In 1930 Richard B. Morris published Studies in the History of American Law: With Special Reference to the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. The monograph included a chapter on the legal status of colonial women that became extremely influential within a short time of its appearance. Morris's influence continues half a century later. Several books published in 1980 cite him as one of their primary authorities on women's rights: Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect & Ideology in Revolutionary America; Lyle Koehler, A Search for Power: The 'Weaker Sex' in Seventeenth-Century New England; and Mary Beth Norton, Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750–1800. Other influential books and articles also rely heavily on Morris, including A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony by John Demos, 'The Illusion of Change: Women and the American Revolution,' by Joan Hoff Wilson, and 'The Lady and the Mill Girl: Changes in the Status of Women in the Age of Jackson, 1800–1840,' by Gerda Lerner. In fact, almost every published sentence on women's rights in early American law is followed by a footnote citing chapter three of Studies in the History of American Law. In The Bonds of Womanhood (1977), Nancy F. Cott declared that Morris's chapter 'has become the standard essay on colonial women under the common law.'


The author performs simulation analysis on construction process of roofing prestressed concrete beam of comprehensive service center in Beijing Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture by finite element software Midas/Gen, so as to determine the monitoring programme according to the analysis results. The monitoring results indicate that the structure is safe; the theoretical value of simulation analysis is well matched with actual monitoring value, which means that the finite element model of construction process of roofing prestressed concrete beam is correct, the simulation method is feasible and the construction process is reasonable. It has important reference value for construction and monitoring of subsequent similar projects.


Transit agencies electronically publish transit schedules and route data to improve customer experience or as part of the open-data initiative. The release of such data poses several data management challenges because schedules for a single city can easily exceed storage requirements of several hundreds of megabytes. One way to deal with these challenges is data compression. The encoding of public transit schedules often follows the General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS), which cannot be compressed well out of the box. We propose GTFSCompress, which is an algorithm for compression of GTFS data, based on referential compression queues, which compress a column stream depending on previously seen items in this stream and other streams. Our evaluation on ten real-world data sets shows that GTFS feeds can be compressed by a factor of 100 and more. This is up to one order of magnitude better than using the best standard compressors.


Abstract A 3-year project focusing on the depth profiling of particles and giving their elemental characterizations at various depths has suggested that the reaction of lung tissues to coal mine dust exposures may be dependent upon coal rank-related surface coating of the particles, and ultimately upon specific quartz bioavailability. Previous research clearly indicates a coal rank relationship for the incidence of coal workers' pneumoconiosis and a hypothesized inhibitory role of clays on quartz fibrogenicity. Specifically, epidemiological studies conducted in 1961 and 1963 showed a greater disease incidence for a given cumulative dust exposure among Pennsylvania coal miners who worked in higher rank coal seams. Workers in anthracite mines had a higher incidence of coal workers' pneumoconiosis and progressive massive fibrosis than miners who worked in lower rank coal at equal cumulative exposures. This rank effect in Pennsylvania extended to all ranks of coal seams, that is, the lower the rank, the lower...


By hybridizing between the male sterile plant of "Dongxiang wild rice/Hongyou//HA79317-7" and "B11", and backcrossing continually between the male sterile plant of the progeny and "B11", a new cytoplasmic male sterile line "Dong B11 A" was successfully bred. This sterile line is an early indica rice variety, when it is sowed in April, May and June in Yichun city, its duration from sowing to beginning of heading ranges from 63 to 78 days, 12~13 leaves grow up on its main stem. "Dong B11A" has looser plant type, thick stem, large spike with many grains, stronger resistance, developed stigma and strong combining ability, its sterile plant percentage and sterile degree all reach to 100%, stigma outshowing rate reaches to 81.1%, setting rate of outcrossing is generally over 50%. Some combinations from "Dong B11A" such as "Dong B11A/D18", "Dong B11A/R402"and "Dong B11A/C1429" have stronger superiority.


Imprecise and inconsistent definition of the irritable bowel syndrome has created much confusion. A clear definition has, however, recently been agreed.' The Rome consensus states that symptoms should be chronic and recurring and consist of abdominal pain that is clearly related to bowel function, being either relieved by defecation or associated with a change in frequency or consistency of stool with or without disturbed defecation, which is defined as two or more of the following: altered stool frequency, altered stool form (hard, loose, or watery), altered stool passage (straining, urgency, or feeling of incomplete defecation), and passage of mucus. The above symptoms are usually associated with bloating or a sense of abdominal distension. The syndrome excludes painless constipation and diarrhoea and also chronic abdominal pain that is unrelated to bowel movement in which psychiatric features predominate. Irritable bowel symptoms are experienced by 8-22% of the population,2 but most learn to cope with their symptoms and less than one third actually consult a doctor. Consulters differ from non-consulters in being less easily reassured and more anxious, depressive, and prone to multiple complaints.24 This pattern is also true for patients with hypertension and lactose intolerance.' Neuroticism does not determine the symptoms but simply whether the patient will consult.2 All patients with obscure abdominal pain are anxious, and psychiatric features therefore cannot be used to distinguish irritable bowel syndrome from other gastrointestinal diseases.3


The archaeological research in Banten in 1976 was the first step towards investigation on urban archaeology and settlement archaeology. It was evident from written sources that the "town" of Banten was based on an urban system consisting of a number of subsystems, i.e. neighbourhoods, hamlets or other clusters. However, it was difficult to determine from these sources such as the map of old Banten by L. Serrurier (1900) and the report of F. Valentijn (1726), how many of these clusters there were and where they were located. With the present research, several sites which were once parts of these clusters have been identified.Moreover, based on this identification, it has been possible to determine the existence of industrial sites. These industrial sites were encountered in the clusters Kepandean and Pajantran in the hamlet Sukadiri (SKD) and the hamlet Panjunan (PJN). The sites in the cluster Patraan and Panjunan were sites of a local ceramics industry. Many tools used in pottery-making were found, such as anvils, in addition to a iarge number of sherds. The cluster Kapandean, on the other hand, was the site of a metal industry. At this site, a kind of crucible (melting pot) was found in a large number as well as metal casting moulds, pieces of melted bronze and iron crust. With evidence provided from finds such as these, the character of several sites could be determined. Results of an analysis of local ceramics finds have established nine types of local ware : bowls, rectangular and round dishes, circular and cylindrical jars, flowerpots, kendis (ewers), cooking pots, casseroles, pans and trivets. The basic shapes are made using three techniques : direct shaping, the anvil technique and the wheel technique. Observing the decorated ware it is remarkable that the patterns used are quite sophisticated. Some of the techniques employed in making these patterns are : incised, accurate and measured beaten, impressed (stamp and nonstamp), expressed and applied (moulded and non-moulded). The decorated finds collected during the excavation showed in all 75 patterns, including single as well as multiple designs. The role and function of ceramics in the Banten community were extremely important in the past. They have been part of domestic life and therefore an indispensable source of data. Some of them were used as daily household equipment, others as industrial utensils in the process of metal casting (bronze and iron). In an urban society with a craft centre like Banten many activities went on which probably required the use of ceramics of this nature. In addition to local pottery, the people of Banten in the past had extensive knowledge of foreign ceramics. Almost all the sites yielded finds from China, Annam, Japan and Europe. From the samples gathered from surface finds as well as those obtained from excavations at sites in Banten Lama (Old Banten) and Banten Girang, at least 11 types of foreign ceramics have been recorded : dishes, bowls, boxes, bottles, jars, cups, vases, martavans, kendis (ewer), spoons and decorative pieces. Analysis, revealed that most of the imported ceramics from the Banten Lama sites date from the Ching Dynasty (1644-1912) whereas the ceramics of the Banten Girang site date from the Sung Dynasty (960-1280). The results of the research in Banten of 1976 have not yet led to full interpretation of all the finds. Moreover, several problems connected with the urban structure and settlements such as the location of the marker, the location of settlements of native and foreign inhabitants, the lay-out of buildings in the kraton (palace) complex of Suraswan, have not yet been clearly resolved. This is to be expected, however, as the research in 1976 was only undertaken in a small part of the whole research area which is very extensive, and in a relatively short time period. Therefore it is necessary to continue and expand the research in the Banten area.


Kinetic studies have been made on the formation and decomposition of mono- and bi-nuclear copper(II) complexes with a symmetrical binucleating octaaza cryptand L containing two tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (tren) moieties bridged by three m-xylyl groups. The decomposition of binuclear CuII–L complexes upon addition of acid excess occurs with two separate kinetic steps; the rate constant for the faster step shows saturation behaviour, whereas a simple linear dependence on [H+] is observed for the slower step. Under similar conditions, the mononuclear complex also decomposes in two steps, with rate constants very close to those found for the binuclear species. The whole of the kinetic data for the acid-promoted decomposition of the mono- and bi-nuclear complexes indicates that the rate constants for the successive dissociation of both metal centres are statistically controlled, the value for the first CuII being twice as large as that corresponding to the second one. The second order rate constants for the formation of the mono- and bi-nuclear complexes have been determined in very basic solutions, and the rate of co-ordination of the first metal ion is also found to be double that of the second one, showing again statistically controlled kinetics. These results clearly indicate that both tren sub-units of L behave independently during complex formation and decomposition, i.e. there is no significant kinetic effect caused by the proximity of the metal centres and the cryptand is flexible enough to undergo rapidly any reorganisation required to accommodate them. The kinetic data for the formation and decomposition of these compounds are also compared with literature data for related complexes, and possible reaction mechanisms are discussed.


Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning are driving IT industry to new landscape. This system "The TalkBot" overcomes this problem and provides farmers the better opportunity to obtain the desired information and to scale up with upcoming market trends and technologies in a user friendly manner. TalkBot is actually a chatbot, which is a virtual conversational assistant, through which the users can communicate with the bot as if they are conversing with humans. The focus is on developing the bot in a more intellectual way, that it can even recognize not so well grammatically defined sentences, misspelled words, incomplete phrases, etc.,. This can help people to converse easily with the bot, since this system uses the Natural Language Processing technique to parse the user queries, identify the key words, match them with Knowledge Base and respond with the accurate results. To make the responses more understandable, the responses are generated using classification algorithms and produce non textual responses so that it can be easily perceived by the users. Bot also has an ability to provide voice oriented responses using text to speech techniques..


Abstract Notch strain techniques have been widely applied to simple notch components and geometries to predict both elastic-plastic and creep strains along with associated stresses. However, the real benefit of such methods ought to be in their application to more complex structures with stress concentration features such as notches under multi-axial stress states. Aero-engine casing structures are a typical example of such a complex component in which optimum design is critical for weight savings and appropriate stiffness behaviour but where notch features may lead to localized plastic strains and hence damage. This article examines the performance of a number of notch strain techniques for the prediction of the elastic-plastic and creep notch stress and strain responses of a complex aero-engine casing structure. In addition, a modelling methodology involving a combination of (a) linear elastic and limit load analyses of a simplified global model and (b) linear elastic analysis of detailed local models is developed to demonstrate how approximate notch predictions of elastic-plastic and elastic-plastic-creep notch stresses and strains in complex structures can be obtained without recourse to the more significant computational expense of global (fine mesh), non-linear (incremental), and time-dependent elastic-plastic-creep analyses.


That infections frequently follow certain operations and are sometimes a direct result of bacteria being thrown into the blood stream at operation seems to be generally accepted. This study was undertaken in an effort to determine, if possible, how frequently bacteremia followed tonsillectomy, and in cases in which such a condition occurred, what relation the organisms causing the bacteremia bore to the flora of the interior of the excised tonsils. It was thought that if bacteremia did develop, a localization might readily occur and manifestations of rheumatic disease appear. TECHNIC Tonsils. —After removal, the tonsils were brought to the laboratory without preservative. They were washed three times in sterile saline, about 50 cc. being used for each washing. The tonsil was held firmly in a hemostat, seared and laid open. The inner surface was scraped with a platinum loop, and a broth tube seeded. From this two loopsful were inoculated


coastal land
This research has the aim to determine: the factors that affect interpersonal
communication, and its influence on innovation decision-making toward onion
cultivation in sandy in Sanden subdistrict of Bantul regency.
and farmer groups
The method used in this research is descriptive method with survey
technique. The villages samples were selected purposively by
chosing the most potential villages in onion cultivation in sandy coastal land,
which is a group of farmers namely Manunggal from Srigading village and farmer
group of Karangrejo from Gadingharjo village. It was taken randomly as much as
30 farmers from each farmer group. Data were analyzed by frequency distribution
tables and Chi Square analysis.
research results showed that the factors that affect interpersonal The
communication are farmers� level of education that affect positively, age and
being active farmer in group that affect negatively, while other factors, namely
land size, attitudes and motivations do not affect the farmers interpersonal
communication. Interpersonal communication with farmers� relatives, group
leaders, merchants and universities influence the decision making of nurseries.
Furthermore, farmers� interpersonal communication with the elucidators, group
leaders and traders affect harvesting decisions. Finally, interpersonal
communication with the head of a group of farmers, merchants, counselor of the
department and college influence to decision-making on plant pest control and
marketing in onion cultivation in sandy coastal land.


An aqueous suspension of ajowan "Carum copticum" was evaluated for its possible gastric antisecretory and antiulcer activities in various ulcer models in Wistar albino rats. The suspension at 250 and 500 mg kg/body weight, orally (i.p. in Shay rat model) has significant effect in pyloric ligation induced basal gastric acid secretion, indomethacin and noxious chemicals (80% ethanol, 0.2 M NaOH and 25% NaCl) induced gastric ulceration; showed significant protection in all models used. Histopathological assessment of gastric tissue and the determination of gastric wall mucus (GWM) and non protein sulfhydryl (NP-SH) contents of the stomach, characterized the protection of various indices and replenishing the depleted (GWM) and NP-SH levels by the suspension treatment, respectively. Conclusively, the ulcer protective effect of ajowan may possibly be due to its antisecretory along with antioxidative and cytoprotective effects through prostaglandins mediated mechanism.


A method of enhancing a client application residing on a first computer and reside on performance and client / server applications to communicate system remote from the first computer to a second computer server method, apparatus and program products. The client application and the server application using a client / server independent communication protocol and the communication between the client application in the first computer and a second computer server application between the client and the server at least one segment carried out by external communication links. The method, apparatus and program product before communication via the external communication link transmission, intercepting communications in the client / server independent communication protocol originated by the remote client, and converts the communication from the client to the second client / server specific communication protocol. Communications are transmitted and received external communication link by transmitting through the external communication link after conversion. Received through the external communication link communication is converted from the client / server specific communication protocol to the client / server independent communication protocol, and the communication from the remote client in the form of client / server independent communication protocol is provided to the server. Difference, or cache protocol reduction techniques to increase the performance of communication through the external communication link. The application can be used as web browser and the web server and can communicate via wireless communication links.


This paper first describes the development of energy-saving and production reduction status on the four aspects, in Yichang City. It has done a considerable work on energy saving and emission reduction in Yichang City while it also remains some serious problems due to irrational industrial structure, the unreasonable working mechanisms and the pressure of energy-saving and emission reduction from growing industries. This paper put forward concrete proposals and measures to resolve these problems.


As the functions of smart mobile devices become stronger, the security issues of devices become more prominent. Compared with PC, the mobile device has its own features. The speed, storage and power of mobile devices are limited, so it's not suitable for running large-scale resource-intensive security applications on the mobile devices. In this paper, we implement a system based on cloud, which runs a large number of security functions on the cloud instead of the Android devices. The system can detect malicious applications, filter malicious Websites, and safeguard the network and device data security. Most of the functions are done by cloud. Compared with the common security applications run on the Android devices, the system can not only enhance the safety of the devices, but also reduce the system load of the devices.


: Objective: To assess the relative validity of a new web-based self-administered 24-hour dietary recall, the R24W, for assessment of energy and nutrient intakes among French Canadians. Design: Each participant completed a 3-day food record (FR) and the R24W on three occasions over a 4-week period. Intakes of energy and of 24 selected nutrients assessed by both methods were compared. Setting: Quebec City metropolitan area. Subjects: Fifty-seven women and 50 men (mean age: 47.2 ±13.3 years). Results: Equivalent proportions of under-reporters were found with the R24W (15.0%) and the FR (23.4%). Mean energy intake derived from the R24W was 7.2% higher than the value obtained with the FR (2595±761 vs. 2408±710 kcal/d; P<0.01). Significant differences in mean intakes of nutrients between the R24W and the FR ranged from -54.8% (i.e. lower value with R24W) for niacin to +40.0% (i.e. higher value with R24W) for alcohol. Sex- and energy-adjusted de-attenuated correlations between the two methods were significant for all nutrients except zinc and ranged from 0.35 to 0.72 (P<0.01). Cross-classification demonstrated that 40.0% of participants were classified in the same quartile with both methods while 40.0% were classified in the adjacent quartile and only 3.6% were grossly misclassified (1 st vs. 4 th quartile). Analysis of Bland-Altman plots revealed proportional bias between the two assessment methods for 8/24 nutrients. Conclusion: These data suggest that this new web-based self-administered 24-hour dietary recall presents an acceptable relative validity as compared with FR for estimating usual dietary intakes in a cohort of French Canadians.


ABSTRACT From the very beginning of his writing career, Samuel Beckett has been emphatically preoccupied with the representation of the body in his works; a theme that has been extensively discussed by Beckett criticism and one that has been approached in many different ways. This article examines how the notion of embodiment is treated in Beckett's late prose work Worstward Ho (1983), a work which quite evidently deals with ideas and images of impotence, abstraction and reduction evident in the representations of the body, the subject and language within it. Looking at this work closely, the article argues that Worstward Ho is not an abstention from meaning and its materialisation, but one that paradoxically foregrounds that 'something' which remains an essential part of it, that is, embodied subjectivity. The question as to whether literature can ever eliminate its 'material' dimension is raised while, looking closely at the way in which the centrality and the necessity of the somatic manifests itself specifically in Beckett's 'abstractive' language and images of impotence, the article, in light of Maurice Merleau-Ponty's theory of perception, demonstrates the work's very resistance to any reduction of the human to a purely disembodied consciousness or voice.


One of the most significant components of the teaching department is the evaluation of teaching quality. The traditional teaching quality evaluation model has the problems of low weight calculation accuracy and long evaluation time. With the development of educational informatization, modern information processing technology can be used to effectively evaluate teachers' teaching quality. In this article, a physical education teaching quality evaluation model based on the simulated annealing algorithm is proposed. An evaluation index system is established based on the construction principles of the evaluation index system followed by the construction of a judgment matrix to calculate the weight of the evaluation index. The simulated annealing algorithm is employed to effectively optimize the weight of the evaluation index and improve the evaluation accuracy. In addition, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to test the consistency of the judgment matrix, and the weight ranking results of the evaluation indexes are obtained to complete the teaching quality evaluation of physical education. The experimental results show that the performance of the proposed model in terms of evaluation weight calculation accuracy and evaluation calculation time is higher than that of the existing models. Therefore, the proposed model can better meet the requirements of physical education teaching quality evaluation.


Acid- and base-catalyzed polymers involving sulfamide, melamine, and formaldehyde have been prepared and investigated. The products are insoluble and their thermal stability does not exceed 225°C. in N2.


This study aims to (a) identify the relationship between travel motivation and popular media (mainly films or TV programs), (b) examine the relationship between destination images and popular media as an information source, and (c) investigate the influence of popular media on destination's decision-making process. The relationship is focused on three aspects: motivation, destination image, and the decision-making process for tourists. This study employed a self-administered questionnaire survey. The questionnaire was composed of (i) respondents' motivation and general information about their visit to the destination (Jeju Island in Korea), (ii) attributes of the film-induced tourism of their visit to the destination, and (iii) respondents' socio-demographic elements. A correlation analysis and a standard multiple regression analysis were employed. The results discovered that there is a significant relationship (a) between a destination and popular media, (b) between destination image and popular media, and (c) between the decision-making process and popular media. The implications of this study can help destination marketers and managers build competitive strategies using the effective management of film-related tourist attraction sites to increase visitor numbers and ensure that a sustainable long-term relationship is encouraged between destinations and tourists.


A study about to what extent of the effect of givin fitoesterogen contained in soybean flour obtained from soybeans fermented bean to the improvement of pancreatic β cells. Before the treatment, mice's pancreas induc e by alloxan compound. After the sample selection, mice that hav e been given treatment by providing tempeh flour wi th 3 variations doses are 40 mg; 55; 75; 105; 145 and 20 0 mg / 20 g BW. The mice were divided into 8 groups , group 1 is a group of negative control without being offere d anything, group 2 is positive control, group of d iabetic mice without being offered treatment, group 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 are given group tempeh flour with 6 dose va riation. As the parameters of this study was to measure the blood g lucose levels of mice on day 7th of observation; 14 th and 21st. The methods used enzymatic method by using "Gluco D R". Group of mice that given tempeh flour, observed dose that can provide a decrease in blood glucose levels optimally. Significant at p<0.05. Selected animal groups do dislocation of the neck, pancreatic tissue taken an d then preserved using formalin. Histopathologic ex amination and pancreatic tissue was observed qualitatively. The r esults showed dose administration of 200 mg / 20g B W can lower blood glucose levels compared with the positive and negative control group and showed clear improvemen t tissue in the group with a dose of 200 mg / 20 g BW.


Mary Jo Foley, from ZDNet reports that Microsoft has released an updated preview of its Software as a Service (SaaS) backup solution allowing customers to ...


Synaptosomes isolated from the central nervous system have been widely used as models in studying the regulation of Ca2+ in nerve cells and have been useful in studying the influx of Ca2+ through Ca2+ channels due to depolarization and also to Na + /Ca2+ exchange, during alterations of the N a + gradient. However, there is no specific inhibitor of these mechanisms, and it has not been possible to distinguish between them when both take place simultaneously, such as when depolarization by K+ is utilized, in which the Na' gradient is altered simultaneously with depolarization.14 The organic Ca2+-channel blockers, selective for Ca2+ influx through Ca2 +


Objective To review and summary the clinical experience of nasal tip plasty in 83 cases.Methods According to the distance between both tip-defining points,we classified the patients into three types and used different techniques accordingly.In order to reshape the tip contours,an innovative cartilage carving method and a tip fibro-fatty tissue flap were designed and combined with traditional techniques,such as suture techniques and cephalic trimming.83 patients were treated.Results The follow-up period ranged from 10 to 60 months.Remarkable improvements in nasal tip contours were achieved.The outcomes remained unchanged over time.No complications appeared in any of the 83 patients.The satisfaction rate is 96.4%.Conclusions Our method was effective and suitable for bulbous nasal tips.


Abstract: Serotonin (5‐HT) is known to be readily oxidized and to act as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species produced, e.g., in the presence of peroxidase and H2O2 or during the respiratory burst of phagocytes. One major oxidation product formed under these conditions, the 5‐HT dimer 5,5′‐dihydroxy‐4,4′‐bitryptamine (DHBT), was suggested to have neurotoxic properties and to contribute to neuronal damage in neurodegenerative disorders. It is shown in the present study that the luminol‐enhanced chemiluminescence signal measured after stimulation of the respiratory burst activity of cultivated rat microglial cells by the addition of phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate is suppressed by 5‐HT in a dose‐dependent manner. During this process, 5‐HT is oxidized to DHBT. Neither the intraventricular injection of DHBT nor the addition of DHBT to cultured astrocytes, neurons, or PC‐12 cells was found to cause measurable cytotoxic effects. It is concluded that extracellular 5‐HT locally released from platelets and 5‐HT nerve endings at sites of brain damage or inflammation, through its suppressant effect on the release of reactive oxygen species during the respiratory burst of activated microglia, may contribute to attenuate secondary tissue damage in the CNS.


The antibacterial and sitotoxic activities of ganggo (Aglaia silvestris (M.Roemer) Merr. methanol extract were determined in this study. Antibacterial in-vitro test of ganggo methanol extract was exposed to Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus agalactiae ATCC 8190, and Streptococcus sp.) and Gram negative (Salmonella typhii NCTC 786 E, Eschericia coli ATCC 25922, and Pseudomonas pseudomallei ATCC 15682) bacteria. The extract concentrations were 50, 25 and 12.5%, and done in triplicate. The growth inhibition area of extract was compared to those of standard antibiotic (10 unit ampicilin). Cytotoxic test of ganggo extract was done utilizing Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BST) with Artemia salina.The result showed that growth inhibition area of 12.5% ganggo methanol extract to P. pseudomallei (19 mm) was wider than that of 10 unit ampicilin (0 mm). It showed that P. pseudomallei was sensitive to ganggo methanol extract. The result of BST showed that LC50 of ganggo extract was 345.44 ppm. It was concluded that ganggo methanol extract had antibacterial effects on some bacteria isolates and had cytotoxic effects with LC50 345.44 ppm.


For the treatment of waste ferric chloride etchant containing nickel from electronic shadow mask industry,iron powder was added and Fe 3+ was reduced to Fe 2+ .The nickel in the waste soˉlution was reclaimed by using ferrous sulfide.The ferrous is recycled in the form of liquid FeCl 3 or solid FeCl 2 .The treatment technique is advanced and effective,and it has a good environmental and economical benefit.


The Mentawai Megathrust is predicted to cause a tsunami with the tremendous effects to societies and environments. As the coastal area located across the epicenter, Padang City is expected to have a high vulnerability to be surged by this future hazard. This issue has gradually grown in importance to provide an effective disaster countermeasure for minimizing losses and suffering. As the fuel is one of the most critical items required in the aftermath of disaster, this study seeks to propose the disaster relief planning in Padang City, particularly in the fuel location-allocation decisions to cope with the effects caused by the probable tsunami. In this research the Geographic Information System (GIS)-based optimization is utilized to generate the appropriate number of facilities as well as its allocated capacity to serve several demand points (e.g. hospitals and refugee camps) during the emergency periods. This paper initially considers the potential inundation area based on the worst-case scenario developed by the disaster countermeasure agency to identify the likelihood of the impassable paths and the candidate facilities in the safe zone. By using P-Median analysis, this work recommends 9 strategic facilities to handle 18 demand points during the critical periods. This study provides an exciting opportunity to comprehensively obtain the suitable facilities in order to fulfill the fuel needs in the disaster aftermath. Due to practical constraints, this paper may be further improved to be Decisions Support Systems (DSS) with the consideration to the real time conditions during emergency periods.


The article analyses the problems of linguo-methodical development of pre-service foreign language teachers in dialogic and integrated learning environment of teacher training universities. The article focuses on the structure of the linguo-methodical competence which consists of the following components: value-motivational, cognitive-integrated, product-oriented, organizational-communicative, emotional-reflective. Various assessment technologies and tools that help to monitor and assess students' performance are described. The carried-out analysis allowed determining the effectiveness of polylingual and polycultural learners' development that meets the requirements of federal, regional and world community, able to realize their potential in professional and social spheres.


Hand is the most important organ of our body, which consists of well formed skeletal framework on which multiple tendons work to bring out the purposeful function. This skeletal system and tendons are covered with soft tissues and skin. Most of the hand trauma are caused by machinery injuries, road traffic accidents, electric burns etc in our country. As a result the skin and underlying soft tissues are grossly damaged, so that the bones and tendons are exposed. When these bones and tendons were exposed for a long time, it becomes dried, desiccated, infected and ultimately destroyed with residual loss of function. This can easily be prevented by covering the exposed bone and tendon with a groin flap.


Since the middle age of 1980s, China has made great performance at economic growth, and greatly improved its innovation level. As the representation index of innovation activity, patents number growth is also significant. This paper constructed quintic overdetermined equation of one variable to simulate the trend of patent number varying with the time from 1985 to 2010, made use of Matlab Software and took the solution of simulation model. By comparing the simulation curve and real data curve, good agreement is obtained. After F-test and comparison between the simulation data and real data of 2008, 2009, 2010 respectively, it is believed that the simulation model is reliable. Based on this model, scientific estimation about the variation of Chinese patents from 2011 to 2014 is presented.


[1] S. L. Hurley, 'Newcomb's Problem, Prisoners' Dilemma, and Collective Action', Synthese 86 (1991) 173-96. [2] David Lewis, 'Prisoners' Dilemma is a Newcomb Problem', Philosophy and Public Affairs 8 (1979) 235-40; reprinted in Paradoxes of Rationality and Cooperation, edited by Richmond Campbell and Lanning Sowden (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1985). [3] Robert Nozick, 'Newcomb's Problem and Two Principles of Choice', in Essays in Honor of C. G. Hempel, edited by N. Rescher et al. (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1969); reprinted in Paradoxes of Rationality and Cooperation. [4] Robert Nozick, The Nature of Rationality (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).


We address the bandgap effect and the thermo-optical response of high-index liquid crystal (LC) infiltrated in photonic crystal fibers (PCF) and in hybrid photonic crystal fibers (HPCF). The PCF and HPCF consist of solid-core microstructured optical fibers with hexagonal lattice of air-holes or holes filled with LC. The HPCF is built from the PCF design by changing its cladding microstructure only in a horizontal central line by including large holes filled with high-index material. The HPCF supports propagating optical modes by two physical effects: the modified total internal reflection (mTIR) and the photonic bandgap (PBG). Nevertheless conventional PCF propagates light by the mTIR effect if holes are filled with low refractive index material or by the bandgap effect if the microstructure of holes is filled with high refractive-index material. The presence of a line of holes with high-index LC determines that low-loss optical propagation only occurs on the bandgap condition. The considered nematic liquid crystal E7 is an anisotropic uniaxial media with large thermo-optic coefficient; consequently temperature changes cause remarkable shifts in the transmission spectrums allowing thermal tunability of the bandgaps. Photonic bandgap guidance and thermally induced changes in the transmission spectrum were numerically investigated by using a computational program based on the beam propagation method.


Todays Vehicle-Electronics or Automotive-Electronics engineering becomes increasingly complex due to rapidly changing customer expectations regarding comfort, convenience, safety and especially aftermarket driven communication features. Thus, to handle such variety of functions or requirements the development complexity is divided into several electronic control units (ECU) interconnected via automotive specific communication channels (i.e. CAN, MOST). This paper investigates automotive software development processes for a radionavigation or so-called infotainment unit. The research will mainly focus product requirement modifications on a fast-growing project, which generates the strong demand of evaluating and changing current applied implementation strategies and if they prove to be insufficient developing new tailored approaches.


We have developed low EPD and homogeneous 2" InP crystals using a newly developed thermal baffle. The average EPD of Sn doped InP can be reduced to less than 3000 cm/sup -2/. The minimum avenge EPD was about 200 cm/sup -2/. Visible facets can be observed and the crystal is somewhat rectangular. No lineage type defects were observed even in the last portion of the crystal. Dislocation free (DF) S doped InP crystals can be obtained with low S concentration using the newly developed baffle. The minimum S concentration was 1.7/spl times/10/sup 18/ cm/sup -3/.


When the two-way communication between the base station apparatus, each of the predetermined time Tf defined as 1, a plurality of slots formed in the frame 1. Tu during the uplink time slot T1, T2 ... Tn, the use of the data dispersed to m (m is an integer of 2 or more) multi-carrier signal is transmitted on the down link sub-carrier from a communication terminal apparatus to the base station apparatus communications, using the data dispersed to j-th (an integer smaller than m) of multi-carrier signals transmitted on subcarriers or data dispersed to a multi-carrier signal is transmitted on the m subcarriers from the communication terminal apparatus to the base station apparatus uplink communication line.


The possibility of application of 4-nitrocatechol (4-NC) - tetrazolium salt - organic solvent systems for liquid-liquid extraction-spectrophotometric vanadium (IV and V) speciation was studied. Six commercially available tetrazolium salts (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC), 3-(2-naphtyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium chloride (Tetrazolium Violet, TV); 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2- thiazol)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium, MTT), 2-(4-iodophenyl)- 3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride (INT), 3,3'-(4,4'-biphenylene)bis(2,5- diphenyltetrazolium) chloride (Neotetrazolium chloride, NTC) and 3,3'-(3,3'-Dimetoxy(1,1'- biphenyl)-4,4'-diyl)bis(2,5-diphenyltetrazolium) chloride (Blue Tetrazolium chloride, BTC)) and three organic solvents (chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1-butanol) were tested in this study. The best results were obtained with MTT and chloroform. A direct, very simple, fast and sensitive procedure for vanadium (IV and V) speciation based on the spectral differences of the extracted ternary complexes of V(IV) and V(V) was developed. It was found that the optimization of the MTT to 4-NC ratio has a key role in the speciation results. At deficiency of 4-NC towards MTT the vanadium(IV) complex absorbed light at 390 and 570 nm, while the V(V) complex absorbed only at 390 nm. The corresponding molar absorptivities were calculated to be V(IV)390 = 3.610 4 L mol -1 cm -1 , V(IV)570 = 1.710 4 L mol -1 cm -1 and V(V)390 = 3.110 4 L mol -1 cm -1 . The method was applied for vanadium (IV and V) speciation in industrial samples with low Fe and Al content (catalyst for oxidation of SO2) and good results were obtained in terms of precision and accuracy.


In this paper, we price European Call three different option pricing models, where the volatility is dynamically changing i.e. non constant. In stochastic volatility (SV) models for option pricing a closed form approximation technique is used, indicating that these models are computationally efficient and have the same level of performance as existing ones. We show that the calibration of SV models, such as Heston model and the High Order Moment based Stochastic Volatility (MSV) is often faster and easier. On 15 different datasets of index options, we show that models which incorporates stochastic volatility achieves accuracy comparable with the existing models. Further, we compare the In Sample and Out Sample pricing errors of each model on each date. Lastly, the pricing of models is compared among three different market to check model performance in different markets. Keywords: Option Pricing Model, Simulations, Index Options, Stochastic Volatility Models, Loss Function http://www.sci-int.com/pdf/638279543859822650.pdf


The effect of steroid contraceptives on serum sodium potassium calcium magnesium and inorganic phorsphorus in 12 lactating goats was studied during a 12-week period. The contraceptives deladroxate injection lyndiol 2.5 lyndiol 1 lynestrenol and mestranol were administered in doses/kg body weight relative to the human dose. Sodium increased in all groups except in the lyndiol 1 group which showed a sharp drop 4 weeks after administration followed by a gradual increase to around base level. An immediate drop in potassium was observed in response to deladroxate and lyndiol 2.5; in the other groups there was a rise followed by a decrease during Week 10. Calcium and magnesium levels showed little change; however a gradual drop in magnesium was observed in the lyndiol 1 group. Phorsphorus increased in the control and mestranol groups but it decreased in the deladroxate lyndiol 2.5 and lynestrenol groups.


Multi-environment testing helps to identify stable genotypes. The objective of this study was to evaluate Chinese hybrid rice varieties for their grain yield and yield stability at different environments. The multilocation rice evaluation trials were conducted during summer seasons of 2017 and 2018 at five different environments, namely, Hardinath (Dhanusha), Kabre (Dolakha), Parwanipur (Bara), Khumaltar (Lalitpur) and Dhakaltar (Tanahun) in Nepal. Four hybrid rice varieties namely LPNBR1618, LPNBR1615, LPNBR1628 and LPNBR1632 (Standard check variety) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications in each location. The results indicated a significant (p<0.05) variation in grain yield among the genotypes at Hardinath, Khumaltar, and Kabre whereas they were non-significant for grain yield at Dhakaltar and Parwanipur. The combined analysis of variance indicated significant (p<0.05) effects of environment and genotype × environment (G x E) interactions on grain yield. The pooled data over locations and years showed that LPNBR1632 produced the highest grain yield (7.5 tons/ ha) followed by LPNBR 1618 (6.3 tons/ ha) in terai region (Hardinath and Parwanipur). Similarly, LPNBR1618 gave the highest grain yield (10.3 tons/ ha) followed by LPNBR1615 (9.5 tons/ ha) in mid hills region (Kabre, Khumaltar and Lumle). The genotypes LPNBR1615 (b=1.13), LPNBR1618 (b=1.19) and LPNBR1628 (b=1.15) had more than unity regression indicating the genotype's suitability towards favorable environments. GGE biplot showed genotype LPNBR1615 was stable genotype among all genotypes. This study suggests that LPNBR 1615 can be grown for higher grain yield production in terai and mid hills of Nepal.


In spite of being commercially important and having high market demand, efforts put in for breeding and propagation of the Asian cat fish, Clarias batrachus has not gained the desired momentum as the process demands ablation of the male brood fish for collection of testes. The deep wound so created leads to mortality of the fish resulting in negative impact on broodstock population and farmers' income. Attempts made for post-surgical revival of the fish (weight 110.0-190.0 g/fish) by performing the incision with minimum injury revealed that the fish had amazing capacity of wound healing by regeneration of lost tissue with 83.9-92.6 % (average 87.8%) post-surgical recovery. The incision (4.0-4.5 cm in length) had completely healed within 30-35 days without any medication or stitching. There was post-surgical regeneration of the testicular tissue after 190±10 days in 90% of the randomly sampled fish. Fully developed testes were observed in 86.9% of the samples after 280-310 days of post-surgery rearing. These findings pave the way to address the inherent problem of mortality of male broods vis a vis to explore possible biomedical application of the regenerating capacity of the fish.


The fabrication trials for prototype radial plate to support its conceptual design and development for fusion relevant superconducting magnet have been discussed in this paper. The simulation approach with CAD has been presented for prototyping of radial plates. Extensive trials have been done on SS316LN plates to estimate and establish machining sequences, machine parameters, machining tools to achieve required tolerances. The critical machining operation and parameters has been discussed in this paper. Inspection procedures with articulated arm coordinate measuring machine for prototype radial plate has been conceptualized and verified.


As huge new metropolises take shape a defining 21 century social trend. In the context of global economic integration, the process of urbanization speeds up tion. Municipal solid waste (MSW) represented by food waste partic larly known as organic or biodegradable waste concern from governments of various countries straining generation(Reduce), Reuse (Re-use cle))could well be the future direction and the main principle on food waste treatment and management in terms of sustainability certainly break a new ground at the road to sustainable development which could alleviate ambient pollution burden and reclaim organic ma OCHRONY ŚRODOWISKA


Because many common diseases are asymptomatic in their early stages, people who don't have symptoms are not necessarily healthy. Reference ranges based on asymptomatic subjects can be misleading. To avoid assumptions about subjects' health, we defined reference ranges in terms of a linear relationship between values and percentiles. For any given reference population specified solely by objective criteria, such as age and sex, we calculated values at each percentile and constructed the least squares regression line with 95% confidence limits through all the data. We excluded extreme values beyond the confidence limits. Unexcluded values constituted the reference range. According to our method, values are typical or atypical based on whether they obey a linear relationship with percentiles. This simple method applies to many unimodal frequency distributions.


This pruritic rash appears to be a drug reaction to a cephalosporin. This class of drug often produces allergic reactions in the skin; this was quite an ordinary one, neither vasculitic nor urticarial. The mucosa was not affected, which ruled out Stevens-Johnson syndrome.


This study is undertaken to determine the effect of organizational elements on knowledge management process. Generally, the objective of this study is to determine the effects of knowledge management (KM) enablers namely strategic leadership, culture, information technology, HR activities on KM process. Based on previous studies, it is important to effectively and efficiently manage these organizational elements (KM enablers) in order to have
a successful KM process. This study was conducted in Kolej Matrikulasi Perak, Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia; an educational institution offering a pre-university program. This research is a cross-sectional research which uses a case study approach. The respondents of this study were
the academic staffs of Department of Sciences, Mathematics and Arts. Questionnaires consisting five point Likert scale was used to measure how strongly respondents agree or disagree with the statements .In the case of Kolej Matrikulasi Perak, the most important factor affecting
implementation of KM process is its human resource activities, followed by organizational culture and information technology. Based on the findings, the researcher suggests that the top management of this college to form a strong human resource policies in order to obtain full utilization of knowledge in the organization.


Commercial banks tend to make profits which are not associated with efficiency in resource use. Since the output of bank deposits is subject to government control, the industry tends to generate a surplus over competitive profits, and this is particularly so when a collective agreement prevents the payment of interest on demand deposits, or the implicit interest payment is below the competitive rate and lags behind the changes in the rate of earnings on bank assets. In 1967, the National Board for Prices and Incomes reported that the London clearing bank profits had been '… excessive in the sense that they have accrued in part simply from a high average level of Bank Rate…'. 1 The report referred to an 'endowment element' in the profits which originated from the clearers' collective agreement on nonpayment of interest on demand deposits: although the bank charges on demand deposits were being netted for an offsetting allowance, a surplus was generated because '… the rate of offsetting allowance does not a...


There is a range of operational and functional requirement starting from conventional main line, high speed lines to mass transit applications n conventional to driverless operations. This paper highlights the train control systems designed, developed and applied by Ansaldo STS for the above applications.


The paper elaborates on the experience gained during the first year of an intervention in the Middle Schools to implement a 3 year curriculum. The growing importance of computing knowledge in most professional fields has led many countries and stakeholders around the world to introduce Computer Science (CS) education in K-12 curriculum. These curricula replace the existing Information Communications Technology (ICT) curriculum by adding a new dedicated CS curriculum, adding topics of CS (predominantly "programming") to the ICT curriculum, or providing CS as an additional elective course. This paper aims to describe a new comprehensive curriculum that integrates topics of ICT with CS in a rich context to create need-based learning for the students (year 1 of the 3-year curriculum). The proposed curriculum has been designed to seamlessly replace existing ICT curriculum giving students added proficiency in CS along with ICT. This experience report provides the pedagogy behind the inclusion of ICT and CS topics, the detail of the curriculum, teacher training, and data collection methodology for impact evaluation. This paper goes into the detail of the 1st year of the curriculum and briefly explains the curriculum for the 2nd and 3rd year of Middle School grades.


Signal and System and Digital Signal Process are both extraordinarily important basic curricula of electronics.School-teaching respectively is adopted in the traditional teaching method.But the two courses are related closely and have the overlapping teaching contents.Based on their characteristics and the necessity of integration,we propose the new thought-way of integration about the theory teaching and experiment one from the systematic integration view,analyze the innovation of teaching content of Digital Signal Process in the integration,and bring forward the new demand on the knowledge structure for the teachers after integration.


To the Editor.— There has been increasing concern about the iatrogenic causes of illness. One of those frequently cited is the spread of hepatitis B by medical practice. This concern has recently become more acute because of the worry that acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) on occasion may be similarly disseminated. It has come to my attention that a common medical procedure that may pose a risk for the transmission of disease and specifically of hepatitis B is the use of reusable fitting diaphragms and rings used in the fitting of diaphragms for contraception. It is well recognized that hepatitis B virus may be present in menstrual blood, vaginal secretions, and seminal fluid, and sexual contact may well be a mode of spread of the disease. 1 Instructions by the manufacturer of a major brand of fitting rings and diaphragms call for washing the used rings in soap and water and


Most genomic data within the NextBio platform are generated using the Affymetrix platform (Figure 2). Ideally, all Affymetrix data would be imported as CEL files, and processed using the same normalization method, such as Robust Multi-array Average (RMA)1; however, for pre-existing experiments, this is often impossible. In this case, probeset-level Microarray Suite version 5 (MAS5) intensities2 or, in some cases, DNA-Chip Analyzer (dChip)-generated intensities3 are imported.


A 52-year-old man presented as a level 2 trauma notification after a plywood fell on him from 15 feet. On presentation, he was evaluated according to Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) protocol. Secondary survey was significant for suprapubic tenderness and abrasions to bilateral hips. A focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST) examination was performed, showing echogenic fluid filling the bladder (video 1).

Video 1
Focused assessment with sonography in trauma examination performed in the trauma bay showing echogenic fluid filling the bladder.

A Foley catheter was placed, and gross haematuria was noted. …


We study shell mix during implosion using a capsule with a Cl-doped gas-shell interface that is also filled with Ar-doped deuterium gas. The Ar and Cl K-shell emissions are recorded with a flat crystal spectrometer. The He-β complex is analyzed to infer the electron temperature and density in the hotspot. Two regions of different hydrodynamic states are observed: a region of Te ∼ 1.2 ± 0.2 keV and ne ∼ (4 ± 0.5) × 1023 cm−3 and another of Te ∼ 0.6 ± 0.2 keV and ne ∼ (4 ± 0.5) × 1022 cm−3 probed by Ar and Cl ions, respectively. The neutron yield was also recorded and found to have reduced by a factor of ten for the Cl-doped capsule. By attributing the degradation of the neutron yield to the enhanced radiation loss due to the presence of mixed Cl ions and using the conservation of hotspot internal energy, the amount of mixed Cl ions is estimated to be ∼1.4 × 1014, corresponding to a 0.1 μm thickness of the initial shell material and a mixing width of about 16 μm.


The polynomial expansion (PE) multi-user detector was proposed to eliminate the computational complexity of matrix inversion involved in the decorrelating detector and the MMSE detector. Computation of the polynomial coefficients in a PE detector is, however, a complex task. A fast converging adaptive algorithm based on the Davidon-Fletcher-Powell (DFP) method is proposed for computing polynomial weights for a PE detector.


A time-saving method to reshape the surface of reflector antenna fed by a quasi-actual feed(QAF) based on the Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline Surface (NURBS) technique, ray tracing technology (RT), physical optical method (PO), and Gauss-Legendre integral (GLI), is proposed. The optimized surface of the reflector can be smooth and time-saving by NURBS algorithm to support its better agreement with its future manufactured counterpart and by RT-PO-GLI method, where the antenna is fed by a QAF derived from the far-field data of an antenna model simulated from the commercial software MWS Studio CST, not a pure imaginary feed like in the available literature. An objective function is constructed with the weights of main-lobe level, side-lobe level, and beam width of the considered antenna to regulate the method to optimize electric far-field radiation patterns to specific purpose. The results show that the method has a faster calculating speed and can surely be expected to design a reshaped reflector antenna effectively and fast.


Measurement of trunk list is an important component of an evaluation of posture in idiopathic scoliosis. However, there is little information regarding its measurement and the associations between trunk list and other relevant indicators or factors. The objectives of this study were to: 1) evaluate the validity and test-retest reliability of the plumbline to measure trunk list from C7 S1 in persons with idiopathic scoliosis and 2) to explore the association between trunk list and the following factors: pain, Cobb angle, type of scoliosis, mental health and self-image, in persons with idiopathic scoliosis. We recruited 55 participants aged from 10 to 21 years old with idiopathic scoliosis (Cobb angle: 15o to 60o) from the scoliosis clinic at a tertiary care pediatric hospital. Trunk list was measured directly on participants on two occasions by the same physiotherapist and also on radiographs taken that day. Two measurements were taken each time: with feet together (FT) and feet apart (FA). The participants answered the Scoliosis Research Society-22 patient questionnaire, which addresses pain, self-image and mental health. Type of scoliosis and Cobb angle were measured on radiographs taken that day. We used generalizability theory to calculate test-retest reliability for FT and FA, reporting Dependability Coefficients (f) and Standard Errors of Measurement (SEM). Validity of the plumbline measurement was calculated by comparing to measurements taken directly on radiographs using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Pearson correlations were calculated between trunk list and pain, Cobb angle, self-image and mental health. Spearman correlations were calculated between trunk list and type of scoliosis. We then used multiple linear regression models to determine associations


In this paper they are analyzed and are evaluated, across the texts, the cultural, social and political conquests of the Roman woman during the first century of the Empire.


In order to obtain the influence of blade placement angle on the performance of plastic centrifugal pumps, this article used the velocity modulus method. Based on the method, the hydraulic design of the flow passage components of the plastic centrifugal pump was carried out, and the two-dimensional model and three-dimensional model diagram of the flow components were established. The flow field of the impeller model under different working conditions was simulated and the results were analyzed by ANSYS CFX. The influence of different fluid loads on the solid structure under design conditions on the structure characteristics of the impeller was studied by ANSYS Workbench. Impeller models with different outlet angles were established to study the influence of the outlet angle on the performance of pump, and fluid-structure interaction for different impeller models was utilized to study the influence of the outlet angle on the structural characteristics of the impeller. According to the Stepanoff velocity modulus method, considered the import prerotation, the wrap angle design method and the blade inlet angle design method were proposed. In order to study the influence of different inlet angles on the performance of pump, the inlet angle was changed to establish multiple sets of impeller models, 3D printing technology was used to print out each impeller, and performance experiments were performed on the pump equipped with the impeller. The result of the experiments showed that working pressure of plastic centrifugal pump exceeding 5 atm would cause impeller structure damage. When the outlet angle was 35°, the plastic centrifugal pump reached the highest efficiency of 81.0161% and the highest H of 35.8029. The maximum deformation caused by the flow field load on the impeller increased with the increase of the outlet angle. With the increase of the inlet angle, the efficiency and H of the plastic centrifugal pump were reduced. Under normal pressure load, the deformation of the impeller first decreased and then increased, and when β1 was 13°, the total deformation of the impeller was the smallest.


In this paper, a minimum Euclidian distance criterion between error PDF and Dirac delta function is introduced and a constant modulus type blind equalizer algorithm based on the criterion is proposed. The proposed algorithm using constant modulus error in place of actual error term of the criterion has superior convergence and steady state MSE performance, and the error signal of the proposed algorithm exhibits more concentrated density function in blind equalization environments. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method can be a reliable candidate for blind equalizer algorithms for multipoint communications.


This paper presents the schematic design of FOG strapdown inertial system. Based on the PC104 industrial module, the rebalanced loop of accelerometer and the readout circuit of FOG are developed for realizing a prototype of the strapdown inertial system. Then, the error compensation method, the initial alignment scheme and the mechanical configuration are discussed and developed. The test result shows that the performance of the prototype meets the pre-set requirements (heading accuracy 1, attitude accuracy 0.5 ).


Boundary-scan was developed to allow testing without a full bed-of-nails, but many boards have only a few boundary-scan parts, and still require a full bed-of-nails. The manufacturers of those boards are getting many advantages from the use of boundary-scan, including faster model development time for complex parts, faster test run times, faster model and board debug times and much more accurate diagnosis than a conventional in-circuit test provides. This paper describes a tool that provides these benefits without needing any change to the main in-circuit test system.<<ETX>>


Early-onset group B strep (GBS) infection is catastrophic in newborns. Prenatal screening has been advocated by the American Academy of Pediatrics, and


The article focuses on the concept and definition of the status of unemployed. Analyzes the scientific and legal approaches to the concept of the unemployed. Investigated in detail the concept of legal personality of unemployed, as well as each of the conditions for recognition as citizens unemployed.


Contour and topographical map of flood areas in the lower reaches of Wenyuhe Reservoir was generated by using MapInfo (GIS software) to process basic data of Wenshui County and using interpolation method.The model for the loss rate was used to assess the loss status of the inundated area.When the reservoir met the flood of a return period of 5000 years,the overtopping dam-break incident could occur and the flood could cause the direct economic loss to 2.4149 109 RMB and indirect economic loss to 4.347 108 RMB.Calculation and analysis of the loss by dam-break flood in this paper will enable policy makers and reservoir supervisors to know the consequences of the floods so as to avoid the disaster.


The QUaD project will measure the cosmic microwave background's polarization anisotropy from the South Pole beginning in early 2005. This thesis discusses the optical characterization of a single pixel in both the 100 GHz and 150 GHz spectral bands using the QUaD test bed. It describes the methods and results for measuring the pixel's spectral response, polarization response, spatial response, and the optical efficiency. It also estimates the sensitivity of one pair of polarization-sensitive bolometers for each spectral band.


Cyanobacteria in fresh water can cause serious threats to drinking water supplies. Managing cyanobacterial blooms particularly at small drinking water treatment plants is challenging. Because large amount of cyanobacteria may cause clogging in the treatment process and various cyanotoxins are hard to remove, while they may cause severe health problems. There is lack of instructions of what cyanobacteria/toxin amount should trigger what kind of actions for drinking water management except for Microcystins. This demands a Cyanobacteria Management Tool (CMT) to help regulators/operators to improve cyanobacteria/cyanotoxin monitoring in surface waters for drinking water supply. This project proposes a CMT tool, including selecting proper indicators for quick cyanobacteria monitoring and verifying quick analysis methods for cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin. This tool is suggested for raw water management regarding cyanobacteria monitoring in lakes, especially in boreal forest climate. In addition, it applies to regions that apply international WHO standards for water management. In Swedish context, drinking water producers which use raw water from lakes that experience cyanobacterial blooms, need to create a monitoring routine for cyanobacteria/cyanotoxin and to monitor beyond such as Anatoxins, Cylindrospermopsins and Saxitoxins. Using the proposed CMT tool will increase water safety at surface water treatment plants substantially by introducing three alerting points for actions. CMT design for each local condition should integrate adaptive monitoring program. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15544/jws.2017.005


This paper considers the possibility that Anglo-Saxon grave-goods, rather than having been the life possessions of the deceased, may have been gifts to him or her, thereby directly effecting a relationship between the survivors and the donor. This cautions against 'life-mirror' approaches to burial data that assume a reflective correspondence between the wealth of the deceased in life and in death. It also takes a Deleuzean approach to signs, emphasizing them as a means of directly producing something, social relations in this case, rather than as a means of communication and as symbols to be decoded. Different lines of evidence are explored to determine, first, if any grave-goods were more likely to have been gifts and then to establish the possible scope of such actions, so that we might have some confidence that we are dealing with a practice, rather than with idiosyncratic, isolated instances.


Purpose
This study aims to understand the career path to the pinnacle of professional life. What does it take for an entrepreneur to become a global celebrity in one's profession? The authors explore the career motivation, trajectory and outcomes of a niche population who made it to the top of their careers.

Design/methodology/approach
A qualitative method was applied, using publicly available, prerecorded interviews of a documentary series on a unique sample of 30 top global chefs who gain Michelin-stars or equivalent. The authors used a qualitative approach to analyze the data alternating data and theory.

Findings
The authors identify a unique pattern, which the authors label as the "two-steps" trajectory, where these successful chefs went through a dual-hurdle process: first, delving into formal training and establishing themselves; then moving to a top chef status through innovation inspired by their history, chance events and treating their work as an artistic oeuvre and an experience.

Practical implications
The authors provide an observed pattern for what is required to be a top global chef.

Originality/value
This study advances career theory and entrepreneurship studies via integrating the two perspectives. The authors offer a theoretical contribution by identifying the relevance and importance of "new careers" for entrepreneurs, recognizing critical success factors and reinstating the balance between the agency of the entrepreneur and their context.


In the past 100 years, the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA's) federal food guidance has relied on the authority of science and the objectivity of numbers to be the founding body of knowledge about what to eat. Scientists in USDA-sanctioned laboratories relied largely on the calorimeter, an apparatus that provided scientists with numeric data about food and American eaters, to help them construct a rational diet that they claimed could improve the health and wealth of Americans. Calorimetric data helped Progressive Era home economists, and USDA nutritionists and chemists could use rational and normalizing language to craft an American diet. These federal agents used the science of food to encourage new Americans to buy, cook, eat, and think about food using the framework of a discourse of quantification. In turn, I argue, these numbers acted to construct an ideal American "eater" by creating standards using quantities like calories, proteins, dollars and cents, that a "good" eater would follow. As a result the American eater, as understood by the USDA, became an object of policy manipulation, and an eater whose sense of taste, and language to describe it, was rendered unimportant.


PGCAD (plane gate computer aided design) is a valuable interactive plane gate CAD system with full functions and user - friendly interface. The plotting module, which is one of the most important function modules in the plane gate CAD system, reads the results of'design calculation from database and automatically plots working drawings in line with the gate geometric model, resulting in working efficiency increased by tens and even over one hundred times. This paper focus on description of method and skill for application of the plotting modules for plane gate CAD system.


Structural health monitoring systems (SHMS) are increasingly being considered for implementation in a wide range of industries, including transport, civil infrastructure, and energy production. As the application of SHM systems increase, it will be increasingly important to quantify the durability, reliability, and reparability of the SHM system. This paper investigates the electrical and electro-mechanical characteristics of piezoelectric sensors in an attempt to distinguish sensor failure from structural damage. This study involved the measurements of pertinent electrical properties for three various types of advanced piezoelectric sensors under fatigue loading. Changes in the capacitance and inductance of these sensors have been recorded, highlighting the deleterious structural changes in the sensor itself without any discernible change in the structure being monitored.Copyright © 2011 by ASME and The Commonwealth of Australia


Shenzhen city is affected directly by CEPA, which is a economic and trade agreement between Hong Kong and hinterland of China.As the subscription of CEPA, the impact on Shenzhen freight traffic structure is analysed. To reduce the seaport, airport and land port's traffic pressure, a dividing road net system is set up, which the passenger is separated from freight is advanced.


This online appendix provides proofs of the proposition and corollaries in the main text. It also derives the implied prior hyperparameters of the structural-form VAR coefficients from the hyperparameters of the reduced-form VAR coefficients. Lastly, it includes additional empirical results. 1 Proofs of Proposition and Corollaries This section provides proofs of Proposition 1 and two corollaries in the main text. We first record in the following lemma the determinant of the Jacobian of transformation from the structural-form parameterization to the reduced-form parameterization. This lemma was proved in Chan and Jeliazkov (2009), and we include it here for convenience. The proof uses the differential forms approach that is equivalent to calculating the Jacobian (see, e.g., Theorem 2.1.1 in Muirhead, 1982). Lemma 1. Suppose W is a n×n positive definite matrix and W = T′T̃T, where T is a lower triangular matrix with ones on the main diagonal and T̃ is a diagonal matrix with positive diagonal elements. Denote the lower diagonal elements of T by tij, 1 6 j < i 6 n, For a different structural-form parameterization where the error covariance matrix is the identity matrix and the impact matrix is triangular with free diagonal elements, Zha (1999) derives the determinant of the Jacobian of transformation from the reduced-form parameterization. and the diagonal elements of T̃ by tii, i = 1, . . . , n,. Let (dW) denote the differential form (dW) ≡ ∧ i>j dwij and similarly define (dT) ≡ ∧ i>j dtij. Then we have (dW) = n ∏ i=1 ti−1 ii (dT). In other words, the determinant of the Jacobian of the transformation from T′T̃T to W is ∏n i=1 t −i+1 ii . Proof of the lemma: By the definition W = T′T̃T, we have  w11 w21 . . . wn1 w21 w22 . . . .. .. .. . . . .. wn1 wn2 . . . wnn  =  1 t21 . . . tn1 0 1 . . . tn2 .. .. . . . .. 0 0 . . . 1   t11 0 . . . 0 0 t22 . . . 0 .. .. . . . .. 0 0 . . . tnn   1 0 . . . 0 t21 1 . . . 0 .. .. . . . .. tn1 tn2 . . . 1  . Hence, we can express each wij in terms of {tij}: wii = tii + n ∑ j=i+1 tjitjj, i = 1, . . . , n, (1)


With the gradual development of IT technology, voice phishing victims are increasing in number. In the past when only voice phone calls were made, personal information or financial information were stolen mainly by a direct phone call, but recently, as smart phones are widely in use, it is evolving into a way such as smishing that leads an access to a site with malicious codes spreading out. Since it is easy to run away after committing a crime, and trace are rarely left in case of voice phishing, it is difficult to find out criminal. In addition, it is most likely that a victim be would be exposed to further damage from another voice phishing. Its technique is growing in kinds and turning more intelligent day by day; Therefore, its victims are increasing in number. Previous researches mainly focused the area of legal studies while the factors exposed to voice phishing have not been made. Therefore, this study has analyzed the motifs in which voice phishing is done to draw out its outcomes as follows. First, a victim comes to trust the criminal by the factors of favorability, rare message, and mutuality. Second, the more sophisticated the technique of a criminal, the more likely a victim is exposed to voice phishing.


Introduction, Rob White Part I: Global Problems 1. Globalisation and environmental harm, Rob White 2. Equatorial deforestation as a harmful practice and criminological issue, Tim Boekhout van Solinge 3. The global transference of toxic harms, Diane Heckenberg 4. Global warming, global crime: a green criminological perspective, Michael Lynch and Paul Stretesky Part II: Specific Issues 5. The Canadian-Alberta Tar Sands: a case study of state-corporate environmental crime, Russell Smandych and Rodney Kueneman 6. The illegal reptile trade as a form of conservation crime: a South African criminological introspection, Joe Herbig 7. The applicability of crime prevention to problems of environmental harm: a consideration of illicit trade in endangered species, Melanie Wellsmith 8. The polluting behaviour of the multi national corporations in China, Yang Shuqin Part III: Alternative Visions 9. The indiscriminate criminalisation of environmentally beneficial activities, Avi Brisman 10. The big grey elephants in the backyard of Huelva, Spain, Lorenzo Natali 11. Criticality of global environmental crime, disparity of harmful influence and chaos/complexity green criminology/justice, Noriyoshi Takemura 12. The ecocidal tendencies of late modernity: transnational crime, social exclusion, victims and rights, Nigel South


This practice mainly developed based on Visual Foxpro Applications.It introduces some commonly used modelling method of various objects in Visual Foxpro and gives the realization process with the purpose of helping the reader develop application software better.


The hinterlands in India consist of about 650,000 villages. These villages are inhabited by about 850 million consumers making up for about 70 per cent of population and contributing around half of the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Consumption patterns in these rural areas are gradually changing to increasingly resemble the consumption patterns of urban areas. Some of India's largest consumer companies serve one-third of their consumers from rural India. Owing to a favourable changing consumption trend as well as the potential size of the market, rural India provides a large and attractive investment opportunity for private companies.


Food waste is a complex problem with far reaching negative environmental, social, and economic impacts. To identify appropriate solutions to address food waste, the food recovery hierarchy developed by the Environmental Protection Agency is currently the most popular guiding framework in food waste prevention and reduction. However, this paper found that the application and the interpretation of the guide is quite problematic due to its lack of consideration of scale in efforts to prevent and reduce food loss and waste. Furthermore, the food recovery hierarchy is premised on a linear food supply chain instead of a circular approach. Although the hierarchy recommends prevention as the most preferred approach, it still provides the option (albeit less preferred) to landfill food waste. Based on values and worldviews that potentially serve as better tools for food waste prevention and reduction, this paper explores the tensions within the food recovery hierarchy framework and identifies alternative critical food guidance developed in a Canadian social innovation lab.


The 64-Bit technology introduces several new and and complex tasks for software-developers. Even that the hardware developing industry claims that future software development should take care about the new introduced compiler systems, it is necessary to have a deep inside view on how the new underlaying 64-Bit assembly language works. This paper describes what 64-Bit means for future software devlopments, how 64-Bit influences assembly programming and how to port applications programmed under 32-Bit to 64-Bit. It is heavy based on the IA architecture and the Windows R operationsys


The invention provides a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain that is transformed to constitutively express DUR3, encoding a urea transporter protein, under the control of the phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK1) promoter and terminator sequences, resulting in reduced nitrogen catabolite repression, wherein said transformed yeast strain may be further transformed to constitutively express a urea degradation enzyme, such as urea carboxylase-allophanate hydrolase or urea amidolyase, also resulting in reduced nitrogen catabolite repression, a method for generating said strain, and a method and use of said strain to produce a fermented beverage or food product with a reduced ethyl carbamate concentration of less than 30 ppb.


A method is described for the crystallizatino of serine specific transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNAI+IISer) in the prsence of magnesium as a divalent counter ion. The crystallization conditions in relation to different temperatures and various tRNA concentrations were investigated in detail were and three crystal forms were found. Tentative values for the unit cell parameters for two forms determined from X-ray powder photographs. For the first form a= 120.3 A, b= 54.2 A and c= 68.6 A and the space group is probably P222; for the second form a= 213.2 A and c= 115.7 A and the space group is either P6 or P622. From the thrid crystal form a still X-ray photograph with reflections out to 3.5 A from a single crystal was obtained using a precession camera. This phtograph together with a precession photograph suggests monolinic symmetry with the cell dimensions of a= 63 A, b= 41 A, c= 112 A and β= 102.30, with the possible space group P21.


Background: Many studies of prenatal antidepressant exposure and the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have done little to reduce bias from exposure misclassification. We assessed the prenatal antidepressant–ADHD effect by incorporating information on repeatedly redeemed prescriptions and redemptions of drug classes commonly used in pregnancy in the analyses to reduce bias from exposure misclassification. Methods: Using population-based registries, we conducted a nationwide cohort study of all children born in Denmark from 1997 to 2017. In a former-user analysis, we compared children prenatally exposed, defined by a redeemed prescription by the mother during pregnancy, to a comparison cohort consisting of prenatally unexposed children whose mothers had redeemed a prescription before pregnancy. We incorporated information on repeatedly redeemed prescriptions and redemptions of drug classes commonly used in pregnancy in the analyses to reduce bias from exposure misclassification. We used incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and incidence rate differences (IRDs) as effect measures. Results: The cohort included 1,253,362 children, among whom 24,937 were prenatally exposed to antidepressants. The comparison cohort consisted of 25,698 children. During follow-up, 1,183 exposed children and 1,291 children in the comparison cohort developed ADHD yielding an IRR of 1.05 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.96, 1.15) and an IRD of 0.28 (95% CI = −0.20, 0.80) pr. 1,000 person-years. IRRs from analyses attempting to reduce exposure misclassification varied from 1.03 to 1.07. Conclusions: Our results were not consistent with the hypothesized effect of prenatal antidepressant exposure on the risk of ADHD. Attempts to reduce exposure misclassification did not alter this finding.


The focus of this digest is to explore whether there are statutory, procedural, and/or legal tests to determine when the issuance of a contract modification (sometimes referred to in this digest and supporting materials as a "change order") triggers the obligation to competitively bid the added or modified work rather than process it as a contract modification to an existing contract. This digest covers the following topics: the policy issues underlying restrictions on contract modifications; state and federal statutes and regulations affecting contract modifications; case law defining tests and examples of where contract modifications triggered competitive bidding requirements; the importance of including contract modification provisions in construction contracts; and case studies of how representative state departments of transportation determine the permissibility and scope of contract modifications versus competitive bidding.


– The article presents a comparison of advantages and disadvantages of a battery charger circuit with and without the use of DC-link capacitors in it. The specific application requirements, namely ultra-light electric vehicles, are set as lightness, efficiency and robustness of the design. Prove of greater reliability and improvement on maintenance costs without significant decrease in the quality of charging process with the removal of DC-link capacitors in rectifier and boost converter circuits is accomplished. The proposed circuit parameters are analyzed by carried out simulations.


Abstract: In this study we focus on power generation replacement and CCS investment as a substitute for an aged coal-fired power plant under an emission trading system. In this analysis carbon price, gas price and free allocation are explicitly uncertain. Using a real options approach we evaluate the thresholds between "waiting" and "investment right now". The results indicate that it requires substantially higher carbon price for early CCS diffusions. For example, in the case of middle-range gas price (around US$8/GJ), US$65/tCO2 is not sufficiency to invest CCS right now. In addition allocation uncertainty makes it more difficult to diffuse CCS in an early stage.


PURPOSE: A camera robot and video capturing method using a camera robot are provided to detect legs of a user through an LRF sensor by detecting a capturing target through the analysis of an input video. CONSTITUTION: A user detection module(120) detects the location information of a capturing target user through the video data of a video photographing module(110). A driving module(130) tracks the capturing target user through the detected user location information. A composition controlling module(150) controls the composition through the face location of the user and a composition line. A robot control module(160) processes a signal and data between two modules.


A bicycle riding with toddlers becomes convenient and indispensable transportation for parents in Japan. On the other hand, the bicycle with toddlers tends to be less-stable when start moving, low-speed biking and abrupt steering because it is hard to steer due to increasing the moment of inertia of the handlebars. Hence this study proposes a power steering system for electrically-assisted bicycles riding with a toddler. The power steering system is designed to allow a rider to steer the handlebars with a toddler as if steer the handlebars without him. The power steering system is mounted on a real bicycle, and its effectiveness is verified through experiments.


A natural requirement for many distributed structures is fault-tolerance: after some failures in the underlying network, whatever remains from the structure should still be effective for whatever remains from the network. In this paper we examine spanners of general graphs that are tolerant to vertex failures, and significantly improve their dependence on the number of faults r for all stretch bounds.
 For stretch k e 3 we design a simple transformation that converts every k-spanner construction with at most f(n) edges into an r-fault-tolerant k-spanner construction with at most O(r3 log n) Å f(2n/r) edges. Applying this to standard greedy spanner constructions gives r-fault tolerant k-spanners with Õ(r2 n1+2/k+1) edges. The previous construction by Chechik, Langberg, Peleg, and Roddity [STOC 2009] depends similarly on n but exponentially on r (approximately like kr).
 For the case of k=2 and unit edge-lengths, an O(r log n)-approximation is known from recent work of Dinitz and Krauthgamer [STOC 2011], in which several spanner results are obtained using a common approach of rounding a natural flow-based linear programming relaxation. Here we use a different (stronger) LP relaxation and improve the approximation ratio to O(log n), which is, notably, independent of the number of faults r. We further strengthen this bound in terms of the maximum degree by using the Lovasz Local Lemma.
 Finally, we show that most of our constructions are inherently local by designing equivalent distributed algorithms in the LOCAL model of distributed computation.


It is one of the principle and fundamental historical studies in Chinas modernization to change the traditional Confucianism cultural world outlook of "Chinese centralism",which seriously prevented Chinas transformation from the pre modern to the modern. However, the historical process from 1860s to 1970s demonstrated that Chinese failed to rebuild the new cultural world outlook. In the 1980s,Deng xiao ping put forward the important idea of world citizen,which has laid new foundation of cultural world outlook for the healthy development of Chinas modernization.


One kind, which is used to develop, is used for lasting partner device(PCD)The development platform of technical ability include:Assets development library, with API(API), the API(API)Be configured to enable developers to carry out it is following at least one:It was found that, create, editor and access can be used for create technical ability one or more content assets;Representation aids external member, with one or more API, the one or more expression associated with the technical ability such as specified by the developer is received via the API, wherein the technical ability can be run in response to the input that at least one is defined by the PCD;Behavior editing machine, one or more behavior sequences for specifying the PCD for the technical ability;And technical ability deployment facility, the API with the runtime engine for the technical ability to be deployed to PCD.


By transforming the below coal tube of raw coal bunker and enhancing the pinch of roller,the grinding capacity raised 12~18 t/h.The performance of coal powder was improved by controlling the granularity,water and temperature of the coal powder.And by enhancing the pressure of nitrogen and the pressure of spray pot,playing down flux of renew gas and wide and equal injection so on,the pulverized coal injection quantity of every BF raised 2 t/h,reducing the cost of fuel.


This paper proposes an approach to recommend related web pages based on the ant colony algorithm,and makes some improvements on the model concerning to the problems existing in it and the ones arising in the application to the adaptive website.The paper mainly introduces the adaptive weight of the decision,feedback mechanism and multi-agent cooperation,and keeps the balance between the convergence rate and the stagnancy,realizes the dynamic adjustment of the system recommendation and the communication of different visitors,finally makes recommendation according to the logs by the users.


The solution structures of three differently modified DNA double strands were solved by NMR spectroscopy. They all incorporate polarity probes in the center of the helix that are sensitive to the immediate environment. Their melting behavior was characterized by a new method that utilizes complete absorption spectra in combination with Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). The latter allows to analyze the spectra in their entirety, which is required to follow the blue shift of the probe signal that is caused by the aforementioned sensitivity to the environment. In this way the duplex melting process is characterized in local and global terms. The first modification, 2-hydroxy-7-carboxyfluorene (HCF), is placed opposite an abasic site to avoid steric strain. NMR spectroscopy revealed two equally distributed conformations, since rotation of the HCF chromophore is only hindered by stacking interactions inside the helix. The second double strand comprises R-glycerol linked 6-hydroxyquinolinium (6HQ) opposite cytosine. The incorporation of 6HQ as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) mononucleotide is a unique structural feature. Until now, only crystal structures of full GNA backbone duplexes are known, so the solution structure of this double strand is of general interest. The small size of R-glycerol disturbs the backbone of the 6HQ strand, which causes a stacking axis that differs from the helical long axis for the three central bases. The last modification is an artificial base pair made of 4-aminophthalimide (4AP) and 2,4-diaminopyrimidine (DAP). Instead of the desired three hydrogen bonds, two structures containing either a single or two hydrogen bonds are observed that can be explained by the linkage of 4AP to 2'deoxyribofuranose.


The practical training of rural education curriculum in the open university includes both theory and practice.Practical teaching mainly includes the experiment,training and practice,which is an important part of the rural education professional teaching.Properly dealing with the deficiencies of the practice links of rural education programs of the open university and further optimizing the design strategy of the course practice will be able to provide a guarantee for building a new open university,cultivating highquality and innovative rural talent.


The Shengmi Bridge is an important city bridge over Ganjiang River, on the Rapid Outer Ring Road of Nanchang. The main bridge of the Bridge is designed as a half-through tied arch bridge of concrete-filled steel tubes with span arrangement (75+2×228+75) m. In this paper, the bridge type design considerations, bridge type alternative comparison and selection, and overall design of the main bridge are dealt with.


Studies were conducted to establish a germplasm collection of Curculigo latifolia from Peninsular Malaysia, to describe the morphological characteristics of the collection, to analyze diversity and relationships within and among the populations based on morphological characteristics and to analyze molecular diversity and relationships within and among the populations using ISSR markers. Curculigo latifolia is a perennial shrub from the family Hypoxidaceae with great potential for the pharmaceutical industry. A germplasm collection consisted of 225 samples representing 45 populations from 11 states of Peninsular Malaysia was established. Curculigo latifolia was found growing under various environmental conditions including primary forests, undisturbed secondary forests, plantations (especially rubber plantations) and along roadsides, thus proving its high adaptability to a wide variety of ecological niches in Peninsular Malaysia.
The genetic diversity of the germplasm collection was estimated using 28 qualitative and quantitative morphological characteristics and seven ISSR molecular markers. Results indicate that high morphological and molecular variations existed within and among the 45 populations of C. latifolia collected. Red leafstalk, hard leaf texture and hairy abaxial leaf surface were found to be identical in Populations 1, 2, 4, 13, 14, 15 and 40, while there were common qualitative characteristics among populations such as green leaf colour and glabrous adaxial leaf surface. Results of analysis of variance revealed that there were significant differences among the populations studied for all the quantitative characteristics measured.
The 45 populations collected were grouped into several diverse clusters based on their morphological characteristics using UPGMA clustering method. The three dendrograms constructed based on qualitative morphological characteristics, quantitative morphological characteristics and a combination of both sets of data, revealed that Populations 1, 2, 4, 13, 14, 15 and 40 were distinctly detached from the other populations studied.
ISSRs were found to be informative molecular markers for investigating genetic diversity among the C. latifolia populations as indicated by the high Nei's gene diversity coefficient and Shannon's information index (0.37 and 0.55, respectively). Results showed that AG and CA microsatellite repeats exhibited high polymorphism. The populations collected from Pahang were found to have the highest number of polymorphic bands among the populations studied. The relatively high coefficient ofgenetic differentiation (GST) obtained (0.48) revealed that C. latifolia is a cross-pollinating species.
Populations 1, 2, 13, 14, 15 and 40 were found to be distinctly separated from all other populations studied. The results were similar to those revealed by the cluster and PCA analyses based on morphological characteristics. Although similarity coefficients among the populations studied obtained from morphological characteristics and molecular markers were found not to be correlated with each other, both morphological and molecular characterizations revealed that Populations 1, 2, 13, 14, 15 and 40 were distinctly different from the other populations. This indicates major differences in morphology and genome composition between these populations and the other populations studied.


Esophageal tuberculosis is rare, and may result from the direct extension of tuberculosis infection from adjacent mediastinal lymph nodes. Endosonography can be used to evaluate heterogeneous or homogeneous hypoechoic masses in the esophageal wall, interruption of the esophageal adventitia, and mediastinal lymphadenitis. We admitted a 19-year-old woman to our hospital because of weight loss and chest pain. Endoscopic observation revealed an esophageal submucosal mass and central ulceration with exudates. Endosonography showed a homogeneous hypoechoic mass with a destroyed esophageal wall layer, spot-like hyperechoic foci, and multiple enlarged lymph nodes in the mediastinum. A biopsy showed acute inflammation, while the results of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and interferon-γ tests were positive for tuberculosis. The patient was diagnosed with esophageal tuberculosis using endosonography and she responded well to anti-tuberculosis therapy. Endosonography may be useful in the diagnosis of esophageal tuberculosis when an accurate histologic diagnosis is not established. (Korean J Med 2011;81:229-235)