Twenty-three patients patients with clinical signs of pulmonary embolic disease and lung infiltrates were studied to determine the value of gallium citrate Ga 67 lung scan in differentiating embolic from inflammatory lung disease. In 11 patients without angiographically proved embolism, only seven had corresponding ventilation-perfusion defects compatible with inflammatory disease. In seven of these 11 patients, the gallium 67 concentration indicated inflammatory disease. In the 12 patients with angiographically proved embolic disease, six had corresponding ventilation-perfusion defects compatible with inflammatory disease. None had an accumulation of 67Ga in the area of pulmonary infiltrate. Thus, ventilation-perfusion lung scans are of limited value when lung infiltrates are present. In contrast, the accumulation of 67Ga in the lung indicates an inflammatory process. Gallium imaging can help select those patients with lung infiltrates who need angiography.


This brief review article is appearing in the issue of Statistical Science that marks the 25th anniversary of the bootstrap. It concerns some of the theoretical and methodological aspects of the bootstrap and how they might influence future work in statistics.


Investments in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) provide companies with important benefits, but it is considered that the existing procedures for their evaluation do not take into account intangible benefits. In this study we deal with this assumption by analyzing information gathered with a questionnaire applied on-line from the perceptual perspective of active employees of companies based in Nicaragua in private and public sectors on the existence of procedures to evaluate benefits obtained from this kind of projects in their organizations. We created two profiles: one of the employees polled and one of the companies they worked for. We also estimated the weight that according with those polled the evaluation of said benefits has in their companies. The analysis of these profiles and of the estimated weight allowed us to conclude that there exists a split perception of employees on the existence of procedures to evaluate ICT investments in their companies: one part perceived that such procedures exist and take into account tangible and intangible benefits; another part perceived that the evaluation of intangible benefits is important, but their companies do not have procedures therefor.


Hydroxycamptothecin(HCPT) has been shown to have activity against a broad spectrum of cancers.In order to enhance its tumor-targeting and anticancer activity,hydroxycamptothecin-loaded microspheres made from folate(FA)-decorated chitosan(CTS) were prepared and their release characteristics in vitro was evaluated.FA-CTS/HCPT microspheres were prepared by the ionic crosslinking method through the electrostatic interaction between the protonated amino of chitosan in acidic conditions and the deprotonation of carboxyl of folic acid in alkaline conditions.The morphological characteristics of microspheres were examined using a scanning electron microscope(SEM).The average diameter of microspheres and size distribution were determined by dynamic light scattering.The drug encapsulation efficiency(EE),loading capacity(LC),and in vitro release characteristics were determined using ultraviolet spectrophotometer.It indicated that the microspheres are uniform spherical and regular,with a size of 32.65 μm.Optimized preparation parameters lead to the successful preparation of 10-hydroxycamptothecin-loaded folate-conjugated chitosan microspheres characterized with encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity up to 90.9% and 20.9 % respectively.About 90% of hydroxycamptothecin was released from microspheres in 8 h at artificial gastric juice and artificial small intestinal fluid.It indicates the microspheres have good delayed release effect without burst-releasing phenomena.


Using a GPV nucleic acid probe studied and produced during previous work,nucleic acid dot-blotting assay was deviced and set up for detection of GPV nucleic acid.The aasay was proved to be very senstive and specific,and could detect GPV nucleic acid with sensitivity of 3 pg.The method was applied to detect the viral acid of tissues of geese clinically infected with GPV,and it′s detecting results were validated by agar gel diffusion precipitation test(AGP).The method successfully detected the GPV viral acid of tissues including small intestine,heart,liver,pancreas,spleen and brain,of which the small intestine contained maximum of viruses and the brain did minimum of viruses.


: Cereal grains are part of the most important alimentary sources for humans and must be safely stored, as contamination by living organisms, such as insects and fungi, causes quantitative and qualitative losses. Tribolium castaneum is one of the most common insect pests of stored products, and may also produce benzoquinones as a defensive action. This insect presence makes the products more susceptible to the spread of fungi, such as Aspergillus flavus , which alters the quality of the grains and may produce mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of adults of T. castaneum presence on a mycotoxigenic strain of this fungi development and production of mycotoxins, as well as the influence of the fungi on insect adults. Maize flour was exposed to: T. castaneum adults; spores of A. flavus ; both organisms; and only maize as control. In all assays, except control, AFB 1 and total aflatoxins content were above the accepted limit for human food. The ability of these organisms, to thrive under the same conditions and the chemical compounds released by them, makes the interaction between T. castaneum and A. flavus a subject with great importance to the stored maize safety.


New expressions for precipitation hardening due to ordered, misfit-free particles were developed on the basis of a realistic evaluation of the particle spacing along a dislocation in Udimet 520. Such expressions had a clear difference from the existing theories based on the theoretical predictions of particle spacing. Precipitation hardening in Udimet 520 and several Ni-Al alloys was revealed to be in excellent quantitative agreement with the new expressions. (Received June 6, 1980)


— Two case studies of how conflicts between Karaboro farmers and Fulani farmer-herders were managed and settled in Comoe Province (Burkina Faso) shed light on the social, political and cultural factors that keep conflicts from becoming large-scale clashes. Local factors and, too, the government and development agencies influence the stakes in these conflicts. The ways local actors perceive a conflict as a function of their positions, interests and values are analyzed. The parties to a conflict may find it more important to prefer peace to justice, as shown through the following examples : the traditional guest/host relationship, local interpretations of land reform, and the roles of hunter and herder associations.


A model for fluorescence signal extinction due to an acetone droplet is developed. When combined with existing models, it provides a system of two equations in two unknowns for the fluorescence and extinction in a pixel in two-phase flow. The model is used to define parameters necessary for sufficient resolution in an acetone PLIF experiment. It can also be used to convert acetone PLIF images into images of droplet location and size as well as local vapor concentration. Approximation methods to achieve this conversion are discussed. The qualitative effects expected based on the model are shown in experimental results.


Objective To discuss the harm and the rectification procedures for patients who have received nonstandard cholangioenterostomy and improper endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage.Method The clinical data of 55 patients who had received nonstandard cholangioenterostomy and improper endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage seen at the Ningbo LiHuiLi Hospital between 2004.6 to2011.12 were retrospectively analyzed.Results There were 23 patients who had stones located intrahepatically which had not been dealt with in the previous operation; 16 patients received choledochoduodenostomy; 5 patients received side-to-side or side-to-end cholangiojejunostomy (with no division of the common bile duct) ; 2 patients developed anastomotic stricture after nonstandard cholangioenterostomy; 3 patients had a short efferent loop of jejunum; and 6 patients had improper endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage.Through reoperative rectification,all patients had satisfactory therapeutic outcomes.Conclusions For hepatolithiasis patients,nonstandard cholangioenterostomy and improper endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage not only cause harm to the patients,but also force patients to have a reoperation.Thus,following strict operative indications,choosing the right operation and improving on the operative skills are the keys to prevent a reoperation.

Key words:
Biliary tract surgical procedures; Cholelithiasis; Stents; Postoperative complications


For four (or more) transmitters, a new design of differential space-time block code allowing symbol-wise decoding is presented in this letter. The new design not only has the minimum (symbol-wise) decoding complexity as that by Yuen, Guan and Tjhung (YGT) but also yields a lower error rate. While the YGT code uses a specially designed symbol constellation, the new code uses a conventional QAM with a rotation. At a high data rate such as 3 bps/Hz, the new design with symbol-wise decoding complexity can even yield a lower error rate than the code by Zhu and Jafarkhani that has the pair-wise decoding complexity.


Abstract:There is growing need to showcase the agency and determination of African American parents seeking equitable educational opportunities for their children, given that their narratives defy mainstream stereotypes of passivity, disinterest, and lack of effort. In this article the authors investigate the early role of parents in fostering sustainable mathematics and academic success among 24 high-achieving Black college students in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. In particular, this study sheds light on the ways parents support their children's mathematics participation and learning in and outside of school settings. Black parental involvement is misunderstood. This research shows that African American parents are aware of educational inequities and respond by becoming advocates, motivators, and even early teachers of mathematics for their children.


The biggest challenge to autonomous mobile robot navigation is planning an obstacle-free trajectory from an initial point to the target. All environments are prompt to change which arises obstacles that add more complexity to the autonomous navigation systems, especially for tasks such as parcel delivery, law enforcement, and first aid in urban areas. The most of current algorithms for autonomous system path planning are drawn from pre-existing models and focus mostly on Ground Autonomous Vehicles, employing 2D techniques that must be converted to 3D in the case of Aerial Vehicles. The race to solve those challenging tasks, over the past few decades, has led to a promising range of improved and hybrid robot path planning. The main objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive and conclusive review of two of the most successful three-dimensional robotic path planning algorithms developed in recent years. Each algorithm is investigated and evaluated in terms of time efficiency, executable area, and capacity to deal with both static and dynamic obstacles.


This master thesis provides an overview of the paper machine with focus on the forming section. The forming section is the first part in the paper machine where the paper pulp is injected through a ...


The mining status of boundary coal-pillars is analyzed.In Combination with the mining geological conditions,according to the shape of residual part of the boundary coal-pillars,some aspects are researched,such as the rotating mining,steps mining,trapezoid mining,belt coal pillar mining,room and pillar mining,which were contraposed to the mining method of boundary coal-pillars,thus forming a section layout pattern of boundary coal-pillars.


Humanitarian assistance in armed conflict and other disasters can involve a great variety of institutions and participants all operating simultaneously, including national civil defence organizations, military units, Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, international governmental organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Coordination of humanitarian assistance is therefore inevitably a complex and delicate matter, all the more so because the concept of coordination, like that of disaster preparedness generally, is relevant to both donor and recipient parties. The success of coordination can do much to remove the confusion which may accompany humanitarian assistance operations, although to a certain extent some such confusion is by definition inherent in all disaster situations where relief actions are required. Since it is not questioned that the overall effectiveness of humanitarian assistance operations can be improved by coordination designed to take into account the contribution of the many different organizations and forms of relief administration involved, an important problem of humanitarian action at the global level is to define and to achieve the most appropriate national and international coordination mechanisms.


4,4-Disubstituted 2-oxazolines have been synthesized by a microwave-promoted solvent-free direct condensation of carboxylic acids and disubstituted β-amino alcohols in good to excellent yields. Zinc oxide is a very good solid support in cases where a Lewis acid is required. The method described herein is a very good, safe, clean, economical, and environmentally friendly alternative to the classical procedures. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)


Customer resource is the enterprise's strategic resource.Building,keeping and developing good relationship with the customer is the key to get the enduring advantages for the enterprise.The managerial master said:If you can't measure it,then you can't manage it well.So it is the premise for successful customer management of an enterprise that how to analyze and measure the customer relationship.This paper puts forward the three-dimensional concept about the customer relationship,that is:relationship width,depth and length.The paper develops the model to measure the customer relationship based on three dimensions of the customer relationship and provides beneficial reference for the enterprise to manage customer relationship successfully.


This invention relates to an automatic production line for button LiMn cells including a vacuum drying glove box, a negative shell vibration feed machine and an anode shell vibration feed machine characterizing in installing a conveyer belt, a Li belt cutting device, a Li punch shaping device, a punching and shaping device for isolation films, an injecting device for electrolyte, an anode feed device, a combination device for anode shell and negative shell and a punching and sealing device in the vacuum glove box to increase production rate of button LiMn cells.


A system based on the scientific analysis of the full spectrum of nutrients in food, which gives each food a lifepoint rating and some a riskpoint rating. All the reader has to do is eat at least and no more than 100 riskpoints per day to achieve a healthier diet.


This paper examines the impact of floating rate loans and in terest rate volatility on aggregate cash flow for fourteen two digit SIC manufacturing industries. The results indicate that changes in the short-term interest rate and/or interest rate volatility have a significantly negative impact on the cash flow of a majority of the firms considered. Although the inverse relationship between corporate cash flow and interest rate is worth mentioning, the heterogeneity of this relationship across industries, however, is more interesting. The magnitude of the decline in cash flow tends to vary between industries, and it likely accounts for a different share of total cash flow.


This study is focused on the fluidized bed drying of solid olive oil mill by-products (SOB) resulting from the 2-phase oil extraction method. The most usual method used in SOB drying is the rotary dryer, which revealed some problems and disadvantages that can be easily solved with the development of new drying techniques based on exhaustive studies of the solid and a better comprehension of the drying process. Two-phase SOB drying in a fluidized bed proved to be a suitable alternative that provides high-efficiency drying at relatively low air temperatures (T < 150°C). Drying kinetics modeling was developed based on well-known empirical models such as Henderson & Pabis's model and Page's model. An n-order potential model is presented, showing a good accuracy for the description of the experimental drying curves of 2-phase SOB and it was possible to correlate satisfactorily its fitting parameters with the process variables.


Information technology (IT) project success depends on having a project manager with effective decision-making, leadership, and project management (PM) skills. Project success also depends on completing the project in a given budget, time, and scope. However, there is a limited understanding of the Agile Leadership Effectiveness in Leading High Performance Team. Agile Software Development Team (ASDT) success factors such as organizational, people, process, project management, technical, trust, and so forth. The purpose of this paper is to present and synthesize the success factors generally accepted as critical in building and managing high performance ASDTs. These success factors consisted of ASDT (e.g., structure, member' competencies, commitment and trust, communications, goals, and collaboration), leading ASDTs (e.g., leadership styles), workplace factors (e.g., cultural, functional and organizational differences), technologies (e.g., development tools), and organizational, people, process, and technical factors.  Organizational leaders and practitioners from various industries who are building or managing ASDTs could be of benefits with the researcher's study outcomes by implementing or developing strategies or processes that could improve ASDT performance for long term sustainable development. High performance ASDT outcomes include improve team overall performance, time to the market, project success rate, and a better safer and healthier organizations or society.


It is studied anthropogenic atmospheric precipitation by the content of soluble salts, macroelements and dust in snow water. Total air pollution index was calculated by the measured parameters of precipitation. It was established statistical connections between total pollution index, on the one hand, and the population growth, mortality from tumors and vascular lesions at diseases of the circulatory system, on the other hand


A 69-year-old female successfully underwent the closure of bronchopleural fistula 10 weeks after right lower lobectomy for lung cancer. The fistula was identified at the bronchial stump and the lateral wall of the middle lobe bronchus. Empyema was treated by tube drainage and followed by open window thoracotomy for eight weeks. The bronchopleural fistula was then closed with an omental pedicle. The omentum placed into the pleural cavity was fixed on the fistula as a patch graft. Chest tube drainage was discontinued one week later with no signs of fistula or abscess formation. The postoperative course has been uneventful.


Brief information on the importance of potatoes in the world is given. Principal trends in the development of agricultural machinery for the Smart Farming technologies are shown. Structural features of planting, harvesting and other special machines for potatoes including the machines intended for Smart Farming technologies are considered. The current trends of development of agricultural machinery are briefly presented.


All electronic circuits generally use inductive elements, such as transformers, coils, or relays, and some applications, such as stepper motors, also have inductive loads. Unfortunately, the failure of switching devices in inductive circuits is a frequent problem and causes system failure. Switching-transistor and MOSFET failure is common in motor drivers, switched-mode power supplies, and similar electronic systems. The causes for the switch failures can be intrinsic or extrinsic. In an intrinsic failure, the device itself may be faulty, it may have undergone degradation, or it may have a latent defect that initial device testing did not detect. Extrinsic causes of failure include simply misapplying the device or making it operate beyond its safe-operating-area characteristic during normal operation of the system. In this case, the device is bound to fail due to excessive stress. The stress can be electrical (Figure 1) or thermal overstress. Minimizing switching-device failures in inductive circuits takes a multipronged approach. First, practice good design and construction techniques for transformers and other inductive elements in the circuit to reduce parasitics, such as leakage inductance and parasitic capacitance. Second, place protection networks or devices across the switching devices to protect against high-voltage breakdown. Third, use the appropriate switching device with a breakdown-voltage rating that's appropriate for the expected voltage levels in the circuit. You should derate by approximately 75% the breakdown-voltage rating that the data sheet specifies. You should specify acceptable leakage-inductance levels for all transformers and reject transformers that do not meet the specification during incoming inspection so that such defective components do not later cause field failures. Because the reliability of any system depends on the reliability of every component in the system, paying attention to minor parameter details of transformers and switching devices greatly improves overall system reliability by reducing component failures.


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Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a disease of older adults, with a median age of diagnosis in the late 60s. While treatment advances have prolonged overall survival (OS) in MM, improvements have been modest among older MM patients. Symptom burden and quality of life are concerns for older patients, as they are more susceptible to treatment intolerance and dose reduction or treatment cessation. Older patients are often under-represented in clinical trials, and less information is available regarding their presenting clinical characteristics and treatment course. The Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation (MMRF) CoMMpass study, is a multicenter study in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. It collects clinical-molecular data and patient reported health-related quality of life measures (EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-MY20). In this study, we analyzed data from the CoMMpass study and compared presenting clinical characteristics, symptom burden and genetic features of newly diagnosed MM patients ≥ 75 years of age and those 75 years to confirm prior observations that the incidence of t(4;14) decreases with age (Avet-Loiseau et al. 2013). Methods: Clinical data from the interim analysis 6 of the CoMMpass study was extracted via the MMRF Researcher Gateway. CoMMpass eligibility requirements include: symptomatic MM with measureable disease by SPEP (≥1.0g/dL), UPEP (≥200mg/24 hours), or SFLC (≥10mg/dL); receiving an immunomodulator and/or a proteasome inhibitor for initial MM treatment; and no prior malignancies in the past 5 years.Enrollment began in July 2011. Clinical data is recorded at enrolling centers by data analysts. Analysis was with STATA 12.0. Categorical variables were compared with χ2; continuous variables were compared with student9s t-tests and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Results: 625 patients were eligible for analysis. 92 patients were ≥ 75 years of age, and 533 were 75 years showed a trend towards decreasing rates of t(4;14).Results are summarized in Table 1. Conclusion: Older patients in this study had higher ISS stage at diagnosis and worse ECOG performance status scores. Baseline labs showed inferior renal function and lower platelet and hemoglobin levels. Emotional and financial status was rated higher than younger patients, while physical functioning was worse. A trend towards decreased incidence of t(4;14) was appreciated by age. Disclosures Vij:Takeda, Onyx: Research Funding; Celgene, Onyx, Takeda, Novartis, BMS, Sanofi, Janssen, Merck: Consultancy.


given wide publicity. The chambers of commerce and statisticians are predicting that this growth will continue. Every community has had to take part in providing homes and jobs in one of the world's greatest migrations of people. The largest percentage increase in population has, reputedly, been in San Diego County. No community has been immune to this growth from the seashore to the mountains and even into the deserts -


In this research, cadmium concentrations contained in Beche-de-mere (BDM) due to pollution of heavy metals in the sea were determined using hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology and deep neural networks regression method. This detection system was important for maintaining the quality and safety of BDM which was one of the most important export food commodities in Indonesia. Several BDM samples of sandfish type were obtained from local markets in Indonesia. BDM samples were put in the glass jars that contained solutions of CdCl2 with various concentrations from 0 ~ 5 mg/L for three days. After three days, samples were dried using drying oven for 5 days. Next, the samples were scanned three times for each sample by hyperspectral imaging camera to obtain their hyperspectral data. Finally, after the spectral data acquired, the cadmium concentrations of the samples were ready to be determined by using Absorption Atomic Spectroscopy (AAS). Four regions of interests (ROI) were selected from each sample, and with three times scanning for each sample, resulted in total of 96 ROIs. Spectral profile data of the ROIs showed that there were variations in spectral reflectance of the BDM related to the different concentrations of cadmium used in the treatment of samples. Savitzky-Golay (SG) filter was used to clean noises from the spectral data. The model prediction was developed using deep neural networks. The results were also compared with shallow neural networks, partial least squared regression (PLSR), and support vector machine regression (SVR) methods. The best-established model which was deep neural networks with SG filtering had coefficient of correlation (Rp) of 0.93, and root-mean-square-error prediction (RMSEP) of 9.21.


The steady-state and switching behaviour of field-controlled thyristors (FCTh) have been analyzed by 2D simulation and experiment. By means of a low inductive drive, very fast turn-on ( tau /sub on/ approximately=80 ns) and turn-off (t/sub st/<or=100 ns, t/sub R/<or=100 ns) were achieved even with 2.5 kV/200 A devices. Effects improving the current distribution homogeneity during transients led to an extremely wide SOA (1600 V, 190 A/cm/sup 2/), a linear scaling behavior, and an excellent predictability by single cell simulation (better than 5% for a 800 V, 100 A/cm/sup 2/ turn-off). Thus, FCThs perform well for hard-switched and for resonant applications, showing excellent on-state versus switching loss tradeoff, diodelike turn-on and commutation, and pronounced reduction of switching loss at limited dV/sub A//dt. Ease of control is obtained through hybrid technology: a 200 A/2 kV MOS input FCTh module is presented.<<ETX>>


Effective training is essential to combat the plethora of cyber-attacks that frequently target individuals and organizations. Virtual Reality (VR) training platforms may provide an effective, engaging, and interactive approach to disseminating cybersecurity training and awareness. Gender is an influencing factor in cybersecurity training and may influence the potential adoption of VR cybersecurity training modules. This study utilizes the Technology Adoption Model (TAM) to measure the perceived usefulness and ease of use of VR cybersecurity training platforms. Overall, this paper explores whether gender is a predictor of how individuals perceive the usefulness and ease of use of Virtual Reality (VR) technologies for conducting cybersecurity training.


Lots of exploratory wells were drilled around the slope zone of Structure 428 in the past two years, and significant discoveries were made in Paleogene reservoirs. However, the structural trips for next drilling and exploration were very limited. In order to clarify the exploration potential of the area, comprehensive study was done on regional structure-sedimentary evolution features, from the perspective of regional-stereoscopic exploration. The control of structural evolution to sedimentary patterns and their distribution range was analyzed, and its effect on hydrocarbon accumulation was also discussed. On the basis of establishing regional sedimentary patterns, the hydrocarbon reservoir accumulation regulation of the area was clarified. It was believed that a large scale structure-lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir existed under the second member of Paleogene Dongying Formation, and oil and gas was mainly controlled by the development situation and distribution range of reservoirs under regional mudstone cap rock. The establishment of the sedimentary pattern god rid of the constraint of the idea of pure exploration of structural reservoirs. It was proposed that the exploration idea of structural-lithologic reservoir be set for the slope zone of Structure 428. The establishment of hydrocarbon accumulation pattern expanded the exploration potential of the area and provided technical support for next overall exploration evaluation of hydrocarbon reservoirs in the area.


We investigate experimentally and theoretically the propagation of coherent acoustic phonon pulses generated in Si using ultrafast optical pulses. These acoustic pulses are shown to be applicable for two-dimensional nanoscale imaging. In a recent paper [1], we presented a proof-of-concept experiment which showed that it is possible to use coherent acoustic phonons for 2-D sub-micron-resolution imaging of metallic nanostructures fabricated on a semiconductor substrate. Single-cycle coherent phonon pulses are generated and detected using an ultrafast pump-and-probe technique known as picosecond ultrasonics [2,3]. The experimental arrangement is illustrated in Fig. 1. The object is located on one side of a 0.5 mm thick Si wafer and is heated with femtosecond optical pump pulses. Acoustic waves (peak frequency and bandwidth ~ 0.1 THz) launched from the object are then detected by time-delayed optical probe pulses at a number of positions on an Al transducer deposited on the opposite side of the wafer.


Traffic simulation, a powerful scientific tool, can be applied to both transportation planning and to transportation design and operations. In this paper, a micro-simulation model is developed to simulate the behavior of individual vehicles on the freeway and is used to evaluate the impact of changes in efficiency and safety resulting from changes to traffic flow and speed limits. All aforementioned influences are expressed at a quantitive level.


The stress of thick-walled spherical head under inner pressure,using approximate numerical method,is calculated according to classical mechanics.As elastic analytical theory can not directly show the distribution of stress along the wall thickness,this paper adopts the finite element numerical simulation techniques so as to get a quick and accurate access to the size and distribution of values under the stress of a task,thus providing a convenient and effective computing modeling on the structural design and optimization.


Starting from scalability to visualization, several challenges come into play when multi-objective optimization algorithms are applied to many-objective optimization problems. These challenges can be tackled using objective reduction algorithms. This work proposes a correlation based objective reduction algorithm. The set of points representing the Pareto-Front are clustered based on correlation distance. The constituent objectives belonging to the most compact cluster are pruned except the centroid. The reduction and search proceed while alternating between full set and reduced set. Number of clusters is gradually increased in order to zoom in the correlation structure of the objectives and the algorithm stops when the number of clusters equals to the number of objectives. This objective reduction leads to automatic detection of number of objectives, faster convergence as one or more number of objectives can be eliminated in reduction stages and improved performance as both global exploration and local exploitation of the search space are considered. The proposed approach of objective reduction is coupled with a differential evolution based multi-objective optimization technique to develop a solution framework for many-objective optimization problems. The efficacy of the proposed approach is tested on several benchmark functions viz. DTLZ1, DTLZ2, DTLZ3 and DTLZ4 for 10 and 20 objectives. Convergence metric and hypervolume indicator are used for comparing the performance of the proposed solution framework with other popular multi-objective optimization algorithms.


Hot melt extrusion (HME) is a non-ambient plastic manufacturing process that has rapidly developed into a drug delivery technology. Over the last decade, there has been an increasing number of patents and research publications in this area such that HME is now regarded as a wellrecognised pharmaceutical technology used to manufacture a diverse range of delivery systems providing sustained, modified and targeted drug delivery. The process has been used to manufacture medical devices, orally administered tablets/capsules, transdermal patches and more recently has been used to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. The most often cited example of this being Kaletra, a fixeddose combination (Lopinavir/Ritonavir) product produced via HME offering improved aqueous solubility and physical stability. HME is a relatively simple process that involves the application of heat and transport through an extrusion channel to mix materials together subsequently forcing them out through a die. Depending upon the die used, a diverse range of products may be formed (pellets, rods, films). Moreover by removing the die, the extruder may also be used as a granulator, and if coupled with other extruders, the technology can be used to manufacture multilayer films via co-extrusion. Additionally, the continuous nature of hot melt extrusion has been utilised to successfully manufacture pharmaceutical solid dosage forms, thus reducing the number of unit operations typically associated with solid dosage form production. Given also that extensive process information (screw speed, temperature, spectroscopic data) may be gathered during production, continuous extrusion meets the goal of the Food and Drug Administration's process analytical technology (PAT) initiative for designing, analyzing and controlling the manufacturing process through quality control measurements during processing. At present, HME technology continues to be explored and utilised as a drug delivery technology since it offers many advantages over traditional production methods. In this special issue, we examine HME technology and explore the many uses it has found in the pharmaceutical arena. We emphasise the advantages and applications of HME technology and optimisation of the technology to ensure product quality and performance. Twin-screw extrusion is now frequently used to prepare drug dispersions for solubility enhancement. This has been driven by the large number of structurally complex drug candidates within discovery pipelines trending towards higher molecular weight. For such compounds identifying acceptable operating space is fundamental in ensuring drug solubilisation in polymer while also minimising thermal degradation. In the article by Keen et al., we develop an understanding of the influence of process parameters on the product performance, stability and purity of solid drug dispersions. Moreover, the solid state and dissolution performance of the resulting solid dispersions have been investigated and evaluated in the context of thermodynamic predictions from Flory–Huggins theory. In the article by Sakai et al., we extend discussion of solid dispersions and explore the use of a microextruder as a screening tool for early-stage hot melt extrusion. This has been investigated using commercially available and well-characterised polymeric excipients (Soluplus, copovidone and methacrylate copolymers) at batch sizes of 5 g. Interestingly, the authors report acceptable mixing and distribution following short processing times (1 min) and conclude that small batches may be rapidly and consistently produced that are suitable for screening purposes using standard solid-state and dissolution characterisation techniques. Solid dispersions containing carbamazepine, Soluplus and Lutrol F127 prepared according to a D-optimal mixture experimental design are discussed by Djuris et al. The influence of formulation composition on the properties of the dispersions (CBZ heat of fusion and release rate) was investigated, and it has been shown that formulations having the ratio of carbamazepine : Lutrol equal to 1 : 1 showed the greatest improvement in drug release properties. Interactions between formulation components played a significant role in overall influence on the CBZ release rate. It is now well accepted that thermal degradation of drug, poor physical stability of amorphous drug dispersion and precipitation of drug during dissolution are the biggest challenges in formulating solid dispersions using HME. Interactions between drugs and polymers may play an important role in overcoming these barriers. The review article by Lu et al. bs_bs_banner


SEVERAL reactions after the use of meprobamate have been reported.1 , 2 The following is a report of such a case. A 24-year-old nurses' aide was seen on August 8, 1957, complaining of a sore throat, chills and fever of 2 days' duration. She had had 3 previous episodes of sore throat during 1957. She was taking thyroid, 0.06 gm. (1 gr.), daily for irregular menses. Her mother had asthma of many years' duration. The remainder of the past and family histories was noncontributory. Physical findings were a temperature of 100°F. and follicular tonsillitis in a moderately obese woman. Treatment was started . . .


abstract introduce the process, software function list of automatic control system, hardware configuration and control functions of automation control system with the example of CGL horizontal furnace of Masteel Cold Rolling Plant.


Previous research has shown that floating-point kernels mapped onto field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based high performance reconfigurable computers (HPRCs) must satisfy a variety of heuristics and rules of thumb to achieve a speedup compared with their software counterparts. One such rule of thumb is that applications with large or irregular stride memory access, e.g., sparse matrix kernels, can run significantly faster on HPRCs. This paper, by way of a simple sparse matrix Jacobi iterative solver, demonstrates why this speedup can occur. Using a well-known off-the-shelf sustained bandwidth measurement tool and a port of that tool onto an FPGA-based computer, this paper reveals that, unlike general purpose processors, FPGA-based processors do not suffer from significant bandwidth degradation at large data sizes as do cache-based general purpose processors. The paper then validates the observations by way of both experimentally measured runtimes and analytically derived runtimes for a simple sparse matrix Jacobi iterative solver. This research clearly validates that 1) unlike a cache-based general purpose processor, the FPGA bandwidth is constant across the entire range of considered sparse data sets, and 2) the experimentally determined runtimes for both the software and FPGA-based Jacobi kernel are in very close agreement.


This research discuss about the instructor's effort to conquer the gymnast's anxiety before POPNAS event 2009. The purpose of this research is to know how high the instructor's effort to conquer the gymnast's anxiety wether influence by intrinsic factor or extrinsic factor before race in POPNAS 2009. This research belongs to descriptive research using survey method. The sample of research population is taken from artistic's gymnast male or female and 44 instructor's sportif rhythmic from whole instructors in POPNAS 2009. The questionnaire is used as the research instrument to collect the data. In analizing the data, researcher using percentage quantitative descriptive technique. The research indicate that the instructor's effort to conquer the gymnast's anxiety on intrinsic factor before POPNAS race 2009 on high category 50,00 %, while the high category of extrinsic factor reach 52.3 %, and the effort of instructor to conquer the gymnast's anxiety before POPNAS on high category 50,00 %. Kata Kunci: Pelatih, Kecemasan, Atlet


The fierce is a special general mood in the women of Dangxiang people, it mainly represent pleasant revenge, warlike death for love and so on. This article deems that, die women' s fierce of Dangxiang people is the outcome of a con stant function of the complicated economy, politics, etc at that time, and embodies a special folkways of the fierce and warlike in the ancient northwest society.


In this work the temperature dependences of the integrated intensities of the absorption bands of the asymmetric top molecules – H2O, H2S, SO2, and NO2 were analyzed. A different view of the temperature dependences was shown for cold bands including fundamental ones. For calculating the integrated intensities, the spectral line intensities were used from the known and author's spectroscopic databases. The reasons are discussed which lead to increasing and decreasing the integrated intensities at high temperatures (T>300 K).


Transport is one of the largest emitters of harmful substances that affect air quality. Each combination of freight transport modes has a different volume and at the same time has a differentiated negative impact on air quality. That is why the European Union has been making special efforts for many years to create and implement strategies aimed at improving air quality. The main goal of this paper is to present a methodology that enables quantification and analysis of the impact of each freight transport mode combination on air quality using feed-forward neural networks. The developed model uses the parameters of the EU member states in the period from 2000 to 2014. In addition to the scientific and practical contribution, the development of the model provides a good basis for the universal platform formation in order to create and develop strategies, i.e. measures to improve air quality on a global level.


Intravenously injected parahydroxyamphetamine hardly penetrates into the Central Nervous System, since, 5 minutes after injection, the tissue to plamsa concentration ratio for brain and cerebrospinal fluid amounts to 0,67 and 0,35 respectively. Its concentration in muscle is 5 times higher than in plasma. In the brain, the molecule is preferentialy taken up by the corpus striatum and the hypothalamus. Thus, parahydroxylation of amphetamine inhibits the penetration of the molecule into the brain and suppresses its cortical fixation. These characteristics could explain why this parahydroxylated amine has no psychotropic action.


Nowadays with the development of technology and the fact that it has influenced every aspect of people's lives, the information is the most essential factor to be considered, since it is the fundamental in which technology is being built. On the contrary, cybersecurity attacks are growing rapidly year after year since everyone around the world is seriously involved in this wild race of having access to the information owned by the others. Data breaches are also growing since hackers and non-authorized parties are attacking organizations, companies and other institutions of high importance. As a result, more and more companies are considering solutions that not only will protect the information, but will also keep un-authorized parties away from having access to it. Encryption is considered one of the most classic ways to ensure that sensitive information is converted into secret codes that will hide the information from un-authorized access. But what's the point to encrypting the information, when the keys are not totally safe and are at risk of being exposed. Cryptographical keys should be stored, kept and managed carefully, since their exposure would disclose the sensitive data the same way it as not even encrypted. That is the reason why companies, organizations and institutions globally are using Hardware Security Modules as the solution to secure and protect their sensitive data and to provide functionality for their cyber security purposes, including authentication, authorization, data confidentiality and data integrity. This paper aims to give a brief analysis of what a HSM is, how it functions and how it helps the companies and organizations in the context of cybersecurity. Furthermore, it will provide information on types of HSMs, architecture, different options offered on the market and most common use cases inthe recent years.


The fault-bounded Stellarton Basin of northern Nova Scotia, Canada, contains the Province's largest oil shale resources (estimated at 825 {times} 10{sup 6} tons with 168 {times} 10{sup 6} bbls of shale oil in situ). The oil shales were first discovered in the 1850s and, except for limited scale mining during 1852-1859 and 1929-1930, they have remained undeveloped. In order to assess the potential economic use of the oil shales, a comprehensive study incorporating geological field mapping, core-logging, organic and inorganic geochemistry, organic petrology and combustion performance testing was undertaken. Results are presented.


Sapphire is an important material for fabricating photonic devices such as light emitting diode (LED). The matter is strongly resistant to wet and dry chemical etching because of its unique physical property. Moreover, there also exist some problems like chipping and edge crack by diamond dicing. Thereby, lots of emerging laser-based techniques have been invented, including various lasers at different wavelength and different technologies, which have gradually become the alternative powerful and efficient methods to dicing this material. Most of investigations on laser dicing sapphire are conducted by UV and ultra-short pulse laser, few by green laser with wavelength of 532nm. So a green laser with wavelength of 532nm and high repetition frequency is employed to dice sapphire substrate. The effects of machining parameters as laser power, repetition frequency, scanning velocity and number of scans on kerf width, kerf depth and aspect ratio are analyzed. Kerf width and depth are measured by optical microscope (OM) and micro-morphology of sapphire is observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results indicate that narrower kerf, higher aspect ratio and better surface quality can be obtained under the combined processing parameters of medium laser power, lower repetition frequency, medium scanning velocity and multiple scans, which proves green laser to be an effective tool to dice sapphire substrate.


Objective To study the chance, the type, related factors and the influence to prognosis of early stage epilepsy spasm in acute cerebrovascular disease. Methods To analyze retrospectively 1023 cases of acute cerebrovascular patients. Those cases were chosen except for other encephalon and metabolism obstacle diseases inducing epilepsy, each case was confirmed acute cerebrovascular patient by CT scanning. Result Incidence of early stage epilepsy spasm in acute cerebrovascular disease was 4.3%, incidence was 9. 7% in arachnoid lower cavity hemorrhage. Whole body spasm was the majority in spasm type. Epilepsy spasm was related to pathological changes part besides arachnoid lower cavity hemorrhage, death rate in 1 month of the patients with premature epilepsy was 18. 1%. Conclusion Acute cerebrovascular disease with premature epilepsy was related to the type of cerebrovascular disease, arachnoid lower cavity hemorrhage was the majority, lacuna encephalon infarct was the minority. Spasm involved mainly cortex or vicinity cortex. Using anti-epilepsy medicine could gain good treatment effect, death rate in 1 month of acute cerebrovascular disease with premature epilepsy was higher than without premature epilepsy.


In an arrangement (100) for supporting and / or inhibitory influencing a movement of a mammal are an elongated configuration basic structure (110) having means for attachment to an extremity of the mammal, an electric motor unit (120), a set of inertial sensors (135) and an electronic unit (130) is provided. The electric motor unit (120) comprises a to the basic structure (110) rigidly fixed stator (122) and one on the stator (122) rotatably mounted rotor (124) having an inertial mass (128). The electronic unit (130) is adapted for controlling the electric motor unit (120) on the basis of sensor signals from the inertial sensors (135).


Methyl glyoxal has long been hypothecated as a probable intermediate in the formation of lactic acid in tissues, for which hypothesis the existence of glyoxalase activity is strong but indirect evidence. Until very recently methyl glyoxal has never been detected in tissues. Toenniessen and Fisher 1 now report that hexose phosphate with muscle in the presence of pancreas (anti-glyoxalase) forms methyl glyoxal which they were able to identify by the p-nitro-phenyl-di-hydrazone. In attempting to repeat this work I find that if muscle, or, better yet, liver extract when incubated with toluol for 24 hours, then hexose phosphate added and the mixture incubated for another day, the solution contains a substance which reacts like methyl glyoxal. It may be determined by the colorimetric method, is destroyed by excess alkali as is methyl glyoxal, and it gives a red di-hydrozone with p-nitro-phenyl-hydrazine which after recrystallization from pyridin melts with decomposition at about 283° (uncorrected). The di-hydrazone made from methyl glyoxal has the same crystal form and melting point. This evidence confirms the observation of Toeniessen and Fisher and indicates that the substance is actually methyl glyoxal; but conclusion is withheld until a larger quantity of the substance is prepared and submitted for further analysis. The importance of this observation makes very desirable a detailed investigation of the reactions involved. Hexose phosphate alone, liver (or muscle) extract alone, or heated extract plus hexose phosphate does not yield the glyoxal-like substance. The formation of methylglycixal under the conditions stated perhaps indicates that the conversion of hexose phosphate to lactic acid takes place in steps, hexose phosphate → methyl glyoxal → lactic acid. The glyoxalase, responsible for the second step is largely destroyed during the first day of autolysis, while the ferment presumably responsible for the first step (pliosphatase) is apparently still active.


Machine type communication (MTC) is an important mobile communication approach in the long-term evaluation-advanced (LTE-A) networks. To meet the MTC security requirements, the access authentication processing of MTC devices needs to follow the evolved packet system-authentication and key agreement (EPS-AKA), a protocol defined in the third generation partnership project (3GPP) standard. However, in the emergence of group-based communication scenarios, an independent authentication processing for each MTC device will cause signal congestion in the networks. In addition, the access-policy updating has always been an issue when constructing authentication schemes. In this paper, we propose a group-based AKA (GR-AKA) protocol with dynamic policy updating. Specifically, we choose an asynchronous secret share scheme combining with Diffie-Hellman key exchange scheme to implement distributed authentication and session key establishment in the LTE-A networks, and to achieve dynamic MTC-device access authority updating. Compared with other authentication protocols in the LTE-A networks, our method could not only authenticate several MTC devices simultaneously but also dynamically update the access-policy to control the access authority of MTC devices. Extensive analysis and experiment results have shown the efficiency and efficacy of proposed protocol.


The conversion efficiency of nonlinear crystals is increased by shaping the intensity distribution of the laser beam. A diffractive optic to shape the Gaussian input beam into a top-hat intensity profile was fabricated and tested.


Mrs. Pemil, teacher at the University, makes a propousal from A-R about Communication and Representation area which appears at D.C.B., she centers her propousal at the language and norms which bases the lingiiistic exchanges in 5-6 years old children. She concludes the phonetics, morphologics and syntactics variables register and their repetition give information about children's learning.


In this research, the highway design model based on distance information applying the parametric alignment model of highway alignment was developed. In development of a highway design-information-model, the composition elements of road was arranged by the object oriented analysis of the Road Structure Ordinance, and a lane, a shoulder, a center strip, a sidewalk and accessory structure( a protection fence, trees, signs) were extracted as a objects of this research. As an application system of a design-information-model, the Highway Sequence Editor (HSE) was developed, and while the built model was effective. Moreover, it was shown that the design-informationdata built by this system is described by XML, the structure is also simple, and it is possible to deal with it as unific design information. キーワー ド:プ ロダク トモデル,道 路線形,道 路幾何構造,3次 元CAD,設 計情報モデル


Objective
To investigate the dose and mechanical properties of medical electron linear accelerators in grass-roots radiotherapy units in Sichuan Province, China via sampling and inspection.

Methods
A total of eight radiotherapy units in Sichuan Province were selected by sampling, and the tests were performed for the dose and mechanical properties of the medical electron linear accelerators in use. Among these accelerators, there were 5 imported accelerators and 3 domestic accelerators. The test items and methods were determined according to the requirements in GB15213-94.

Results
Among the 14 test items, the items related to the flatness, symmetry, and overlap of radiation field. The other tests of dose accuracy and mechanical precision achieved good results.

Conclusions
There is a need to strengthen the daily quality control work for dose and mechanical accuracy of medical electron linear accelerators in grass-roots radiotherapy units in Sichuan Province and perfect the allocation of professional equipment and personnel and training of related personnel. With the support of Sichuan Radiotherapy Quality Control Center, quality control supervision and guidance should cover the whole province.

Key words:
Accelerator; Radiotherapy dose; Mechanics mechanism; Quality control


This article analyses the experience of receiving training in clown and tumbling routines from veteran variety artist and acrobat Johnny Hutch, whose career began in 1927 when he was apprenticed to a troupe of Moroccan acrobats at the age of 14. During breaks in the training Johnny would tell stories about his lengthy career in circus and variety, passing on an oral history as well as an ethics of popular performance. The article considers how he combined training in specific routines and comedy techniques with a collaborative way of working with the companies he trained. As a comparison the article briefly sketches the more conceptual and arguably dominant form of clown training currently – that of 'finding one's own clown', as exemplified in the pedagogy of Jacques Lecoq and Philippe Gaulier. An auto-ethnographic method is adopted, employing both an 'academic' mode of writing and an anecdotal/performative mode, which draws on Norman Denzin's notion of 'the storytelling self' to convey both subjective experience and an analysis of that experience. Material is included from interviews with Martin Burton, founder member of Zippo and Company, as well as Mark Long and Emil Wolk of People Show, whom Johnny was also training in the 1980s. The article also draws on a wide ranging conversation about Johnny with his son Brian Hutchison, as well as the film of a general workshop Johnny ran in 1994 at the London International Workshop Festival.


Objective To explore the possible role of CD4+CD25+T cells stimulated with ConA on natural killer(NK) cells and to determine the effect of TGF-β1 molecule on this actions.Methods CD4+CD25+T cells and NK cells were obtained from Balb/c mice splenocytes by MACS.Fresh isolated CD4+CD25+T cells activated by ConA in vitro for 24h then auto-NK cells were added into the culture.Anti-TGF-β1 antibody was added into the co-culture system.51Cr labeled YAC-1 was used to detect NK cells cototocixity at 24h and 48h.Results Naive CD4+CD25+T displayed a suppressive activity on NK cells and the inhibition rate was 50.8% at 24h and 49.1% at 48h.The inhibition rate of ConA activated CD4+CD25+T cells was 19% at 24h and 20.9% at 48h.When anti-TGF-β1 antibody added,the inhibition rate of naive T cells was-0.1% and 0.25% was respectively while that of ConA activated T cells was 25.2% and 16.3% kespectively.Conclusion In vitro,CD4+CD25+T cells stimulated by Con A can more significantly inhibit the function of NK cells than naive CD4+CD25+T cells.TGF-β1 plays different roles on this action in different inhibition systems.


This paper provides a new approach for the optimum determination of membership functions for fuzzy inference system (FIS) based on the use of extended ant colony optimization (ACOR). Proposed method is implemented using Matlab for a single-input and single-output (SISO) FIS and extended for the multiple-input and single-output (MISO) FIS. Simulation results show that the proposed approach could be employed as a simple and effective optimization method for achieving optimum determination of membership functions.


This essay examines the issue of economic losses stemming from environmental damage in the context of the international conventions relating to ship-source pollution. It first provides a general overview of economic loss compensability. Then it examines the implications of this compensability with respect to environmental damage through an analysis of the definition of 'pollution damage'. The aim of this analysis is to propose changes to clarify under what circumstances economic losses in relation to environmental damage may be compensable under the international liability and compensation for ship-source pollution convention regimes, so that less room is available for judicial vagaries. It makes an attempt to enter into the intricate phenomenon of the compensability of economic losses. The discussion is based primarily on losses arising out of tortious acts and focus is on ship-source oil pollution damage. It has been particularized by its connection to environmental damage. Keywords:Economic Loss Compensability; Economic Losses; Environmental Damage; ship-source oil pollution; Ship-Source Pollution


The present invention relates to a topa City nip and sustained release formulations for pharmaceutically acceptable salts that are administered orally. Formulations described herein have desirable pharmacokinetic characteristics.


People value forests for many reasons. Historically, market and utilitarian values predominated both in forestry practice and the academic literature. Since the 1980s, forest professionals and researchers have given greater attention to less tangible forest values, including spiritual values. In reviewing the literature and searching the web, I found there is a broad awareness, but an overall lack of denition, of the spiritual value of forests. This lack of clarity hinders incorporating spiritual values into the practice
of sustainable forest management. I attempt to clarify spiritual values as they apply to forests. Rather than viewing them as a single concept, I propose four broad categories of spiritual values as they relate to forests: intrinsic sacredness, associated sacredness (forests as the loci of significant spiritual history or culture), refection of God's glory, and a place to experience transcendence.


Abstract Problem Statement and Purpose. The Department of Soil Science and Soil Geography was founded at the Geology and Geography Faculty of Odessa University half a century ago, in May 1967. The main task of the department resided in conductingsoil researches in the steppe zone of the south of Ukraine in connection with the commencement of large-scale irrigation programs there, what also entailed training qualified specialists. In order to ensure research sufficiency and offer students appropriate traineeships, several units were created at the department: the soil sciences expedition, the problem scientific and research laboratory of geography and soil conservation of the black soil zone (PSCL-4 ONU), a branch of the department at the Odessa hydrogeology and melioration expeditions. The aim of this article is to highlight the major milestones of the half-century history of the department and its units, as well as outline educational achievements and research activities during this period. Data & Methods. Documents and materials on the history of formation and development of the department and its units, documents and materials on theeducational and research activities during 50 years, as well as the author's publications from the previous years. To highlight the half-century history of thedepartment a classic historical-and-research approach has been applied, which combines the principles of historical and analytical assessment of both: historical milestones and obtained achievements. Results. From its first year the department started tutoring specialists with qualification the "Soil Scientist Geographer" within the "Geography" speciality, as well as launched postgraduate programme 11. 00. 05 – biogeography and geography of soils. In 1967-1992, the soil sciences expedition of the department conducted a large-scale (1:10000 and 1:25000) survey and mapping of soils of collective and state farms in the south of Ukraine, Russian Federation, North and Central Kazakhstan in the area of more than 6 mln. ha. For more than 40 years the department's and PSCL-4 staff has been studying the impact of waters of different irrigational quality on the chemical composition of the southern Ukrainian soils, as well as properties and productivity of these soils. There has been established genetic nature and negative direction of a number of processes in the black soil under irrigation, there also have been justified and introduced into practice different measures to protect and increase fertility of soils under irrigation and drainage. It is recommended that the environmentally friendly and cost-effective drip method of land irrigation is used for the southern Ukrainian soils. Starting from 2001 under the TACIS aegis the study and mapping of contemporary geomorphologic processes of soils and lands in the lake district of Danube and Lower Dniester have been completed. In 2003 there have been commenced research and mapping of soils and soil cover on Zmiiny island. The studies of modern landscapes and soil-geochemical environments andprocesses on the liman coasts in the Northwestern part of the Black Sea region as well as city`s soil, fluorine content in the system "natural environment – human", and history of soil and geographical studies in the region, are considered additionally in the research within recent years. Bearing in mind problems and topics the department addressed during its long-term scientific and research activities there has been developed a scientific school – "SoilFormation Processes in Black Soils of the Steppe Zone." Over half a century thedepartment schooled 14 candidates and 3 doctors of sciences, published more than 10 books, about 500 scientific articles, scientific and practical recommendations, and training manuals.


Involves an large-scale study for exploring a seleaion of three treatments for gas wastewater.The hydrdytic acidification and acrobic biochemical treatment are determinde.Result of the study showed that average removal rate of COD and NH_3-N as well as BOD are more than 80%、50% and 96% respectiuely when COD of inflhents<2500mg/L,NH_3-N<150mg/L.


Customer-side integrated energy system energy efficiency improvement is an effective path to achieve China's dual carbon goal. The current research on energy efficiency optimization of customer-side integrated energy systems is relatively single, and only model optimization is carried out unilaterally for high efficiency or combining high efficiency with economy. Based on this, this paper constructs a customer-side integrated energy system energy efficiency optimization operation model with three objective functions economy, environmental protection, and high efficiency. A typical industrial scenario containing electricity-heat-gas-cooling load is selected for example analysis, and the objective is solved by particle swarm algorithm and NSGA-II algorithm and compared for analysis, and the optimal total cost under the typical industrial scenario is calculated to be about 46 million RMB. It provides a reference for related parties to explore the optimization and enhancement of customer-side integrated energy system operation from multiple perspectives and also enriches the research results in the field of energy efficiency of customer-side integrated energy systems in China.


Hate speech in digital environments is becoming a societal challenge. To deal with the problem, techniques that automatically detect hate speech have been developed by social media companies as well as researchers. Hate can be expressed in many different ways, which makes it difficult to detect automatically using algorithms. Also, how hate is expressed depends heavily on the language. The effectiveness of automatic detection techniques is still to be improved in many languages. In this paper, we attempt to detect hate speech in Swedish using machine learning. We compare different pre-trained language models that are fine-tuned on a corpus of hateful comments. To examine how well our models would work in a real scenario, we used a set of randomly selected comments from a Swedish discussion forum. The results showed that using pre-trained language models provides a better result than using a baseline SVM model, but it also reveals that detecting hate speech in the wild is challenge that need more research.


Flocculosin is a 854 Da glycolipid that has been associated with the antagonistic activity of Pseudozyma flocculosa, a biological control agent against powdery mildew fungi. The purified molecule has shown broad antifungal activity against other plant pathogens, which supports investigating its potential against human pathogens in the context where the emergence of multiresistant microorganisms has increased the needs for new antimicrobials.' Thus, the goals of this study were to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of flocculosin by determining its spectrum of activity, its mode of action and its toxicity as weIl as its ecological relevance in the fitness of P. flocculosa The glycolipid displayed a wide spectrum of action against yeasts and bacteria in acidic conditions and was not toxic on tested human cell lines. The action of the molecule was rapid and dose-dependent. Flocculosin did not show cross-resistance when tested against microorganisms resistant to several antibiotics but was highly synergistic with amphotericin B. Its site of action was found to be linked with the plasma membrane and its specificity appeared to be dependant on membrane composition. This work also highlighted a new role for flocculosin in the fitness of P.flocculosa, that of an energetic reserve. The analysis of the toxin catabolism by the fungus led to the identification of an enzymatic activity and several degradation products. These findings confirmed the antimicrobial potential of flocculosin and expanded the understanding of its role in the ecology of P. flocculosa. 11


Composite cylinders and cylindrical shells are important structural members. Residual stresses always build up during the manufacture of these components. In composite cylinders, these stresses may lead to defects such as micro-cracking, fibre waviness, delamination, and wrinkling, which might degrade the final mechanical performance of the cylinders. In the case of cylindrical segments, the residual stresses also lead to a reduction in the enclosed angle where the out-of-plane contraction is higher than the in-plane contraction. This phenomenon of the reduction in the enclosed angle is referred to as spring-in. In this paper, a simple mechanics-based model is developed that predicts the degree of spring-in in anisotropic cylindrical shells and determines the residual stresses and the residual-stresses-induced deformations in both anisotropic laminated composite cylinders and shells with arbitrary lay-ups. The model accounts for the resin shrinkage occurring during curing and also includes the effect of moisture gradients. The effects of various factors such as geometry of the component, the ply stacking sequence, the part thickness and the tool radius are examined.


It is with pleasure that I welcome Dr. Azita Emami to the editorial board of the Journal of Solid-State Circuits as a new Associate Editor. Dr. Emami is an expert on mixed-signal circuits, high-speed on-chip and chip-to-chip interconnects, and circuits for wearable and implantable devices. I look forward to working with her.


Background The COVID-19 pandemic became a global emergency, and it is vital to understand the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of populations regarding this disease to prevent its spread. Objective The study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the Indonesian public toward COVID-19. Methods An observational study was conducted in Indonesia between November 2020 and January 2021. The study employed a validated questionnaire with 391 respondents to the survey. A comparative analysis was performed to assess the mean differences in respondents' characteristics in terms of their knowledge, attitude, and practice scores. Furthermore, regression analysis was used to investigate those factors associated with the good practice of health protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results The findings showed significant differences in the average knowledge scores across gender, geographical location, and educational attainment. Furthermore, significant differences in practices were identified in terms of gender and educational attainment. The findings of the study indicate that the participants demonstrated a significant awareness of COVID-19, as evidenced by their high mean knowledge score of 17.83 ± 1.74 out of a possible total score of 22 points. The results indicate that the respondents exhibited a positive attitude toward COVID-19 prevention measures, as evidenced by an attitude score of 26.95 ± 3.14 out of a possible total score of 30 points. Additionally, the mean score for good practice in health protocols aimed at reducing COVID-19 infection was found to be high (4.23 ± 0.96) at 5 points. This suggests that the study participants had already adopted effective measures to comply with the recommended health guidelines. The results of the regression analysis indicated that gender, level of education, and knowledge were statistically significant predictors for adherence to health protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic (p < 0.05). Conclusion The aforementioned results offer significant perspectives into the populace's comprehension, disposition, and conduct regarding COVID-19 in Indonesia. These insights could potentially contribute to the formulation of efficacious measures aimed at curtailing transmission of the virus.


This paper presents an efficient implementation of the incomplete LU (ILU) factorization derived from the Crout version of Gaussian elimination. At step k of the elimination, the kth row of U and the kth column of L are computed using previously computed rows of U and columns of L. The data structure and implementation borrow from already known techniques used in developing both sparse direct solution codes and incomplete Cholesky factorizations. This version of ILU can be computed much faster than standard threshold-based ILU factorizations computed rowwise or columnwise. In addition, the data structure allows efficient implementations of more rigorous and effective dropping strategies.


In our recent publication, we demonstrate an effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) impacting angiopoietin-2 (ANG2) levels using a rabbit retinal vascular hyperpermeability model. After intravitreal challenge with human VEGF, ANG2 levels significantly increased in two ocular tissues, the vitreous humor and retina. Additionally, elevated ANG2 levels were significantly reduced by antiVEGF agents to normal protein levels in the vitreous and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in the retina.1 Comparable findings are reported using an oxygeninduced retinopathy model in mice.2 Rojo Arias et al.2 reported an increase of ANG2 expression in response to hypoxia, as well as a consistent downregulation of ANG2 expression after treatment with aflibercept. The VEGFR signaling pathway is the master regulator of pathologic angiogenesis.3 Inhibition of VEGF is a well-established mechanism of action to treat retinal diseases such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), diabetic macular edema (DME), and retinal vein occlusion. It is also well established that the use of anti-VEGF agents as treatment can provide favorable, clinically significant outcomes for patients. In contrast to VEGF inhibition, the clinical relevance of ANG2 inhibition in patients with retinal disease, such that levels are suppressed to below physiologically normal levels, has yet to be demonstrated. Clinical trials for nesvacumab, a fully human anti-ANG2 antibody4 coadministered with aflibercept, failed to demonstrate superiority in gains in visual acuity in both nAMD (ONYX)5 and DME (RUBY),6 and anatomical outcomes were not considered clinically meaningful. The results of our study, which support the hypothesis that ANG2 suppression may occur secondarily following treatment with anti-VEGF agents, is in line with the US Food and DrugAdministration's (FDA's) viewpoints on the clinical relevance of the ANG2 pathway in nAMD and DME. The FDA reviewers stated in the faricimab drug approval package, "[Nesvacumab] trial results available publicly raise questions about the contribution of Ang-2 inhibition when in combination with antiVEGF inhibition"and that "the contribution of Ang-2 inhibition to the treatment effect and clinical response for nAMD and DME has yet to be established."7,8 In addition to the observations regarding ANG2 in our study, comparable results were observed for mRNA levels of platelet-derived growth factor subunit B (PDGFB), as they were supressed after treatment with anti-VEGF agents in the retina.1 Similarly, recent clinical trials examining dual VEGF and either PDGFB receptor (CAPELLA) or PDGFB (FOVISTA) inhibition failed to meet their primary endpoints of superior improvements in visual acuity in patients with nAMD compared to patients receiving anti-VEGF agents alone.9,10 These observations support the hypothesis that VEGF is the main pathologic driver in retinal diseases and that selective inhibition of mediators downstream of VEGF activation does not provide additional clinical benefit compared to the use of anti-VEGF agents alone. In their Letter to the Editor, Avery et al. describe ANG2 levels in aqueous humor (AH) of patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and DME prior to treatment as well as 1, 4, and 8 weeks after treatment with faricimab or aflibercept. The lower limit of quantification (LoQ) is reported as 4.04 pg/mL, and median levels prior to treatment for AMD and DME are reported as 5 to 6 pg/mL and 8 to 9 pg/mL, respectively. Bogman et al.,11 referring to the same clinical studies and using the same assay, reported no detectable ANG2 levels prior to treatment in 40% of patients with AMD and 26% of patients with DME. In addition, the detected ANG2 levels reported are considerably lower compared to previously published levels.12,13 For example, Ng et al.12 reported ANG2 levels of 9.44 pg/mL in healthy control AH samples and up to 7-fold higher ANG2 levels in AH of untreated AMD patients (42.88 pg/mL). Nevertheless, in the course of treatment with aflibercept, ANG2 AHmedian levels appear to decrease over time, and the number of individuals showing ANG2 levels below the LoQ increased (Letter to the Editor, Avery et al.), despite the fact that aflibercept does not


In OECD countries, medicines spending accounts for approximately 17% of total health spending or 1.5% of gross domestic product (GDP) [1]. New technologies and pharmaceuticals have been important contributors to rising health care costs. At the same time, patients may not have access to cost–effective medicines because of lack of health insurance coverage, limited insurance benefits, high medicines prices, physician prescribing choices, or differences between available essential medicines and consumer demand [2]. With the exception of a few countries [3], however, the approach to reform tends to be piecemeal rather than comprehensive.

With the goal of universal health care coverage by 2020, the Government of China has implemented comprehensive health care reforms nationwide [4]. Between 2009 and 2011, the reforms focused on increasing access to essential medicines as well as expanding health insurance, strengthening the primary care system, financing public health, and reforming public hospitals [5]. By 2011, government investments in health reform reached Yuan 1.13 trillion (US$ 174 billion, at Yuan 6.5 per US$) [6]. Total health expenditures increased from 3.5% to 5.0% of GDP between 1995 and 2010 – amounting to an increase from US$ 21 to US$ 220 per capita [7].

The reform of the essential medicines system is a major focus of the national reform agenda. Spending on medicines accounted for 41.9% of total health expenditures in 2010, or 2.1% of GDP (Figure 1) [7]. In this paper, we review existing literature, published government documents about the essential medicines reform in China, and international literature on essential medicines and health care reform internationally. The paper first presents economic and demographic trends to explain rapid increases in medicines consumption across China. The 2009 health care reform is discussed, in terms of each component's linkage with medicines reforms. We discuss in detail the reform of the essential medicines system, including the Essential Medicines List (EML), procurement, pricing, financing, and quality. We conclude that China's comprehensive approach in reforming its essential medicines system could be a model for other countries that strive to ensure access to medicines while also controlling costs.

Figure 1

Private and general government health expenditures, and percent of total health spending devoted to pharmaceuticals, 1995–2010. Source: ref. [7].


The academic orientation determines the development direction of the subject, and also puts forward the corresponding requirements for the professional teaching. The deep development of anesthesiology, perfect preoperative evaluation, refined management of clinical anesthesia and ultimately improving the prognosis of patients are the total development directions of anesthesiology. Perioperative patient home(PSH)advocates taking patients as the center, dominated by anesthesia, based on evidence-based medicine in the perioperative period, solidarity and cooperation of multiple disciplines, the integration of a variety of medical resources, and providing continuous and efficient medical services for patients. PSH is required to ensure the safety of clinical anesthesia, reduce the incidence of anesthesia mortality and serious complications, and improve the long-term survival rate and quality of life by improving the clinical work of the department of anesthesia. Practicing PSH, the anesthetic doctors should have the academic idea of "the treatment of anesthesia". The concept requires making comprehensive use of a variety of teaching methods, putting emphasis on the training of basic knowledge, and in the teaching of basic knowledge, infiltrating the overall and local thinking and using lecture method in cooperation with the case teaching. To make solid promotion of PSH concept, we should use CBL teaching, strengthening the management of clinical anesthesia, and striving to promote the clinical practice of PSH.

Key words:
Perioperative surgical home; Anesthesiology teaching; Disciplinary location


The present invention is to provide a purgatory acupressure sphere that can promote metabolism of the human body by imparting purgatory characteristics and by pressing or rubbing the acupuncture points and meridians of the human body and numbness or congestion pain. It consists of a needle and a curved portion that can be pressed or rubbed with a spherical body that is formed integrally on each end of the handle portion and the handle portion forming a predetermined thickness to press the acupuncture points and the meridians of the human body and the painful or contaminated pain parts. In addition to the characteristics of the human body, it is characterized by having the effect of active metabolism of users.


Corporate communications department in every organization does a lot in branding and advertising.  It also enhances public relations through image and identity enforcement of a company. This needs multiple management of social media because most of organizations' work has gone online and most clients are into online. This immensely calls for a corporate communication officer who can handle multiple online media accounts. The study focused on management of multiple social media tools by a corporate communication officer of an organization. The study aimed at finding the reliable software or application tools to be used in effective management of multiple social media accounts . The research uses Survey design and questionnaires to gather information .The design was effective method of collecting data by use of questionnaires. The respondents were corporate communicator /PR consultants managing multiple social media accounts on behalf of their companies/organizations. Keywords: Social Media/Accounts, Corporate Communications, Organizations


The blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits access of hydrophilic and large molecules to the CNS, but remains permeable to many small hydrophobic molecules allowing psychoactive drugs to reach their target. However, for some drugs, rapid entry across the BBB leads to high peak concentrations that trigger undesirable effects. In other cases, drugs with primary sites of action in the periphery also have CNS binding sites which cause central side effects, adversely affecting their clinical utility. Here, we present an approach to controlling the entry of drugs to the CNS by using directed polymer conjugation. Since this strategy is compatible with, and often enhances, oral absorption and can be tuned to enable different rates and degrees of transfer across the BBB, it provides several advantages over other CNS-exclusion technologies which rely on incorporation of a charged group or a peptide linkage to limit membrane permeability. Clinical efficacy for the use of a polymer in restricting access to the CNS was previously demonstrated with NKTR-118, oral PEG-naloxol, which acts at peripheral opioid receptors to relieve opioid-induced constipation without reversing centrally mediated analgesia. To demonstrate the broad applicability of this approach, we have now utilized directed polymer conjugation on a group of structurally and pharmacologically diverse molecules and have investigated the effect on CNS penetration. Molecules containing polymer side chains were administered intravenously to rats and the ratios of their concentrations in brain versus plasma were determined after 1 hour. For all the polymer conjugates, concentrations in plasma were higher than in the brain, unlike the control compounds which all produced higher levels in the brain. Doxepin, (a tricyclic antidepressant), diphenhydramine (an ethanolamine antihistamine), promethazine (a


Additive manufacturing is spreading rapidly because it offers great design freedom in creating intricate lightweight shapes using lattice structures that offer numerous possibilities, including applications in aerospace, automotive, and electronics where mechanical properties are paramount. In this paper, inspired by the wing scale of the C. Rubi butterfly, unique uniform and density-graded gyroid lattice structures were proposed. This research designed the uniform gyroid lattice structure with two design configurations of unit cell sizes (4, 6, and 8) and solidity percentages (20, 30, 40, and 50) and density-graded gyroid with a solidity range of 20–80% in a constant volume of 30*30*30 mm. The designs have been modeled in nTopology software and manufactured using the Vat polymerization additive manufacturing technique with two printing orientations (0° and 25°). Two sets of the samples were printed, and one group was given postcuring treatment at 80°C for 2 hours. Quasi-static compression testing was performed to investigate the improvement in mechanical characteristics due to postcuring treatment and print orientation. The results indicate significant relationships between design parameters and mechanical performance. The density-graded gyroid lattice exhibits four times higher compressive strength than higher solidity uniform gyroid samples (UC-8-solidity-40 and 50%) when subjected to the same or less mass. In addition, debonding of connecting surfaces due to higher postcuring temperature, and better performance of horizontally printed samples have been addressed. Moreover, simulation and experimental deformation patterns for uniform and graded gyroid lattice structures have been displayed.


The bad property problem that apprared after the financial crisis in Southeast Asia, international society paiys much attention to financing institution. The four greatest commercial bank in our country, because of its own mechanism with the reason of the exterior environment, produced the bad property. This text passes the analysis of the management company of financial property and the problems that exists now, and bring up the financial property the management the company to handle the counter plan of the bad property.


Based on a multiscale view and using the total population in the urban built-up area as the index of urban size of Hubei Province,by the rank-size law,size-frequency law and fractal theory,the results include the following several aspects. Firstly,using the total population in the urban built-up area as the index of urban size,rank-size law can describe the city system's organization of Hubei Province in 1980~1998, but it is not the optimal model.Secondly,the general decrease of the score of fractal and capacity of structure,though it changes fluctuantly,displays that the urban population is increasing and the urban system's distribution is more and more even.Thirdly,in different time and size,the landscape structure of urban system of Hubei Province has the features as follows:inordinate increase, double modality and multimodality,at the same time,the interval of each "modality"is different obviously in different time.Lastly,in the space distribution, the urban system of Hubei Province is along the transportation lines and in the plain.


The generalized memory polynomial (GMP) model is one of the most commonly used models in digital predistortion to compensate for the nonlinearities and memory effects of power amplifiers (PAs). A very difficult, yet crucial, aspect of behavioral modeling is model dimensioning, i.e., determining nonlinear orders and memory depths. In this paper, we propose an algorithm based on hill-climbing (HC) heuristic to search for a GMP model structure, which provides the best tradeoff between modeling accuracy and complexity with different search criteria. Algorithm performance and convergence are evaluated for two different search criteria. Some optimization methods of the algorithms are then proposed to reduce the execution time by controlling its search path. The algorithm has been evaluated using real measurements from two different Doherty PAs. The solutions of the algorithm are proved robust in linearization of PA on the test bench. The results show that the proposed algorithm allows us to decrease the searching time by a factor typically greater than $10^4$ compared with exhaustive search.


The Lawrence University J i n Ensemble (LUJE), under the direction of Fred S tu n n , and the Lawrence University Jazz Lab Band, directed by student conductors Rose B rzezinski and Dean Laabs, will shake the rafters of the student union s Riverview Lounge in a concert Friday. March l it 8 p.m. The event is opened to the public at no charge. Recipients of a "Meet the Composer" grant from Arts Midwest. Sturm and the student musicians will spotlight the music oi


Protective coatings are often deposited on SOFC interconnectors to avoid poisoning of cathode from chromium species that evaporate from stainless steel interconnects or supports. Co2MnO4 spinel compounds are usually considered as the main constituent of protection barriers. Nevertheless, such ceramic sinters at high temperatures (>1200°C) and this can be problematic for the properties of the stainless steel components. One of the major issues is, in fact, the creation of a compact and impermeable coating at relatively low temperature in order to preserve the metal substrate. In the present research work, Co2MnO4 spinel was synthesized by various methods (solid-state, gel-combustion, co-precipitation and reverse micelle) and the obtained specific surface area, structure and particle size were correlated with thermal behaviour, sintering temperature and achieved density. It was found that regardless the synthesis process the only obtained phase is Co2MnO4. Specific surface area from 0,8 to 65 m2g-1 was obtained, depending on the synthesis method.
Sintering aids such as Nb2O5 and LiF were used to obtain dense microstructure at relatively low temperature. Considerable changes in sintering temperature were observed this being even 100-200oC lower than that necessary for the consolidation of pure spinel though microstructure with only close pores was achieved.
A novel sintering method based on Field Assisted Techniques (FAST) that promoted flash-sintering phenomenon was finally applied to Co2MnO4. Small electric field (<7,5 V cm-1) applied to the spinel decreases the sintering temperature down to 600°C. The application of an electric field above 7,5 V cm-1 flash-sintering phenomenon takes place and sintering temperature drops to about 300°C, the sintering time being less than 1 second.


Past research has shown that the emotional impact of undesirable life events is significantly greater among women than men. This finding has ted to speculation that women possess a deficit in coping capacity or in access to social support that renders them pervasively disadvantaged in responding emotionally to problematic situations. We present a different argument in this paper. We hypothesize and then document that women are not pervasively more vulnerable to the effects of undesirable events. A disaggregated analysis of life-event effects shows, further, that female vulnerability is largely conftned to "network" events: life events that do not occur to the focal respondent but to someone in his or her social network who is considered important. Further results are presented to argue that this greater vulnerability is due to the greater emotional involvement of women in the lives of those around them. It is demonstrated that this emotional cost of caring is responsible for a substantial part of the overall relationship between sex and distress. It is well documented that women in Western society have significantly higher rates of psychological distress than men (Al-Issa, 1982). In sociology, most discussions of this fact have revolved around the idea that women" s social roles are more stress provoking and less fulfilling than those occupied by men (Gove, 1978). This social-role explanation has fostered a substantial body of research on sex differences in chronic role-related stress. This work has typically been based on indirect measures of stress. Marital status, numbers and ages of children, and employment status have been used to make inferences about chronic stress (Gove, 1972; Radloff, 1975; Gove and Geerken, 1977; Aneshensel et al., 1981). For example, the sex-distress relationship has been shown to be more pronounced among the married than the previously married or never married (Gove, 1972; Fox, 1980). This specification has been interpreted as evidence that role-related stress and resources are responsi


The Research described in the report represents the third and final phase of a comprehensive research project to determine the feasibility of West Virginia oil and gas field brines as highway deicing agents. Phase 3 focused on expanding the limited brine quality information collected in Phase 1 to include brine availability information (both quality and quantity) statewide. A principal objective was to develop a microcomputer-based brine availability database based on existing information and analysis conducted as part of the current effort. Seventy brine samples were analyzed from 23 counties; based on meeting acceptable criteria, 32 of these samples were found to be suitable. A ranking system was developed for brine spreading and brine addition to abrasive materials. Brine quality and quantity information was included in the database, which is capable of generating a number of different reports. According to the database, almost 568,000 gallons per year of suitable brine were identified. A number of brine usage scenarios were identified and evaluated. The most promising scenario was treating a standard abrasive hopper spreader with brine as a substitute for conventional rock salt.


Two specific applications of single‐channel compression are studied separately: whole‐range compression as a compensation for recruitment, and compression limiting as an elegant method to limit excessive output levels. In cases of compression limiting, compression proved to be superior to peak clipping, especially for the perception of consonants: An average improvement in identification scores of 18% was found and less roll‐over for the perception of final consonants at high presentation levels. In cases of whole‐range compression, a small, but significant, increase in identification scores was found for settings with the compression knee‐point at the lowest level. A detailed analysis of the patterns of confusions revealed clear qualitative differences in the perception of phonemes with and without compression. These differences can be brought into relation with an improved perception of temporal cues, like the preburst silent interval of plosives, and with spectral changes due to the activation of the c...


N-aminoalkyl derivatives of 2-pyrrolidinone (1-5) and methylene-bis-amino derivatives (7-9) as intermediary products formed during aminoalkylation were described. Compounds 2 and 3, in doses over 30 and 20 mg/kg resp., displayed analgesic properties; compound 3 exerted also a weak anti-inflammatory action (37 mg/kg po) in the carrageenin test.


Aim: To investigate the anti-tumor immuneologic effects induced by IL-2 combined with TCRγ idiotypic DNA vaccine on BALB/c mice. Methods: Twenty-four BALB/c mice were randomly allocated into three groups (eight mice in each group): group pcDNA3.1,group pcDNA3.1-TCRγ,and group pcDNA3.1-TCRγ+IL-2. Vaccines were injected in bilateral quadriceps femorise once at 1st,2nd, and 4th week,respectively.The specific idiotypic antibody was detected by indirect immunofluorescence staining. The mRNA in skeletal muscle cell was detected by RT-PCR. Results: The results showed that the specific idiotypic antibody could be found in group pcDNA3.1-TCRγ and group pcDNA3.1-TCRγ+IL-2. At the same time,the antibody titers were higher in group pcDNA3.1-TCRγ+IL-2 than that of group pcDNA3.1-TCRγ(P0.01).The highest antibody titer was 1GA6FA640 in the group pcDNA3.1-TCRγ+IL-2, whereas the highest titer was 1GA6FA160 in the group pcDNA3.1-TCRγ.The mRNA expression in skeletal muscle cell could be found in group pcDNA3.1-TCRγ and group pcDNA3.1-TCRγ+IL-2.Conclusion: This recombinant pcDNA3.1-TCRγ could be used as DNA vaccine to induce specific anti-idiotypic antibody against lymphoma. Using IL-2 as immunologic adjuvant could significantly increase the antibody titers.