Abstract An encapsulated collection of suppurated material within the liver is termed a liver abscess, which may be caused due to bacterial, parasitic, or fungal infection. Liver abscesses can be divided into infectious, iatrogenic, and malignant. Infection spreading through the biliary tract is the most common cause now. Escherichia coli , the most common organism causing liver abscess two decades ago, is replaced by Klebsiella pneumonia , accounting for 50 to 70% of cases in the Asian subcontinent; however, liver abscesses due to Entameba histolytica are also found quiet often in day to day clinical practice. Risk factors associated with the development of liver abscess are increasing age, male sex, presence of underlying diabetes mellitus, liver cirrhosis, continuous use of proton pump inhibitors, and immunocompromised state. Fever and abdominal pain are the typical clinical symptoms of a liver abscess. Other common symptoms include nausea, vomiting, malaise, and chills. Tachycardia, right upper quadrant tenderness, and hepatomegaly are common examination findings. USG of the abdomen is performed in all suspected cases of liver abscess and has a sensitivity of 85%. Small abscesses, less than 3 to 4 cm, can be managed with antibiotics. Percutaneous drainage can be done either by single-time needle aspiration or catheter drainage.


Summary We have been unable to confirm the report of Karady that guinea pigs can be sensitized anaphylactically to heat or cold by heating or chilling their limbs. We were also unable to confirm Karady's report that guinea pigs can be sensitized to heated or chilled guinea pig serum.


While a tradition of cross-fertilization between media studies and discourse theory has sprung up over the last decades, audience reception studies have remained outside the scope of discourse-theoretical media scholars. This article fills that gap and asserts that combining the discourse theory of Laclau and Mouffe (further developed by the Essex School) with reception studies provides a valuable and original approach that enhances scholars' understanding of the complex and versatile ways in which individuals engage with the ideological systems of meaning put to work in media texts. The discourse-theoretical approach insists on regarding audience reception as the meaning-making practice where discourses are used, negotiated, and contested in shaping personal narratives around media texts, all against the backdrop of a contingent social reality. A case study focusing on audience receptions of Belgian media representations of euthanasia illustrates the applicability and value of the discourse-theoretical approach. The analysis shows how audiences, while being highly familiarized with the right to die project, shift between different logics of identifying with the discourses of patient autonomy, independence, and hedonism activated in the media texts, depending on the capability of these discourses in providing the material for people to make sense of lived experiences.


An optical recording medium having an information layer with a reflective film, the reflective film is formed of an information recording carrying the information to change the physical shape of at least two directions in one direction or the thickness direction of the light in the track width direction is configured on the substrate portion of the reflective film by thermal recording method 3, when the unrecorded state is configured reproducing light reflectance of R


Liming has been widely used to decrease soil acidity, but its effects on soil nitrogen (N) availability and microbial processes in sugarcane fields are largely unknown. Adjacent sugarcane soils at 26 months after liming (26ML), 14 months after liming (14ML) and with no lime amendment (CK) in Bundaberg, Australia, were selected to investigate the effect of liming on soil N bioavailability and microbial activity in a long-term subtropical sugarcane cropping system. Liming in both 14ML and 26ML treatments significantly increased soil pH (by 1.2–1.4 units) and exchangeable Ca2+ (>2-fold) compared with the CK treatment. The lower concentrations of hot water extractable organic carbon (C) and total N and ammonium-N in the 14ML, compared with the CK and 26ML treatments, can be attributed to the absence of trash blanket placement in the former. Enhanced microbial immobilisation due to improved soil pH by liming (14ML and 26ML treatments) led to increased soil microbial biomass C and N, particularly in the presence of a trash blanket (26 ML treatment), but decreased soil respiration and metabolic quotient indicated that acidic stress conditions were alleviated in the liming treatments. Soil pH was the main factor governing soil enzyme activities, with an overall decrease in all enzyme activities in response to liming. Overall, liming and trash blanket practices improved sugarcane soil fertility. Further study is warranted to investigate the shifts in soil microbial community composition and the diversity and abundance of N-associated functional genes in response to liming in sugarcane fields.


Ireland looms large in modern witchcraft traditions, but has received little scholarly attention in witchcraft studies, in part because it saw relatively few trials. Andrew Sneddon's Witchcraft and Magic in Ireland fills in some important gaps in our understanding of witchcraft beliefs and trials since the sixteenth century. Its most important contributions lie in its careful consideration of varying attitudes towards witchcraft and its prosecution among Ireland's three main religious denominations, Catholic, Church of Ireland, and Presbyterian. Sneddon here builds on his previous studies of Bishop Francis Hutchinson, "the only eighteenth-century English witchcraft sceptic living in Ireland in the 1720s and 1730s," and the 1711 Islandmagee trial, which his 2013 book title proclaims "Ireland's only Mass Witchcraft Trial" (106). He skillfully argues that English and Scottish settlers brought their home countries' witchcraft beliefs with them to Ireland and deeply feared malefic witchcraft until the mid-eighteenth century, by which time Protestants had come to regard themselves as "polite, rational, and enlightened" and witchcraft allegations as "self-evidently irrational and ridiculous" (123), something they imputed more to ignorant and superstitious Catholics. Yet, as Sneddon and others note, Ireland's Catholics were far less likely to accuse people of witchcraft than were its Protestants. Sneddon explains this as arising from Irish Catholics' "more benign, culturally-specific witch figure [who] was not threatening enough to warrant legal proceedings" (146). They saw witches primarily as butter-thieves who "were easily combatted by religious, magical, or ritualistic means, and consequently they posed a minimal economic and social threat to their communities" (54). In addition, fairy beliefs offered Irish Catholics a more compelling explanation for mysterious misfortune than did witchcraft allegations. Both Catholics and Protestants, however, continued to believe in the power of "cunning-folk," magical practitioners who could heal and help counter supernatural afflictions of people and property, especially crops and animals, and Sneddon ably integrates attitudes toward and allegations against such individuals into his analysis. He also diligently considers scholarship on witchcraft in Ireland since the sixteenth century, especially works by St. John Seymour, Raymond Gillespie, Ronald Hutton, and Elwyn Lapoint, and carefully contextualizes Irish developments with those occurring in England and Scotland. Yet, while Sneddon's Witchcraft and Magic in Ireland fills some significant gaps, it also creates new ones, especially if it becomes the standard study of


A synthesis of cis-3-aryl-3a,8b-dihydro-3a,8b-dihydroxy-1-phenylindeno[1,2-c]pyrazol-4(1H)-ones in good yields from the sequential reaction between benzaldehydes, phenylhydrazine, and indan-1,2,3-trione in MeCN is described (Scheme 1).


Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (AR) is the most common IgE-mediated disease. A type2 immune response is involved in AR pathogenesis. Allergic inflammation is characterized by eosinophilic infiltrate and mediators release. AR treatment is usually based on medication prescription, including antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids. However, medications may be prescribed for long periods and sometimes may be scarcely effective, thus aggressive strategy should be used. Therefore, complementary medicine is becoming attractive for patients at present. Nutraceuticals represent interesting therapeutic options in clinical practice. In this regard, a new compound has been designed containing Vitamin D3, Perilla extract, and quercetin. (www.actabiomedica.it)


Abstract We give four examples of theories in which Kreisel's Conjecture is false: (1) the theory PA(-) obtained by adding a function symbol minus, '—', to the language of PA, and the axiom ∀x∀y∀z (x − y = z) ≡ (x = y + z ∨ (x < y ∧ z = 0)); (2) the theory L of integers; (3) the theory PA(q) obtained by adding a function symbol q (of arity ≥ 1) to PA, assuming nothing about q; (4) the theory PA(N) containing a unary predicate N(x) meaning 'x is a natural number'. In Section 6 we suggest a counterexample to the so called Sharpened Kreisel's Conjecture.


A stereoselective three-component coupling reaction of allylzinc bromide, silyl glyoxylate, and a β-lactone has been developed. This has been successfully applied to the enantio- and diastereoselective synthesis of the fully functionalized furopyran moiety of azadirachtins.


Abstract : The Optimal Control of a Linear System which is disturbed by white (or Linear Markov) additive noise is discussed. The state of the system cannot be measured directly, but is corrupted by additive white (or Linear Markov) noise. The Cost Function used is quadratic. It is proved that the Optimal Controller is a linear function of the observations only if both noises are Gaussian. This implies that the minimal cost of controlling this system, when subjected to Gaussian noise, is strictly higher than when subjected to any non-Gaussian noise, which has the same second order properties as the Gaussian. Besides this proof, Kalman's Best Linear Optimal Controller is extended to a Polynomial Controller. This controller retains the same features as Kalman's Best Linear Controller; namely, only the first few moments of the Best Estimate must be updated as the process evolves. While the Optimal Linear Controller requires the updating of only the mean and the variance, the n-th order Polynomial Controller requires the updating of the 2n first moments. These results can also be applied to Optimal Filtering. (Author)


The invention discloses an application of a composition packet in preparing food, medicines, health care products and nutrition for improving and treating human Prader-Willi syndrome. The composition packet includes the following compositions each of which is in a uniform dose unit form convenient for dose administration, and each dose unit form is a single-dose physical dispersing unit, wherein the first composition consists of coix seeds, oats, buckwheat, semen lablab album, yellow corn, semen phaseoli, soybeans, rhizoma dioscoreae, fructus ziziphi jujubae, peanuts, lotus seeds and fruits of Chinese wolfberry; the first composition can also consist of rye, wheat, quinoa and hulless barley; the second composition consists of fructus momordicae charantiae, soluble dietary fibers and oligosaccharide; and the third composition consists of soluble dietary fibers and oligosaccharide. By reasonably adjusting the diet nutrition of patients with the human Prader-Willi syndrome, the purposes of relieving, removing, remedying, preventing or improving the symptoms of the human Prader-Willi syndrome and recovering health can be achieved.


The possible destruction of β-carotene during the oxidation of sulfur (IV) oxospecies in heterogeneous systems as well as carrots was investigated. The results showed that unlike similar reactions earlier reported in homogeneous systems, the oxidation of sulfur (IV) had no significant oxidative effect under these conditions. This was attributed to minimal interaction between the aqueous medium containing sulfur (IV) oxoanions and the carotenoid.


Abstract Effects of boron and lanthanum on the impurity iron in aluminium melt with 0·12 wt-% and 0·78 wt-% Fe were studied. The Al melts were held for enough time at 720°C with the addition of La, B, or both of La and B. La or B had no effects on the iron phases in purity aluminium when they were added solely. Only AlB2 phases formed after the addition of boron in the Al melts at 720°C, and precipitated to the bottom. AlB2 and Al–Fe phases were found after solidification. No phases formed with the addition of lanthanum in Al melt at 720°C, only α-Al11La3 and Al–Fe phases formed in aluminium samples after solidification. LaB6 formed in the Al melt at 720°C and settled down to the bottom of melt with the addition of La and B. LaB6 showed 3–5 at-% solubility for Fe when the initial Fe content was 0·78 wt-%, which caused iron content slightly decreased to 0·76 wt-%. However, LaB6 did not dissolve Fe atoms when the Fe content was as low as 0·15 wt-%.


The project deals with the stress analysis of four bar mechanisms of the trolley-cum-wheelchair. The four bar mechanisms has four links of which the first link is called as fixed link and the second ink is called as crank and third link is called as coupler and follower is the fourth link. By changing the angle between two rest of trolley-cum-wheelchair the various stresses such as the maximum shear stress and bending stress and maximum principal stress and deformation on each link of four bar mechanism is determined. The ANSYS results on the each link of four bar mechanisms are compared with the analytical calculation of four bar mechanism and verified. The models of trolley-cum-wheelchair are prepared in NX-6CAD software. These models is exported to opened in the ANSYS14 workbench software and FE analysis is made. FE values are compared with the analytical calculation done using the principle of free body diagram and the forces and stress are verified.


[Objective] The aim was to research the endogenous pollution intensity of the East Taihu Lake.[Method] The effects were analysed on the release of nitrogen and phosphorus from sediment of the east Taihu for the environmental factors,such as dissolved oxygen,water temperature and the flow by laboratory simulation experiments.[Result] The results showed that the nitrogen,phosphorus concentrations of the overlying water were increased linearly with time in different dissolved oxygen(DO) and water temperature conditions.When dissolved oxygen in the concentration of 3.0,5.5,8.0 mg/L,the average release rate of nitrogen accordingly reached 443,239,153 mg/(m2×day),the average release rate of phosphorus reached 33.2,17.8,12.1 mg/(m2×day).When the water temperature were in 15,25,35 ℃,the average release rate of nitrogen respectively reached 81、169、301 mg/(m2×day),the average release rate of phosphorus reached 8.7、15.8、19.3 mg/(m2×day);When the flow rate was different,nitrogen,phosphorus concentrations of the overlying water would increase linearly with time and tended to be in balance after 120 hours;When the water flow at the rate of 0.02,0.04,0.08 m/s,the average release rate of nitrogen were 45,78,161 mg/(m2×day) in 96 hours,the average release rate of phosphorus were 1.8,7.5,16.8 mg/(m2×day) in 96 hours.[Conclusion]The Nitrogen,phosphorus release rates from the sediment increased with the dissolved oxygen reducing,water temperature and flow increasing and the effect of the dissolved oxygen was the greatest.


The physical properties of the reservoir fluids are required for various applications, such as reservoir performance optimization, field development, and modeling of the numerous enhanced oil recovery processes. Some correlations have been developed that can predict the properties of the reservoir fluids. However, most of these correlations do not accurately predict the physical properties of the heavy oil. This study uses three approaches to develop new correlations for the calculation of the dead oil viscosity: statistical analysis, artificial neural networks, and three-dimensional modeling. The results indicate that the developed correlations in this study for prediction of the heavy oil viscosity outperform the previously developed correlations. Moreover, the statistical analysis is performed to develop new correlations for prediction of the bubble point pressure and the formation volume factor. The results of these correlations are in good agreement with the experimental values. Finally, recommendations are provided regarding the suitability of each approach for different applications.


cal data from the patients. For clinicians, we believe that our conclusion would add doubt concerning the value of RLUs. Therefore, we referenced the studies of Bae et al. and Castle et al. to explain the role of RLUs. Bae et al. reported that patients with high RLU/ CO values have a low negative conversion rate compared with patients with low RLU/CO cases. Castle et al. demonstrated that a positive hrHPV test identifies not only prevalent CIN but also the persistence of HPV infections and future disease developments. Thus, we suggest that a significant correlation with the severity of cervical lesions but a large overlap of viral loads between CIN grades could be as a result of the characteristics of the HPV viral loads. In conclusion, HPV viral loads expressed as RLU values are a very important predictor of the severity of cervical lesions in patients with ASC-US. However, RLU values should not be considered a diagnostic tool of cervical disease for patients. To determine more accurate cut-off values, a longerterm follow-up and investigating newly detected patients with cervical disease is needed.


Bird community is an important environmental index, and the conservation of urban birds is also an important component of natural conservation and ecological construction of a city. During Oct,1997 to Dec,1998, the species number and abundance of the bird communities among 20 woodlots in Hangzhou city area were surveyed one or two times every month according to different seasons. 82 species were record. Among them, 50 were migrant, accounting for 61% of total avifauna and 32 permanent residents, accounting for 39%. The bird community structure and seasonal variation were analyzed. The results showed that the bird community structures changed greatly between seasons. The species number and abundance in all woodlots appeared two peaks in spring and autumn, the lowest in summer. According to individual woodlot, the species number of bird community in most of woodlots got the peak in winter. The abundance of bird in each woodlot fluctuated between seasons.


A novel low-profile wideband dual-circularly polarized metasurface antenna based on a traveling-wave sequential feeding mechanism is proposed. It consists of 4 × 4 rectangle metasurface cells and is excited by a simple two-port traveling-wave feeding network, which includes four rotated Z-shaped slots etched on the ground and a ring feeding line, to provide stable sequential phases of 0°, 90°, 180°, 270° for realizing dual-circular polarizations. By changing the width of four Z-shaped slots, the equal amplitude of two orthogonal electric fields can be achieved and good right- and left-handed circular polarization (RHCP, LHCP) can be realized accordingly in a wideband. Moreover, a metasurface is utilized as a radiator to improve the impedance bandwidth (IMBW) as well as radiation performance. For demonstration, one prototype with an overall size of 0.88λ0 × 0.88λ0 × 0.06λ0 centered at 5.3 GHz is fabricated and measured. The measured results show that the proposed low-profile antenna realizes a large 10-dB IMBW of 38.4% (4.33–6.39 GHz) and 46.6% (6.17–6.70 GHz), 3-dB axial-ratio bandwidth of 38.4% and 39.3%, respectively, for RHCP and LHCP states. In addition, the polarization isolation is over 12 dB in the entire band of interest.


An extensive finite-element parametric study developed a chart giving lateral-distribution factors for the fatigue design of steel highway bridges. The chart gives conservative upper-limit factors for interior and exterior beams. The factor for interior beams is 0.5. The factor for exterior beams varies with the distance from the beam to the outer traffic lane and reaches a value of 0.9 when the center of the lane is directly over the beam. These upper-limit values can be used to make an initial fatigue check. If this check is satisfactory, as it would be in many cases, no further check is required. Otherwise, a second check can be made by using a more precise criterion that depends on the beam span and moment of inertia. The factors from the chart are generally much less than the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) factors. Lateral-distribution factors were calculated from field measurements on 21 steel bridges. The factors ranged from 0.20–0.52 and were in good agreement with factors from the lateral-distribution chart.


This is a aground simple lift device for jam release of pipeline in oil well. The device has such merits as great power of lift, convenience and safety for use. Small service group with such device can service more works of well repair. This paper briefly introduces character, techno-target and theory of model 160 hydraulic lifter. Furthermore, this paper also analyzes the device's reliability by inspection of jar intension, stabilization of noumenon and cut intension of top girder.


The aims of this research is to know about validity of beta in the CAPM model,
three factor of Fama and French model, and four factor of Carhart model. Sampel
Period starts on January 2005 to December 2007. Sampel consist of 26 firms which
always selected in LQ-45 Jakarta stock exchange. This paper use simple regression
and multiple regression. Using three model analysis which are CAPM model, three
factor Fama and French model, and four factor Carhart model, this paper also use
cross sectional regression.
The findings imply that beta is significant in cross sectional regression for three
model research. Based on the findings of this paper, its suggested for investor to catch
risk factor beta to predict individual stock return.


HPLC was used to determine tetracycline and its impurities and separated them completely. The average recovery was 99.93%, the RSD was 0.7%. This method is simple, sensitive, accurate and reproducible.


It is widely presumed that in addition to CD14, other molecules are necessary for lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cell activation. In order to shed light on some of the biological and biochemical properties of these molecules, we examined the LPS responsiveness of CD14-negative, ST2 cells. Although ST2 cells do not express CD14 mRNA, they, nonetheless, expressed IL-6 mRNA and synthesized IL-6 protein when incubated with LPS in serum-free medium (i.e. without soluble CD14). Paxlitacel (Taxol™) also induced IL-6 mRNA expression in ST2 cells, while Rhodobacter sphaeroides diphoshoryl lipid A (RsDPLA) inhibited both LPS- and Taxol-induced expression of IL-6 mRNA. Collectively, these data suggest that LPS, RsDPLA, and Taxol all recognize the same receptor complex on ST2 cells and do not require the participation of CD14. In addition, using antibody raised against the ST2 cell membrane fraction, we detected a set of LPS-specific membrane antigens in murine peritoneal macrophages, including two designated p57 (57 kDa) and p53 (53 kDa). There was no qualitative difference in the expression of p57 and p53 in LPS-responsive, C3H/HeN and LPS-hyporesponsive, C3H/HeJ macrophages. However, after stimulating the macrophages with LPS or Taxol, expression of p57 and p53 was diminished in C3H/HeN macrophages, but not in C3H/HeJ macrophages. Phorbol ester (PMA) and A23187 calcium ionophore did not suppress p57 or p53 expression, and the lipid A precursor, PE406, did not bind to either protein. Thus, p57 and p53 may play important roles in LPS-evoked responses, but they do not appear to serve as LPS receptors.


Pedestrians have a right to use sidewalks and crosswalks and drivers have a right to drive through the road safely. Crosswalks are the conflict areas between vehicles and pedestrians. Most of the road collision fatalities are involved with pedestrians on crosswalks. Although a great deal of research has been done to prevent the crashes between vehicles and pedestrians, still pedestrian fatalities account for about 12 percent of all traffic fatalities (1). In 1991, after a pedestrian fatal collision at a crosswalk, the victim's friend invented the new alternative of flashing lights to be installed on the pavement along the crosswalk to warn drivers approaching the crosswalk. In general drivers pay attention more to the flashing beacons that do not constantly flash. Flashing warning lights are good solution for the crossings around school locations that are not close to signalized intersections and for the locations with high elderly population. The system may also be a great tool for downtown areas or mid-block crossings at high pedestrian volume locations. The lights can be activated by different methods such as push buttons, ultrasonic detectors, video imaging, and bollards with infrared beams. Various types of in-pavement flashers in shape, color and functionality are in the market. In this study different issues of the in-pavement flashing warning light systems have been reviewed in terms of the engineering studies, standardization, reliability, installation and maintenance, climate, effectiveness, and warrants. Advantages and disadvantages of using this new system have also been reviewed.


Based on the practice of Nanfeng Forum of Foshan Library,the article introduces the innovations about the ideas,system,contents,style,methods and exploitation of public lecture in public libraries.It demonstrates the new exploration on developing the lecture service of Foshan Library.


Reviews theoretical and experimental studies of superconductor-light interactions with the emphasis on the electrical response of high critical temperature superconductors to optical radiation, especially in the visible light and infrared wavelength range.


Present U.S. privacy law is predominantly based on the ideals of individual control, autonomy, and liberty from governmental intrusion, despite the fact that its inspiration was an idea grounded on the importance of protecting human dignity and an "inviolate personality." On the other hand, Europe has predominantly taken the position that privacy protects human dignity and fosters personal relationships. This view also promotes individual autonomy, although it does so in a different fashion and – as this paper suggests – perhaps to a greater extent. Privacy laws based on the right to a private life, such as those generally found in European jurisdictions, more accurately reflect the realities of the digital age and properly protect individual privacy online. In combination, protecting autonomy through principles based on human dignity and recognizing that reasonable expectations can have their place in the context of online communities and digital communication – albeit often mediated and less private than some forms of offline communication – would result in more effective individual safeguards and more satisfactory results. Recent decisions of the European Court of Human Rights have laid the theoretical groundwork required for heightened protection of human dignity in these online environments.


Caenorhabditis elegans is a free‐living animal that is used as a powerful experimental model in biological sciences. The natural habitat of the animal are areas rich in material from rotting plants or fruits being decomposed by a growing number of microorganisms. The ecology of the natural habitat of C. elegans is a complex interactive network involving many species, including numerous types of bacteria, viruses, fungi, slugs, snails, and isopods, among which bacteria play multifaceted roles in the natural history of C. elegans. Under laboratory conditions, C. elegans is routinely cultured in a petri dish filled with solidified agar and seeded with Escherichia coli strain OP50, the latter offering an alternative model to study the interaction between bacteria and host. Because of the clear advantages of generating specific bacterial foods for mechanistic studies in C. elegans, it is important to develop a robust protocol to generate high‐quality bacterial foods commensurate with experimental requirements. Based on previous work by us and others, herein we present a protocol on how to generate these optimal bacterial food–based research tools. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


The robust control for linear servo system with uncertainty is presented. A three-loop system is constructed for a vector control permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM). In the speed-loop and current-loop, an IP controller and a state feedback controller are used for high accuracy and rapid tracking and to restrain disturbance. To keep desirable performance for all permitted parameter uncertainty the optimal state feedback controller is designed with the method of guaranteed cost control. The simulation experiments are done in two bad cases. The comparison between the proposed method and the conventional control methods and the simulation results show that the linear servo system with the proposed method can satisfy performance robustness, and guarantee a better performance for restraint disturbance and tracking of input signal for parameter uncertainty.


Dianne Cyr reflects on her time as a faculty member in the Management and Technology stream at TechBC: her experience being recruited to TechBC, what made it an attractive place to work, and why she enjoyed working there despite the intense workload. She also discusses what set TechBC apart: its student and faculty recruitment strategies, development of online learning modules, pedagogical approaches, and lack of tenure. Finally, she describes how news of TechBC's closure was communicated to the community, what the transition process was like for faculty members moving into tenure track positions at SFU, and the lasting impact that TechBC has had on SFU.


In the mid-1960s, ethnicity took on increased significance for many white Americans having recent immigrant origins in Europe, largely but not wholly in response to the ongoing black freedom struggle. In a wide-ranging and continually provocative survey of this phenomenon, Matthew Frye Jacobson completely recasts our previous understandings of the so-called "white ethnic revival" insofar as its scope, content, timing, and significance.' Contradicting many contemporary observers who assumed the ethnic upsurge was merely a last gasp before assimilation, Jacobson forcefully argues that the revival has continued into our present day, bolstering this contention with a dizzying variety of examples from the realms of cultural production and politics. The result has been a thoroughgoing reformulation of white identity in the post-civil rights era-its touchstone moving, in his words, from Plymouth Rock to Ellis Island. Going even further, Jacobson ventures, "The ethnic revival recast American nationality, and it continues to color our judgment about who 'we' Americans are and who 'they' outside the 'we the people' are, too" (p. 8). Roots Too: White Ethnic Revival in Post-Civil Rights America is cultural and intellectual history par excellence and functions nicely in dialogue with Jacobson's previous works on earlier European immigrant generations.2 It also rides the crest of interest in the history of white identity and racialized power in the United States that has mounted since the 1990s. Roots Too is an outstanding and original book. However-like those critics of "whiteness studies" who have leveled complaints about fragmentary and too-broadlyconstrued evidence3-social, urban, and local historians may come away from Jacobson's work incompletely satisfied. While he irrefutably establishes that the revival of interest in ethnicity took place not only at the individual level of "psychic interiors," but also at the level of national political dialogue and mass-media distribution, Jacobson completely overlooks how the revival played out in-between, at the ethnic neighborhood and community level (p. 19). While such a perspective might not significantly challenge his


The relevance of the topic is due to the radicalization of the feminist movement in the global multicultural world, which is reflected in philosophical and literary reflection. The aim of the study is to reveal the socio-cultural and literary dimensions of feminist discourse through the prism of transcultural and decolonization projects. Research materials: original English-language texts of cultural and social studies, ancient sacred texts in Sanskrit in English translations, Russian-language philosophical, sociological, political science, psychoanalytic, philological and cultural studies. Research methods: dialectical, concrete-historical, phenomenological-hermeneutic, semiotic, comparative, structuralistic, psychoanalytic, deconstructivistic. Research results: demonstration of the evolution of feminism from class (Marxist) to culturalist (neoliberal) through its three historical waves with literary examples. The conclusion of the study is the shift of feminist ideals from the pattern of cathartic emancipation through gender equality to the pattern of pragmatic pleasure through gender superiority based on the theory of difference and privilege and the politics of protectionism and identity.


Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Whether this risk arises from a deficient function of E4 or the lack of protection provided by E2 ir E3 is unclear. Previous studies demonstrate that deprivation of folate and vitamin E, coupled with dietary iron as a pro‐oxidant, for 1 month displayed increased presenilin 1 (PS‐1) expression, gamma‐secretase, and Abeta generation in mice lacking ApoE (ApoE−/− mice). While ApoE−/− mice are a model for ApoE deficiency, they may not reflect the entire range of consequences of E4 expression. We therefore compared herein the impact of the above deficient diet on mice expressing human E2, E3, or E4. As folate deficiency is accompanied by a decrease in the major methyl donor, S‐adenosyl methionine (SAM), additional mice received the deficient diet plus SAM. E2 was more protective than murine ApoE or E3 and E4. Surprisingly, PS‐1 and gamma‐secretase were over‐expressed in E3 to the same extent as in E4 even under a complete diet, and were not alleviated by SAM supplementation. Abeta increased only in E4 mice maintained under the complete diet, and was alleviated by SAM supplementation. These findings suggest dietary compromise can potentiate latent risk factors for AD.


We report and discuss how gold nanoparticles were synthesized by the reduction of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(III) trihydrate by sodium citrate in the presence of unmodified α-cyclodextrin (CD), β-CD, and γ-CD. Gold nanoparticles were immobilized on poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride (PDDA) modified glass slides to enable AFM measurements. The particle size was dependent upon the type and concentration of cyclodextrin used as well as the sodium citrate concentration. An increase in the cyclodextrin concentration effected a shift of the particle size range from 12−15 to 4−6 nm with uniform particle size distribution. The homogeneity of the synthesized gold nanoparticles was also evident from transmission electron micrographs (TEMs). Synthesis of gold nanoparticles by the reduction of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(III) trihydrate by sodium borohydride in the presence of cyclodextrins also reduced the particle size from 6−8 to 2−4 nm. The consecutive particle growth due to the mutual coalescence between nano...


Cameroonian economic policy from 1988 restructured the financial sector towards a greater Financial Intermediation (FI). This article seeks to understand the nature of the link between FI and Economic Growth. In order to acheive this main objective, the relationship between FI components and economic growth measured by GNP per capita is modeled by a Vector Auto Regression model using secondary data for the period 1977 to 2006. The study shows no causal effect between FI and growth and vice versa. This could be explained by the restructuring of the banking system, bank overliquidity, Micro Finance Establishment's instability and the poor growth environment. Thus banks and Micro Finance Establishments (MFE) might consolidate their management system in order to ensure their credibility as well as their continuity. The Banking Commission of Central Africa (COBAC) and the Cameroonian government should intensify the process of the stabilization of the micro finance sector and create a credible financial market.


telluric acid have been reported in the literature. Probably the most widely used preparation is that of Mathers and co-workers, which is based on the action of potassium permanganate in an acid medium'6'. This method gives a very good yield of the crude product, but the impurities which are inherent in the preparation must be eliminated by repeated recrystallization from concentrated nitric acid solution. The method of Meyer and Franke'7' of oxidizing the free element with chloric acid, has given yields of ninety to ninety five percent. However, again the reaction products lead to a high concentration of impurities which must be eliminated.


The source of cosmic gamma-ray bursts (hereafter GRBs) is usually believed to be a stellar mass black hole accreting material from a thick disk. The mechanism for the production of a relativistic wind by such a system is still unknown. We investigate here one proposal where the disk energy is extracted by a magnetic field amplified to very large values B∼1015 G. Using some very simple assumptions we compute the mass loss rate along magnetic field lines and then estimate the Lorentz factor Γ at infinity. We find that Γ can reach high values only if severe constraints on the field geometry and the conditions of energy injection are satisfied. We discuss the results in the context of different scenarios for GRBs.


Article type: Original Article Background and purpose: Successful treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection causes not only eradication of pathogen, but also prevents the associated diseases such as peptic ulcer, gastric carcinoma and lymphoma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 7 days triple therapy as a lowest drug resistance, shortest duration and fewer numbers of drugs in children. Materials and Method: The target population was 22 children <15 years with peptic disease complaints. The inclusion criteria were: positive endoscopic finding, inflammatory evidence in gastric biopsy and presence of Helicobacter pylori in gastric mucosa. Two pieces from incisura and body of gastric mucosa were taken and stained with Gimsa. Helicobacter pylori positive patients were treated with omeprazole, clarithromycin and amoxicillin for 7 days. One month later, all cases were evaluated by repeated endoscopy or Urea Breath Test and H pylori eradication were assessed. Data was gathered and analyzed with SPSS software, and McNamara's and Chi-Square test were performed. Results: Nineteen patients were studied including twelve boys, 26.3% 2-6 years and the rest older than 6 years. The most common clinical presentations and endoscopic findings were chronic abdominal pain (74%) and nodularity (47.4%), respectively. The per-protocol and intention-to-treat H. pylori eradication rates were 84.2% and 76%, respectively in seven days triple therapy regimen. Conclusion: Seven days triple therapy successfully eradicated H pylori


This study aims to find out and compare whether or not there are differences between sustainability performance, financial performance, and company value before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic. This research examines mining sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2018-2021. Sampling was carried out using the purposive sampling method and obtained from five companies. The data used in this research is secondary data. The sustainability performance variable is obtained from the SRDI calculation results, the financial performance variable is obtained using Return on Assets (ROA), and the company value variable is obtained using the Price Earning Ratio (PER). The normality test in this study used the One-Sample Kolmogorov Smirnov Test method and it was concluded that the SRDI data were normally distributed so the Independent Sample T-Test was used, while the ROA and PER data were not normally distributed so the Mann Whitney Test nonparametric different test was used. The results of the study found that there were no significant differences in the variables: sustainability performance (SRDI), financial performance (ROA), and company value Price (PER) before and during the COVID19 Pandemic.


On 27 May 2016, the Florence School of Regulation Communications and Media (FSR C&M) held its seventh Annual Conference. Following the adoption of the new Digital Agenda by the European Commission in May 2015, the event sought to look at 'Europe and the Others' to discuss whether the European Union has put in place the correct policies so as to seize the opportunities offered by the digital economy. The Conference was divided into three sessions, which dealt respectively with (i) experiences of other jurisdictions and the lessons to be drawn with respect to broadband deployment, the use of mobile technologies and data protection in the online world; (ii) risks and opportunities facing the European electronic communications sector in the near future and insights for reshaping and modernising European regulation; and (iii) challenges related to the Internet of Things (IoT) and online platforms.


Graphene-on-silcon nitride (Si3N4) microring resonators were theoretically optimized and experimentally demonstrated to enhance their absorption. The original absorption of 25 dB/mm in a graphene-on-Si3N4 straight waveguide was significantly enhanced through the resonator structure, offering a quality factor from ~28200 to ~3800 depending on the graphene length in the cavity. The result agrees well with theoretical calculations. The characterization study in this letter is useful in developing graphene-on-Si3N4 microring resonator structure for high-performance optical modulators and photodetectors.


The human displacement caused by adverse weather conditions is, and has been for a long time, a natural strategy to adapt to environmental changes. However, the frequency of natural disasters and the negative impact of climate change have increased significantly affecting a growing number of people. Internal and external tensions caused by large-scale displacements, conflicts generated by resource scarcity, increased spread of diseases and geopolitical reordering are among the consequences linked to this phenomenon. The case of the small island nations that will be submerged by the sea level rise is an extreme example that raises fascinating questions. This article aims at analyzing the links of climate change on the dynamics of migration and exploring legal and political implications and possible solutions, in particular, for the populations from small island nations.


A number of important issues raised by brazing technologies and recent wetting experiments with liquid metals on TiC and TiN are analyzed at the microscopic level, using first-principles density-functional computational experiments. The large variations of the wetting angles for Cu and Ag on TiC and TiN from experiment to experiment are connected of the relative contributions of different local atomic coordinations at the interface. The key factors in the structure dependence of Ag/Ti(C,N) interface energetics are identified, such as the varying number of the metal-C(N) bonds and the strength of metal-Ti bonding. Interface adhesion is shown to be improved by C(N) vacancies, in agreement with observed better wettability of hypostoichiometric carbides. Based on Al/Ti(C,N)(001) and Ti/Ti(C,N)(001) simulations, the effects of Ti and Al interface segregation in the metal melt are estimated. The metal-C(N) bonding across the Cu,Ag,Au/Ti(C,N)(001) interfaces is similar to the metal-enhanced covalent bonding previously reported for Co/Ti(C,N)(001) and Co/WC(001). The systematics of the calculated work of separation correlates well with the noticeable variations of the charge-density values at the interface metal-C(N) bonds.


In this paper, we examine the optimal investment policy of the firm which is financed by issuing equity, straight debt and convertible debt. We extend the model in Mauer and Sarkar (2005) over financing with convertible debt. We examine two different investment policies that maximize the equity value and the firm value and show the agency cost as the difference between each policy value. Furthermore, we investigate how the issuance of convertible debt affects investment.


Time division multiple access (TDMA) is a channel access method for shared medium networks. It allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. The users transmit in rapid succession, one after the other, each using its own time slot. Here, we propose a solution to the scheduling problem in clustered wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The objective is to provide network-wide optimized time division multiple access (TDMA) schedules that can achieve high power efficiency, zero conflict and reduced end-to-end delay. To achieve this objective, we first build a nonlinear cross-layer optimization model involving the network, medium access control (MAC), and physical layers, which aims at reducing the overall energy consumption. The study solves the problem by transforming the model into two simpler sub problems. Based on the network-wide flow distribution calculated from the optimization model and transmission power on every link, we then propose an algorithm for deriving the TDMA schedules, utilizing the slot reuse concept to achieve minimum TDMA frame length. Numerical results reveal that our proposed solution reduces the energy consumption and delay significantly, while simultaneously satisfying a specified reliability objective.


Cytokines and other immune regulatory molecules are critical players in the immune response against cancer. There is growing interest in testing the potential utility of systemic immune biomarkers to track cancer progression and to use them as predictors of effective responses to cancer therapy. The central hypothesis guiding this project is that specific immune biomarkers will serve as predictors of effective vs. ineffective immunotherapy in patients with malignant diseases. The objective of this study was to establish baseline of immune markers in patients already started treatment with immunotherapy (n=10) (T), patients starting, but not yet treated (S) with immunotherapy (n=10) and subjects without diagnosed malignant disease (W) (n=10). Blood was collected and plasma was isolated and used in the biomarker (100 markers) analysis using a protein microarray method (RayBiotech). The biomarkers in the three groups were analyzed by Principal Component Analysis, heat map with clustering, and differential expression based on p value, and Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM). Although 15 biomarkers were significantly different between S vs. W groups, based on SAM, only seven were found differentially expressed. Similarly, although 10 biomarkers were significantly different between T vs. W groups, based on SAM, only one biomarker was found differentially expressed. Furthermore, SAM revealed that responders (n=4) vs. stable (n=5) subgroup of patients within the T group exhibited 22 differentially expressed biomarkers. Future larger studies will be needed to evaluate whether immune markers will be able to predict effective vs. ineffective responses to immunotherapy and whether they may have therapeutic potential.


Two algorithms to handle the problem include greedy algorithms and dynamic programming. Because of their simplicity, intuitiveness, and great efficiency in addressing problems, they are frequently employed in a variety of circumstances. The connection and difference of the two algorithms are compared by introducing the essential ideas of the two algorithms. The knapsack problem is a classic problem in computer science. In the application of solving the backpack problem, greedy algorithm is faster, but the resulting solution is not always optimal; dynamic programming results in an optimal solution, but the solving speed is slower. The research compares the application properties and application scope of the two strategies, with the greedy approach being the better approach in solving the knapsack problem.


Since the Kyung-eui Railway Reconstruction Project has begun (2000.9.18) as agreed upon by North and South Korea, interest in the Eurasian...


1 G.729A Basics 2 1.1 Encoder Differences Between G.729A and G.729 .2 1.2 Decoder Differences Between G.729A and G729 ..3 1.3 Data Table Differences Between G.729A and G729 .................................................................4 1.4 Processing Load Estimation ....................................4 2 Implementation Methodology .................................5 2.1 Porting ITU G.729A Reference Code to the SC140 ................................................................6 2.2 Project-Level Optimizations ...................................6 2.3 Algorithmic Changes .............................................. 8 2.4 Function-Level C Optimizations ...........................10 2.5 Assembly Implementation ....................................10 3 Results ...................................................................12 4 Conclusions ...........................................................15 5 References .............................................................16 ITU-T G.729A Implementation on the StarCoreTM SC140/SC1400 Cores


A woman in her mid-40s presented to the emergency department after a fall with head trauma. During day 15 of admission, the patient had 3 episodes of torsade de pointes while taking 50 mg of oral metoprolol succinate daily. What would you do next?


This letter deals with adaptive array beamforming based on a minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) technique with robust capabilities for code-division multiple access signals. It has been shown that the MVDR beamformer suffers from the drawback of being very sensitive to pointing error over the eigenspace-based beamformers. For the purpose of efficient estimation and calibration, a highly efficient approach has been proposed that is implemented on polynomial rooting rather than spectral searching. However, this rooting method is suboptimal in the presence of the noise and multiple access interference (MAI). In this letter, we propose an improved polynomial rooting calibration method that is robust in both of the low signal-to-noise ratio and large MAI scenarios. Several computer simulations are provided for illustrating the effectiveness of the proposed method.


There are currently seven different classes of drugs available for lowering cholesterol levels. There are currently seven HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) approved for lowering cholesterol levels and they are the first line drugs for treating lipid disorders and can lower LDL-C levels by as much as 60%. Statins also are effective in reducing triglyceride levels in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Statins lower LDL levels by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase activity leading to decreases in hepatic cholesterol content resulting in an up-regulation of hepatic LDL receptors, which increases the clearance of LDL. The major side effects are muscle complications and an increased risk of diabetes. The different statins have varying drug interactions. Ezetimibe lowers LDL-C levels by approximately 20% by inhibiting cholesterol absorption by the intestines leading to the decreased delivery of cholesterol to the liver, a decrease in hepatic cholesterol content, and an up-regulation of hepatic LDL receptors. Ezetimibe is very useful as add on therapy when statin therapy is not sufficient or in statin intolerant patients. Ezetimibe has few side effects. Bile acid sequestrants lower LDL-C by10-30% by decreasing the absorption of bile acids in the intestine which decreases the bile acid pool consequently stimulating the synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol leading to a decrease in hepatic cholesterol content and an up-regulation of hepatic LDL receptors. Bile acid sequestrants can be difficult to use as they decrease the absorption of multiple drugs, may increase triglyceride levels, and cause constipation and other GI side effects. They do improve glycemic control in patients with diabetes, which is an additional benefit. PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies lower LDL-C by 50-60% by binding PCSK9, which decreases the degradation of LDL receptors. PCSK9 inhibitors also decrease Lp(a) levels. PCSK9 inhibitors are very useful when maximally tolerated statin therapy does not reduce LDL sufficiently and in statin intolerant patients. PCSK9 inhibitors have very few side effects. Bempedoic acid lowers LDL-C by 15-25% by inhibiting hepatic ATP citrate lyase activity resulting in a decrease in cholesterol synthesis in the liver, a decrease in hepatic cholesterol content, and an up-regulation of LDL receptors. Bempedoic acid is employed in patients who do not reach their LDL-C goals on maximally tolerated statin therapy or in patients who do not tolerate statins. Bempedoic acid is associated with elevations in uric acid levels and gouty attacks and with tendon ruptures. Mipomersen and lomitapide are approved for lowering LDL levels in patients with Homozygous Familiar Hypercholesterolemia. Mipomersen, which is no longer available, is a second-generation apolipoprotein anti-sense oligonucleotide that decreases apolipoprotein B synthesis resulting in a reduction in the formation and synthesis of VLDL. Lomitapide inhibits microsomal triglyceride transfer protein decreasing the formation of chylomicrons in the intestine and VLDL in the liver. Both mipomersen and lomitapide have the potential to cause liver toxicity and therefore they were approved with a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS) to reduce risk. For complete coverage of all related areas of Endocrinology, please visit our on-line FREE web-text, WWW.ENDOTEXT.ORG .


The binary adder is the critical element in most digital circuit designs including digital signal processors (DSP) and microprocessor data path units. As such, extensive research continues to be focused on improving the power delay performance of the adder. In VLSI implementations, parallel-prefix adders are known to have the best performance. Binary adders are one of the most essential logic elements within a digital system. In addition, binary adders are also helpful in units other than Arithmetic Logic Units (ALU), such as multipliers, dividers and memory addressing. Therefore, binary addition is essential that any improvement in binary addition can result in a performance boost for any computing system and, hence, help improve the performance of the entire system.RNS schemes can be easily implemented using Parallel-prefix adders (also known as carry-tree adders) are known to have the best performance in VLSI designs. A standard RNS is defined exclusively for positive integers. To accommodate negative integers, an implicit signed number system may be considered to be split into a positive half of the range and a negative half of the range. At the same time it is inconvenient to design applications by using these normal architectures. That's why the proposed design is developed. This paper investigates three types of carry-tree adders (the Kogge-Stone, sparse Kogge-Stone, and spanning tree adder) and compares them with the Brent kung adder and Ladner fischer. In this project Xilinx-ISE tool is used for simulation, logical verification, and further synthesizing.


Despite the demonstrable importance of small scale capitalism in contemporary industrial societies, sociologists still generally ignore its economic, social and ideological significance. However, it is now possible to bring together the main elements of a sociology of petit capitalism. Four areas are examined: the class analysis of the owners of small capital; the sociology of entrepreneurship; social relations in the enterprise; and the links between small capital and the wider society.


This report builds on a previous study that describes the collaboration between an urban academic medical center and a rural drug treatment center, the goal of which is to provide medication-based treatment to individuals with OUD via videoconferencing. We describe results of a retrospective chart review of 472 patients treated in the program between August 2015 and April 2019. We examined several demographic and substance use variables for individuals who consented to telemedicine treatment, retention in treatment over time, and opioid use over time to understand further the impact of prescribing buprenorphine and naltrexone via telemedicine to patients in a rural OUD treatment setting. Our findings support the effectiveness of prescribing medications via telemedicine. The inclusion of more than three times as many patients as in our prior report revealed retention rates and toxicology results that are comparable to face-to-face treatment. These findings have implications for policymakers and clinicians considering implementation of similar programs.


OBJECTIVE
This study was undertaken to evaluate the risks and benefits of single-layer uterine closure at cesarean delivery on the index and subsequent pregnancy.

STUDY DESIGN
A retrospective study of women delivered of their first live-born infants by primary low transverse cesarean delivery (1989-2001) and their subsequent pregnancy at our institution was performed.

RESULTS
Of 768 women studied, 267 had single-layer and 501 had double-layer uterine closures in the index pregnancy. Single-layer closure was associated with slightly decreased blood loss (646 vs 690 mL, P<.01), operative time (46 vs 52 minutes, P<.001), endometritis (13.5% vs 25.5%, P<.001), and postoperative stay (3.5 vs 4.1 days, P<.001). In the second pregnancy, prior single-layer closure was not associated with uterine rupture after a trial of labor (0% vs 1.2%, P=.30), or other maternal or infant morbidities. Prior single-layer closure was associated with increased uterine windows (3.5% vs 0.7%, P=.046) at subsequent cesarean delivery.

CONCLUSION
Single-layer uterine closure is associated with decreased infectious morbidity in the index surgery, but not uterine rupture or other adverse outcomes in the subsequent gestation.


The digital environment in which the interests of communicating and promoting brands is manifested, in a growing extent, exerts its influence on dynamic economic sectors, changing consumer habits but mainly affects how content is consumed in brand communities. This environment is still not a channel or ad format yet, forming a parallel reality, a complex system which is constantly changing. To enter and to remain here, brand owner organizations must approach communication, both in entertainment as well as in production and sales in a most pleasant and useful way for members of the communities they support. In this context, this paper consists in a qualitative research method; various sources of secondary information such as summaries of some events, analysis, case studies, etc. have been consulted accordingly.


Twitter is in deed the most sought after micro blogging site these days. It has had a great hand in voicing public opinion. The challenge lies in giving this voice a definition by extracting specific results so that we can head towards a better future keeping in mind the sentiments of the public. Although there have been many approaches to analyzing sentiments on Twitter but extremely few have been found which also consider region wise classification of the sentiment. The proposed work targets to use a novel approach which also considers region wise sentiments to give sentiment analysis a new platform. Also, recently in India there has been a drastic change due to demonetization of the economy. Our aim is to mine this data region wise and conclude whether region wise classification can give us more specific results or not.


The fragment-type appearance of two-dimensional barcodes provides the hint of embedding a fragment-type ultra-high frequency radio frequency identification (UHF RFID) tag into the barcode. In this reported work, genetic algorithm searching is used to select which modules in a quick response (QR) barcode should be metalised and connected to form the RFID tag antenna. The design is demonstrated by embedding a 915 MHz UHF RFID tag in a QR barcode label of dimensions 14.5 × 14.5 mm on a single-sided PCB.


In recent years,China financing leasing industry has greatly developed,but various reasons such as lack of social cognition and policy flexibility,middle and long-term fund problems,poor management,sales and marketing inefficiency,etc.have impeded the development of the industry in large scale,which has been lagged behind developed countries.The paper,based on the analysis of the above problems,puts forward strategy and suggestions on standardization of industry development and management,providing better service for micro and small enterprises,so as to enhance the steady and healthy development of economics in China.


Some intellectuals deserve scholarly attention as emblems or models. They represent something larger than themselves - a trend, an ideology, a school, an institution. Others, in contrast, stand out in their singularity of thought or method. They warrant equal consideration, but not necessarily for the broader developments they exemplify. Acclaimed as he is, Alain Corbin belongs in this second category. A scholar whose oeuvre springs from an intensely personal curiosity, Corbin is arguably the most idiosyncratic historian in France today. Over four decades, he has charted a course that is entirely his own. While awarding him the 2000 Grand prix Gobert, the Academie francaise aptly extolled a work that "boldly extends the limits of historical method."1 When NYU's Institute of French Studies decided to organize a conference around Alain Corbin (held in 2002), the first objective was accordingly to explore and engage his pioneering work in its idiosyncrasy. This special issue of French Politics , Culture & Society includes revised versions of the seven papers that touched most explicitly on the uniqueness of Corbin's work.2 Their authors make up a varied lot: they are French and American; historians, sociologists, and literary critics; senior scholars who worked alongside Corbin or read him from afar, as well as junior scholars who discovered the oeuvre of a mature historian. This diversity befits Corbin's multiple interests and dialogues. In the issue's first section ("Situating Alain Corbin")/ Dominique Kalifa and Emmanuelle Saada examine Corbin's work in its totality to trace its evolution, identify its motive forces, and situate it intellectually - within the French historical field (Kalifa) or vis-a-vis American academia (Saada). In the second section ("Culture and Politics"), contributors delineate the coherence and novelty of Corbin's history by examining its attention to women and sexuality (Michelle Perrot), its distinctive approach to politics (Christophe Pro


This article addresses commodification and privatization trends in Chile in the neoliberal era by anlyzing the discourses and arguments present in the current educational policies aimed at solving quality and socio-educational inequality problems. To this end, by means of Critical Discourse Analysis and Political Discourse Analysis, it explores the corpus of presidential enactments from 2008 to date to address. The results show arguments that, in loop effect, offer market solutions to the problems generated by decades of educational neoliberalism in Chile. Such arguments are discussed based not only on the sociolinguistic effects that neoliberal discourses have had on the educational debate but also on the need to demystify and confront neoliberal hegemony.


Why do different autocrats employ different propaganda strategies? We develop a theory of autocratic propaganda that builds on two insights. First, when autocrats confront electoral constraints, they must seek some popular support. To occasionally persuade citizens of their merits, autocrats must instruct their propaganda apparatuses build credibility by occasionally conceding policy failures. Second, where autocrats confront no electoral constraints – where autocrats fully secure themselves with repression – propaganda aims to intimidate citizens, not persuade. By broadcasting content that everyone knows is absurd, autocrats make their capacity for repression common knowledge among citizens. We test the theory with the first cross-national dataset of propaganda, encompassing over five million articles from 68 countries in six languages. Propaganda in electorally constrained autocracies, we find, is roughly as pro-regime as Fox News is pro-Republican. In the most repressive dictatorships, propaganda apparatuses are some five times more pro-regime than Fox News is pro-Republican.


AIM:To investigate the pharmacokinetics of the roxithromycin sustained-release tablets in 8 beagle dogs. METHODS:Microbiological method was used to determine the serum concentration of roxithromycin after normal and sustained-release tablets were orally administrated in 8 healthy beagle dogs. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated, and the bioequiverlence was estimated by statistical method. RESULTS:The pharmacokinetic parameters of sustained-release and normal tablets after single oral dose study were as following: the tmax were 4.74 ± 1.21 h and 1.21 ± 0.64 h, the C_ max were 21.08 ± 4.24 μg·ml -1 , and 28.26 ± 5.41 μg·ml -1 , respectively; the AUC were 164.49 ± 28.55 μg·h·ml -1 and 177.95 ± 27.63 μg·h·ml -1 respectively. Compared to normal tablets, the bioavailability of sustained-release tablets was 93.6 %± 10.5 %. There was much difference for t_ max and C_ max parameters between the two tablets. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicate that the absorption speed was slower for sustained-release tablets than normal tablets, but the extend of absorption for the two roxithromycin tablets was bioequivalent.


A spacecraft stabilized on three axes (roll, pitch and yaw). In orbit-Earth, first and second electric thrusters possibly equip its north and south sides. The support devices secure the first thruster adjoining the north side positioned away therefrom in a first direction parallel to the pitch axis and away from which in a second direction perpendicular to the pitch axis and the second propeller adjacent to the south side positioned remotely thereof in a third direction opposite the first and extending away from the pitch axis in the second direction. A fixed gimbal mechanism, pivot, the first and second thrusters of the first and second holding devices, respectively, to position selectively the orientation of said propellants. The system equipping the ship allows inter alia: the thrust to reach geosynchronous orbit; reducing the energy of flying; and north-south support.


An implicit, but not necessarily obvious, assumption in all of the current techniques for assessing satellite collision probability is that the relative position uncertainty is perfectly correlated in time. If there is any mis-modeling of the dynamics in the propagation of the relative position error covariance matrix, time-wise de-correlation of the uncertainty will increase the probability of collision over a given time interval. The paper gives some examples that illustrate this point. This paper argues that, for the present, Monte Carlo analysis is the best available tool for handling low-velocity encounters, and suggests some techniques for addressing the issues just described. One proposal is for the use of a non-parametric technique that is widely used in actuarial and medical studies. The other suggestion is that accurate process noise models be used in the Monte Carlo trials to which the non-parametric estimate is applied. A further contribution of this paper is a description of how the time-wise decorrelation of uncertainty increases the probability of collision.


It is perhaps appropriate that my talk today has to do with one aspect of our relations with the people of other countries. Many of you are en route to London for the fourth session of this meeting of the American Bar Association, and thereafter some of you will leave England to travel elsewhere on the continent. I join with President Maxwell in the expectation that your London meeting will promote unity and understanding among people as well as among governments. This circumstance warrants me in expressing the hope that those of you who are soon to leave our shores may be particularly interested in learning more about President Eisenhower's Program for Peopleto-People Partnership. However, my message applies equally to those of us who have to remain at home. Our opportunities here at home to assist in the President's objective of helping to build the road to enduring peace may not be quite so enjoyable, but they can be equally effective. Early last fall President Eisenhower inaugurated the People-toPeople Program at a White House conference. Briefly stated, the aim of this program is to do a much needed job in international relations by enlisting the friendship-making and opinion-molding capacities of individual Americans from all walks of life in order that they and individuals in other countries may become mutually better acquainted. The end in view is to make friends and thus help to build to insure, if you will the road to enduring peace. Wars are not fought between friends.


See Through the Wall Radar, is a relatively new small range radar that uses electromagnetic waves to detect targets behind wall. Because of its symmetry, a conducting sphere is often used as a reference scatterer to calibrate radars. In this paper, to simulate received signal for see through the wall radar, scattering model of a conducting sphere in free space is presented. Then using a dielectric sheet to represent the wall between the radar system and the sphere behind it, scattering model of a sphere behind the wall, is developed. To create the image of sphere behind the concrete wall using the signals acquired with the proposed model, Range Migration Algorithm is used and an image of sphere behind wall has been achieved. Simulation results reveals the suitability of the proposed model for See Through the Wall Radar received signal simulation.


Progressive myopia is a leading problem in modern optometry and ophthalmology in general. In recent years, refractive therapy with orthokeratology lenses has gained popularity among methods to control myopia progression. The aim: To study peripheral refraction in children with myopia with the use of orthokeratology lenses (OKL) of combined design. Methods. We followed up 60 children (117 eyes) diagnosed with uncomplicated mild to moderate myopia. All children underwent a complete ophthalmological examination as well as corneal keratotopography and peripheral refraction determination. Statistical analysis of correlations between peripheral corneal refraction under the influence of OKL, peripheral defocus, and axial length growth gradient was performed. Results. An inverse correlation relationship of -0.2 (p=0.03) was obtained between corneal differential power in the return 6 mm zone and peripheral refraction in its corresponding peripheral refraction of 23° on the temporal side. A positive correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.21 (p=0.026) was obtained between the defocus in the temporal part and the gradient of myopia progression over one year, while the same result was obtained in the nasal part with a correlation coefficient of 0.2 (p=0.036). Concluсions. Difference corneal power at the periphery may be prognostic in relation to the course of myopia in OКL users. With an aboveaverage pupil diameter, combined design orthokeratology lenses are more effective in controlling myopia due to the greater influence of the formed corneal refractive ring on peripheral refraction.


This paper investigated the technics of chlorophyll abstraction from spinage and the synthesis of chlorophyllous zinc sodium.With this pigment,it dyed wool in supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-CO_2),meanwhile,it optimized dyeing factors such as tempreature,pressure and obtained the best dyeing process factors in SC-CO_2.In this experiment,it succeeded in synthesizing the natural pigment and acquired perfect dyeing effect.This technics was significant in protection of environment and bio-dyeing finishing.


The invention relates to methods for producing an anode for a lithium-ion battery (13). The method comprises the steps i) coating at least one surface of a film-shaped carrier material (9) with an active material (11), ii) introducing the coated carrier material (9) into an electrolyte solution (4) containing at least one lithium electrode (5) and iii) applying a voltage between the lithium electrode (5) and at least one positive counter electrode (6a, 6b) for reducing the electrolyte and forming a solid electrolyte phase interface (12) on the surface of the active material (11).


The community service activities conducted in Srumbung Gunung was to involve women. Dusun Srumbung Gunung is developing a creative peace tourism village and the tourist products developed is a package program of live. In order to involve women in tourism, the training of homestay and culinary innovation was held, in which some women lost their job due to Covid 19 Pandemic. The method used was explorative qualitative with some stages. The first stage was to identify the house availability for homestay through interview and observation. Next was to identify the ingredient available and produced locally. The third stage was to research the type of snack which can be made with the available ingredient, good flavour and good price, easy to make with simple tools. Besides, the product can be produced as typical and unique food for tourists. Following this step was to choose women involved especially those who are interested in the food business and owning basic baking skill. The fifth step was the training of homestay with the concept of Clean, Healthy, Safe and Environmentally Sustainable, the training of culinary innovation was making bolen pisang and tape. The last stage was the mentoring process of homestay and the start-up food business of bolen pisang and tape. Two of the twenty-two women joined has started to prepare the business. The results showed that women involvement in tourism limited to fund, entrepreneurship experience and skill and the responsibility as housewives.


A great deal of the history of research in ethnomathematics has been dominated by the ideas that are fundamental differences in ways of doing mathematics among various cultures, these differences are critical for the understanding of human nature. Based on the ethnomathematics theory, this article will demonstrate that there are different algorithms people use to solve problems as individuals and as cultural groups. Mathematics has been seen as neutral subject areas in which student background knowledge such as culture, language, and heritage are detached from the curriculum. Ethnomathematics theory provides a basis for acknowledging the structures in society that deal with majority communities concerns, it connects culture and mathematics to enable it to enrich student subject matter understanding and bridge the often perceived gap between mathematics and their day to day lives. An ethnomathematics perspective provides an adjustable space for students in society.


The article shows how using network technologies, in particular the electronic distance learning system (LMS) Moodle, you can build career guidance among schoolchildren, involving them in a conscious choice of a profession in the field of IT technologies (information security specialist, data protection specialist, cryptographer). Some Russian educational Internet platforms are considered, designed to help school graduates decide on their future professional activities. The ways of vocational guidance work at school are shown, which can be implemented both during school hours and after school hours. It proposes its own approach to this type of activity through the involvement of schoolchildren in distance Olympiads. A specific example reveals the technology for the development and implementation of distance Olympiads. The three-year experience of preparing distance Olympiads on the basis of the university is described.


Clinical guidelines for managing 11 common conditions, and waiting time limits for referrals from general practitioners to specialists, have been drafted by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE). It is the first time that symptom specific advice for referring conditions into specialist services has been produced by a government agency.

The guidance has been drafted by subject specific advisory groups whose members included GPs, hospital specialists, and patients' representatives. The …


The sand barrier is one of methods to break wind and control sand,because the environment is harsh in arid area with less water resource.The plastic checkerboard sand-barrier was set on the leeward of crescentic dune,and some index,such as wind velocity,transported quantity of sand,shape of surface of sand-land,depth of erosion and breakage ratio of sand barrier were observed.The results showed that:The wind velocity was decreased when the plastic checkerboard sand-barrier was set on the leeward of crescentic dune.The wind velocity decreased 75% than that of CK at height of 20 cm above the barrier at the bottom of leeward of dune,which was the decreased maximal number that were observed and compared with the decreased number of wind velocity at the position,such as the bottom,middle and upper of leeward of dune,as well as the aeolian depth and deposition of sand.The function was logarithmic equation between wind velocity and height,and the height of 40 cm was an inflection point where wind velocity changed significantly.The wind velocity at bottom was less than that of middle and upper of dune leeward,and the wind velocity of middle and upper of dune was 1.18~2.01 times comparing with that of bottom of dune.The height,where the transported quantity of sand was maximum,was 10~20 cm,and the ratio of sand volume was 60.57% at the observed time at the bottom of dune,as well as 69.11% and 91.20% at middle and upper of dune leeward.A concave profile was formed in the plastic checkerboard barrier when the sandy surface was stable,but the forming process was deferent comparing with the forming process of concave profile of straw checkerboard barrier.The plastic checkerboard barrier was an accumulating barrier.The broken ratio of barrier was much larger than that of middle and upper of dune leeward.It was attention that the plastic checkerboard barrier was set at the middle and upper of dune leeward.


No consensus exists in the scientific or coaching literature regarding the most appropriate technique for executing a forearm pass in volleyball. Thigpen (1967) advocates an arm-dominated technique while Egstrom advocates a leg-dominated technique. Ridgway and Hamilton (1987) suggest that low skilled players focus on using their arms more while high skilled players should use their legs more. PURPOSE: To examine forearm passing techniques of advanced players to identify characteristics of successful passing. METHODS: Eleven female collegiate volleyball players (20.5±0.7 yrs, 69.2±9.6 kg, 172.5±7.9 cm), provided informed consent before participating. Standing ~8 m from the net, participants received an attacked ball and attempted to pass it to a target at the center of the court adjacent to the net. The attack shot was simulated by launching a volleyball from a height of ~2.4m at 15m/s from a pressurized device. Each pass was scored on a scale of 0-3 points (3=best) based on where it landed on the court. An average score for all trials was computed. All trials were filmed at 50Hz. Reflective markers placed on the shoulder, wrist, hip, knee, and ankle were autodigitized for the three highest-scoring passes for each participant. Shoulder and knee angular kinematics were computed from the digitized coordinates of the markers. Mean angular velocity for the shoulder and knee was computed across three frames of data beginning two frames prior to ball contact. These velocities were used to describe respective movement of the arms and legs. RESULTS: For analysis, participants were divided into two groups (high and low performance) based on passing score. Mean (SD) passing scores for the high performing group (2.32 ± 0.06) were significantly higher than the low performing group (1.80 ± 0.32), (t(6) = 3.54, p= 0.006). Despite an 80% increase in mean knee angular velocity through contact, the high performing group's leg action (46.90±24.68 deg/s) was not statistically different than the low performing group's leg action (-9.69±67.39 deg/s). However, shoulder angular velocity through contact was 42% lower (Z = -2.013, p = 0.04) for the high performing group (100.03± 68.20 deg/s) than the low performing group (172.10± 43.14 deg/s). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that better passers rely on using more leg contribution and less arm contribution when performing a forearm pass.


In order to make full use of resources,surface mining way is planned to be used in Jinchangyu Mine of Jinchangyu Mine Metallurgy Co.,Ltd.in Hebei Province.However,the cavities at upper several levels have collapsed due to long time of mining.It is necessary to make clear of the conditions of cavity to ensure the safety of surface mining.Ground geophysical exploration method integrated with 3Dlaser scanning method is put forward aiming at the site conditions.The cavities in surface mining area are clearly known for using the comprehensive method,which provides a good basis for mining in the future.


In this paper, the author puts forward some new approaches on how to teach concepts in phyics on the basis of cognition psychology and educational psychology: 1. differentiating types of concepts and learners. 2. Comparing and contrasting the variables. 3. Employing them in practice. 4. Developing a coneptual system, and also discusses the significance of improving tradional ways of teaching.


Tripartite motif containing 37 (TRIM37), a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family, has been involved in the development and progression of several tumors. However, its role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression pattern and role of TRIM37 in NSCLC. Our results showed that TRIM37 was highly expressed in human NSCLC cell lines. Knockdown of TRIM37 obviously inhibited the proliferation in vitro and xenografted tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, knockdown of TRIM37 suppressed NSCLC cell migration and invasion by inhibiting the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype. Lastly, knockdown of TRIM37 greatly down-regulated the protein expression levels of β-catenin, cyclinD1 and c-myc in A549 cells. In conclusion, the present study revealed that TRIM37 plays an important role in the development and progression of NSCLC. Thus, TRIM37 may act a potential therapeutic target for treating NSCLC.


There is growing evidence that polygenic risk scores (PRS) can be used to identify individuals at high lifetime risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Whether they can also be used to stratify risk of subsequent events among those surviving a first CAD event remains uncertain.Using two subsamples of UK Biobank, defined at baseline as prevalent CAD (N=10,287) and without CAD (N=393,108), we evaluated associations between a CAD PRS and incident cardiovascular and fatal outcomes, during a median follow up of 7.8 years.A 1 S.D. higher PRS was associated with increased risk of incident MI in participants without CAD (OR 1.33; 95% C.I. 1.29, 1.38), but the effect estimate was markedly attenuated in those with prevalent CAD (OR 1.15; 95% C.I. 1.06, 1.25); heterogeneity P =0.0012. Additionally, among prevalent CAD cases, we found evidence of an inverse association between the CAD PRS and risk of all-cause death (OR 0.91; 95% C.I. 0.85, 0.98) compared to those without CAD (OR 1.01; 95% C.I. 0.99, 1.03); heterogeneity P =0.0041. A similar inverse association was found for ischaemic stroke (Prevalent CAD (OR 0.78; 95% C.I. 0.67, 0.90); without CAD (OR 1.09; 95% C.I. 1.04, 1.15), heterogeneity P <0.001).Bias induced by case stratification and survival into UK Biobank may attenuate, or reverse, associations of polygenic risk scores derived from case-control studies or populations initially free of disease. Polygenic risk scores for subsequent events should be derived from new genome wide association studies conducted in patients with established disease.CAD PRS are positively associated with incident myocardial infarction risk amongst established CAD cases.However, the effect size is attenuated compared to estimates from CAD-free populations.CAD PRS are inversely associated with mortality and stroke risk amongst established CAD cases.These associations may reflect index event bias induced by stratifying on case status.Dedicated GWAS of coronary disease progression are required to improve prediction of subsequent event risk.


Overlay multicast networks are used by service providers to distribute contents such as Web pages, streaming multimedia data, or security updates to a large number of users. However, such networks are extremely vulnerable to message dropping attacks by malicious or selfish nodes that intentionally drop packets they are required to forward. It is difficult to detect such attacks both efficiently and effectively, not mentioning to further identify the attackers, especially when members in the overlay switch between online/offline statuses frequently. We propose a random-sampling-based scheme to detect such attacks, and a path-resolving-based scheme to identify the attack nodes. Our schemes work for dynamic overlay networks and do not assume the global knowledge of the overlay hierarchy. Analysis and simulation results show that our schemes are bandwidth-efficient and they both have high detection/identification rates but low false positive rates


Recent studies examine placebo responses to antidepressants, the effect of SSRIs on sleep in the elderly, and the best time of day for psychotherapy sessions.


Burnt rock is a special type of rock formed by coal seam spontaneous combustion during the geological history.The study of burnt rocks is benefit to discuss the tectonic movement,the paleo-climate,and the palaeo-geography that the coal seam experienced since its formation.Meanwhile,burnt rocks are also important hydro-geological exploration targets.The study of burnt rocks mainly focused on surveying methods in the near 50 years,especially,the discussion on magnetic properties and the definition of the burnt rock boundary by geophysical prospecting.The hydro-geological characteristics have been researched recently.This paper addressed the research status and pointed out the research direction of burnt rock including patterns of spatial distribution,development characteristics of fracture,hydro-geological conditions of burnt rocks,and its properties and utilization as building materials.


The title compound (E)-1-{4-(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl}-3-(4-chloro- phenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (C28H29ClN2O3, Mr = 476.98) (5) was synthesized and studied by the single crystal X-ray diffraction method. Its structure was confirmed by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, HRMS and X-ray single crystal structure determination. Compound 5 crystallized in the monoclinic system, space group P2 1 /c with a = 10.392(2), b = 7.9180(16), c = 30.474(6) A, â = 97.78(3) °, V = 2484.4(9) A 3 ,Z=4 ,Dc = 1.275 g cm -3 , F(000) = 1008, µ = 0.186 mm -1 ,M oKa radiation (e = 0.71073 A), R = 0.0692 and wR = 0.1469 for 2046 observed reflections with I <2 o(I). The title compound was screened for the anti-ischaemic activity in vivo. The results showed that compound 5 significantly prolonged the survival time of mice subjected to acute cerebral ischaemia at all doses tested and exhibited potent neuroprotective activity.


Background: The high surgical success rates for tonsillectomy or adeno-tonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have been described and confirmed in various studies. The situation in adults is not that clear since many other factors seem to influence the outcome of isolated tonsillectomy in adult patients suffering from OSA and tonsillar hypertrophy. The present study was, therefore, geared at exploring the efficacy of isolated tonsillectomy as a treatment of OSA in adults with tonsillar hypertrophy with special emphasis on the effect of the position of the palate in relation to the tongue base on the outcome of the operation. Study design: 40 adult patients with obstructive sleep apnea and tonsillar hypertrophy (Friedman grades 3 or 4) were included in the study. Patients with body mass index > 40, or other obvious causes of OSA were excluded from the study. The patients were randomly allocated to two equal groups according to Friedman palatal position score. Conventional extracapsular tonsillectomy and standard preoperative and postoperative polysomnography were performed for all patients. The criteria for successful surgical response were defined as a 50% drop and below 20 of postoperative AHI. Results: The mean apnea hyperpnoea index (AHI) of group (A) was 31.6 preoperatively and 10.7 postoperatively and the difference between preand postoperative indices was statistically significant. The mean apnea hyperpnoea index (AHI) of group (B) was 50.3 preoperatively and 44.7 postoperatively and the difference between preand postoperative indices was not statistically significant. The outcome of isolated tonsillectomy of group (A) was significantly better than the outcome of the procedure of group (B). Conclusions: Adult patients with OSA who are likely to benefit from isolated tonsillectomy, in the absence of other causes of OSA, are those with mild OSA, Friedman tonsillar grades 3 or 4, and Friedman palatal scores 1 or 2. INTRODUCTION Several studies repeatedly showed that tonsillar hypertrophy is a major risk factor for OSA in Children, and that tonsillectomy is highly successful in treating those children [1,2]. The situation in adults is not that clear. While some studies reported a high success rate approximating 100%, other studies reported disappointing results [3-7]. Clearly, several factors, including anatomical characteristics of the patients, might have attributed to this obvious discrepancy. The position of the palate with respect to tongue base is one of the key clinical factors in predicting the outcome of treatment of OSA [8]. Theoretically, the position of the palate may be one of the anatomical features that should be considered when we select adult patients with OSA who are likely to benefit from an isolated tonsillectomy operation [9]. The present study was, therefore, geared at exploring the efficacy of isolated tonsillectomy as a treatment of OSA in adults with tonsillar hypertrophy with special emphasis on the effect of the position of the palate in relation to the tongue base on the outcome of the operation. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study was performed on 40 adult patients with obstructive sleep apnea and tonsillar hypertrophy who were operated upon during the period from January 2005 to December 2010. The clinical staging system proposed by Friedman et al. [8,9], Central Elwany et al. (2016) Email: Ann Otolaryngol Rhinol 3(12): 1146 (2016) 2/4 for the size of the tonsil and the position of the palate was used in the study. Tonsil size was rated as follows: Tonsil size 1: Tonsils are barely seen behind the anterior pillars. Tonsil size 2: tonsils are clearly visible behind the anterior pillars. Tonsil size 3: Tonsils extend three quarters the way to the midline. Tonsil size 4: Tonsils extend to the midline (kissing tonsils). The Position of the palate (relationship between the palate and tongue base) was rated as follows: Friedman palate position 1: The entire uvula, tonsils, and pillars are visible. Friedman palate position 2: The uvula is visible but the tonsils are not completely visible. Friedman palate position 3: The uvula is not visible but the soft palate is visible. Friedman palate position 4: Only the hard palate is visible. The classification of OSA was performed according to Viner et al [10], the severity was rated mild with an AHI of 10 to 29, moderate with an AHI of 30 to 49, and severe with an AHI equal to or greater than 50. Inclusion Criteria 1. Tonsil size grades 3 or 4 [8]. 2. Apnea/Hypopnea index > 10. Exclusion criteria 1. Tonsil size Friedman grades 0, 1, 2. 2. Body mass index (BMI) > 40. 3. Bilateral persistent nasal obstruction. 4. Evident collapse of the hypopharynx and/or retro-lingual area. 5. Obvious skeletal or anatomic deformities such as micrognathia. Patients were divided into two equal groups 1. Group A: Tonsil size Friedman grades 3 or 4 and Friedman palatal position grades 1 or 2 [8]. 2. Group B: Tonsil size Friedman grades 3 or 4 and Friedman palatal position grades 3 or 4. Surgical technique All patients underwent conventional extracapsular tonsillectomy under general anesthesia without any palatal procedure or stitching of the tonsillar pillars. Polysomnographic method Each patient underwent a fully attended standard polysomnography [7]. Apnea was defined as cessation of airflow at the nose and mouth for ≥ 10 seconds. Hypopnea was defined as a reduction of airflow ≥ 50 for ≥ 10 seconds. The apnea index (AI) was defined as the number of apneic episodes per hour. The apnea hyperpnoea index (AHI) was defined as the number of apneic and hypopneic episodes per hour. Follow up The patients were followed up weekly until complete healing of the tonsillar bed has occurred. Postoperative Polysomnography was performed in the same laboratory 3 months after surgery. Criteria for successful surgical response The criteria for successful surgical response were defined as a 50% drop and below 20 of postoperative AHI [11]. The paired Student t-test and the Qui Squared test with Yates correction were used for statistical analysis. A (P) value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The ethical committee of Alexandria Medical School approved the study and all patients signed informed consents after the nature of the research has been fully explained to them. RESULTS Twenty adult patients, 34 males and 6 females, with obstructive sleep apnea and tonsillar hypertrophy were included in the study. The mean age of the patients of group Aand B was 38.8years and 42.2 years respectively. A summary of the characteristics of the patients is shown in Table (1). Group (A) included 14 patients with mild OSA and 6 patients with moderate OSA. Group (B) included 16 patients exhibited moderate OSA and four patients with severe OSA. A summary of the polysomnographic results is shown in Table (2). The apnea hypopnea index (AHI) of group (A) decreased from 31.6 preoperatively to 10.7 postoperatively and this decrease was statistically significant (t = 16.583, P< 0.001). The same significant change was observed regarding the apnea index (AI), which decreased from 20.4 preoperatively to 6.4 postoperatively (t= 9.910, P<0.001), and the lowest SpO2 that increased from 80.8 preoperatively to 90.7 postoperatively (t = 6.631, P<0.001). On the other hand, the apnea hypopnea (AHI) of group B decreased from 50.3 preoperatively to 44.7 postoperatively. This decrease was not statistically significant. (t=2.109, P>0.005). The same insignificant change was observed in the apnea index (AI), which decreased from 40.1 preoperatively to 36.0 postoperatively (t = 1.982, P>0.05), and the lowest SpO2 that increased from 73.9 preoperatively to 76.1 postoperatively (t =1.753, P> 0.05). The overall outcome of isolated tonsillectomy is shown in table 2. The operation was successful, according to the AHI 50% reduction criteria, in 18 of group A patients and only 4 of group B patients. The outcome of the operation of group A was significantly better than the outcome of group B(Chi squared equals 7.273 with 1 degrees of freedom, P < 0.05). All patients with mild OSA (AHI < 30) improved after surgery. On the other hand, none of the patients with Severe OSA (AHI > 50) responded favorably, according to the criteria for successful surgical response, although they showed some improvement in Central Elwany et al. (2016) Email: Ann Otolaryngol Rhinol 3(12): 1146 (2016) 3/4 Table 1: Characteristics of the patients' groups. Groups Age (Years) Sex Mild OSA (AHI=10-29) Moderate OSA (AHI= 30-49) Severe OSA (AHI > 50) Males Females A 38.8 16 4 14 6 0 B 42.2 18 2 0 16 4 Table 2: Polysomnographic data before and after surgery. Group AHI AI Lowest SpO2 Overall Success Preoperative Mean (Min – Max) SD Postoperative Mean (Min – Max) SD Preoperative Mean (Min –Max) SD Postoperative Mean (MinMax) SD Preoperative Mean (Min-Max) SD Postoperative Mean (MinMax) SD Successful Unsuccessful A 31.6 (21-47) 8.157 10.7* (2-25) 6.616 20.4 (10-37) 8.934 6.4* (0-21) 7.134 80.8 (77-85) 2.394 90.7* 80-99 5.533 18 2 B 50.3 (39-72) 10.338 44.7 (18-70) 17.107 40.1 (29-64) 11.742 36.0 (13-63) 11.742 73.9 (70-77) 2.282 76.1 (70-85) 5.006 4 16 * The difference between preand postoperative values was statistically significant (p < 0.001). their respiratory parameters. The study included 22 patients with moderate OSA (AHI 30-49) in both groups (6 in group A and 16 in group B). Tonsillectomy was successful in 8 of them (4 in each group). The remaining 14 patients showed variable improvement in their postoperative polysomnographic data. DISCUSSION There are several treatment options for OSA. Patients usually turn to surgical treatment when nonsurgical options fail. Uvulopalatophayngoplasty (UPPP), with its numerous modifications, remains the most common first-step surgical procedure for OSA. However, the success rates of the procedure vary considerably [8,12,13]. A recent meta-analysis of the available data indicates UPPP suc