The impact of the cloud convective layer of the atmosphere of Venus on the global circulation remains unclear. The recent observations of gravity waves at the top of the cloud by the Venus Express mission provided some answers. These waves are not resolved at the scale of global circulation models (GCM); therefore, we developed an unprecedented 3‐D turbulence‐resolving large‐eddy simulations (LES) Venusian model using the Weather Research and Forecast terrestrial model. The forcing consists of three different heating rates: two radiative ones for solar and infrared and one associated with the adiabatic cooling/warming of the global circulation. The rates are extracted from the Laboratoire de Météorlogie Dynamique Venus GCM using two different cloud models. Thus, we are able to characterize the convection and associated gravity waves in function of latitude and local time. To assess the impact of the global circulation on the convective layer, we used rates from a 1‐D radiative‐convective model. The resolved layer, taking place between 1.0 × 105 and 3.8 × 104 Pa (48–53 km), is organized as polygonal closed cells of about 10 km wide with vertical wind of several meters per second. The convection emits gravity waves both above and below the convective layer leading to temperature perturbations of several tenths of kelvin with vertical wavelength between 1 and 3 km and horizontal wavelength from 1 to 10 km. The thickness of the convective layer and the amplitudes of waves are consistent with observations, though slightly underestimated. The global dynamics heating greatly modify the convective layer.


ABSTRACT This paper examines the impact of Brexit on UK financial services policy, explaining recent reforms to the domestic financial regulatory framework and assessing the prospects for future divergence from EU rules. Deploying the lens of de-Europeanisation, we show that the failure to include financial services in the final UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement necessitated major institutional changes. By contrast, there has been very limited change to date with respect to policy, while the government's ambitions for a 'Big Bang 2.0' package of regulatory reforms have been significantly scaled back. Drawing on insights from the political economy of finance, we argue that this process has been shaped by contested adaptational pressures mediated by three key variables: business unity, financial stability, and administrative capacity. The result is an emerging pattern of differentiated de-Europeanisation in financial services, ranging from intentional regulatory divergence to active alignment with EU rules.


In order to update and query XML data effectively, a new XML encoding scheme named fraction and path encoding scheme (FAPE) is proposed. FAPE makes good use of the fraction characteristic that is unlimited fractions can be inserted between any two fractions. Besides, FAPE puts information of XML nodes into corresponding tables to avoid recording the same information. The experimental results show that FAPE saves storage space and improves efficiency of querying compared with other encoding scheme.


Image segmentation is a fundamental process employed in many applications of pattern recognition, video analysis, computer vision and image understanding in order to allow further image content exp...


Developing a dependable software is a challenging problem. Dependability requirements are emphasized in the world of embedded systems that may be safety critical. This report summarizes state of the art of techniques suitable for dependable embedded software development: static type analysis, testing, simulation, formal methods. Software engineering techniques such as aspect oriented programming and generative programming are also discussed. Finally we propose a technique based on high level dynamic languages and code generation.


Fictitious actions occur frequently in China in recent years.Due to prior malicious conspiracy,the court shall never verify the truth given that a normal procedure is applied.A fictitious action changes a party of civil suit from "have to institute a proceeding" to "deliberately fabricate a proceeding",which infracts the system of civil procedure and even the whole civil law.However,there is still no widely accepted definition of fictitious action.Such current situation leads to a great deal of concerns while a congenital handicap to further discussion is on the way.This article is designed to define fictitious action from the perspective of actual analysis,need analysis,discriminating similar concepts of litigation fraud and characteristic analysis of the case,so as to limit the probing scope and offer a diverse reference to the perfection of relevant legal system.


Heritability estimates for, and genetic correlations among neck wrinkle score, body wrinkle score, breech wrinkle score and the absence of breech strike were determined on 2918 16-month hoggets from a selection experiment with South African Merinos. Data were obtained from the lamb drops of 9 years between 1998 and 2007, born as the progeny of 247 sires and 1250 dams. All progeny born until 2002 were subjected to the Modified Mules operation as lambs (n = 1799). However, due to international pressure to phase out the Mules operation, animals from 2003 onwards were not mulesed (n = 1119). During both periods, the experimental animals were maintained in single flocks (separated on sex) after weaning. Progeny were subjected to visual appraisal of wrinkle scores (range) on the neck (1–6), body (1–5) and breech (1–6) at an age of ~16 months. The occurrence of blowfly strike in the breech area (breech strike) was recorded in all animals during the wool growth period of a year from shearing as weaners. Two four-trait animal models were fitted to obtain (co)variance components and ratios from the separate datasets with neck wrinkle score; body wrinkle score, breech wrinkle score and the absence of breech strike, all defined as threshold traits. Estimates of heritability for breech wrinkle score amounted to 0.27 and 0.45 for the mulesed and unmulesed groups, respectively. The absence of breech strike on the underlying scale was also heritable for the mulesed (0.33) and unmulesed (0.46) groups; translating to heritability estimates of 0.074 and 0.157, respectively, on the observed scale. The genetic correlations of wrinkle scores with absence of breech strike were generally favourable, but significant only for neck wrinkle score (–0.57) and breech wrinkle score (–0.45) in the unmulesed group. It was concluded that South African Merino sheep would respond to selection against breech strike under conditions of adequate challenge. Based on results from unmulesed sheep, selection for plainer sheep is also expected to result in a favourable correlated response in breech strike.


This paper describes the architecture and implementation of Graphical Navigator, a system for visualizing and querying databases. The schema of a database is represented by classes and associations between the classes. Thus, a database is viewed as a labeled graph. A graphical query notation was developed to query databases. The query notation allows formulation of recursive and predicated queries. The system facilitates incremental querying by way of workspaces. The formulation, execution and incremental querying are all done in a highly interactive and visual environment.


Higher vocational counselor is the executor of student management work, having the irreplaceable position in student management. With the update of counselors working content, changes in the characteristics of college students' group, it needs more scientific, innovative working methods. In the new era, therefore, to do a good job of higher vocational college counselors is worth our study and discussion, especially the scientific innovation of new mode and new methods of the modern ideological and political education and routine work is particularly important.


The particle swarm optimization algorithm is a kind of intelligent optimization algorithm. This algorithm is prone to be fettered by the local optimization solution when the particle's velocity is small. This paper presents a novel particle swarm optimization algorithm named particle swarm optimization with reverse thinking particles which is guaranteed to converge to the global optimization solution with probability one. And we also make the global convergence analysis. Finally, two function optimizations are simulated to show that the PSORTP is better and more efficient than the PSO with inertia weights.


Spacer grid springs support fuel rods so that the rods keep the position laterally and axially in pressurized water reactor fuel assemblies. The spring load-deflection characteristic, i.e. spring force and stiffness, is needed to evaluate the rod support conditions in the case of fuel assembly manufacturing, shipping and handling. In general, the load-deflection characteristic of grid spring is obtained by mechanical test, but it takes long time to get the new designed grid specimen because the grid manufacturing process comprises strip material manufacturing, stamping die and punch preparation, heat treatment and welding, etc. Therefore the analytic method such as finite element method (FEM) is tried to predict the nonlinear load-deflection characteristic of new designed grid. The spring characteristic mechanical test is simulated with unit cell model and analyzed by FEM tool. Comparing the results between test and analysis shows that more details are needed in the modeling because the boundary conditions of the spring are very complicated and the spring material thickness is changed by the stamping process. The analysis of modified model including expanded cells and thickness changed springs is performed. Using the analytic method of the work to obtain the load-deflection characteristic of spacer grid spring is expected to be useful in the prediction of the characteristic of new designed grids.Copyright © 2009 by ASME


Abstract : The report contains the results of an effort to optimize the format and procedures for conducting a parametric fatigue analysis of Air Force aircraft on a flight-by-flight basis. Parameters which affect the environmental loads and those which affect the resulting stresses are discussed. It is suggested that flights be divided into mission segments of taxi, ascent, cruise, descent, landing, etc., to take advantage of the standard operational procedures of the Air Force. Methods of calculating and presenting the parametric damage charts for each segment are presented for both heavy bomber and cargo aircraft and for fighter aircraft. It is suggested, to obtain a reasonable accuracy, that a statistical counting accelerometer with pilot controlled print-out be installed in all fighter aircraft. Results indicate that tabular formats are preferred to graphical formats for manual solution of large volumes of flights. It is concluded that a parametric analysis can be used to calculate the fatigue damage on a flight-by-flight basis and that the required pilot log information is now available.


This paper implemented cooling configuration design on certain gas turbine HP rotor using parameterized method.It was convenient for complicated gas turbine blade modeling using parameters and also benefit for the geometry modify in later period.Parameterized modeling was the foundation of air cooling turbine blade design method engineering application.Not only mesh quality should be awarded when generated complicated cooling configuration blade grids,but also increase calculation error arose by many mesh blocks.Film cooling and serpentine passage could effectively enhance the cooling effectiveness and protect blade from high temperature damage.


Objective To investigate the relationship between the size of standardized remnant liver volume(SRLV) and post-operative liver dysfunction in patient with alveolar echinococcosis in Qinghai area.Methods Sixty-seven patients with alveolar echinococcosis who underwent liver resection from Mar.2010 to May.2014 in our hospital were included in this study.By measuring the RLV,SRLV and SRLVR,patients were grouped according to post-operative liver function,the difference of standardized remnant liver volume was compared.Then,the patients were divided into two groups according to SRLVR to compare the incidence of moderate and severe liver dysfunction.Results The patients with post-operative hepatic dysfunction and normal liver function,the SRLVR was 44% and 67%(P=0.015).In the patients of post-operative hepatic dysfunction,the patients were divided into two groups:group A(SRLVR≤50%) and group B(SRLVR50%).The incidence of moderate and severe liver dysfunction was significantly higher in group A than that in group B(76.9% vs 16.7%),the difference had statistical significant(P0.05).Conclusion SRLVR is a factor of influencing post-operative liver dysfunction with alveolar echinococcosis,SRLVR ≤ 50% makes the incidence of moderate and severe liver dysfunction significantly higher.


This chapter discusses the classic heritage tensions and challenges that are linked to the proposed reconstruction of the Bamiyan Buddha statues. Arguing that the most fundamental question is not how but why they should be reconstructed, the reasoning formulated around three core aspects are considered. The first is about authenticity. Classical examples of how reconstructions articulate with authenticity are outlined as a background to the recently softening up of the concept and to argue that understanding authenticity as a malleable and discursive quality could provide inspirational for the reconstruction of the Buddha statues. The second concern relates to political and socio-economic aspects arguing that the reconstruction efforts are essentially political as the destruction and reconstruction are conceptually interconnected with the latter lending support for competing national/regional historiographies. This calls for foresight and carefulness in decision making. As regards the third aspect, the role of the local residents, the chapter points to the tendency of systematic neglect of local residents in terms of meaningful engagement, and some of the ways this manifests itself. It also argues that it is not enough that all agree that this is regretful, we need to work on methods aiming at more meaningful and sustainable involvement.


In a recent work from the ALICE collaboration an excess of relatively soft dilepton pairs was reported in p+p collisions at 13 TeV. In the report no satisfactory explanation was found via standard bremsstrahlung computations. In this letter, anomalous dilepton pairs are produced nonperturbatively from the back-reaction of the vacuum to a qq̄ pair, travelling back-to-back. The dilepton spectrum is computed by folding this rate with the cross-section for the process p+p→ qq̄, which was computed using the framework of the Color Glass Condensate Effective Field Theory (CGC EFT) in the k⊥-factorized limit. The resulting spectra is compatible within uncertainties with the data, and moreover, provides exciting insight into the non-perturbative phenomena that ultra-soft electromagnetic radiation can probe.


High-throughput, automated DNA-sequencing techniques have provided deeper understanding of the incredibly complex, largely uncultivatable microbiota populating the mammalian gastrointestinal tract in concentrations that outnumber mammalian cells by 10-fold (1–3). These molecular techniques identify component bacterial species by sequencing PCR-amplified products of primers that target highly conserved regions of the 16S rDNA subunit gene. Variation in these sequences is then used to phylogenetically represent genera and species (4). Alternatively, directly sequencing DNA of stool, luminal samples, or mucosal specimens can provide a metagenomic analysis of the structure and function of microbial communities and their interactions with the habitats that they occupy (Committee on Metagenomics, 2007) (4, 5). Meta genomic studies have led to the concept of a "superorganism" whose genome and metabolism are mutalistic aggregates of microbial and host components (6). Molecular analysis of fecal and mucosal samples have increased culture-based estimates of 200–300 individual colonic bacterial species to as high as 1,800 genera and 15,000–36,000 species (7). This remarkable diversity of intestinal bacteria is confined largely (99%) to 4 phyla: Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, with the dominant Firmicutes (64% of mucosally associated colonic species) primarily composed of Clostridium XIVa and IV groups (7). Key advances in recognizing the impact of intestinal microbiota on human diseases were provided by recent observations that the relative proportions of these phyla are altered in obesity (3), inflammatory bowel diseases (7), and experimental type 1 diabetes (8). Expansion of Firmicutes and contraction of Bacteroidetes occurs in obesity (3, 5), whereas diabetic mice have a reduced Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (8) and a subset of Crohn disease patients and ulcerative colitis exhibit impressive contraction of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes with concomitant relative expansion of Proteobacteria (7). Functional relevance of these observations is provided by the onset of fat accumulation and weight gain in germ-free lean mice colonized with fecal microbiota of obese mice (5) and attenuated diabetes in NOD murine recipients colonized with bacteria from nondiabetic mice (8). A number of investigators have reported decreased diversity of fecal microbiota in human Crohn disease (9), with specific decreases in the Clostridium XIVa and IV groups, including the Clostridium leptum group (7, 10). Further analysis demonstrated a selective decrease in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, a predominant member of the C. leptum group, in mucosal biopsies of Crohn disease patients (11). In this issue of PNAS, these observations have been extended by Sokol et al. (12), who report that a low population of mucosally associated F. prausnitzii at the time of ileal resection predicts recurrence of Crohn disease, that a secreted product of this bacterial species exhibited immunomodulatory activity in vitro, and that oral administration of this organism or its supernatant reduced severity of acute experimental colitis in mice.


The preconcentration and determination of trace elements in water samples were studied by a solvent sublation utilizing dithizonate complexation. After metal dithizonates were formed, trace amounts of cadmium, cobalt, copper and lead were floated and extracted into small volume of a water-immiscible organic solvent on the surface of sample solution and determined in the solvent directly by GF-AAS. Several experimental conditions as formation condition of metal-dithizonate complexes, pH of solution, amount of dithizone, stirring time, the type and amount of surfactants, N2 bubbling rate and so on were optimized for the complete formation and effective flotation of the complexes. And also four kinds of light solvents were compared each other to extract the floated complexes, effectively. After the pH was adjusted to 4.0 with 5 M HNO3, 8.0 mL of 0.05% acetone solution of dithizone was added to 1.00 L water sample. The dithizonate complexes were flotated and extracted into the upper methyl isobutylketone (MIBK) layer by the addition of 2.0 mL 0.2% ethanolic sodium lauryl sulfate solution and with the aid of small nitrogen gas bubbles. And this solvent sublation method was applied to the analysis of real water samples and good results of more than 85% recoveries were obtained in spiked samples.


Orthogonal multiwavelet packets are based on several scaling functions and several wavelets. They allow properties like regularity, orthogonality and symmetry being impossible in the single wavelet case. In this paper, we establish a complete characterization of multiwavelet packets for arbitrary dilation matrices by means of basic equations in Fourier domain.


Autonomy inheres in concepts of federalism, and most comparative measures of federalism attempt to capture variation in this autonomy among countries. We propose a new concept and measure of federalism based on the formal rules governing the autonomy of constituent units to design local political institutions. Specifically, we analyze the openness of subnational party systems to new contenders. The key dimensions of openness we identify include rules governing party formation, the maintenance of a valid party registry and access to public funding. We compare three critical cases: Mexico, Brazil, and the United States. The first section of the paper introduces our conceptualization of institutional congruence and explains our measure of how open or closed local party systems are. In a second step, we introduce a new dataset, which allows us to identify empirically how open or closed state-level party systems are. We apply our measure to electoral codes from all 32 Mexican, 27 Brazilian and the 50 U.S. states. Our analysis shows that there is considerable intra- and inter-country variation with regard to the degree of party system openness. We build on the subnational data to examine congruence in rules across levels. While the rules governing party formation in Brazil are highly congruent (i.e., uniform), Mexico and the US grant constituent units considerable leeway with regard to the design of subnational institutions. The third section of the paper examines the implications of this variation for our understanding of party politics and comparative federalism. The rank order of subnational autonomy produced by our measure differs considerably from other commonly used indicators, such as subnational revenue or expenditure. Contrary to conventional perceptions of Brazil as a highly decentralized country, for instance, we find higher levels of institutional congruence in Brazil than in our other two cases. Our analysis therefore challenges commonly held notions about the degree of decentralization in these three federations. By conceptualizing and measuring state-to-state differences in party systems, we demonstrate the analytic costs of ignoring territorial variation in the rules governing party politics. In light of recent concerns about the emergence and consolidation of subnational authoritarian enclaves, our analysis offers a richer empirical account of the 'federal pact' than previous measurements.


The operation of the regional logistics network is often interrupted by emergencies such as rainstorms and earthquakes, especially the COVID-19 pandemic in recent years. Therefore, it is particularly important to improve the toughness of the regional logistics network to resist the risk of emergencies. This paper firstly constructed a multi-layered weighted regional logistics network of highways and railways in the central region of China based on the gravity model, analyzed its network structure characteristics by using dominant flow and social network analysis methods, then simulated the evolution trend of network toughness under different strategies. Finally, the optimization model of logistics network structural toughness under fixed cost was proposed to explore the optimization path of network structural toughness. The results show that: (1) The economically developed cities are located in the core area of the regional logistics network, on the contrary, they are located in the edge area of the regional logistics network. (2) The network as a whole has formed a "two main and four auxiliary" distribution pattern with Zhengzhou and Wuhan as the two main cores in the north and south, and Taiyuan, Hefei, Changsha, and Nanchang as the four auxiliary cores. (3) The network has higher toughness under the node random order failure strategy than under the node specified order failure strategy, and the optimization plans improve the structural toughness of the regional logistics network by 11.68%.


A novel combline filter is proposed for cellular‐radio base stations. The Q‐factor is significantly improved. The eigenvalue equation is expressed with the single‐team approximation in the gap region of the combline resonator. A two‐pole combline filter is designed. The calculation, simulation, and experiment results are presented and are in good agreement. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2006.


Forensic accounting is the investigation of fraud or financial manipulation by performing extremely detailed research and analysis of financial information. Forensic accounting information is the output of the investigative arm of accounting aimed at producing information that helps to resolve complaint, statement of claim, rumour, and inquiry or to reduce the financial element of legal debate. This is a precious tool for finding out the fraud committed. All the necessary details are summarized in the financial statement, and the analysis of these statements can help a forensic accountant to figure out the scam. As mentioned, the presence of fraudulent activity is just one of the possible explanations. For an auditor, rejecting the hypothesis means that additional work needs to be completed in order to determine whether fraud is present or not. It serves as red flag to auditors. It is concluded that Benford's analysis, when used correctly, is a useful tool for identifying suspect financial statement for further analysis.


Italy.-ABSTRACT The physical properties of the galactic and extragalactic photodissociation regions, warm gas components molecular clouds are, generally, derived through the far-infrared (FIR) fine structure and submillimeter line emissions arising out of these regions. In the theoretical studies of these lines the model of Tielens and HoUenbach (herein after referred as TH) are usually employed in which all the opacity is assumed local in escape probability formalism and inward directed photons do not escape. These assumptions are contrary to the observational facts, where most of the lines are found optically thin except OI(63/im) and low rotational transitions of CO and some other molecules. The optically thin medium will allow the radiation to escape through any face of the region. These observational evidences led us to assume finite parallel plane slab, instead of semi-infinite parallel siab, in which the photons are allowed to escape from both the surfaces (back and front). In the present study an attempt has been made to incorporate the two sided escape of photons from the PDRs and to study its effect on the FIR and submillimeter line emission from the PDRs/motecular clouds. Further the present formalism is also employed to study the clumpy PDRs/molecular clouds. The preliminary results show that no serious consequences are found on the thermal and chernica! structure of the regions but individual line emissions are modified by differing factors. Particularly at low density and low kinetic temperture the change is substantial but at density greater than the critical density of the line and temperature close to the excitation temperature its effect is almost negligible. An attempt has also been made to study the physical conditions of the M17 region employing the present formalism.


1.Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada 2.Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada 3.SickKids Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada 4.Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada 5.Stollery Children's Hospital, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada


Abstract Poster session 2, September 22, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PM Background and objective Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) virus has been associated with increased secondary bacterial and fungal infections. A few centers from India have reported a high number of cases of COVID-associated mucormycosis (CAM). Depending on the anatomical site of infection, mucromycosis is classified as rhino-orbito-cerebral, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, renal, and disseminated mucromycosis. Several risk factors such as uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, hematologic malignancies, renal disease, organ transplant, and corticosteroid therapy administered for COVID-19 are implicated in CAM. In this study, we report a case series of CAM, presenting its prevalence, clinical features, risk factors, etiological agents, site of infection, and outcomes in a single center. Methods A retrospective data analysis of all proven mucormycosis cases among COVID-19 infected patients from September 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020, was carried out after approval from the institutional ethics committee. All proven cases of mucormycosis (either by culture from sterile site or histopathology), along with compatible clinical and radiological findings, in patients with positive real-time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2 within 2 months of the diagnosis of mucormycosis were included in the study. All patients received treatment for COVID-19 and mucormycosis as per the institutional protocol. Data was collected in a predefined case-record form developed for the study which included demographic characteristics, risk factors, days to the diagnosis of mucormycosis after COVID-19, site of involvement by mucormycosis along with microscopy, culture and histopathology, treatment details and outcome at 6 and 12 weeks. Results During the study period, a total of 19 patients were diagnosed with CAM. The major risk factors of the patients were type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) (n = 15, 78.9%) and steroid therapy (n = 18, 94.7%), The other co-morbidities included hypertension (n = 7, 38.8), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (n = 4, 22.2%) and chronic liver disease (n = 1, 5.2%). Rhino orbital mucromycosis (ROM) was the most common form (n = 9, 47.3%). The prevalence of CAM (as calculated by the total number of cases of CAM divided by the number of COVID-19 cases treated) was 5.47/1000 COVID patients during the study period. Majority (15, 73.6%) of the patients were successfully treated and discharged whereas three patients succumbed to infection and one left against medical advice. The mortality in this cohort (n = 4) was 21.05% as compared with 13.9% among all COVID patients (n = 9) admitted during the same time period in 2020. Conclusion Though sample size is small, the findings in our study suggest that the fatality from COVID-associated mucormycosis is high, though the risk factors remain the same. The incidence of mucormycosis was twice that in non-pandemic period. Early diagnosis is crucial as despite aggressive surgical medical therapy, mortality continues to be high.


Transportation is responsible for the development of civilizations from very old times. However road traffic accident is in a state of rise and recognized as a major socio-economic concern facing Ethiopia as the country. So, this study was conducted with an objective of assessing the traffic safety issue of Debre Berhan town on main highway which serves for the town and cross country traffic. The study followed a methodology of visual investigation of traffic accident location; and speed, traffic volume and traffic accident data collection. According to the data analysis, traffic accident in Debre Berhan was in increasing trend year to year with major accident characteristics of overturning followed by pedestrian accident. In addition, the primary causes of traffic accident in the town are investigated as speeding followed by failure to give way for pedestrian. Minibus and medium bus were responsible for more than 50% of all traffic accident recorded from all categories of vehicles. Around 50% of traffic accidents were contributed from age group of 18 – 30 years that need a primary concern; and the rates of accident on farmers are in alarming rate respect to other victims. Finally, appropriate engineering measures, police enforcement, training and education are recommended to solve the safety problems of the town. The main engineering measures for different location proposed include painted rumple strip to alarm the driver; speed limit sign provision; alternative pedestrian route; restrict parking on some locations that narrow the road and restrict passing; and others. The police enforcement may include on controlling of speeding and assuring the effectiveness of traffic law. A focus on training for young drivers seeking driving license was another recommendation in reduction of traffic accident. In addition, traffic safety education is recommended for students, public workers and farmers for significant reduction of traffic accident.


This research objective is to get empirical facts about the influence of corporate governance measured by managerial ownership, institutional ownership, audit committee, independence commissioner, and corporate size banking enterprises towards earning management. Ownership concentration measured by the biggest sum stock owned by individual or group. Corporate size measured by using natural log of total assets. Earning management measured by discretionary accruals using Modified Jones Model. Population in the research contain 120 banking enterprises listing in BEI 2008 until 2012. Data set are gained from financial statement banking enterprises in 2008-2012 period. Based on purposive sampling method, data sample set collected 24 banking enterprises. Hipothesis test use multiple regression by conducting ordinary least square analysis (OLS). Based on the analysis show that variables have positif effect towards earning management are corporate size and institutional ownership, whereas variables have negative effect towards earning management are managerial ownership, audit committee, and independence commissioner. Keywords: corporate size, corporate governance, and earning management


The article formulates, structurally outlines and considers the most important macro and microeconomic factors and tendencies that have a direct effect on functioning of production systems in Russian Federation. It also points out challenges that industrial organizations face in current period and the reasons of these challenges


Aspects of violence in human society are diverse from large-scale, all-out violences to small violences committed in familiar conventions with the abusers not knowing that they are violences. Violences in novels were mostly analyzed in relation to wars or national violences; Or, violences were often discussed in association with feminism. This paper examined some novels published in the 2000s depicting verbal violence or dealing with it as an issue. Verbal violence is a violence doing harm to a person by the means of language and divided into direct and indirect violence. Direct aspect of violence includes swearwords, ridicules, abuses, crude languages, words of gender discrimination, and sexual expressions. Indirect aspect of violence is revealed in the form of rumors disclosing and disseminating without permission a person's privacy or what has not been verified as a truth. The reasons why such verbal violence occurs are as follows: out of moral obligations aiming at preserving existing order such as paternalistic order or capitalist ideology; for solidarity of the community; and due to sentiment to receive compensation for unsatisfied desires. Verbal violence may lead to extreme results like murder or suicide and also reveals the weakness of the ideology guaranteeing its justice. Verbal violence also shows instability of the community the abusers intend to protect. Meanwhile, verbal violence cruelly committed so that the victims do not have any romantic hopes destroys illusion about life and makes the victims accept their real life. In some cases, violence becomes a means to protect one's subjecthood and existence when one"s freedom is threatened. In other words, it may be an active, positive behavior toward one"s existence, a fight for existence. However, it is rare for verbal violence to bring about such positive effects. Verbal language is the most direct method to express psychological violence and does harm to identity and self-respect of the victims. Those who are victimized by verbal violence are mentally destroyed, which is revealed as aphasia or extremely as murder or suicide. Aspects of verbal violence in novels are problematic not because of violence itself but in that they become the markers to reveal "a form of coercion hard to perceive". It is structural violence for paternalistic order or respect for others looking "abnormal". Violence should not be considered as the problem of the individuals using violent language or as deviant situations; Rather, the problem of verbal violence should be examined with a main focus on negative aspects it contains;


Cristobalite, the high-temperature phase of silica, SiO2, stable between1743 K and the melting point at 1898 K, exists in metastable form atlower temperatures. The cristobalite tetrahedral framework distorts fromcubic Fa3mBAR to tetragonal P4(1)2(1)2 symmetry at a strongly firstorder phase transition near 533 K with a latent heat of 1256 Jmol-1. Thetransition involves a large (5\%) volume discontinuity such that singlecrystals tend to shatter. We measured the thermal evolution of thestructural order parameter of the alpha/beta-cristobalite transition andthe unit cell strain by neutron time-of-flight and X-ray Guinier powderdiffractometry. The system is well described by a single-domain approachwith only one active order parameter component, and there is no evidencefor a coupling mechanism between the six possible order parametercomponents. The transition follows a Landau free energy expansion up to


Triple-quantum magic-angle spinning (MAS) enhances the resolution of 27
Al and 23
Na NMR spectra of amphiboles, although the structural complexity of these compact materials can limit the efficiency of the method in comparison with its performance with molecular sieves. Two aluminium environments are resolved in fluor-edenite, unequivocally demonstrating the presence of some long-range Si–Al disorder. 23
Na multi-quantum (MQ)-MAS of hydro-sodian-magnesiocummingtonite (HSMC) at two temperatures demonstrates that a phase transition affects mainly site A. MQ-MAS allows the direct determination of the number of distinct sites with their quadrupolar parameters and isotropic chemical shifts. The technique is very useful for the simulation of MAS spectra.


Image denoising is an important step in the field of image processing.In order to improve the quality of the degraded images,based on wavelet threshold denoising algorithm put forward by Donoho,the theory of Wiener filtering is analyzed and a denoising method using wavelet packet transforms based on the Wiener filtering is proposed.The noisy image is processed by the correctional Wiener filtering and the noise standard deviation is calculated by the remaining signal of Wiener filter to be regarded as the threshold of wavelet packet transforms.The image is decomposed into the low frequency part and high frequency part by using wavelet packet transform and the wavelet packet tree coefficients are processed with soft threshold by using the level dependent adaptive threshold.The denoising image is acquired by using wavelet packet inverse transform.The results indicate that,the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR)gain of the proposed algorithm has reached 8.8 dB higher than denoising method on wavelet packet adaptive threshold when the noise variance is 0.01.The algorithm is more efficient in noise removal and edge reservation for all the noise images with different noise variances.


I argue, counter-intuitively, that under certain conditions many people are under some moral requirement to attempt to bring children into being (in order to raise them). There is only rarely a strict obligation to have children, but more moderate, inclining moral considerations in favour of having children, have a place in our moral world. I begin by considering a large number of arguments in favour and against the possibility of an obligation to have children. Then I examine when the weight of one set of arguments is greater. And I conclude by pointing out some general lessons from the discussion.


'One needs a reliable compass to navigate through the fog of peace' (p. xvii), Jean-Marie Guéhenno states in the prologue of this book. By sharing his personal experiences and insights as Under-Secretary General for UN peacekeeping operations, Guéhenno seeks to depict the moral dilemmas and diplomatic challenges posed by violent conflicts. He aims to contribute to the improvement of international conflict prevention and resolution by identifying and understanding past mistakes of peacekeeping operations. In this, at times very personal, recount of his role in UN peacekeeping between 2000 and 2008, Guéhenno successfully combines critical self-reflection with convincing academic rigour. Central to his argument is the view that the UN has failed to adapt to the changing realities of contemporary peacekeeping as being an essentially moral and political undertaking. His detailed accounts of the unfolding of various crises on the international stage compellingly draw a picture of the UN's paralysis stemming from internal disagreements, power plays and lack of clear strategies at times when precise mandates were most necessary. Guéhenno manages to illuminate the hidden parallels and connections that enabled – or hampered – political solutions to the crises that unfolded in Afghanistan, Iraq, Georgia, Côte d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Lebanon, Kosovo, Haiti and Syria. From disunity on the UN's response to Iraq that damaged the credibility of the Security Council to navigating the risks of either failed intervention or abstention that could enable further mass atrocities in the DRC, Guéhenno's arguments draw their persuasive power from his honest engagement with criticism and (personal) diplomatic failure. However, his accounts tend to chronicle political events in the corridors of the UN, forcing the reader to search for his argument buried in sometimes overwhelming detail. Nonetheless, his insights as deputy to Kofi Annan's UN Envoy to Syria, negotiating between government and rebel forces in 2012, most compellingly illustrate the reasons for failure and provide a rare glimpse of the dilemmas peacekeepers face on the ground. The book speaks to those involved in the field of peacekeeping, academics and practitioners alike, as it illuminates the negative pressures that globalisation inflicts on contemporary states, societies and international institutions. Without a doubt, Guéhenno's ability to draw parallels between fundamentally different conflicts and their impact on the UN as an intergovernmental institution are a most valuable contribution to understanding the failures and successes of contemporary peacekeeping.


What if Voltaire has been right and we live in the worst of all possible worlds? Voltaire's "amen" would nail the theodicy coffin of Leibnitz's "amen." But what if both "amens" get absorbed by an objectless hope in possible worlds? You and I live with hopes for something. If G-d is not an object in the world, G-d must be impossible. This speculatively militant deduction inverts Schelling's inverted or "reversed god" (2006, 54) against his spiritualized intensity of radical evil. Schelling's "in order that there be no evil, there would have to be no God" (2006, 66) intones "amen" to a preferred post-evil condition. Naming something as morally evil should become impossible if we have always already lived in a postgod condition. In our one and only world, nobody and nothing would need forgiveness for concrete hopes.


Water recycling and reuse of adequate treated wastewater can be considered as supplementary water resources and an alternative for irrigation, particularly in the arid and semi-arid countries for improving the fertility of the sandy soi1and to fulfill the Millennium Development Goals. In Egypt, sewage irrigation farms are only allowed for irrigating woody trees. In the present study very limited experimental area in this experimental farm was planted with Citrus fruits for a short period. This work aims to investigate the distribution pattern of heavy metals in the different parts of citrus trees. Monthly samples of different types of irrigation water (treated wastewater, groundwater, and fresh canal water) were collected. Both physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal concentration were evaluated. Different citrus plant samples and fruits from three different species of citrus trees were collected from the sewage farm as well as the farms irrigated with groundwater and Canal water. All citrus tree samples were partitioned into: leaves, stem and citrus fruit. The fruits were divided to the outer crust, and squeezed juice. The results showed that the level of metals in treated wastewater was within the permissible limits; however the citrus trees irrigated by this water were the highest in metals accumulation. One important notice is that the toxic metals including Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr in all cases were at the lowest and/or below detection limit, particularly, in the citrus juice. The outer crust of the citrus fruits contained the second lowest level of all metal. Thus, the citrus fruits showed no accumulation of heavy metals. This could be explained by the fact that heavy metals were up taken by the roots and only smaller fractions were trans-located to the other parts of the tree. The essential nutrient metals including Fe, Mn, and Zn were accumulated mostly by leaves and stems. It was concluded that heavy metal accumulated differently according to the plant species, and the part of the tree and fruit. Such fluctuations are governed by the irrigating water, pH of the soil, plant uptake and/or water-soil-to-plant transfer factors. Other factors include temperature, moisture, organic matter, phosphorous content and the availability of the other nutrient elements and/or water-soil-to-plant transfer factors. The present experimental study showed that the primary treated wastewater should not be used for irrigating any edible plant.


To meet the requirement of experiment equipments management in the practice center,the no paper resource management system is developed.This system is simple operating,friendly interface,flexible,applicable and safety.


It is the first to use the tilt helical vane to design the drum of the coal_winning machine,which breaks through the traditional drum design ways of the coal_winning machine.The mathematic mold is founded in space analytic theory.The structure analyses and coal flow analyses of the tilt helical vane drum and the helical vane drum make clear that the loading capability of the tilt helical vane drum is larger than that of the helical vane drum.


Based on analysing factors resulting in the error from scanline survey on joint trace lengths,the actual process of scanline survey was simulated by the computer.The results show that,except the well known factors resulting in the error from scanline survey on joint trace lengths,the probability density distribution of joint size also influences the precision of scanline survey of joint trace lengths.


The study is accompanied in northern Ethiopian basement rocks, Finarwa area and its surrounding areas, south eastern Tigray. The objective of the study is to amendment field geology, mineralogy, and geochemical characteristics to deliberate about the gold and base metal mineral potential investigations. From the field observations the geology of the area haven been described and mapped based on mineral composition, texture, structure and colour of both fresh and weather rocks.The ore mineral under microscope are commonly base metal sulphides pyrrhotite, Chalcopyrite, pentilandite occurring in variable proportions. Galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite and gold mineral are hosted in quartz vein. The base metal sulfides occur as disseminated, vein filling and replacement. Geochemical analyses result from inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) indicates the threshold of geochemical anomalies is directly related to the identification of mineralization information. From samples stream sediment samples and the soil samples indicated that the most promising mineralization occur in the prospect area are gold(Au), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). This is also supported by the abundance of chalcopyrite and sphalerite in some highly altered samples. The stream sediment geochemical survey data shows relatively higher values for zinc compared to Pb and Cu. The moderate concentration of the base metals in some of the samples indicates availability base metal mineralization in the study area requiring further investigation. In addition the sulphide concentrations in the research area are related to different stages of mineralization and are controlled both by structures and lithology. They are well established in the slate-phyllite and metavolcanics along the shear zones and faults as disseminated and vein filling. The rock and soil geochemistry shows significant concentration of gold with maximum value of 0.33ppm and 0.97 ppm in the south western part of the study area.


In this article, we give a Galois-theoretic characterization of the canonical theta structure. The Galois property of the canonical theta structure translates into certain p-adic theta relations which are satisfied by the canonical theta null point of the canonical lift. As an application, we prove some 2-adic theta identities which describe the set of canonical theta null points of the canonical lifts of ordinary abelian varieties in characteristic 2. The latter theta relations are suitable for explicit canonical lifting. Using the theory of canonical theta null points, we are able to give a theoretical foundation to Mestre's point counting algorithm which is based on the computation of the generalized arithmetic geometric mean sequence.


Human and AI are increasingly interacting and collaborating to accomplish various complex tasks in the context of diverse application domains (e.g., healthcare, transportation, and creative design). Two dynamic, learning entities (AI and human) have distinct mental model, expertise, and ability; such fundamental difference/mismatch offers opportunities for bringing new perspectives to achieve better results. However, this mismatch can cause unexpected failure and result in serious consequences. While recent research has paid much attention to enhancing interpretability or explainability to allow machine to explain how it makes a decision for supporting humans, this research argues that there is urging the need for both human and AI should develop specific, corresponding ability to interact and collaborate with each other to form a human-AI team to accomplish superior results. This research introduces a conceptual framework called "Co-Learning," in which people can learn with/from and grow with AI partners over time. We characterize three key concepts of co-learning: "mutual understanding," "mutual benefits," and "mutual growth" for facilitating human-AI collaboration on complex problem solving. We will present proof-of-concepts to investigate whether and how our approach can help human-AI team to understand and benefit each other, and ultimately improve productivity and creativity on creative problem domains. The insights will contribute to the design of Human-AI collaboration.


Hispanic and Latino communities have been making invaluable contributions to the development of the Crescent City since the late 1790s when the Spanish rebuilt the French Quarter. That tradition continues in the present day, with the arrival of Central American and Mexican workers in 2005 to help with reconstruction efforts postKatrina, but they are nonetheless often left out of the narrative on New Orleans history. Andrew Sluyter and co-editors join scholars like Julie Weise and Rebecca Scott to fill this gap by exploring the cultural, political, and economic connections between New Orleans and Latin America. This book offers a comprehensive survey, linking four centuries of transnational processes that extend beyond Latin America and the Caribbean, to demonstrate how New Orleans came to be celebrated as "the Gateway to Latin America."


AbstractNearly all soils are comprised of mixtures of coarse and fine particles. Behavior under mechanical and thermal loading of soil is strongly influenced, and in some cases governed, by the ratio of coarse to fine particles. A better understanding of the fundamental behavior of soil mixtures will provide insight to design decisions for new and emerging geotechnologies. In this work, behavioral threshold fines fractions were identified by experimental methods, where the threshold was defined as the point where changes in the coarse/fine mixture ratio result in abrupt behavior changes. Binary mixtures of sand and kaolinite clay ranging from 0 to 100% fines content were subjected to consistency and undrained shear strength testing with the fall-cone apparatus, compressibility tests using an oedometric cell, thermal conductivity tests with a thermal needle probe, and stress-strain-strength testing in undrained triaxial shear. Results indicate that behavioral thresholds exist at a critical fines content wh...


New technologies are playing an increasingly important part in shaping the development of city transport and the wider built environment. Relatively little attention has, however, been given to how the technologies evolve in social and political terms, so that the public are not just seen as the passive receivers of new technology. Technological transitions are not only about the technology, but also about the social and political implications of innovation and how people respond to the new mobility. Participatory exchange and the policy process are essential parts of that approach. This paper explores the dynamics of how a technological innovation failed as a niche-innovation in terms of the socio-technical transitions framework. It uses the case study of the Mobike dockless bicycle hire scheme in Manchester to illustrate the reasons for failure. These included poor participatory practice in the earlier stages of the scheme, together with the inability of the innovator to respond appropriately through participatory exchange, including the direct participation of the public through the technology, in the implementation stage.


Introduction/Summary In the design of a data compressor one of the basic problems is error due to the use of a finite number of bits in calculating various parameters. This is error due to truncation (or round off) after a set number of bits to the right of the binary point. Another error that could be introduced to the system is that error caused by the use of an approximate divide instead of a full divide. It is the purpose of this study to find the effect of these two errors so that (1) a judgment may be made as to how many bits to the right of the binary point are necessary, and (2) find if a double shift approximate divide may be used instead of the slower full divide.


The anti-inflammatory effects of COX/5-LOX dual inhibitor ZLJ-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were investigated.RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide(LPS) 1 μg/mL to set up the cell inflammatory model;various concentrations(3,10 and 30 μmol/L) of ZLJ-6 were administered to explore its effect on the production of NO,TNF-α and IL-6,and the expression of COX-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) in these LPS-stimulated cells.The production of inflammatory factor nitric oxide(NO),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-6(IL-6) in the supernatant was measured by Griess reagent and ELISA respectively.Western blotting was also applied to detect the expression of intracellular COX-2 and iNOS.The results showed that levels of NO,IL-6 and TNF-α in the supernatant and expression of COX-2 and iNOS were dramatically higher after LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.ZLJ-6 decreased the production of NO,TNF-α and IL-6 in a concentration-dependent manner.The expression of COX-2 and iNOS in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells were also decreased by treatment with ZLJ-6.These results indicated that ZLJ-6 can inhibit the inflammation response in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cell,which might be mediated by decreasing the production of NO,TNF-α and IL-6 and down-regulating the expression of COX-2 and iNOS.


the article deals with theoretical and practical aspects of the formation of a marketing strategy of the company. Features of the development of marketing strategy for companies. We recommended marketing strategies for businesses, depending on the structure strategy and life cycle.


A surface facing a surface on one side of an LED substrate (4) equipped with LED light sources (3), and a surface on one side of one surface (5d) of a cooling plate (5) are disposed in such a manner as to come into direct contact so as to enable thermal conduction, and the inside of the cooling plate (5) is equipped with multiple thin metal plates (5e) in such a manner that a predetermined gas is able to flow from a first direction to a second direction.


In vitro screen showed that dibenzoylhydrazines have high activity on lepidopterans.The commercial dibenzoylhydrazine compounds are mainly used for controlling pests of lepidopteran.In vivo assays based on Anopheles mosquito larvae and Helicoverpa larvae find that dibenzoylhydrazines have good effect on Anopheles mosquito larvae.Induction of the ecdysone-inducible gene hr3 in mosquito larvae and docking of halofenozide and KU-106 into the ligand-binding pocket of AgaEcR-LBD indicate that EcR in insects is the action target of dibenzoylhydrazines.


The utility model discloses a vase-type sounder, which belongs to the technical field of loudspeakers and is characterized in that the vase-type sounder comprises an electroacoustic transducer (1) and a vase (2); the electroacoustic transducer (1) is arranged at the bottom of the vase (2); and a moveable part of the electroacoustic transducer (1) is connected with a plane surface (3) protruding from the bottom surface of the vase (2). The vase is put on a plane sounding plate such as a tabletop, the moveable part of the electroacoustic transducer transmits shake signals to the plane sounding plate through the plane surface, and the plane sounding plate makes a sound. The own weight of the vase can enable the plane surface and the plane sounding plate to well achieve compression joint, so that the shake can be well transmitted, sound production effect is good, and the power of the electroacoustic transducer can be higher. The vase-type sounder combines the vase and a plane sounder, has the advantages of simple and novel structure and convenient use, and has very strong practicability and popularization value.


Provided is a lithium-air battery that can be used for a long period of time with little degradation from moisture in the air, whereby the supply of oxygen from an air-electrode collector to a porous positive electrode is not inhibited. The provided lithium-air battery comprises: an oxygen permselective film (80) that selectively passes oxygen and is difficult for water vapor to permeate; an oxygen chamber (88) that accumulates oxygen; an air-electrode collector (62) that comprises a porous material; a diffusion layer (50) that comprises a conductive material and is disposed between the air-electrode collector and a porous positive electrode; said porous positive electrode (10), which contains a conductive material and a catalytic material; a separator (30) through which it is difficult for water vapor to permeate; a nonaqueous electrolyte (40); a negative electrode (20) that releases lithium ions; and a negative-electrode collector (64). The lithium-air battery may also have a water-repellent layer.


The Montana Legislature established the Montana Experiment Station in 1893. The first ten years of its existence saw staff discontent and continued turnover, an absence of interest and financial support from the state government and a lack of strong directing leadership. In 1904, the Board of Executives of the Experiment Station asked Frederick B. Linfield, the station's Agriculturalist, to accept the position of station director. Linfield served the State of Montana and the Experiment Station for almost forty years, but it was the years before 1920 that witnessed the real substance of his contribution. During those years under Linfield's leadership, the station grew to become a sound, stable and vital research institution capable of dealing with the awesome challenges of Montana agriculture. The experiment station was able to expand at home in Bozeman, as well as to establish and maintain three research sub-stations around the state. State support for the stations went from less than five thousand dollars a year to over one-hundred thousand dollars. The total staff grew from ten members to twenty-nine at the home station alone. By 1920 Linfield and the Experiment Station were able to challenge the agricultural problems facing the state; such as, drought, insect plagues, inflationand falling grain and livestock prices. The study undertaken here is not to determine how the Experiment Station coped with the drought years and the agricultural depression, which inflicted many hard years on Montana farmers, but how the station grew from an ill-directed, poorly funded and little recognized form in 1902 to a stable,funded and recognized institution with the vision and ability in 1920 to challenge the future. STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO COPY In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at Montana State University, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree-that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by my major professor, or, in his absence, by the Director of Libraries.It is understood that any copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission.


Radiologists have a duty to report suspected child abuse and this duty is not satisfied by merely sharing these suspicions with the referring physician if that physician does not intend to follow up. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.


Recent years have witnessed an increasing pressure for students to find a job in the situation of 'Family Birth Control' and "Enrollment Expansion in Higher Education",and in particular the impact of financial crisis upon China.Accordingly,the fact that the main part of the students from one child families and that they have strong self-consciousness and self-realization demand have provided the students ideological work new requirements because the students face challenges hitherto unknown;in fact,the pressure is on the increase.Such a case has prompted us to introduce into students' ideo-logical work the "professional learning" methodologies.It is concerning this topic that the present papers aims to deal with.


There are many inevitable limitations for traditional law on the protection of ecological interests,the prevention and re-lief of ecological damages.It is the mission for environmental Law to protect the ecological interests from being damaged.In re-sponse to ecological damage,it's required to improve the environmental legislation in the risk society.Compared to traditional law which emphasizes penalties and relief afterwards,Environment Law reinforces the construction of preventive legal system,emphasizes the protection of ecological interests,tries to change the situation that ecological interests is at an weak position even easily damaged among the conflict of multiple interests,so as to prevent the ecological damages fundamentally.


Studies on time dependent polarization effects along with electrical conduction and transient charging and discharging currents were investigated in organic polymers. Accumulation of charge carriers near the electrodes or trapping in the bulk may be the basic reason of polarization of polymeric materials and dipolar orientations. Under certain conditions space charge polarization may also be contributed by additional charge carriers provided by injection from the electrodes. It has been observed experimentally that space charge relaxations and dipolar reorientation are dominant mechanisms for the observed current transients. The discharging currents are observed to be consistent with Curie-Von Schweildler Law characteristics with different slopes in short and long time regions. This further confirms that the P-F mechanism is the operative conduction mechanism.


There was a single-phase high resistance grounding fault on the outgoing line of a 110kV hydropower plant. As a result of the mismatch of protection setting values, misoperations happened outside of the main transformer protection area, which caused generator set complete power outage. This paper used RTDS to carry out simulation analysis on this fault, restored the development process of the fault and figured out the fault reason. Meanwhile, through the investigation and analysis on the configuration status of the main transformer backup protection from high voltage side and the neighborhood transformer protection of 110kV hydropower plants throughout the whole province, we concluded the irrationality of the protection configuration and proposed the solutions to it.


Taking a break between foundation and specialty training offers opportunities to gain experience and work in different areas, Abi Rimmer hears


This essay presents a general introduction of the evolution of the National Neurology Key Discipline and the great academic heritage inherited from the Capital Medical University in 50 years. The introduction emphasizes revolutionary and leap-style progresses that the National Neurology Key Discipline of Capital Medical University has made during the past decade in three major fields as follow: scientific research,clinical medicine and personnel training. The history of the National Neurology Key Discipline can be divided into three stages: from 1978 to 1988,a solid foundation was laid to make a substantial beginning; from 1988 to 1998,a quick development was realized in the crucial period; from 1998 to 2008,academic and clinical ambitions were achieved on the basis of profound accumulation and quick development. In conclusion,the National Neurology Key Discipline has made a series of achievements in the three areas of medicine,research and education,and it holds a leading position in neurology field due to the staffs' excellent performance,science-leading orientation,and clinical expertise. The National Neurology Key Discipline relies on well-known specialists,it also built a first-class medical team with three generations of the old,middle-aged and young talents,and therefore it has the capacity to provides high quality medical service for the society. The National Neurology Key Discipline attaches great importance to talent training so as to build a well-structured talent echelon,and thus sustainable development could be maintained. Since the establishment of the Capital Medical University fifty years ago,the Neurology Department of Xuanwu Hospital has developed from an unknown department to a nationwide well-known neurology department,from an average medical unit to the National Neurology Key Discipline,during the course of the development,a unique spirit of inheritance and promotion has been formed,and a distinctive academic culture has been cultivated in the department. The National Neurology Key Discipline will stride forward to a higher goal.


This article describes the effect on the efficiency of a fully aqueous dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) after the anchoring of the hydrophobic and halogen-free ionic liquid (IL) trioctylmethyl ammonium dodecanedioate (DTMA) on its titanium oxide (TiO2) photo-anode surface. In comparison with nontreated DTMA DSSCs, efficiency increments of 137% and 176% were observed when azo dye Red Reactive 2 and N3 dye were employed as sensitizers, respectively. Since <italic>V</italic>OC and <italic>I</italic>SC were increased, it was concluded that DTMA reinforced the dye-TiO2 anchoring, shifted negatively the levels of photo-anode conduction bands, improved electron injection, and reduced recombination losses.


While a considerable amount of work has focused on finding the most adequate restrictions on (i) the formal structure of natural languages and (ii) the relation between formal and semantic structure, less work has focused on clarifying how to restrict the semantic structure of natural languages. In order to know how to restrict semantic structure, it is necessary to know why one would want to restrict it. To sharpen this issue, I will discuss what is often taken to be one of the most important reasons for postulating compositionality, namely the explanation of successful communication by means of novel expressions. However, as it turns out, what the explanation of this requires is not actually compositionality itself (at least not as it is usually thought of), but a much more restrictive notion, which I formulated as hypothesis (H), namely that (i) linguistic structure is exhaustively characterised by means of a set of basic exponent-meaning pairs and a set of rules for combining exponent-meaning pairs, and that (ii) speakers and hearers use the same exponent-meaning pairs and the same rules for combining complex exponent-meaning pairs, albeit in different ways, when producing or respectively understanding a complex expression. After pointing out what I take to be some difficulties for two prominent semantic theories when viewed from the perspective of (H), I sketch some ideas for an alternative, in which (i) semantic operations access the dependencies of unsaturated entities directly by means of the dependency type, and not by means of the order in which the dependencies must be saturated, (ii) semantic composition can be formulated independently of the analysis of scope and binding, and (iii) no nonlocal rules are necessary in order to map the phenostructure of meaning into the tectostructure of meaning. The structure of the paper is as follows. In section 2, I will briefly present the basic idea that the notion of Linear Context-Free Rewriting System provides an adequate restriction of syntactic structure. As for the restrictions on the relation between formal and semantic structure, a number of linguistic theories have converged around the idea that the notion of compositionality provides an adequate restriction of this relation. Section 3 argues that explanation of successful


This paper is focussed on domestic violence and its effects on children. After considering the gendered dimensions of domestic violence and some key issues associated with shame, blame and responsibility, the author considers how children's interests might be recognised in ways which do not further victimise women. An account of the common effects of exposure to domestic violence is provided. The variables of gender, class and ethnicity are also analysed in terms of their effects on children's lives. Interventions that attempt to strengthen children's resilience to such violence are emphasised with the author cautioning workers against adopting practice models which individualise and pathologise children's experiences.


Tree -ring samples were collected from six coniferous species in the western Himalayan ranges during the summer of 1984 in order to evaluate their potential for use in dendroclimatic reconstructions. Picea, Abies, and Pinus spp. had previously been collected for ring widths and densitometric analysis by Hughes and co- workers on relatively mesic subalpine sites near the Vale of Kashmir. Our results support this earlier work in that ring -width series from these habitats are relatively complacent and contain little dendroclimatic information. Density and ring widths are largely temperature -dependent. However, our sampling included Cedrus deodara and Pinus gerardiana from lower altitudes in the dry inner valleys of the Pir Panjal Range, south of Kashmir. Both species exhibit great age, high mean sensitivity and good intra- and inter - specific crossdating, and yielded chronology statistics suggestive of a drought response. We strongly recommend that they receive high priority in future tree -ring research in northwest India.


The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in the time-frequency-muscle synergies across different mechanical constraints during pedalling. Eleven experienced cyclists performed three 1-min bouts of pedalling at 90 revolutions per minute: bilateral (250 W), unilateral (125 W) and effective (250 W). Surface electromyographic (EMG) records from eleven lower-limb muscles were used to extract muscle synergies based on linear envelope (LE) or based on time-frequency features (TF). Three LE muscle synergies accounted for a mean variance accounted for (VAF) of 91.0 % ± 2.3, 90.7 % ± 2.4 and 91.6 % ± 2.4, for the bilateral, unilateral and effective pedalling tasks, respectively. When three TF muscle synergies were extracted, similar muscle groupings were obtained. The main results support the neural origin of the motor modularity.


Nanocrystalline aluminate spinels with cobalt, nickel or copper as bivalent cations have been prepared in different particle sizes using single-source heterometal alkoxides of the type [M{Al(OR)
 4
}
 2
] (M
 II
=Co, Ni, Cu; R=Pr
 i
, Bu
 t
) in a microemulsion assisted sol-gel process. The compatibility of the metal stoichiometry in the precursor molecules with respect to the spinel requirement was established by elemental, spectroscopic and single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Synthesis of CoAl
 2
O
 4
 using both single- and multi-component routes gave different results: whereas the single-source precursor approach yielded monophasic high purity spinels, phase contamination was evident in the diffractograms of ceramics obtained using a mixture of individual components. The alkoxide precursors were hydrolysed in a homogeneous dispersion of colloidal water droplets in a non-aqueous phase. The diameter of water droplets in the microemulsion can be tuned, inter alia, by varying the hydrophilic chain length of the surfactant molecules which influences the size distribution of nanoparticles in the MAl
 2
O
 4
 ceramics. This parameter is used to obtain nano-spinels with particle sizes in the range 5-45 nm and reveals a qualitative correlation between the initial droplet size and the crystallite size of the resulting spinels. The TG-DTA measurements showed the thermal decomposition to be a three step process with crystallisation of the spinel phase occurring around 900 °C. 27
Al MAS NMR spectra reveal the inverse nature of the obtained spinels. XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX, FTIR and UV-VIS spectral studies were used for characterisation of the powders.


The invention discloses a movable phone terminal with a phone book automatic updating function and a realizing method thereof, which can transmit the newest personal electric name card information for leading the movable phone terminal which receives the electric name card information and has the phone book automatic updating function to be capable of automatically memorizing the contactors in the electric name card information into the phone book thereof; one of the applications is that after the personal contact information is changed, the user of the movable phone can conveniently transmit the personal contact information after being changed into the movable phone terminals of all the contactors in the phone book thereof; another application is that after the user of the movable phone updates the personal icons or ringing sounds in the electric name card, the personal icons or the ringing sounds in the electric name card are then transmitted to the movable phone terminal; when the user of the movable phone calls the user of the target movable phone terminal, after the target movable phone terminal receives the call, the personal icons and the updated ringing sounds after being updated of a calling movable phone user memorized in the phone book are shown.


Patients with inflammatory bowel disease who undergo liver transplantation may be considered for biologic therapy, but providers should closely monitor for infections such as cholangitis and Clostridioides difficile infection. Further research in prospective registries with long-term outcomes is needed.


The present invention relates to a frame connecting structure of the LCD glass cassette (LCD-glass Cassette), More particularly it as the vertical coupling the upper and the lower frame (frame), and the support bar (support-bar) such as a rigid cassette for a flat panel liquid crystal display glass, in the frame that is the basis for the combination to give an engraved groove on the coupling side, the coupling to which frame is composed of concave grooves on both sides surfaces constituting the fitting protrusions, and meets the concave groove of the coupling frame of reference binding side, is inserted in the concave grooves on both sides again overlapping the outer side of the inner clamp and an inner fastener is secured to the fastener It was coupled with the double bond through the outer side of the fixture, to a fastening frame reinforcement structure of the LCD glass cassette assembly which enhance the clamping force.


Abstract. We proposed and demonstrated a centrally controlled and self-healing wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network with colorless optical network units (ONUs) based on optical carrier suppression technique. By switching the affected data in the OCS signal sideband to an alternate protection path, only one optical switch is provisioned at the optical line terminal, which is controlled by a logic control circuit upon monitoring of power outage on the working path. The proposed scheme can reliably protect against both distribution and feeder fiber failures. Moreover, gain-saturated reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers are used as colorless transmitters in ONUs. The protection scheme feasibility and system performances are experimentally verified with 10  Gb/s downstream and 1.25  Gb/s upstream data in both working and protection modes. The protection switching time was measured to be around 1 ms.


This paper describes a co-operative programme sponsored by TRRL which has produced heavy diesel engined articulated vehicles having considerably lower external and internal noise levels than vehicles in current operation. The other organizations involved were Fodens Limited, Rolls-Royce Motors Limited, Leyland Vehicles, MIRA, ISVR and NEL. The work was directed at reducing the noise levels from the engine, exhaust and cooling systems, tyre-road surface interaction, and the transmission of noise into the cab. The environmental background to the project and its relation to future legislation on vehicle noise is considered as well as the bases for the technical solutions evolved.


This paper addresses a wide range of issues that arise in the literature on decentralization. It examines different contexts within which decentralization occurs and variations in the content of decentralized systems. It considers the promise and limitations of decentralization - especially democratic decentralization - on a number of different fronts. It emphasises the importance of 'politics' in the operations of decentralized systems -- the political dynamics that develop among a diversity of important political actors, operating at various levels. It deals with issues connected to accountability and transparency, with the complicated record of decentralization as a force for poverty reduction and much more.


The photocatalyst SnO2-TiO2 with higher photocatalytic activity is prepared by hydrothermal method in mild condition,it's photocatalytic activity is investigated using the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B as a model reaction in sunlight.The result showed that sunlight photocatalytic activity of TiO2 increased greatly owning to doping SnO2(0.3%),and also was characterized by FI-IR,TG-DTA and XRD.


This paper deals with the design of a fuzzy controller for the stabilization of a simple inverted pendulum on the cart in the upper equilibrium. The Mamdani type fuzzy logic controller was used for this purpose. The paper is aimed at the design of the control structure based on a normalized controller with individually determined scale factors. The paper lists possible methods of calculation of the scale factors. Also, it gives a detailed description of the particular chosen method. The method bases on LQR gains and represents a key part of the proposed approach. The controller functionality was verified in offline simulation and compared with the LQR controller.


Distance education has become a very popular mode for providing education to students who would not otherwise be able to take classes. Although it has been used for lecture courses in chemistry, little is known about its relative effectiveness compared to on-site courses with regard to student performance. This study compared sections of organic chemistry in which distance education was the learning mode with sections that were taught on site. All sections were instructed in a team-teaching format. A local instructor taught the lab sections at all locations and lab reports were forwarded to the on-campus faculty via email. Surveys were prepared and administered to all sections of students for qualitative assessment. The surveys provided information on student attitudes toward distance learning as well as the corresponding lab section, team-teaching techniques, and course Web page. Exam and spatial ability scores were statistically analyzed to determine quantitative differences. The data revealed no statistically significant differences between the performance of the students learning by distance education and those in regular sections.


In a groundbreaking assault on the present state of our performing arts, Julian Meyrick examines the past, accuses the theatre of being stuck in the 1970s and calls for a national overhaul. 'Before anything else, the profession as a whole must embark on a heartfelt examination bent on answering one vital question: what on earth do we think we are doing? ... Unless we have a grasp of our root involvement in the art form, then we are taking a living artistic medium and reducing it down to a mentally-inert production line of variable product whose purpose is mere self-perpetuation.' The solution, he says, lies in the hands of practitioners. In a closely-observed argument Meyrick shows that the theatre has become hierarchical and competitive; that the once-thriving centre has been eaten away, leaving only the major institutions and the fringe. A culture cannot grow richer without a memory, he says. 'When this doesn't happen the result is stunted growth: a theatre culture which repeats itself, because it doesn't know how to manage its inheritance.' Meyrick proposes a more democratic and collaborative structure, abandoning the funding wars and developing a genuinely national strategy. He analyses why the old ways are paralysing new thought and outlines the first steps towards change.


The authors introduce a general parallelizable computational method called the splitting equilibration algorithm for solving the entire class of constrained matrix problems. The empirical performance of the algorithm is investigated on the largest quadratic constrained matrix problems reported to date using the IBM 3090-600E at the Cornell National Supercomputer Facility in a serial and in a parallel environment. The goals are to compare the relative efficiency of the splitting equilibration algorithm to both the earlier equilibration algorithm and the much-cited Bachem and Korte algorithm, (1978) and to investigate the speedups obtained with parallelization of the splitting equilibration algorithm.<<ETX>>


This essay addresses the historical and contemporary roles which trade unions have played in creating conditions necessary for democracy to flourish. Their effectiveness in fulfilling these roles is due in large measure to the organizational characteristics which make trade unions the archetypal civil society organization: democratic representation, demographic representation, financial independence, breadth of concerns and placement within society. This essay explores these aspects of the trade union movement and suggests that advocates for democracy have cause for concern in the absence of a vibrant, and independent, domestic trade union movement.


he accounting scandal is the real picture of the accounting frauds in the global world. These frauds are mostly difficult to detect through only regular accounting check or audit. This problem has not been solved until now. Enron Corporation, Lehman Brothers bankruptcy, and the wildered situation of Citigroup feel like dejavu of the Black Tuesday in 1929. Indonesia also feels the same situation. Begins with the Century Bank unsolved case to PT Ades Alfindo and PT. Indofarma problematic situation. The accounting forensic is the answer of those challenges. The "problembased" nature of the accounting forensic is hoped to be the solution for those fraud problems and to prevent those frauds to make bigger damage for the related sides. The accounting forensic is the use of accounting skill with the investigative capability to solve a problem or a fraud suspect. In this case, fraud is the deliberate mistake to gain fortune from the other party.


A model describes both of charge lose and charge multiplication when charge delivering in CCM based on Z transform,which relates to the architecture of EMCCD and the theory of CCM that using impact ionization to multiply photo-generated charge was proposed here.From transfer function of charge delivering in CCM,the amplitude-frequency response was obtained as well as its numerical values with the typical parameters of a CCM.Numerical values and experimental results show that the higher the charge multiplication ratio in CCM,the better improvement the amplitude-frequency response of CCM gets.


Critical Guidance Region (CGR) is defined as a short guidance phase before the guidance system becomes unstable. In the CGR, the dynamic relationship among missiles and intercepting scenarios will change acutely, and the guidance system characteristics can be validated thoroughly. The main object is to determine CGR in terminal guidance for proportional navigation systems. The system characteristics were first studied based on a speed-type linear kinematics and a first-order missile dynamics. Then, the CGR was defined and its specifications were established. The CGR is depends on effectiveness navigation ratio and the time-constant of missile dynamics. To improve the guidance precision, it is required that the better guidance performance must be ensured in CGR. Examples were also given to demonstrate the results.


Endovascular thrombectomy has become the standard-of-care treatment in carefully selected patients with an acute ischemic stroke due to a large-vessel occlusion of the anterior circulation. Neuroimaging plays a vital role in determining patient eligibility for thrombectomy, both in the early (0-6 hours from symptom onset) and late (>6-24 hours from symptom onset) time windows. Various neuroimaging algorithms are used to determine thrombectomy eligibility, and each algorithm must be optimized for institutional workflow. In this review, we describe common imaging modalities and recommended algorithms for the evaluation of patients for endovascular thrombectomy. We also discuss emerging patient populations that might qualify for thrombectomy in the coming years.


This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Classic Analog Filters Prototype Analog Filters Butterworth Prototype Filter Chebyshev Prototype Filter Elliptic (Cauer) Prototype Filter Prototype to Filter Conversion Other IIR Filter Forms Prony's (Pad??) Method Yule-Walker


There exist many kinds of exercise sequences to teach the fundamental contents of C programming, and each student's understanding can be affected by the sequence choice. However, in programming education today, teachers usually give same exercise problems to all students, yet often in the same order. Therefore, many students on a programming course suffer from the difference between their own levels of acquiring programming skills and the progress of the course. Some of them feel it difficult to catch up with the progress. On the other hand, students with a high aspiration toward learning are not always satisfied with the slowness of the progress. To solve this problem, the paper proposes a procedure to produce an appropriate exercise sequence, depending on the degree of understanding by the student. The exercise sequence would suit each student because its selection is based on information not only about a single student, but also about students learning in the same environment. We have developed a questionnaire for students of a C programming course. From the questionnaire results, it has been found that a student's attitude to learning is important information, as well as the degree of understanding, for selecting an appropriate exercise sequence.


The development
of atmospheric pressure plasma biomedical applications led number
of teams to develop various types of rare gas plasma jets. It's
generally thought that the plasma plume expanding in air, where
most of the reactive species are produced, just follow the rare gas
canal which is produced at the outlet of the plasma reactor capillary.
Depending on Reynolds number (i.e. capillary diameter, gas
flow rate), the rare gas flow will undergo a laminar or turbulent
regime. This directly affects the reactive species distribution at the
plasma/target interface, thus potentially having an influence on the
realized treatment. In this work, not only we demonstrate that PAPS
(Pulsed Atmospheric pressure Plasma Stream) production parameters
(frequency, capillary length) directly affect the rare gas flow
structure in addition to flow parameters mentioned above, but that
the PAPS themselves control the gas column development outside
the capillary. At low flow rate, there exists a real build up of the gas
column within the first hundred of pulses and a rapid return to initial
situation as soon as the plasma is off. This allows a very precise
modulation of plasma application. Conversely, it can lead to misinterpretations
if not taken into account properly in the treatment
protocol.
∗ANR PAMPA, APR Plasmed Region Centre, CG Loiret.


Leaky characteristic in a leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neuron is important to prevent a permanent effect on a single input stimulus in an artificial neuromorphic system as well as a biological nerve. In a proposed single-transistor-based LIF neuron (1T-neuron), band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) dominates the leaky characteristic. Three methods to control the leaky characteristic of a 1T-neuron are demonstrated in this work: controlling the relative location of the drain junction edge to a gate, tuning the gate voltage (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{G}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), and modulating body doping concentration (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${N}_{sub}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). The 1T-neuron becomes leakier with a more overlapped drain junction with the gate, decreased <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{G}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and increased <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${N}_{sub}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> by accelerating the BTBT.


In 1997, the Government of Bangladesh, through its Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE), with assistance from the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), embarked on a year-and-a-half process to develop a more systematic approach to promoting sanitation in rural areas. To this end, a social marketing agency was contracted to develop a comprehensive multimedia, multilevel communication strategy. Various communication materials were developed, including innovative marketing tools for private sector producers of low-cost sanitary rings, and slabs to generate consumer demand. DPHE and UNICEF revamped their approach to social mobilization, including instituting the use of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to facilitate field-level activities. This approach is of significance, as it signals a shift in Government strategy, and an increased recognition of the role of the private sector. Implementation of the new communication, and social mobilization strategy will begin in mid-2000.


I. INTRODUCTION Perhaps it was imprudent for me to agree, in response to the request of the symposium organizers, to address the future of disability law. Nobel Prize-winning physicist Neils Bohr supposedly once said that "[p]rediction is very difficult, especially about the future."1 Columnist and author Jim Bishop wrote, "The future is an opaque mirror. Anyone who tries to look into it sees nothing but the dim outlines of an old and worried face."2 Prognosticating is a very tricky and uncertain undertaking. I cannot pretend to have any particular gift for crystal ball gazing in disability matters. When I joined the staff of the National Council on the Handicapped in 1984, I was unsure whether it was worth the effort to push the idea of comprehensive disability nondiscrimination legislation to the predominantly conservative Council. At a meeting with the late Justin Dart who was Vice Chair of the Council, I shared my misgivings; Justin's reaction was "Bob, I don't see how we could not do it."3 We did, and, to my pleasant surprise, the Council endorsed the idea unanimously and enthusiastically, and turned out to be vigorous advocates for what became the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Again, when I had penned the first draft of the ADA in the early months of 1987, I thought it might take decades for such legislation to be enacted, if it was even introduced at all; a little less than three-and-a-half years later, the ADA was signed into law.4 Likewise, when the Education for All Handicapped Children's Act,5 the predecessor of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) was enacted in 1975, I thought that the Individualized Education Program (IEP) process spelled out in the Act would be a very positive and effective way to empower parents of children with disabilities by making them equal partners with school personnel in figuring out what particular educational program would be effective and appropriate for each child with special education needs. I never anticipated that many school districts would preempt effective parental participation by making most decisions about the IEP prior to the team meeting with parents and present the school's unilaterally devised offerings in a take-it-or-leave-it or take-it-or-hire-a-lawyer fashion, and that many districts would embrace a strategy of fighting almost all parental objections up the procedural process and into the courts. I had no idea that what appeared to be a worthwhile and promising advance in disability law would turn out to be largely ? pro forma, often meaningless exercise. And when Congress passed the Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 1975(6) with its list of "Rights of the Developmentally Disabled,"7 my immediate reaction was not to prophesy that the Supreme Court would declare the "Rights" effectively unenforceable in the courts.8 Indeed, I wrote and filed a brief amicus curiae with the Court on behalf of the National Association of Protection and Advocacy Systems and forty-five individual states' PA social science studies; federal laws; and a sizeable, growing, and somewhat muddled body of caselaw to try to create a framework for making sense of, and guiding the future development of, disability civil rights law. …


We present the results of studies of thermal expansion, heat capacity, permittivity, polarization and the influence of different thermal conditions on the intensive electrocaloric effect (ECE), ΔTAD, in a commercial multilayer capacitor based on doped BaTiO3. Investigations in a wide temperature range revealed one anomaly in the behavior of the physical properties at about 290K characteristic for the relaxors. Direct measurements showed a high reversibility of ECE under equilibrium thermal conditions. Good agreement was found between the values of ΔTAD determined by direct and indirect measurements at the electric field up to 15.4kV/cm. Quasi-isothermal conditions lead, firstly, to decrease of large ΔTAD≈0.94K obtained in adiabatic conditions under E=308kV/cm to 0.87K, and, secondly, the appearance of a difference between the values of ΔTON and ΔTOFF determined when the electric field is applied and removed. Using this phenomenon and changing the frequency of the periodic electric field, E=15.4kV/cm, the ...


The invention discloses a travel-increasing control system of a travel-increasing type electric automobile. An engine controller carries out dynamic control to the work of an oil injector and an ignition coil, and the engine controller calculates an external torque request according to a regulating torque, a reversed towing torque, a combusting torque and a target torque of an engine crankshaft of a current engine ahead of time and sends the external torque request to a travel-increasing controller. The travel-increasing controller and a generator or a motor response to the external torque request, engine rotating speed control is achieved through the balance control of the crankshaft torque, and the practical rotating speed output by the travel-increasing control system is in accordance with a target rotating speed. The travel-increasing control system of the travel-increasing type electric automobile can achieve the control to the rotating speed output by the travel-increasing control system without an electronic-control air damper, the engine can adopt a non-throttle air inlet mode, the control logic of the engine controller is simple, a single-cylinder or double-cylinder motorcycle engine controller and an economical engine controller can be used, and efficiency cost maximization can be achieved.