The paper presents a theoretical investigation of the flow field inside a 50 percent eccentricity, synchronously whirling, annular seal. The numerical results are obtained using a specific rotordynamic method based on the perturbed form of the averaged full Navier-Stokes equations. Experimental data for this seal are provided by Morrison et al. (1994, 1995) and Morrison and Winslow (1995). The calculated flow field (stator pressures and shear stresses, distributed forces, velocity and turbulent kinetic energy distributions) is in good qualitative agreement with the measured one. It is evidenced that the particular form of the pressure field is due to a great pressure recovery, effect in the exit section. This problem could be used as a test case for annular seal flows, but the high eccentricity is at the limit of a perturbation-based method.


A 5-year experiment was conducted under dryland conditions (mean annual rainfall 660 mm) on a Wakanui silt loam at Lincoln University. The mean annual production of lucerne (20 t DM/ha) was greater than red clover and chicory (16 t DM/ha). The advantage of lucerne increased with time to 6 t DM/ ha in the final year, when the lucerne component of the sward was 94%, whereas chicory and red clover declined to 62 and 0% of their respective swards. The annual production advantage of lucerne was a result of higher growth rates in September and from December to May. The higher summer/autumn growth rates were attributed to a greater water extraction depth, giving lucerne access to more water during this time. The DM yield of all three species had a linear relationship with water use. These results are discussed in relation to the fitness of the three species for a dryland farming system, and how the performance of each would be expected to vary with differing soil type and rainfall situations.


Hybrid ad-hoc network (HANET) is a new and promising paradigm for decreasing the energy consumption of the mobile terminals (MTs) in a cellular network. In this network, the multi-hop functionality of ad-hoc networks is employed in an infrastructure-based network to relay the packets of MTs experiencing bad channel qualities through other MTs with better channel conditions to/from the gateway. However, the proper cooperation of MTs in a HANET scenario cannot be taken for granted as they are normally controlled by selfish users who seek to maximize their own battery lifetime. In this paper, we propose an incentive mechanism based on coalitional game theory to encourage MTs to forward packets for each other by offering energy credits to the cooperative nodes by means of a virtual central bank (VCB); where the contributions of all MTs are recorded and tracked to differentiate non-cooperative nodes from cooperative ones. We also validate the effectiveness of our proposed technique through simulation results.


Following the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo emphasis was given on providing a broader range of services in a package to minimize costs. In 1998 the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) adopted an integrated package of health and family-planning services under the Health and Population Sector Programme (HPSP). A similar integrated approach was adopted in 1997 in the NGO sector under the National Integrated Population and Health Programme (NIPHP) funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). By the end of 2000 it became apparent that there were major barriers to increasing the use of this essential services package (ESP) and addressing unmet needs for services. Unmet needs and missed opportunities are clearly inter-linked. A client who receives a requested service may need additional services. They may not be aware of the additional need or that the services are available. Usually clients visit a clinic for one specific need and providers concentrate on addressing that need. Unless the clients are asked about additional needs an opportunity may be missed to provide needed services. Studies have shown that systematic screening in the primary healthcare setting can be effective to identify needs of clients and address them on one visit or through referral. This study was aimed at testing this strategy in the ESP clinics in Bangladesh and extending it to identify the needs of other family members of clients. This intervention and the evaluation funded by USAID were conducted from March 2002 to March 2003. (excerpt)


A 64-year-old man with IgM kappa restricted Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) presented with right frontal headache and transient expressive aphasia. MRI demonstrated regions of enhancement within periventricular white matter with associated FLAIR hyperintensity and no restricted diffusion (figure). CSF analysis showed leukocytes 2 cells/mm3 (71% lymphocytes), …


The authors reformed and explored the teaching content of TCM diagnostic skills from the aspects of intuition,practicalness,normativity and advancement.The results of questionnaire showed that the students who felt that the reform was benefit to understand of TCM diagnostic theory accounted for 94%,and those who felt that the reform was benefit to training of TCM diagnostic skills accounted for 77%.This reform has improved effectively the teaching efficiency of the course of TCM diagnostic skill training,and students'practical and innovative abilities.


Introduction: Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder, usually requiring long-term treatment with anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). AED therapy is associated with metabolic bone disease and is a major iatrogenic risk factor for fractures. There remains uncertainty about the type(s) of bone disease due to AED treatment and the pathogenesis of AED-associated fractures. The fracture rate in patients with epilepsy is 2–6 times higher than the rate observed in the general population. Only a few studies in India have studied the prevalence of osteopenia in patients on long-term AEDs. Purpose of Study: The purpose of this study is to find out the prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia and to correlate serum calcium levels with bone mineral density (BMD) by bone densitometer in patients with epilepsy on long-term AED therapy. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out at Government Medical College and Hospital where 50 cases having epilepsy of more than or equal to 2 years duration and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were taken by comparing BMD and associated parameters. Results: Mean BMD value was low in cases as compared to controls in all age groups with a significant decrease in young age group and as the duration of AED therapy increased the mean BMD decreased.


There are growing concerns that the pandemic is having a negative impact on children's ability to develop social skills and self-confidence which is why nurseries should go the extra mile to create...


This article reviews the development of universal women's human rights since 1970. It begins by discussing how the international feminist movement influenced the development of women's legal human rights, and continues by reviewing three debates in the literature on women's rights. The first debate is whether human rights as originally formulated were actually men's rights; the second debate is about the relationship be- tween culture and women's rights; and the third considers the effects of globalization on women's rights. The author defends a liberal approach to human rights via the princi- ples of equality and autonomy for women, but also argues that the socialist approach is very important for women to achieve their economic human rights. Autonomy, moreover, is the means by which women can negotiate their own way between "Western" style personal liberation, and participation as they see fit in their own religions and cultures.


The present invention provides a battery replacement cassette drawer assembly, comprising the battery drawer box, drawer boxes fixing plate, the fixing plate of the battery, wherein the battery cartridge is provided with a sliding drawer structure, pulling the stopper structure, the battery limits bit configuration, pulling of the handle; a fixing plate provided with a cartridge drawer sliding slot, pulling the cartridge battery fixing hole; battery fixing plate provided with a battery fixing hole; sliding drawer sliding structure and the fixed plate of the battery box of the drawer box cooperating structure, retaining structure by the drawing controls the battery drawer box drawer box can not be disconnected battery drawer container retainer; common fixing hole to prevent the battery cell of the battery drawer cartridge retaining structure and the battery fixing plate battery front, rear, left, right, upper, lower six-direction displacement. The cartridge assembly drawing simple structure, easy battery replacement step, which greatly improves the convenience of the battery exchange process.


The literature has highlighted the relevance of segmenting the tourism market as a start point for developing the right tourism policy recommendations. The present study examines the rural tourism market on the island of La Palma (Canary Islands) and its relationship with territorial factors. Specifically, it attempts to establish the role played in tourists' accommodation location choice by territorial and related factors (for instance, the area of the island, proximity to the beach, hours of sunshine, etc.) compared to other factors. A sample of 316 tourists who holidayed in rural tourism accommodation in La Palma during the period from July to September in 2007 was selected for this purpose. The methodology consisted of a preliminary analysis of the associations between the variables and their modalities, followed by a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). The results of the study allow to conclude that the weight of territorial variables in the choice of destination and accommodation location can vary substantially depending on the market segment considered.


The article emphasizes the implication of digitizing public health development, explores the basis for the development and its feasibility, analyzes the problems in managerial conception for economic base, talents, managerial system etc. and outlines suggestions towards them.


Objective:To study the clinical therapeuti c effectiveness of fluid injection on jiaji point in combination with Chinese medi cine administration in the treatment of cervical spondylosis. Methods: Sixty ca ses of cervical spondylosis were subjected to the injection of 2 ml Danggui solu tion to the bilateral Jiaji points at C4,5 in combined with administration of Ch inese Medicines reducing phlegm and dispelling blood stasis.Results: The clinical symptoms and signs of the patients were significantly alle viated and the symptom integral obviously reduced (P0.01). The ultrasonic D oppler examination revealed that the blood flow velocity of cervical arteries an d vertebral artery after treatment was significantly accelerated as compared wit h that before treatment (P0.01 or P0.05).Conclusion: The method of acupuncture in combination with Chinese herbs is effec tive to the patients with cervical spondylosis.


Excimer laser (KrF, ArF) radiation has been used for the surface modification of Al - Si and Ni alloys with the aim to improve their corrosion-errosion and hardness properties. A variety of experimental techniques including direct laser surface treatment and laser assisted chemical vapour deposition (CVD) have been employed and the parameters for process optimization have been determined.


Abstract The acoustics are discussed of a large building divided by arches and columns into 77 coupled "subspaces" or rooms. Two models of coupled rooms have been devised to predict acoustical characteristics such as the decay of sound energy density and reverberation time. The first is a general model which can be supplied to any system of coupled rooms. For each room of the 77 room system, the sound energy balance equation has been derived. The initial value problem, formulated by the system of 77 sound energy balance equations and initial steady state conditions, has been reduced to the eigenvalue problem, which has been solved numerically. The numerical results give fair agreement with the experimental results. The second model is approximate and could be derived because the particular building studied has a repetitive architectural pattern in which three repeatable rooms are identified. Consequently, with the approximate approach only three sound balance equations are required. The results obtained from the approximate model are in good agreement with results from the general model, as well as with the experimental results, for a substantial part of the space, except for the periphery.


Abstract PROBLEM DEFINITION The structural integrity of products in general should be assessed by objective criteria. In the case of products with which children come into contact, forces that children can apply should be taken into account. Although many (draft) standards currently contain strength requirements, their basis is not always clear and they lack consistency. A general method of load selection and application has been developed for playground equipment. It was expected that for child use and care products in general a method may be developed for formulating requirements and tests for the structural integrity of such products.


Abstract Many factors affect the occurrence of traffic accidents. The classification and mapping of the different attributes of the resulting accident are important for the prevention of accidents. Multivariate mapping is the visual exploration of multiple attributes using a map or data reduction technique. More than one attribute can be visually explored and symbolized using numerous statistical classification systems or data reduction techniques. In this sense, clustering analysis methods can be used for multivariate mapping. This study aims to compare the multivariate maps produced by the K-means method, K-medoids method, and Agglomerative and Divisive Hierarchical Clustering (AGNES) method, which among clustering analysis methods, with real data. The results from the study will suggest which clustering methods should be preferred in terms of multivariate mapping. The results show that the K-medoids method is more appropriate in terms of clustering success. Moreover, the aim is to reveal spatial similarities in traffic accidents according to the results of traffic accidents that occur in different years. For this aim, multivariate maps created from traffic accident data of two different years in Turkey are used. The methods are compared, and the use of the maps produced with these methods for risk management and planning is discussed. Analysis of the maps reveals significant similarities for both years.


The proposed new method is applicable for control of linear stable single-input-single-output non-minimum phase systems even with unknown mathematical model and unstructured uncertainties. The control objective is to provide required nominal maximum overshoot and settling time of the controlled variable y(t). The proposed new controller design approach guarantees fulfillment of these performance measures specified by the designer for processes with unstable zero. The developed algorithm has been extended to guarantee robustness of the PID controller design for uncertain processes modelled by unstructured uncertainties, and verified on a vast batch of benchmark examples.


Since the study of sintering of UO/sub 2/ is essentially the observation of the porosity present in the material and its evolution during various treatments, a technique for the electron micrographic study of the fracture surfuce was developed. This technique is shown to give rigorous and reproducible informntion on the state of the material. The results obtained and the conclusions derived are reported. Micrographs of grain growth, attack figures, and flaking figures are reproduced in illustration. (tr-auth)


The utility model relates to an air pre-filter, belongs to an air filtration and purification system of a fuel oil engine. The utility model comprises a barrel body, a top cover, a rotator, an air inlet, an air outlet and a dust discharge opening, wherein the interior of the barrel body is provided with the rotator which is provided with a blade seat. The blade seat is fixed with a plurality of diagonal blades, is connected with the rotator and is arranged on a base. An air filtration net is arranged between the air inlet and the blade seat. The utility model has no need of being additionally provided with a driving device, the structure is simple, the filtration efficiency is high, the service life of a filtration core is especially extended, the operating environment of the engine is improved and the service life of the engine is extended.


A base chromosome number of x = 7 characterizes many genera of the Saxifraginae. A high degree of karyotypic constancy was found among species representing six of these genera (Boykinia, Heuchera, Mitella, Sullivantia, Tiarella, and Tolmiea). Boykinia aconitifolia and six species of Sullivantia are characterized by the same karyotype. Four species of Heuchera, Mitella diphylla, Tiarella cordifolia, and Tolmiea menziesii (the last at the tetraploid level) possess a second karyotype that differs from the first in the position of the centromere of only one chromosome pair. These karyological observations suggest generic relationships that agree with those based on morphology, flavonoid chemistry, and crossability.


A model to calculate the neutron induced radiative capture spectra in the resonance region is proposed. Three reaction mechanisms has been taken into account, i.e. statistical processes, potential capture and the capture in the compound elastic channel. The thermal neutron capture spectra and multiple numbers of photon for some nuclei in the 3s resonance region: ~(51)V, ~(55)Mn, ~(52)Cr etc. are calculated. It is shown that the including of the radiative capture in the compound elastic channel will improve obviously the coincidence of the theoretical calculations with the experiments, especially in the high energy parts of the spectra.


The title complex [Cu2(C4H2O6)(Phen)2(H2O)]·8H2O (where phen is 1,10-phenanthroline, C4H6O6 is tartaric acid) has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray single-crystal diffraction. It crystallizes in the monoclinic sys-tem, space group P21 with a=0.716 52(6) nm, b=2.205 44(17) nm, c=1.067 83(11) nm, β=102.595(5)°, V=1.646 8(3) nm3, Z=2, Dc=1.605 g·cm-3, Mr=795.69, μ(Mo Kα)=1.369 mm-1, F(000)=820, the final R=0.034 1 and wR=0.062 2 for 5 613 observed reflections[I2σ(I)]. The complex is a binuclear copper compound, and the two Cu atoms are in different coordination environments. The Cu(1) atom is five-coordinated with distorted square pyramid geometry, whereas the Cu(2) atom assumes the coordination geometry of a distorted square plane. The distance of Cu(1)...Cu(2) is 0.354 8 nm. In addition, there exist intramolecular π-π stacking interactions between two phen rings with the interplanar distance of 0.381 3 nm. The complex has a good effect against E. Coli, S. Aureus and B. Subtilis. CCDC: 634855.


The author referred to the little attention the Jurassic Polyzoa have received in England, a few scattered papers comprising the whole of the literature of the subject. This may be accounted for, in part, by the rare occurrence of conditions favourable to the preservation of the delicate features necessary for their true study, and in part, also, by the difficulties into which the classification has drifted. The series dealt with has been collected from the Inferior Oolite, zone of Ammonites Parkinsoni, at Shipton Gorge, Dorset, and the number of forms from the single horizon and locality was stated to be equal to the whole of those described by Jules Haime from the Lias to the Kimeridge Clay. Associated with the Polyzoa are Crania Moorei, and sp., Thecidea, sp., Bhynchonella senticosa, Terebratula Phillipsii, Ammonites Martinsii, some Echinoderms, and a large series of sponges. The tranquil conditions prevailing during the deposition of the beds are indicated by the presence of many slender and arborescent forms of Polyzoa, and the little abrasion they have suffered, as well as by the presence of numerous sponges. The author, in briefly reviewing the Cyclostomata, adopts the simple divisions of Mr. Waters, the Parallelata and Eectangulata, based upon the Hincksian system. The disregard of zoarial growth, in any great degree, as a means of classification, would lead to confusion under the present modes of grouping; neither, however, can any great constancy be found in the form of the zocecia or in the shape of the aperture. In the group Stomatopora six species are recognized, of which two are new. Amongst the Proboscinte is a species described in. that stage of growth as Prohoscina spatiosa, which passes into both Tubuliporoid and Diastoporoid forms, and also in the latter phase throws oif erect Entalophoroid branches. The author has used the same specific name for each form, though describing them under different generic names. Considerable variation in size and shape of cell occurs in each stage. The Idmonece are represented by two new species and two new varieties; Bisidmonea by one form only. Though the latter has much the appearance of Entalophora, the character of the ovicell is so definitely that of the associated Idmonea as to decide its relationship, and it has also the cell-type of Idmonea. In the group Entalophora d'Orbigny's Cretaceous species Entalophora raripora and E subgracilis are quoted, the latter, however, under a varietal form. E. anomala, Manz., E. richmondiensis, Vine, and one new species, E. magnipora, complete the list so far.


With emergence of self-driving vehicles and multimedia rich Internet of Things (IoTs), Inter-Vehicular Communication (IVC) is at rise. IVC has the potential to radically improve the efficiency, safety, and comfort of everyday road travel without needing expensive roadside infrastructure. Nevertheless, a proficient way to quantify and price the multimedia services provided through IVC are yet to be fully investigated. The primary objective of this paper is to develop a Quality of Experience (QoE)-centric pricing model for the multimedia services provided through IVC by seamlessly integrating the multimedia QoE pricing concept. The developed model aims to motivate multimedia-driven vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication by allowing the end-user vehicles to achieve higher QoE and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) by incentivizing neighboring vehicles participating in relaying the multimedia content. Utility maximization between the base station seller, relaying vehicle and the mobile user consumer is modeled using the proposed economic pricing orchestration. Realistically, we translate the three-party interaction into a four-stage Stackelberg game. In addition, we derive the Nash Equilibrium using backward induction and provide an algorithm for future implementation reference. Simulation studies demonstrate the efficacy of developed model and reveal that all three parties achieve reasonable utilities where the Stackelberg equilibrium exists stably.


The purpose of this dissertation was to empirically investigate the antecedents and consequences of trust within organizations. Specifically, trustworthiness and perceived organizational support were examined as antecedents of trust, and organizational commitment, voice behavior, and withdrawal cognitions were examined as direct or indirect consequences of trust. The peripheral trait of proactive personality was also examined with regard to its direct relationship with voice, as well as the extent to which it moderates the relationship between trust and voice behavior. The sample frame consisted of employees and supervisors from a firearms distributor located in the southern United States. A self-report questionnaire was distributed to employees and a second survey instrument was distributed to supervisors to evaluate their employees. This second source of information would help alleviate common method variance. A total of 105 matched supervisor and employee evaluations were received, providing a response rate of 82 percent. Results indicate both perceived organizational support and trustworthiness are positively related to trust. Based upon a usefulness analysis, trustworthiness accounted for a greater amount of incremental variance in trust than perceived organizational support. The hypotheses regarding statistically significant relationships between trust and voice and proactive personality and voice were not supported. Organizational commitment was not found to have a mediating effect on the trust and voice


Oxygen and hydrogen isotope partitioning between liquid water and water vapor has been precisely determined by means of direct mass-spectrometric measurements of isotopic abundances of the two phases from room temperature to 350{degrees}C. Measurable changes in the liquid-vapor partitioning were observed upon the addition of salts (NaCl, KCl, MgCl{sub 2}, CaCl{sub 2}, Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4}, and MgSO{sub 4}) to the system. The results of isotope partitioning for the isotopic mixtures and the literature data of vapor pressure measurements of separate isotopic waters agree well for pure water, but show notable discrepancy for salt solutions.


Introduction: In radiation therapy, determining the location of the tumor accurately during irradiation is one of the most important requirements. However, lung tumors are not fixed in a single location and move during irradiation due to respiratory motion. Due to limitations in assessing such movements, using a lung phantom can be useful and operational for their fast, easy and inexpensive assessment. Moreover, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)- guided radiation therapy is an emerging modality and research is needed increasingly in this field. An advanced aspect of MRI-guidance is its use in respiratory-correlated radiation therapy. To facilitate research on this topic, the aim of this study was to design and build a four-dimensional (4D) respiratory phantom for studying tumor movements in lung radiation therapy.
Materials and Methods: By molding a normal human lung, an artificial lung made of silicon was constructed. The chest was made of plexiglas and a double-walled container. The wall was filled with water to increase the MR signal strength. A 1.5-liter thin bag of silicon was made as a synthetic diaphragm and was placed into the chest. Seven tumors were embedded in different parts of the lung. A piston pump was used to simulate the breathing and an engine and gearbox were used to create the reciprocating motion.
Results: The phantom is MRI compatible, unlike many of the previously designed 4D lung phantoms. Inspecting the MRI, CT and fluoroscopy x-ray scans taken of the phantom, useful information could be derived from the images which could be applied to simulating and examining the motion and the types of movement of lung tumors.
Conclusion: The constructed lung phantom can be a useful tool for research into respiratory- correlated radiation therapy and its new techniques, as well as quality assurance of a variety of 4D imaging devices and protocols.


Stochastic discrete inversion methods allow capturing geological realism and quantify uncertainty, the two aspects that are crucial for groundwater management and the application of stochastic methods in hydrogeology. However, these methods present two major practical challenges: the choice of a correct prior representation and a high computational cost. This thesis addresses these challenges to facilitate future applications of discrete stochastic inversion on hydrogeological data. Strategies for prior selection in the context of geostatistical simulations, and in particular multiple-point statistics are presented. When prior conditioning data is available, a cross-validation framework for categorical variables can be used with scoring rules. The framework can be used for tuning every parameter of geostatistical simulations, for example, choosing the training image for multiple point-statistics. A test case representing a simplified model of the Roussillon plain aquifer confirms the validity of the framework. Another tool presented in this thesis is the Direct Sampling Best Candidate (DSBC) algorithm, which has fewer algorithmic features than the Direct Sampling (DS) algorithm. It retains, however, all the advantages of DS, but simplifies the choice of the parameters, which is often done before the inversion. For the test cases that we studied, the simulation quality of DSBC was better than DS for conditional simulations, and slightly worse, but satisfactory, for unconditional simulations. As for improving the computational performance of the inversion, machine learning algorithms are proposed to speed-up posterior population expansion (PoPEx). With random forest and AdaBoost, speed-up factors of PoPEx of around two times were observed, when applied to a synthetic tracer test data. These machine learning techniques have the potential to be used for other Monte Carlo inversions. Another solution for improving PoPEx convergence was also developed: a tempered likelihood, allowing to improve the uncertainty quantification. It alleviates the need to reduce the dimensionality of the data before inversion (as suggested by previous studies on PoPEx) and mitigates the problem of a very sharp likelihood function. The final point of the thesis is a comparison of three recent discrete inversion methods: PoPEx, ensemble smoother with multiple data assimilation, and DREAM-ZS. A synthetic but realistic pumping test case showed that all three methods perform fairly well, provided that a correct prior is used. However, the choice of the prior is essential, and with wrong priors, represented by different training images, the performance of the methods is strongly affected. The performance was measured with probabilistic scores on assimilated data and the 10-day groundwater protection zone.


Taking passing faults at right No.2 face in No.87 coal seam,No.2 level uphill,in No.9 mining area,as an example,the roof pre-stressed support technology of faults uphill roadways,and its economic effect are introduced.


A displacement in addition to that of the half lattice period was found to exist at the antiphase boundary of Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 by means of electron microscopy. The displacement depends on orientation of the antiphase boundary, but is nearly in the a direction for the boundaries of all orientations except when it is in the b direction for the boundary parallel to the a axis. The displacement gives dilatation of the lattice at the boundary. These facts suggest that the antiphase boundaries have a finite width and a structure alike that of the tetragonal high-temperature phase.


The bandwidth limitations of the commercially available electrooptic light modulators have been reexamined, and it is shown that improvement in frequency response can be obtained by arranging several modulators in a proper configuration. Further broadbanding can be achieved by applying circuit techniques. Practical limitations of these suggested methods are also noted, implying the need for improvements in the modulators themselves.


The purpose of this paper is to explore the diversified billing models of duopoly players in the market, the interactive relationship between consumer preferences and brand awareness, and the implications of management policy. Using game theory to analyze competitive behavior in a duopoly music market and determined that brand value positively affects product pricing. Our results clearly find brand value is a positive factor in determining product pricing and when two companies provide slightly differentiated products, product pricing can be based on the quality of the products, and information is equally shared between the company and the consumers. In addition, consumer choice is primarily based on product pricing, followed by brand awareness and value.


Two core sediments,from the Changjiang Estuary,China,were analyzed for sterols.Severn sterols named as cholest-5-en-3β-ol,5α-cholestan-3β-ol,24-methyl-cholest-7-en-3β-ol,4: 24-methyl-5α-cholestan-3β-ol,24-ethyl-cholest-22en3β-ol,24-ethyl-5α-cholestan-3β-ol and 4α,23,24-trimethyl-5α-cholest-22en3β-ol were identified by means of GC-MS analysis.The relative abundance of C_(29) sterols,which mainly originate from terrigenous input,is the highest in all the sediment from Site 8.In Site 17,the relative abundance of C_(27)sterols mainly from zooplankton input is the highest in the surface sediment,while that of C_(29)sterols is the highest downwards.In all the samples,the relative abundances of sterols are much higher than those of sterols at the same carbon number for the strong hydrogenation.The reductive hydrogenation of sterols is stronger downward with the depth,and that is much stronger in Site 8 than in Site 17 due to the different sedimentary circumstances.


When using traditional clustering algorithms based on RBF to recognize human speakers, it is hard to decide the number and locations of the cluster centers.To overcome these shortcomings, an RBF network based on artificial immune mechanism for human speaker recognition is proposed.The artificial immune mechanism can adaptively compute the number and initial locations of the centers in the hidden layer of the RBF network based on the audio sample data set.Experimental tests show that the system has a fast learning speed for network weights.The system is very good at searching for global optimum.It has a high recognition rate and is a new practical method for human speaker recognition.


For patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) classified as stage I using the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system (T1N0M0 or T2N0M0), the standard treatment is complete resection of the affected lobes and associated lymph nodes. However, lung cancer is usually inoperable in elderly patients, mostly because of their poor performance status. In general, resection of these early-stage tumors, typically by lobectomy, has been associated with three-year and five-year survival rates ranging from 60% to 80%. (1,2) Unfortunately, significant complications have been associated with lobectomy in elderly patients or in those with medical comorbidities, such as limited pulmonary reserve and cardiovascular disease. (3-6) With the popularization of CT screening, lung cancers have been increasingly detected at an early stage.


The article discusses a method of power transformer fault diagnosis based on data fusion and extension theory,for this method a power transformer fault diagnosis system is constructed and developed by the application of wireless sensor network technology and VS.NET platform.The system applies WSN technology in wireless data acquisition of gases dissolved in power transformer oil,and can achieve real time data transmission.At the same time information fusion technology which is used to optimize the data,not only can reduce network energy consumption and ensure the accurate and objective data.For the coding rules of gas ratio method currently existed is incomplete and single,the extension method,combining quantitative and qualitative,it can make transformer fault diagnosis more refinement.Especially,the visual system can achieve the acquisition,displaying,analysis,storage and playback of gas parameters,and can be used in real-time analyzing and automatic diagnosis of transformer fault.The system of power transformer fault diagnosis can not only resolve the problem of the real-time and remote monitoring of operating personnel,but also greatly improve the performance of the transformer fault diagnosis.It provides a new direction for transformer on-line monitoring and fault diagnosis technology.


The Great Recession, which began in late 2007, is manifested primarily as employment crisis and mainly affects the immigrant population. Most immigrants have decided to remain in Spain, and to mitigate the effects of the crisis, several strategies have been deployed in the productive and reproductive spheres. One response to the progressive degradation of the labor market has been the internal and transnational geographical mobility, which takes various strategies: return to the country of origin, migration to a third country, and circular migration. The information used in this article comes from in-depth interviews to 64 citizens of Romania and Bulgaria residing in Spain, as well as from and 32 other interviews to family members and returnees, which took place in their countries. To the information coming from the emigrants we add socioeconomic data provided by the National Institute of Statistics and the Ministry of Employment.


Szegedi A, Kohnen R, Dienel A, Kieser M. Acute treatment of moderate to severe depression with hypericum extract Ws 5570 (St. John's wort): randomized controlled double blind non-inferiority trial versus paroxetine. BMJ 2005;330(7490):503. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38356.655266.82.

How does St John's


Proposed paper dealing with determination of pressure loss coefficient for air duct equipments. Measurement was performed at newly build track in Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Tomas Bata University in Zln. At the beginning of the article is definition of fan track with two options of flow direction available. This is followed by description of accesible volumetric flow control alternatives. In the article is described calculate method of minor loss coefficient from standard ISO 7235. In the result section is presented findings with discussion about results for each measurement. Paper is concluded with outline for further research. Key–Words: friction coefficient, air flow measurement, turbulence, pressure measurement, duct track


The study argues for land reform inPakistan by demonstrating an inverse relationship between students' enrollment and land concentration and landlessness for 50 districts of the Punjab and Sindh provinces. With the help of enrollment data from the Population Census, a composite measure is constructed and linked withthe inequality in ownership of land and landlessness. While the effect of the development level of districts on schooling is as expected positive and substantial, both the Gini coefficient for land ownership and coefficient of landlessness are negative and statistically significant.


Postprandial hyperglycemia (PPG) is among the earliest signs related to type 2 diabetes. Targeting the α-amylase enzyme responsible for the initial stage of carbohydrate digestion can be an effective strategy to control the PPG. With this objective, about 300 Lactic acid bacteria were obtained from different ethnic fermented foods of Sikkim and screened for α-amylase inhibitor (AAI) activity. Five isolates of Lactobacillus (Lb.) plantarum were found to inhibit αamylase whose inhibitory potential was similar to that of copper sulfate and acarbose. Maximum AAI activity was observed within 24 hours of incubation. All the isolates were also assessed for other probiotic properties including bacterial adherence to hydrocarbons, utilization of prebiotic components, etc. Among the safety features of the isolates tested, none of the isolates was hemolytic and neither could hydrolyze gelatin. Most of the isolates were sensitive to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin out of twelve antibiotics tested. These isolates also showed good response to in vitro simulation of oro-gastric-intestinal transit which confirms its ability to survive in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, these Lb. plantarum isolates can be potential probiotic candidates with aamylase inhibitory activity which can be further exploited for the management of postprandial hyperglycemia.


The application of a novel technique for 3-D visualization of a zero-pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer is discussed. Measurements of a 1.65δ x 1.65δ x 1.65δ volume were taken at a flow speed of 96 ft/s, Reθ ~ 5900, and δ = 1.21 inches in a 2 ft x 2 ft open circuit wind tunnel. Experiments were run to ensure that the boundary layer was not being adversely affected by the flow seeding technique and that a zero-pressure gradient was being maintained. The resulting 3-D flow visualization showed a variety of 3-D structures ranging from large bulges over a boundary layer thickness in length and height, to small finger-like structures coming out of the boundary layer at various angles. Preliminary twopoint correlations demonstrate the potential to objectively characterize the average size and orientation of structures in different areas of the boundary layer. The 3-D images give a unique look at a flow speed and volume combination previously uncharted in 3-D boundary layer measurements. This research lays the foundation for comparison for future experiments in a variety of flow conditions.


A parallel processing environment where jobs arrive in the form of finite sequences of tasks is considered. Service is provided by multiple parallel servers, so that tasks belonging to a job must be resequenced before leaving the system. A queueing and delay analysis of the system is performed allowing performance measures to be obtained concerning the effects of synchronisation on the behaviour of individual jobs.


The aim of this project is to investigate the potential for applying a diagrammatic approach to automated reasoning. It focuses on the domain of mathematical analysis a geometric subject, usually taught in a purely algebraic way. This is motivated by the aim of producing theorem provers whose proofs can be understood by people. The techniques developed should also have a practical application in mathematics teaching, where hopefully they will complement conventional methods. Such work also furthers understanding of the mathematical nature of diagrams.


This paper reports the results of analyzing the relation between executive functions and achievements in Art education in children with mild intellectual disability. The sample consists of 51 children with mild intellectual disability of both sexes, aged between 10 and 14. Executive functions are tested by means of cognitive flexibility tests, inhibitory control tests, and working memory tests. The research results indicate significant relations between some aspects of cognitive flexibility, motor inhibitory control and nonverbal working memory and achievements in Art education.


Objective To study the clinical effects of maxillary biteplate appliance combined with maxillary protraction in the correction of deciduous crossbite.Methods The data of 112 children with deciduous crossbite admitted in our hospital from 2011 to June 2013 were selected.According to random lot method,all the patients were divided into two groups,with single number as the control group(n=56) and even number as the observation group(n=56).Maxillary biteplate appliance was adopted in the control group,while maxillary biteplate appliance combined with maxillary protraction were used in the observation group.The results of X-ray cephalometry before and after treatment of the two groups were done.Results Before treatment,there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups on SNA angle,SNB angle,ANB angle and mandibular plane angle(P 0.05).After the treatment,on SNA angle,SNB angle,ANB angle and mandibular plane angle,the observation group was superior to the control group,and there were statistically significant differences between them.(P 0.05).Conclusion Maxillary biteplate appliance combined with maxillary protraction in the correction of deciduous crossbite is superior to the single use of maxillary biteplate appliance,therefore it is worthy of clinical application.


Purpose – Low power static‐random access memories (SRAM) has become a critical component in modern VLSI systems. In cells, the bit‐lines are the most power consuming components because of larger power dissipation in driving long bit‐line with large capacitance. The cache write consumes considerable large power due to full voltage swing on the bit‐line. The aim of the paper is to propose a new SRAM cell architecture to reduce the power consumption during write 0 and write 1 operation.Design/methodology/approach – The proposed circuit includes two tail transistors in the pull‐down path of inv‐A and inv‐B. The simulated results of the proposed cell is compared with Conventional 6T SRAM cell and zero‐asymmetric SRAM cell.Findings – The proposed SRAM cell consumes less power than the conventional SRAM cell during write operation. The write access delay is reported to be lower than conventional and ZA SRAMs in the proposed circuit. The read operation is similar to Conventional SRAM cell but due to tail transist...


Countless medicinal plants are endemic to Indian Himalayan region. Over exploitation of Valeriana jatamansi for its rhizome these species are now came under endangered species. Rhizomes and roots of this species have secondary metabolite like valerenic acid and valepotriates that can cure obesity, skin diseases, epilepsy, insanity and snake poisoning etc. Present research deals with the flower morphological trait study over control Kalimpong environment with four lower altitude exposed treatments. From the independent sample t test it has been cleared that the flower diameter has been gradually decreased in the exposure of lower altitude. Moreover length of style was found to be of highest value for control K plants. Research findings visibly indicated that alternate exposure of higher and lower altitude gives a significant impact on anther size. From these findings it may be concluded that lower altitude exposure enhance cross pollination and there is a positive correlation of petal breadth over the maximum flower diameter.


Cervical trachea reconstruction with a non‐stented platysma myocutaneous door flap (NPMCF) was studied in 23 dogs. Window defects involving 5, 10, or 15 rings and the whole anterior tracheal wall were produced in 3 different groups of animals. A segmentary defect involving the resection of 3 tracheal rings but preserving the posterior membranous wall was created in another group. The results were evaluated by clinical follow‐up of up to 100 days, by tracheoscopy 1 week after surgery, and by macroscopic and microscopic examination after the animals' natural death or sacrifice.


The thermodynamic properties of electrons in cuprous selenide was studied with the help of coulometric titrations, using the solid state galvanic cell. - Pt/Cu/CuBr/Cu2-δSe/graphite, in the temperature region between 350 and 450°. The electromotive force (emf) of this cell was measured as a function of the stoichiometry of the selenide compound and the temperature. Analysis of the experimental data shows that the semiconducting properties of cuprous selenide and the change of the thermodynamic quantities with composition are only given by a change of the respective quantities of the defect electrons or of the quasifree electrons. From the electrochemical measurements besides of other quantities —the band gap energy can be calculated and is of about 0.39 eV.


The room temperature phosphorescence decay of Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase (LADH) was analyzed with continuous lifetime distribution models such as the Exponential Series and Maximum Entropy Methods, revealing the existence of a broad distribution of phosphorescence lifetimes. Possibly reflecting the existence of two or more conformational species that do not rapidly interconvert on a time scale shorter than seconds. In order to gain insight into the underlying reason for the lifetime distribution, we performed a series of quenching experiments on LADH phosphorescence. When quenching data is presented in terms of a distribution of decay rate constants (rather than lifetimes) it is easy to show that quenching of the phosphorescence by mechanisms that do not distinguish between protein species will result in a uniform increase in the decay rate constant without affecting the width of the distribution. An example would be a Forster quenching mechanism if the components within the distribution have identical overlap integrals with the energy transfer partner. Conversely, if the species responsible for the distribution have a differential susceptibility to the quencher, and increase in the mean rate constant and a change in the distribution width will occur. Thus, a quencher that diffuses differentially into various protein conformers is expected to cause a change in the width of the phosphorescence distribution. This change in width provides information on the relative efficiency of quenching of conformers. Using a number of quenchers, one may resolve components within the distribution of conformational states by analyzing the dependence of the width of the phosphorescence lifetime distribution on quencher concentration.


Taking cubic B-spine as trial function, the large deflection of a circular plate subjected to axisymmetrical distributed load is calculated by point collection. Distributed load is the type of polynomial. The support may be elastic. In all examples convergent results are obtained. Under action of uniformly distributed load or uniformly distributed moment along edge, results are compared with that obtained by perturbation method, and it shows that the method used in this paper has much bigger convergent region.


G eneral requirements for Extractables and Leachables (E&L) are already mandated by regulatory agencies. Biopharmaceutical companies must meet these requirements in demonstrating equipment suitability and GMP compliance whether the equipment is of traditional design or single-use. However, because of the absence of specific regulatory requirements for extractables testing of SingleUse Systems (SUS) components, companies have needed to generate SUS extractables testing methods by extrapolating from their interpretation of regulatory requirements for existing container closure testing methods. Extractables testing studies conducted by suppliers of SUS for biomanufacturing comprise filling or soaking SUS components in model solvents, and testing the resultant extracts for compounds that were released to the solvent by the treatment. Exposure times and temperature ranges are extended to exaggerate the chemical conditions of actual use. However, there are currently no industry standards for such studies, and while solvents used are often more aggressive than what is typical in biomanufacturing, the full range of conditions encountered by SUS components in actual use is not always represented. In addition, this lack of standardization in extractables testing creates difficulties for end-users in interpreting and comparing test data from different SUS suppliers. Extractables testing study data provided by SUS suppliers must be well documented, reproducible, and readily interpretable in order for biopharmaceutical companies to use a scientific and risk-based approach in determining the readiness of various submissions to regulatory agencies. Current regulatory guidance requires that biopharmaceutical manufacturers ensure the manufacturing systems do not adulterate the final drug product. The end users have used SUS extractables testing data and leachables evaluation to assess potential risks to patients of the use of these components in product manufacturing. If extractables testing data provided by an SUS supplier are not sufficient to perform adequate assessment of risks, it is the time-consuming process for the biopharmaceutical company to conduct their own studies to generate sufficient extractables testing data. This results in the same components being tested multiple times and delay in applications of SUS in biomanufacturing. For a biopharmaceutical company to move a new drug molecule candidate through the clinical development process, the company first develops a position on the drug candidate that will be presented to regulatory agencies for concurrence. This position is applied to successive stages of the clinical development process, culminating in final process validation for commercial manufacturing and licensure. Regulatory guidance for Process Validation outlines three distinct stages: process design, process qualification, and process verification. Equipment design data for bioprocessing components, whether of traditional or single-use design, is required at each stage. Extractables testing is a key Reprinted from PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING THE OFFICIAL TECHNICAL MAGAZINE OF ISPE


Article is devoted to investigation of the controlled substitution-permutation network based on managed elements F 4/2 as a primitive block encryption algorithms. Relevance of research is related to their focus on the design of high-speed hardware ciphers. The scientific and practical significance of the results is to improve the efficiency of high-speed hardware implementation of encryption algorithms, designed to protect information in information and telecommunication systems and networks.


Based on the three-dimensional graphics transformation theory and visualization technique,the forklift stability testing simulation is conducted via Visual C++TM programming under four working conditions.Accordingly,the visualized simulation can effectively control the forklift stability through design parameter refinement.Therefore,this approach can improve the design quality,save the cost and verify the stability during the design stage.


Filtration rates of mosquito larvae, defined as water volumes cleared of suspended particles over time, were calculated on the basis of particle removal from suspensions by feeding larvae. In parallel assays, groups of larvae were exposed to suspensions of latex microspheres with precise diameters of 2 μm, or to suspensions of latex microspheres containing a lethal dose (LC95) of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis de Barjac (Bti). In the absence of Bti, larvae cleared the suspensions with constant filtration rates of 632 ± 63 (Aedes aegypti L.), 515 ± 100 (Culex quinquefasciatus Say), or 83.9 ± 9.3 μl/larva/h (Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann). In the presence of spores and toxin crystals of Bti, larvae filtered for 10 min (Cx. quinquefasciatus), 40 min (Ae. aegypti) or 60 min (An. albimanus) at rates equivalent to control groups kept without toxin. Significant decreases in filtration rates due to the presence of the toxin were observed at 15–20 min (Cx. quinquefasciatus), 60 min (Ae. aegypti), or 80 min (An. albimanus) post‐treatment. Whereas larvae of Ae. aegypti abruptly ceased feeding 60–90 min post‐treatment, continuation of particle removal at low rates for up to 3 h was observed in larvae of the other two species.


An internal flow self-sustained oscillation system, which consists of a two-dimensional duct and a pair of baffles inside, is investigated experimentally. This system produces a high amplitude pure tone when certain flow and geometrical conditions are satisfied. The frequency of this generated tone seems to be determined by the longitudinal acoustic modes of the duct, while the dependence of pure tone production on flow and geometrical conditions seems to be related to the interaction between vortex shedding and acoustic feed back mechanism.

Some features on self-sustained oscillation systems are reviewed briefly and Rossiter's idea on the cavity tone system is applied for interpretation of the mechanism of the pure tone production.

Flow visualization shows stable vortical structure of the flow between the baffles when a pure tone is produced.


In this study, the Taguchi robust design method is used for optimizing ball milling parameters including milling time, rotation speed and ball to powder weight ratio in the planetary ball milling of nanostructured nickel ferrite powder. In fact, the current work deals with NiFe2O4 nanoparticles mechanochemically synthesized from NiO and Fe2O3 powders. The Taguchi robust design technique of system optimization with the L9 orthogonal array is performed to verify the best experimental levels and contribution percentages (% ρ) of each parameter. Particle size measurement using SEM gives the average particle size value in the range of 59–67 nm. X-ray diffraction using Cu Kα radiation is also carried out to identify the formation of NiFe2O4 single phase. The XRD results suggest that NiFe2O4 with a crystallite size of about 12 nm is present in 30 h activated specimens. Furthermore, based on the results of the Taguchi approach the greatest effect on particle size (42.10 %) is found to be due to rotation speed followed by milling time (37.08 %) while ball to powder weight ratio exhibits the least influence.


Nine surgical patients underwent haemodynamic and respiratory monitoring during the course of severe sepsis. Endogenous PGF2α levels in mixed venous and arterial plasma were measured. Results indicate pulmonary net release of PGF2α, since arterial levels (1252±119pg/ml) are significantly higher than mixed venous ones (824 ± 89 pg/ml) in full‐pronounced hyperdynamic septic shock. By contrast, the inactive metabolite KH2PGF2α was found in lowest concentrations during shock (368±72pg/ml) which suggests impaired pulmonary degradation. It is concluded that circulating PGF2α is a marker of stimulated prostaglandin production in severe human sepsis.


'Foundations of mathematics' are the studies of philosophical and logical concepts. Functional like statistics, optimization, probability, queuing theory, control, game theory, modeling and operations research --a field devoted entirely to the application of mathematics in decision making. The advances in and applications of the mathematical sciences in decision making have become drivers of innovation as new systems and methodologies to an aspect where, today of concerning the nature of 'mathematics' drives innovation as well


Smart oilfield technologies and management real-time data surveillance, in terms of reliability and availability, has proven essential in the process of prolonging asset lifespan, improving asset integrity, and proactively preventing problems. This illustrates a leadership role in the integration of cutting-edge technologies by utilizing an Intelligent Field concept. Surveillance capitalizes on real-time data transmitted from Intelligent Field equipment, where mathematical algorithms and logic are automated and imposed. The application captures specific sets of data to help identify and analyze challenges associated with Intelligent Field equipment. Major prevailing benefits include, identifying systematic techniques to utilize automated diagnostics for reduction in human intervention, develop field level surveillance, cross-validating measurements through online modeling, and further enhance collaboration. This paper details the methodology, the outcome, the requirements, and considerations associated with effective real-time data utilization in energy industry applications. The platform allows business team members and their partners to communicate, collaborate, and coordinate activities in real time.


Although the word 'domesticated' has the same origin as 'domestic', the domestication of animals is a process involving much more than merely keeping the animals in our homes, or on our farms. For the term 'domestication' to have any practical meaning, me must define it as changing animals so that they differ in some significant way from their wild ancestors, whether those predecessors are still extant or are now extinct. We can define 'domesticated animals' as "animals that have been genetically altered as a direct result of their involvement with us"1. We are talking about animals where man has had control over breeding over a long period of time, so much so that the animals are significantly changed in behaviour and/or appearance2.


The aim of this study is the relationship between psychological variables and adjustment to the disease in patients and their primary family caregivers to analyze the possible existence of emotional contagion between them. A total of 150 caregiver–patient dyads participated. The results indicate higher levels of anxious-depressive symptomatology in the caregiver than in the patient. The caregiver's presence of anxiety and depression is related to lower scores in quality of life, self-esteem, and a more significant perceived threat of illness. The caregivers' emotional adjustment is predicted by their own variables (stress, need for approval and hostile conflict resolution) and by those of the patient (self-esteem, threat of illness and quality of life). In the patient's case, their adjustment was mainly explained by their own variables and caregiver's perceived stress. Parents and other primary caregivers provide attention, care, and love and can promote a safe environment for emotional adjustment in patients.


This essay analyzes the main problems in mining engineering teaching now,raising the countermeasures of strenthening major ideological education,consummating the construction of practice base,elevating the cultivating ability of young teachers,strenthening the construction of teaching aids modernizing and so on,in order to improve thoroughly the cultivating quality of professional and technical personnel of mining engineering in applied higher vocational education.


Observations X-ray: We observed X1624-490 with the Chandra HRC-I on 2002 May 30 for 1 ksec. A single bright source is visible in the 30'x30' field of view. The best position of the source was determined with the wavdetect tool within CIAO 2.2. There are no known aspect offsets for this data set. We therefore assume the nominal error of 0.6" (1σ, Aldcroft et al. 2000) on the position. Unfortunately, no other X-ray sources are detected that could aid in the transfer of the X-ray astrometric frame to our optical and IR observations.


This article presents an electro‐thermal model of a stack of three lithium ion batteries for automotive applications. This tool can help to predict thermal behaviour of battery cells inside a stack. The open source software OpenFOAM provides the possibility to add heat generation because of Joule losses in a CFD model. Heat sources are introduced at the connectors and are calculated as a function of battery discharge current and internal resistance. The internal resistance is described in function of temperature. Simulation results are validated against experimental results with regard to cooling air flow field characteristic and thermal behaviour of the cell surface. The validation shows that the simulation is capable to anticipate air flow field characteristics inside the battery box. It also predicts correctly the thermal behaviour of the battery cells for various discharge rates and different cooling system conditions. The simulation supports the observation that batteries have a higher temperature close to the connectors and that the temperature increase depends highly on discharge rate and cooling system conditions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Frequently, we analyze anonymity based on incomplete data, taking into consideration only one part of an electronic process. New models of usage involve multiple devices with varying levels of support for security (and anonymity) operating on heterogeneous networks and it is increasingly necessary to analyze anonymity in complex processes rather than one static situation. Although anonymity of data has been subject of numerous studies, there is little research yet focusing on the graduation of anonymity in complex electronic processes. This short paper identifies the issue of varying degrees of anonymity as an emerging area of research and outlines basic strategies for analyzing anonymity from the user's point of view, in environments with multiple and diverse interconnected nodes and devices and in complex processes. Rather than focus on the detailed analysis, we use the scenarios in the paper as examples to illustrate the need to decompose today's complex processes in order to assess the variability in levels or security and anonymity and make the necessary conclusions.


Increasingly, professionalism has been recognized as a core competency for health service professionals and is the domain in which vexing competence problems are observed in trainees. We begin by describing manifestations of problems of professionalism in accord with the values that fall within the rubric of this multifaceted construct. We provide an approach for evaluating problems of professionalism and discuss intervention for trainees with mild, moderate, or severe problems in this domain. We propose implications for training focused on enhancing the culture of programs; bolstering the education, guidance, and mentoring provided related to professionalism; and encouraging best practices for addressing trainees with problems of professionalism. We conclude by sharing ideas about defining professionalism, identifying problems of professionalism, strengthening our approach to assessing professionalism and intervening when problems are evident, developing strategies for preventing professionalism problems, and ensuring that psychologists take seriously their responsibility to address professionalism concerns with colleagues.


I. IntroductionWrongs Committed During a Marriage: The Child that No Area ofthe Law Wants to Adopt,1 by Michelle Evans, does a fabulous job of unpacking the problems with trying to account for wrongs in a marriage outside ofthe divorce proceeding. These range from the "who goes first" problem of whether and how a divorce settlement or judgment should affect a later criminal trial or tort suit, to the possibility that parallel proceedings might reach conflicting results. The difficulties raised by dual proceedings argue for some ability to consider fault in the marriage's dissolution through, for instance, an arbitration mechanism.2But the difficulties Michelle catalogues also challenge why policymakers have stripped fault out of divorce proceedings entirely in roughly a dozen jurisdictions3 - and why the American Law Institute' s Principles ofthe Law of Family Dissolution (Principles), published in 2002, would have legislatures remove fault (other than financial waste) from divorce proceedings everywhere.4 This Comment adds three observations to Michelle's astute analysis: first, that the transaction costs of showing fault may be worth it financially or emotionally to the party who has been wronged; second, that deeply unfair results can arise in the absence of an inquiry into fault in the divorce; and third, if we trust judges and juries to determine what is and is not acceptable behavior in the criminal and civil contexts, then why not trust them to make similar determinations about fault in the context of family law?II. Choosing Fault in a World of No-Fault DivorceIn thirty jurisdictions in the United States today, a wronged spouse has the choice about how to proceed with his or her divorce.5 He or she can sue either for a no-fault divorce or one that takes fault into consideration in some way. In some jurisdictions, fault may serve as a ground for divorce6 - allowing for a faster exit from the marriage in some cases.7 More common, and more relevant here, fault may be a factor in certain jurisdictions in awarding alimony or distributing the couple's marital property.8To understand the deep distrust that some law reformers have of fault, it is important to understand the impetus for no-fault divorce. Michelle explains that the availability of no-fault divorce grew in part out of the inability of courts to sort out after the fact what happened, the desire not to rehash every little problem in a marriage, and respect for the liberty and autonomy of adults to leave marriages that are not satisfying to them.9 The movement to recognize no-fault divorce reflected other concerns as well, concerns about the burdens on the courts from divorce litigation, as well as the very high transaction costs of showing fault.10Many of the same intuitions that supported no-fault divorce have led law reform bodies, like the ALI, to aver that the time for fault in divorce proceedings is past. The Principles, arguably the most sweeping attempt at family law reform in the last quarter century, would reject any role for fault in dissolution proceedings, even if a couple wants to make fault relevant to their private relationship.11The Reporters for the Principles reject a role for fault for a number of reasons. They reject fault as a device to "punish" the spouse who "caused" the dissolution, arguing that "[i]n the context of marital failure, ... the word 'cause' has no such meaning, and its use simply masks a moral inquiry with a word pretending a more objective assessment."12 The Reporters believe that:[I]t will be the unusual case in which the fairness of the result will be improved by a judicial inquiry into the relative virtue of the parties' intimate conduct. In some cases the result will become less fair. And the rules that invite such misconduct claims will surely increase the cost and degrade the process in many other cases, even those in which the claim is ultimately cast aside.13Further, the Reporters contend that considerations of fault can open the door to "[mjuch mischief in divorce proceedings. …


Stress concentration factors of six vessels with a same cylinder diameter and different nozzle diameters are calculated by use of ANSYS software.Equal area reinforcement method is applied and the thickness of compensative rings and compensative pipes for the vessels is calculated.Finite element models are constructed and the stress concentration factors are worked out.Finite element analysis proves that both compensative rings and compensative pipes can well reduce stress concentration around the nozzle.The stress concentration factor of a vessel reinforced with a compensative pipe is smaller than that of the other vessel reinforced with a compensative ring provided that the cylinder diameter of the two vessels is of the same size,as is their nozzle diameter.


An investigation was carried out during the rainy (kharif) season of 2011 at Raipur, Chhattisgarh to exploit suppressive apical dominance phenomenon through nipping to increase soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] productivity. The experiment was laid in randomized block design with 3 replications. The treatments consisted of 7 nipping treatments, viz. nipping at 2-leaf stage, nipping at 4-leaf stage, nipping at 6-leaf stage, nipping at 2-leaf stage + nipping of lateral branches (15 days after 1 nipping), nipping at 4-leaf stage + nipping of lateral branches (15 days after 1 nipping), nipping at 6-leaf stage + nipping of lateral branches (15 days after 1 nipping) and control (without nipping). The same set of experiment was also conducted under pot culture in complete randomized design with 5 replication. Significantly higher number of branches, dry-matter accumulation and leaf-area index were obtained under nipping at 6-leaf stage + nipping of lateral branches (15 days after 1 nipping) than the other treatments. This was followed by nipping at 6-leaf stage. The number of nodules and dry weight of nodules were the maximum under nipping at 6-leaf stage + nipping of lateral branches (15 days after 1 nipping) followed by nipping at 6-leaf stage. Yield-contributing characters, viz. seed yield/plant, pods/plant, seeds/pod, 100-seed weight and seed yield, increased significantly under nipping at 6-leaf stage + nipping of lateral branches (15 days after 1 nipping) than other treatments.


The traditional control strategy for permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) is more sensitive to variation of motor internal parameters, at the same time, the linear motor exists the end-effect. All these give difficulties to the precision control of motor. In order to realize the simple and precision control movement of PMLSM which is a part of free piston generator used in hybrid electric vehicle, a new passivity control method for PMLSM based on port-controlled hamiltonian (PCH) system and the viewpoint of energy were quoted in this paper. On the other hand, it establishs the mathematical model of PMLSM by combining with feedback stabilization principle, and designs the control system model which is simulated in Matlab/Simulink. The results demonstrate the validity of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the control rule.


A systematic study of the electronic spectroscopy, electronic structure, and chemical bonding has been initiated for the 3d series of diatomic transition metal aluminides. This report provides a review of the progress to date, with specific emphasis on AlCa, AlV, AlCr, AlMn, AlCo, AlNi, AlCu, and AlZn.


An analytical solution was obtained for the virtual mass coefficient of a spherical-cap bubble. The flow field around the bubble was divided into two regions: the frontal and the wake region. The solution is valid by its asymptotic approach to the two geometric limits of the circular disk and the complete sphere.


The vibration problems of the wind turbine rotors have drawn public attention as the size of wind turbine has increased incredibly. Although various factors may cause the vibration problems, the flexibility is a big threat among them. Therefore, ensuring the high stiffness of the rotors by adopting novel techniques becomes a necessity. The study was a further investigation of several novel designs regarding the dynamic behaviour and the influencing mechanism. The modal testing experiments were conducted on a traditional blade and an isolated blade with the hinged rods mounted close to the root. The results showed that the rod increased both the modal frequency and the damping of the blade. More studies were done on the rods' impact on the wind turbine rotor with a numerical model, where dimensionless parameters were defined to describe the configuration of the interveined and the bisymmetrical rods. Their influences on the modal frequencies of the rotor were analyzed and discussed.


In this paper,the Finite Difference Time Domain( FDTD) method was used to simulate the propagaion of PD-induced UHF electromagnetic wave in the L-type bend and L-type bend of GIS. The effects of L-type bend and T-type bend on the p-p value of PDinduced electromagnetic and the amplitude-frequency characteristics of E-filed wave were evaluated. Simulating results show that: for the L-type GIS,the p-p value of PD-induced electromagnetic wave is significantly attenuated when it transmits through the L-type bend,and the attenuation frequency is mostly in the span between 1500MHz and 3000MHz or higher than 3000MHz. For the T-type GIS,the p-p value of PD-induced electromagnetic wave is significantly attenuated when it transmits to the vertical side of T-type bend,while it is slightly attenuated when it transmits to the other side of the straight part.


INTRODUCTION
Patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma have to undergo radical surgical treatment, which includes total thyreoidectomy, radioiodine therapy and a life-time suppressive therapy with L-thyroxine. The aim of this study was a prospective evaluation of left ventricular hypertrophy during L suppressive-thyroxine treatment in patients treated for differentiated thyroid carcinoma.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The examined group comprised 50 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma, treated by total thyroidectomy and 131I therapy. Echocardiographic measurements were needed for estimation of left ventricular mass and its index, according to recommendations of American Echocardiography Society.

RESULTS
During two-years long suppressive therapy we observed a significant rise in left ventricular mass. In woman group left ventricular mass was increased from 168+/-39 g to 204+/-45 g (p<0.001) and in men from 205+/-60 to 320+/-21 g. Likewise, left ventricular mass index was increased in women group from 96+/-18 g/m(2) to 116+/-25 g/m(2) (p<0.001) and in men group from 107+/-37 g/m(2) to 158+/-28 g/m(2). Simultaneous treatment with bisoprolol caused a regression of left myocardial hypertrophy. Already after 6 months of simultaneous treatment with L-thyroxin and bisoprolol, for left ventricular mass was reduced to normal: in woman 165+/-35 g, and in men to 178+/-38 g. Analogous results were obtained left ventricular mass index. After 6 months it was reduced to 94+/-12 g/m(2) in woman and in men to 132+/-32 g/m(2).

CONCLUSIONS
1. In differentiated thyroid cancer patients, treated postoperatively with L-thyroxine suppressive therapy, left ventricular hypertrophy is observed already during the first year of suppressive therapy and progresses during the next year of treatment. 2 Addition of a beta-adrenergic antagonist to suppressive doses of L-thyroxine causes a regression of left ventricular hypertrophy, thus, beta-adrenergic antagonists should be administered in this group of patients.


: We use data from PayPal to study the geography of online payment activity. An empirical gravity model finds a distance elasticity of -0.58 for payment values, a result that is 40% lower than typically observed in conventional trade data. The firm-extensive margin is approximately half as sensitive to distance. The link between the scale of merchants' exports and transaction distance is considerably weaker than observed in conventional international trade data. Zipf's Law holds for PayPal merchants in some countries, but fails in smaller PayPal markets. Merchant age accounts only marginally affects the scale and average distance of export sales.


To the Editor, International Journal of Anatomical Variations: I read the recently published article "An incidental finding of the accessory inferior thyroid artery" by Jiri Sedy [1] with keen interest and found the article very enlightening. The authors have provided useful information regarding the variant thyroid artery, which will be helpful for the anatomists and mostly surgeons working on thyroid area. The anatomy of inferior thyroid arteries is variable. These paired arteries even be absent on one or both sides in about 0.2 to 6% of cases [2-6]. The inferior thyroid artery when usually small or absent may be replaced or supplemented by thyroidea ima artery or if it is absent on both sides; on the right side it may be replaced by an artery branching off from the right internal thoracic artery and on the left side by an artery, a branch of vertebral artery [3]. During routine dissection, Moriggl & Oturm found out the absence of both inferior thyroid arteries and right superior thyroid artery in a 7-year old female donor. In this case a large lowest thyroid artery took origin from the left internal thoracic artery to supply the thyroid gland [4]. A study by Ramesh Rao et al. showed absence of both inferior thyroid arteries and both superior thyroid arteries solely supplied the thyroid tissue by giving superior and inferior branches [5]. Even though origin of accessory inferior thyroid artery from the thyrocervical trunk is rare, there are reports in the literature [7,8]. To my opinion the paper by Jiri Sedy [1] was informative and addition of these points will strengthen the article. © IJAV. 2008; 1: 35.


This study was conducted to understand the exact turning of the NiTi shape memory alloy using tools made of polycrystalline diamonds (PCD) and consisted of three stages: experimental work, function modeling, Monte Carlo method optimization. In the first stage (experimental work) precise turning experiments were carried out using the Taguchi method. The influence of cutting speed and feed on surface roughness was investigated (Sa and Sz). In the second stage (modelling) all data collected in the experimental work were used to formulate models with interaction using the surface response method. In the third stage, the Monte Carlo method was used to solve problems with machining optimization. This article has the following main objectives: to develop a framework for solving machining optimization problems using the Monte Carlo method.


In response to stringent particulate matter (PM) emission regulations worldwide, developments of diesel particulate filter (DPF) continue apace in addition to engine modification for PM reduction. Particularly with buses used in urban areas, reduction methods in black smoke emissions are being researched in addition to the efforts to satisfy the aforementioned PM regulations. The system described in this paper was developed for use mainly with buses in large urban concentrations. The system consists of both wall-flow monolith filters for filtration of PM emissions and electric heaters for regeneration. A key feature of this system is that exhaust gas is used for effective combustion of PM during regeneration. Optimization of the exhaust gas flow rate drawn into the filter under regeneration has resulted in regeneration efficiency comparable with those achieved using air pumps. The difficulty of putting DPF systems to practical use has been due to cracking and melting of filters caused by excessive PM accumulation and subsequent increases in temperature in excess of tolerable levels. To prevent these problems, some means of controlling the accumulated PM mass was required. Since bus routes in large urban concentrations follow common patterns, the mass of PM accumulated over a given time period ismore » more or less constant. Thus, the amount of PM accumulated over a given time period can be estimated easily and filter damage can be prevented.« less


A Tile ad title and ad delivery server transfer program, be able to reason that the number of clicks for the ad headline increase. The banner advertisement delivery server transmits a banner advertisement to a plurality of clients connected through a network, comprising: means for analyzing a click signal of banner ads; each registrant to a server, means for counting the signal; and in accordance with the cumulative number of counts, with said transfer amount registrant related banner advertisement decision means. Click on signal analysis device, clicked on banner ads, made a click registrant, and the moment you click analysis.


The Union Budget this year evoked a variety of responses - from initial disapproval of the industry to a grudging appreciation from analysts in the days that followed. Though not the typical Dream Budget, experts feel this year's Budget attempts to prepare the ground for the second-generation reforms.


Critical social studies have highlighted the varied methods by which climate activism is reproduced in discourse. This paper examines an incident in which an African youth climate activist, Vanessa Nakate, had her image cropped out of a media photograph taken at the World Economic Forum. Our analysis focuses on three media-based interactions with Vanessa, including two interviews with local (Ugandan) television stations and one interview with a South African broadcaster. Our analysis utilizes discursive psychology (DP) and conversation analysis (CA) to highlight and problematize the discursive and interactional strategies employed by speakers in these interviews. We note three discursive methods by which Vanessa's activism is challenged: a challenge to her ability to represent 'African' climate activists; an undermining of Vanessa's claim that her exclusion was racially motivated; and a discourse of emotionality as foregrounding irrationality and incompetence. These three discursive strategies serve to delegitimize Vanessa's larger claim of a racially motivated act, positioning her as a naive subject acting alone from a point of self-interest. We discuss the implications of our findings for future research in community psychology and African climate activism.


Worldwide supply of oil and gas is ultimately linked to the geologic abundance and distribution of those fossil fuels. The U.S. Geological Survey is completing a new assessment of the technically recoverable undiscovered oil and gas resources of the world. Nearly 1,000 provinces were defined and known petroleum resources exist in 406 of these. A total of 76 priority provinces, containing over 95% of the world's known oil and gas, and 52 "boutique", or highly prospective, provinces are being assessed. Based upon our initial analyses, several observations are clear. First, our estimates of total undiscovered technically recoverable petroleum (oil, natural gas, natural gas liquids) resources will probably not differ greatly (+9.5%) from the world totals determined in the 1994 USGS world assessment. However, our estimates of undiscovered oil are up considerably (+24%), and their regional distribution differs significantly from previous estimates. Secondly, estimates of global undiscovered natural gas resources are smaller than previously estimated (-10.4%) largely due to decreases in the Former Soviet Union, and natural gas liquids resources are significantly larger than previous estimates because co-product ratio calculations were included in this assessment. In addition, field growth mean estimates of known oil and gas fields will likely equal quantities of undiscovered resources and are a critical component of any analysis of world oil and gas supply.


In this paper, we study the long-run co-movement among the real interest rates of the U.S., Canada, and a select group of Latin American countries to assess the extent of financial market integration between these countries during a period of high capital mobility. The findings of the study support a long-run relationship between the short-term U.S. real interest rate and those of the Latin American countries, while it fails to support such a relationship between the U.S. and Canadian real interest rates.


The epoxy allysilanes 7 and 16 were synthesized by stereoselective routes from β-keto esters and cyclized with Lewis acids in good yield. The monocyclic product from 7 was converted into (±)-karaha...


IT support is a key factor for the success of innovative teaching/learning approaches such as flipped classrooms concerned with problem solving. However, IT and the complexity of problem solving may overwhelm the learner and can lead to unsatisfying learning outcomes. Therefore, research suggests the implementation of technology-enhanced scaffolds to guide the learners in their individual problem-solving process to enhance their learning outcomes. To investigate how scaffolding contributes to the learning outcomes in a flipped classroom, we first developed a theoretical model based on adaptive structuration and cognitive load theory. Second, to evaluate the model, we conducted a fully randomized between-subject experiment with 72 students in a flipped classroom for management education focusing on individual problem solving. For this purpose, we accordingly implemented technology-enhanced scaffolds in an LMS, which focused on individual problem-solving activities. Our results show that technology-enhanced scaffolding contributes significantly to the management of cognitive load as well as to learning process satisfaction and problem-solving learning outcomes. In addition, the faithfulness of appropriation and germane load contribute to problem-solving learning outcomes. Therefore, we contribute to both theory and practice by providing a better understanding of technology-enhanced scaffolds and their design to en-gage problem solving and their respective effects.


In this paper, the exact solution of scattering off a flat surface with a single semielliptical cylindrical boss of infinite extent is developed. The cylindrical boss approximates the geometric shape of an ice‐ridge keel. A far‐field approximation and the results to a grid of randomly distributed scatterers are applied. First, the case where the simulated keels have a single, constant depth is examined. In the frequency range below 200 Hz, energy is scattered mostly into steep angles, where it is eventually lost to bottom absorption. Above 200 Hz, a significant fraction of the scattered energy is directed into shallow angles, where it becomes a propagating incoherent component. Statistics are developed that describe a Rayleigh distribution of keel depths. A formula is developed that relates the standard deviation of surface roughness to mean keel depth and mean ice‐ridge spacing. Then the model is applied to find that for a given ice roughness, a Rayleigh distribution yields less coherent reflection loss, and slightly less scattering loss, than a field of constant keel depths.


Abstract This research advances the 4-player gambler's ruin problem for the case of arbitrary initial stakes. The aim of the research is attained by offering simple expressions using the difference equation approach and thus providing closed form solution to the problem. Moreover, the existing technique of Chang [A game with four players, Statist. Probab. Lett. 23(2) (1995), 111–115] dealing with equal initial stakes is demonstrated as a sub-case of the newly devised scheme. The legitimacy of the proposed formulation is further verified by considering various parametric settings.


Thisresearch purposed to give empirical evidence about influence audit opinion, KAP size, management change, growth company and financial distress to auditor switching.
Population of this research is company manufacture registered in the Bursa Efek Indonesia on the 2012-2015. Sample is determined with method purposive sampling, so obtained 31 companies manufacture by amount of research data 124 samples. Analysis tool uses is logistic regression with program Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Ver. 20.
The result of this research shows variable of change management influence significant of auditor switching. While opinion audit, KAP size, growth company and financial distress not influence to auditor switching.
Keyword : opinion audit, KAP size, management change, growth company, financial distress, auditor switching.


Stiction is the most commonly found valve problem in the process industry. Valve stiction may cause oscillations in control loops which increases variability in product quality, accelerates equipment wear and tear, or leads to system instability. In this paper, we present a new approach in control valve stiction modeling using Recurrent Neural-Network with NARX structure. It is shown that the performance of the developed model is comparable to other models reported in literature.


ABSTRACT Columbus, Ohio, Dec. 15, 1903.To the Editor: —In a recent issue of The Journal you publish a brief abstract of a paper by Alexandroff describing "A new operation for retroflexion or retroversion." The operation is one which I have been doing for the past eight years, and which I have described or referred to during discussions in the Section on Obstetrics and Diseases of Women, first at the meeting at Philadelphia, again at Denver, and again at New Orleans. I have no doubt the work of Alexandroff is entirely independent of mine, at the same time I do not believe there can be any question as to the priority of the operation.


With the rapid development of network technology, Grid Computing has emerged for satisfying the increasing demand of the computing power of scientific computing community. Grid facilitates global computing infrastructure for user to consume the services over the network. To optimize the workflow grid execution, a robust multi-objective scheduling algorithm is needed. In this paper, we considered three conflicting objectives like execution time (makespan), total cost and reliability. We propose a multi-objective scheduling algorithm, using R-NSGA-II approach based on evolutionary computing paradigm. Simulation results shows that the proposed algorithm generates multiple scheduling solutions near the Pareto optimal front with small computation overhead. In this work, we proposed the use of epsilon dominance based MOEA approach for the purpose of solving workflow scheduling problems in Grid. In one scheduling problem, we addressed two major conflicting objectives called make span and cost.


Introduction: Trichomonas virginals is a parasitic protozoan that is the cause of trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted disease (STD) of worldwide importance. The disease encompasses a broad range of symptoms ranging from a state of severe inflammations and irritation with a frothy malodorous discharge and itching. Recent data have shown that the annual incidence of trichomoniasis is more than 170 million cases worldwide. The aim of this survey was to determine the association between demographic factors and the clinical manifestation of disease. Methods and Materials : For this cross sectional study 384 women referred to health centers were randomly selected. Initial data were gathered through a face to face interview and were completed by their results of the two methods of laboratory tests that had performed separately on each sample. Data were all collected and analyzed using suitable tests asχ 2 test. Results : The overall prevalence of trichomoniasis was 2.1% (of 384) by direct microscopy and 2.6% (of 384) by culture detection. There was no significant statistical difference between trichomoniasis and job (P>0.05). There was a significant statistical difference between trichomoniasis and delivery numbers (P=0.003). Conclusion: Results of the study showed that the prevalence of this disease was lower than the many other studies but higher than other studies. The different sensitivity and specify might be depended on their methods of laboratory tests besides demographic and cultural factors.


Infection prevention is an intervention opportunity to promote patient safety. The strategies to obtain the full implementation of available prevention measures is the main challenge in clinical practice. Using care bundles, continuing education and feedback on adherence to the measures proposed are key points to improve the safety of patients in the Intensive Care Unit.


BACKGROUND
The effect of the buccal gap width on the clinical outcome of socket graft and immediate implant placement (IIP) at maxillary central incisor sites has not been investigated. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the width of the buccal gap on the thickness of the newly formed buccal wall.

METHODS
Forty-two patients and 51 maxillary central incisor sites treated with IIP and ridge preservation by means of graft of the buccal gap at the maxillary central incisor region were included in the study. The width of the buccal gap was measured and filled with deproteinized bovine bone mineral. Implant sites were divided into two groups: wide gap (WG, >2 mm; n = 34) and narrow gap (NG, ≤2 mm; n = 17). After at least 1 year in function (5 ± 4), CBCT scans were obtained and assessed by a calibrated examiner. The thickness of the buccal and palatal bone walls, the percentage of the implant height covered by bone in the buccal and palatal aspects and the position of the buccal and palatal crests were compared between the two groups. A linear regression model was performed to assess predictors of the thickness of the buccal bone.

RESULTS
The buccal bone was significantly thicker in the WG group than the NG group at all levels observed (overall 1.9 ± 0.9 mm and 0.5 ± 0.6 mm, respectively). The thickness of the palatal bone was similar between both groups (>2 mm). The percentage of the implant height covered by bone at the buccal aspect was significantly higher in the WG group (95 ± 16.6%) than in the NG group (59.4 ± 42.3%). The position of the buccal crest in relation to the implant shoulder was significantly more coronal (0.3 ± 2.2 mm) in the WG group than in the NG group (-4.7 ± 5.6 mm). The regression analysis model indicated that the width of the buccal gap was the only predictor of the thickness of the newly formed buccal bone wall (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION
Grafting of >2 mm-wide buccal gaps following IIP promoted a thicker buccal bone wall.


Frequency multiplier is a technique for generating a high-stability, low-noise signal source in microwave and millimeter-wave communication systems, and utilizes harmonic frequencies generated by non-linearity of active elements. Depending on the harmonic output frequency to be used, it is divided into Multiplier, Tripler, and Quadrupler. In this paper, we implemented the frequency Tripler using the pHEMT device with Wide bandwidth and high conversion gain. The tripler system was designed and fabricated to obtain a 7.2GHz output signal from a 2.4GHz input signal. Measurement result 2.4 / 7.2GHz frequency tripler operates with input power of 0dBm at 2.4GHz and output power 8dBm at 7.2GHz and conversion gain up to 8dB. The implemented 7GHz band Tripler can be applied to various systems such as defense network and sensor network.


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