruse, one of her discharged maids, and the king. In January 1630 the rupture became final, and Kirsten retired to her estates in Jutland. Meanwhile Christian openly acknowledged Vibeke as his mistress, and she bore him a numerous family. Vibeke's children were of course the natural enemies of the children of Kirsten Munk, and the hatred of the two families was not without influence on the future history of Denmark.[3]
With his first wife, Anne Catherine of Brandenburg he fathered the following children:
- Stillborn son (1598).[16]
- Frederik (15 August 1599 – 9 September 1599).
- Christian (10 April 1603 – 2 June 1647).
- Sophie (4 January 1605 – 7 September 1605).
- Elisabeth (16 March 1606 – 24 October 1608).
- Frederick III (18 March 1609 – 9 February 1670).
- Ulrik (2 February 1611 – 12 August 1633); murdered, as Ulrich III Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Schwerin (1624–1633).
With his second wife, Kirsten Munk, he had 12 children, though the youngest, Dorothea Elisabeth, was rumoured to be the daughter of Kirsten's lover, Otto Ludwig:
- Stillborn child (b. & d. 1615).
- Unnamed infant (b. & d. 1617).
- Countess Anna Christiane of Schleswig-Holstein (10 August 1618 – 20 August 1633).
- Countess Sophie Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein (20 September 1619 – 29 April 1657).
- Countess Leonora Christina of Schleswig-Holstein (8 July 1621 – 16 March 1698); married Corfitz Ulfeldt.
- Count Valdemar Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (26 June 1622 – 26 February 1656).
- Countess Elisabeth Auguste of Schleswig-Holstein (28 December 1623 – 9 August 1677).
- Count Friedrich Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (26 April 1625 – 17 July 1627).
- Countess Christiane of Schleswig-Holstein (15 July 1626 – 6 May 1670); married Hannibal Sehested
- Countess Hedwig of Schleswig-Holstein (15 July 1626 – 5 October 1678).
- Countess Maria Katharina of Schleswig-Holstein (29 May 1628 – 1 September 1628).
- Countess Dorothea Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein (1 September 1629 – 18 March 1687).
With his mistress Kirsten Madsdatter:
- Christian Ulrik Gyldenløve (1611–1640).
With his mistress Karen Andersdatter:
- Dorothea Elisabeth Gyldenløve (1613–1615).
- Hans Ulrik Gyldenløve (1615–1645).
With his mistress Vibeke Kruse:
- Ulrik Christian Gyldenløve (1630–1658).
- Elisabeth Sophia Gyldenløve (1633–1654); married Major-General Klaus Ahlefeld.
Titles & Style
In the 1621 treaties of the Hague and Bremen, Christian was styled "Lord Christian the Fourth, King of all Denmark and Norway, the Goths and the Wends, duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn, and Ditmarsh, count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, etc."[17][18]
- ↑ Paul D. Lockhart, Denmark, 1513-1660: the rise and decline of a Renaissance monarchy (2007).
- ↑ Paul D. Lockhart, Denmark in the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648: King Christian IV and the Decline of the Oldenburg State (1996)
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 "Gads Historieleksikon", 3rd edition, 2006. Paul Ulff-Møller, "Christian 4.", pp.99-100. ISBN 87-12-04259-5
- ↑ Kurzer Discurs was Feyrlicheit vnd Geprenge zu Copenhagen ..., Wegener, Schlewig (1596) Account of Christian's coronation in 1596: digitised by the British Library
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Esther Fihl (2009). "Shipwrecked on the Coromandel:The first Indo–Danish contact, 1620". Review of Development and Change 14 (1&2): 19-40
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Paul D. Lockhart, Denmark, 1513-1660: the rise and decline of a Renaissance monarchy (Oxford University Press, 2007).
- ↑ Wilson, Peter. "Europe's Tragedy". Penguin, 2009, p. 400–433
- ↑ Murdoch and Grosjean, pp.43-46
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "Gads Historieleksikon", 3rd edition, 2006. Paul Ulff-Møller, "Kejserkrigen", p.352. ISBN 87-12-04259-5
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Gads Historieleksikon", 3rd edition, 2006. Paul Ulff-Møller, "Torstensson-krigen", pp.658-659. ISBN 87-12-04259-5
- ↑ Son Oldenburg 1598-1598 in Gen.cookancestry.com [retrieved 16 June 2014].
- ↑ "Treaty of the Hague". (Dutch) In Davenport, Frances G. European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2004.
- ↑ "Treaty of Bremen". (Dutch) In Davenport, Frances G. European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2004.
Further reading
- Lockhart, Paul D. Denmark in the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648: King Christian IV and the Decline of the Oldenburg State (Susquehanna University Press, 1996)
- Lockhart, Paul D. Denmark, 1513-1660: the rise and decline of a Renaissance monarchy ( Oxford University Press, 2007).
- Scocozza, Benito, Christian IV, 2006 ISBN 978-87-567-7633-2
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christian IV of Denmark.
- The Royal Lineage at the website of the Danish Monarchy
- Christian IV at the website of the Royal Danish Collection
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Christian IV of DenmarkBorn: 12 April 1577 Died: 28 February 1648
|Regnal titles
|Preceded by
|King of Denmark and Norway
|Succeeded by
Frederick III
|Preceded by
Frederick II
and Philip
|Duke of Holstein and Schleswig
with Philip (1588-1590)
John Adolf (1590-1616)
Frederick III (1616-1648)
|Succeeded by
Frederick III (Denmark) and
Frederick III (Gottorp)
|Preceded by
|Count of Holstein-Pinneberg
merged into the
Duchy of Holstein
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- 1577 births
- 1648 deaths
- People from Hillerød Municipality
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text:
The Silicon Jungle, my collection of I-was-there stories from the computer world of the 1980s, is now a free book on Project Gutenberg thanks to Distributed Proofreaders.
You can download it in ePub, plain text, HTML, or Kindle format. Several hundred people already have.
Published originally by the Ballantine division of Random House in 1985, the Jungle is a mix of microcomputer lore and how-tos. Among the highlights are chapters on:
–The Kaypro, one the first "portable" computers. Um, it was really sewing-machine sized. The screen was a gigantic nine inches, more or less the same as the one on my iPad today—a fraction of Kaypro's size and weight.
—WordStar, the first really good piece of word-processing software in the opinion of many writers. George R. R. Martin has used WordStar to write his best-selling Game of Thrones books, the inspiration for the HBO series. I caught up with WordStar developer Seymour Rubinstein and programmer Rob Barnaby.
—1980s-era hacking by "Captain Zap" and others, along with countermeasures—and smugness. "Computer crime is not now, never has been, and never will be out of control," I skeptically quoted the Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association, "unless security is completely ignored. And that is not going to happen." Never. Just ask the CIA, the Democratic National Committee, the Target, Adobe, Yahoo (latest here) and the rest.
—The story of the 300-baud modeming between sci-fi great Arthur C. Clarke and MGM/UA director Peter Hyams during the scriptwriting of the movie 2010. A.C.C. was in Sri Lanka, Peter in Los Angeles. I helped line up their Kaypros and helped with the MITE communications program they used.
Clarke, WordStar, ebooks and bathtubs
The late Clarke was a huge WordStar fan. He was less prescient about ebooks.
"Nothing will ever replace books," Clarke said via my 300-baud connection with Sri Lanka. "They can't be matched for convenience, random access, nonvolatile memory (unless dropped in the bath), low power consumption, portability, etc.
"But information networks will supplement them and replace whole categories, e.g., encyclopedias and telephone directories (as is being planned in France)."
Oh, well. At least Clarke loved WordStar. I'm just sorry he didn't live to see water-proof beauties like the Kobo Aura One ereader.
My past belief that WordStar would go on and on–expressed in the Jungle–is one reason for my devotion to ebook standards and dislike of DRM for retail books. I learned my lesson. Martin's use of WordStar today is a novelty in in the word-processing universe as a whole. The computer world moves on. As much as possible, we must not tether ourselves in the long run to individual companies, be they MicroPro (originator of WordStar) or Amazon.
Also in the Jungle are 1980s-era reflections, in the Clarke chapter, on technology, imports and the decline of factory jobs in places like Lorain, Ohio, the steel town where I once worked as a newspaper reporter. Yes, it was an issue even back then.
Finally, huge thanks to Juliet Sutherland, K. D. Weeks and the rest of the crew at Distributed Proofreaders for getting the Jungle online for free. May it be useful to nostalgia buffs and students of technology!
Detail: You can register here to volunteer for DP and make donations here. You can also help out PG.
Also of interest: Track Changes: A Literary History of Word-Processing, by Matthew G. Kirshenbaum, a professor at the University of Maryland.
Correction: The communications program ultimately used was MITE, not Modem7.


text:
We know that many of you struggle with having to wash your hair every day because the grease is unbearable (here are 14 eternal struggles, to be specific), but getting to the root of the problem—quite literally—makes more sense than battling the beauty affliction. So here are eight things to stop doing that could be the cause of your greasy hair.
1. Touching your hair too often
Like constantly touching your face (which is a whole other beauty blunder in itself) fiddling with your hair—flirtatiously or out of boredom—transfers oils from your fingertips to your strands. Also try and (nicely) discourage your boyfriend from touching your hair too much in bed—feels nice but doesn't look nice come morning.
2. Over-washing
Yes, you wash it to cleanse the grease, but no, it doesn't help. Unfortunately daily shampooing can strip your scalp of its natural oils—so it produces more in a bid to replace them. Try cutting back on washing your hair to every other day at least, or 2-3 times a week. Your hair will thank you in the long run.
3. Over-conditioning
Be cautious with conditioner. You may be applying a conditioner that's too heavy for your hair type, which can weigh it down. Or you may not be washing it out properly—another grease-giving culprit. And finally avoid placing your conditioner all over your hair, focus on the ends to avoid causing oily roots and lank lengths.
4. Over-brushing
Brushing your hair too much can stimulate oil production, which at first looks glossy, but soon looks greasy. Again, stick to detangling the lengths and ends if you've got an obsessive hair brushing habit.
5. Your hairbrush is dirty.
Your hairbrush can harbor all sorts of nasties—build-up of stale styling products and dust are only the obvious ones! A clogged brush will transfer these onto the hair, making it feel dirty, so make sure yours is cleaned properly on a regular basis.
6. Your hairbrush is full of hair.
A hairy brush might not seem like an offender, but if your hair is greasy (which it is otherwise you wouldn't be reading this) by using a brush clogged with hairs you'll only be transferring grease from old strands back onto your clean hair. Fail.
7. Applying the wrong products
You may be choosing styling products that aren't compatible with your hair. Look for lightweight formulas and avoid ones that promise "shine" and "moisture" which would be better suited to dry or dull hair types.
8. Product build-up that needs detoxing
Styling products can cause the scalp and strands to become clogged up. If you're a dry shampoo junkie (like most greasy hair sufferers), you might want to give your locks a detox by using a clarifying shampoo 2-4 times a month, or a product designed to exfoliate the scalp. It is the gateway to healthy hair, after all.
This article originally appeared on Cosmopolitan.co.uk. Minor edits have been made by the Cosmo.ph editors.