Submitted for the MAR08 Meeting of The American Physical Society Dynamical Coupling of Nanomagnets due to Spin Transfer1 SERGEI URAZHDIN, West Virginia University, WENG-LEE LIM, NICHOLAS ANTHONY, ANDREW HIGGINS — Spin transfer devices typically incorporate a thick magnet polarizing the electric current, and a thin layer driven by spin torque. However, spin torque acting on both layers is significant in devices with comparable thickness of magnetic layers. Moreover, dynamics of one of the magnetic layers results in oscillations of the polarization of the current flowing through the other layer, which can lead to dynamical coupling between them. We discuss results of simulations and measurements, demonstrating several consequences of such dynamical coupling. First, the dynamics of both layers are always simultaneously excited by the current. Second, the critical current for the onset of magnetic dynamics is scaled by the ratio of the thicknesses of the magnetic layers, diverging when the two are the same. This behavior is caused by the coupled precession of two magnetic layers reducing the efficiency of spin transfer. Below the critical current, a hysteretic regime is found in which a dynamical state and a static parallel configurations are possible. This regime may explain the 1/f noise and broad precession peaks that are often observed in the spectra of current-induced excitations. 1supported in part by NSF DMR-0747609 Sergei Urazhdin West Virginia University Date submitted: 27 Nov 2007 Electronic form version 1.4


Abstract A study has been made of the effect of hydrostatic pressure, ranging from 1 to 300 atm. (0·102 to 30·6 N.mm−2) on the corrosion of copper in sea water at pH 7·8 and at a temperature of 10°c. The experimental technique ensured that the content of dissolved oxygen in the sea water was virtually constant over the pressure range, at a value of 7·0 ppm. The same test series was also carried out in a 3·5% NaCl solution.The weight loss of the copper was found to increase with increase in pressure, both in sea water and in NaCl, and reached a maximum at a pressure of 150 atm. (∼15 N.mm−2) in both solutions. The increased pressure has no influence on the anodic dissolution process for copper, but accelerates the cathodic process. Protective films adhering to the corroded surfaces are identical for the two solutions at ambient pressure. However, at higher pressures adherent corrosion products form only in NaCl solutions. These products were found to be the same as those formed at ambient pressure.


Abstract. Earlier studies on dust dispersion in opencast mines primarily focused on estimation of source strength of each mining activity and application of Gaussian dispersion equation to estimate the dispersion of the pollutants away from mines. No study has focused on dispersion of particles within the mine in terms of time taken for dispersion of particles from workplace, and enhanced concentration at workplace during and after the mining. However, this is important because particle generated at workplace in the mine can contribute to prolonged exposure at work place as well as places away from it. The paper presents the results of the experiments conducted in two opencast iron ore mines to address the above in terms of particle travel time, residual time and fraction at workplace. Results show that particle travel time from one bench to a higher bench varied from 2 to 17 min. Particle residual time at the workplace varied from 10 to 13 min. During this period the residual fraction varied from 7 to 40% of the PM generated during the mining, indicating significant exposure after the mining activity stops. Residual fraction and residual time are strongly related.


Generally when a program changes from old version to new version, bugs will arise. In this paper, tool was introduced for automatically detecting potential root causes of bugs. Consider two programs (i) Stable program (ii) Reference program. The stable program and reference program can be two completely different implementations of the same specification. It handles hard-to-explain code-missing errors inherently, by pointing to code in the stable program. Developers are often faced with hard-to-locate bugs when a large software system changes from one version to another. This approach uses symbolic execution to automatically synthesize a new input. By comparing the controlflow behavior of failing and passing inputs, we can identify the potential root causes of failures and code fragments where the control flow diverges. The alternate inputs generated by our method can also help detect new errors, apart from localizing a given observable error. It can narrow down the potential root causes to less than ten lines. This tool will automatically do the whole process. First user has to give a program and then the gui will give that program to the TEMU and that tool will do the process. After that TEMU will generate a TRACE file and that TRACE file will be the input to the Vine. After receiving TRACE file, vine will calculate path conditions for the instructions in the trace file. The path conditions generated by the vine will store in a STP file. From STP file, we can know the potential root


Until now, the technique was thought to work only on molecules with no more than about five atoms. A powerful x-ray source leaves that limit in the dust.


A review of the literature shows that stadiums and arenas are insignificant in terms of creating employment, engendering aggregate increases in local spending, and increasing per capita income levels. Public subsidies, then, may be better justified with reference to the nonpecuniary, public good externalities of professional athletic venues. This research examines whether the public good externalities of Baltimore's Oriole Park and Cleveland's Jacobs Field justify the use of taxpayer resources to finance such projects. This research finds that the public good externalities of Oriole Park and Jacobs Field are determinants of willingness to support the use of taxpayer resources to finance stadium projects.


Well documented data from Norwegian avalanche rescue missions are evaluated ac- cording to risk assessment. Data have been collected from police records and logs from joint rescue coordination centres. Mission risk assessments described in the reports have been compared to actu- al conditions in hindsight.


The paper studies the performance of hard-oily asphalt mixture,respectively introduces the performance of hard asphalt and mixing proportion design of hard-oily asphalt mixture,and evaluates various performances of hard-oily asphalt mixture with experiments.As a result,it draws some guiding conclusions.


2,653,970 9/1953 Fesser ............................. 260/513 B 3,168,555 2/1965 Clippinger ....................... 260/513 B 3,453,320 7/1969 Robeson ........................... 260/513 B 3,755,430 8/1973 Lorenz ............................. 260/513 B Primary Examiner-Alan Siegel Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Millen & White 57 ABSTRACT An improved process for the conversion of allyl and methallyl chloride to sodium allyl and methallyl sulfo nate, respectively, by reaction with aqueous sodium sulfite which comprises conducting the reaction at 33-70° C. and 33-80 C., respectively, while maintain ing the pH at 7-11 throughout the reaction.


!! Balancing of virtual figure while moving arms

In my project I focused on learning to sustain balance to virtual humanoid robot iCub. It was unbalanced by raising arms upward or stretching arms sideways. Robot cannot do steps for balancing.
For learning experience I used reinforcement learning approach with punishment and also with reward. It is obvious that punishment is received after not sustaining balance and falling on floor. Reward is rising with longer time of successful balancing. The point when balancing is considered as unsuccessful is when misalignment overruns constant variance. This variance is critical boundary of angle in balancing organ towards angle of floor.
I designed monitoring of balance as it is in human. Human balancing organ is in head and balance in managed by motor cognition and body. In case of robot I consider global position of head as his balancing organ.
The longer robot keeps variance inside critical boundary, the higher reward it gets. According to reward value he can reveal moment when his decisions were fine and then manage angles of joins in sequence. Change of previous decisions will spread from latest (as major change) to earliest (as lowest change). Some of the decision may become stable. After successful balancing all decision become stable.
During learning algorithm, arms and one of the balancing joins are changing. In every time unit, angles of arms are changed constantly and angles of other pair joins are changed randomly according to weights.
Which joins are used during balance? One of my hypotheses is: the lower number of active balancing joins is, the shorter time is needed to learn sustain balance. I tested ability to learn sustaining balance with various conditions (various numbers of active joins) and analyzed its fruitfulness, velocity in reaching optimal result and similarity of solution with human balancing. In case of human balancing are most important ankles, knees and hips.

!! References
[1] Russell, Norvig, Reinforcement Learning, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Pearson Education Inc., 2003, pp. 649-785
[2] Winter, Human balance and posture control during standing and walking, Gait & Posture, 1995, December, Vol. 3, pp. 193-214
[3] Karlsson, Lanshammar, Analysis of postual sway strategies using an inverted pendulum model and force plate data, Gait & Posture, 1995, Vol. 5, pp. 198-203


Raman spectra are reported for several bridged diquaternary salts of 2,2′-bipyridine. Resonance Raman spectra and some excitation profiles of the coloured radical monocations obtained from the diquaternary salts by one-electron reduction are also reported. Selected frequencies of the parent dications are correlated with changes in the torsional angle between the aromatic rings of the bipyridinium moiety. These correlations, when applied to the spectra of the radical monocations, suggest that the radicals exhibit reduced torsional angle and increased inter-ring bond order, compared with the parent dications. These changes are consistent with predictions of increased inter-ring π-electron delocalization, associated with radical formation. The torsional angle appears to decrease for the radical monocations with increasing number of bridging methylene groups. This is opposite to the trend known to occur in the parent dications.


This paper mainly discusses the reasons of the decline Western Roman Empire.For quite a long time,under the influence of Soviet scholars, our domestic historiographers hold the theory of social revolution .Actually,it was caused by a variety of elements.The deterioration of ecological environment (exhaustion in soil fertility, soil erosion) is one of the most important elements. However,it is neglected by the domestic historiograpic circle.


The Global Positioning Satellite system (GPS) is designed to allow a user anywhere on (or above) the Earth's surface to determine their position to an accuracy of a few metres. It does this by maintaining a constellation of satellites in very accurately determined orbits, such that at least four are visible from any location at any one time. Each satellite transmits a spread spectrum code so that observers are able to determine the time of flight of the signal, and hence their distance, from each satellite observed. Once these distances are known, trigonometry and triangulation allow the observers position to be calculated.


A dedicated, novel, multichannel transmit/receive (Tx/Rx) coil array was designed, simulated, and tested for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) of pigs at 7 T. The cardiac array was composed of 16 elements with physically independent anterior and posterior parts. The array was connected to the MRI scanner in the parallel transmit (pTx) mode forming an 8-channel transmit and 16-channel receive (8Tx/16Rx) coil configuration. The anterior array was composed of four central octagonal elements, which were decoupled using a common central ring (CCR) and shared decoupling capacitors. The surrounding four triangular elements were decoupled from the central four elements using gaps and capacitive decoupling. In total, the eight elements of the anterior array resembled a coil with a symmetrical circular shape. Due to the advantageous arrangement of the elements in conjunction with the novel decoupling method of a CCR, the coupling between the adjacent loop elements was minimized. The posterior array was built using a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4 \times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> standard rectangular, symmetric element configuration. The dedicated cardiac array was tested in phantom and in <italic>ex vivo</italic> MR measurements with a female pig of 46 kg. The dedicated coil array enhanced the signal-to-noise ratio (40 ± 27) in <italic>ex vivo</italic> measurements of the pig heart by about three times compared to a coil prototype for cardiac human imaging (11.8 ± 7). High-resolution, <italic>ex vivo</italic> cardiac images were acquired with an in-plane resolution of up to 0.3 mm <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times0.3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm using the dedicated pig coil array. The novel cardiac array supports parallel imaging with an acceleration factor (R) of 4 without increasing the mean <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$g$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-factor within the heart region beyond 1.15.


Switzerland remains as a model of federal nationalism whose roots are to be found in the constitution of 1848. It needs to be adapted to the new european and world situation. Comtemporary Spanish politicians, thinkers and historians focus their attention in the study of the swiss federal organisation as a possible example of state structure (Autonomies).


An assessment of the undiscovered oil and gas resources in the federal offshore areas of Washington, Oregon, and California performed by the Minerals Management Service (MMS) using data available as of January 1, 1995 estimates that 10.7 billion barrels (Bbbl) of undiscovered oil and 18.9 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of undiscovered gas are recoverable with conventional techniques. Approximately one half of these resources (5.3 Bbbl of oil and 8.3 Tcf of gas) may be recovered profitably under economic conditions as of the assessment. Estimates of undiscov ered oil and gas resources from this assessment are larger than estimates from previous MMS assessments because of the use of different methods and additional data.


Scientists worldwide pledge to avoid US conferences until their colleagues can attend. Scientists worldwide pledge to avoid US conferences until their colleagues can attend.


【Objective】To study the expression of tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis induce ligand(TRAIL) and TRAIL-receptors(DR4,DR5,DcR1,DcR2 ) in human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma(LSCC).【Methods】 The 68 cases of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and 30 cases of laryngeal normal tissues studied by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) for the expression and distribution of TRAIL and DR4,DR5,DcR1,DcR2. Analyze the level of TRAIL and DcR related with different clinical staging and different pathological stage.【Results】 All of TRAIL and TRAIL-receptors was observed in both laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and laryngeal normal tissues. The expression of the TRAIL,DcR1 and DcR2 in LSCC was weakly but highly in laryngeal normal tissues(P 0.01). The DR4,DR5 expressed in all tissues,there was no statistical difference in both groups(P 0.05). The expression of TRAIL and DcR was higher in ⅠandⅡstages,and lower in Ⅲ and Ⅳ stages(P 0.05). It was not statistically different of the expression of DR between the groups(P 0.05). The TRAIL and DcR was expressed higher in well-differentiated LSCC,but weaker in poorly-differentiated LSCC(P 0.01),the expression of DR was not significant different in both groups(P 0.05).【Conclusion】The TRAIL and TRAIL-receptors are essentially expressed in LSCC and laryngeal normal tissues. But expression degree and extent are different in differenttissues,which may explain the difference in their sensitivity to TRAIL to a certain extent. The level of TRAIL and DcR related with different clinical staging and different pathological stage.


The article cites the work of justifying the legality of the search dependencies between morphometric indicators of MT and indicators of functional asymmetry of the brain. In the experimental studies aimed at the investigation of these dependencies, with mixed results. Studies on the effect of the male hormone on the size of MT are analyzed in the first section. In the second section of the article discusses the work of trying to find regularities between the size of MT and the degree of functional asymmetries. The results of these studies are interesting in the discussion about the function (braking and/or exciting) MT and its influence on the formation of anatomical and functional asymmetries. Of particular interest are the works of the third section, as they assumptions of dependence of the size of MT from the coincidence of speech and manual asymmetries.


Variograms in geostatistics is introduced into a new study on spatial structure of meteorological field and spatial variation of precipitation fields over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in summer.The results show that the variograms before,during and after raining varies obviously and the range of spatial variation between east west and south north directions is also different


Objective To investigate the expressions of Dab2 (also as DOC-2) and growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2) in transition cell carcinoma of bladder (BTCC) and their clinical significance and correlation. Methods The expressions of Dab2 and GRB2 were determined by immunohistochemical method in 64 cases of BTCC. The relationship between their expressions with clinicopathologic factors was analyzed by chisquare test. Results The positive expression rates of the Dab2 and GRB2 in BTCC were 43.8% and 81.3% respectively, and there was a negative relationship between the expressions of Dab2 and GRB2 (r=-0.383, P=0.002). The expressions of Dab2 were correlated with the pathological stage, and the expressions of GRB2 were correlated with the pathological grade. Conclusion The expression of Dab2 and GRB2 are closely related to biological behaviour of the transition cell carcinoma of bladder.


The article discusses problems related with the search of information from open sources, particularly on the Internet. Specific area of concern is searching for technical knowledge in the area of metalcasting. The results of ongoing experiments were given, to serve as a basis in identification of the opportunities to improve the process of searching through determination of own research plans.


It is easy to think of genetics as the study of genes, but given our current knowledge of genetics, this definition is now considered inadequate. Genetics is the study of differences among individuals—even between identical twins. We know that some differences between individuals are linked to variations in DNA sequence (i.e., the genome), but most differences actually are caused by complex interactions between our genetic endowment and the many environments to which we are exposed, by choice and fate.

The genetics underlying the body's responses to alcohol are a superb example of the complexity of the issues related to the study of genetics. The role of the environment—including familial and social setting, age, and exposure—is obvious. Yet a complementary role of genes was doubted for many decades, and it was not put on a firm scientific foundation until the 1970s and 1980s. This coincided roughly with the creation of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) by Congressional act on New Year's Eve, 1970.

From its inception, NIAAA has been at the vanguard of research in genetics using an array of powerful methods and resources. The 13 insightful reviews in this issue highlight the cutting edge of molecular and statistical genetic analysis.

Now, moving forward, we can consider 2012 a watershed year in genetics and genomics. Two short years ago, fewer than 10 humans had had their genomes fully sequenced. Today more than 10,000 individuals have been sequenced—a rate of increase that puts Moore's Law1 to shame. Recent advances in sequencing technology have broken through the cost barrier. Ten years from now, many of us will have been sequenced and even resequenced multiple times as part of our routine medical record.

It is easy to overpromise solutions, but we can be optimistic that finding effective cures to diseases such as alcoholism will not be limited by technology. The next challenge will be to determine how best to use this technology to devise rational and individualized approaches to prevent, intervene in, and cure complex disorders such as alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Read the great reviews here to see how far we have come in the last decade, and definitely stay tuned for the next decade!


A highly sensitive, selective, reproducible, rapid and stability indicating RP-HPLC and spectrophotometric method has been developed and validated successfully for quantitative evaluation of ivabradine hydrochloride formulations. Chromatography was carried out at 25oC on a 250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5µm, C18, 100Ao Kromasil column with phosphate buffer pH 7.4: methanol:: 35:65 and U.V. detector at λmax 286 nm. In HPLC method the retention time was about 7.4 minutes. Complete validation study for both the methods was carried out according to ICH guideline. Both methods were found to be selective, linear, accurate and precise in the specified ranges. Linearity of both the methods was achieved in the range 5 to 60 μg/ml with a correlation coefficient (r2) ≥ 0.999. The LOD and LOQ of HPLC method were 0.05 and 0.2 µg/ml, respectively. Intra-day and inter-day variability for both methods were <2% RSD. These methods were successfully used for quantification of ivabradine in drug-release studies from immediate-release tablets and controlled-release (CR) formulations.


The adoption of organic production and processing is highly determined by market demand. This is reflected in consumer's awareness and fulfilment towards organic food products. Organic foods are foods that are produced using methods that do not involve modern synthetic input such as synthetic pesticides and produced using methods that do not involve modern synthetic inputs such as synthetic pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Organic buyer tend to be older and higher educated than who do not buy them. However, the main barrier to raise the market share of organic food product is consumer information.


Bipolar transistor degradation during stress and the subsequent recovery was compared to that of ultra-thin oxide MOS structures. Heat treatment was used for recovery of both the bipolar transistors and the MOS structures, and it was found that both types of device show logarithmic recovery transients with similar temperature dependence, suggesting that the stress induced defects are related. A new accelerated characterization technique for bipolar transistors is also presented and included in the investigation. This new technique was found to induce the same type of degradation as the common reverse-bias stress with open collector, making it an attractive tool for bipolar transistor degradation assessment while maintaining a short stress time.


: Mitochondrial diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders that can be caused by mutations in the nuclear or mitochondrial genome. Mitochondrial DNA variants may exist in a state of heteroplasmy, where a percentage of DNA molecules harbor a variant, or homoplasmy, where all DNA molecules have a variant. The relative quantity of mtDNA in a cell, or copy number (mtDNA-CN), is associated with mitochondrial function, human disease


Summary: A focused ethnographic mini-study that explores the beliefs, values, and experiences of young adults who vape. Data were collected through interview with semi-structured question guide. Ten categories were identified and three patterns subsequently emerged; Feeling Shamed about Vaping, Uncertainty of Health Implications and, Positive Sensory Experiences. Further research is needed. Content Outline:


As the bridge engineering community sets sails to u sing longer and longer spans, more and more sophisticated analysis models have to be used in th e design process. For large pre-stressed concrete bridges built using the incremental launch ing or free cantilevering methods, this applies mainly to accurately modeling the erection process in time, with considering the different construction stages, the time dependent behavior (c reep and shrinkage), and the required precambering to achieve the design shape after the con struction process has been finished. However, the challenges for ultra long-span bridges such as stay cable or suspended bridges with high pylons and slender steel or concrete decks, ar e mainly related to optimizing the stressing sequence of the cables, to the geometrically non-li near behavior of the structure and to dynamic problems such as wind-induced vibrations. Referring to eometric non-linearity, we realize, that using the linear elastic theory is mostly sufficien t for small and medium size bridges. The accuracy of the linear results is usually adequate, since non-linearity effects are small and can be accounted for by safety factors or even be ignored. Some non-linearity effects can – if required – also be locally taken into account in post-processi ng (design check) procedures. However, when analyzing long-span bridges, especially cable suspe nded bridges, non-linearity effects often reach magnitudes, which cannot be neglected in the s ructural analysis. In recent times, the structural systems have become more and more comple x. The distribution of forces is often influenced by lots of constraints, and the load bea ring behavior is characterized by interactions between the different structural parts. Using simpl e computation procedures has therefore become impossible and economic restraints widely re qui automated processes.


Objective To evaluate the possibility of transvaginal sonography (TVS) in the preoperative assessment of the depth of myometrial invasion in patients with endometrial carcinoma. Methods The TVS results of seventy two patients with endometrial carcinoma (stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ) confirmed by surgery and pathology were analyzed,whose pathology received TVS examination. Results The accuracy of TVS in detecting deep invasion was 81.9% , the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value were 60.0% , 85.4% , 40.0% and 93.0% ,respectively.Conclusions TVS is an accurate modality in detecting deep myometrial invasion, and should be the first choice of imaging technique in preoperative diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma.


Immunotherapy of tumours using T cells expanded in vitro has met with mixed clinical success suggesting that a greater understanding of tumour/T‐cell interaction is required. We used a HPV16E7 oncoprotein‐based mouse tumour model to study this further. In this study, we demonstrate that a HPV16E7 tumour passes through at least three stages of immune susceptibility over time. At the earliest time point, infusion of intravenous immune cells fails to control tumour growth although the same cells given subcutaneously at the tumour site are effective. In a second stage, the tumour becomes resistant to subcutaneous infusion of cells but is now susceptible to both adjuvant activated and HPV16E7‐specific immune cells transferred intravenously. In the last phase, the tumour is susceptible to intravenous transfer of HPV16E7‐specific cells, but not adjuvant‐activated immune cells. The requirement for IFN‐γ and perforin also changes with each stage of tumour development. Our data suggest that effective adoptive T‐cell therapy of tumour will need to be matched with the stage of tumour development.


Cinderella is a software solution for the quantitative comparison of time series in the frequency domain. It assigns probabilities to coincident peaks in the DFT amplidude spectra of the datasets under consideration. Two different modes are available. In conditional mode, Cinderella examines target and comparison datasets on the assumption that the latter contain artifacts only, returning the conditional probability of a target signal, although there is a coincident signal in the comparison data within the frequency resolution. In composed mode, the probability of coincident signal components in both target and comparison data is evaluated. Cinderella permits to examine multiple target and comparison datasets at once.


The state of our knowledge of plant pathology is reflected by the terms we use (120). Consider some of the terms used to describe wood altered by pro cesses associated with aging and injury of living trees: heartwood, wound heartwood, pathological heartwood, traumatic heartwood, false heartwood, precocious heartwood, blackheart, brownheart, red heart, blue butt, mineral streak, mineral stain, woundwood, discolored wood, wound-initiated discol ored wood, wetwood, ripewood, reaction zone, protection wood, and even true wood. Indeed, there is confusion! The main visible change observed in wood of trees is change of color. This can be the result of processes associated with aging (heartwood), injury (dis colored wood), or both. However there are more important characteristics than color for the sapwood altered by these processes. The factors that ini tiate the formation of heartwood, discolored wood, and extractives (which are largely responsible for color) are different. This is the major reason for the confusion in understanding a situation when color alone is the basis for distinguishing the type of tissue under study. When injury-altered tissues are considered as age-altered tissues, and the role of microorganisms in the processes are not considered, it is impossible to in terpret the situation accurately. The confusion is further compounded when the injury processes occur in tissues already altered by aging. Clarification of these processes obviously is needed. We will discuss in this review those processes in living trees that are associ ated with colored wood, in the hope of clarifying them so that future re search will be more accurately oriented and the opportunity to bring these changes under our control will be improved. We will consider and contrast two types of wood, which we will refer to as "heartwood" and "discolored wood."


An evaluation is presented of the influence of welding on the uniaxial creep rupture behaviour of some ferritic, martensitic and austenitic creep resistant materials. After a description of evaluation the most reliable figures for the effect of welding will be presented in the form of two parameters. One is the strength reduction factor (SRF) for design conditions. The other is the lifetime reduction factor (LRF) for judging the lifetime of welded components at normal design stresses. Two criteria will be introduced to ludge whether the introduction of a stress reduction factor for design of welded components is advisable. The needs for further research in this field are indicated


We live in a modern and informed world, a world of constant changes and improvements, so we must act accordingly. The changes in the educational processes are evident in the field of English language teaching as well. The main aim of English language teaching today is developing learners' communicative competence through improvement of the four language skills, one of which is reading. In order to be successful, learners should be trained to become autonomous and strategic readers and to learn how to take advantage of the benefits of being skilled readers. Incorporation of reading strategies in language instruction leads to long-term effects for the learners. In this paper we focus on the reading strategies that are used before, during and after reading the text and the importance of training learners to use these strategies in reading. Therefore, the changes start with the teachers, which then result in better and more successful learners.


ABSTRACT This article explores how members of parliament (MPs) from minority backgrounds in Serbia and Kosovo use institutional incentives to perform as elected minority representatives. In contrast to the previous research that has viewed political agents as simply being acted upon or reactive, this article develops a less deterministic view of the effects of electoral incentives on political agents. It argues for a more dynamic analysis that focuses on the ways in which political actors mobilise institutions for strategic purposes.


In this study structural and morphological properties of InGaN/GaN/Al2O3 structure, grown by Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) technique, is investigated. Crystal size of GaN in the structure is determined by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) techique. By the help of Raman spectra calibration coefficient is gained. This calibration coefficient and Termoelectric figure (ZT) of GaN is used to estimate number of stacks of GaN in the structure. Number of stacks (N) is a structural property and by using it an optical property, absorption coefficient, is determined. Using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images total thickness of the sample is determined accurately and they are compared with each other. The sample used in this study is only for an example. The methods used in this study can be applied to different structures if right coefficients can be found. The importance of this study is that it plays a key role for determining structural, optical and morphological features of different samples.


A hydrogen atom in a constant magnetic field is a problem whose Schrodinger equation has been considered to be analytically unsolvable. However, it has been found for the case of two-dimensional space some specific values of the magnetic field for which the problem has analytical solutions. In this paper, we give a full theory for these analytical solutions. First, we construct an equation to calculate of exact-solution-points, the values of magnetic field which allow exact solutions for the Schrodinger equation. The explicit forms of the wave functions corresponding to these analytical solutions are also given. Second, we analyse the exact-solution-points and discover some important rules. (i) There exist (n − 1)2 different values of the magnetic field so that the Schrodinger equation of a two-dimensional hydrogen atom in such field has exact analytical solutions with the principal quantum number n. (ii) For more details, among these (n − 1)2 exact analytical solutions, there are nr=n−|m|−1 solutions wit...


A data transmission method between the server and the client according to the present invention, the narrow band area (bandwidth) and unintentionally take a lot of impact on the environment from data when the data sync sessions in a wireless network lost quality the transfer is interrupted point so you can start the transfer. To this end, the present invention enables to start the transmission from the data at the time the transfer is interrupted by using the information related to the data if the retry the synchronization from the client to store information about the data of the abnormal end then. Thus, the client and the server according to the invention has the advantage of reducing unnecessary waste of transactions (transaction) when, by sending only data not opponent receive, as well as the time required to synchronize data to be shorter synchronizing a large amount of data, .


Breech presentation is the highest number ofmalpresentation compared to other presentations. Determination of breechdelivery is still controversial, vaginal delivery are associated with a highnumber of perinatal morbidity and mortality compared to caesareansection delivery. In this case, the number of caesarean section hadincreasing in some recent decades in order to reducing that morbidity andmortality number.


Objective:
The prospective, non-interventional study TRUST is conducted to investigate:
(1) Efficiency of natalizumab (Tysabri®) compared to other DMTs under real-life circumstances and (2) impact of patient-management approaches on outcome of RRMS-patients in Germany. This analysis encompasses baseline data from the first 427 patients.
Background:
Natalizumab provides rapid and strong control of MS-activity with long-term disease stability. However, its use is hampered by the risk of developing PML and close monitoring is required to optimize benefit/risk considerations. Currently, there is no uniform patient management approach for risk-stratification and the benefit of a systematic approach is largely unknown.
Design/Methods:
This ongoing study will enrol 1260 RRMS-patients treated with natalizumab for >=12 months. Observation time is 3 years. Endpoints include clinical, subclinical and patient reported outcomes, and patient-management strategies in clinical routine.
Results:
In total, baseline-data from 427 patients (70.2[percnt] female, mean age±SD 39.4±9.9 years) were evaluated. Mean (±SD) MS-duration was 9.9±6.0 years and MRI was performed in 84.8[percnt] over the last 12 months before study start. 50[percnt] of patients were JCV-antibody positive. 91[percnt] of patients had been treated with other DMTs and had there after received 39 natalizumab infusions (median) prior study start. Based on the retrospective analysis in these patients receiving natalizumab for >=12 months prior to study entry, mean ARR (95[percnt]CI) decreased from 2.17 (2.01-2.34) to 0.17 (0.14-0.21) (p<0,0001). Mean EDSS-score at baseline was 2.9±1.8.
Conclusions:
In this first analysis of baseline data of patients entering TRUST, the observed reduction of disease activity under natalizumab treatment prior study entry is consistent with other cohort studies. By comparing clinical data from patients continuing vs those discontinuing natalizumab over 3 years and exploring patient management pathways in a high-risk cohort, TRUST is expected to provide insight into individual benefit/risk considerations and decision making in clinical practice.
Study supported by: Biogen Disclosure: Dr. Ziemssen has received personal compensation for activities with Bayer Schering Pharma, Biogen Idec, EMD Merck Serono, Genentech, Genzyme, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, Teva Pharmaceutical, and Almirall. Prof. Gass received personal compensation from activities with Biogen Idec and Novartis. Dr. Limmroth has received personal compensation for activities with Bayer Pharmaceuticals Inc., Biogen Idec, Novartis, Roche Diagnostics Corp., Sanofi-Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc., and Teva Neuroscience. Dr. Bayas has received personal compensation for activities with Merck Serono, Biogen-Idec, Novartis and Sanofi/Genzyme as a speaker/consultant. Dr. Haas has received personal compensation for activities with Bayer Schering, Teva Aventis, Merck Serono, Biogen Idec, Allergan Inc., Octapharma as a consultant. Dr. Linker has nothing to disclose. Dr. Maurer has received personal compensation for activities with Bayer HealthCare, Genzyme, Biogen, Novartis, TEVA, EMD Serono, Sanofi-Aventis, and Roche. Dr. Stangel has received personal compensation for activities with Bayer HealthCare. Dr. Tackenberg has received personal compensation for activities with Bayer Pharmaceuticals Corp., Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Novartis, and Teva Neuroscience. Dr. Tackenberg has received research support. Dr. Wuerfel has received research support from Biogen Idec and Novartis. Dr. Meergens has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen as an employee. Dr. Harlin has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen as an employee. Dr. Hartung has received personal compensation for activities with from Bayer, Biogen, GeNeuro, Genzyme as speaker, committee member, consultant.


1,10-Phenanthroline-appended cholesterol-based gelators (1 and 2) and their non-gelling reference compounds (1′ and 2′) were synthesized. It was shown that the gelation abilities of 1 and 2 are quite different, in spite of their structural similarity. Compound 1 can form gels with various kinds of organic solvents, whereas 2 is capable of gelation only in acidic solvents. This difference in gelation abilities seems to be due to the difference in the stacking mode of the phenanthroline moieties, as confirmed by CD spectra. TEM and AFM observations showed that fibrillar aggregates are entangled in a three-dimensional network structure. The gels also showed beautiful fluorescence, characteristic of their molecular structures and gelation conditions (in the presence and the absence of acid). Organic assemblies thus characterized were subjected as templates for sol–gel polycondensation of metal alkoxide such as tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and tetra-n-butyl titanate. The resultant organic–inorganic composite materials showed the same fluorescence properties as the organic gels. After calcination, it was revealed by TEM observation that the silica and titania materials have a hollow structure, indicating that the sol–gel polycondensation reaction proceeds selectively at the surface of the organic assemblies. The CD spectrum of the organic–inorganic composite was similar to that of the organogel, indicating that the aggregation stacking mode of the original phenanthroline moieties is still retained even in the silica-gel phase. The organic–inorganic hybrids obtained are expected to lead to various nanostructured optoelectronic devices.


the prior stages by which that final form was reached. I am no more happy with their decision to extend the scope of these volumes beyond the three primary texts to embrace all variants in the secretary transcript of the editio princeps and also—as 'complete in themselves, with their own integrity', it was earlier argued {Introduction, p. 34)—the totality of Newton's annotations in his extant library copies of the Principia. In the former case, I would assert that this policy lays undue emphasis on an essentially minor, non-holograph manuscript whose chief significance lies in the bridging role it plays between earlier drafts 'De motu corporum' (here ignored) and the 1687 printed text type-set from it with only minimal emendation and transposition. In the latter instance, rather than serving to round off and complement the three public texts, a significant number of Newton's private additions (whether or not they were fully intended to go into print as such) raise fresh problems of meaning and interpretation which are adequately to be resolved, if at all, in terms of yet other writings not here mentioned. As an illustration in point, the innocent reader of the present pp. 195-6 might well wonder why (in his revisions of the scholium to Book I, Proposition 31, in 1687) Newton chose in the early 1690s to convert a crucial coefficient '£' several times to 'J ' in prelude to deleting it completely in the Principia's second edition, but some time after 1713 felt compelled to re-introduce the latter fraction in a further tentative revise before once more cancelling it. A satisfactory explanation of the subtleties involved would need to start from an analysis of the unpublished worksheet preserved in ULC. Add. 3967.1., f. 5V. But I begin to carp. Let me praise again the eagle eyes of Professor Cohen and his several adjutants in jointly forging so precise a working tool for the research historian of Newton's dynamical and physical thought who will alone (such is the way of the world) find it indispensable, and at the same time compiling so trustworthy a reference compendium for the many more who will, for one reason and another, occasionally find opportunity to dip fruitfully into its pages. The Cambridge Press printers have everywhere performed their normal miracles of typography in providing a commensurately distinguished setting for this labour. (I do wish, however, that in snipping up the basic 1726 photocopy and resiting its segments, variously to accord with the changing lengths of the variants set page by page in footnote to it, greater regard had been paid in anticipation to the total effect of blindly retaining their original running heads, marginal postils and page-end catchwords: most could have been omitted in this 'reprint' with visual advantage and a considerable saving in space—which might well have been used in turn to reproduce in full-size facsimile the many variant figures here adjoined in crabbed and often illegible minuscule.) Let me hope that the ready availability henceforth of what in a real sense is the first full Latin edition of this revered ikon of classical exact science will encourage people not merely covetously to possess it—or even to set it on their coffee table —but also to read it.


When micro logging becomes a very popular social media, finding interesting posts from high volume stream of user posts is a challenging research problem. To organize large number of posts, users can assign tags to posts so that these posts can be navigated and searched by tag. In this paper, we focus on modeling the interestingness of hash tags in Twitter, the largest and most active micro logging site. We propose to first construct communities based on both follow links and tagged interactions. We then measure the dispersion and divergence of users and tweets using hash tags among the constructed communities. The interestingness of hash tags are then derived from these community-based dispersion and divergence features. We further introduce a supervised approach to rank hash tags by interestingness. Our experiments on a Twitter dataset show that the proposed approach achieves a fairly good performance.


Before dealing with a trinary polymer-based composite system, computational simulations for a binary system, without interphase, clarified the effect of the stiffness of a particle on the onset and propagation of a shear band and subsequently the mechanical behavior of a blended polymer. Continuously, studying the trinary composite system by presenting an interphase layer around the particle, demonstrated that a soft interlayer changes the shear band pattern around a hard particle and therefore, leads to changes in macroscopic resistance, mean stress and normal stress. The results obtained suggest that a suitable combination of the stiffness of the particles and interphases leads to an improvement in the mechanical characteristics of the blended polymer.


ANKYLOSING spondylitis (AS) has recently been associated with the W27 tissue antigen in an incidence of 88% to 96%, as compared to 4% to 9% of controls.1,2The disease is more prevalent in men than in women, the incidence being 0.4% in men and 0.05% in women.2Baum and Ziff3have previously described the rarity of AS among blacks and concluded that the incidence in black men was 25% that in white men. Swezey and his colleagues4have commented on a lower prevalence of HL-A W27 in black women with AS. We report a black woman (Fig 1) who does have the W27 antigen and well-demonstrated spondylitis. Report of a Case A 30-year-old black female nurse had had intermittent lumbosacral pain four years before admission. Two years before admission, neck pain developed and she was seen by an orthopedist for acute arthritis of the right sternoclavicular


Linda Hutcheon claimed that the only way to access the past is to use texts and textual recordings of it. Today, we can interpret the mass media as textual evidence of the past which is at the same time an artifact and a means of rewriting history. Modern mass media seem to shape and reshape history and even our whole reality. Therefore, one can argue that history may be interpreted as what Baudrillard defined as a simulacrum. In Don DeLillo's novels, media are frequently used to give access to or retell past events. In both Americana and Libra, DeLillo introduces the film as a piece of evidence which offers insight into history. In Americana, David Bell sets to make a documentary on one Native American tribe, yet he decides to overtake the film and shoot the story of his life. In Libra, it is the media, and specifically the Zapruder film, which helps Nicholas Branch track the story of Kennedy's assassination. In both novels, history is revealed to be a simulation, but also a basis upon which our everyday reality exists.


Rapid development and expansion of Japan's international transactions in every walks of life is inaking intercultural communication competence imp()rtant for all Japanese. This paper is to present a way to develop one's intercultural cemmunication competence through English education as a foreign language, utilizing English textbeoks for junior and senior high school students. The basic framework is based on the combination of three phases of intercultural communication education (cognitive, affective, and behavioral phases) with the six goals of i!itercultural communication education presented by Ned Seelye. A sample teaching plan is included, and the material is taken from an English textbook used for senior high scheol.


Abstract Emerging evidence concerning prehistoric mortuary practices within the Western Yuman region of southern California and northern Baja California attests to patterns of change through time as well as to diversity across other dimensions. Several aspects of such practices — the prevalent cultural attitudes toward the dead, the various methods of disposition for human remains, the materials that were deposited together with burials, and the locations where mortuary practices occurred — all offer potentially important insights into regional prehistory that need to be considered by archaeologists.


The objective of this case study was to assess economic benefits of past environmental policies of particulate matter (PM) in Tokyo by comparing observed pre‐control PM levels in 1975 and post‐control levels in 1998. The point estimates of the numbers of additional cases of avoided premature mortality and morbidity due to PM pollution control were (1) 3900 long‐term deaths in adults aged 30 years and older (population 5 098 000), (2) 4700 cases of chronic bronchitis in adults aged 30 years and older, (3) 7800 cases of in‐patient cardiovascular disease in adults aged 65 and older (population 1 281 942), (4) 3100 cases of in‐patient pneumonia in adults aged 65 and older, (5) 2500 cases of in‐patient chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults aged 65 and older, (6) 390 000 asthma attacks in asthmatics (population 450 000), and (7) 4500 cases of acute bronchitis in children aged 8–12 (population 300 300) during a one‐year period. The point estimate of medical costs in adults and children plus the cost of lost wages was a purchasing power parity‐adjusted $38 billion USD. Overall these results appear more likely to be underestimates than overestimates due to several unquantified benefits. The calculations of avoided health and productivity impacts suggest that pollution control policies successfully prevented a large expense to the society in extra medical care and lost work time.


Marshes are the provider of habitat for several types of living creatures. Their preservation are prioritized for sustainable environment and eco-friendliness. Iraqi marshland is the largest wetland with an area of 15,000-20,000 km2 in the Middle East and Western Eurasia and has a significant impact on the ecosystem. The salinity in the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers near their discharge point at the marsh ranges from 0.5 to 2ppt (parts per thousand). This thesis focuses on Al-Hawizeh marsh, which is one of the major marshes with an area of 2,500-3,000 km2 in Iraq and considered as an enriched resource of fishing and irrigation. Of this mashland, 74% of it's agricultural land suffers from high degree of salination that need to be overcomed. Several man-made activities and post-war related events have caused radical deterioration of water quality in this marshland. The aim of this study is to monitor and assess the water quality parameters of this marsh. The optical remote sensing dataset (bands B6, B7, and B11) from Landsat-8 (OLI/TIRS) are synergistically integrated to the proposed salinity index (SI) and soil moisture index (SMI) model. By using the newly developed algorithms, the optimum water quality parameters in terms of salinity and minerals contents which comprised of iron, lead, zinc, nickel, calcium carbonate and sulphate are determined. This creative integration between remote sensing data and developed algorithms is established to successfully map the spatial variation of salinity and minerals distributions within Al-Hawizeh marsh during four seasons in the year 2013. The results of this study show that SMI model achieved better accuracy in retrieving the water quality parameters than the SI model. The average of the concentrations values for (salinity, SO4, CaCO3, Fe, Pb, Ni and Zn) by using SMI model are found to be minimal in winter as (746, 121, 84, 0.59, 0.49, 0.04 and 0.036) mg respectively and maximum in autumn as (1956, 202, 172, 0.64, 0.53, 0.08 and 0.05) mg respectively. The decision tree (DT) classification that uses single band outperformed the support vector machine (SVM) classification when combined with SMI model. This study also found that the change of value for salinity and mineral are minimum between winter and spring but maximum between summer and autumn. In conclusion, the developed systematic and generic approach may constitute a basis for determining the water quality parameters in the marshland worldwide.


Abstract. This paper performs an exploratory analysis in the Brazilian OpenStreetMap database identifying the layers and areas with the most concentration of information. To accomplish this, the databases were reconciled and spatial analysis operations were implemented. The analyses encompass three levels: the country, the state of Rio de Janeiro and the city of Rio de Janeiro a big urban area. Findings point out the need to develop methodologies to analyze the accuracy and geometry of the data at the local level so that the open data can be incorporated into local official base forming a hybrid database.


We sought to replicate a previously published prediction model for progression, developed in the Cache County Dementia Progression Study, using a clinical cohort from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center.


Objective To study the low-field MRI of thyroid diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Methods A retrospective analysis by biopsy or surgical pathology of goiter block 36, using the Siemens 0.35 low field MRI examination equipment. Results 36 cases of thyroid, 9 cases of thyroid cancer, thyroid adenoma in 19 cases, 5cases of nodular goiter, 3 cases of thyroid cysts. Low-field MRI for the diagnosis rate of malignant lesions 67% of benign lesions diagnosed with the rate of 67%. Conclusion Thyroid diseases have a variety of low-field MRI signal characteristics of the surrounding structures, as well as the availability of cervical lymph node metastases, its diagnosis and differential diagnosis of great value.


In this preregistered study, we confirmed a transition-planning construct and determined its relationship with an established economic-hardship construct using parent- and youth-reported data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study 2012 and following established quality indicators of preregistered secondary data analyses studies. Transition planning was made up of seven items relevant to individualized education program (IEP) meeting participation. We examined measurement invariance on the basis of disability category and race/ethnicity as well as the intersection of these student characteristics in order to make unbiased group comparisons on key latent parameters. Contrary to our hypotheses, there was no meaningful correlation between transition planning and economic hardship. Moreover, we were unable to establish measurement invariance of transition planning because the item "youth's role in IEP meeting" functioned differently on the basis of disability category. Implications for practice are discussed regarding how decisions about IEP meeting participation are made, by whom and why, and whether evidence-based practices are effectively disseminated. Future research should ensure adequate sampling plans for national survey attempts in order to conduct an in-depth examination based on intersectional student characteristics.


This work deals with Czech dayiring after the entry of the Czech rep. into the European union. It solves questions of competition in Czech dairing, selects strong and weak points, norms, legislation. The aim of this work is distinguish changes and approach of Czech dayiring companies in trade in the EU. There is a description of the situation in the milk trade during a particular period and how much milk has been bought.


We designed and fabricated simple-structure HAFs having lambda0 in a 1.0 mum band as well as low confinement loss and single mode operation over wide range of wavelengths. The developed HAFs showed high non-linearity and good connectivity.


The BVA is seeking a senior recent graduate representative to take over from Louisa Rance who, as she explains below, regretfully has to move on.


Catalytic production of CH3OH in a CH4–O2–H2O flow reaction is improved using Cu-CHA having improved redox property involved in the C–H activation of CH4.


Hybridization is a common phenornenon in many plant genera, and among them is the world's largest aquatic genus, Potamogeton (Potamogetonaceae) with about 69 species and 50 hybrids reported. Here we provide genetic insights into Potamogeton hybrids from China, where ten or more putative hybrids exist, ofwhich eight have been genetically confirmed. In the study presented here, we verified the hybrid status and inferred the origins ofthree Potamogeton hybrids using molecular phylogenetic analyses ofplastid (chloroplast) trn7LtrnF and nuclear ITS sequence data sets that include previously published and newty generated data, The hybrids identified were: 1) R xinbaensis, a known hybrid from Japan; 2) a hybrid between P. pei:foliatus s.1. and P. wrightii, and 3) a ltybrid between tetraploid maternal R distinctus and


The present invention relates to novel 17β- heteroaryl-substituted steroid of formula I, to their use as modulators of the pharmaceutical compositions and GABA BACKGROUND OF formula I


We present a model, in which some nodes (called interconnecting nodes) in two networks merge and play the roles in both the networks. The model analytic and simulation discussions show a monotonically increasing dependence of interconnecting node topological position difference and a monotonically decreasing dependence of the interconnecting node number on function difference of both networks. The dependence function details do not influence the qualitative relationship. This online manuscript presents the details of the model simulation and analytic discussion, as well as the empirical investigations performed in eight real world bilayer networks. The analytic and simulation results with different dependence function forms show rather good agreement with the empirical conclusions.


: This paper examines the relationship between the knowledge of one's current location shown by GPS and anxiety. Pedestrian navigation systems on smartphones are assumed to enable us to visualize our current location and make route searches while walking much easier, although the relationship with our mental state while walking has not been studied in detail. In order to investigate how mental states differ while walking when using pedestrian navigation systems or maps for route searches while walking, we applied protocol analysis to the differences in remarks made by subjects while walking towards a destination in a real urban space. The results showed no large difference in the ratio of the number of anxious remarks between the use of maps and the use of pedestrian navigation tools. The points at which anxiety occurred depended on the tool used, and the pedestrian navigation did not necessarily reduce the anxiety of users compared with when using a conventional map. These results suggest that the hypothesis in this research that pedestrian navigation systems, which are usually considered to be convenient, may raise different types of anxiety in the users' minds from paper maps is reasonable.


The aim of the thesis is to present the principles of IPv6 protocol and to propose at least 6 solved tasks to configuration of a routed network with IPv6. The thesis will include a set of detailed solved and explained tasks on the routing protocol IPv6 using static and dynamic routing.


An efficient protocol for the synthesis of polymer–gemcitabine conjugates with variable composition and potential hepatoma-targeting property was achieved by combining selectively enzymatic transesterification with radical polymerization. Four polymerizable vinyl gemcitabine esters were first prepared by highly selective transesterification of gemcitabine with divinyl dicarboxylates using CAL-B as catalyst in acetone and characterized by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and ESI-MS. The effects of enzyme sources, organic solvents, and molar ratio of substrates on the enzymatic transesterification were investigated in detail. Then α,α′-azobis-(isobutyronitrile)-initiated homopolymerization of the resultant gemcitabine monomers was performed and three polymer–gemcitabine conjugates with high gemcitabine content (>55 wt %) were synthesized. Moreover, radical copolymerization of the gemcitabine monomer 5′-O-vinyladipyl-gemcitabine with different saccharide comonomers was performed, and three saccharide-functionalized polymer–gemcitabine conjugates with 5.7–15.3 wt % gemcitabine content were obtained, among which the conjugates with galactose or lactose as pendants had potential hepatoma-targeting function. All the resultant polymer–gemcitabine conjugates were characterized by IR, NMR, and gel permeation chromatography. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012


The authors examine the influence of party capability theory while controlling for legal-structural and doctrinal changes in the High Court. Based on their analysis of cases from 1970 to 2003, several notable conclusions emerge. The most interesting determinant of litigant success in Australia involves a shift within the High Court from a mechanical form of jurisprudence to a doctrine of implied rights. Once the High Court announced Mabo, 'one-shot' litigants gained a significant advantage and were more likely to win. Additionally, the change to a doctrine of implied rights provided barristers with new opportunities to craft novel legal arguments. Consequently, their influence over decision outcomes increased. As barristers gained more experience and more successes, the likelihood of their clients winning increased substantially.


The present invention is a method and apparatus for processing images using a graphics processor in a handheld device that includes a first memory device for receiving a video input signal containing an encoded video frame having a plurality of portions of encoded video frame data to provide. A first memory device has a storage capacity less than all of the plurality of portions of encoded video frame data. The method and apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a graphics processor coupled to the memory device, wherein the graphics processor generates a receive a first portion of an encoded video frame data, and the first graphics portion. A second memory device receiving the first graphics portion and storing the first graphic section therein. In this way, the encoded video frame is processed in conjunction with a graphics processor on the basis of each part using a first memory device and second memory device. Handheld terminals, graphics rendering, video frame, MPEG, JPEG


Pterygium is a common eye disease, which affects both males and females, and is usually described by most patients as painless and unaesthetic. In case pterygium is symptomatic, the perceived ocular discomfort level is determined by a series of symptoms, among which we have studied tearing, foreign body sensation and blurred vision. Based on patients� evaluation, we have generated a perception score regrouping the presence or absence of symptoms, and we have analysed it according to various age decades and sex. In this study, our data revealed a correlation between the presence of the studied symptoms and the size of the lesion measured when patients opted for professional medical care (P [ 0.01). We have also determined that males and females with similar lesions in terms of size have a different perception upon pterygium; there are also differences regarding symptoms presence or absence, for various age decades and lifestyle context. In general, pterygium perception score indicated that males are more constant in their evaluation, presenting increased score values for higher ages; females tend to seek out medical treatment later than males, especially for higher ages, and present greater perception scores which do not seem to be correlated with age decades.


This chapter presents a biographical sketch of Jakob J. Petuchowski as rabbi, scholar and ecumenist, and his theological investigation of the Jewish and Christian liturgy. Petuchowski devoted great parts of his work to reflection on liturgy. He researched the development of Jewish liturgy, but not in the manner of a general history of Jewish liturgy. Petuchowski's major scholarly volume greatly enhanced his reputation. He added numerous books, articles and studies showing his understanding of the liturgy as the central and dependable expression of Jewish belief. The ecumenist Petuchowski became better known to a wider circle in Germany in 1971 through an 'Introduction' ('Zum Geleit') to a small monograph by Johannes Oesterreicher who had inspired efforts towards convening a Vatican council. Keywords: Christian liturgy; ecumenist; Jakob J. Petuchowski; Jewish liturgy; rabbi


A solution growth technique has been developed capable of depositing large grain (up to 20-30 /spl mu/m) Si films at temperatures no higher than 650/spl deg/C for application as the base in a-Si:H/poly-Si heterojunction solar cells. XRD analysis of the deposited films show a strong (111) preferred orientation, depending on the use of a wetting agent during growth. A well-defined grain structure is seen by SEM examination. Films deposited using an In-Si solution are p-type; those from Sn-Si solutions are n-type. Carrier concentrations range from the low 10/sup 16/ cm to the mid 10/sup 17/ cm range. Conductivities as high as 0.2 (/spl Omega/ cm)/sup -1/ were measured. Hall effect measurements showed hole mobilities as high as /spl sim/30 cm/sup 2/ V/sup -1/ s/sup -1/. Photoresponse is reduced for films deposited with a wetting agent.


A 44-year-old man developed severe, symptomatic thrombocytopenia with markedly raised d-dimer levels when treated with rituximab for hairy cell leukaemia (HCL). He presented with an abscess in the right erector spinae muscle. The full blood count on admission showed the following: haemoglobin concentration 9Æ4 g/dl, white cell count 1Æ4 · 10/l, neutrophil count 0Æ51 · 10/l, monocyte count 0Æ12 · 10/l and platelet count 44 · 10/l. The bone marrow cellularity was moderately increased with an interstitial infiltrate of small to medium sized lymphocytes with plentiful pale cytoplasm. The megakaryocytes were reduced but morphologically normal. The lymphoid infiltrate consisted of CD20-positive B cells, which were also positive for CD103, CD11c and CD25, confirming a diagnosis of HCL. He was treated with intravenous antibiotics for a Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the abscess, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). There was marked clinical improvement, but a repeat computerised tomography scan after 2 weeks showed only slight improvement (4 · 4 cm). As his neutropenia persisted despite G-CSF, he was treated with rituximab. This was considered a less myelosuppressive and safer treatment than purine analogues in the setting of a deep-seated abscess. Four hours after the administration of the monoclonal antibody, the patient experienced severe knee pain but did not demonstrate fever, chills, palpitation or other features of a 'cytokine-release syndrome'. Simultaneously, he developed blood blisters in the mouth, petechiae on his legs and gastrointestinal bleeding. The platelet count before the start of the infusion was 31 · 10/l but fell to 6 · 10/l when checked an hour after the development of symptoms. The coagulation results showed a prothrombin ratio of 1Æ2, activated partial thromboplastin time ratio of 1Æ2, fibrinogen of 4Æ1 g/l and a d-dimer of 33 020 ng/ ml. Two adult doses of platelets were administered and an urgent oesophago-duodenoscopy (OGD) was arranged. Bleeding resolved within a day and the OGD was normal. The platelet count rose to 31 · 10/l on the following day and remained between 30 and 40 · 10/l unsupported with platelet transfusions. The mucosal lesions resolved within a couple of days. The d-dimers also fell to 13 080 ng/ml at 24 h and normalised within 6 d. He was started on interferon with a view to improving his neutropenia prior to definitive treatment with cladribine once the neutropenia and abscess had resolved. Rituximab is active in the treatment of HCL although its use is restricted mainly to those who have not responded to purine analogues (Hagberg & Lundholm, 2001). Common side effects include infusion reactions, and cytokine-release syndrome. Thrombocytopenia is extremely rare. There has been a single case report of a patient with HCL developing severe thrombocytopenia with rituximab infusion a day after the development of cytokine-release syndrome (Otrock et al, 2005). Our patient did not have any features of the cytokinerelease syndrome and the timing of severe thrombocytopenia was immediately after the infusion. The very high d-dimer level suggests intravascular fibrinolysis. The accompanying drop in the platelet count and possibly low fibrinogen in the clinical context suggested disseminated intravascular coagulation as the causative process. Infection and malignancy may cause a rise in d-dimers but the time course of events makes these explanations most unlikely. Platelet binding of a soluble anti-CD20/rituximab complex has also been postulated. Rigamonti et al (2001) described bleeding with severe thrombocytopenia in a lymphoma patient with massive splenomegaly. Other case reports of the association have not described clinically important haemorrhage (Leo et al, 2004; Shah & Grethlein, 2004; Pamuk et al, 2005). Rituximab should be used with caution in patients who have significant bone marrow involvement with B-cell malignancies and moderate to severe thrombocytopenia.


The article discusses the specifi cs of Alexey Remizov's works that correspond to the literary and journalistic form of «In Memoriam» genre. These texts differ drastically, both in form and in content, from the traditional funeral genres, such as an obituary or a graveside oration. The Appendix to the article contains the «memorable word» by Remizov, dedicated to Abram Yu. Dobry, a Parisian fi nancier, philanthropist and connoisseur of Russian culture. Since the time of its fi rst publication in 1939, this text has been out of reach of the academic community.


The climatic change would affect yield and management of crops. To the year 2050 the mean temperature would increase 1.5 oC; at year 2100 between 1.0 to 3.5 oC. In Chile there are few studies of this area. At international level are estimated changes in temperate and tropical zones that would affect negatively, for example, wheat (Triticum vulgare L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) production. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between agricultural/cattle systems and climatic change using the Ricardian Method. Specific objectives were to evaluate and quantify the relationship of climatic variables (precipitation and temperature) with economical variables under several realities of agricultural farms, to simulate the impact of scenarios of climatic change, propose general orientations of adaptation and evaluate the Ricardian Method with Chilean data. Economical and productive information of farmers belonging to the Groups of Technologic Transfer (GTT) of the Agricultural Research Institute (INIA) was collected. The Ricardian Method explained 37.6% of soil value variation. Highest values were in areas with moderate temperatures and precipitations. Temperature had lower relationship with soil value than precipitation. Under specific conditions (type of producer, irrigation, extension) were detected behaviors that require further analysis. Upon simulating change of temperature and precipitation, the negative impacts in soil value tended to be of lower magnitude that in warm regions. A tendency was observed to be beneficial when increasing temperature, and neutral to positive with less precipitations. The outputs could guide initially specific strategies of adaptation and mitigation.


Based on a synthetical study on the influence factors of scouring stability, the fuzzy evaluation method of scouring stability on soil subgrade slope is put forward. First, the authors select 18 judgment indexes, and establish a numerical method on them in which 4 types subordinate functions with 16 mathematical expressions are set up to describe the continuous indexes, and experiment methods are used to deal with dispersion indexes. Then, the authors adopt expert-giving-marks method to define the weight coefficients of these judgment indexes. A fuzzy evaluation model is set up and 2 types of evaluation principles are proposed. Finally, the engineering example is analyzed by the method. On the results, the correctness and effectiveness of fuzzy evaluation method of scouring stability on soil subgrade slope are proved.


Interactive graphics systems have been used for generating integrated circuit and printed circuit layouts. Now these systems are being used to create building plans as well. This paper discusses the mechanization of "rent plans" (a set of plans which shows how building space is occupied), its background, several applications, and possible future developments.


Photocatalytic performance of nano-TiO2 after doping modification was investigated.In determining photocatalytic activity of the products,methyl orange was selected as model compound for degradation,which improved the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation,degradation and decoloring effects were better.


The author explains and proofreads the six mistakes about Yuan Z hen's poems in the book "Poems of Tang Dynasty" so as to reveal the original p oems and to offer the references for the academic circles.


WYOMING'S PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT PLAN Synthetic organic pesticides are used to control weeds, insects, and other organisms in a wide variety of agricultural and nonagricultural settings. The use of pesticides has helped to make the United States the largest producer of food in the world and has provided other benefits, but the use has also been accompanied by concerns about their potential adverse effects on the environment and human health. A potential pathway for adverse effects of pesticides is through hydrologic systems, which supply water for both humans and natural ecosystems. Water is one of the primary ways pesticides are transported from an application area to other locations in the environment (fig. 1). Pesticide contamination of ground water is a national issue because ground water is used for drinking water by about 50 percent of the Nation's population. Concern about pesticides in ground water is especially acute in rural agricultural areas where over 95 percent of the population relies upon ground water for drinking water.


This thesis investigates the impact of modernisation upon popular death customs in Cumbria between 1700 and 1920. Specifically, it explores the role and nature of mutuality, arguing that despite the growth of individualism, the mutual ideal which had underpinned many popular death customs in the pre-industrial environment continued to play a crucial role in shaping working-class mortuary practices in the towns. This study challenges historical arguments that mutuality was simply individualism in disguise; it suggests that at its heart lay an internal tension: a conflict between self-interest and collectivism which was exacerbated by modernizing trends. Ultimately individualism was to triumph, but not in the way historians have claimed. Its success can be gauged, not by the apparent readiness of the nineteenth-century urban working classes to embrace a more materialistic attitude to death and burial, but in the growth of the burial insurance industry which capitalised on the collectivism of the majority to further the self-interest of an enterprising minority. The thesis begins by tracing the roots of mutuality in death through an examination of popular death customs in pre-industrial Cumbria. It reveals that although such practices were designed to alleviate individual distress, they also worked to cultivate an ideal of collectivism by encouraging community participation, and by publicly affirming a common notion of 'decency' which was rooted in powerful spiritual beliefs. Informal aid of this type was supplemented by that supplied by the guilds and friendly societies. In this more formal, premeditated setting, the contractual nature of mutuality was more pronounced, and a tension between collectivism and self-interest more clearly articulated. This conflict was exacerbated by the sanitary reforms of the nineteenth century, and in particular the passage of the Burial Acts of the 1850's. The creation of the private grave, and the division of the cemeteries into areas of greater and lesser desirability, increased social discrimination while emphasising conspicuous consumption as a means of articulating individual social position. A consequence of such reforms was the commercialisation of the funeral. Many of those who could afford it now modelled their obsequies on much older aristocratic rites which were designed to indicate social standing. These materialistic rituals set a new standard in funerary protocol, and increased social pressure on the working classes to conform to elite norms. Despite greater stress on materialistic individualism, however, many working-class people continued to observe familiar death customs which were rooted in community participation. Familiar customs of long-standing were of value in many ways, not least because they symbolised values which helped sustain a distinct cultural identity. Thus, while individualism emerged as a powerful cultural force, collectivism did not vanish. Indeed, this thesis concludes by arguing that the continued potency of popular collectivism was most strikingly exemplified in the growth to prominence, in the early years of the twentieth century, of working-class burial insurance. Show full item record


Absorption properties of smokes from laboratory fires thar represent prescription hums in the Southern states have been quantified to relate variations in measured absorption parameters to variation in fire conditions and to estimate emission factors for elemental'carbon. Results showed significant differences in absorption of the smoke emissions between flaming and smoldering combustion with specific absorption * coefficient B, values ranging from 0.04 m g -r for smoldering combustion to 1 m2 g-i at 632.8 nm for flaming combustion. These measured optical properties and previously measured size data were used in Mie calculations to determine the overall radiative properties for the smokes from these fires. Mie calculations for 1 = 550nm indicate that, somewhat less than 50% of the extinction will be due to particulate matter absorption in flaming combustion, whereas only about 5 % of the extinction will be due to absorption under purely smoldering conditions. Calculated mass concentration/scattering (&,/as) ratios for ,I= SOOnm show only a slight variation with nIhd, decreasing from 3.3 x lo5 pgrn-' at an imaginary refractive index (ntM) = 0.07 to avalueof 2.7 x lo5 pgrn-* at nIM = 0.007. The ratios calculated for the low absorption cases are generally consistent with previous experimentaj observations, although these calculations suggest that some of the variations seen in this ratio are consistent with variation due to differences in the optical properties of the particulate%. Key word index: Absorption, aerosol absorption, optical properties, visibility, smoke properties, aerosol readiative effects, forest fires, particulate matter, INTRODUCITON extinction, the particle absorption can have a significant contribution to visibility reduction; in addition, One obvious environmental effect of the smoke plume highly absorbing aerosols can have an effect on from a wildland fire is reduced visibility. This visibility perceived contrast levels (Middleton, 1952; Roessler reduction can occur within the plume itself either and Faxvog, 1981) and thus on human perception of immediately downwind of the fire with visibility color and the visual impact of pollut ion that can be reduced to a few meters, causing health and safety quite different from that of nonabsorbing aerosols . hazards, or at much greater distances from the fire The relative importance of absorption for carbowhere the plume contributes to a psychological percepnaceous aerosols result ing from combustion can be tion of reduced air quality. Later, after the plume has quite variable. cA/oE ratios x 0.85 have been lost its identity, the smoke can still significantly measured under laboratory condit ions for soots concontr ibute to regional pol lut ion hazes. taining large amounts of elemental carbon (Patterson Because there are economic and environmental and Marshall , 1982); by comparison, absorption measeffects associated with such visibility reductions, there urements of the benzene soluble organic fractions of is a need to be able to predict the magnitude of an urban aerosol (Patterson, 1979) indicate ~,/a, reduction resulting from wildtire and prescribed burns. ratios of less than 0.1 at 1= 0.55 pm. There is conThis visibility reduction is due to the presence of siderable evidence that much of the absorption of particulate matter (from 0.01 to 10 pm in size) which carbonaceous materials is due to elemental or 'grascatters and absorbs light. The amount of Gisibility phitic' carbon (Weiss et al., 1976; Rosen et al., 197% reduction depends on the amount of material emit ted while the volatile or extractable organic material is as well as on the optical properties of the material relatively nonabsorbing. The measured absorption will which affect scattering, absorption, and total extincdepend on the relative amounts of each material tion. The visual range is related to the part icle extinc present . tion coefficient, os, by the Koschmeider (1924) relation Wildland fires can be quite variable and the smoke V = 3.9/oE. cE is the sum of the scattering coefficient from them is a complex mixture of organic and os and the absorption coefficient cA. inorganic materials. Hence, the particulate fraction of When absorption is an appreciable fraction of total these smokes is highly variable both in physical


Using deep learning algorithms, we investigated univariate and multivariate effects of four polysomnography features including heart rate (HR), electrocardiogram (ECG), oxygen saturation (SpO2) and nasal air flow (NAF) on the identification of sleep apnea and hypopnea events. This explanatory analysis that may clarify the sensitivity and specificity of those features to SAs and SHs have not been probed.

 We studied 804 polysomonography samples from 704 patients with obstructive sleep apnea and 100 controls. The input data were converted into scalograms as 4-channel 2D images to train Xception networks. For training, 77,638 patches were sampled from the original 6-hour sleep data with 30-second time width. A 10% of these patches were segregated as the test-set. With each feature sets, we tested the following classifications: 1) normal vs apnea vs hypopnea; 2) normal vs. apnea+hypopnea; 3) normal vs. apnea; and 4) normal vs. hypopnea.

 SpO2 classified normal vs. apnea most accurately (98%), followed by NAF (85%), ECG (77%), and HR (63%). SpO2 also showed the highest accuracy in classifying normal vs. hypopnea (87%), and normal vs. apnea+hypopnea (96%) and three groups (82%). When the combination of four features were used, the classification accuracies were generally improved compared to use of SpO2 only (normal vs. apnea 99%; vs. hypopnea 89%; vs. apnea+hypopnea: 94%; three groups: 86%).

 Deep learning with SpO2 or NAF feature most accurately classified apneas from normal sleep events, suggesting these features' characterization of sleep apnea events. Oxygen desaturation, which is a typical pattern of hypopnea, was only the feature showing reliable accuracy in classifying hypopnea vs. normal. Nevertheless, combination of four polysomnography features could improve the identification of sleep apnea and hypopnea. Furthermore, classifying normal vs. apnea+hypopnea was more accurate than separately classifying three groups, suggesting deep learning approaches as the primary screen tool. Since the classification accuracy of using SpO2 was higher than any other features, developing a portable equipment measuring SpO2 and running deep learning algorithms has the potential for inexpensive, accurate diagnostics of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

 This study was supported by USC STEVENS CENTER FOR INNOVATION TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENT GRANTS (TAG), BrightFocus Foundation Award (A2019052S).


OBJECTIVE: Contact dermatitis to wound care products is a common, often neglected problem. A review was conducted to identify articles relevant to contact dermatitis. METHODS: A PubMed English-language literature review was conducted for appropriate articles published between January 2000 and December 2015. RESULTS: Contact dermatitis is both irritant (80% of cases) or allergic (20% of cases). Frequent use of potential contact allergens and impaired barrier function of the skin can lead to rising sensitization in patients with chronic wounds. Common known allergens to avoid in wound care patients include fragrances, colophony, lanolin, and topical antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should be cognizant of the allergens in wound care products and the potential for sensitization. All medical devices, including wound dressings, adhesives, and bandages, should be labeled with their complete ingredients, and manufacturers should be encouraged to remove common allergens from wound care products, including topical creams, ointments, and dressings.


[121221-45-2] C6H13NSSi (MW 159.32)

InChI = 1S/C6H13NSSi/c1-8-6(5-7)9(2,3)4/h6H,1-4H3

InChIKey = SXNNRIVSRGIQNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N

(reagent for the synthesis of α-cyano-substituted vinyl sulfides1)

Physical Data: bp 72–74 °C/4 mmHg.1

Solubility: sol ether, THF, and CHCl3.

Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR, IR.1

Preparative Method: prepared in 80–85% yield by the treatment of methylthioacetonitrile with Trimethylsilyl Trifluoromethanesulfonate and Triethylamine in ether at 0–5 °C for 3 h.1

Purification: distillation.

Handling, Storage, and Precautions: use in a fume hood.


The appearance of 19S and 7S antibody-forming cells (producers) in mice following a single i.p. injection of sheep erythrocytes, and their recirculation between spleen, thymus and marrow, were studied by the direct and indirect Jerne plaque techniques. The appearance and distribution of antigen-sensitive precursor cells (memory cells) in the same tissues were determined by transferring aliquots of thymus, marrow and spleen cells to irradiated recipients, restimulating with antigen, and counting the plaque-forming cells (PFCs) in the recipient spleens. 2-ME sensitive and 2-ME resistant serum antibodies in donors and recipients were also titrated.

19S antibody production in mice reached a peak 4 days after antigen and declined rapidly thereafter. Direct PFCs were found in the spleen, but not in thymus or marrow. These cells probably do not recirculate, at least not within their life-span as 19S antibody producers. Production of 7S antibody reached a peak 7 days after immunization. Indirect PFCs were most numerous in the spleen at this time and persisted in the body for several weeks. These cells probably recirculate since increasing numbers were found in the thymus and marrow with increasing intervals after immunization.

The appearance and distribution of antigen-sensitive precursor cells showed a pattern similar to that of the 7S producers, suggesting that they recirculate in a similar manner.


There has been a growing political, policy and popular interest towards urban regeneration of historic places in China over the past decade. The recent urban regeneration practices generally mean historic places are either destroyed altogether, to be replaced by high-rise living buildings, or turned into tourist attractions or high-class shopping centres thus did not respond to the needs of local residents, maintain or sustain their everyday social and cultural practices. In light of these circumstances, protests emerged from local residents in resisting gentrification and claiming their benefits are normal to observe within these years' urban regeneration in China. The overall aim of this thesis is to address this phenomenon in seeking to diversify the contemporary body of research from the Global South. In doing so, this thesis works at the intersection of theoretical engagement with urban governance, public participation, gentrification and critical thinking of everyday life in cities.

The main arguments of this thesis are as follows. First, the way how the local government regenerated the historic neighbourhood in Nanjing shows evident local government entrepreneurialism features. More than inter-urban competition, intra-urban competition is simultaneously happening at smaller scales. Secondly, grassroots' mobilisation illustrates non-government actors can affect the governing processes. Thirdly, existing limitations of the current public participation system explained why it failed to empower local residents and reduce tensions. Fourthly, the strong sense of place attachment was used by local residents as the powerful weapon to resist gentrification. This thesis firmly situates the role of non-government actors in shaping and influencing governing networks. It adds new ideas in engaging with research of social relations, public participation and resistance to gentrification to the contemporary body of urban studies.


Clinical Question: Do cultural-competence-based educational interventions improve the cultural competence of athletic training students, based on the constructs of the Campinha-Bacote model? Clinical Bottom Line: Athletic training programs can improve athletic training students' cultural awareness, knowledge, skill, encounters, and desire by incorporating cultural-competence-based independent readings, lecture presentations, in-class discussions, and self-awareness activities.


Mode observability is addressed for a class of discrete-time linear systems that may switch in an unknown and unpredictable way among different modes taken from a finite set. The possible a-priori knowledge on the continuous state of the system and the presence of unknown but bounded noises affecting both the system and measurement equations are explicitly taken into account. The mode observation problem is performed "actively": control sequences (discerning control sequences) are searched that allow to identify the switching sequence on the basis of the observations. Conditions that characterize discerning controls in a finite-horizon setting are obtained. Moreover, a procedure is proposed in order to derive "persistently discerning" control sequences (over an infinite- horizon). A numerical example is reported to clarify the approach.


This report documents the post-war struggle of women, mainly widows, from the fishing communities of Mannar, Sri Lanka, attempting to reconstruct their lives.


A newly designed experimental apparatus has been developed to effectively depress the secondary reactions of volatiles, which are the primary products of thermal degradation of polymers. In this communication, we report that controlled thermal degradation of polystyrenes and polypropylenes leads to effective preparation of novel macromonomer-like oligomers and telechelic oligomers.


A 14 year old male presented with complaints of giddiness for two days.He had a history of left sided ear pain and a purulent discharge from the left ear one month ago. He had signs of cerebellar ataxia.On examining his left ear three point tenderness and tragal tenderness was present. On Day 4 he developed diplopia, facial pain and a GCS of 15/15. On examination he revealed a left lateral rectus palsy. CT Brain showed no evidence of raised intracranial tension. MRI Brain showed evidence of encephalitis. A cerbrospinal fluid analysis was within normal limits. The patient was suspected with Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) following otitis media of the left ear with an active episode of mastoiditis causing Gradenigo syndrome. Patient was treated with intravenous antibiotics, steroids and his condition improved.: Acute meningoencephalitis and Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis need to differentiated at the earliest to facilitate a faster recovery and aslo to minimize the neurological deficits. Combination of an infectious and inflammatory pathology can pose a serious problem.


Theoretical research is carried out of the interaction of the running monochromatic laser beam with atoms (molecules) of the rarefied gas medium where the optical nonuniformity is induced by the local external magnetic (or electric) field. It is shown that then sub-Doppler resonances may appear in polarization characteristics of the beam at definite detunings of its frequency from the center of the resonant transition from the ground (or metastable) quantum state because of the optical pumping effect and the transit relaxation of atoms along the wave vector. Given resonances are analyzed on example of the optical transition between quantum levels with angular momenta 0 and 1 versus the intensity and diameter of the laser beam for different strength, orientation, and extent of the local transversal magnetic field. Such resonances may be used in the sub-Doppler spectroscopy of atoms (molecules) and for the stabilization of the laser frequency.


s: Selection of sleeping sites by Hanuman langurs (Semnopithecus entellus) were studied by in Chitrakoot forest range Madhya Pradesh India, from January 2012 to December 2012. For this study we selected three troops (two bisexual and one all male bands). The entire studied troop used large tree species, with have numerous branches straight trunk and dense canopy, for roosting.Total 16 plant species were used by langurs for sleeping site. During rainy and cold season the Hanuman langurs sleep in cave and old heritage building and temple. During rainy and cold season the Hanuman langurs sleep in cave and old heritage building and temple.


Nondestructive Testing (NDT) is an important tool to increase the service life of critical structures. Infrared Thermography is an attractive NDT modality because it is a non-contact technique, and it has full-field defect imaging capability. Typically, two problems are relevant in the domain of NDT of structures. The first problem deals with the detection of defects, while the second problem is based on estimating the defect parameters like size and depth. This dissertation aims at enhancing the capability of Infrared Thermography NDT vis-a-vis defect detection and defect quantification in metal and composite structures. In this dissertation, detection of defects was performed using two active thermography techniques - Pulsed Thermography and Lock-In Thermography. A two-stage signal reconstruction approach based on Pulsed Thermography was developed to analyze raw thermal data. In the first stage, the data was low-pass filtered using Wavelets. In the second stage, a Multivariate Outlier Analysis was performed on filtered data using a set of signal features. The proposed approach significantly enhances the defective area contrast against the background. In the second part of the study, a Lock-In Thermography technique was developed to detect defects present in a 9m CX-100 wind turbine blade. A set of image processing algorithms and Multivariate Outlier Analysis were used in conjunction with the classical Lock-In thermography technique to counter the blind frequency effects and to improve the defect contrast. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves were used to quantify the gains obtained. Following detection of defects, the determination of defect depth and size was addressed. The problem of defect depth estimation has been previously studied using 1D heat conduction models. Unfortunately, 1D heat conduction based models are generally inadequate in predicting heat flow around defects, especially in composite structures. A novel approach based on virtual heat sources was proposed in this dissertation to model heat flow around defects accounting for 2D axisymmetric heat conduction. The proposed approach was used to quantitatively determine the defect depth and size in isotropic materials. Further, the approach was extended to model 3D heat conduction in quasi-isotropic composite structures. The approach used the excess temperature profile that was obtained over a defective area with respect to a sound area to estimate the defect dimensions and depth. Using coordinate transformations, the anisotropic heat conduction problem was reduced to the isotropic domain, followed by separation of variables to solve the resulting partial differential equation. Relevant experiments were performed to validate the proposed theory