This paper examines issues related to the provision of special education services by public schools to students in private, parochial, or home school settings and offers guidelines for local education agencies. First, the paper reviews federal statutory and regulatory obligations, particularly those under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), the Education Department General Administrative Regulations (EDGAR), and advisory rulings of the Office of Special Education Programs _nd the Office for Civil Rights. It also reviews case law, including Zobrest versus Catalina Foothills School District (decided by the U.S. Supreme Court), Goodall versus Stafford County School Board (decided by the Four'-la Circuit Court of Appeals), Florence County District Four versus Carter (U.S. Supreme Court), Work versus McKenzie (District Court in the District of Columbia), McNair versus Cardimone (Sixth Circuit Court o: Appeals), Wright versus Saco School Department (decided by the Maine Supreme Court), Tribble versus Montgomery County Board of Education (U.S. District Court, Alabama), and Felter versus Cape Girardeau School District (U.S. District Court, Missouri). Noted is the ambiguity of advice from the Department of Education and the tendencies of the court system to rely upon the plain language of the law. The paper concludes with an outline of a public school's obligations for private school children, options for a public school, and parental rights and options. (DB) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made '° from the original document. *********************************************************************** TITLE: Home Schools, Private Schools, Parochial Schools What are a Public School's Special Education Obligations? Michael J. Opuda Due Process Coordinator Maine Department of Education SHS #23, Augusta, ME 04333 (201) 2875950 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) his document has been reproduced as received from the person or Organization ongmating it r Wm, changes have been made to improve reproduction Quality Points of view or opinions stated m trusdocu ment do not necessanty represent officusi OEM position or pokcy All children with disabilities are entitled to a Free Appropriate Public Education. Public schools are obligated by Federal Law and Regulations to identify and to make available special education and related services to meet the needs of all children with disabilities who reside within their geographic area and who require special education. Does this obligation include children enrolled in public schools, private schools, parochial schools and home schools? Many parents, dissatisfied with public education, are enrolling their children with disabilities at their own expense in home schools, private schools and parochial schools. Public schools are being requested by parents or by private schools to provide special education services at these private placements or to pay for these private placements. The EDGAR Regulations require public schools to provide private school students with an "equitable opportunity to participate" in any Federally funded program including special education. The Office for Special Education Programs has advised that private school children may participate in an LEA's IDEA services. The Office for Civil Rights has advised that public schools have no obligation to provide special education services to students who are not enrolled in a public school. The Home School Legal Defense Association has opined that schools have neither the obligation nor the right to contact the parents of students with disabilities once the parents have initiated an approved home schooling program. Some courts have found that LEAs have met their obligations to private school child by providing access including transportation to the LEA's IDEA services. The U. S. Supreme Court's Zobrest decision has been widely misquoted and misinterpreted to require public schools to provide special education services to eligible students enrolled in parochial schools. Similarly, the Supreme Court's decision in Carter has been picked up by the popular press as permitting parents to place their children in non-approved private schools and requiring the public school to fund the placement. Is a public school required to provide special education services at a private school or a home school? PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY


Background H. pylori infection and peptic ulcerations and their complications such as bleeding are causally related, but the available methods used in bleeding to confirm active H. pylori lack accuracy. Aim To evaluate the usefulness of 13C-urea breath test (UBT) in diagnosing of H. pylori infection in bleeding patients. Patients and Methods Eighty-one patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding and 258 matched controls without bleeding were enrolled to the study. UBT was performed using low-dose capsulated 13C-urea and IgG antibodies to H. pylori were determined by ELISA. Results UBT performed in bleeding patients was positive in 77.7%. In this group anti Hp IgG was positive in 79% of cases and among them gastroscopy showed 40.7% of bleeding duodenal ulcer, 38% bleeding gastric ulcer, and 86% hemorrhagic gastritis. UBT was positive in 90.9%, 77.4%, and in 52.97% cases, respectively, and it was not statistically different from that in non-bleeding controls, duodenal and gastric ulcers and gastritis. All patients with blood or "coffee grounds" in the stomach had both UBT and serology positive. Conclusion The UBT is simple and non-invasive method, which can be successively applied also in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding to detect active H. pylori infection prior to emergency endoscopy.


Web mining is active research area at present. Web mining involves transformation and interpretation of web data in order to visualize and discovery user's access pattern based on user's access pattern or using pattern by data mining, artificial intelligence and knowledge discovery process, based upon the type of knowledge . The web mining is the use of data mining techniques to automatically discover and extract information from World Wide Web documents and services in which at least one of structure or usage (web log) data is used in the mining process. Web mining can be divided into three distinct categories. Web Structure Mining, Web Content Mining, Web Usage Mining. This Paper will provide user's access pattern based on web usage mining . Web usage mining provides support for efficient website design , improve customer satisfaction , improve the performance of web servers and web applications so that we can serve people better than before , in the end of the paper we are trying to elaborate application of web usage mining. In this study, we have analyzed the log files of BundelKhand University web server to get information about visitors, top errors which can be utilized by system administrator and web developer to enhance the productivity of the web site.


In 2012, Brazil produced 12.6 million metric tons of chicken meat, generating 10.3 tons of poultry litter. Compost made from such organic waste can be used as a low-cost bio fertilizer, especially as nitrogen and phosphorus source. The compost can increase pastures quality by giving photosynthetic improvement and altering amounts of chlorophyll and flavonoids.  There is little information about the relationship between chlorophyll a or b and flavonoids in Brachiaria brizantha Piata. The flavonoid is a kind of polyphenol compound which protects the plant against UV-B radiation and pathogen attack, it acts as attractants for pollinators, as signal molecules for initiating plant-microbe symbiotic associations and antioxidant activity. The objective of the present study was verified the effects of poultry litter compost doses on the chlorophyll and flavonoid contents in Piata grass leaves. The experiment was performed at the Animal Nutrition and Pasture Center – Instituto de Zootecnia – Nova Odessa, SP, from May to July 2013, on a Haplorthox soil (pH CaCl2 = 4.9), cultivated with Piata grass (Brachiaria brizantha, Stapf), without liming. The treatments consisted of five compost doses: 0; 20; 40; 60 and 120 Mg ha -1 , with the following chemical composition (%): 2.88 of N, 3.85 of P 2 O 5 , 2.50 of K 2 O, 9.06 of Ca and 1.16 of Mg. The experimental design was on randomized blocks with five replications.  Chlorophyll amounts and flavonoids were determined by sampling the third medium of the leaf blade from  a third of the expanded leaf from the apical  using the Dualex and the chlorophyll a and b  which were determined by  the Lichtenthaler & Wellburn (1983) method.  Results showed that chlorophyll a was similar in all doses (average of 18.3 micrograms per cm 2 ),therefore for chlorophyll b the amount was significantly increased from 7.3 to 22.4 micrograms per  cm 2 (P<0.01)when compared to no addition of poultry litter. The fast nitrogen liberation from poultry litter resulted on a better metabolism and better chlorophyll b synthesis, indicating more mass production. Flavonoid contents decreased on the leaves of Brachiaria brizantha Piata with the addition of poultry litter, from 1.39 to .81 micrograms per cm2, with respectively zero 120 Mg ha -1 of compost. Flavonoid content was negatively correlated to total chlorophyll, adjusted by the quadratic equation: Flavonoids= - 0.0353Chlorophyll + 2.29 (R 2 = 0.87). The use of increasing doses of poultry litter reduced the foliar flavonoids concentration.


Since 2000 until the present day is the time when costume dramas has been processed to be founded and sponsored by the expansion of productions in the multi-dimensional images into three large-scale outdoor production of the active set of dramas, and is the period of digital production environment and the expansion of distribution structure of commercial cafe dramas began. Costume of this period, depending on the needs of a digital environment, the historical reality of space and dramatic emphasis and investment in reproduction to keep pace with the high quality of costume dramas that were outside of Korea diverse historical backgrounds, common people began to appear outside of the palace and the patrician as a variety of design increased diversity of representation required the design. In this study, we decided to classify costume dramas of male Pyeonbokpou's representation into shape, material, color-coded for analyzing. And shape can be break down into back collar, sleeves, fog, seop fastener, a coat string changes, such as the ratio of top and bottoms were analyzed. Accordingly, history costumes can be recognized on foundation of creative costumes, and be aggressively contributed to costume design modernization. We expect to be able to produce commercial values as the cultural content even after the expansion of the broadcast TV series by the popular with the dramatic image of contributing to the retail environment


Objective To investigation the opinion,demand and effect of college students on educational intervention to premarital sexual behaviors and involuntary pregnancy.Method A total of 1 325 freshman were chosen in two universities in Guangdong they finished the question papers.Results The students have more knowledge in sexual concepts,contraception,AIDS prevention and venereal disease(VD) after receiving the education(p0.05).They have more correct opinions on premarital sexual behavior.Conclusion Colleges should development sexual health education and sexual behavior intervention students should establish correct love idea and sexual moral idea,reduce or avoid the premarital sexual behavior and reduce the harm of involuntary pregnancy.


One of the thermal energy storage technologies during the warm season, its preservation and future use is to create seasonal heat accumulators. As a source of heat during the warm period of the year for charging the seasonal heat storage a system of solar collectors is often used. For such systems (solar collectors + seasonal heat accumulator), the organized seasonal heat accumulators should be used, which are designed for a certain amount of heat. In this article there is a comparison of the influence of the placement of the heat accumulator to the choice of its shape. The method of calculation of the heat accumulator volume is proposed, taking into account the work of solar collector system throughout the year. Influence of work of year-round system of solar collectors on reduction of volume of the thermal accumulator is considered. Accomplished plotting the daily thermal load on the heating system and hot water + heat comes from solar collectors system.


Capitulo en: BARTH, Erling; MOENE, Kalle O. Nordic Economic Policy Review: Globalization, labour market institutions and wage structure, Copenhaguen: TemaNord, Nordic Council of Ministers,2013, p.45-72. (TemaNord 2013 ; 587). ISBN 9789289328883. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/tn2013-587


A process for producing a creep resistant AS-cast aluminum alloy, a magnesium / aluminum alloy with an Al content of between 2.8 wt .-% and 3 wt .-% and the other alloying components, Si between 0.7 and 1.5 wt .-%. Mn greater than 0.20 wt .-%, Zn below 0.20 wt .-%; Cu below 100 ppm Ni below 20 ppm, and Fe is below 50 ppm, characterized by, that after the casting of the alloy or the immediately following opening of the die within a period of 60 s occurs quenching of the pressure casting in water.


Imperialism and Political Identity. Imperialism's importance in modern history necessarily affects the way we think. The term itself has acquired a heavy, emotional, and usually negative charge. More fundamentally, recognition of imperialism's diverse forms and effects required a flexible, expansive vocabulary, which has come to shape a broader discourse of almost universal applicability. Such achievements have their dangers; for in the realm of ideas, familiarity breeds acceptance. If most intrusions of alien power and most instances of exploitation across the globe for more than a century can be described as belonging to a single genus, there are few inherent limits as to what imperialism may reasonably seem to explain. In this issue two articles tackle the difficult task of considering effects that did not result from imperial rule. Each considers subject societies in which foreign force was not followed by the strengthened political identity and the energetic state making that recent experience and current theory make us expect. Although arguments ex silentio are often disparaged by talkative social scientists, they have the advantage of being fundamentally comparative; and these studies build to provocative general hypotheses about social structure and politics. Gary Miles compares the imperialism of ancient Rome with that of modern Europe (as did Strayer in 9:1 and Brunt in CSSH, 7:3). Although the ancient state and ancient empires have for centuries evoked comparative analysis and continue to do so (for example, Adam, 26:1; Manicas, 24:4; Runciman, 24:3), Miles's systematic explanation for the absence of nationalist revolts against Rome paradoxically becomes a reassessment of the structural weaknesses as well as the tactical strength of the Roman empire itself (for a comparison of the role of local elites in other empires, see Carvalho, 24:3; de Vere Allen, 12:2; Benda, 7:3). With similar sweep, Peter Ekeh addresses the historical development of African states, a topic of continuing interest and debate (Owusu, 31:2; Azarya and Chazan, 29:1; Ekeh himself, 17:1; Kottak, 14:3). His approach challenges a great deal of the anthropological and historical literature (compare Kenny, 30:4; Ewald, 30:2; Saltman, 29:3; Southall, 30:1; Strickland, 18:3), starting from the dangerous concept of tribalism, with its multiple meanings and inherent controversies. While forthrightly adding to those, Ekeh clears the way for another look at kinship and the state (treated in very different contexts by Silverblatt, 30:1, and Lindholm, 28:2). He then argues for the slave trade's destructive effect on state formation prior to colonial conquest and subsequently for the disruptive impact on political mobilization from colonial concepts of tribalism. For both authors, the state not there and the political identity not established lead to rethinking the empires that were.


Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites is a widely used ethnomedicinal plant in Bangladesh. In this study, we investigated phenolic contents, volatile compounds and fatty acids, and essential oil components of extracts prepared from aerial parts of the plant. The main volatile compounds were methyl ester of oleic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid as HIGHLIGHTS • Lasia spinosa has been investigated in detailed for phytochemicals. • It showed broad spectrum of antioxidant properties. • It showed significant antimicrobial properties. • Lasia spinosa as a potential source of biological active compounds. 2 Rahman, A.; et al. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. Vol.62: e19170757, 2019 www.scielo.br/babt determined by GC/MS. Phenolic contents of the extracts were determined qualitatively and quantitatively by HPLC/TOF-MS. Six phenolic compounds (syringic acid, morin, gentistic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, cinnamic acid, and apigenin) were found in the extracts. GC/MS analysis of steam distilled essential oil showed camphor, α-pinene and δ-3-carene as the main constituents. In DPPH radical scavenging assay, the highest free radical scavenging activity was observed for the methanol extract with an IC50 value of 0.48 ± 0.04 mg/mL, whereas, in metal chelating activity on ferrous ions (Fe2+) assay, the highest chelating activity was observed for hexane extract (IC50 = 0.55 ± 0.08 mg/mL). The extracts and essential oil were tested against five severe human pathogenic bacteria using disc diffusion assay and subsequent MIC values were also determined. All the extracts (except methanol extract) and the essential oil were found to possess potential antimicrobial activity with corresponding inhibition zone and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 9–23 mm and 62.5-500 μg/mL. This study has been explored the plant Lasia spinosa can be seen as a potential source of biologically active compounds.


An analysis is presented of the relationships that exist between learning achievement, the use of metacognitive self-monitoring, cognitive style (Field Dependence-Independence dimension), and learning style (Grasha's Classification) in university students. The study was conducted with a population of 130 medical students enrolled from 6th to 10th semester in a university in Bogotá, Colombia. Using a bivariate correlation,associations were sought between the Grade Point Average (GPA) achieved by students, metacognitive self-monitoring, which was measured with the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ), cognitive styles, which were measured through the Embedded Figures Test (EFT), and learning styles as reported in the Grasha inventory. Findings showed positive correlations between learning achievement and the variables: cognitive style, use of metacognitive strategies, and participantand competitive learning styles, while negative correlations were found with avoidant and dependent learning styles. Similarly, other correlations were found between the studied variables, which are discussed in the document.


Reconstruction of particle tracks from information collected by position-sensitive detectors is an important procedure in HEP experiments. It is usually controlled by a set of numerical parameters which have to be manually optimized. This paper proposes an automatic approach to this task by utilizing evolutionary algorithm (EA) operating on both real-valued and binary representations. Because of computational complexity of the task a special distributed architecture of the algorithm is proposed, designed to be run in grid environment. It is two-level hierarchical hybrid utilizing asynchronous master-slave EA on the level of clusters and island model EA on the level of the grid. The technical aspects of usage of production grid infrastructure are covered, including communication protocols on both levels. The paper deals also with the problem of heterogeneity of the resources, presenting efficiency tests on a benchmark function. These tests confirm that even relatively small islands (clusters) can be beneficial to the optimization process when connected to the larger ones. Finally a real-life usage example is presented, which is an optimization of track reconstruction in Large Angle Spectrometer of NA-58 COMPASS experiment held at CERN, using a sample of Monte Carlo simulated data. The overall reconstruction efficiency gain, achieved by the proposed method, is more than 4%, compared to the manually optimized parameters.


Mary Achelpohl Ed.D. College of Education University of Nebraska at Omaha Dr. Jeanne Surface Ed.D., Dissertation Chair METHODOLOGY: ● Qualitative Phenomenological Research ● Research Participant Backgrounds/Bracketing ● Semi-structured interviews were transcribed, described, coded, and analyzed for common themes. ● Coding organized through comparison matrices (broken down by individual camper & overall presence). ● Member checking was utilized to strengthen validity. ● Artifacts (camper letters and essays) were also analyzed. PRIMARY RESEARCH QUESTION: What were the perceptions of children living in poverty after attending a Northern Minnesota sleep-away summer camp? SUB-RESEARCH QUESTIONS: ● What were the pinnacle experiences that resonated with each participant during their time at summer camp? ● Did these summer camp experiences influence the participant's perceived beliefs about future hopes and dreams?


Combining with the actual situation in Sri Lanka a coal-fired power station,this paper introduced the construction of steel sheet pile cofferdam in power stations outfall,respectively elaborated the technology requirements and the construction technology of steel sheet pile,surround wingceltis,supporting etc.,and pointed out corresponding notes,accumulated some experience for similar projects in the future construction.


A numerical study of a prototypical vortex controlled diffuser is performed. The basic diffuser geometry consists of a step expansion in a pipe of area ratio 2.25:1. The incompressible Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations, employing the RNG based K − e turbulence model, are solved. Results are presented for bleed rates ranging from 1 to 7 percent. Diffuser efficiencies in excess of 80 percent were obtained. These results are in good qualitative agreement with previous experimental work. The results do not confirm previous suggestions that the increases in effectiveness of the VCD over a step expansion result from an inhibition of flow separation due to the generation and downstream convection of extremely high levels of turbulence generated in the region of the bleed gap. The results do indicate that the effectiveness of the diffuser is a consequence of the turning of the flow toward the outer wall due to the influence of the low pressure vortex chamber. Calculations employing the RNG based turbulence model were able to capture the abrupt increase in diffuser effectiveness that has been shown experimentally to occur at low bleed rates. Calculations employing the standard K - e model were unable to predict this occurrence


In The Fortunes of Nigel, not the least of Walter Scott's challenges in attempting to rehabilitate the reputation of James I is the sensitive problem of the king's homosexuality. A historically accurate representation of James's character is paramount for Scott's attempt at rehabilitation to be successful: ignoring that fundamental and well-known aspect of James's character would appear, at best, naively disingenuous and, at worst, transparently dishonest. Therefore, seeking neither to deny nor to display James's sexuality, Scott attempts a virtual sleightof-hand when obliquely acknowledging it. Chief among his techniques is the various deployment of allusion. His wary acknowledgement of the king's homoeroticism is quite literally the identification of a love which Scott will not conceal but which he will not name. In the introduction to The Fortunes of Nigel, Scott emphasizes that "it was in James I's reign that vice first appeared affecting the better classes in its gross and undisguised depravity" (xi). He blames "the gross debauchery of the period" as being "too much encouraged by the example of the monarch, who was in other respects neither without talent nor a good-natured disposition" (xi). Although frankly conceding the "vice" and "debauchery" of the times, and of the reigning sovereign, Scott does not specify the nature of James's personal "depravity," choosing rather to submerge it under more general representations of men and women engaged in "wild riot, excess and devastation of time and temperance" (xi). Scott addresses the intimacy between James and the Duke of Buckingham— well known in Jacobean times, and Scott's own, as the king's lover—by troping


This is a study about a critic called Kim Moon Jip, one of the important figures in the Korean literary scene of late 1930s. He is considered a pioneer in terms of highlighting aesthetic values in literary works. Such perspective interprets the works of novelist Kim Yoo Jung, namely, valuable. His stress on the aesthetic beauty is said to be formed under the influence of foreign writers such as Yokomitsu Rietsu, Tanijiaki Junnichiro and Oscar Wilde (respectively from Japan, Japan and Ireland.) Accordingly his perspective was considered not in accordance with nationalistic or ethical values of the time. His eccentric stance even leads him to jail. As such his view on aestheticism tends to be defiant. He often had disagreements with other figures such as critic Choi Jae sea concerning Realism or concerning the interpretation of the novel Wing by Yi Sang. Unfortunately his literary career came to an end with an unexpected lawsuit charged against him. After the incident, Kim is said to have lived a wandering life. An anthology of short stories published in Japanese, Arirang Hill, well illustrate his literary career.


In some large diameter CZ-Si wafers, stacking faults with ringlike distribution are observed after thermal oxidation. Although the stacking faults are formed through wafer thickness from surface into bulk after dry O2 or steam oxidation, no stacking faults are observed after N2 annealing or HCl+dry O2 oxidation. All the stacking faults, even in bulk, are therefore considered to be formed by the condensation of silicon self-interstitials generated at the surface during oxidation. The ringlike distribution is found to originate from grown-in oxygen precipitates observed right in the center of the stacking faults by transmission electron microscope.


A new genus and species of Onychiuridae (Collembola, Poduromorpha) from caves in the south of the Iberian Peninsula is described. The usual dichotomous keys would locate this species somewhere between the genera Protaphorura Absolon and Heteronychiurus Bagnall. The new genus has four rows of setae on abdominal tergite VI, rudimentary furca as a cuticular fold and an anterior granulated area, 2+2 dorsal pseudocelli on the posterior part of the head, 1+1 dorsal pseudocelli on thoracic tergite I, 2+2 dorsal pseudocelli on abdominal tergite V, 1+1 pseudopores in each thoracic sternite, and the microsensillum on the basal part of the apical third of the antennal segment IV.


Introduction – The application of MR imaging in neurological studies has increased remarkably during the last decade. Factors such as intrinsic contrast, high spatial resolution and non-invasive volumetric analysis contribute to its usefulness, especially in medical settings. The contrast in an anatomical MR image depends primarily on water relaxation. T1 (longitudinal), T2 (transverse) and T2* relaxation dominate the contrast generated in high-resolution volumetric datasets. These parameters are dependent on temperature, which normally is not a true variable for in vivo imaging but can be utilized with preserved (i.e. formaldehyde fixed) specimen to enhance contrast. Lower experimental temperatures decrease molecular motion, thus lowering relaxation times [1-3]. Temperature dependent alterations in T1 time are usually the most evident; however, contrast enhancement in high-resolution gradient-recalled echo images is largely due to T2* mechanisms. In this study, the effects of acquisition temperature on contrast in fixed brain tissue from adult male zebra finches were investigated and quantified. In particular, the study was focused on several neuron-dense structures (i.e. nuclei) in the brains of these animals. The objective of this study was to determine optimal imaging parameters to highlight nuclei involved in the song acquisition and production pathways as well as the connections between these regions without utilizing exogenous contrast agents [4]. For example, the HVC, which is involved in both song production and acquisition, is connected to the nucleus robustus arcopallium (RA) located in the posterior pathway (song production). The nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis, pars dorsalis (MLd) is the auditory midbrain region in which multiple parallel inputs from the lower brain stem converge and through which most auditory information passes to reach the forebrain. The lateral magnocellular nucleus of the nidopallium (LMAN) is the output of anterior forebrain pathway essential for learning and maintenance of song. Imaging Protocol – Excised brains from adult male zebra finches were immersion fixed using 4% paraformaldehyde. All MR data were acquired using an 11.75-T vertical magnet equipped with a Bruker Avance console and Micro2.5 gradients. The brain tissue was washed in phosphate buffered saline (1xPBS) prior to imaging and immersed in Fluorinert (3M, Corp). Using a 10-mm birdcage coil, scans were acquired at the following temperatures: 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ̊C. Three-dimensional gradient-recalled echo (GRE) scans (TE/TR=15/200 ms) were acquired at an isotropic resolution of 40 μm. Acquisition time per scan ranged between 3-4 hours depending on the size of the excised tissue. For all temperatures, T1 relaxation was quantified using multi-slice spin-echo sequences (MSSE) acquired with TE=8 ms and TR =15-0.5 s. T2 relaxation was measured using MSSE scans acquired with TE=8-96 ms and TR=2.5 s. In addition, to determine T2* relaxation, multiple gradient echo (MGE) sequences were acquired with the following parameters: TE=3-31 ms and TR=0.75 s. For all relaxation measurements, spatial resolution was 80x80x400μm. Relaxation analysis was performed by assigning regions of interest (ROIs). Results & Discussion – Lower experimental temperatures resulted in a significant contrast enhancement. This increase in signal intensity was particularly noticeable for the different neuron-dense nuclei in the zebra finch brain (Fig 1). Significant contrast enhancement could be detected in the different telencephalic layers of the brain as well as in the fiber tracts linking different structures. T1 and T2 analysis (Fig 2A and B) demonstrated an expected reduction in values with decreasing temperature, but no significant contrast enhancement due to these mechanisms. However, T2* measurements displayed decreases in T2* with decreasing temperature that did enhance contrast (Fig 2C). These contrast enhancements are best illustrated for three structures in the finch brain as shown in Fig 3. In conclusion, reduced acquisition temperatures not only increase the signal-to-noise ratio but can increase contrast enhancement in preserved tissue. Furthermore, the lower acquisition temperatures may protect tissue for further biochemical analysis, such as immunohistochemistry. These techniques could be applied to a range of preserved specimen to develop contrast.


Colorimetric detection is cost-effective and user-friendly when used for sensing target analytes without a need of bulky and expensive equipment. The extraordinary transmission phenomena through plasmonic periodic nanocup arrays achieve colorimetric sensing by detecting color changes of transmitted light associated with the refractive index variation. The application of the nanocup arrays, however, is relatively restricted due to a limited sensitivity for monolayered target analyte detections on the surface. In order to improve the sensitivity bounded by the underlying nanostructures, hybrid nanoparticle (NP) – nanocup array substrates are developed for enhancing the sensitivity to the refractive index change. The three dimensionally assembled Au NPs in circle along the sidewall of each nanocup increases the density of hot spots by the heterogeneous plasmonic coupling between the NP and the edge of the nanocup; thus a small refractive index change at the hot spot becomes easily detected than bare nanocup arrays. In addition to the bulk refractive index sensing, an ultrasensitive spectroscopic detection of the antigen-antibody binding is achieved by this three-dimensional self-assembly of Au NPs on the Au nanocup arrays.


1. The increment‐threshold for a small test spot in the peripheral visual field was measured against backgrounds that were red or blue.


paramilitary involvement in the Baltics, and Lithuanian statehood. Balkelis has carried out an impeccable historical reconstruction of Lithuanian state and non-state organizations, of the logics of mobilization, and of institution building. This achievement is all the more praiseworthy because it transcends the rupture of 1918, which has so often represented the starting or end point of historical studies, and because the analysis is firmly entangled in the complex constellation of nationalist and revolutionary aspects of wars and violence after 1918.


There has been interest in recent literature in tackling very large real world qualitative spatial networks, primarily because of the real datasets that have been, and are to be, offered by the Semantic Web community and scale up to millions of nodes. The proposed techniques for tackling such large networks employ the following two approaches for retaining the sparseness of their underlying graphs and reasoning with them: (i) graph triangulation and sparse matrix implementation, and (ii) graph partitioning and parallelization. Regarding the latter approach, an implementation has been offered recently, presented in [AAAI, 2014]. However, although the implementation looks promising and with space for improvement, an improper use of competing solvers in the evaluation process resulted in the wrong conclusion that it is able to provide fast consistency for very large qualitative spatial networks with respect to the state-of-the-art. In this paper, we review the two aforementioned approaches and provide new results that are different to the results presented in [AAAI, 2014] by properly re-evaluating them with the benchmark dataset of that paper. Thus, we establish a clear view on the state-of-the-art solutions for reasoning with large real world qualitative spatial networks efficiently, which is the main result of this paper.


Software Requirements Engineering (SRE) process define software manuscripts with sustaining Software Requirement Specification (SRS) and its activities. SRE comprises many tasks requirement analysis, elicitation, documentation, conciliation and validation. Natural language is most popular and commonly used to form the SRS document. However, natural language has its own limitations wrt quality approach for SRS. The constraints include incomplete, incorrect, ambiguous, and inconsistency. In software engineering, most applications are object-oriented. So requirements are unlike problem domain need to be developed. So software documentation is completed in such a way that, all authorized users like clients, analysts, managers, and developers can understand it. These are the basis for success of any planned project. Most of the work is still dependent on intensive human (domain expert) work. consequences of the project success still depend on timeliness with tending errors. The fundamental quality intended for each activity is specified during the software development process. This paper concludes critically with best practices in writing SRS. This approach helps to mitigate SRS limitation up to some extent. An initial review highlights capable results for the proposed practices.


Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics of newborns with birth trauma. Material and Methods: The medical records of 13198 live born infants in our hospital were reviewed retrospectively regarding birth related traumas. Birth-related injuries were defined as, soft tissue lesions, nervous tissue injury and bone tissue injury. The results obtained from this study compared with the results of the study which was performed in 2001-2004 period in our hospital. Results: Birth trauma was detected in 322 (2.4%) of all live births. The gender, mean gestational age and mean birth weight of the infants were 38.6% female, 38.1p3.2 weeks and 3234p694 g, respectively. The mode of delivery was found 65.8% by vaginal delivery. The most common type of birth trauma was soft tissue lesions (93.4%), whereas other lesions were nerve tissue damages (3.4%) and, skeletal fractures (3.2%). The most common risk factors for birth trauma were found to be; prematurity (20.8%), prolonged labour (11.5%) and birth weight g4000 g (8.4%). In the first study, the soft tissue damage, bone tissue injury and nervous tissue injury rations in 1000 live births, found 5.8, 1.0 and 1.4, respectively while in current study this rations detected as 22.8, 0.75 and 0.83, respectively. Conclusions: The most common risk factors for birth trauma were found to be; prematurity, prolonged labor and large birth weight (g4000 g). In our study, is compared to in 1000 live births, bone tissue and nerve tissue injury had significantly decreased. Key words: Newborn; Birth Trauma; Risk Factors.


We calculate bisoliton solutions by using a slowly varying stroboscopic equation. The system is characterized in terms of a single dimensionless parameter. We find two branches of solutions and describe the structure of the tails for the lower-branch solutions.


In order to meet the demand of real-time transmission of the terrain data and efficient display, based on the different view field of high altitude and surface, firstly, a general(efficient to both surface and high altitude) view field algorithm is proposed. This algorithm promotes the traditional vision clipping algorithm, efficiently determining the visibility of the view field, the LODs of the key nodes and previsible region when position of the vision moves. Pre-scheduling method is used to keep the calculation in order. Then progressive transmission strategy is adopted to transmit the processed data. Finally, the validity of the algorithm is approved by experiment.


Tiger's Milk mushrooms (Lignosus rhinocerus) are polypores with three distinct parts: cap (pileus), stem (stipe) and tuber (sclerotium). The stem of this medicinal mushroom is centrally connected to the brownish woody cap that grows out from the tuber underground rather than from the wood. To date, the biotic and abiotic factors that induce the growth of this mushroom are unclear and information regarding its development is scanty. Hence, the differential protein expressions of vegetative dikaryotic mycelial and primordial cells of this mushroom were investigated. Six two dimensional-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-SDS-PAGE) of 13 cm with pH3-10 containing the intracellular proteins of vegetative mycelial and primordial cells of L. rhinocerus were obtained. Analysis of 2D-SDS-PAGE using Progenesis Samespot version 4.1 yielded approximately 1000 distinct protein spots in the proteome of vegetative mycelial cells, while primordial proteome contained nearly 100 spots. Further comparison between the vegetative mycelial and primordial proteomes yielded significant up-regulation of protein expression of 5 primordial cells proteins that were labeled as P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5. These protein spots were excised, trypsin digested and submitted to mass spectrometry. Protein identification through MASCOT yielded significant identification with P1 and P2 as DnaJ domain protein, P3 and P5 as hypothetical protein while P4 as AP-2rep transcription factor. The present results suggested that P3, P4 and P5 are novel proteins that involved in the initiation of L. rhinocerus primordia. Our findings also suggested that stress response mechanism is present during fruitification of this mushroom.


With the exchange economy developing,the phenomenon that the landlords left countryside to reside in cities gradually increased in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in modern China.Because the countryside were in a more and more turbulent state before the Anti Japanese War,the pace and scale of this phenomenon in the area enlarged,and also presented some feature different from that of it before this period.The landlord's city residence resulted the non official restriction in the countryside power structure decreased in the political sphere,because the ruffian and roguish tendency in the countryside authority increased,the legal state of the countryside authority crisis increased also.The landlord's city residence phenomenon not only promoted the exchange economy and enhanced the city and countyside contact,but,as the city resided landlords took a large sum of cash into cities,and also changed tenancy relationship,so the landlord's city residence aggravated the rural financial exhaust and the countryside bankruptcy in the early 30's of the 20 th century.


The human gut microbiome is a diverse ecosystem that encompasses multiple domains of life and plays a vital role in human health. Due to technical limitations, most microbiome studies have focused on gut prokaryotes, overlooking bacteriophages and other gut viruses. The most common method to profile viruses is to assemble shotgun metagenomic reads - often from virus-enriched samples - and identify viral genomes de novo. While valuable, this resource-intensive and reference-independent method has limited sensitivity. To overcome these drawbacks, we developed Phanta, which profiles human gut metagenomes in a virus-inclusive manner directly from short reads utilizing recently published catalogs of gut viral genomes. Phanta incorporates k-mer based classification tools and was developed with virus-specific properties in mind. Specifically, it includes optimizations considering viruses' small genome size, sequence homology with prokaryotes, and interactions with other members of the gut microbial community. Based on simulations, the workflow is fast and accurate with respect to both prokaryotes and viruses, minimizing false positive species identification using a novel genome coverage-based strategy. When applied to metagenomes from healthy adults, Phanta identified ~200 viral species per sample, ~5x more than the standard assembly-based methods. Notably, we observed a 2:1 ratio between gut viruses and bacteria, with higher interindividual variability of the gut virome compared to the gut bacteriome. Phanta performs equally well on bulk vs. virus-enriched metagenomes, making it possible to study prokaryotes and viruses in a single experiment, with a single analysis. Phanta can tandemly profile gut viruses and prokaryotes in existing and novel datasets, and can therefore identify cross-domain interactions with likely relevance to human health. We expect that Phanta will reduce the barrier to virus-inclusive studies of the human gut microbiome, thus making it standard practice.


"It tided over many a weary hour of our solitude," he is reported as saying. "My companions especially like your poem 'Tryst,' which I read to them again and again."' General Greely is better known as an explorer than as a critic of poetry. Yet his high opinion of Celia Thaxter's poems, considering the grim circumstances in which he read them, is provocative. Who would suspect a minor poetess of Victorian New England to have anything to say to a group of starving castaways in the polar night? But a reading of Celia Thaxter's poems explains much. As one progresses in the single volume of her verse one realizes that she is among the first American writers to view nature as indifferent, if not downright hostile, to man. The poem, "A Tryst," which Greely praised so highly, is reminiscent in mood of many of the later realists, of such works, for example, as Crane's "The Open Boat" or London's "To Build a Fire."


The present invention relates to a laparoscopic surgical intensive tool comprising a housing body and a metal tip, a first receiving cavity formed within the metal tip; outer housing comprises a suction and irrigation tube alignment sleeve; an inner casing provided with a positioning tool operations lever, one lever end to end of the tool is provided with an electrical hook, movement of the lever when the tool is positioned within the sleeve, an electrical regeneration tool operating lever hook end portion located outside the housing are accommodated or held in the first housing and a second chamber receiving cavity; electrical hook housed in the first receiving cavity, electrically connected to the metal regeneration hook end electrically. Compact structure of the present invention can perform laparoscopic surgery forceps, hook electrode, coagulation rods, suction, irrigation pipe between the quick and efficient replacement, reduce the risk of waste of time caused by the replacement of the instrument; electrical hook coagulation operations simultaneously when the smoke has generated attractive features that make electrical hook, coagulation timely removal operations, maintain a clear surgical field, and adjust easy to control, safe and reliable.


The stability of a neural network is known to be the basis of the neural networks in various applications. The stability of asymmetric discrete Hopfield neural network is mainly studied and some results are given in asynchronously, synchronously and partially synchronously updating modes. It is proved that if, for some stable networks, giving the weight matrix an imcrement and obtaining a new weight matrix, then it can be ensured that the new network is also stable under some conditions. The obtained results not only generalize the existing results, but also provide a theoretical foundation for the robustness analysis of stability and new applications of the discrete Hopfield networks.


A new problem on hepatitis for Indonesian is hepatitis-C virus (HCV). This infection is endemic, majority sub-clinic and progressive in chronic. Viral transmission is primarily via a parenteral route, while other routes are still in debate. Diagnostic approach should be focused on how this virus developed. KeyWords: hepatitis-C virus molecular biology Westem-blot-HCV blood transfusion epidemiology


Fearful expressions are thought to warn of potential threat (Davis et al., 2011; Whalen, 1998) and therefore, one response to seeing fear might be to react cautiously. Although previous studies have tested for an effect of seeing fear on visual perception, they have not tested for increased decision making caution. Here, I applied Hierarchical Drift Diffusion Modelling (Vandekerckhove, Tuerlinckx, & Lee, 2011a; Wiecki, Sofer, & Frank, 2013) to the results of 4 experiments designed to test the idea that seeing facial expressions both impairs visual perception (Bocanegra & Zeelenberg, 2009a) and leads to changes in decision making caution. Standard statistical analyses showed that reaction times were slower following fearful compared to neutral expressions. Diffusion Modelling showed that the data were best described by increased caution and not impaired perception. Further experiments showed that: 1) happy expressions did not lead to increased caution (Experiment 3) and 2) people were less cautious after seeing sad compared to neutral expressions (Experiment 4). Overall, the results point to a new direction for research in this area – testing for differences in decision making caution following facial expressions and other emotion cues. Caution Follows Fear: Evidence from Hierarchical Drift Diffusion Modelling "A wealth of information creates a poverty of attention" (p. 41-42; Simon, 1971) Emotion is thought to help solve the problem of too much information by prioritising information relevant to our goals. Such prioritisation is thought to occur at a very early stage of processing by influencing perception and attention. For example, one set of studies have consistently recorded impaired visual perception following the presentation of fearful compared to neutral expressions (Bocanegra & Zeelenberg, 2009a; Borst & Kosslyn, 2010a; Nicol, Perrotta, Caliciuri, & Wachowiak, 2013a). Evidence for an early prioritisation is primarily based on the separate analyses of reaction times (RTs) and accuracy rates. The separate analyses of RTs and accuracy means that researchers may have overlooked one way in which people react to emotion cues by reacting cautiously slowing down in an attempt to be more accurate. Testing for Caution Follows Fear 2 increased caution requires analysing the effect of emotion on the joint relationship between accuracy and RTs. Here, I use Hierarchical Drift Diffusion Modelling (Vandekerckhove et al., 2011a; Wiecki et al., 2013) to test for both impaired perception and increased caution following fearful, happy and sad facial expressions. Facial Expressions and Visual Perception Pioneering studies (Bocanegra & Zeelenberg, 2009; Phelps et al., 2006) have shown that seeing someone expressing fear has a profound effect on basic visual perception. For example, one study (Bocanegra & Zeelenberg, 2009) examined the effect of presenting a fearful face on observers' sensitivity to the orientation of a Gabor patch. The authors varied the spatial frequency of the targets to examine whether the previous report of enhanced vision (Phelps et al., 2006) due to fear might be restricted to low spatial frequency information (LSF). The findings extended the results of an earlier study (Phelps et al., 2006) by showing that fearful faces both enhanced orientation sensitivity for the low spatial frequency information (LSF) and impaired orientation sensitivity for high spatial frequency information (HSF). Subsequent studies have replicated both enhanced and impaired visual perception following fearful expressions (Bocanegra, Huijding, & Zeelenberg, 2012; Bocanegra & Zeelenberg, 2011; Borst & Kosslyn, 2010a; Nicol et al., 2013a). Moreover, further research showed that the effects are not restricted to fearful facial expressions but occur following emotional auditory stimuli (Zeelenberg & Bocanegra, 2010), fear-conditioned stimuli (Lee, Baek, Lu, & Mather, 2014a; Lojowska, Gladwin, Hermans, & Roelofs, 2015) and emotional images (Song & Keil, 2013). Affecting Speed and Accuracy in Perception Why does emotion both enhance and impair vision? According to the Affecting Speed and Accuracy in Perception account (ASAP; Bocanegra, 2014) emotion induces an inhibitory interaction between the magnocellular-type (M-type) and parvocellular-type (P-type) channels in the visual system. M-type channels respond quickly to coarse-grained spatial (LSF) information whereas P-type channels exhibit a slower, more sustained response to fine-grained spatial (HSF) information (Breitmeyer & Williams, 1990; Callaway, 1998). Emotion is thought to potentiate the fast-acting M-type channels leading to increased sensitivity to LSF information while concurrently inhibiting the slower-acting parvocellular-type (P-type) channels leading to poorer sensitivity to HSF information. A challenge for the ASAP account and other accounts of the effects of emotion cues on attention and perception is accounting for a diverse effects of emotion cues on both RTs and accuracy rates. For example, emotion cues slow RTs in some experiments (e.g., Fox, Russo, & Dutton, 2002; Hodsoll, Viding, & Lavie, 2011) and speed RTs in others (e.g., Becker, 2009; Quinlan & Johnson, 2011), and also, improve and reduce accuracy in separate experiments (Sutherland & Mather, 2012). A notable feature of the ASAP account is that it takes a broader perspective by attempting to provide a framework for interpreting the effects of emotion stimuli on both RT and accuracy rates. The ASAP account specifies when emotion stimuli will affect RTs or accuracy depending on whether the task relies more on processing via either the P-type channel (for fine grained analyses) or the M-type channel (for coarse-grained analyses). For example, if a task requires identification and fast responses (typically required for RT paradigms involving a single stimulus) then the prediction is that emotion will slow-down RTs because identification relies relatively more on the slower and more sustained activation of the P-channel (Bocanegra, 2014). However, for tasks that require identification and emphasize slower, accurate responses (typically required for multi-stimulus tasks identification) then the claim is that emotion will increase the response duration of the P-type channel leading to greater accuracy. This basic model was able to explain the results of multiple experiments in which participants judged faces with different spatial frequency information removed. For example, in support of the idea that the emotion modulates the P-channel (required for identification) one experiment (Experiment 1c; Bocanegra, 2014) showed that RTs were reliably slower for fearful (vs neutral) expressions when people were asked to judge the sex of a single fearful face with low-spatial frequency information removed. Overall, the ASAP account; 1) offers a compelling account of the dissociable effects of emotion on high and low spatial frequency information and 2) argues for a direct effect of emotion on vision – emotion modulates visual input prior to the attentional system (Bocanegra, 2014). Caution Follows Fear 3 Evaluation. Beyond the results of experiments that have manipulated spatial frequency information it is not clear how the ASAP account might explain the effects of emotional stimuli on RT and accuracy in experiments that have neither controlled for nor manipulated the presence of spatial frequency information. For facial expressions specifically, experiments have reported a diverse set of findings including: 1) reductions in target detection accuracy following expressions presented in rapid sequence of images (de Jong, Koster, van Wees, & Martens, 2010; Maratos, 2011; Peers & Lawrence, 2009; Sigurjónsdóttir, Sigurðardóttir, Björnsson, & Kristjánsson, 2015; Stebbins & Vanous, 2015; Vermeulen, Godefroid, & Mermillod, 2009) 2) increased target detection accuracy following fearful compared to angry expressions (Taylor & Whalen, 2014) 3) faster visual search for complex images following the presentation of a fearful face (Becker, 2009; Quinlan & Johnson, 2011) 4) slower RTs when fearful and other expressions are presented as task-irrelevant distractors (Berggren, Richards, Taylor, & Derakshan, 2013; Fox et al., 2002; Georgiou et al., 2005; Gupta, Hur, & Lavie, 2016; Hodsoll et al., 2011; Van Dillen & Koole, 2009) and 5) faster RTs for neutral probes following in the same location as a threat-related expression (e.g., Bradley, Mogg, Falla, & Hamilton, 1998). Although it is difficult to summarize the interpretation for each result (for reviews see; Mogg & Bradley, 2016; Yiend, 2010) a common interpretation of both RT and accuracy effects in these studies is that emotion biases the competition for limited resources a competition that emotion stimuli are, as the result of evolutionary pressures, predisposed to win or influence. The speed-accuracy trade-off The many studies of emotion on attention and perception have tended to overlook a fundamental aspect of decision making under time pressure namely, the speed-accuracy trade-off; the ubiquitous finding that accuracy of a decision varies with the time taken to make a decision speed correlates with accuracy (Schouten & Bekker, 1967; Wickelgren, 1977). The majority of previous studies into the effects of emotion on attention have not directly tested for an effect of emotion on the relationship between accuracy and RTs and therefore, we do not know to what extent the results might reflect a speed-accuracy trade-off. Intuitively though they might do. For example, fearful expressions are thought to warn of potential threat a warning signal (Davis et al., 2011; Taylor & Whalen, 2014; Whalen, 1998) therefore, responding cautiously by slowing down to avoid a mistake (trading speed for accuracy) is an intuitively plausible response to fearful expressions. For other emotional stimuli a speed-accuracy trade-off might lead to a different pattern. For example, people might dwell on emotionally


PURPOSE: A fabrication method of a capacitor is provided to prevent an oxidation of a lower electrode and a barrier metal and to simplify manufacturing processes by using Ru-Y composite as the lower electrode. CONSTITUTION: An interlayer dielectric(2) having a contact hole is formed on a semiconductor substrate(1). A polysilicon plug(3) and barrier films having a titanium silicide(4) and a titanium nitride(5) are sequentially filled into the contact hole. A lower electrode(8) made of Ru-Y composite is formed on the resultant structure by sputtering Ru metal and by doping Y into the Ru metal. The Y has a high oxidation free energy compared to the Ru. Then, a dielectric film(9) and an upper electrode(10) are sequentially formed on the lower electrode.


th April 2014) Summary: Bauxite is heterogeneous material principally composed of aluminum oxide minerals and found in all continents. It is being used in chemical, cement, refractory, abrasive, fertilizer, steel and other industries. In order to extract the alumina, the calcined samples of bauxite of Khushab area were ground to -710 µm. Sulphuric acid of purity 40% was used as leaching agent and slurry of pulp density 14% was prepared by dissolving 60 ml acid in 20 gm sample. The leaching was carried out at 90°C for 2 hours. The iron impurity was removed by ethanol of purity 68%. The drying, dehydration and desulphurization temperatures were kept 105°C, 450°C and 850°C respectively in all the stages of the process. Alumina recoveries from four samples of Sultan Mehdhi, Chamil More, Niaz Mine and Nadi locations were 20.8%, 9.81%, 15.47% and 7.78% respectively. Iron was almost completely removed as the analysis shows that the Fe2O3 removal was from 97.8% to 99.6%. It is concluded that leaching efficiency was quite encouraging except Nadi ore sample. However the iron free alumina recoveries were low as the analysis of Fe2O3 processed residue shows that it contains 72.72% to 92.94% of leached alumina in all the four experiments.


Based on double-fiber-tangent rings we propose a high-reliable wavelength-division-multiplexing optical access network. With the proposed architecture, data convergence can be realized and fiber link can be protected well. Because of fiber failure occurring no matter in primary ring and sub-ring, optical line terminal and remote nodes need to be switched automatically to protection mode. The RN designed as tangent point can realize wavelengths adding and dropping between PR and SR, and it also can expand the network conveniently and smoothly with more wavelengths in the network. What is more, the design of DFTR can enhance the survivability and self-healing ability of the network. The analysis and simulation demonstrate the proposed scheme has the strong survivability and it will be a good choice for large-scale access network in the future.


Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Abstract Data from a direct comparison of the long-term survival outcomes of surgical resection (SR) or radiofrequency ablation (RFA) versus transarterial therapy in Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP)-class A patients with a single small T1/T2 stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (≤3 cm) are still lacking. This study retrospectively compared the therapeutic outcomes of these treatment types for CTP-A patients with a single small HCC. Using a nationwide Korean registry, we identified 2314 CTP-A patients with SR (n = 722), RFA (n = 731), or transarterial therapy (n = 861) for a single (≤3 cm) T1/T2 stage HCC from 2008 to 2014. The posttreatment overall survival (OS) of transarterial therapy with either SR or RFA were compared using the Inverse Probability of treatment Weighting (IPW). The median follow-up period was 50 months (range 1–107 months). After IPW, the cumulative OS rates after SR or RFA were significantly higher than those after transarterial therapy in all subjects (all P values < .05). The OS rates after SR or RFA were better than those after transarterial therapy in patients with the hepatitis B or C virus (all P values < .05), and in patients aged <65 years (all P values < .05). The cumulative OSs between RFA and transarterial therapy were statistically comparable in patients with a 2 to 3 cm HCC and aged ≥65 years, respectively. For all subjects, the weighted Cox proportional hazards model using IPW provided the adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for the OS after SR versus transarterial therapy and after RFA versus transarterial therapy of 0.42 (0.30–0.60) (P < .001) and 0.78 (0.61–0.99) (P = .044), respectively. In CTP-A patients with a single (≤3 cm) T1/T2 HCC, SR or RFA provides a better OS than transarterial therapy, regardless of the HCC etiology (hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus), especially in patients with HCC of <2 cm and aged <65 years.


Newborn Screening for Cystic Fibrosis was introduced in The Netherlands in 2011. Parents, who have a child diagnosed with Cystic Fibrosis, are faced with a sudden and impactful life event that evokes anxiety and stress. A parental coaching program was set up by the Dutch Cystic Fibrosis Foundation in order to support the parents. Feasibility and possible effects of the program were studied in a pilot. The program seems to have positive effects on the psychological wellbeing of the parents. After the intervention, levels of anxiety and distress of the parents significantly decreased, compared to the start of the program. Overall, the program was rated very positively by the participants and 90% stated they reached their personal predefined goals. Both the structure and content of the program are feasible for them. They would highly advise the program to future parents with a child diagnosed with CF.


Understand appropriate coding for when a doctor certifies patient care plans while the patient is in home health care facilities. Also, how to code for a rapid flu test.


Falls are a common and serious problem. In hospitals it is assumed that carpet on the floor will increase the risk of falls. However a well constructed observational study from New Zealand did not find any reduction in falls in a hospital setting when carpet tiles were replaced with vinyl tiles. In the community it is more difficult to count falls. Instead attempts are made to improve skills associated with increased falls. A small community study targeting treatments at improving balance and reducing cognitive-motor interference did show the expected improvements in gait and balance. Another smaller study in residential care homes also investigated the effects of training to reduce cognitive-motor interference, and also found evidence of improved gait. Now we need a huge trial to investigate whether falls are reduced in either setting. Improving walking is the target of many treatments, and in arthritis, pain may reduce mobility. A study on the benefits of adding neuromuscular electrical stimulation to exercise in people with knee osteoarthritis found that pain was reduced and muscle strength increased, but there was no discernable effect on function. Was the study too small? Or are our hypotheses incorrect? Prediction mobility outcome in people with arthritis of the hip or knee was the subject of another paper in this issue, albeit in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip rather than the knee. The findings confirm my pre-existing expectations which were not based on any evidence whatsoever. Walking may itself be a treatment, and an interesting study in people with back pain found that walking was as effective as more specific exercises in reducing their problems. Maybe it is exercise itself, not particular exercises that helps. Idiopathic neck dystonia currently only has one effective treatment, botulinum toxin, but a pilot study reported here finds exercise to be feasible, and safe; whether it is beneficial has yet to be determined! Constraint-induced motor therapy is very fashionable, but it may simply be the amount of therapy that it involves that is effective. An interesting study in children with cerebral palsy where both groups had the same direct contact therapy time, found it to be superior to 'traditional therapy'. Children with cerebral palsy are often cared for by parents even as adults, but the parent-child relationship has always been conditioned by the disability. When an adult has a stroke and is then cared for by a parent, the interaction may be different. A qualitative study reported here finds that parents can re-establish a caring relationship easily; the children are not so content with the re-established relationship. Finally one major unresolved problem in rehabilitation is how to ensure a systematic review of patients after an episode of rehabilitation, being systematic both in terms of covering all main domains for an individual patient but also covering all patients who should be reviewed. A study of a new tool for use six months after stroke is published here, and the tool seems usable and useful. 478097 CRE27310.1177/0269215513478097Clinical RehabilitationIntroductory paragraph – Volume 27, Issue 3 2013


Background: Nursing informatics is expanding and developing with health information technology and becoming an essential component of all nursing practice areas particularly in monitoring of the organ transplanted recipients. Aim: To evaluate the effect of nursing informatics' training program on nurses' proficiency in remote follow-up for liver-transplant recipients. Research design: Quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design. Sitting: The present study was carried out at the Liver Transplantation follow-up Unit, National Liver Institute, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt. Sample: Convenient sample of all available nurses (50) divided random into intervention and control groups. Tools: Two tools were used; assessment questionnaire and Nursing Informatics Competency Assessment Tool (NICAT) . Results: All the 50 nurses completed the instructional program, but there was no clear differentiation between the interventional and control participants at the pretest phase in terms of the Nursing informatics competence and its elements (p = 0.54). However, in the post-test phase, the interventional nurses' Nursing informatics competence and its elements considerably improved with a big effect size in comparison to the control nurses (p=0.001), this distinction demonstrated the intervention nurses' competence in the post-test phase. The informatics literacy component had the biggest mean difference in the interventional group, whereas the informatics management skills element had the least overall mean difference. Conclusions : The intervention program obviously enhanced nursing informatics competence in all its dimension values, which suggested that it was helpful in raising the nursing informatics competence of nurses working in liver transplant unit. Recommendations: This program should be essentially applied in all health sectors for enhancing nurses' nursing informatics proficiency.


Does regular reflective writing enhance engineering students' capacity to be reflective professionals? This study explores whether writing and sharing weekly reflections throughout a summer internship can transform the way engineering students' think about their work in a way that connects it more profoundly with their academic studies. A quasi-experimental mixed methods design is used with a sample size of 60 participants over two years. Using the AAC&U's Integrative Learning rubric, we find statistically significant improvement in the quality and depth of students' written reflection at the end of a summer internship enriched with regular writing.  In their writing, students find explicit concrete and abstract connections between their studies and the internship work they do, drawing lessons from it and re-conceptualizing their role as both students and engineers.  The reflections facilitate transformative learning during the internship experiences, guiding students in their professional development.


In order to analyze the performance of lunar rover, draw bar pull and motion resistance are analyzed in this paper based on terramechanics. The relationships between configuration parameters (like wheel width, wheel bases et al.) and mobility performance parameters are obtained from the analysis. Meanwhile, the sensitive factors of the motion resistance are found. Then main performance evaluation metrics and indexes of mobility performance are presented, based on which performance comparison of LER-1 and ALR (a new configuration lunar rover) locomotion systems is performed. The method of evaluating mobility performance of lunar rover by simulation is introduced. The analysis results indicate that the new locomotion system configuration ALR has good mobility performance. The study results can apply to the design of planetary exploration rovers for reference.


This article provides a description of the British Sentimental Novel Corpus (BSNC) and a case study that explores, at the level of the individual, the relation between the Reaction Object Construction (ROC) and the Direct Discourse Construction (DDC). The BSNC is a large-scale specialised corpus that comprises full novels of eleven canonical authors across three generations from 19th century British fiction. It aims at studying language as both a social and a cognitive phenomenon and, in line with a recent trend in historical sociolinguistics, at exploring the interaction between individual and aggregate levels (see Fonteyn 2017; Hilpert 2020; Petre et al. 2019). The first part describes the methodological principles that underlie the design and compilation of the BSNC. In the second part, we present a new case study that aims to determine whether our previous aggregate findings also hold at the individual level. The results serve to confirm our hypothesis: first, individual changes in the ROC and the DDC run in parallel across almost the entire 19th century, correlating most significantly between 1851 and 1860. Second, the aggregate-level division of labour between these two functionally similar constructions turned out to be a feature of all authors in the BSNC. Last, the ROC-DDC alternation has been attested in an important proportion of the BSNC novels, with only a relatively small group of texts using solely the older and less extravagant variant (i.e. the DDC). This suggests that the alternation as such represents a cognitive reality for these individual writers across their lifespan.


The development of Pakcoy cultivation holds good prospects, as seen from the demand for vegetable commodities in Indonesia. Its cultivation is consistently rising in terms of volume and value of vegetable imports. However, the cultivation process encounters multiple issues caused by pests and diseases. In addition, the volatile climate in Indonesia has resulted in uninterrupted pest development and the potential decline of Pakcoy's productivity. Therefore, the detection system for pests and diseases in the Pakcoy plant is called upon to accurately and quickly assist farmers in determining the right treatment, thereby reducing economic losses and producing abundant quality crops. A web-based application with several well-known Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) were incorporated, such as MobileNetV2, GoogLeNet, and ResNet101. A total of 1,226 images were used for training, validating, and testing the dataset to address the problem in this study. The dataset consisted of several plant conditions with leaf miners, cabbage butterflies, powdery mildew disease, healthy plants, and multiple data labels for pests and diseases presented in the individual image. The results show that the MobileNetV2 provides a minimum loss compared to GoogLeNet and ResNet-101 with scores of 0.076, 0.239, and 0.209, respectively. Since the MobileNetV2 architecture provides a good model, the model was carried out to be integrated and tested with the web-based application. The testing accuracy rate reached 98% from the total dataset of 70 testing images. In this direction, MobileNetV2 can be a viable method to be integrated with web-based applications for classifying an image as the basis for decision-making.


Abstract The objective was to study the composition of sand fly species, the seasonal activity of the dominant species and correlation with average rainfall, sex association of the dominant species with domicile habitats and analyze different landscape scenarios for the two study sites in the municipalities of Itapevi and Mogi of the Crosses. Sandflies were captured with CDC(s) traps installed in three households at each study site for a period of 24 hours, biweekly for two years. A total of 2970 specimens were collected. The dominant species were P.fischeri and M.migonei. A statistically significant difference was registered between males and females of the two species in relation to the intra and peridomicile. The seasonal activity of both species showed a weak significant positive correlation with rainfall. The species P.fischeri and M.migonei may be potential vectors of CVL in the studied sites.


Background: The aim of this study was to examine the impact of screening introduction on prostate cancer incidence changes, and changes in stage distribution in Lithuania between 1998–2016. Methods: Age-standardized incidence as well as stage-specific incidence rates were calculated. Joinpoint regression was used to estimate the annual percentage change in the incidence changes by determined stage: Localized, advanced, distant and unknown. Results: Over the study period, a total number of 48,815 new prostate cancer cases was identified. Age-standardized incidence rose from 51.9 per 100,000 in 1998 to 279.3 per 100,000 in 2007 (by 20.3% per year) and then decreased thereafter by 3.8% annually. Highest incidence rates after introduction of prostate specific antigene (PSA)-based screening was found for localized disease, followed by advanced. Incidence of localized disease rose by 38.2% per year until 2007 reaching the highest rate of 284.6 per 100,000, with a subsequent decrease of 5.5% every year thereafter. Advanced stage of disease experienced rise till 2007, and continuous decrease by 11.1% every year thereafter. Incidence of disease with distant metastasis was lowest, and rose till 2003, thereafter incidence significantly decreased by 8.1% every year. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first report of stage migration effect in Lithuania, following the introduction of nationwide PSA-based screening. Prostate cancer screening substantially increased the overall incidence and incidence of localized cancer.


To explore factors affecting the extraction rate of total phenols from Plantago asiatica L.,the optimal extraction conditions using microwave-assisted extraction were optimized by single factor and orthogonal experiment.The results showed that the order of different effect factors on yield was microwave-heating time ethanol concentration solid-liquid ratio microwave power. The optimal conditions were as follows: 60% ethanol,1∶ 15( g∶ mL)ratio of solid-liquid,extracting 3 min,microwave power 450 W. The yield of total phenols was up to 3. 61% under these conditions. The method had the advantages of higher yield,less extraction time and energy.


This retrospective of photo-journalist Curtin's work to the late 1970s emphases his documentation of the music and theatre scenes. Hanna retraces the main steps in the photographer's career, and Carey situates his photographs within the context of Canadian cultural life. Biographical notes. Circa 80 bibl. ref.


Civic, Social and Political Education (CSPE) in the Republic of Ireland and Local and Global Citizenship (LGC) in Northern Ireland keenly promote students' active participation in society. However, the purpose of this participation is not necessarily to encourage students to campaign for change in the present but rather that 'students are given opportunities to engage in actions and develop skills that will contribute to their becoming active participatory citizens in later life' (NCCA (2005) CSPE Guidelines for Teachers, p. 59). This often gives rise to a culture of passive citizenship and a tendency to focus on 'action projects' that are safe and self-contained. This paper focuses on a five action projects carried out by a sample of teachers and students that may be considered 'controversial'. In each case students actively campaign for equality and social justice, on local or global human rights issues and in ways that may be deemed controversial. It examines how the mainstream curriculum and school structures facilitate or impede this type of controversial action and explores the potential opportunities for greater engagement in such action through proposed curriculum reform. Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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This paper compares some methods of getting phase difference sequence in multi-beam phase detection. And a data compression dynamic average scheme has been included to get new phase difference sequence that keeps the inherent distribution law. This is very important for the time critical realization of phase detection.


We hope to contribute to the field of research in information technology and digital libraries by analyzing the connections between Thematic Digital Universities and digital user-learner profiles. Thematic Digital Universities are similar to digital libraries, and focus on creating and indexing open educational resources, as well as improving learning in the information age. The digital user profile relates to the digital representation of a person's identity and characteristics. In this paper we present the design of an ontology for the digital User-Learner Profile (OntoULP) and its application program. OntoULP is used to structure a user-learner's digital profile. The application provides each user-learner with tailor-made analyses based on informational behaviors, needs, and preferences. We rely on an exploratory research approach and on methods of ontologies, user modeling, and semantic matching to design the OntoULP and its application program. Any user-learner could use the OntoULP and its application program.


We demonstrate high power amplification of 4.5ps pulses from a compact gain-switched laser diode. Average powers of 60W are obtained after amplification in a double-clad Er:Yb co-doped fiber amplifier with pulse peak powers of 1.33kW at laser repetition rates of 10GHz.


In the last few years, chemical modification of glycopeptide antibiotics has been directed to the derivatives which would be active against highly glycopeptideresistant (VanA) enterococci while retaining activity against susceptible Gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant and coagulase-negative staphylococci1). To date the most promising results have been obtained by the reductive alkylation of antibiotic LY264826 with various lipophilic aldehydes2). N-(pPhenylbenzyl), N-(n-decyl), N-(p-chlorobenzyl) and some other derivatives of LY264826 alkylated at the amino sugar disaccharide branch had demonstrated activity against both glycopeptide-resistant and susceptible Gram-positive bacteria. Here we report the application of the above approach to the derivatization of the glycopeptide antibiotic A-40926 (I)3,4)• I is a complex of three main factors which differ in the fatty acid chains attached to a 2aminoglucuronyl residue (Fig. 1, Table 1; shown is the main factor B, whose content in complex is about 70%). The nitrogen atom at the N-terminus of the peptide in A-40926 and its derivatives is designated as N, the nitrogen atom in the 2-aminoglucuronyl residue is designated as N'. Recently, N'-deacylation of A-40926 by microbial transformation with Actinoplanes teichomyceticus ATCC 31121 has been described5). N-Boc-N'deacyl-A-40926 (III) was obtained by a similar procedure from N-Boc-A-40926 (II). III is a suitable starting material for the preparation of derivatives containing different alkyl or aralkyl substituents at the amino group of the carbohydrate moiety. Besides, two carboxyl groups of III afford additional possibilities for chemical transformations, e. g. transfer to various carboxamides and esters. The reductive alkylation of III with p-chlorobenzyl, p-phenylbenzyl or decyl aldehydes (1.5 eq.) in the presence of NaBH3CN (2 eq.) in MeOH and followed by deprotection with TFA produced corresponding N'monoalkyl derivatives V, VI, and VII. For the synthesis of a N', N'-didecyl derivative VIII, 5 eq. of decyl aldehyde and 6 eq. of NaBH3CN were used. A series of di-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) amides (IX, X, XI and XII) were obtained by the amidation of N Boc-N'-alkyl derivatives with 3-dimethylaminopro-


The very challenging emergency issues because of large scale natural or man-created disasters promote the research on evacuation planning. The earliest arrival contraflow is an important model for evacuation planning that rescue as many evacuees as possible at any point in time by reversing the direction of arcs towards the safe destinations with increased outbound arc capacity. We present efficient algorithms to solve the earliest arrival contraflow problem on multiple sources and on multiple sinks networks separately. We also introduce an approximate-earliest arrival contraflow solution on multi-terminal networks.


The suprascapular notch, a depression on the lateral part of the superior border of the scapula, medial to the coracoid process, is covered by the superior transverse scapular ligament, which is converted into a foramen. Sometimes it might be ossified forming a complete osseous foramen. The Suprascapular Notch (SN) served as a passage for the Suprascapular Nerve (SSN). Study the morphology of the suprascapular notch and the suprascapular transverse ligament based on MRI, variations in shape and dimensions of the suprascapular notch. A group of 100 patients underwent MRI examination of the scapular region through the period from 10th July 2019 to 15th Feb 2020. Different morphological types of the suprascapular notch were encountered in the study, the most common type was type III, while type I was less common in the study. The symmetry of the morphological feature of SN bilaterally was seen in 51% of the cases. Conclusively, the symmetry of the suprascapular notch is not a constant feature bilaterally.


This essay introduces four articles that form a special issue of Politics & Society titled "Right-Wing Activism in Asia: Cold War Legacies, Geopolitics, and Democratic Erosion." The articles focus on Japan, South Korea, and Thailand. These three Asian countries present important cases to generate critical comparative insights about the patterns of Far Right mobilization, for their geopolitical histories provide common ground while institutional variations set distinctive conditions. Most importantly, all of them were shaped by the particularly sharp conflicts of the Cold War in the region, and the articles in this issue demonstrate how this legacy has generated illiberal conditions in these countries today.


We present an unconventional approach to passively expand the field of view of optical receivers for free-space laser communications. The illumination area, given by the movement of a focused light spot due to different angles of reception, is reduced to a smaller area without expanding the propagation angle of the spot. The working principle of this approach is based on combining a photonic crystal's negative refractive behavior with properly bent crystal boundaries. The device's optical behavior is determined by means of rigorous electromagnetic computation, but the overall working principle of illumination area reduction can be well visualized by the ray trace method. In addition, we estimate the influence of light modulation for high-speed data transmission. Since the discrete structure of photonic crystals only approximates a bent boundary with an arbitrary inclination angle, a slight modification is introduced into the crystal's structure to enable a more flexible design. Although such a modification influences the negative refractive behavior, the function of field-of-view expansion is still verified and confirmed by means of electromagnetic computation.


Quantum computing has been attracting the attention of both applied research and companies. Continuous progress on fundamental hardware technology promises to bring us more reliable and large-scale quantum computers on which to run the next generation of quantum algorithms. These programs are compiled and executed on dedicated platforms, and similarly to classical programs, a large effort is required to test these platforms and create a robust software toolchain.Unlike previous studies which focused on cross-optimization and cross-backend testing, this dissertation aims to create the first approach for cross-platform testing which compares execution on diverse quantum computing platforms. To inform the design of the method, we will first perform an empirical study of bugs in quantum computing platforms and a review of the characteristics of realistic quantum programs.The final approach for cross-platform testing will include three components: a learning-based method to generate realistic quantum programs, an approach to map and run them on multiple platforms, and finally a quantum-specific statistical test to compare two multivariate binary distributions returned as the output of quantum programs.


Veterinary nutritional services are an integral part of the herd health services offered to dairy clients (1). Nutrition plays a vital role influencing the production efficiency of the herd both on a disease and input cost level. Feeds form approximately 40-60% of the total input cost of milk production. More importantly the feeding program is a cost center that can be effectively controlled at minimal additional cost. The veterinarian can play the vital role in providing unbiased nutritional services at relatively low cost. The purpose of this talk is to go over the nature of this service.
A nutritional service can be broken down into three main areas of routine activity in which the veterinarian can play a vital role: I) Feed Selection, 2) Feed distribution, and 3) Monitoring production efficiency. Each of these areas will be discussed in detail.


We have investigated light scattering from polaritons and plasmaritons in CdS near resonance. These results are compared with computer-calculated dispersion curves for these excitations. We find a good agreement between theory and experiments. Particular attention is given to interesting effects arising from birefringence and resonance.


The microstructure of single crystal Ni-based superalloys is virtually determined by both processing parameters of growth rate v and thermal gradient G ahead of the solidification front. Previous researches have established the relationship between dendrite spacings and G or v under supposing those parameters to be constant from beginning to end of solidification,resulting in the disaccord between the predicted and experimental results for actual blade productions.Furthermore, previous experimental and theoretical works seldom involve the influence of processing parameter change on dendrite growth for multi-component industrial alloys.Therefore,investigation of directional solidified microstructure varying with processing parameter is the focus of present study.The influence of the withdrawing rate transition during directional solidification on the primary dendrite arm spacing (PDAS) and microsegregation for single crystal superalloy DD3 has been studied by liquid metal cooled(LMC) directional solidification method.A wide range of withdrawing rate variations from 50 to 600μm/s is allowable under G high to 250 K/cm.The results indicate that the average PDAS is remarkably dependent on the history of growth rate variation.The smaller PDASs of 56.5 and 86μm can be obtained under withdrawing rate transition from higher values of 600 and 300μm/s into 100μm/s,while they are kept being 111.5μm if withdrawing rate is 100μm/s all the time.In contrast,PDASs increase to 109 and 93μm under withdrawing rate transition from lower values of 50 and 100μm/s into 300μm/s,while they are kept being a small value of 70μm if growth rate is 300μm/s at beginning.These experimental results agree approximately with those from Hunt-Lu model,but the maximum to minimum ratio of PDASs at a given solidification parameter,i.e.,λ_1~(max)/λ_1~(min),is proved to be more than 2.It is also shown that the dendrite microsegregation will be lessened with the decrease of PDASs at the same current solidification parameters.


Abstract Mesoscale circulations generated by landscape discontinuities (e.g., sea breezes) are likely to have a significant impact on the hydrologic cycle, the climate, and the weather. However, these processes are not represented in large-scale atmospheric models (e.g., general circulation models), which have an inappropriate grid-scale resolution. With the assumption that atmospheric variables can be separated into large scale, mesoscale, and turbulent scale, a set of prognostic equations applicable in large-scale atmospheric models for momentum, temperature, moisture, and any other gaseous or aerosol material, which includes both mesoscale and turbulent fluxes is developed. Prognostic equations are also developed for these mesoscale fluxes, which indicate a closure problem and, therefore, require a parameterization. For this purpose, the mean mesoscale kinetic energy (MKE) per unit of mass is used, defined as Ẽ = 0.5 〈ui′2〉 where ui′ represents the three Cartesian components of a mesoscale circulation ...


In this paper we shall explore some of the challenges faced by the authors during a recent pilot programme. Some of these have been addressed but others are more pervasive and will be responded to in the follow up. These include the dual role of researcher/educator and its impact on the learning experience, managing a classroom of diverse students and developing a curriculum which works for all.


This paper introduces an intelligence economy and information network approach for intelligence economic using a Multi-agent system. While regular intelligent economy structure try to induce a general decision function for a learning task, multi-agent take into account a particular test set and try to simulate those particular example. The paper presents an analysis of why multi-agent is well suited for intelligence economy information management. These theoretical findings are supported by experiments on real-world data collections. The case studies show substantial improvements over inductive methods, especially for small Multi-agent-based computer information system training sets, improving the research activities as well as the economic value associated with such intelligence economy assets. This work also proposes a model for evaluate y efficiently, handling 1,909 examples and more.


Hypertension is the root cause of morbidity and mortality becoming especial risk of stroke, heart failure and coronary heart. Blood pressure
of human beings fluctuate all day long caused increase by aging, indisposed life habit like eat pattern, daily activity and stress. This research
is aim to learn the risk factors towards the coming of hypertension disease with productive age (1860 years) at public hospital of Nganjuk
resident. The instrument of this research is case control. The case sample of this research are the patients of hypertension in productive age
(1860 years) about 32 person and the control sample are the person who is not the patient of hypertension in productive age (1860 years)
about 32 person. Sample is taken randomly. The data was analyze by using odds ratio (OR) at α = 0.05 to find out the risk factors towards the
coming of hypertension disease. The result of research achieve characteristic that is risky towards hypertension is age, the habit that is risky
towards hypertension is smoking, consumption salt , health status that is risky towards hypertension is obesity and overweight is higher than
the normal. It is suggested is early increase vigilance of self towards to happened of hypertension disease. Besides that, give information for
society about hypertension disease and the effect of it is needed.


One of the advocated reinforcement mechanisms is the formation by the filler of a network interpenetrating the polymer network. The deformation and reformation of the filler network allows the explanation of low strain dynamic physical properties of the composite. The present model relies on a statistical study of a collection of elementary mechanical systems, This leads to a mathematical approach of the complex modulus G* = G' + iG". The storage and loss modulus (G' and G", respectively), are expressed in the form of two integrals capable of modeling their Variation with respect to strain.


A woman in her early 40s presented to the emergency department with a 2-month history of fluctuating neck pain. Neurologic examination findings were unremarkable. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination results were normal. Spinal MRI revealed a contrast-enhancing cervical epidural mass (Figure, C). An inflammatory or neoplastic process was suspected and a biopsy was considered. Two months earlier the patient had a workup at another hospital, and cervical lipomatosis was suspected based on results of MRI of the cervical spine without gadolinium. Because the patient responded well to analgesic treatment, she was discharged and a follow-up MRI with gadolinium was recommended; the MRI results were reported to be unremarkable in the symptom-free interval 4 weeks later. Post hoc comparison of the current and 2 previous MRI scans revealed a strikingly dynamic nature of the epidural structure that correlated with the clinical presentation (Figure, A-D). It was present on the initial and latest MRI, whereas it disappeared in the symptom-free interval (Figure, B). Computed tomography angiography identified the mass as engorged epidural venous plexus (Figure, E), and computed tomography myelography showed leakage of contrast agent to the epidural compartment in the cervicothoracic junc-


Abstract Synechocystis trididemni is a photo-oxygenic prokaryotic symbiont in some didemnid ascidians. Although the cells are pink and contain phycoerythrin, they morphologically resemble those of another symbiont of other didemnids, Prochloron didemni, which has no phycobilin pigments but has both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The cytological similarities suggest that they might have evolved from a common ancestor. We examined this hypothesis by comparing nucleotide sequences in gene fragments of the 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene and in the large subunit of Rubisco gene (rbcL). 'Blast' search of GenBank showed that the most similar sequences to the 16S rRNA gene and rbcL of S. trididemni were those of Prochloron sp. The percent nucleotide and amino acid identities of the 16S rRNA genes, rbcL and the deduced Rubisco amino acid sequences between Prochloron sp. and S. trididemni were 94%, 90% and 99%, respectively. In trees based on the 16S rRNA gene and rbcL sequences, S. trididemni formed a clade with Prochloron. These data thus support the hypothesis that Prochloron sp. and S. trididemni arose from a common cyanobacterial ancestor and that the ancestor of Prochloron sp. somehow acquired the ability to synthesize chlorophyll b, as well as chlorophyll a, and subsequently lost the ability to synthesize phycobiliproteins.


Beauty and cosmetic concept is as ancient as mankind and civilization. Cosmetics play a vital role in human life. Herbal cosmetic is one of the most effective areas of cosmetic technology. Herbal cosmetics are developed by the coalition of bioactive ingredients and pharmaceutical products. Herbs are used for beautification purpose of body, preparation of cosmetics, flavouring and colouring agent. Hair plays a vital role in personality of human and we use a lots of cosmetics product for the care of hair. The study aims reviewing the importance of herbal oil and their use in the common hair problem such as baldness, hair fall, hair dryness, dandruff etc. Various beauty and cosmetic products are used which contain herbs to give young and charming look. Various herbal ingredients are used in herbal hair formulation; they provide essential nutrients such as vitamins, antioxidant, etc. Herbal hair oil has been widely used for nourishment of hair and for the protection of hair from hair fall and hair damage. Now a day's side effect is a major problem after using any beauty product due to which herbal products are preferred because of having less probability of any types of side effects.


A field experiment was undertaken at Hyderabad, Telangana during kharif 2010 to study the effect of date of transplanting and varieties on production potential and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Early planting (23rd July) recorded significantly higher yield and yield attributing characters, viz. panicles (338.3 no. m−2), spikelets panicle−1 (176.7), test weight (18.7 g) and grain yield (6.23 t ha−1), while sterility % (14.2) was lowest under 5th August planting. Variety MTU 1010 registered higher grain yield (5.98 t ha−1) and yield attributing characters, viz. panicle (341.3 no. m−2), lowest sterility % (13.4), test weight (28.8 g) and harvest index (0.48) over other varieties, viz. RNR 2354, RNR 2458 and JGL 384. On the other hand, the drastic changes in rice quality before and after cooking were also noted with planting date and varieties.