BACKGROUND
Standardization of the measurement of electrolyte concentrations in serum is of considerable interest for quality assurance in patient care. To promote the ongoing process of standardization we developed candidate reference measurement procedures of highest metrological order for Cl, K, Na, Ca, Mg, and Li using ICP-(ID) SFMS.

METHODS
Serum samples were diluted with 4 mmol/L nitric acid and were spiked with the internal standard for quantification, separately for each analyte. The samples were introduced in the ICP-SFMS device by continuous infusion using a peristaltic pump. The measurement results were compared with reference measurement procedure values obtained by atom absorption spectroscopy, flame emission spectroscopy, and coulometry. The measurement accuracy and precision was calculated by analyzing certified reference materials and EQAS samples.

RESULTS
The mean coefficient of variation (CV) of the ICP-MS procedures for the serum samples was 0.65% for Cl, 0.46% for K, 0.51% for Na, 0.77% for Ca, 0.78% for Mg, and 0.58% for Li. The mean bias from target values of NIST certified reference materials was +0.85% for Cl, -0.46% for K, +0.68% for Na, -0.21% for Ca, +0.27% for Mg, and -0.39% for Li.

CONCLUSIONS
Candidate reference measurement procedures for 6 electrolytes were developed by high performance magnetic sector field ICP-MS fulfilling the requirements of ISO 15193:2009 for reference measurement procedures with traceability to SI according to ISO 17511:2003 and can be used for setting target values in EQAS and for certification of reference materials.


Low temperature oxidized core-shelled magnetite is paramount important in recording geomagnetic field. To characterize the effects of transition zone between the core-shell on the magnetic properties of low temperature oxidation of magnetite, micromagnetic models of hysteresis parameters and microstructures of a multi-layer core-shelled model were systematically investigated by MERRILL (Micromagnetic Earth Related Rapid Interpreted Language Laboratory). Numerical simulations indicate that SD particles (<70 nm) remain highly uniform magnetization, but show decreasing coercivities as oxidation preceeds. For fine SV particles (80 nm to 120 nm), the hysteresis parameters respectively increase and dramatic decrease at the early and late stage of oxidation, and the micromagnetic behaviors vary significantly. Finally the hysteresis parameters of larger SV (>130) particles remain nearly unchanged during oxidation. It indicates that fine SV particles are more sensitive to oxidation, and dominate the dramatic change of experiment observation. Overall, low temperature oxidation of magnetite preferring a multi-layer coupled oxidation process from outside to interior and is capable of recording paleomagnetic signals.


A nanostructured NiO electrode was synthesized through an initial deposition of layered basic nickel acetate having a yarn-ball-shaped morphology and subsequent heat-treatment at 500°C in oxygen. A sandwich-type open cell using a NiO/C343 photocathode yielded a photocurrent density of 1.61 mA cm -2 , an open-circuit photovoltage of 113 mV, a fill factor of 0.31, and a solar energy conversion efficiency of 0.057%, reaching the highest level ever reported. A tandem solar cell was also produced together with a TiO 2 /N719 photoanode, which resulted in an increase of the open-circuit photovoltage to 0.80 V.


The three essays in this volume are each built around a different icon, genre, framing, or language game: a drasha (about iconoclashes), a language game (religious speech, religious paintings), and ethnopsychiatry. While Latour distances himself from social constructivism (as a "poor man's creationism"), he fails to recognize the challenges of religious pluralism, asserting that religious speech is not communicable or translatable, a hermetic language game of feeling and gesture. For today's world, this is insufficient.


the tongue was slightly furred, the breath-odour more intense. I forced his mouth open for a more complete examination of the fauces and palate. The back part ofthe palate was of a clear white, exactly as if it had been cauterised with nitrate of silver. WV'hen my friend, Dr. Roberts of St. Asaph, and myself, again visited him the same day and made an examination of the throat, a piece of about the size of a half-crown, and as thick as a shilling, was peeled off the palate by my finger. The surface was as white as parchment. The right tonsil was felt filling the right half of the fauces to the uvula; the left tonsil was of natural size. A considerable quantity of sero-bloody purulent matter flowed into the mouth in making the examination; it came, I think, from the right tonsil. When the coriaceouis-looking membrane was held to the light, it presented pits or depressions, the marks of the outlets of the mucous follicles. He had taken no food of any kind; the bowels had been moved; pulse 120. I ordered a mixture of quinine and chlorate of potass, and alternate injections of beef-tea and wine and eggs, should he continue to refuse to take food. The part affected was rubbed with nitrate of silver. Nov. 27th. He was moribund, comatose, and convulsed, and died on the fourth day from the onset of the attack. During the last twenty-four hours of his consciousness, he partook liberally of wine and egg and beef-tea. The power of swallowing remained easy to the last. POST-MORTEMI EXAMINATION forty-eight hours after death. The roof of the mouth was pearly white; the tongue clean. The tonguie, tonsils, pharynx, cesophbaus, and trachea, down to the bifurcation, were removed together. The right tonsil was enlarged; the surface was rugged, soft, moist, and villous, bespeckled over with black spots; it appeared to be in an incipient stage of splhacelation, rather offensive. The left tonsil was healthy. The spot on the palate where the piece of membTane came off during life was equially covered with the same coriaceous layer; the pearly white appearance on the roof of the mouth could not easily be scraped or peeled off. The surface of the pharynx and the epiglottis were covered by a membrane of the same kind, of about the thickness of a sixpence, but softer, and more easily torn from the submucous tissue, which appeared granular and inflamed. The larynx was considerably inflamed, and covered with frothy mucus, but it lost the membranaceous appearance two or three rings down. The right parotid submaxillary alnd lymphatic glands were enilarged. The lungs were healthy, as well as the other organs of the Elody. The head was not examined. My colleagues, as well as myself, agreed that the pathologicsl changes observed in the throat were not sufficient to cause death. The following were the different pathological appea)r,nees, and conclusions thereon :1. The thickenina of the episi.stial mucous layer by exudadative product gave the white parchment appearance to the mnucous membrane. 2. That desquamation of the exudative, hypertrophied, epithelial mucous layer may account for the rr;mbranaceous expectoration in these cases. 3. The coriaceous membrane had been evidently successively renewed, as the roof of the mouth, where it had been peeled off during life, wvas equally covered. 4. In some parts, as the pharynx, the submucous membrane vas bare and granular, but there was no defined ulcer, in the common acceptation of the term. 5. The right tonsil was soft, and in an incipient stage of sphacelation; hence the peculiar breath-odcur during life. REMARKS. This case pursued a most curious and insidious course. There was painless deglutition, though the tonsils were inflamed and enlarged; no cough nor difficulty of breathing thouigh the epiglottis was diseased and inflamed. What could be the reason? The most probable way of solving the question is, by taking into consideration the impaired nutrition of the parts, as well as the effect of the hypertrophied epithe. lial membrane covering the papilba in physically blunting their sensibility. How far this affection, diphtheria, is a distinct kind of zymotic disease, having for its cause and origin a different kind of blood-poison from the modified malignant scarlatina, to which, I have no doubt, it is more allied than any other disease of the order exanthemata, I have had too limited experience for a satisfactory analyses. The course, symptoms, and pathological appearances were as clearly different from scarlatina as from the rest of this order. CASE I. J. J., aged 20, dairymaid, a strong and healthy looking woman, was taken ill twenty-two days after the death of the above patient, in whose family she lived. December 18th, 1858, I visited her. She said that, on the 16th, she was taken suddenly with headache, shivering, and considerable prostration, which disabled and obliged her to go to bed. During the following night, she was exceedingly hot and thirsty; her throat became sore, and the voice so husky, that she could not be understood when speaking. She had frequent vomiting; the bowels had not been moved after several doses of castor oil. On examining the throat, I found the right tonsil enlarged, and bespeckled over with few irregular white spots (as if caustic had been applied), varying in size from a pin's head to a small ivory button; tlle mucous membrane of the palate appeared milky; the external cervical glands were puffy; the pharynx looked healthy; the voice was hoarse; pulse 90. The bowels were costive; the urine scanty; the skin hot; there was no rash. She had no pain in swallowing. I ordered hot bran poultices to be applied to the neck, and repeated the castor oil till the bowels were moved; and gave a mixture of tincture of sesquichloride of iron. She had so improved by the second day, that it was thought unnecessary for me again to visit her. REMARKS. I have no doubt the above case was one of simple modified diphtheria as regards the pathological results. The two cases fully illustrate that there are varieties of degrees and intensity of the morbific influence of diphtheritic poison, or that the latter case was abated and shortened in its course and effects by tincture of sesquichloride of iron.


In political ecology, violence is usually associated with conflicts over the control of natural resources. Up to now, political ecology has lacked a sound conceptual approach for analysing how violence that has its origin in political conflict induces environmental and social change. This article examines how the environment serves as an arena for exerting power, by using different forms of violence, affecting both ecosystems and the entitlements of the people who are dependent on natural resources. After a brief description of the role of violence in political ecology research, a conceptual framework for a political ecology of violence is laid out. In this framework, the notion of 'violent environments' introduced by Nancy Peluso and Michael Watts is blended with new approaches in livelihood research in which the political dimension of livelihood processes is emphasized. Case study material from eastern Sri Lanka, an area affected by prolonged violence and protracted conflict, is presented. This illustrates how violent struggles over environmental entitlements and the politicization of resource-based livelihoods created alternative systems of power and control over natural resources and triggered new processes of disentitlement and social vulnerability.


Rajathurai Nishanthi (2018) Language is a source of communication in human being life. Because the human maybe shares our ideas, feelings, views, and thoughts with others. Today world speaks a thousand of language, every part of in this world the speak their some local language. English is the dominant language of international communication for the entire world forespeaks; write anything. The human is written in English their need vocabulary knowledge.


This article examines the relationship President Abraham Lincoln had with members of the Jewish faith. Ever since George Washington, U.S. presidents have made inclusive gestures toward Jewish-American citizens and soldiers, but only Abraham Lincoln, whose 291st birthday we celebrated last week, ever officially intervened on their behalf. He did it twice within the span of two years. During his political career Lincoln had many Jewish associates, advisers and supporters. During the Civil War General Grant issued General Order No. 11, which is also discussed. This order was a result of Grant's perception that Jews were participating in a black market in Southern cotton, and the order required the expulsion of Jews from his "departments" of operation.


Phase equilibrium behavior of the system castor oil biodiesel + glycerol + methanol was studied to provide experimental data for the optimization of the separation downstream processes. Measurements of solubility were carried out for the ternary systems containing biodiesel derived from castor + glycerol + methanol at 298.15 K and + ethanol at (298.15 and 333.15) K. An increase of the system mutual solubility was observed with temperature. Binodal curves were determined by the cloud point using the titration method under isothermal conditions. The tie-lines for biodiesel + glycerol + methanol at 298.15 K were indirectly measured by analyzing the mixture density. The Othmer−Tobias correlation was used to ascertain the consistency of tie-line data. The results were correlated with the UNIQUAC model satisfactorily.


As a part of regenerative medicine, biomaterials are largely used in this field of nanotechnology and tissue engineering research. We have recently developed a new scaffold using electrospun nanofibers of Poly (e-caprolactone), PCL which is able to mimic the collagen extracellular matrix of cells. The aim of this study was to engineer a biological and implantable structure leading the regeneration of the tooth-bone unit. For this aim, we have cultured mouse osteoblasts embedded in a collagen gel on the nanofibrous membrane and coupled this structure with an embryonic dental germ before implantation. To follow bone and tooth regeneration, we have performed RT-PCR, histology and immunofluorescence analysis. We showed here that this leaving implantable structure represents an accurate strategy for bone-tooth unit regeneration. We report here the first demonstration of bone-tooth unit regeneration by using a strategy based on a synthetic nanostructured membrane. This electrospun membrane is manufactured by using an FDA approved polymer, PCL and functionalized with osteoblasts before incorporation of the tooth germs at ED14 (the first lower molars) to generate bone-tooth unit in vivo after implantation in mice. Our technology represents an excellent platform on which other sophisticated products could be based.


The effect of organic solvents on ethidium bromide(EB) and the complex of DNA-EB were studied by spectrofluorimetry,the mechanism of EB fluorescence enhancement in organic solvents and on binding to DNA has been investigated.From an examination of the effect of different solvents on the fluorescence intensity and fluorescent spectra of EB and DNA-EB complex,we concluded that the viscosity,polarity,hydrophobic and the capacity of capturing proton of solution play important roles in the fluorescence enhancement of EB.While the quenching of fluorescence of DNA-EB complex in large weight fraction of solvent is primarily responsible for the conformational change of DNA which exclude the EB molecules from the interior of DNA.


commentary is a first. Despite Sāyan. a's ritualistic slant, the author extracts even from him some hints helpful for her purpose. Altogether, as she modestly remarks in the conclusion, her textual analysis provides results which make the R. gvedic origins of the later Buddhist development of gandharva into the being in the intermediate state probable – I would say, more than probable. However, what the author presents is, in fact, not new. In a sweeping way all her findings and more were already dealt with or pointed out in 1945 by O. H. de A. Wijesekera in an article which is listed in her Bibliography. What she provides with respect to her strictly defined theme is, besides some perceptive translations of some portions of the hymns and Sāyan. a's commentary, detailed textual and comparative analyses and interpretation of the relevant hymns or portions of them. The pointer from the Vedas to the Tibetan Book of the Dead and the possible link between them across more then three millennia was also briefly dealt with by me in connection with a different theme in my article referred to above. This book is not one which anyone can read, only a specialist can profit from using it. Neither is it a guide to how one may read the Veda. Rather it shows how one can go about interpreting its message and find the links to subsequent living religious traditions. Karel Werner School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London


ABSTRACT Drawing from balance theory, this study examines how publics respond to CSA in terms of their identification with the company and attitude toward the company depending on their balanced state and preexisting company attitude valence. Using real companies, two online experiments were employed by replicating different social issues: abortion and gun legislation. The results showed a greater degree of consumer-company identification and company attitude changes, respectively, when people experience an imbalanced state than a balanced state. The study also showed that control mutuality perception weakened such interactions, suggesting the role of equated bilateral relationships in how publics restore the balanced state. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.


YKL‐40 is a 40 kDa secreted glycoprotein belonging to the family of 'mammalian chitinase‐like proteins', but without chitinase activity. YKL‐40 has a proliferative effect on fibroblasts, chondrocytes and synoviocytes, and chemotactic effect on endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells. Elevated YKL‐40 levels are found in serum of patients with diseases characterized by inflammation, fibrosis and tissue remodeling. Several studies have reported that high serum YKL‐40 levels in patients with cancer are associated with poor prognosis. YKL‐40 expression is strongly elevated in serum and biopsy material from glioblastomas patients. We investigated the expression of YKL‐40 in three human malignant glioma cell lines exposed to different types of stress. Whereas a polymerase chain reaction transcript was detectable in all three cell lines, only U87 produced measurable amounts of YKL‐40 protein. In U87, hypoxia and ionizing radiation induced a significant increase in YKL‐40 after 24–48 h. The hypoxic induction of YKL‐40 was independent of HIF1. Etoposide, ceramide, serum depletion and confluence all led to elevated YKL‐40. Inhibition of p53 augmented the YKL‐40 expression indicating that YKL‐40 is attenuated by p53. In contrast, both basic fibroblast growth factor and tumor necrosing factor‐α repressed YKL‐40. These are the first data on regulation of YKL‐40 in cancer cells. Diverse types of stress resulted in YKL‐40 elevation, which strongly supports an involvement of YKL‐40 in the malignant phenotype as a cellular survival factor in an adverse microenvironment. (Cancer Sci 2005; 96: 183–190)


Climate change is a major development challenge to Ethiopia. Unless adaptation measures are widely implemented, climate change can set back development efforts and achievements by years. Recognizing this, the Government of Ethiopia (GoE) and civil society organizations have since recently been making considerable efforts to tackle the climate change problem. This paper documents the experience of CARE International in Ethiopia in facilitating bottom-up approaches to promote community-led disaster risk management and climate change adaptation planning through a participator scenario planning (PSP) methodology. PSP is a coordinated approach which leverages a variety of stakeholders' skills and mandates to explore potential climate change risks and their impacts, and then develop locally relevant and shared adaptation action plans that support livelihoods, social capital and ecosystem resilience. The approach has facilitated timely access to and communication of seasonal climate advisories which in turn is empowering communities to take advantage of opportunities that climate presents, which is a key part of adapting to climate change. The institutionalization of the approach by district and regional disaster prevention and food security coordination offices in the southern pastoral regions of Ethiopia encouraged integration of PSP into community livelihood adaptation and local government development planning, hence continuity of the process. Sustainability is expected to be fully achieved when local government planning processes recognize the importance of and provides resources for the participation of meteorological services and community forecasting experts to help refine plans on a seasonal basis, and for systems for dissemination of advisories.  Key Words: Climate change, Disaster risk management, Pastoralism, Participatory scenario planning


Abstract Objective As the awareness of the accompanying morbidity of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) has increased over recent decades. We sought to analyze the precision and reliability of the currently available content regarding PAS on YouTube. Study Design A YouTube search was performed on June 17, 2019 by using the search terms "placenta accreta," "PAS," and "invasive placentation." Search results were sorted by relevance, and up to 200 videos per search term were systematically evaluated by four independent reviewers. A quality assessment checklist relating to aspects of PAS was developed with a Likert's scale from 0 to 12 points to quantify video content. Videos were classified as poor educational quality (grade 0 to ≤4), moderate quality (grade >4–8), and high quality (grade >8–12). Results Of the 318 videos identified, 99 videos met inclusion criteria. The majority of videos (61.6%) were produced by a professional source, that is, appearing to be from a hospital, university, or educational service. Of the remaining videos, 16.2% were classified as personal, that is, posted from personal YouTube accounts and depicting a personal or family member experience, and 22.2% were classified as other. The majority of the "other" category consisted of news segments and short clips from talk shows. Overall, 60.6% of videos were of poor educational quality, 32.3% were of moderate quality, and 7.1% were deemed high quality. All seven of the high-quality videos were produced by a professional source and intended for an audience of medical professionals. There were neither high-quality videos intended for the general public nor the likely affected and relevant patient population. Conclusion This study suggests that the currently available videos on YouTube regarding PAS are poor educational sources for patients seeking information, and demonstrates a need for high-quality content videos produced by medical professionals specifically focused on meeting the needs of patient population. Key Points Awareness of the accompanying morbidity of placenta accreta spectrum has increased over recent decades. YouTube videos are poor educational sources for patients seeking information regarding PAS. YouTube videos and all social media warrant improvements regarding patient's information.


What is the central question of this study? Obesity is linked to cognitive deficits, elevated energy metabolic indices and low‐grade systemic inflammation. Do the relationships between neurocognitive performance and the biochemical markers (e.g. energy metabolic indices and inflammatory cytokines) occur independently of factors known to be associated with neurocognitive dysfunction (i.e. cardiorespiratory fitness) in young adults? What is the main finding and its importance? Young obese adults showed poorer neuropsychological performances, aberrant neural activity and higher C‐reactive protein and energy metabolic indices. The higher leptin and C‐reactive protein concentrations showed a significant negative association with lower P3 amplitudes. However, leptin was the sole predictive factor, implicating hyperleptinaemia in the altered neurocognitive function observed in obesity.


It is demonstrated that the recent assertion of Fante [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A2, 2318 ( 1985)] that a rough surface (or a random phase screen) produces the speckle even for a uniform, spatially incoherent light is incorrect. It is shown that that conclusion is a consequence of using the Gaussian approximation to describe fourth-order field moments.


This study aims to analyze the production, inflation and exchange rate on Indonesia coffee exports to the United States in the period 1981-2016. The analysis used in this research is multiple regression using Ordinary Least Square
(OLS) applied to time series data. The data were obtained from World Bank, Pusdatin and UN Comtrade.
The results showed that production, inflation and exchange rate has positive and significant effect on Indonesia coffee exports to the United States during the period of 1981-2016.


The present invention relates to a device for inputting English characters for a mobile communication terminal, comprising: a keypad input unit having a plurality of keys for inputting English characters; a display unit which outputs English characters in accordance with the input operation of the keypad input unit; an English character completion unit which reads English characters corresponding to the input from the keypad input unit from a database with pre-stored English characters, and provides the read English characters to the display unit; and a control unit connected to each unit to control the units. The keypad input unit has numeric keys with numerals '0' to '9' and function keys with '*' and '#' arranged into a 34 matrix.; The numeric keys with numerals '1' to '9' serve as a plurality of English character buttons for inputting English characters, and the numeric key with numeral '0' serves as a space button for spacing among characters. Either the '*' key or the '#' key of the function keys serves as a last button for the continuous input of English characters and a special character button for inputting special characters. The other of the function keys, which does not serve as the last button and the special character input button, serves as a shift button for performing a character input mode setting and word-converting function for setting a character input mode for inputting the upper/lower case of the English characters and converting the inputted words into upper/lower case, and performing a character-converting function for converting inputted English characters into upper/lower case one by one.


The submicron- and micron-scale structures of composite hydrogels based on bacterial cellulose (BC) and polyacrylamide were studied by spin-echo small-angle neutron scattering (SESANS). These hydrogels were synthesized via free-radical polymerization of acrylamide carried out in pellicle of BC swollen in the reaction solution. No neutron scattering was observed for the samples swollen in heavy water to the equilibrium state, but a SESANS signal appeared when TbCl$_{3}$ salt was added to the solvent. The SESANS dependences obtained for these samples revealed the anisotropy of mesostructure for the hydrogels under investigation. Density inhomogeneities on the characteristic scale of 11.5 $\pm$ 0.5 $\mu$m were detected in one specific orientation of the sample, i.e. with growth plane of BC parallel to plane formed by neutron beam and spin-echo length. The uniaxial anisotropy revealed agrees with the proposed model, which attributes this behavior to the existence of the tunnel-like oriented structures inside BC.


As high risk pregnancy,twin pregnancy increases the morbidity and mortality of maternal-fetal complications.Recently,more and more obstetricians paid attention to the problems caused by the increased incidence of twin pregnancy.Therefore,antenatal surveillance can help to reduce the maternal-fetal complications and improve mother and child outcome through early diagnosis of abnormal fetals. Ultrasound contributes to determination of chorionicity,amnionicity and placentas,assessment of fetal growth and screening for anomalies in twin pregnancy. Rational prenatal ultrasonography is reliable method for the diagnosis and assessment of twins and provide evidence for clinical treatment.


The present invention provides a coal tar fraction whole slurry-bed hydrocracking and upgrading a fixed bed hydroprocessing methods in combination. The method of the present invention is a slurry-bed hydrocracking reactor is a loop reactor, the catalyst used was a highly active dispersed oil-soluble complexing agent, the catalyst employed is a supported hydrotreating catalyst and hydrocracking catalyst. The process uses the reaction pressure is 12 ~ 20MPa, the volume ratio of hydrogen to oil of 500 ~ 1200Nm3 / m3, the reaction temperature is 350 ~ 450 ℃, space velocity of 0.3 ~ 1.5h-1, the whole process in the processing of coal tar fraction , naphtha, diesel, and VGO yield high distillate yield 85% ~ 90% wt%, the yield of the end of unconverted oil is less than 10wt%, and the resulting naphtha, diesel both V meet the quality standards, VGO catalytic cracking unit can be used as a raw material for producing low pour or special lubricating base oil feedstock.


The paper puts forward the feasibility of constructing information management system to solve the problem of physical decline of primary and middle school students. A complete health management system was established through the norms of primary and middle school students' physical health system files and combining the WeChat platform. This system including four modules: management staff, students and their parents, workers, sports medicine experts. It is proved that the system is suitable for popularization and application after 4 years of experiment and operation.


on the examiners' experience and intuition, though a few assessment tests are also used that have been translated from other languages. Very limited normative data are available, and no language assessment tests have been developed expressly for Icelandic children. In response to the need for an Icelandic assessment measure, we developed a parent report instrument, modelled after the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories form for toddlers (Fenson, Dale, Reznick, et al. 1991). The Icelandic parent report form also provides a valuable tool for language research, including cross-linguistic comparisons in early lexical and syntactic acquisition. The MacArthur CDI, which assesses both vocabulary and early syntax, is based on extensive research and has been used successfully in the United States for over a decade. Impressive reliability and validity have been reported for this instrument (Bates, Bretherton & Snyder 1988, Dale 1991, Dale, Bates, Reznick & Morisset 1989, Fenson et al. 1991, Reznick & Goldsmith 1989). The CDI has a number of inherent advantages over other means of assessing child language. Parent report can provide more representative data than laboratory studies, because the parent has observed the child in a wide variety of situations and over a long period of time. It avoids the need for administration time and trained personnel, and does not require the co-operation of the young child. It is, therefore, convenient and costeffective. The parent report format is especially beneficial for use in Iceland, where large areas are poorly served by professionals in


The influence of observations on statistical inference is of importance in statistical data analysis. A practical and well-established approach to influence analysis is based on case deletion. We provide computationally inexpensive diagnostic tools for linear mixed models. The diagnostics are a function of basic building blocks, computed only once from the complete data analysis, and provide information on the influence of the data on different aspects of the model fit. To demonstrate the utility of the diagnostic tools, we analyze the aerosol penetration data and the data on the perceptions of the health effects of nicotine and cigarettes in South Africa.


The fault situations of a operating main transformer are diagnosed by the methods such as the oil chromatographic analysis and the infrared temperature measurement, and the fault positions of the transformer are detected accurately. The proposals to avoid the similar faults are made.


Three samples of superconductors of the title system are prepared using the normal 1:2:3 ratio of Y2O3, BaCO3, and CuO, and additionally the ratios 0.8:2:3 and 1.1:2:2.8 to prepare specimen with and without a liquid phase.


Wilderness areas offer unparalleled ecosystem conditions. However, growing human populations and consumption are among factors that drive encroachment on these areas. Here, we explore the threat of small‐scale fisheries to wilderness reefs by developing a framework and modeling fluctuations in fishery range with fuel costs and fish prices. We modeled biomass of four fishery groups across the New Caledonian archipelago, and used fish and fuel prices from 2005 to 2020 to estimate the extent of exploited reefs across three fishing scenarios. From 2012 to 2018, maximum profitable range increased from 15 to over 30 hr from the capital city, expanding to reefs previously uneconomic to fish, including a UNESCO heritage site. By 2020, over half of New Caledonian (∼17% global) wilderness reefs will become profitable to fish. Our results demonstrate that remoteness from humans should not be considered protection for wilderness coral reefs in the context of rising fish prices.


Ambient pressure silica aerogel thin films have recently been prepared by exploiting reversible drying shrinkage caused by derivatization of the internal gel surface. Aerogels have porosities of upto 99.9% and due to the small size of the pores (few nanometers), large capillary stresses are produced in gels that are partially saturated with a wetting liquid. As a result of these capillary stresses, the flexible silica network undergoes strain which has been observed using environmental microscopy. This technique allows variation of the equilibrium vapor pressure and temperature, and a simultaneous monitoring of the deformation during the pore-filling and pore-emptying cycles. In this presentation, we discuss the unique stress-strain behavior of these films.


Research indicates that political progressives have lower levels of mental well‐being than political conservatives. However, while attention has been paid to why conservatives have higher levels of well‐being relatively little attention has been used to examine why progressives may have comparatively low levels of well‐being. Recent events connected to a "Great Awokening" suggest that identity politics may correlate to a decrease in well‐being particularly among young progressives and offer an explanation tied to internal elements within political progressiveness. Regression analysis with data from the Baylor Religion Survey indicates that identity political variables, but not a desire for higher government spending, are consistently negatively related to lower well‐being and mediate the ability of progressive political ideology to predict lower levels of well‐being. By paying attention to political progressives, rather than political conservatives, a nuanced approach to understanding the relationship between political ideology and well‐being begins to emerge. It is plausible that political progressives are not equally prone to lower levels of well‐being as those committed to a class‐based type of progressive activism seem to be better off than those tied to issues of identity politics.


INTRODUCTION In the earlier sources of ecclesiasticalliterature, the scanty details of early Irish chant are conveyed primarily through the lives of the saints. From these details it is difficult to discuss the precise musical nature of the chant. However, it is possible to state that church chant was an integral part of rnonastic life from the time of St Patrick. The type of chant in use at this time would appear to have been a form of Gallican chant which gave way to the more ornate, intricate Roman chant in the twelfth century. With the official establishment of the Anglo-Roman liturgy in 1172, the old Irish liturgy was suppressed. From a study of the texts of two seventh-century hymns, Aloys Fleischmann discusses their possible musical formo The first hymn, Sen Dé, written probably in the late seventh century, is irregular from the point of view of metre, rhyme and stress. The second seventh-century hymn, Celebra Juda by St Cummain, shows a typically Irish structure with end rhymes, and an interesting feature is the alleluia refrain sung after every two lines, suggesting a form of litany with a recurring melodic formula. The repetition of rhe alleluia after each verse is a device also found in two hymns of the seventh-century Bangor Antiphonary. The Antiphonary of Bangor -an antiphonary written between 680 and 691 at the monastery of Bangor, Co. Down-contains the only remnants of that era of chant prior to the Romanizing movement. Of the rwelve hymns in this antiphonary, eight appear to be peculiarly Irish since they do not appear in any other source. The hymn Sancti ~nite «probably composed in the 6th century» is one of rhese to be discussed in this paper. The Liber Hymnorum is a twelfth-century literary source of oId Irish and HibernoLatin hymns. lt also refers to the hymn Sancte ~nite with a note on its history in the Preface, and two other hymns in this collection refer specifically to psalmody and hymn-singing. lt is evident that this early chant was accompanied by a small eighr-stringed harp which was hung from the girdle. The latest reference to this practice was made in the twelfth century by Giraldus Carnbrens is, who describes the clerics devoutly playing on their harps. In the later sources of ecclesiasticalliterature, a closer insight into the musical nature of this early chant is given through the musicoliturgical MSS, the earliest being The Drummond Missal of the eleventh century. This sole instance of the earliest type of inflection marks and neumes, ... show]s] little trace of an indigenous mode of music-writing, being to a great extent reflections of the mode used contemporaneously in England or in France as the case rnight be. Later examples of neumes are, on the whole, confined to the-extant liturgical books of the various orders which carne to settle in Ireland from the twelfth century onwards. The fourteenth-century Red Book ofOssory contains, among various statutes and constitutions, fif. teen pages of sixty Latin religious verses called Cantilenae. These verses, in honour of the Holy Spirit, the Virgin Mary and Christ, were written by Bishop Ledrede who came from London to Ossory in 1317. Some eight of these bear a popular tune title to which they were sung. Six of the titles are


Chapter 1. State of Research in the Economy of Education: a General Overview and the French Situation F. Orivel Chapter 2. Hungarian Adolescents of the Nineties: Ideals,Beliefs, Expectations A. Karpati Chapter 3. Tendencies Toward Pluralization in Society and the Pedagogical Control of Risk F. Heyting Chapter 4. Democratization and Europeanization: Challenges to the Spanish Education System since 1970 G. Ossenbach-Sauter Chapter 5. School Reform Between Dictatorships: Pedagogic and Politics during the Early Years in the Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany G. Giessler Chapter 6. Youth at Risk: Attitudes and Value Concepts among Youths in Europe at a time of Social Change H. Merkens Chapter 7. School Effectiveness: Its Challenge for the Future P. Mortimore Chapter 8. The New Generational Contract: From Private Education to Social Services T. Rauschenbach Chapter 9. Education and Training for Europe? D.Lenzen Notes on Contributors Bibliography Index


Based on the analysis and grasping of characters and the usage and creating of artistic means,through the excavating of practice of opera performance art for many years,a theoritical view point on opera is presented.It is pointed out that the performance art form of opera should creat real and vivid figures,achieving the interaction between stage art effect and audiences' soul.Then the artistic fascination and stage performance value of opera can be revealed.


Information technology Services is considered as the key driver for the changes taking place around the world. The shift from the formal banking to e-banking has been a 'leap' change. This study determines the factors influencing the consumer's adoption of e-banking in India and hence investigates the influence of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and perceived risk on use of e-banking. It is an essential part of a bank's strategy formulation process in an emerging economy like India. Survey based questionnaire design with empirical test was carried out. The results have supported the hypothesis that banks need to highlight the benefits of e-banking, make it easy to use, and enhance its security to improve consumers' trust.


Remote and rural First Nation communities have limited mental health services compared to urban communities yet their needs are similar and sometimes greater. Community members living in remote, isolated communities requiring mental health services are usually faced with two choices: having no service or leaving their community to access services in larger centres. Certain First Nation communities offer a third choice: using telemental health delivered via videoconferencing to provide clinical mental health services for community members. Like all technology uses, telemental health services have advantages and disadvantages, both for the individual and the community. Understanding mental health workers' experiences of telemental health and its benefits and drawbacks for remote and rural First Nations people was the focus of our study. Qualitative data were collected through interviews with mental health professionals (clinicians and nonclinicians) working with First Nations communities. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from a national online survey of mental health workers working with clients in rural and remote First Nations. This paper presents a thematic analysis of the data collected. Advantages include allowing community members to remain within their community for treatment and connecting First Nations trauma survivors to each other; disadvantages include increased difficulty building and maintaining clinical relationships via videoconference and ethical concerns of using the technology. These and other pros and cons of using telemental health are discussed. Certain ways forward that seem promising are proposed, including incorporating traditional practices and the seven teachings into telemental health initiatives. Finally, policy recommendations are offered.


Electronics in aerospace applications may be subjected to very high g-levels during normal operation. A column array interconnect has been studied for reliability during extended duration aerospace missions in presence of high-g levels. Ceramic area-array components have been populated with column interconnects. The wire column interconnects are fabricated using a two piece fixture that holds a ceramic substrate. Solder columns are made with Sn5Pb95. Columns are attached using Sn10Pb90 in conjunction with an 8-mil thick stencil. Wire columns are 87 mils in height and have a 9 mil radius. Board assemblies have been subjected to high g-levels in multiple orientations. The board assemblies are daisy chained. Damage initiation and progression in interconnects has been measured using in-situ monitoring with high speed data-acquisition systems. Transient deformation of the board assemblies has been measured using high speed cameras with digital image correlation. Multiple board assemblies have been subjected to shock tests till failure. Peak shock pulse magnitudes range from 1,500g, typical of JEDEC standards, to very high g-levels of 50,000g. The column interconnects are daisy chained and failures are observed using electrical continuity. A finite element model using explicit global to local models has been used to study interconnect reliability under shock loads. The reliability performance of the ceramic column grid array (400CCGA) has been reported. Failure modes for the CCGA are determined. Models have been correlated with experimental data.


Gas-particle partitioning has an important influence on the fate of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs). In the present paper, gas- and aerosol-phase PAH concentrations and organic and elemental carbon concentrations in the aerosols measured in the Baltimore atmosphere and over the adjacent Chesapeake Bay in July 1997 were used to assess the mechanisms driving gas-particle partitioning of PAHs. The relative importance of adsorption onto the soot carbon and absorption into aerosol organic matter is evaluated by means of estimated soot/air (KSA) and octanol/air (KOA) partition coefficients, respectively. The results show that absorption into organic carbon may account for less than 10% of the total PAHs in the particulate phase. Adsorption onto the soot phase predicts accurately the total suspended particulate matter normalized partition coefficients (KP) for PAHs. For example, KSA predicts KP values for phenanthrene over the Chesapeake Bay wit...


Physiological and metabolic performance are key mediators of the functional response of species to environmental change. Few environments offer such a multifaceted array of stressors as high‐altitude habitats, which differ markedly in temperature, water availability, UV radiation and oxygen pressure compared to low‐altitude habitats. Species that inhabit large altitudinal gradients are thus excellent models to study how organisms respond to environmental variation.Tenerife island, Canary Islands archipelago (Spain).Tenerife lizard (Gallotia galloti, Lacertidae).We integrated data on age structure, thermal and hydric regulatory behaviour and four metabolic and stress‐related biomarkers for an insular lizard that inhabits an extreme altitudinal range (sea level to 3700 m a.s.l.), to understand how an ectotherms' age, ecophysiology and metabolism can be affected by extreme environmental variation.We found marked differences in metabolic stress markers associated with altitude (particularly in the abundance of carbonyl metabolites and relative telomere length), but without a linear pattern along the altitudinal cline. Contrary to expectations, longer telomeres and lower carbonyl content were detected at the highest altitude, suggesting reduced stress in these populations. Evaporative water loss differed between populations but did not follow a linear altitudinal gradient. Lizard age structure or thermal physiological performance did not markedly change across different altitudes. Mixed signals in life‐history and thermal ecology across populations and altitude suggest complex responses to variable conditions across altitude in this species.Our integrative study of multiple functional traits demonstrated that adaptation to highly divergent environmental conditions in this lizard is potentially linked to an interplay between plasticity and local adaptation variably associated with different functional traits.


Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) contribute to tumor escape by inhibiting tumor-specicif T cell response and accumulate at peripheral sites during inflammation or tissue damage. While accumulating evidence supports MDSC's ability to suppress T cell responses against auto antigens, it is currently unknown whether they exhibit intrinsic defects in autoimmune disease conditions. Thus, the present study evaluated quantitative and qualitative properties of MDSCs in diabetes-prone NOD mice relative to healthy wild type (wt) control animals. FACS analysis revealed a higher fraction of Gr-1+CD11b+ MDSCs that further increased with diabetes incidence in the peripheral blood of NOD mice compared to controls. Although NOD MDSCs were similar phenotypically to their wt counterparts, an imbalanced ratio between the monocytic (LY6C+) and granulocytic (Ly6Ghi) subsets was prevalent in the NOD mice (1:15 vs 1:1.5 in controls). Importantly, MDSCs isolated from NOD mice demonstrated diminished suppressive capability in vitro compared to wt cells, consistent with their expression of lower levels of iNOS mRNA. In a diabetes transfer model, wild type but not NOD MDSCs significantly delayed disease occurrence in NOD.Scid recipients. Collectively, these data indicate a quantitative perturbation in MDSC subsets in NOD mice and suggest qualitative defects that may represent a previously un-identified mechanism in the etiology or progression of disease in this animal model of type 1 diabetes.


Cautionary principle is widely used as an important principle in the accounting of enterprise.This principle used reasonably can predict the possible risks of the management of an enterprise effectively and defuse them before the financial risks come.


In the July 2003 issue of Current Anthropology, Adam Kuper vehemently attacked the indigenous peoples' movement, claiming it to be retrograde, anti-progressive and right wing. He has given these views extensive publicity by speaking on BBC radio and having his article reprinted in the New Humanist, illustrated by a cartoon that forcefully equates indigenous peoples' struggles with European fascism (Kuper 2003b, BBC 2003). As an analysis of the international indigenous peoples' movement and of the particular situations of certain indigenous peoples, Kuper's polemic is misleading in a number of ways, and would perhaps be better ignored. However, as an example of the potential academic arguments can have to reinforce discourse that serves to conceal discrimination against such peoples, the article must be taken seriously. Its potential for 'spin' is confirmed by the recent explicit and implicit promotion of Kuper's conclusions by organizations wishing to justify actions that may be in conflict with the rights of indigenous people. 1


Distinguishing between myth and science is subtle, for both seek to understand the things around us. The characteristic style of mythic thinking is to place special emphasis on a selective conjecture, based typically on the initial observation or recognition of a phenomenon, which is thereafter given privileged status over alternate interpretations. Concepts in geoscience are quite commonly mythic in that sense. The outdated notion of geosynclines as deterministic precursors of orogeny is an apt example, as are central current ideas about suspect terranes, mantle plumes, and global sequence stratigraphy. Geomyths stimulate investigation, but also may retard further progress by dismissing contrary views. Improved understanding of geologic history could be attained more efficaciously by appreciating the mythic quality of many nascent ideas in geoscience, and resisting the temptation to accord geomyths favored status over competing hypotheses. introduction In our discourses, we commonly counterpose myth, taken to be imaginary, and science, conceived as an approach to reality. Both myth and science, however, strive to explain the same features of the natural world. Distinguishing between the two is difficult, posing a challenge that accounts for the persistence of pseudoscience in popular culture. In the days when a god supposedly drove a chariot of fire across the heavens to make the sun shine, that explication of night and day seemed no more mysterious to most people than life itself. It is not easy even now to define myth separately from science. Each attempts a comprehensive view of our surroundings, and each provides an explanation for some salient package of observations giving rise to quandary. It is perhaps the defining style of mythic thinking to build selectively upon some particular conjecture that is given privileged status against contradictory observations. Rejecting any myth typically requires more conclusive evidence than its initial invention em- ployed. background I contend that geomyths have played a role in the evolution of our science, and are still with us today. A preordained geotectonic cycle, derived conceptually from the durable myth of geosynclines, held center stage only a few decades ago until plate tectonics showed a better way to reconcile observation with concept. At present, tectonics has its suspect terranes, petrology its mantle plumes, and stratigraphy its global sequences. Each of these concepts is a myth in the sense that each expands selectively from a narrowly focused appraisal of an issue to embrace far-ranging analysis, and each places an extra onus of argumentation upon potential detractors. The logic of any geomyth rests upon an inductive leap extrapolated from some particular observation or assumption inferred to lie at the root of an issue being addressed, and rejects the spirit of the familiar method of multiple working hypotheses (Chamberlin, 1897). The style of myth instead posits dominance of a single perception to the exclusion of others. This approach makes geomyths difficult to falsify, yet most agree (with Gilbert, 1886) that essential tests of scientific ideas must embody attempted disproof, rather than a search for confirmation (Popper, 1962).


The simulation model of continuous wave Doppler radio fuze was established by signal simulation method.The adaptive filter of signal noise was designed based on the LMS algorithm.The simulation model was emulated and the adaptive filter was tested by MATLAB.The experimental results show that the model is able to achieve accurate simulation of the fuse module waveform and the adaptive filter can effectively reduce noise.


The accurate identification and hazard assessment can effectively realize condition-based maintenance and equipment life cycle economic management. For this purpose, a novel discharge identification approach based on multi-physical information fusion is proposed considering practical applications in equipped engineering sites. Three typical discharge defect models are placed within the a SF6 gas-filled test chamber, where the high frequency current transformer (HFCT), ultra-high frequency (UHF) and acoustic emission (AE) methods-based sensors are placed for discharge pulse monitoring. Furthermore, the non-phase information of discharge pulse for each measurement are extracted by the developed host computer software, where the fingerprint characteristics, namely maximum pulse amplitude (MPA) and cumulative pulse amplitude (CPA) are further extracted. Finally, the extracted multi-physical characteristics are aggregated into feature matrix. The identification results indicated that diagnosis accuracy of the proposed model achieves an average accuracy of 99.33%, which demonstrates that the multi-physical information fusion can resulting in better diagnosis performance.


Motivated by the observations of the decays B → K 0 (1430) f0(980) and B 0 → K 2 (1430) f0(980) from BaBar collaboration, we study the B → K 0,2(1430) f0(980)/σ decays in the perturbative QCD approach for the first time. In the absence of reliable nonperturbative wave functions we only assume the scalar meson f0(980) and σ are two-quark ground states. In our calculations, these decays are all dominated by the hard-scattering emission and annihilation diagrams, while the factorizable emission diagrams are forbidden or suppressed heavily by the vector decay constants. Furthermore, the branching fractions are sensitive to the mixing between f0(980) and σ. Comparing our results with the experimental data, a large mixing angle θ is favored. Taking θ = 145, the orders of branching fractions of B → K 0 (1430) σ, B → K 2 (1430) σ and B → K 0,2(1430) f0(980) are predicted to be 10 , 10 and 10, respectively, which can be measured in the current experiments such as LHCb and Belle-2. In addition, although these decays are penguin dominant, the mixing also leads to large direct CP asymmetries in these decays. With the precise data in future, our results could shed light on the inner structure of the scalar mesons and can be used to determine the mixing angle of the σ − f0(980) system. email@example.com email@example.com 1


The paper reviews the institutional structure or strategic framework, the Wine Industry Transformation Charter and Scorecard, adopted on 31 July 2007, through which good governance and social responsibility programmes are fostered, implemented and monitored in the South African wine industry. In other words, the paper outlines how the wine industry seeks to foster social change through integrated socioeconomic support structures, as based on the Wine Industry Plan (WIP). The wine charter and scorecard components are a representation of good governance in the industry, whereas the social capital development approach is the focus of social responsibility programmes in the wine industry. The seven components of the wine transformation charter are: (i) ownership, (ii) management/control, (iii) employment equity, (iv) skills development, (v) enterprise development, (vi) preferential procurement, and (vii) rural development, land reform and poverty alleviation. Five areas that constitute the programmes of social responsibility are: (i) the responsible alcohol use, (ii) rural development and poverty alleviation, (iii) security of tenure, (iv) land, and (v) sectoral determination. The implications for the agri-food sector and conclusions are provided.


Sericulture is well known as a high employment and low capital-intensive plantation crop and having orientation towards agro-based industry. In the present study an attempt has been made to enalyse costs and returns from silk cocoon production in Marathwada Region of Maharashtra. The data were collected using multistage simple random sampling. The economic analysis of data revealed that the average cost of silk cocoon production varied as per farm size group. It was high Rs. 97,029 in farm size group 1(< 0.40 ha.) followed by Rs. 86,882 in farm size group II (0.41to 0.80 ha.) and Rs.77,129 in farm size group III (> 0.8Iha.). The cost analysis in cocoon production shows that mulberry leaf production alone shares about 46 per cent of the total cost followed by human labour which shares about 23 per cent in all the land holding groups. The average returns per hectare for different farm size group has been Rs. 1,21,782, Rs. 1,08,937 and Rs. 94,557 for the Group I, II and lIl, respectively. The net returns for the different farm size groups were Rs. 24,753, Rs. 22,055 and Rs. 20,431 for the group I, II and Ill, respectively. This has indicated that although the sericulture activity is quite profitable to the farming community in Marathwada region the same can also be made more attractive and profitable in other parts of state and country as well.


The modulators used in the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory have been redesigned with an emphasis on electrical noise reduction. Since the modulators are 100 MW modulators with <700 ns rise time, electrical noise can be coupled very easily to other electronic equipment in the area. This paper details the efforts made to reduce noise coupled to surrounding equipment. Shielding and sound grounding techniques accomplished the goal of drastically reducing the noise induced in surrounding equipment. The approach used in grounding and shielding are discussed, and data is presented comparing earlier designs to the improved design.<<ETX>>


The diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy had been performed by electrophysiologic studies and neurologic examination. However, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has recently been proposed as a supplementary tool for its diagnosis. A 55-year-old woman presented with back pain and painful proximal weakness of the right leg. Neurologic examination and electrophysiologic studies suggested an upper lumbar plexopathy. MRI disclosed the signal change in lumbar plexus with the atrophy of the innervating muscles. We report a patient with idiopathic lumbar plexopathy confirmed by MRI.


A 14-month-old boy living in a rural community suffered from high fever, dyspnea and progressive distension of the abdomen for 3 weeks. He was admitted to the pediatric ward of National Taiwan University Hospital under the diagnosis of bronchopneumonia with pleurisy and liver abscess on March 10, 1971, Fifty cc of yellowish exudate was drawn out from the right pleural cavity but no pathogen was found. Many ascaris ovae and numerous pus cells but no ameba were found from the sanguineous purulent punctate of the right lobe of the liver. Seven cords of live ascaris worms were evacuated from three abscess cavities in the liver at the first surgical operation and 2 live worms during the continuous drainage of the abscesses. At the second operation, 2 dead ascaris worms from the abscess cavities and one live worm from the common bile duct were picked out.


The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of Fincial Deepening on Economic Growth in Indonesia. The independent variable in this study is Findepth or the ratio of total loans to Nominal GRDP (X1) and the dependent variable is Economic Growth (Y). In this study also used control variabel, Labor or labor Force Ratio to population (X2) and Govexp variable or Ratio of government expenditure to Nominal GRDP (X3). This research is a descriptive and associative study. The data analysis used in this research is secondary data, the kind of data is panel data from 33 provinces in Indonesia from 2010-2019, the data sourced from the Central Agency for Stastistik, Indonesian Banking Statistics and Website of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia. The data analysis used in this research is descriptive and inductive analysis. In the inductive analysis there are several test, namely (1) Chow Test; (2) Hausman Test; (3) Panel data regression estimation test (FEM); (4) classical assumption test; (5) T test and F test. Based on the research, the result of this study is: (1) Findepth has a positive and significant effect on economic growth; (2) Labor has positive and significant effect on economic growth; (3) Govexp has a positive and significant effect on economic growth.


The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) at the WTO deals with the progressive opening of the markets in high-income countries favoring leading exporters from the developing countries. This process is to be finished by the year 2005 when the whole sector is going to be under the WTO rules, and will occur in four steps, but only at the end the major part of the products will be included. In fact, the scope of the liberalization actually implemented up to now has been limited because the countries have committed in products non-restricted, with scarce value added or with high tariff protection, also they have adopted temporal safeguards, antidumping actions or other restrictions. During the same period the Latin American countries have liberalized their economies followed by a significant increase of their imports. The paper aims to disentangle the effect on Latin American of the delay in the opening of the big importer markets. Specifically, it questions in what extend the increase in the Latin American imports has exposed the local producers to harder competition from foreign products than it would be the case if the liberalization would be at the same time by both sides. The paper explore the evolution of the Latin American import flows in textiles and clothing during the nineties and, using the GTAP, simulate the effects from the elimination of trade barriers on Latin American countries in two relevant scenarios.


Michielsen et al ,[1][1] while describing the background and aim of this study, mention that ADHD could lead to significant impairment in older age without providing evidence of such impairment. Certainly from clinical experience and previous studies we know that there are other mental disorders


This study explores the responses of rural land markets to rainfall shocks in Uganda and Kenya. This study matches the panel data on farm households with rainfall shocks constructed using high-resolution precipitation and temperature data. In both countries, access to credit plays a key role in defining households' land market responses to rainfall shocks. Households with access to credit respond to rainfall shocks by acquiring more farmland through increased participation in land rental and sales markets. Pathway analyses suggest that exposure to rainfall shock has an impact on land rental prices. There is some evidence that similar to grain reserves and livestock, land markets can provide an avenue for households to respond to rainfall shocks.


The objective of this experiment was to determine the conversion efficiency of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation into biomass of Acacia mearnsii De Wild. seedlings. A forest species, plastic tubes (90 cm3), and 11 evaluation periods (up to 180 days after emergence) were used in this study. The leaf area index (LAI), total dry biomass (BIO), global solar radiation (GSR), cumulative intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PARic), and conversion efficiency of radiation (εb) were determined using a pyranometer (LI200X, LICOR). The value of εb in BIO seedlings of Acacia mearnsii was 7.76 g MJ-1. LAI was directly related to the efficiency of PARic, and this influenced the development, production potential and accumulation of BIO. The value of GSR flow was 11.81 MJ m-2 day-1, while the value inside the greenhouse was 6.26 MJ m-2 day-1.


Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common hereditary kidney disease affecting all ethnic groups [1]. It is the fourth most common cause of end-stage renal disease. ADPKD is characterized by progressive development of cysts in renal tubular epithelial cells that gradually compress the adjacent parenchyma. Human and experimental data provide strong evidence that increased tubular cell proliferation and fluid secretion associated with tubulointerstitial inflammation play a crucial role in the progression of ADPKD [2]. The cholesterol-lowering drugs 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, so-called statins, have anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects independent of cholesterol lowering [3, 4]. Statins inhibit the mevalonate pathway, which is important not only for cholesterol synthesis, but also for cell-signaling processes. Statins have beneficial effects in experimental models of chronic renal disease [5–10]. Moreover, they have been shown to improve endothelial function in patients with diabetes mellitus [11], nephrotic syndrome [12] and ADPKD [13]. Thus, it can be hypothesized that statins would have beneficial effects on slowing the progression of ADPKD. The first study to investigate the effects of a statin on the progression of polycystic kidney disease was performed 20 years ago [14]. In this study by Gile et al. [14], lovastatin significantly decreased cystic kidney size, the volume of density of cysts and the serum urea nitrogen level in heterozygous male Han:SPRD rats, an animal model of ADPKD. Similarly, in a more recent study, Zafar et al. [15] reported that lovastatin therapy demonstrated structural benefits, such as decreased kidney weight and cyst volume density, and functional benefits, including increased renal blood flow (RBF) and decreased BUN, in this rat model of ADPKD. In this issue ofNDT, Zand et al. [16] investigated the effect of simvastatin on RBF in patients with ADPKDwith mild (n = 11) andmoderate (n = 10) renal dysfunction. Themean age of the patients was 47 years. The mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR), measured by iothalamate clearance, was 86.4 ± 15.8 mL/min in the mild renal dysfunction group, while it was 47.1 ± 11.7 min/ min in the moderate renal dysfunction group. Four weeks of therapy with simvastatin 40 mg daily did not change RBF as determined by the para-amino-hippurate (PAH) clearance and magnetic resonance (MR) scanning. The results of this shortterm study are in contrast with a previous study by van Dijk et al. [17], which showed a significant improvement in effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) as measured by PAH clearance. Ten normocholesterolemic ADPKD patients with a mean age of 35 years were included in this double-blind cross-over study. The patients were treated in random order for 4 weeks with 40 mg simvastatin or placebo daily. It was demonstrated that after treatment with simvastatin, GFR, as determined by inulin clearance, significantly increased from 124 ± 4 to 132 ± 6 mL/min (P < 0.05) and ERPF increased significantly from 494 ± 30 to 619 ± 67 mL/min (P < 0.05) [17]. The major differences between these two studies are the ages and the baseline kidney functions of the patients. The patients were older and hadworse kidney function in the study by Zand et al. [16]. These factors may have affected the results. In a 6-month study of 16 ADPKD patients with a mean age of 39.4 ± 10.6 years and with well-preserved kidney function (creatinine clearances >80 mL/min/1.73 m), Namli et al. [13] investigated the effect of simvastatin 40 mg daily treatment on endothelial dysfunction as measured by high-resolution brachial artery ultrasound. The endothelial-dependent dilatation significantly increased after 1 month of simvastatin therapy. Moreover, an additional significant increase in endothelialdependent dilatation was observed after 6months of statin therapy. This study, like the vanDijk et al. study [17], underlines the importance of early treatment in order to attain the beneficial effects of statins. Fassett et al. [18] conducted a randomized open-label trial on 49 patients with ADPKD to investigate to effect of pravastatin 20 mg on kidney function and urinary protein excretion. The mean age of the patients was 53 years in the pravastatin


In view of the fact that the acupuncture majors have narrow knowledge and poor adaptability to clinical practice,this paper offers opinions on how to improve the acupuncture clinical teaching in the new century.It is believed that the improvement of the clinical practice should be based on the clinical skills,action characteristics,indications and influencing factors of acupuncture;and that the diagnostic thought and methodology are also of great significance.


Polyamidine (PA) is a novel high cation coagulant aid for water treatment. In the present study the structure, coagulation ability and floc characteristics (including coagulation kinetics, floc dimension, floc strength and floc recover ability) were discussed. As a dual-coagulation, polyamidine was combined with AlCl3 and PAC to remove dispersed yellow from wastewater. The results showed that the polyamidine exhibited higher intrinsic viscosity and higher charge neutralization ability than cationic polyacrylamide (PAM). Atomic force microscopic (AFM) and transmission electronic microscopic (TEM) images showed a dendritic, stretched structure of PA. The dosage of PAC/PA and AlCl3/PA and pH were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum condition, the color removal efficiency reached 96% as the concentration of 14/0.2 mg/L for AlCl3/PA (PA was combined with AlCl3) at pH 6. Meanwhile, the highest decoloring efficiency (97%) was achieved in the process when PAC/PA (PA was combined with PAC) dosage was 18/0.6 mg/L at pH 6.0-8.0. The addition of polyamidine could improve the color removal efficiency, including increasing the zeta potential evidently and reducing the aluminum coagulants dosage as well. Compared with AlCl3/PA, PAC/PA which contained higher polymeric aluminum, exhibited a better coagulation ability to adapt a wide range of pH. However, when PAC/PA and AlCl3/PA expressed the same removal efficiency, AlCl3/PA showed a less coagulant dosage in raw dye wastewater pH. With PA dosages increased, the floc of AlCl3/PA showed a gradually adding strength and recovery ability, but in PAC/PA system the tendency was unclear. In PAC/PA system, PA dosage increase only improved floc density.


As NNN has long advocated, basic quantitative skills are essential for a socially-engaged life. To promote this, a first-year Quantitative Reasoning course at The New School employs learning modules that apply basic mathematical concepts to socially and environmentally pressing topics such as corruption, child labor, and climate change. The activities in these modules encourage students to think critically and to engage ethically with these topics. In this session, we present a module on sweatshops, introducing ethical issues and using mathematical reasoning to quantify and visualize economic and social inequities. Then, session participants will work in groups in a similar process, identifying quantitative concepts and visualizations that might illuminate specific socially-responsible topics. Exploiting technology to adapt a QR course for a new reality Nadia Benakli and Ariane Masuda, New York City College of Technology, City University of New York Abstract In Spring 2020, when we made the sudden transition to teaching online due to the COVID-19 pandemic, our mathematics department faced a variety of challenges. The department had to make a host of adjustments, and a team of faculty members were tasked with reexamining ways we could better support the sense of community among instructors and students in a virtual learning environment. The team created a series of Course Hubs for our gateway courses. The Course Hubs gather a collection of open-source materials that are made available on the OpenLab, which is City Tech's open digital platform for teaching, learning, and collaboration. During the process of designing the Course Hub for our Quantitative Reasoning course, we collected several projects that various instructors had developed over the years. In this presentation, we discuss how these changes will possibly impact instructional delivery and student learning at City Tech.In Spring 2020, when we made the sudden transition to teaching online due to the COVID-19 pandemic, our mathematics department faced a variety of challenges. The department had to make a host of adjustments, and a team of faculty members were tasked with reexamining ways we could better support the sense of community among instructors and students in a virtual learning environment. The team created a series of Course Hubs for our gateway courses. The Course Hubs gather a collection of open-source materials that are made available on the OpenLab, which is City Tech's open digital platform for teaching, learning, and collaboration. During the process of designing the Course Hub for our Quantitative Reasoning course, we collected several projects that various instructors had developed over the years. In this presentation, we discuss how these changes will possibly impact instructional delivery and student learning at City Tech. Teaching a 'Calling Bullshit' course (Keynote) Carl Bergstrom and Jevin West, University of Washington Abstract One of the most important skills that students can learn is the ability to spot and refute rot, especially the kind wrapped in data, statistics and fancy algorithms. Over the last several years, we have been teaching students from STEM and non-STEM backgrounds to question numbers in the same way they question clickbait news and propaganda. Our philosophy is to focus less on the black box algorithm or procedure and instead focus on the data entering and exiting the black box. That puts an emphasis on topics such as selection bias, correlation and causation. In this talk, we will present what we have learned over the past several years teaching 'Calling Bullshit'. Our hope is to make this content accessible to instructors wanting to integrate this kind of data reasoning approach into their own classroom. We will provide example modules from our class, discuss testing and evaluation, and reflect on the challenges of taking this course online during the pandemic.One of the most important skills that students can learn is the ability to spot and refute rot, especially the kind wrapped in data, statistics and fancy algorithms. Over the last several years, we have been teaching students from STEM and non-STEM backgrounds to question numbers in the same way they question clickbait news and propaganda. Our philosophy is to focus less on the black box algorithm or procedure and instead focus on the data entering and exiting the black box. That puts an emphasis on topics such as selection bias, correlation and causation. In this talk, we will present what we have learned over the past several years teaching 'Calling Bullshit'. Our hope is to make this content accessible to instructors wanting to integrate this kind of data reasoning approach into their own classroom. We will provide example modules from our class, discuss testing and evaluation, and reflect on the challenges of taking this course online during the pandemic. 2020-21-NNN-Abstract Two keynotes, 30 sessions Page 1 Updated 2/24 NNN 2020-21 Meeting Abstracts Feb 26-28, 2021 Math for the People: A textbook for teaching quantitative reasoning through social justice Mark Branson, Stevenson University; Whitney George, University of Wisconsin La Crosse Abstract Math for the People is a new project which seeks to create a collaboratively-written, open educational resource designed to replace a classic textbook for a first-year quantitative reasoning course. The text encourages students to explore how mathematics can be used to understand social justice concepts like generational wealth inequity, climate change, and racially-biased policing from a solutions-oriented perspective. Rather than learning a series of mathematical concepts, followed by applications of those concepts, Math for the People seeks to invert that structure, beginning with a problem that students are interested in and discovering the mathematics which can help to understand and even solve that problem In this presentation, we will discuss the modular structure of the text, the current state of the project, and opportunities for collaboration across the community.Math for the People is a new project which seeks to create a collaboratively-written, open educational resource designed to replace a classic textbook for a first-year quantitative reasoning course. The text encourages students to explore how mathematics can be used to understand social justice concepts like generational wealth inequity, climate change, and racially-biased policing from a solutions-oriented perspective. Rather than learning a series of mathematical concepts, followed by applications of those concepts, Math for the People seeks to invert that structure, beginning with a problem that students are interested in and discovering the mathematics which can help to understand and even solve that problem In this presentation, we will discuss the modular structure of the text, the current state of the project, and opportunities for collaboration across the community. Is teaching quantitative reasoning worth the effort? Deependra Budhathoki and Greg Foley, Ohio University Abstract In the spring of 2020, Budhathoki interviewed 6 Quantitative Reasoning (QR) instructors (3 male, 3 female) from two universities and three community colleges across Ohio. They had taught QR from one semester to 3 years. All 6 instructors stated that QR teaching is more challenging than teaching other mathematics courses. Nonetheless, 3 of them expressed their preference to teach QR. The other 3 explained that they had more experience and greater comfort in teaching other mathematics courses and that QR preparation is time consuming. In particular, they cited the challenges of selecting quantitative contexts and developing associated activities for students. For the first 15–20 min, we will report our findings. Then, we will engage the audience in Q&A: Are these findings typical? What can be done to support instructors as they transition from teaching traditional courses such as College Algebra to teaching QR? Well-designed QR student materials? Detailed notes for QR instructors? Learning communities of QR instructors? Professional development for QR instructors? How is QR scale-up dependent upon such factors?In the spring of 2020, Budhathoki interviewed 6 Quantitative Reasoning (QR) instructors (3 male, 3 female) from two universities and three community colleges across Ohio. They had taught QR from one semester to 3 years. All 6 instructors stated that QR teaching is more challenging than teaching other mathematics courses. Nonetheless, 3 of them expressed their preference to teach QR. The other 3 explained that they had more experience and greater comfort in teaching other mathematics courses and that QR preparation is time consuming. In particular, they cited the challenges of selecting quantitative contexts and developing associated activities for students. For the first 15–20 min, we will report our findings. Then, we will engage the audience in Q&A: Are these findings typical? What can be done to support instructors as they transition from teaching traditional courses such as College Algebra to teaching QR? Well-designed QR student materials? Detailed notes for QR instructors? Learning communities of QR instructors? Professional development for QR instructors? How is QR scale-up dependent upon such factors? Student-generated data to address misconceptions and fallacies in introductory statistics Andrew Bulawa and Kostas Stroumbakis, Queensborough Community College, City University of New York Abstract Several guidelines (e.g., GAISE 2016) recommend using real data in an introductory statistics course to help students appreciate the relevance of statistical concepts in context. The project discussed below incorporates student-generated survey data into assignments with an emphasis on highlighting common fallacies in logical, mathematical, and statistical reasoning. We will give a project overview, discuss potential misconceptions and potent


The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of fashion and lifestyle involvement on impulsive purchases of distro platt mars. The method in this study uses a type of probability sampling, including simple random sampling. The analysis technique used is the validity test, reliability test, multiple linear regression analysis including the coefficient of determination test, multiple correlation coefficients, and testing the hypothesis using the test simultaneously (F test). The results of the test of the coefficient of determination seen from the value (Adjusted R2) of 0.325 can be interpreted that the influence of Fashion Involvement and Shopping Lifestyle on Impulsive Purchases is 32.5%. The remaining 67.5% is influenced by other factors outside this study. Based on the multiple correlation coefficient test seen from the R value of 0.582 shows that there is a strong relationship between fashion involvement and shopping lifestyle with impulsive purchases. Based on the F test the probability value sig. 0,000 <0.05. Conclusions, together with Fashion Involvement (X1) and Shopping Lifestyle (X2) significantly influence Impulsive Purchase (Y).
Keywords: Fashion Involvement, Shopping Lifestyle, Impulsive Purchasing


A perturbational method is described for calculating the interaction energy of two molecules in the region where the overlap between their wave-functions is significant. By working directly with a basis of determinants constructed from the SCF orbitals of the separated molecules, without orthogonalization, it is possible to avoid many of the disadvantages of other methods.


The well-known feedback ramp metering algorithm ALINEA can be applied for local ramp metering or used as a key component in a coordinated ramp metering system. ALINEA uses real-time occupancy measurements from the ramp-flow merging area that may be at most few hundred meters downstream of the metered on-ramp nose. In many practical cases, however, bottlenecks with smaller capacity than the merging area may exist further downstream for various reasons, which suggests using measurements from those further downstream bottlenecks rather than from the merging area. This paper addresses the local ramp metering problem in such a downstream bottleneck case. Theoretical analysis indicates that ALINEA may lead to a poorly damped closed-loop behavior in this case, but PI-ALINEA, which is a suitable proportional-integral (PI) extension of ALINEA, can lead to satisfactory control performance. The stability of the closed-loop ramp metering system with PI-ALINEA is rigorously proved by Lyapunov stability arguments. The root locus method is also employed to analyze the linearized closed-loop system performance of ALINEA and PI-ALINEA with and without a downstream bottleneck to provide insights on both controllers' performance. Simulation studies are conducted using a macroscopic traffic flow model to demonstrate that the ramp metering performance of ALINEA indeed deteriorates in the distant downstream bottleneck case, whereas a significant improvement is obtained using PI-ALINEA. Moreover, with its control parameters appropriately tuned, PI-ALINEA is found to be universally applicable to a range of distances between the on-ramp and downstream bottlenecks. This indicates that little fine-tuning would be necessary in field applications.


.4hs/7ncf Wc dca.rilw a i l wlgoritliiii for iiiiilticoiint 1 Iic >pc( i f i c .;cnwrs avnilnhlc oii tlic mobile robot tnrgct trackiiig o f iiioviiig ol).jc:c:t,s iwrforititvl l q i i [I] 'l'lir foiciiiosi CliiliculLy I I I t l i e application of niultipleniohile robot in clyiiaiiiic riivironiiictiits. Tlic alga1 argct t I i1ckiiig involvcs the problem of associating mearitliin is capable of tracking scvc?i*al ol)jcbcts and surerncnts with appropriate tmclts, especially when there is based on a centralizc?d probabilistic Baycsian are missing reports, un1;nown targets (requiring track iniapproach with iiiiiltiplc liypotlicsis. Wliercas met iat,ioii), aiid false reports (frorri noise'and background) asiircineiits belonging to >\rtilitl targcts are procc[3] s s c d using a ICaliiiaii fi1tc.r to y i c k l t l optinii ini cstiAlthoiigli there IS a great deal of research on tiiult,itarmates, all other InCi~siirCiiic'iit,s a w i i s c ~ l t o create grt trac1,iiig I I I t lie acrospact area [1-3], v r r y little research or iiiaintaiii miiltiplc 1iyI)otlicsis corrchspoiiding to I ias hccn cloiic iii t lie cont.cst of mobile robots The cenpossible targets. Thc viahi1it.y of tlic. algoritliiii has t I al prol)leiri of i i i i i l t itarget tracking is data association, becii tested in a real applic'ittioii. Portions of this the prohlctii of deteririining from which target, if any, a rcscarcli lias hcrii 1)c.rforiiicltl i i i i t l c ~ tlic: EEC ESpart iciilai iiiCasiiieiiieri origiiiatc, [ I ] . Currelit approaPRIT 2483 Paiioriiiiia Pro.icct. clic> 1 t 3 i r d to abhociate list of iiwasurciiicnts with a list of t,argcth I n this pa er , we rise a probabilistic Bayei n approach to data association. Our approach involves a r i i i i l t iple hypothesis tecliniqiic Ix-tsed on prohahilities of i l l s t o l I 1 "I' Ii 0 1 I C'I' r 0 N


This study aims to investigate how to develop sharia accounting to compile Islamic household financial statements. The study was used qualitative research for analytical, empirical data. The respondents for the research are 5 Islamic housewives and accountant educators (accounting lecturers) who were selected by purposive sampling in East Java. The obtained data were analyzed via Miles Huberman's approach with three analytical elements. The results showed that Islamic household financial statements consisted of; (a) statement of financial position, (b) cash flow statement and, (c) statement of changes in funds. The Islamic accounting development model for Islamic household entities uses an integration, interaction, and evolution approach that was developed from empirical facts about the existence of financial statements occurring in Islamic households synchronized with the opinions of educators accountants about Islamic financial statements and then integrated with Islamic teachings.


This article explains the meaning and characteristics of strategic opportunities which are fleeting.In order to realize comprehensively the goals of the twelfth Five-Year Plan and complete the historic task of building a well-off society in an all-round way,we should f irmly seize the important strategic opportunities.This article has analyzed the strategic opportunities facing China from the international and domestic two angles,and suggests that China should stick to its reform and opening up,take development as the essence and be good at turning crises into opportunities so as to seize the strategic opportunities.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence of cognitive impairment and its influencing factors in rural elderly in Sichuan Province.

METHODS
A multi-stage random sampling method was adopted to select participants in six towns and eighteen administrative villages in Fushun and Lizhou. The cognitive functions of 1 065 rural elderly were assessed. Factors associated with cognitive impairments of the rural elderly were identified.

RESULTS
About 39. 9% of the rural elderly had cognitive impairments. Gender, age, marital status, educational attainment, regular physical activities, quality of life and social support were associated with cognitive impairments.

CONCLUSION
The prevalence of cognitive impairments in rural elderly in Sichuan is high in comparison with national and international averages. Targeted interventions are needed based on the identified influencing factors.


The Paper is a proposition for a tool that has for goal to help Korean Small and Medium Sized Manufacturing Firms to design business models that use Information and Communication Technologies. It shall help to develop the urgently needed critical mass of knowledge workers, technology users, and motivated entrepreneurs in order to deploy Information and Communication Technologies in businesses of Small and Medium Sized Manufacturing Firms. The objective of this Paper is proposes a theoretical business model framework which shall allow Small and Medium Sized Manufacturing Firms. The Business Model Framework gives special attention to the opportunities that arise out of the use of Information Technology and particularly the use of the Internet for businesses in emerging economies. In order to achieve this, the Business Model Framework should be deployed as a Web based tool, which allows Users to navigate through the concepts and the corresponding real world examples and easily learn about business opportunities.


6,6′-(5,6-diethyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)-2,2′-bipyridine was synthesized by a two-step reaction.The reaction time of the first step was shortened from 17d to 3d by improving reaction conditions.The structures of intermediate and target products were characterized by elemental analysis,IR,1HNMR and MS.In addition,The reaction mechanism was studied.


Equation learning is a deep learning framework for explainable machine learning in regression settings, with applications in engineering and the natural sciences. Equation learners typically do not capture uncertainty about the model or its predictions, although uncertainty is often highly structured and particularly relevant for these kinds of applications. We show how simple, yet effective forms of Bayesian deep learning can be used to build structure and explainable uncertainty over a set of found equations. Specifically, we use a mixture of Laplace approximations, where each mixture component captures a different equation structure, and the local Laplace approximations capture parametric uncertainty within one family of equations. We present results on both synthetic and real world examples.


In correspondence of the LMPP stage, the two transcription factors, IKAROS and PU.1 22 are believed to be responsible of the early lymphopoietic specification. The IKAROS 23 gene encodes a family of zinc finger transcription factors that are essential for the 24 generation of fetal B and T cell progenitors. Germline mutation of the IKAROS 25 DNA-binding domain in homozygous mice showed the influence of IKAROS zinc finger 26 transcription factor (IKZF1) for hematopoietic stem cell function and renewal, and 27 promotion of the differentiation of T and B lymphocytes and natural killer cells [1–3]. 28 In other studies, IKAROS was shown to be a crucial regulator in the commitment of 29


The method of projections onto convex sets has been used effectively in the solution many important signal and image processing applications. This method however fails in circumstances when the desired constraints form non-convex sets. A new approach to image recovery based on a stochastic projections method is presented. At its core the method relies on the iteration of projections onto closed sets (not necessarily convex). A stochastic parameter is used to update the projections among the images in their neighborhood subsequent to each iteration. Computer simulation experiments are used for the comparison of the stochastic projections with several existing methods to signal recovery for phase-from-magnitude image restoration.


Most research on social inequalities in higher education (HE) graduates' labour market outcomes has analysed outcomes at one or two points in time, thus providing only snapshots of graduates' occupational destinations. This study contributes to the existing literature by examining the education and labour market trajectories of degree holders across their life course and how these trajectories vary by social class of origin. We analyse data from the 1970 British Cohort Study and employ sequence analysis, followed by cluster analysis, to identify HE graduates' typical trajectories. We assess the degree of social inequalities in the chance of following more or less advantaged pathways from age 16 up to the age of 42 and the extent to which these inequalities are explained by differences in higher education experiences. The results show that graduates from lower social classes of origin have more diverse and less stable trajectories, are less likely to enter top-level jobs in their 20s and more likely to enter and remain in lower social classes than their more socially advantaged counterparts. The age at which people graduate from HE emerges to be a key factor in explaining some of these patterns. Interestingly, HE factors - such as class of degree, fields of study and type of university attended - only partially explain social class differences. Our research provides new insights into the dynamic nature of inequalities among graduates showing that not only does the final destination matter but also the timing and sequencing of trajectories are important.


Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko (1853-1921) turned his personal experiences as a political prisoner in Siberia into short stories that champion the talents of Siberia's ordinary people. These stories of Siberia have been noted by critics for their techniques of composition. His contemporaries like A. P. Chekhov and V. M. Garshin praise his craftsmanship and skill to compose aesthetically appealing short stories.' Leighton shows how Korolenko, in order to reveal and document facts about different human beings, utilizes various literary devices such as particularized narration (skaz), allegory, contrast, parallel, and lyrical description.2 According to him, each story is like an "elegant, polished, graceful and harmonious composition" where the various literary devices are used "instinctively" (201). But I think that Korolenko organizes nature description, surroundings, atmosphere, and action of the narrative to complement the choice of heroes deliberately to create the harmony that Lunacharskii discusses (6-8). My essay indeed takes off from Lunacharskii's abstract observations and shows that Korolenko deftly employs narrative techniques and achieves a harmony between the narrator and character and their relationship to nature. Korolenko's Siberian stories form a homogeneous group of sixteen stories written in two cycles. The first one, made up of "The Strange One" (1880), "Iashka" (1880), "The Murderer" (1882), "Makar's Dream" (1883), "Sokolinets" (1885), "The Prison" (1886), "Fedor Bespriiutnyi" (1886), "The Circassian" (1888), was written during and immediately after Korolenko's exile. The other cycle, which consists of "Temptation" (1891), "At-Davan" (1892), "Marusia's Settlement" (1899), "Lights" (1900), "The Last Ray" (1900), "The Frost" (1900-1901), "The Coachmen, Lords" (1900), "The Feudal Lords" (1904), was written later in life after a lapse of a decade or more since his exile to Siberia. Clearly, Siberia as a theme continues to occupy Korolenko throughout his writing career; even in the 1890s he goes back to his notes and memories to reconstruct a few more pieces about it. It is only after he exhausts the stories of Siberia in 1904-the year that his last story of Siberia ("The Feudal Lords") was written-that he turns to writing his memoirs, A History of My Contemporary (1905-1921). After 1905 there is a sharp decline in the number of stories that Korolenko


Abstract Satellite-based remote sensing has long been recognized as an important method to reconnoiter oceanic tropical cyclones due to the scarcity of in situ observations. Beyond the standard qualitative applications offered by imagery, algorithms are being developed to process the information-wealthy imagery into quantitative parameters necessary to positively impact objective analyses on which numerical track predictions are initialized. Techniques developed at the University of Wisconsin Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies enable the automated extraction of displacement vectors from animated imagery featuring sequential geostationary satellite multispectral observations of clouds and water vapor. Recent upgrades to these algorithms and a focused processing strategy directed toward optimizing the retrieved wind vector coverage are discussed. In combination with advanced sensing technology afforded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's latest generation of geos...