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Ignition System's Basic Concept - Ford Ignition Basics
Without Spark There's No Fire
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Ignition System Basics
No Ford engine project is complete without a properly functioning ignition system. This system has the important job of delivering the spark to the required cylinder at precisely the right time. Any deviation from the micro-second accuracy required and the engine won't be running correctly. If you can't get the ignition dialed in exactly then all the high-performance hardware in the world won't add anything to your engine's performance. The classic Ford cars we love were delivered with breaker-point distributors as original equipment. After a few thousand miles of wear, you'd begin to notice subtle changes in the way the engine runs as the points wear and the dwell, or point gap, changes. While many of us now circumvent these problems by installing a more modern system, the requirements for a correctly running engine are the same, so it's important to understand the basic principles regarding how you car's ignition system functions.
Whether you've got a Pertronix ignition or not you still have primary and secondary sides to the ignition system and you'll still have to have the correct engine timing. A breaker-less ignition setup, like the Pertronix, eliminates the mechanical variable of wear on the point set but the voltage to the ignition coil must still be delivered in the same manner. New cars are freed of these types of concerns because a computer controls the ignition system and there is no mechanical dimension to their function. However, on our 289-powered '67 Fairlane the distributor and its functions are still very relevant to our world. Let's examine some of the more basic concepts related to your vehicle's ignition system.
Primary And Secondary Ignition
Your classic Ford ignition is divided into primary and secondary ignition systems. The juncture between the two systems is the ignition coil. The primary system carries the 12-volt DC current from the battery through the ignition switch directly to the positive side of the ignition coil. This charge goes to the coil directly during start up, and through a resistor (which lowers the voltage) when running. The resistor prolongs the service life of the point set.
The ignition coil has both primary and secondary wiring in the form of winding circuits. The coil primary winding consists of more than 100 turns of insulated heavy copper wire. The primary circuit wire goes into the coil through the positive terminal and loops around the primary windings and then exits through the negative terminal.
The coil secondary winding circuit contains perhaps 20,000 coils of fine copper wire. The secondary windings sit inside the loops of the primary windings. As the 12-volt current flows through the primary side of the coil it passes through the outer windings and out to the breaker points. When the points are closed, the circuit is complete. In this condition a strong magnetic field is produced inside of the coil, with the outer windings becoming a powerful electromagnet. When the points open, the circuit is interrupted and the magnetic field inside the coil collapses. When this happens the inner, or secondary, windings in the coil react by producing a powerful electrical charge in the 20,000-volt range. This transition represents the juncture between the primary and secondary systems.
Once the 20,000-volt spark is produced, it's managed by the secondary ignition system. The big electrical charge travels out the top of the coil and through the coil wire to the center terminal of the distributor cap. The current then arrives at the rotor, which will deliver the charge to the correct spark plug at exactly the right moment.
Once the required spark is produced there are several variables that must be managed in order to assure that the spark is delivered to the spark plug at the correct time. Two of the most important factors are engine timing and breaker-point dwell. Both involve the distributor.
In the Beginning: Points and Condenser-Based Ignitions
With the distributor cap off you will see the points and condenser. The condenser is an electrical capacitor that can store a small amount of current. When the points begin to open, current, flowing through them, seeks an alternative path to ground. It will try to jump across the gap of the points as they begin to open and this would eventually cause damage to them. To prevent this from happening the condenser provides an alternative path to ground. It's not really a ground but functions as one for a short time. By the time the condenser is saturated with this residual electricity the points are far enough apart so that the small amount of remaining voltage won't be able to jump across.
Ignition Upgrades:Electronic Ignition
There are many modern alternatives out there that eliminate the troublesome variables inherent in a mechanical system. As mentioned earlier, the Pertronix Ignitor is just one of several available that will eliminate dwell and gap concerns completely. This photo shows a complete Pertronix replacement distributor for a 351W engine.
Another factor that affects service life of the points is mechanical wear. There is a rubbing block on the points that is in contact with the distributor cam and this block wears down over time. Hence, the points require periodic adjustments to compensate for this. There are two ways that the points can be measured to see if they need an adjustment. One way is by measuring the gap between the open points when the rubbing block is on the high point of the distributor cam. The other way is by measuring the dwell electrically. The dwell is the length of time measured in degrees of distributor cam rotation that the points stay closed. On our classic Ford cars there is no dwell window in the distributor cap to allow for an adjustment while the engine is running. The points are adjusted with the engine off and the distributor cap removed. A feeler gauge is used to measure the point gap at the open position. The points are loosened and moved slightly to achieve the desired gap adjustment and then retightened in the correct position. Once the distributor is reassembled, the engine is run with the dwell meter attached. Any further adjustment will require a repeat of the procedure. Measuring dwell is much more accurate than setting the points with a feeler gauge alone.
Engine Timing
On a complete tune-up for a classic Ford car, the points, condenser, and spark plugs would be replaced. With the new equipment in place the point gap would be set manually, the dwell checked, and the engine timing set to specifications. The timing is set by loosening the distributor hold-down clamp and rotating the body of the distributor. A timing light connected to the No. 1 cylinder is used to determine the timing adjustment. The light flashes each time the cylinder fires and the light is directed at the engine timing pointer, which has the harmonic balancer rotating beneath it. Marked on the balancer is a scale showing degrees of advance or retard of the engine timing in deviation from top dead center. A timing adjustment set "before top dead center" or BTDC, is an advanced setting. An adjustment with the engine running after top dead center, or ATDC, would be a retarded setting.
With the engine on TDC the No. 1 piston is at the top of its compression stroke. Rotating the distributor body changes the position where the points contact the distributor cam. Because the cam is geared to the engine rotation, this adjustment changes when the sparks occur with respect to the rotation cycle. Engine base timing on our classic Ford cars is usually set advanced (BTDC), between 4 and 16 degrees. While setting the initial or base timing is important for an engine to run properly, the timing needs to change depending on the speed of the engine and the load that it's under.
By using either mechanical centrifugal advance or a vacuum-actuated mechanism, we can change the engine timing adjustment and advance the timing as the engine runs to suit the requirements according to rpm or load. The reason for the variation in timing requirements is because although the engine runs at different speeds and under different loads, the air/fuel mixture burns at only one speed. The spark merely ignites the mixture and it will only burn at that one rate regardless of how fast the engine is turning. Thus if the piston is going to return sooner, as happens at higher rpm, the air/fuel mixture must be fired off sooner in order to allow optimum combustion time for the rapidly returning piston. Hence, as engine speed increases, the engine timing must automatically advance to occur sooner in the cycle. In other words, the faster the engine is spinning, the earlier we have to fire the plug to produce optimum power. Once computer controls were able to directly control the engine's timing, vacuum and centrifugal advance mechanisms were no longer necessary and were eliminated.
If you'd like to enjoy the advantages of an oversized distributor cap but you don't want to replace the whole distributor you don't have to. You can have the larger diameter using production Ford equipment pirated from later-model Mustangs and other Fords of the late '70s.
Ignition Upgrades:Capacitive Discharge
A stock ignition system uses an inductive discharge. In this arrangement the coil must store and then step up the voltage between each firing. At normal rpm ranges this system works fine. However, as engine rpms climb the process begins to happen too quickly for the coil to have time to store up a complete charge between each event. The result is that the firing occurs faster than the coil's ability to store up a complete charge, meaning that the spark is fired at less than peak efficiency. The use of an MSD capacitive discharge ignition box, such as the 6AL, will eliminate this problem. The 6AL unit also incorporates a built-in rev limiter that can be set to the desired rpm with a simple adjustment.
Distributor Gear Gotchas!
One thing to be aware of when changing distributors in your engine is the material that the distributor drive gear is made out of. It must be made of a material compatible with your camshaft. If your car has the original flat tappet cam, be sure that your new replacement distributor is also equipped with an iron drive gear. If your car has a more modern roller cam, then the camshaft will be made of steel. In this case the new distributor must have a steel or bronze distributor drive gear. Any mismatch between the material the cam is made from and the distributor drive gear will result in premature wear for both gears. Besides destruction of these gears, metal shavings will end up in the engine oil and permanent damage to the engine could result.
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Somehow a story on The Wrap about director Gus Van Sant shooting an unsolicited test reel for Fifty Shades of Grey, in which he used Alex Pettyfer as Christian Grey, has turned into "Alex Pettyfer has auditioned for Fifty Shades of Grey". But that isn't what happened. What happened is that Van Sant apparently really wants this gig and so he made a tape to give the producers an idea of what his vision would be for the project (reportedly he filmed the "loss of virginity" scene which has the potential to be super f-cked up on film), and he happened to use Pettyfer, probably because he's a very pretty and not particularly shy performer (see also: Magic Mike).
A lot of people dismiss the Fifty Shades adaptation, writing it off as something that will inevitably star cut-rate CW actors and suck accordingly, but I think there's real potential for this to be a quality project. Focus Features is a solid indie company with a fairly gilded reputation and they spent a lot of money to secure the rights to Fifty Shades. They're going to make every effort at turning this into a prestige project. So until it actually does degenerate into CW-level trash, let's deal with it as if it's a prestige project.
To that end, Gus Van Sant isn't a bad choice of director. He's a handle-with-care guy, with a sensitive ear and a good eye. But I would like to see Focus make every effort to get a female director for this. My picks would be Jane Campion or Mira Nair, but I'd be interested to see what Patty Jenkins or even Sofia Coppola would make of it. I don't have a problem with Fifty Shades—it's no worse than the vast majority of what gets published under the romantic lit banner—but the sexual politics do get difficult, especially as pertains to the massive imbalance of power between Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey. To mitigate that, a measured approach from a woman's perspective, one more interested in exploring burgeoning sexuality and desire, and how our experiences shape those desires, and less in agonizing over how beautiful/rich/powerful Grey is could do a lot to correct the biggest problems in the book(s).
In that vein, I wouldn't mind seeing older actors cast. That power problem was only exacerbated by Anastasia's youth, and Grey read way older than late twenties. If we're taking this seriously, I don't want to see anyone under 30 mentioned for either part, preferably even 40 for Grey (and just do away with virginity thing, it was one of the creepiest and most disturbing aspects of the whole story). My votes would be Ewan McGregor and Natalie Portman. Don't you already feel better about it? Portman is fresh-faced and wide-eyed enough to suggest the ingénue, but she's also smart enough to bring some real-woman vibes to the role.
This movie is going to happen. It's in our best interest to hope for a good adaptation, one that doesn't get bogged down in steamy sex scenes but instead explores modern female sexuality and sexual politics in a way that can be sexy, sure, but maybe also addresses the continuing disconnect between raising our daughters to believe they can be or do anything but still not-so-secretly pine for a Prince Charming to save them from a life of having to do, well, anything. Gus Van Sant wants the job, and maybe he'd make a fair go of it, but I can't help but feel this project would be better served by a feminist voice.
(Lainey's question for Sarah: but if the author has that much control over it, would she agree to letting them make her sh-tty story better?)

subset: commoncrawl


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As many on this blog know, I am no fan of trophy hunting (here and here and here and here and here and here and here and here and here). The latest controversy centers on Larysa Switlyk, 33, who is a trophy hunter from Sarasota, Florida who recently posed with dead animals on the island of Islay, Scotland with Instagram photos during the hunt. With her boyfriend Jason and another American, they shot an assortment of goats, stags, and sheep and then gleefully demonstrated the kill. I find these images entirely perplexing why people get such a thrill for such kills. I also fail to see the pride in posing with a beautiful animal that you just destroyed — let alone traveling around the world just to shoot their native wildlife for fun. In this case, shooting a bunch of sheep does not even strike me as challenging. There is simply the thrill of killing beautiful animals.
Police are looking into firearms offenses after an uproar caused by the posting of the images.
She is facing a charge under Section 11a of the Firearms Act, relating to the use of borrowed shotguns. That sounds pretty manufactured and weak. Either it is illegal to trophy hunt or it is not. Police should not come up with strained charges based on public outcry. However, that does not mean that such a trophy hunter should not be condemned or the practice reexamined.
We recently discussed how a trophy hunter killed the most famous and beloved wolf in Yellowstone National Park after "Spitfire" wandered slightly outside of the park. We previously discussed the shooting of one of the last wolves from the most famous pack in Denali National Park in Alaska under similar circumstances.
Switlyk is the star of Larysa Unleashed which purports to "enlighten and educate the general population about why people hunt and fish, the importance of conservation, cultural experiences, and the rules and regulations behind it." She previously has attracted criticism, including a picture on an all-women hunting trip where she posed with a bloody sex toy over a dead sheep. In that trip, British hunter Jenna Gearing said she left early because she was disgusted by Switlyk's attitude and the conduct of the American women on the trip.


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Christian II
Christian II, 1481–1559, king of Denmark and Norway (1513–23) and Sweden (1520–23), son and successor of King John. After several unsuccessful attempts, he asserted claim to Sweden by force. However, his wholesale massacre of Swedish nobles at Stockholm (1520) alienated the Swedes, who raised Gustavus Vasa to the throne as Gustavus I, thus ending the Kalmar Union. In Denmark, Christian earned the hatred of the nobles and high clergy by thorough reforms in favor of the lower and middle classes, by inviting Lutheran preachers to Copenhagen, and by placing Sigbrit, mother of his Dutch mistress, in charge of the finances of the realm. In 1523 the nobles rebelled (particularly in Jutland), deposed Christian, and chose his uncle, Frederick I, as king. Christian fled, but in 1532 he was captured while attempting to recover the throne. He was imprisoned until his death. A gifted and educated ruler despite his despotic methods, Christian II did much to advance learning in Denmark.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2023, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Scandinavian History: Biographies


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We continued the 3 rd month without a sponsor for the R User Meetup group. I wish analytics companies in Gurgaon and Mumbai or even Hyderabad can help sponsor R users meetups, as we need to have more knowledge sharing culture here.
I am a bit disappointed by people who RSVP yes, but cancel out without letting us know.
Some additional insights-
1) Never hold meetup on cricket match day
2) location should be very close to Metro Station.
3) Saturdays will be the only meetup day for future. If I am unavailable, Dr Amir will be leading the Meetup.
Some more action points-
1) Ajay and Dr Amir to work together on a blog / site called R for Medical Researchers focused on Indian issues.
2) For Web Application developers, please see shiny package. I have written on the latest version of Shiny- but I would also like you to click on each of the 18 links I have written in this article. Shiny is great for statistically enabling web apps.
3) We will be uploading files and creating a slideshare for Delhi R Users. This will be our digital archive.
4) To start using R immediately use Rattle ( http://rattle.togaware.com/) especially if you build models or need to use data mining
5) To start using R for GIS and Spatial use Deducer with Spatial Plot Builder Plugin
6) To integrate R with C++ see the RCPP gallery with almost 100 plus packages dependent on it. This will be needed with Developers who are trying to use a faster version of R by using C++ . http://gallery.rcpp.org/
7) Web Analytics using R- is now updated for changes in Google APIs. https://decisionstats.com/2013/01/28/google-analytics-using-rstats-updated/
8) If you are new to programming or Ruby or Python please go to http://codeacdemy.com .
9) For a beginner in R use http://tryr.codeschool.com
Minutes of Meeting -courtesy Dr Amir
four people (Ajay, myself, Ashish and Nagesh) joined for the 3rd meetup today at around 4 pm at hauz khas village. Ashish and Nagesh are two new members who attended the meetup for the first time. Ashish is in web development with knowledge of python and perl. today he introduced the group about data scraping from web using Perl. Nagesh has a background in management and currently working with insurance company. he is planning to switch to R as it is free. he currently uses SAS. Ajay introduced GUIs like Rattle, Deducer; books (R for business analytics which he himself has authored and others like R for spss and sas users, data mining with r, rattle) and GADM for mapping. I introduced Coursera courses which is currently ongoing and which uses R and also the basics of R like packages, functions and strengths of R.Ashish has volunteered to find a place for meetup in Green Park near the metro station as we are still struggling to get a decent place for our meetups.
Also – here is the meetup group for New Delhi R Users


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Well, I'm not one to brag but sometimes I just have to toot this old horn of mine. For, this is my 200th post.
And, maybe that's not a big deal to some, but to me it's the cat's pajamas. The bee's knees. For, in the nearly two years that I've been blogging, I never thought I'd get this far, and I certainly didn't think I'd have this much to say! Why, that's more than 180,000 words on topics that run the gamut, from silly to the ridiculous to plain borderline crazy.
Of course, Henry, my Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, did help. He'd tell you himself, but he's in a funk right now as the reality has finally dawned on him, that he's not going to make it to the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. Worry not, I told him, for he'll be able to watch it all on The Today Show, and everyone knows how much dogs love to watch Matt Lauer globe trot around the world (not really). He's living the dream, Henry says, rolling his eyes.
In other news, allow me to fill you in on how I did with my Fifty/Fifty Challenge in May. I'm getting close to the halfway point, so you'd think by now I'd be honing in on the midway mark to my Fifty/Fifty goal.
Think again, mon frere.
Yes, the clock is ticking, the year is running its course, and right now I'm feeling like Ray Milland in The Big Clock. That's the 1948 film noir thriller, in which Ray Milland plays a hapless guy whose boss' mistress is murdered and Ray Milland becomes the number one suspect, caught in a web of deceit, jealousy, intrigue, power and corruption. Add to that, poor Ray has mere hours to find the real killer (his boss) or get the book thrown at him.
Yep, that's me. Except instead of facing a murder rap, I'm facing a stack of unread books and a TiVo, so stuffed with films I've yet to see, I need a plunger just to get the darn thing working.
So, here's my official list for May:
Dark Shadows: If you haven't seen this latest film from Tim Burton, starring Johnny Depp, run, don't walk to the nearest theater. It's absolute fun. A fond tribute to the campy classic by the same name, back when soaps aired live and props and scenery would fall on the set during what was supposed to be a serious scene. Depp is in high form as the 200-year-old vampire, Barnabas Collins.
Other films I got to see in May? Two that celebrate amore in all its glory: Love Story and Lady and the Tramp.
Yes, Lady. The story of a Cocker Spaniel and the mutt that befriends her. Look for the spaghetti scene. Awfully cute.
Now, as for Love Story, I have to wonder why it was such a big hit at the time—a blockbuster, even—but then I remember that those were different times. I really tried to like it and I almost did, but, for crying out loud, couldn't Jenny Cavalieri, played by Ali McGraw, have a little backbone? Wasn't this the height of the feminist movement, after all? And yet, Jenny gives up her dream of studying music in France, just to marry a petulant boy who hates his father.
Then, when Jenny gets a fatal disease, the doctor alerts her hubby, Oliver—and not Jenny. She's kept in the dark!! The doctor even tells Oliver to try to keep the news from her for as long as he can. What's wrong with this picture? Shouldn't Jenny know that she's dying, so that she can make her final arrangements and say her goodbyes?
Yikes, I hope Hollywood isn't planning a remake, as I'm not sure it would fly today. What do you think?
Well, I started two books and am still reading both (don't judge me). But I did read a children's book (so that counts, right? 😉 ) Here's my review of On My Way to the Bath:
Move over Eloise and Fancy Nancy! There's a new girl in town and her name is Livi.
Like her two predecessors, Livi is a girl after my own heart. The kind that is creative, sprightly, and capricious. Dare I say this pint-size tyke is "Livi-acious?" What's more, she's about to take a bath—ready or not!
On My Way to the Bath, is a new children's book written by comedian and blogger, Sarah Maizes, and is sure to delight young and old. For Livi will do anything to get out of taking a bath, even if it means having to transform into a snake, or perform a tuba solo in a marching band. Anything, to avoid the dreaded tub of water.
Livi hits a nerve for me, as I can remember many a time I didn't want to take a bath and all the bubbles in the world couldn't lure me into the bathtub. I only wish I'd had an ounce of Livi's moxie to keep my bath time at bay.
In the end, Livi dipping a foot into the bathwater is inevitable, simply because everyone needs a bath at some point, right? But how will she get there? What will it take? That is the point of the story and remains to be seen. To find out, you'll just have to read the book!
So, tell me. What movies did you see or what books did you read in May?


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For many years, my husband has given me things (T-shirts, bumper stickers, magnets) with variations of the iconic quote "It's the journey, not the destination." He did it teasingly because as a Type-A, goal-setting workaholic, I was always about the destination. In retirement I am (slowly) coming to realize it IS about the journey. And thankfully, after our recent derailment, I'm feeling like the journey is once more "in motion"!
But the goal-setter achiever in me still needs to know, how do you measure the experience and not focus on just achievement of the endpoint?
– First measure – Am I enjoying it? This is my life, so am I having fun living it? Is the activity I'm engaging in really what I want versus what I think I should be doing? The retirement "shoulds" can come from well-meaning individuals and/or long-term beliefs. There's even the research that says what retirement should include – a sense of purpose, volunteering, healthy living, supportive connections. I continue to sort through the "should" to my true desires – a challenge that continual self-discovery helps. Enjoying the activities I choose is a great measure of success along the journey.
– Second measure – Am I giving it my best shot? So many new things to try and determine if they fit in my journey– from daily journaling to taking classes to starting an exercise program with walking, zumba and yoga. So am I giving each aspect a best shot incorporating it into the journey? Which also means intentionally choosing to focus on fewer things, so I can put in the effort on new things.
– Third measure – Am I seeing my vision come to life? Having a vision, in both words and visuals, is important for me being the goal-setter. Regularly checking to see if my weekly activities are aligned with that vision gives me regular measure of progress.
Have I fully transitioned to being all about the journey and not the destination? No. But I am trying to enjoy the journey, and live every day fully.
Are you more about the journey or the destination in your retirement?


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When Injured in an Accident, Call Us First.
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Our experienced Raleigh injury lawyers will give you and your family the care and attention it deserves. We handle injury and disability cases throughout NC and we handle catastrophic injury, defective drug, and defective product cases nationally. At Henson Fuerst, we're a law firm that is known for handling complicated cases.
Because your case matters, call Henson Fuerst.
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by Sakiko Yasumi
Every single month I buy fashion magazines to check what this season's trend is. I recognize myself as one of the fashion industry's consumers. The magazines I always buy are imported from US or UK to check the lovely clothing and make-up products introduced in the magazines. Of course all of fashion models appearing in magazines I have are foreigners. If someone had asked me this question before taking this class, "Are you yearning to whiteness?" I might have said "probably, because I think they are beautiful".
In today's Japanese society, it is no exaggeration to say that we are not watching TV programs and checking fashion magazines without seeing 'hafu' models (in this essay, when I say a "hafu", it means the mixed person with Caucasian and Japanese). "Hafu" fashion models have been required for TV industries, and girls watching TV programs and checking fashion magazines started to yearn to hafu models due to their "attractive-looking". Here are three questions: what is "hafu"?, why are Japanese yearning to whiteness?, and what is the definition of "attractiveness" for people in Japan?
According to Wikipedia, The word hafu is used in Japanese "to refer to somebody who is biracial, i.e. ethnically half Japanese". This definition is that hafu people have two identities but each identity is forced to cut in half to fit in one person, then the person with mixed races becomes considered as a "hafu". Because Japan is an island nation, had closed the door to foreigners almost for 200 years, and forced Ainu and Okinawa to assimilate into central Japan, there were few mixed people of Japanese and other countries' ancestries. I think its Japan's past foreign policy is a main cause of a stereotyped concept which many of Japanese still have.
To answer the second question: "why are Japanese yearning to whiteness?", we have to think with the third question, "what is the definition of attractiveness for people in Japan". I found the typical idea of attractiveness for Japanese from the reading "Seeing Faces, Making Races: Challenging Visual Tropes of Racial Difference" by Terry Kawashima, who mentions that girls with "the round eyes and shortish, smallish noses with vertical height are defined as symbols of attractiveness" in Japan. This type of thinking is sticking into our head, and it is a cause of our one-sided idea of attractiveness and having the feeling of yearning to whiteness which is applicable to our general ideal of attractiveness. This could the reason why hafu models become greatly popular in our society, especially for girls.
However, the concept of person's attractiveness has been changed through reconsidering of Japanese beauty. From 2006 or 2007, two enterprises, Shiseido and Kracie, started to deal in the hair-care products which emphasize Japanese beauty called "TSUBAKI"and "ICHIKAMI". These two products stress their concept "Japanese women are beautiful" by using many famous and popular Japanese actresses and models. It has been highly effective. I think this is one of the best ways to make people to realize that Japanese beauty promotes our attractiveness.
To sum up, I don't mean that whiteness is not attractive, but instead of claiming that, all kinds of skin color, hair style/color, face, body shape are attractive. Thus, there is no need for Japanese women to pursue and yearn to the whiteness. Being yourself and having confident of being Japanese women are the best.


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At HomeRiver Property Management we remain open for business during the Coronavirus Pandemic. While our physical offices are currently closed, we are actively working from home and in the field to ensure our clients and residents continue to receive exceptional service!
Property Management is considered an "essential service" as rents are still being paid, current tenants have maintenance requests, and we are handling those essential repairs. We continue our work on ensuring residents have quality housing by performing our work in handling move-outs, renovations, marketing, and moving in new residents. All staff are trained in and aware of all necessary safety protocols, including hand washing and social distancing, and we are observing these protocols as we continue our work.
Rent payments and maintenance requests can be submitted online by clicking "Tenant Login" in the top right of our main webpage. Rents can also be mailed or dropped off at our office as well as paid at many retail locations like Walmart.
We are still accepting rental applications and encourage you to view any of our available properties. Call (813) 437-4001 for more information on an available property or schedule a tour on our Available Properties page HERE.
We are still available to serve you for all other management and maintenance related needs at (813) 600-5090 or by email at email@example.com.


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Your search for new stories has taken its toll.
There is no way that chapter's getting done. You'd be lucky if you make it past the title.
Shrug it off and take that nap.
If you wake up the next morning, so be it.
Who knows–all that rest might have launched your subconscious into overdrive.
And that brilliant plot twist will appear when you least expect it.
And here's another convincing benefit–you'll live longer.


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carnival, communal celebration, especially the religious celebration in Catholic countries that takes place just before Lent. Since early times carnivals have been accompanied by parades, masquerades, pageants, and other forms of revelry that had their origins in pre-Christian pagan rites, particularly fertility rites that were connected with the coming of spring and the rebirth of vegetation. One of the first recorded instances of an annual spring festival is the festival of Osiris in Egypt; it commemorated the renewal of life brought about by the yearly flooding of the Nile. In Athens, during the 6th cent. BC, a yearly celebration in honor of the god Dionysus was the first recorded instance of the use of a float. It was during the Roman Empire that carnivals reached an unparalleled peak of civil disorder and licentiousness. The major Roman carnivals were the Bacchanalia, the Saturnalia, and the Lupercalia. In Europe the tradition of spring fertility celebrations persisted well into Christian times, where carnivals reached their peak during the 14th and 15th cent. Because carnivals are deeply rooted in pagan superstitions and the folklore of Europe, the Roman Catholic Church was unable to stamp them out and finally accepted many of them as part of church activity. The immediate consequence of church influence may be seen in the medieval Feast of Fools, which included a mock Mass and a blasphemous impersonation of church officials. Eventually, however, the power of the church made itself felt, and the carnival was stripped of its most offending elements. The church succeeded in dominating the activities of the carnivals, and eventually they became directly related to the coming of Lent. The major celebrations are generally on Shrove Tuesday (see Mardi Gras); however, in Germany the carnival season, or Fasching, begins on the Epiphany (Jan. 6) in Bavaria and on Nov. 11 in the Rhineland. In recent times, the term carnival has also been loosely applied to include local festivals, traveling circuses, bazaars, and other celebrations of a joyous nature, regardless of their purpose or their season.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2023, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Days, Months, Holidays, and Festivals


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Passover and Easter: What are You Celebrating?
Passover and Easter usually occur close together on the calendar, and presumably both commemorate the same event. Are they the same or what's the difference? Up until a few years ago, I assumed Passover was Jewish and Easter was Christian. But what I found surprised me. (more…)


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Zass is a powerfull WordPress / Woocommerce theme with a modern, pixel perfect design suitable for handmade artisans, craft businesses and portfolio websites.
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Belarusian Entree
1 pound pork shoulder or loin
1 pound Polish or pork sausages
1 medium onion
2½ tablespoons lard or butter
1¼ cups pork stock or beef stock
5 tablespoons flour
2 bay leaves
1 cup sour cream
¼ teaspoon pepper
½ teaspoon salt
Serves 4. Takes 2 hours.
Cut pork into 1″ cubes. Cut Polish sausages into 1″ slices. Dice onion. Add pork cubes and lard to pan. Sauté at medium-high heat for 5 minutes or until pork cubes start to brown. Stir occasionally. Remove pork cubes and drain on paper towel. Keep lard in pan.
Add pork stock and flour to small mixing bowl. Mix with whisk until well blended. Add onion and Polish sausage to pan. Sauté for 5 minutes at medium-high heat or until onion softens. Stir frequently. Add pork stock/flour mix, pork shoulder cubes, and bay leaves. Cover and simmer at warm-low heat for 1 hour or until pork cubes are tender. Stir enough to keep sauce from burning. Add sour cream, pepper, and salt. Cover and simmer at warm-low heat for 20 minutes. Stir enough to keep sauce from burning. Remove bay leaves.
1) This dish is made with pork shoulder. It is called Machanka. The speed of sound, 767 miles per hour was, at first, also called Machanka. How was this speed measured? By having someone yell "Machanka" and then measuring the speed of an air molecule issuing from the yeller's mouth. This technique did not work well. Air molecules are transparent, making them impossible to track.
2) Thank goodness for the scientists at the Pork Shoulder Catapulting Institute (PSCI) in Minsk. The PSCI dates back to the liberation of Belarus from the Mongols in 1373 when Sergey Daškievic, realized that frozen pork shoulders catapulted at Mongol armies completely disrupted their cavalry.
3) In 1962 the United States Air Force needed to know Machanka so it could build wings strong enough to withstand that speed. Naturally, it turned to the PSCI. The Institute's scientist yelled "Machanka" at a starving artist at the same time a pork shoulder was catapulted. After many trials, the word "Machanka" arrived at the same time as the pork shoulder. The speed of sound was then calculated as (pork shoulder distance/ air time.) Over time Machanka was shortened to Mach 1.
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Chef Paul
My cookbook, Following Good Food Around the World, with 180 wonderful recipes is available on amazon.com. My newest novel, Do Lutheran Hunks Eat Mushrooms, a hilarious apocalyptic thriller, is also available on amazon.com


text: Canadian Loss Experience Automobile Rating (CLEAR) The CLEAR system rating is an accurate and credible assessment of the expected and actual claims loss experience for each make, model and model-year of private passenger vehicle. The CLEAR system is built upon insurance claims data. Insurers use CLEAR to assess how likely it is that a specific vehicle will be involved in a claim and what that claim will likely cost. CLEAR is one factor among several used to determine your auto insurance premium. Other factors include where you live and your driving record.Every model of car and light truck for every model year is grouped according to assessed risk – its expected claims frequency and cost and the likelihood that it will be stolen. A higher CLEAR number indicates a higher claims risk. A lower CLEAR number indicates a lower claims risk which is reflected in lower insurance rates.CLEAR Benefits for ConsumersInsurers use CLEAR to predict future claims more accurately and fairly price premiums for owners who buy vehicles that experience fewer claims and smaller losses. For example:1. Vehicle A has anti-lock brakes, dual and side airbags, side-impact door reinforcements, anti-theft devices and premium tires. This vehicle costs more but may have a lower CLEAR system rating. Insurers may quote a lower premium for this vehicle.2. Vehicle B has minimal or basic loss-prevention and/or safety features. Due to the limited number of features and equipment, this less expensive vehicle may have a higher CLEAR system rating. Insurers may quote a higher premium for this vehicle.Across Canada, insurance regulators and consumer associations support the CLEAR system. By rewarding consumers for buying cars that are less likely to incur insurance losses, the system also encourages manufacturers to: Build safer vehiclesMake vehicles less expensive to repairAdd features that make vehicles less likely to be stolen.How Data Drive the CLEAR SystemCLEAR uses insurance claims data to assess expected and actual claims experience of all vehicles made for the Canadian and U.S. markets. Each year, all rate groups are updated to reflect such factors as aging and experiential changes. Data is provided by:IBCGroupement des assureurs automobiles (GAA)After being checked for consistency, the data is mathematically adjusted to eliminate influences that are not directly linked to the vehicles. Information about vehicle characteristics is obtained directly from automobile manufacturers and importers. The 5 steps in developing a CLEAR rate group What Insurers Want to KnowTo determine the price of your car insurance, insurers want to know the following information… Related ServicesHow Cars Measure Up The property and casualty insurance industry gathers and analyzes statistics on the number and cost of collision, comprehensive, direct compensation property damage (DCPD) and accident benefit claims for the most popular Canadian models of cars, passenger vans, SUVs and pickup trucks. Telematics Insurance telematics – also known as usage-based insurance (UBI) or pay-as-you-drive – represents a shift in how insurance is administered and how premiums are calculated. Telematics has the potential to reduce your premium costs and generate significant benefits to society. Useful LinksTop 10 Stolen VehiclesEach year, IBC produces a list of the top 10 stolen vehicles in Canada. IBC also reports on the top 10 stolen vehicles and trends in organized auto theft for specific regions in Canada. Cost ControlThere are many ways you can control insurance costs and lower your premium. Shop around and ask your insurance representative for more information about the options below and other savings opportunities.Buying InsuranceKnow how insurance premiums are calculated, where to turn for insurance if you are a higher-risk driver and what additional auto insurance coverage is available.


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Man charged in crash that killed 4
An 18-year-old man charged in a crash that killed four people in February could spend life in prison.
Fitchburg police said Victor Benitez was behind the wheel of the vehicle that went airborne near Lacy Road and hit a utility pole on Feb. 18.
Three people died at the crash scene, and another passenger died at a hospital. Police said Benitez fled the scene and was caught nearby.
Benitez made his first court appearance Monday and was charged with 17 counts. Twelve of the charges are felonies and include homicide by intoxicated use of a motor vehicle; vehicular homicide by use of a controlled substance; and failure to render aid, resulting in death.
According to court documents, alcohol and cocaine were found in Benitez's system after the crash. Prosecutors said Benitez was driving 60-70 mph when the car hit a bump in the road, went airborne and crashed.
Prosecutors requested $205,000 bail for Benitez at Monday's hearing.
The judge decided to set bail at $10,000 for each of the counts, making Benitez's total bail $170,000.13544996
Benitez is also apparently facing federal immigration charges, which is likely the reason the hearing Monday was held up for three months. Benitez's attorney told the court the federal case begins on Wednesday.
For the vehicular homicide case, Benitez is due back in court for a preliminary hearing next week.


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Girgensons stars as Sabres earn road win vs. Coyotes
GLENDALE, Ariz. — The Buffalo Sabres have struggled at times this season when they had the lead, often fumbling it away.
Against Phoenix, a team fighting for a playoff spot, they seemed to get better while out front, leaving the Coyotes steaming mad.
Zemgus Girgensons scored a short-handed goal in the third period and had an assist, and the road-weary Sabres knocked off the Coyotes 3-2 on Thursday night.
"Sometimes when we have a lead, we panic a little bit," Sabres coach Ted Nolan said. "Tonight, we still panicked a bit, but not as much and it was good to see."
The Sabres had plenty of energy in their third game in four nights, scoring the first goal and rallying from a 2-1 deficit in the third period. Tyler Ennis and Steve Ott scored, and Girgensons put Buffalo ahead with his goal early in the third.
Ryan Miller kept the Sabres in it with a stellar first period and made some tough stops after giving up two quick goals in the second, finishing with 38 saves in Buffalo's second win in 10 games.
"He's done a tremendous job for us," Girgensons said.
Phoenix followed one of its best games of the season with a shaky performance.
The Coyotes dominated most of the first period, only to give up the first goal, and then blew a 2-1 lead by repeatedly turning the puck over in the second period. They tried to rally with a late push, but came up short in what they had deemed a must-win game.
Antoine Vermette scored his fifth goal in three games to extend his point streak to six games, and David Moss scored his first goal in 17 games for the Coyotes.
"We're up 2-1 at the start of the second and do absolutely nothing — NOTHING as a group," said red-faced Coyotes captain Shane Doan. "We had a chance to put a team away when you're up 2-1 at home, I don't think we got a shot for 12 minutes, it's embarrassing. It's embarrassing."
Phoenix played perhaps its best game at a critical juncture of the season on Tuesday, kicking off a five-game homestand with a 3-0 victory over the Los Angeles Kings behind Thomas Greiss' second shutout in three starts.
Coming off a game like that, the Coyotes needed to avoid a slipup against the NHL's worst team.
The Sabres began the day with an NHL-low 14 wins and 36 points — six fewer than anyone else — and had allowed 31 goals while losing eight of nine. Buffalo also came in as the NHL's lowest-scoring team with 101 goals, which was 23 fewer than the next closest team.
The Coyotes had added incentive after losing to Buffalo in overtime on Dec. 23, when a shot by defenseman Mark Pysyk caromed into the pants of Phoenix goalie Mike Smith, who fell back into the net for the deciding goal.
Despite being outshot 21-12 in the first period, the Sabres scored first by getting traffic in front of Greiss, leading to Ennis' 12th goal of the season on a rebound.
The Coyotes quickly snapped out of their funk.
Vermette scored his team-leading 20th goal of the season on a power play, one-timing a rebound past Miller. Moss scored 18 seconds later, swiping in a backhander on another rebound.
But Buffalo fought right back.
Ott tied it in the second period on a power play, punching a rebound under Greiss' arm as he dove, the first allowed by Phoenix after 14 straight penalty kills.
Girgensons put the Sabres up early in the third period with the Coyotes on the power play, poking the puck away from Coyotes defenseman Keith Yandle and past Greiss in the same motion.
Buffalo held on behind some big saves by Miller in the closing minutes, sweeping the season series over Phoenix.
"They were playing with a lot of juice and when you keep turning the puck over, it makes it hard on you," Coyotes coach Dave Tippett said. "It made it hard on us and we kept turning the puck over until they won the game."


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- Deuteronomy 31:6 ESV
Be strong and courageous. Do not fear or be in dread of them, for it is the Lordyour God who goes with you. He will not leave you or forsake you."
- Joshua 1:9 ESV
Have I not commanded you? Be strong and courageous. Do not be frightened, and do not be dismayed, for the Lord your God is with you wherever you go."
- 2 Chronicles 15:7 ESV
But you, take courage! Do not let your hands be weak, for your work shall be rewarded."
- Psalm 27:14 ESV
Wait for the Lord;
be strong, and let your heart take courage;
wait for the Lord!
- Psalm 31:24 ESV
Be strong, and let your heart take courage,
all you who wait for the Lord!
- Psalm 34:18 ESV
The Lord is near to the brokenhearted
and saves the crushed in spirit.
- Psalm 42:11 ESV
Why are you cast down, O my soul,
and why are you in turmoil within me?
Hope in God; for I shall again praise him,
my salvation and my God.
- Psalm 55:22 ESV
Cast your burden on the Lord,
and he will sustain you;
he will never permit
the righteous to be moved
- Psalm 94:14 ESV
For the Lord will not forsake his people;
he will not abandon his heritage;
- Isaiah 40:31 ESV
but they who wait for the Lord shall renew their strength;
they shall mount up with wings like eagles;
they shall run and not be weary;
they shall walk and not faint.
- Isaiah 41:10 ESV
fear not, for I am with you;
be not dismayed, for I am your God;
I will strengthen you, I will help you,
I will uphold you with my righteous right hand.
- Matthew 11:28 ESV
Come to me, all who labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest.
- John 16:33 ESV
I have said these things to you, that in me you may have peace. In the world you will have tribulation. But take heart; I have overcome the world."
- Romans 12:12 ESV
Rejoice in hope, be patient in tribulation, be constant in prayer.
- Romans 15:4 ESV
For whatever was written in former days was written for our instruction, that through endurance and through the encouragement of the Scriptures we might have hope.
- 1 Corinthians 15:58 ESV
Therefore, my beloved brothers, be steadfast, immovable, always abounding in the work of the Lord, knowing that in the Lord your labor is not in vain.
- 2 Corinthians 4:8-9 ESV
We are afflicted in every way, but not crushed; perplexed, but not driven to despair; 9 persecuted, but not forsaken; struck down, but not destroyed;
- Galatians 6:9 ESV
And let us not grow weary of doing good, for in due season we will reap, if we do not give up.
- Colossians 3:23-25 ESV
Whatever you do, work heartily, as for the Lord and not for men,24 knowing that from the Lord you will receive the inheritance as your reward. You are serving the Lord Christ. 25 For the wrongdoer will be paid back for the wrong he has done, and there is no partiality.
- Hebrews 4:14-16 ESV
Since then we have a great high priest who has passed through the heavens, Jesus, the Son of God, let us hold fast our confession. 15 For we do not have a high priest who is unable to sympathize with our weaknesses, but one who in every respect has been tempted as we are, yet without sin. 16 Let us then with confidence draw near to the throne of grace, that we may receive mercy and find grace to help in time of need.


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The public consultation provides information on why we are switching to LED street lights and seeks the views of residents, businesses, communities and other stakeholders on whether they would prefer the current level of service of part-night lighting or all-night lighting. We are also seeking feedback on the dimming of street lights when the roads are less busy.
The consultation launches on the 21st September and runs for ten weeks until the 29th November 2015.
Details of this consultation can be found on our website at www.kent.gov.uk/streetlights where the online consultation questionnaire can be completed. The consultation document and questionnaire are also available in Easy Read and Word formats on the website (above) or on request by e-mail email@example.com, or phone 03000 421553 (this number is monitored during office hours and there is an answering machine at other times).


text:
Salted Roast Turkey with Chipotle Glaze and Caramelized-Onion Gravy
8 to 12 Servings
southwestern-spiced salt
southwestern-spiced salt
Step 1
Toast cumin in skillet over medium heat until darker and beginning to smoke, stirring often, about 2 minutes. Cool; grind finely in spice mill or in mortar with pestle. Transfer to bowl. Mix in remaining ingredients. DO AHEAD Can be made 1 week ahead. Cover; store at room temperature.
Step 2
Rinse turkey inside and out (do not pat dry). Pull any fat pads from main cavity and neck cavity of turkey; wrap, chill, and reserve fat for roasting. Place turkey in roasting bag; sprinkle inside and out with southwestern-spiced salt. Close bag. Place on baking sheet; refrigerate 18 to 24 hours.
Step 3
Position rack in bottom third of oven and preheat to 325°F. Mix honey and 1 teaspoon ground chipotle chile in small bowl; reserve for glaze. Rinse turkey inside and out; pat very dry. Stir chopped onion, garlic, and 1 teaspoon ground chipotle chile in medium bowl to blend. Divide mixture between main and neck cavities. Fold neck skin under and secure with skewer. Tuck wing tips under. Tie legs together loosely.
Step 4
Place turkey on rack set in large roasting pan. Spread butter all over turkey. Place reserved fat pads and reserved neck, heart, and gizzard in roasting pan; pour in 2 cups Golden Turkey Stock.
Step 5
Roast turkey 45 minutes. Baste with pan juices. Continue to roast until thermometer inserted into thickest part of thigh registers 165°F to 170°F, basting every 45 minutes, adding water to pan by cupfuls if dry, and tenting turkey loosely with foil if browning too quickly, 3 to 3 1/2 hours longer. Brush turkey with glaze twice during last 30 minutes. Transfer turkey to platter; tent very loosely with foil and let rest 30 to 45 minutes. Reserve roasting pan with juices for gravy.
Step 6
Melt butter in medium skillet over medium-high heat. Add onions; sauté 5 minutes. Reduce heat to medium-low; cook until onions are deep brown, stirring occasionally, about 30 minutes. Set aside.
Step 7
Remove turkey neck, heart, and gizzard from roasting pan. Pull meat off neck; chop neck meat, heart, and gizzard and reserve for gravy, if desired. Pour pan juices into 8-cup measuring cup. Spoon off fat from surface, reserving 1/2 cup fat. Add enough turkey stock to degreased pan juices to measure 5 1/2 cups total.
Step 8
Place roasting pan over 2 burners on medium heat. Add 1/2 cup reserved fat and 1/2 cup flour to pan. Whisk until roux is light brown, about 2 minutes. Whisk in stock mixture. Bring to boil, scraping up browned bits and whisking. Boil until gravy coats spoon, stirring occasionally, about 5 minutes. Add caramelized onions. Add chopped neck, heart, and gizzard, if desired. Season with salt and pepper.
Step 9
Serve turkey with gravy.


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|January 8th, 2006
Topic: Origin and Evolution of OohRah
Ever wonder where some of the most common items of our Marine Corps history came from? Things like the term "Jarhead," etc.? Most of these things are pretty well known by all Marines. But, then, there are also numerous cases where our accepted history is just plain inaccurate. For instance, Major Devereaux's last message from the besieged Wake Island in early World War Two--"Send Us More Japs"--or that the red stripe on the blue uniform trousers of officers and NCOs (sometimes referred to as bloodstripes) commemorates the Marine blood spilled at the battle of Chapultapec in 1847. These two items are not true, and there are many more things like this that I have addressed elsewhere on my websites.
And then there are some cases where the origin of certain traditions are altogether unknown. Take for example, the case of the well known OohRah! What is its origin? What is its meaning? When and where did it start? Is it related to similar cries now in use by other military services? Nobody knows for sure. Yeah, most everybody has an opinion, but what is the straight scoop? Some of the more popular "opinions" on this include that OohRah comes from either (take your pick) a Turkish or a Russian battle cry, and was somehow adopted by U.S. Marines. For many years, I, myself, leaned in the direction that it may have originated with the 1956 film, The DI, starring Jack Webb as T/Sgt Jim Moore, who, in that movie, commands his recruit platoon (paraphrased), "Let me hear you GROWL, tigers!"
In any case, opinions on this abound--some ridiculous, some even humorous, but like I already said, nobody seems to know for sure. OohRah is now well-entrenched in Marine Corps tradition, and although I have found that it is generally disliked and its use disapproved of by many old time Marines, one thing is for sure--it is here to stay! Personally, I think that provided we could determine valid and meaningful historical origin, much of this disapproval by old timers would soon be forgotten. And it seems like OohRah's origin is not so far distant in our past that there should still be some old salts around even now who can clue us in on the straight scoop.
Somewhere I read.... "The Sea Story is the traditional, preferred means by which wisdom is passed on from one generation of Marines to the next."
-Author Unknown
That makes sense to me, and I have thought that if we're ever going to get an answer on this it will be from Marines who were there and know. For at least a couple years now I have been using the resources of my e-mail and websites to seek information from Marines on this question, but the results have been disappointing. Up to now, that is.
On 12 May 2002, I received the following information from Marine Bob Rader (Sgt Wolf); the info had first been posted to the Sgt Grit's Bulletin Board and then e-mailed to me. *****************
From Whence It Came?
Received this among some other stuff from an old college classmate and former Force Troops Recon Marine, Dr. Frank Osanka:
The Recon Marines (and maybe all Marines), have their "OORAH" and the Army its "HOOAH"! But what is the origin of these exclamations by troops (can't call them words-- they are better described as sounds)? When used they are unmistakenly expressions of verve, spirit, morale, espirit, eliteness and sometimes derision! They are responses, greetngs, etc.
You won't find anything in Navy BuPers files. Marine Corps directives or Army regulations prescribing that they be used.
Yet, they permeate the ranks and their origins ought to be recorded for they are as much military lexicon as "SNAFU," "GI", "Kilroy was here", "P38", etc. And, woe betide the commander who thinks he can put an end to their use! They are exclusive property of those who use them and rightfully so--for what it means to them transcends anything a leader can do to give them unity and a sense of belonging!
When did they start? Who started them? Why are they so popular with the troops? I can't answer the question..."OORAH"is answered below, courtesy of Gary "Buddha" Marte, (former Marine).
Right after Korea in 1953 the 1st Amphibious Reconnaissance Company, FMFPAC can be credited with the birth of "OORAH" in the Corps.
Specifically, where it came from was when Recon Marines were aboard the Submarine USS PERCH, ASSP-313. The Perch was an old WWII diesel boat retrofitted to carry UDT and Amphib Recon Marines. If you remember the old war movies, whenever the boat was to dive, you heard on the PA system, "DIVE,DIVE", and you heard the horn sound "AARUGHA", like an old Model "A" horn.
Sometime in 1953 or 1954, 1st Amphib Recon Marines, while on a conditioning run on land singing chants, someone imitated the "Dive" horn sound "AARUGHA", and it naturally became a Recon Warrior chant or mantra while on runs. It is sort of like the martial arts yell and adds a positive inference to the action. And this became part of Recon lexicon.
Former SgtMaj of the Marine Corps, John Massaro, was the company gunny of 1st Force in the late 50s and when he tansferred to MCRDSD as an instructor at DI school he took "AARUGHA" with him and passed it on to the DI students and they , in turn, passed it on to recruits.
Just as "Gung Ho" became symbolic of the WWII Raiders, so did "AARUGHA" become part of the new "running Marine Corps."
Over time, "AARUGHA" EVENTUALLY CHANGED TO "OORAH". The official Marine Corps Training Reference Manual on the history of Marine Recon is titled "AARUGHA", giving credence on the orgination of the 'POSITIVE RESPONSE' accenting anything that is meant to be good and uniquely Marine Corps.
It is part of Marine Corps language, like "Pogey Bait", "SOS", etc.
Semper Fi & Gung Ho,
Sgt. Wolf"
Since May I have been attempting to contact Major Marte for his verification of this story. On 12 August 2002, I received the following e-mail from the major.
When I was in ist Amphib Recon Company (54-57) when we went on our conditioning runs we would chant and one of the sayings was "AARUGHA" which was imitating the sound of the klaxon horn on board the submarine whenever the announcement was made "DIVE, DIVE". This was started by SgtMaj Dave Kendricks (Then a Gunny in 1952 in Amphib Recon) Today, it is part of the Marine Corps language as is Semper Fi, Gung Ho, etc. Loosely translated it means acknowledgement to a question and anything positive. Hope this helps!
Semper Fi
Gary "Buddha" Marte
Major, USMC, Ret
In my opinion, we have most likely finally hit paydirt here! It has long been thought, as expressed by many responses to my queries, that OohRah was grounded in Marine Recon. The fact that Maj Marte is an old-time Recon Marine, and was there in the early 50s, lends credence to an altogether plausible explanation as to the beginning and evolution of OohRah. I expect to publish this information on Gunny G's websites; hopefully, other Marines with knowledge of this will also come forward to comment on this
My most sincere thanks to Major Marte, Dr. Osanka, Bob Rader and others mentioned above..
See Also....
And, Again, Please See Also!!!!!
|January 10th, 2006
I had always thought that "OOAHH!" a sort of adaptation of the British "HUZZAH!" or somesuch. Not to far of a stretch for that to be the case since it is only in more modern times that the Marines became something other than the "Infantry of the Navy", and the US Navy copied a lot from other nations early on.
It is also likely that both are directly resultant from the same thing: Its a powerful possitive energy buiding thing to shout out, just like you said.
|January 12th, 2006
Much ado about hooah, ooh-rah and airpower
By Vince Crawley
Times staff writer
It may sound like so much hooah to some, but a lot of folks in uniform take their guttural war cries quite seriously.
So ground-pounders all over the planet are up in arms about an Air Force suggestion that airmen should be shouting airpower! in place of the more earthy hooah!
The phonetically spelled battle cry hooah or its Marine Corps equivalent, ooh-rah often is barked when troops want to voice approval or a sense of esprit de corps. Its full meaning is primal and difficult to define, for it also echoes the hardships faced by those in uniform.
Soldiers tend to prefer hooah. Marines say there is a separate and distinct ooh-rah. Not only that, they claim theirs was first. While the Army can trace hooah back only to the Second Seminole War of 1835-42, Marines cite Revolutionary War battle cries and even Russian and Turkish precedents for ooh-rah, which holds tremendous meaning and significance for most leathernecks.
Just listen to Gunnery Sgt. Glenn Holloway, a combat correspondent based at the Navy Annex in Arlington, Va.:
Ooh-rah comes from the places in our hearts that only Marines understand. It is conceived in sweat, nurtured with drill. It is raw determination and gut-wrenching courage in the face of adversity. It is a concern for fellow Marines embodied by selfless acts of heroism. It cannot be administrated. It is not planned and put into action. It cannot be manufactured. Ooh-rah must be purchased. Ooh-rah is Marine.
The Navy, generally satisfied with its own time-proven aye, aye, sir! which reaches back to Elizabethan times remains on the sidelines of this debate.
Air Force Col. Jay DeFrank, director of Pentagon press operations, said hes unaware of a top-level push to promote airpower over hooah in the Air Force. But he said he has heard a lot of airpowers! bandied about lately, usually in conjunction with Air Force gun-camera footage taken over Afghanistan and northern Iraq.
In November, the idea of adopting airpower as the services battle cry was presented to Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. John Jumper by a group of security forces airmen, according to Air Force spokesman Lt. Col. Tyrone Woody Woodyard.
Jumper clearly is an advocate of air power, but he has no preference when it comes to his airmen shouting airpower or hooah, Woodyard said. General Jumper supports anything that unifies, inspires and motivates a unit to complete its mission.
E-mails bouncing between the Air Force and Army special-operations communities shed light on the unfolding debate.
A message out of an Air Force special-operations command in the Persian Gulf region in September lays it out: By now, most of you have heard that the term hooah! is not encouraged in our Air Force. If you are looking for something to say in those times of great excitement and agreement when hooah! seemed to fit right in, try a good solid airpower! Airpower will always be uniquely Air Force.
This led to predictable Bronx cheers from the rank and file. Why would a simple word that means so much to so many take up the time of people who have so much more to worry about? asked one seasoned Air Force member who signed his message: HOOAH!!
Army Pvt. Ramon Gomez said he approves of the Air Forces airpower slogan, saying it sets the service apart.
But Army Sgt. Todd Wilson has a different opinion.
Thats weak, said Wilson, a senior instructor at the basic noncommissioned officers course at Fort Benning, Ga., who likened the phrase airpower to something that might come from the Powerpuff Girls, heroines of a popular TV cartoon.
These days at Fort Benning, spiritual home of the Armys infantry, enlisted soldiers, officers and even civilians hooah one another at meetings, in the hallway or during training.
I even heard a Marine say hooah, Wilson said.
Marines, however, would beg to differ. Their ooh-rah, they claim, is uniquely their own and exists as a separate and distinct word.
Its origin is uncertain. Some like to say the term originates from a Turkish or Russian battle cry that was adopted by Marines. Others claim it was adapted from the hip, hip, hooray cry favored by the British during the American Revolution.
But the most commonly held and most likely theory is that the term originated in the Corps elite Force Reconnaissance community in the 1960s.
Retired Col. John W. Ripley, director of the Marine Corps History and Museums Division, was among the Marines of 2nd Force Reconnaissance Company in the days when the modern ooh-rah was born.
Force Recon Marines often trained aboard submarines in those days, and they became very, very good friends with submariners, Ripley said. They were very good to us.
Soon enough, Ripley said, the Marines were imitating the noise the subs klaxon made while diving: AAARRRRUUUGGAH!
The arrugah sound became a chant for recon Marines when they were running, Ripley explained. Eventually, it was a response in addition to a chant.
Arrugah became a shout of greeting, acknowledgment or otherwise positive response among Force Recon Marines and expanded to the rest of the Corps in the Vietnam War but by that time it had become ooh-rah.
While the word still is sacred to Marines by and large, some more cynical leathernecks say it doesnt hold the same allure it once did.
Some people say it very sincerely, but some people, like me, say it with a bit of sarcasm, said Staff Sgt. Robert Miller, with II Marine Liaison Element at Camp Lejeune, N.C. When people say it to me like, Ooh-rah, devil dog, I kind of look at them and say, Whats wrong with this guy?
Navy people generally are uninvolved in all this hooah-upsmanship.
Nah, we dont say hooah, one Navy officer explained, barely uttering the word above a thin whisper.
|December 6th, 2009
Topic: Origin of "Oorah"
One thing is for certain there is no known origin of the term "oorah". I have read all the postings here and have read hundreds of them in all kinds of publications. The most recent was in the December 2009 issue of Leatherneck where the editors have officially proclaimed the answer is with the submarine and recon Marines. Unfortunately, this topic will never be answered because no one knows for sure. It is easy to say "I remember when we used it" and "I remember someone on the sub said it sounds like oorah", but there is no documented proof of any of that. That is the way it is when you are discussing the origin of any word. It evolved from something through time and that is the way it is. There are other arguments about the origin being from a Russian word or a Turkish word. Marines did serve and fight in Russia as well as with the Turks in Korea. Winston Churchill has written about the Turks using the term "Oorah" when attacking. His book and the battle he was describing was well before the term came into being in the Marine Corps. Is that the answer? I don't know. Could be. Is the sound of a submarine horn sounding? I don't know. Could be. What's my point? It's simple....no one knows the answer, including me, and I don't think we should be telling everyone that the definitive answer is the submarine horn because one person remembered something he heard someone else say one time and then that person went to San Diego and started using it and WHOOSH across the Corps it went and there it is...Marine Corps history.
|December 6th, 2009
Interesting indeed, but I somehow doubt the explanation.
I had always assumed that the "ooh-rah" was nothing more than an adaption of the European Battle Shouts like "Huu-rah!" e.g. for the Germans (it sounds identical, and I would not be surprised to see Americans with their European roots using it, or after having heard it in WWII), they have been standard for the last 500 yrs.
Now, where *those* come from has been a bit lost in the depth of the past, but there are some indicators as to the stem:
The "Hurra!" is a German and English mariner interjection that later made it into the military, etymologists are not really certain if it comes from the midevial old-german "hurrren" (to move rapidly) or from the - also old-german - "urmak" (to beat/fight), both versions would sound "hoorah" in imperative (command) form.
There is another theory assuming that it dervies from the Norman Battle Cry "Thur aïe" (Thor, help!), but this has been discarded lately.
What is sure is that "Hurra!" (sounding "oo-rah!") has been in use more than 300 years in the continental European armies of Austria/Hungary and later in WWI in Germany as Battle Cry for bayonet attacks.
|May 2nd, 2016
have read all the postings here and have read hundreds of them in all kinds of publications. The most recent was in the December 2009 issue of Leatherneck where the editors have officially proclaimed the answer is with the submarine and recon Marines. Unfortunately, this topic will never be answered because no one knows for sure.????


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Apple iPhone 11 Screen Repairs in Gillingham Dorset
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We invest heavily in training and right now several of our team are having certification in advanced repair techniques. We're also proud to offer PAT testing to all of our clients for that extra piece of mind – something you'd normally have to hire another company for.


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No words can describe how incredible the past four years have been. what a blessing to be married to your best friend..
Happy anniversary Josh!
(photos by the lovely and talented Sara Renee)
So sweet. Happy Anniversary. Lovely.
Wow, your wedding photos are adorable.
Happy Anniversary!
lovely photos! Congratulations to both of you. xoxoReplyDelete
Awwww! Happy Anniversary, y'all! Here's to your next four - and many more - years together!!! :D /glass raiseReplyDelete
Congratulations on four years of marriage! It's a beautiful thing!ReplyDelete
Gorgeous pictures! Happy Anniversary to both of you.
My Blog
Happy anniversary and congrats on 4 years! The photos are gorgeous. May you guys have many many more years of happiness! :)ReplyDelete
beautiful photosReplyDelete
Congratulations on 4 years. Happy anniversary!ReplyDelete
so pretty - love the black hair. congrats :)ReplyDelete
Congratulations! The pictures are really beautiful...ReplyDelete
You looked so beautiful at your wedding!ReplyDelete
:) aw, congratulations!!!ReplyDelete
Confession: When I saw Sara Renee post your wedding photos on her blog or myspace or website or whatever it was she was posting on back then, they were so touching I teared up. That's when I decided that if a photographer could make me cry by showing me photos of people I didn't even know, then she should be my wedding photographer someday. :) and 2 months ago she was, hooray!ReplyDelete


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In response to a recent research request, I stumbled upon a Milwaukee Journal article titled "How Much Is That Braque in the Window?" Who could resist a title like that? I had to read on.
The article, dated January 4, 1959, follows the fascinating Bradley family and their passion for collecting art—a passion that began in 1950 with their first purchase. While traveling in New York for business, Mrs. Harry L. Bradley recalled, "I was walking along 57th St. … and suddenly there was a painting in a window that, for the first time, I thought I might buy. … It turned out to be a Braque and the price was a shocker." The Bradleys talked it over and decided to go ahead with the purchase. And so, a world-class art collection was born.
To see the modern paintings hung in their River Hills home for the first time was a thrill for Mrs. Bradley. She recounts the experience, "before that place had been hung with ancestral portraits, all rather dim and all rather dull. After the new paintings had been up a month or so, we thought maybe we'd better change back. We did and we couldn't stand it."
As the years passed, their collection grew. While Mr. Bradley retained "veto power on everything," Mrs. Bradley relied on her own instincts, using neither dealers nor popular art magazines as guides. In the nine years between that 1959 article and the 1950 first purchase of the Braque, works by Pablo Picasso, Emil Nolde, Alexej von Jawlensky, Marc Chagall, Georges Rouault, Fernand Léger, and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, to name a few, were quickly added to their collection.
In his closing remarks, the author writes, "the existence of a collection affects the community it lives in by its shining evidence that beauty exists and is a thing to be cared for. That evidence is the abiding contribution of the Bradleys to art in Milwaukee." Twenty-five years after the purchase of the Braque, spurred on by a challenge grant, the Milwaukee Art Center (known today as the Milwaukee Art Museum) inaugurated the newly built Bradley Wing in 1975 to house the magnificent Bradley collection and share its legacy.
Click here to view objects from the Mrs. Harry L. Bradley Collection, including the Georges Braque.
Reference: Getlein, Frank. 1959. "Bradley Collection Built by Looking and Liking: Important Milwaukee Group of French and German Paintings was Started in 1950 With a Question: 'How Much Is That Braque in the Window?'" Milwaukee Journal. January 4, 1959.


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Homeless familes in Braintree hotel face uncertain relocation
BRAINTREE - More than 20 homeless families living at Extended Stay America hotel in Braintree are facing the reality of being relocated to another motel or a shelter in the coming months, but they don't know where they are going yet.
Massachusetts housing officials said the move was spurred by the hotel chain's decision to pull out of the state's Emergency Assistance Program in all its locations except for Danvers, forcing the state to find new shelter for more than 150 families statewide.
"They're just throwing us anywhere they can find a spot," said Corin Janey, the mother of a 2-year-old who lost a job at a local department store while she was pregnant and then became homeless more than a year ago.
A letter to the affected homeless families from the State Department of Housing and Community Development explained to families that their "placement out of Extended Stay may be to a location more than 20 miles from your home community."
Janey, who used to own a condominium in Canton, has lived at the motel in Braintree for almost a year and is worried that the state will move her to a distant or dangerous location.
Aaron Gornstein, the undersecretary of the State Office of Housing and Economic Development, said that the state is trying to find permanent housing or other shelter sites for families living at Extended Stay sites.
"The second option is to move them to a different shelter nearby, and keep their kids in same school. And if they have a job for them to be near their employment situation. But that's not always possible," said Gornstein.
Extended Stay America Hotels, whose corporate headquarters are based in North Carolina, did not return calls for comment.
Homelessness continues to be a stubborn problem in the state with rising numbers of people showing up at homeless shelters and little change in the numbers of homeless families being housed in motels paid for by the state.
At $82 a night per family, the state is spending more than $1 million a week to shelter 1,992 families in motels across Massachusetts. Last August, there were 1,710 homeless families in motels. That number peaked at 2,160 families last December.
Entries into homeless shelters shot up more than 40 percent over the last two fiscal years from 4,272 to 6,167, said Gornstein.
"We're employing as many strategies as we possibly can, but we are still facing a high demand for emergency shelter," added Gornstein. "Some families are still struggling. We are seeing large increases of eviction. Rents are going up, and there are families who are doubled up in homes."
Massachusetts is the only state in the U.S. that mandates shelter as a right, but some other municipalities, such as New York City, also have similar laws to shelter the homeless.
Reach Chris Burrell at email@example.com or follow on Twitter @Burrell_Ledger


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Calbuzz is happy to see the "national media" weigh in on California politics, and we're always pleased to chat with our colleagues from DC and NYC when they're gathering string and trying to figure out the lay of the land. But when they screw it up – especially after they've spoken with us – we find it annoying.
Thus it was with the Wall Street Journal's "California GOP Pins Hopes on Ex-CEOs" — which was thrown together mid-week, on-the-fly and then, we're told, slashed before making print.
By writing that "many in the party are pegging their hopes on two former corporate chief executives: Meg Whitman and Carly Fiorina," reporter Jim Carlton gave the WSJ headline writers free rein to suggest Meg and Carly are the great hopes for the future of the California GOP. This is exactly the story eMeg and Hurricane Carly wanted to spin and — in our humble opinion — puts the cart way before the horse. Maybe that's the story Carlton's editors wanted, but we're not convinced that it reflects what we sometimes refer to as "actual reality."
What's the evidence, for example, for the assertion that "The star power of both CEOs is likely to give them some momentum."? Clearly the WSJ didn't check the clips for the March Field Poll in which 17% of Republicans had a favorable view of Whitman, 11% unfavorable and 72% no opinion. Fiorina's standing was 24% favorable, 17% unfavorable and 59% no opinion — also among Republicans. That's not momentum or star power. To suggest otherwise is to swallow the swill peddled by Whitman and Fiorina spinners.
And here's a neat writing trick: the piece posed "political observers" who say Meg and Carly's business credentials could be helpful to them (on one side) versus (on the other side) "Democratic strategists" who say they come from a reviled class of CEOs. That's a loaded match-up — positing neutral observers against partisans.
Especially since at least one neutral "political observer" the WSJ talked to (we name no names) made the point that being a business leader in this economic and political climate is a tremendous deficit for any candidate, Republican or Democrat. Also, eMeg and Hurricane Carly are from the same party as the governor whose approval rating is about 30% at a time when about 80% of voters say the state is on the wrong track.
And what, exactly, did this add to the conversation that it would qualify as a kicker quote?
"Whoever our candidates are," says Mike Villines, former Republican leader in the Democrat-dominated state Assembly, "the key for Republicans in the state is definitely focused on winning."
Why does any of this matter? Because unless reporters get it right, their clips create a body of "information" upon which more stories are built, getting it more and more wrong. There is no big flashing red light that pops up when the next reporter from out of town does a Google search on the California governor's race. Up pops the WSJ story, with all its misstatements and misjudgments. This in turn can affect fundraising and momentum in the race itself. Thus, the spin works even if it doesn't reflect "actual reality." And this pisses off Calbuzz.
Late breaking P.S. (8:53 a.m.) The Journal this morning published this correction of the Carlton piece: "Carly Fiorina, the former Hewlett-Packard Co. chairman and chief executive who is exploring a run for the U.S. Senate in California, is pro-life on the abortion issue. A Saturday U.S. News article misstated her position as pro-choice."
Back on the home front: Debra Saunders, our old pal who spins her own view at the Chron, would normally lean toward eMeg and Hurricane Carly, but you gotta give her big credit for taking them to task for being lousy citizens in her piece asking: "How do you run for California's top political offices when you often have failed to vote yourself and have no political experience?"
He really IS a twit: Sam Stein and Ryan Grin have a first-rate takedown on Kent Conrad, Calbuzz's least favorite U.S. Senator and the guy whose winning total in his last re-election wouldn't be enough to get a seat on the L.A. Community College Board.
While Conrad loves to portray himself as some kind of deficit hawk hero on government spending, the Huffbloggers nail him for 1) opposing fiercely Obama's bid to cut $10 billion in wasteful agriculture subsidies whose beneficiaries include constituents of Conrad's, who get paid for not growing crops and; 2) enjoying nearly two million other reasons to fight against a public option and on behalf of private insurers to keep the health care status quo:
"Beyond ideology or pragmatism, however, the North Dakota Democrat has a pocketful of other reasons to oppose a public option. Despite being from a state where campaigns cost a relative pittance, Conrad has found himself the recipient of largess from a host of private actors with interests in the health care debate. Over the course of his career he has received more than $828,000 from insurance companies, $610,000 from health professionals, and $255,000 from pharmaceutical and health product companies, according to the Center for Responsive Politics."
This is the guy who is one-sixth of the Senate Finance Committee that's holding health care reform hostage. Hailing from such politically important places as North Dakota, Montana and Maine, the six-pack deciding the future of America's medical treatment collectively represent 2.77 percent of the U.S.population. Sheesh.
Prince Gavin gets good ink: It was a good media week for wannabe governor Gavin Newsom, who got a whole bushel of huzzahs from a trio of UC Berkeley eggheads, who've studied San Francisco's universal health care program and gave it high marks in a NYT op-ed.
While it's always nice to have the chrome domes on your side, we expect Newsom and chief henchman Garry South were even more thrilled at the major props thrown his way on health care by our blogging colleagues at the AFL-CIO.
On the other hand, those polls by Jim Moore and David Binder, reported in the Chronicle, where Newsom is losing within San Francisco to Crusty the General Jerry Brown: OY! At least former SF Mayor Dianne Feinstein had a base in her home town when she set out to win the Democratic nomination for governor back in 1990.
Big picture guy: Nice work by New America Foundation scholar and sometime Calbuzzer Mark Paul, who has a first-rate, big picture takeout on the collapse of California in the new issue of The American Interest. Paul covers a lot of familiar ground with clarity and punch, and adds an intriguing new element to the debate about the awful woes of the Golden State:
"California is no longer a state of arrival. Population growth by natural increase now outpaces migration by three to one. Californians, especially the native born and the young, are less likely to migrate than the residents of all but three other states. By the time today's California youth reach middle age, native-born Californians will make up the state's majority for the first time in its history…Middle Americans who once thought of 'California' as a byword for 'opportunity' now see it as a signal of dysfunction."
As the late great Omar Devone Little would say, "In-deed."
Hold the parade: While Laura Ling and Euna Lee have been celebrated in the U.S. as journalistic heroes since their release from North Korea, there's a group of human rights advocates, bloggers and Christian pastors in South Korea who aren't exactly feeling the same way.
The Times reports that a number of human rights and religious workers trying to help North Korean refugees, the story Ling and Lee were trying to cover when they were arrested, say the pair "needlessly endangered the very people they tried to cover, North Korean refugees and the activists who help them."
South Korean blogger Joo Sung-ha, a North Korean defector who works in Seoul as a newspaper reporter, "berated the American reporters, urging them to 'shed their martyrdom image.' In a separate interview, Mr. Joo said he was also 'disgusted' by the way 'some American media are giving them some kind of hero's welcome home.'"
Since their return," he added, 'they haven't said a peep about the fate of the people they have endangered, though unintentionally.'" So much for happy endings.


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"Escape From Planet Earth"-producer Rainmaker Entertainment has paired up with Blockade Entertainment to adapt the Insomniac Games franchise "Ratchet & Clank" into a 3D-animated film. Goal is to release the film early 2015.
The Ratchet and Clank characters were first introduced in 2002, with the games quickly becoming a successful series exclusive to Sony's PlayStation consoles. They've sold 26 million copies worldwide. Most recent installment, "Ratchet & Clank: Full Frontal Assault," was released in late 2012.
Games focus on two unlikely heroes as they struggle to stop a vile alien named Chairman Drek from destroying every planet in the Solana Galaxy. Ratchet is the last of his kind, a foolhardy "lombax" who has grown up alone on a backwater planet with no family of his own, while Clank is a pint-sized robot with more brains than brawn.
Jericca Cleland will direct the "Ratchet & Clank" film based on a script by TJ Fixman, who also is a senior writer for Insomniac Games, and aims to maintain the game's signature dialogue and irreverent humor.
Rainmaker will produce the animation at its Vancouver studio.
Key talent from "Ratchet & Clank" will be featured in the film, including James A. Taylor, David Kaye and Jim Ward, who voice the Ratchet, Clank and Qwark characters.
"We wanted to keep the voices consistent," said Blockade CEO Brad Foxhoven, who serves as a producer on the film with company VP of development David Wohl.
Rainmaker president Michael Hefferon serves as executive producer, with toon studio's Kim Dent Wilder and Kylie Ellis on board as supervising producer and producer, respectively.
" 'Ratchet & Clank' is a world-renowned video game franchise that appeals to a broad audience," Foxhoven said. "By working closely with SCEA and Insomniac, we will remain true to the game's expansive mythology while also creating a story that will capture the imagination of those who will be new to this incredible world."
Producers secured the film rights from Sony Computer Entertainment America, and franchise developer Insomniac who see the film as a way to generate interest in the 10-year-old series from a new fanbase that may not be familiar with the property.
"It's meant for a mass audience and not just those who know the franchise," Foxhoven said, with the film serving "almost like an origin story of sorts," revolving around "how (the characters) came together."
Added Hefferon: "You don't' want to alienate the core people that made this franchise so successful, but at the end of the day, the game itself is irrelevant. It's all about what you're seeing on that screen. It's about going to see a fantastic animated movie."
Still the design of the characters are based on the game characters, with filmmakers working with Insomniac's vast asset library for reference, while adding new locations and characters.
"We're now translating the visuals of what worked and making them now work for the bigscreen and stereoscopic," Hefferon said.
Deal with Rainmaker and Blockade finally sets up a "Ratchet & Crank" film after the rights have been sought after by various producers over the years.
"We've always thought 'Ratchet & Clank' would be a fantastic all-ages movie and are thrilled our intergalactic heroes will finally get their chance to shine on the big screen," said Ted Price, founder and CEO of Insomniac Games. "Insomniac is especially honored to play a hands-on role with the film's production, including the screenplay, consulting on character development and animation, and adding support to the film's marketing."
Insomniac is also behind the popular "Spyro the Dragon' and "Resistance" franchises, and will next release actioner "Fuse," formerly "Overstrike," on May 28.
The budget of the "Ratchet & Clank" film is not being disclosed, but Rainmaker produced "Escape From Planet Earth" for around $40 million.
The companies arranged co-financing by Film Financial Services and includes Rainmaker as the lead investor along with China's CNHK, part of the Wanda family of companies.
"Escape From Planet Earth" released Feb. 15 by the Weinstein Co., was Rainmaker's first feature and earned $60 million worldwide at the box office.
In addition to "Ratchet & Clank," Blockade is also producing "Heavenly Sword," a CG-animated film based on the videogame that will be distributed direct-to-homevideo.


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Le Courrier du Rio-Grande (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 1, No. 239, Ed. 1 Thursday, November 8, 1866
Description: Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.
Date: November 8, 1866
Item Type: Refine your search to only Newspaper
Partner: The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History