Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is the most unpredictable networks which are communicate each other and transfer the data from each node. These are mostly used in any type of environment such as heterogeneous nature. Energy consumption is most widely used for the nodes. Many research has been done on WSN. In the existing techniques, the energy efficiency between the nodes become most complicated and because of their adaptive and mobility nature the energy consumption is more high. In this paper, the proposed system addressed the problem in the existing system such as calculation of cluster head. To overcome this, the proposed EEHCA is introduced to maintain the energy between the nodes and calculating the cluster head more efficiently. Results shows the performance of existing and EEHCA. Key wordsSensor Networks, Clustering, LEACH, EEHCA. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Virtual reality technique is applied in the industry widely, while the application of virtual assembly is rare in agricultural equipment. In this paper, we state several characteristics and key technologies on virtual assembly and have developed the virtual assembly system based on OSG which is a rendering engine. Finally, we described application of virtual assembly technique based on virtual reality on design and manufacture of agricultural equipment, take tractor gearbox for example.


Abstract Pump efficiency of the Brewer–Mast (B–M) ozone sonde deteriorates significantly at altitudes above 22 km (pressures below 50 hPa). The correction currently used as the WMO standard does not sufficiently account for the efficiency decrease. It is based on laboratory measurements made in 1965. The authors have redetermined pump efficiency for the B–M sonde and found that a much higher pump correction is appropriate. The net effect of the new pump correction, after Dobson normalization to integrated ozone, is a substantial increase of ozone values above 28 km (15 hPa) and a small decrease below. At 6 hPa (34–35 km) ozone values need to be increased by 20%. From 22 to 28 km (50–15 hPa) net corrections are smaller than 4%. Below 16 km (100 hPa) ozone values decrease by 5%–7%. Using the new pump correction, agreement of better than 2%–5% is found with lidar, SAGE II, electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) sondes, and HALOE (Halogen Occultation Experiment) for the entire altitude range from 16 to 35 k...


This article presents an analysis of the institutional capacity for planning and implementation of policies related to the actions of civil defense and risk governance in municipalities in the Purus-Madeira Interfluve in the Amazonas State, Brazil, in order to offer subsidies for developing strategies regarding the prevention and mitigating situations of natural disaster risks. The collected data were analyzed from the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework Elinor Ostrom method. The results show that existing institutional mechanisms for risk governance in the Amazon are still incipient, highlighting the need for greater dialogue about the quality of policy formulation aimed at addressing the risks, greater participation of society in decision-making processes and the strengthening of the interaction between formal institutions for cooperative processes that actually represents the corporate interests and the minimization of the imminent risks of climate change.


The development of water flooding chemicals for EOR, in particular for high temperature (>100 oC) and high salinity (>100,000 ppm TDS) reservoirs, poses many challenges for both the chemical and mechanical stability under reservoir conditions. It is important to screen the bulk properties of large numbers of candidates from elaborate synthesis programs before moving on to testing in porous media, i.e. core floods. It has been our experience that commercially available hardware solutions in the form of rheometers and apparatuses to measure relevant physico-chemical properties are not available with the right performance profile for typical water flooding systems, e.g. low viscosity and high cloud point (solubility). In particular, measuring the rheology of viscoelastic solutions without destroying the supramolecular network can only be done in oscillation and has been limited to under 90 oC. Wintershall-BASF has developed a hardware solution for accurately measuring the rheology and viscoelastic properties –dynamic moduli- of dilute solutions up to ca. 125 oC. This is in the form of a custom pressure cell for a commercially available dual head rheometer that avoids high friction packing glands or high inertia magnetic couplings. In addition, an automated device for determining the cloud point up to 150 oC was built to expand the screening space of potential chemicals in hard, highly saline brines. We will outline the device's development, validation and show examples of the utility above 100 oC for developing the next generation of EOR chemicals.


Wireless Mesh Networks(WMN)are increasingly used for real time transport of multimedia data.Real-time applications have high requirements on bandwidth,delay,jitter etc,which requires WMN to support QoS.QoS routing is crucial in providing QoS guarantee.A multi-constrained QoS Routing Protocol(MQ-AODV) is proposed in this paper,which providing QoS for different applications in WMN.The new protocol expands both the routing discovery and routing repair mechanism of the AODV protocol.In the process of route discovery,MQ-AODV introduces a unified routing select function,simplifying the NP-complete problem in multi-constrained routing algorithm.In the aspect of route maintenance,presents a pre-repair scheme to protect the quality of the path in the process of data flow transmission.The simulation results show that,compared to the traditional AODV protocol,the MQ-AODV protocol can better fulfill the delay and PER requirements of data flow,at the same time increases network throughput.


Relative economic decline has since long been a research topic in the literature on long-term British economic development. In particular the literature on the post-second world war era suggests that the process of relative economic decline was the result of failure of British industrial policies, and not an inevitable consequence of global capitalism and economic growth in other nations. This study reinvestigates Britain's productivity performance in manufacturing in an international context between 1935 and 1970. Structural, technical, and institutional factors are studied from the perspective of the industry-of-origin approach, by making use of detailed industry-level data from official sources. This study reveals that the British performance in the manufacturing sector in the 1950s cannot be characterised by concepts like failure. Britain's commitment to trade with the Sterling Area, however, did contribute to the relatively poor performance in labour productivity during the 1960s.


In 2001 No Child Left Behind (NCLB) was enacted and its pressure to have all students achieve academically has caused many teachers and administrators to reconsider whether mentally retarded children should be included in regular classes. The purpose of this study was to survey experienced professionals in the field of special education to get their insight about the future role of inclusion for students with mild intellectual disabilities. Members of the Georgia Council on Exceptional Children members were surveyed to find out their expectations for the future of the education of mentally retarded children in the next ten years. While there were differing views, generally the respondents believe that inclusion of mentally retarded children should focus more on socialization aspects and less on academics. This was the model espoused in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. There is some concern for the future of inclusion under current NCLB mandates. NCLB places unrealistic academic demands on mentally retarded students in regular classrooms and does not allow the development of transition skills because of the focus on academic skills. Advocates for Exceptional Children on the national level are now working on a more appropriate application of NCLB in accordance with IDEA guidelines. Inclusion: Where We've Been, Where We Are, Where We're Going This paper will investigate the inclusion of mentally retarded children into America's public school system, which has been a hotly debated topic for the past thirty years. The purpose of the review of 1 Farmer: Inclusion: Where We've Been, Where We Are, Where We're Going Published by CORE Scholar, 2005 literature was to see where we are now regarding inclusion of mildly intellectually disabled students into regular education settings. Historically, special education first focused on the education of the deaf, then the blind, and later the mentally retarded. The retarded were called idiots, which comes from the Greek language and is an antonym of citizen. This affliction was commonly believed to be the result of demonic possession and was thought to be punishment from God. There were few attempts to educate the disabled until the twentieth century. (Winzer, 1998) As Edgarton so succinctly pointed out in 1993, mental retardation carries the most significant social stigma. People who are labeled mentally retarded are often considered to be completely incompetent in all areas. Erving Goffman (1963) wrote about the transfer of stigma by association, the belief being that those who are in close association with the retarded somehow pick up the stigma. Laura Bridgman, born in 1829, was rendered deaf and blind when she was two years old. She went to the Perkins Institute in Boston and was taught finger spelling by Samuel Gridley Howe. Laura was very famous, just as Helen Keller was. She had a great interest in helping others who were sick or disabled with one notable exception; she had no regard for those she viewed as intellectionally inferior. Because of the abovementioned beliefs and fears associated with mental retardation, those who were affected were often excluded and segregated from their normal peers. Although there were sporadic attempts to help educate the disabled children of America, it was left mostly to parents to find suitable classes for their children. Advocates were instrumental in the development of special education for the mentally retarded (Yell, 1998). The progress of inclusion in the United States, since the passage of Education for All Handicapped Children Act in 1975, has been extraordinary. The law was very late in coming, but once it was passed, progress was made in leaps and bounds. This law made provisions for all children to receive a free public education. At the time this law was passed, some states had laws that actually excluded 2 Electronic Journal for Inclusive Education, Vol. 1, No. 9 [2005], Art. 4 http://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/ejie/vol1/iss9/4 students who were mentally retarded, blind, deaf, or emotionally disturbed from public schools. Only one disabled child in five received a public education in 1970. (U.S. Department of Education, n.d.) The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s gave the impetus needed to advance the rights of disabled school children (Yell, 1998). The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 section 504 was the first legislation to protect the disabled from discrimination based on their disability. This law ordered schools across the nation to open their doors to handicapped students. The law was not enacted until parents of disabled students became advocates for their children and pressured the Secretary of Education to enforce the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Gerry and Benton, 1982). In 1977 the law finally became a reality for the disabled student. The beginning of early intervention for children with disabilities was 1970 according to Diane Bricker (2000), a pioneer in early intervention for children with handicaps at Peabody University, Nashville. It was discovered that children with disabilities learned new skills from their non-handicapped peers. Ms. Bricker noted that the Peabody studies in the 1970s grouped younger non-disabled students with older students with disabilities to match the developmental ages rather than chronological ages. They found this fostered more interactions between the children (2000). Researchers were excited about the possibilities of interventions that would improve the lives of the handicapped. The seventies and eighties saw the springing up of special education classes virtually everywhere. However the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 1990 promoted acceptance of individuals with differences in general education classrooms. IDEA encouraged the provision of culturally relevant instruction for disabled learners in mainstreamed classrooms. (History of the Idea) For many students with retardation, IDEA opened the doors of regular classrooms so they could socialize and interact with non-disabled peers. Socialization is a big concern of parents and advocates for the student with retardation for several reasons. While the disabled student sees age-appropriate behavior 3 Farmer: Inclusion: Where We've Been, Where We Are, Where We're Going Published by CORE Scholar, 2005 modeled by non-handicapped students, the regular students are also benefited by showing tolerance to those who are different from them. Not surprisingly, my review of the literature revealed inclusion means different things to different people. Programs identified as inclusive vary on several different dimensions. (Odom, 2000) Too often inclusion has been defined in terms of what constitutes least restrictive environments for handicapped students rather than defining inclusion in a positive way. It has frequently been left up to the courts to decide what is a least restrictive environment. School districts, short on funds, have often jumped to conclusions based on court decisions in other districts as to what inclusion (least restrictive environment) means. Too often in special education programs the implementation of inclusion has been reactive (what are the courts likely to say?) rather than proactive (what is best for the child?) In the nineties, special education students were not being tested like regular students and a push toward including disabled students in state assessments began (Thurlow, 2000). Mentally retarded students make up only a small part of all handicapped students in public schools. Learning-disabled children make up a much larger number of students served in special classrooms. These children have IQs that are average or above average, and they have a specific disability in some area that requires specialized instruction for them to succeed academically. This is not the same as mental retardation. With the advent of standard-based reform, (Thurlow, 2000), came the era of modifications and accommodations for standardized testing of disabled students. This allowed many disabled students to take standardized tests. The blind could use Braille or other adaptations, the deaf could use sign language, the student with attention deficit disorder (ADD) could receive the test in smaller settings, and all special students could receive accommodations to enable them to participate on a more even footing with average students. The mentally retarded child could take more time and have the test read to them. Any accommodation that was used and documented in the special class could be used for state testing. 4 Electronic Journal for Inclusive Education, Vol. 1, No. 9 [2005], Art. 4 http://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/ejie/vol1/iss9/4 The passage of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) in 2001 has called for all children to read at grade level by grade 3. NCLB has placed severe constraints on schools that do not perform to what many consider unrealistic goals. NCLB is creating serious problems for those who are striving for inclusion of the mentally retarded into regular classes in public schools. The purpose of this study was to obtain a sense of where the inclusion of mentally retarded students should be headed according to experienced workers in special education in light of our present accomplishments. My hypotheses were that (a) Council on Exceptional Children members would state that inclusion of mentally retarded students into regular classrooms favorably impacts the socialization skills and behavior of disabled children. I also expected the survey's respondents to (b) state that academically, the majority of mentally retarded students are unable to keep pace with their nonhandicapped peers and require academic instruction at a slower pace with much more practice than is available in the regular classroom. I also thought that (c) some respondents might note that inclusion helps to break down social barriers and stigmas associated with mental retardation. I expected (d) many to ci


Sulfate-reducing bacteria and archaea are important players in the biogeochemical sulfur cycle. ATP sulfurylase, adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate reductase and dissimilatory sulfite reductase are the key enzymes in the energy conserving process of SO4(2-) → H2S reduction. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the activation of sulfate to adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, the following reductive cleavage to SO3(2-) and AMP, and the final six-electron reduction of SO3(2-) to H2S in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus. Structure based mechanisms will be discussed for these three enzymes which host unique metal centers at their catalytic sites.


This article describes an informal process of new product innovation that took place outside of the established structures in a large Swedish telecom company; how a number of individuals brought a product idea from invention to innovation by creating and enabling an informal competence network within the company. The purpose of the article is to bring out a number of insights into how "networked innovation" might be accomplished and supported, by elaborating this case and pointing to some of its management implications.


Aim: Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is the key vasoactive mediator in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and sex steroids are known to influence ET-1 levels. Additionally, the second to fourth digit (2D:4D) ratio is a biometric marker influenced by testosterone concentrations and androgen receptor sensitivity in the uterus, and some reports have linked (2D:4D) ratio to disease predisposition among patients with gender-dependent conditions. Since idiopathic PAH (IPAH) is more prevalent in women, we hypothesized that the 2D:4D ratio could predict a female's predisposition to developing PAH, reflecting an interaction between ET-1 and sex hormones.
Method: This study analyzed 13 female patients with IPAH at Keio University Hospital and 41 unrelated agematched controls. The right hand of patients and controls was photographed using a digital camera and two experienced scorers measured finger lengths and 2D:4D ratios.
Key findings: The IPAH and control groups had a mean age of 43.2 ± 3.5 and 40.9 ± 1.7 years, respectively. The 2D:4D digit ratio was significantly higher for patients with IPAH than for the control women; 0.975 ± 0.041 vs. 0.940 ± 0.038, P<0.05. The age at onset of PAH did not correlate with the ratio.
Significance: Female patients with IPAH in this study had a higher 2D:4D digit ratio than age-matched healthy controls, suggesting lower prenatal circulating testosterone levels. In conclusion, the 2D:4D digit ratio is a useful biomarker for IPAH, and prenatal testosterone level could be an important factor for the protection against developing IPAH.


This paper discusses and explores the interaction between the implanted ions and cells, and the biological effect of microorganisms by ion beam implantation.


This paper develops and applies models for the multivariate analysis of survival processes when observations are naturally paired. These models include bivariate tobit models for observations drawn from censored bivariate normal distributions bivariate hazard models and models based on pair rank data. These models provide alternative ways of estimating the effects of the covariates of survival within pairs while controlling for unobserved factors that are shared by members of the pair. The models make varying distributional assumptions about the age pattern of survival and about unobserved pair-level determinants of survival. The models are applied to the assessment of socioeconomic effects on mortality of husbands and wives in the US using the National Longitudinal Survey of Mature Men. Bivariate survival models provide a systematic way of assessing common cross-spouse and within-spouse effects of education occupational status and other sociodemographic predictors of mortality as well as bereavement and widowhood effects. Most socioeconomic influences on mortality are through their effects on shared experiences of spouses rather than person-specific mechanisms. In the application presented here the bivariate tobit bivariate hazard and pair rank models yield similar results. (authors)


ABSTRACT Green, marginal, and sacred spaces in Istanbul host dogs, cats, and wild birds. In this essay, I argue that citizens enact embodied memories from the Ottoman era by caring for these animals. While birds are iconic representatives of the modern city, and street cats have become media denizens, the lives of street dogs are sadder. Animal rights activists are mobilized by the history of Ottoman administration efforts at eradicating them. Unlike actions inspired by this history, enactments of embodied memory are less conscious, such as residents cooking and distributing food to street cats. However, I argue that these are enacted social memories of compassion and charity and are an embodied form of intangible cultural heritage. Ottoman-era social practices of caring for street animals create an historical and legal foundation for justifying the right of street animals to live in the city.


The type of pinion and rack vertical shiplifts has been developed in recent a couple of years in the construction of dams.But the design methods and methodologies have rarely been discussed in literature.The Xiangjiaba shiplift is the second shiplift of this type following the Three Gorges shiplift.Being aimed at the technological rationality of the design in synthetically considering security,economy and applicability,this paper presents the research results of some vital issues relating the design of the Xiangjiaba shiplift,including the determination of design water depth of ship chamber based on fluid numeral computation and physical model test,the optimum design of general layout of main equipments and the civil structure of the Xiangjiaba shiplift,the finite element method(FEM) analysis of stress,vibration modes and the buckling of ship chamber,antiseismic research and the design of structures and mechanisms of the shiplift and the optimum design of driving mechanisms.This research provides the theoretical basis for the design of the Xiangjiaba shiplift.The design principles and research methods are valuable for the design of the same type of shiplifts.


Two-port type rf integrated inductor with on-top magnetic layer was fabricated. Equivalent circuit analysis of the ferromagnetic RF integrated inductor was performed for the first time. Structure of the possible equivalent circuit is proposed. Parasitic capacitance of the ferromagnetic film is negligibly small if the film is applied slits. Ferromagnetic Co/sub 85/Nb/sub 12/Zr/sub 3/ film with slits effectively enhanced the inductance up to 5 GHz.


The individual principal radii of gyration are computed for unrestricted random walks in a large number of spatial dimensions. A low order expansion in one over the dimensionality yields useful information regarding the distribution and average of these measures of the extent and spatial anisotropy of high-dimensional random walks. Such an expansion may well prove useful in the study of the shapes of other random fractal objects.


We consider the computation of multistate systems reliabilities in the presence of random set estimations for the elements' working abilities. It turns out that the Dempster-Shafer (DS) approach is a suitable mathematical tool. For the case that the interdependence of the elements is unknown, bounds for the system's performance belief and plausibility functions are given as well.


Objective
To evaluate the clinical effects of tailed needle titanium cable tension band for fixation of olecranon fractures in children.

Methods
From June 2013 to December 2016, 15 children with olecranon fractures were treated by internal fixation using tailed needle titanium cable tension band. There were 2 cases of radial neck fractures, 1 case of ulnar coronoid fracture and 1 case of elbow joint dislocation. Postoperatively external fixation was performed using plaster for 4 weeks, and elbow joint active function training was conducted after plaster removal.

Results
All incisions achieved primary healing. The postoperative X ray showed that all the fractures healed and the articular surface was smooth. The healing time ranged from 7 to 10 weeks with an average of 8.4 weeks. All the children were follow-up for 6 to 19 months with an average of 11 months. The average flexion and extension of elbow joint was 121.8°, and the average rotation activity was 145.1°. The function evaluation was performed by Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS). The MEPS ranged from 66 to 99. The results were excellent in 11 cases, good in 3 cases and fair in 1 case. No implant lossening, dislocation, fracture and needle withdrawal occurred postoperatively. No complications such as bone nonunion, fracture redisplacement and iatrogenic nerve injury occurred.

Conclusion
The treatment of olecranon fractures in children with tailed needle titanium cable tension band is simple and reliable. The function of elbow joint can achieve good recovery after the operation with less complication.

Key words:
Fracture fixation,internal; Child; Olecranon fractures


WITHIN THE FIELD of adolescent psychiatry descriptions of typical or normal behavior are particularly difficult to formulate. Emotional conflicts seen as "normal" adolescent turmoil by one investigator may be regarded as psychopathological process by another. Freud 1 has stated: "The upholding of a steady equilibrium during the adolescent process is in itself abnormal." Does that mean, then, that it is normal to be in constant turmoil? Or does that mean that emotional conflicts which are seen as normal adolescent turmoil by one investigator may be regarded as psychopathological process by another? Clinical descriptions of the functioning of an adolescent described as "healthy" are often couched in the same terms as are the diagnoses of adolescent patients regarded as "sick." (Our approach to the problem of health and illness is discussed at length in Normality . 2 ) The purpose of the model adolescent project which we are


Aims and Objectives: To study the compliance of patients of Rheumatic fever (RF)/ Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) regarding secondary prophylaxis with injection benzathine penicillin. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Pediatric Rheumatology Outpatients' Department (OPD) of a tertiary care teaching university affiliated hospital. Patients below 18 years of age diagnosed as Rheumatic fever/ Rheumatic heart disease following up in Pediatric Rheumatology OPD for at least 1 year for benzathine pencillin prophylaxis were included in the study. The patients diagnosed to have RF/ RHD were advised injection benzathine penicillin prophylaxis every 3 weeks. A proforma was devised for recording the clinical details of the patientincluding demographic information, clinical details regarding RF/ RHD and rheumatic fever recurrences. The details of the benzathine penicillin prophylaxis taken by the patient were also recorded in the proforma. The reasons for non-compliance were noted and enlisted as per their frequency. Results: The study included 10 patients following up at the specialty clinic for rheumatic heart disease patients. We had 7 males and 3 females in the study. The average age was 9.7 yrs (6 years to 12 years). The average number of months of follow up for assessing the compliance was 20.7 months (12.6 months to 44 months). The average compliance (%) of the 10 patients was 89.60% (63.69% to 100%). Out of the 10 subjects, four had a recurrence of rheumatic fever manifesting in the form of congestive cardiac failure & carditis. Though most of the times the patients were not able to recall the reason for missing the dose, trip to one's native place was an important reason for missed doses besides forgetting the dates of the prophylaxis and doubts about need for the prophylaxis. Conclusions: Compliance of secondary prophylaxis with benzathine penicillin was about 90% in the present study. Frequent travel by patients to their native place was an important reason for missing the benzathine penicillin injections.


A simulation of the event building network of the Data Acquisition System of the CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN has been developed. The simulation of this highly complex system allows the validation of the system design and the optimization of its performance. The correctness of the simulation model is verified using measurements from test set-ups and a forecast for the full-scale system is made.


Shi et al. [Additive complementary dual codes over F4. Designs, Codes and Cryptography, 2022.] studied additive codes over the finite field F4 with respect to trace Hermitian and trace Euclidean inner products. In this article, we define additive codes of length n over finite field Fq2 as additive subgroups of Fn q2 where q is a prime power. We associate an additive code with a matrix called a generator matrix. We characterize trace Euclidean ACD and trace Hermitian ACD codes in terms of generator matrices over the finite field Fq2 . Also, we construct these codes over Fq2 from linear LCD codes over Fq.


Electro or chemical oxidation of ferrocenylmethylenepyran gave an ethanediferrocenylbispyrylium salt through the dimerization of a ferrocenylpyran radical-cation (C–C bond making). Electro or chemical reduction gave back the ferrocenylmethylenepyran (C–C bond breaking). This electrochemical reverse system constitutes an example of C–C bond making–breaking process in a metallocenyl series with rather high stability. DFT calculations and electrochemical studies were carried out in order to determine the electronic structure of the radical cation intermediate, the role of the ferrocenyl groups and the mechanism of the C–C bond making and C–C bond breaking processes. Reversible deprotonation of the ethanediferrocenylbispyrylium salt afforded an extended diferrocenylbismethylenepyran, which was subsequently reversibly oxidized to an ethenediferrocenylbispyrylium salt. X-Ray crystallographic data of diferrocenylbismethylenepyran and ethenediferrocenylbispyrylium salt allowed to determine the molecular movements, which come with the electron transfer (ET). A comparison with the behavior of the corresponding isoelectronic bisdithiafulvenes (extended TTF) and bisdithiolium salts was made.


Changes occurring in the degree of crystallinity and lamellar thickness distribution of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) samples during dissolution in water were investigated. PVA samples of three different molecular weights were crystallized by annealing at 90, 110, and 120°C. The initial degrees of crystallinity measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) varied from 43 to 60% and the average lamellar thicknesses measured by DSC ranged from 50 to 400 A. PVA dissolution was followed at 25, 35, and 45°C from 30 s up to 195 min. Lamellar thicknesses were determined as a function of dissolution time using DSC. There was an initial drastic decrease in the degree of crystallinity, which leveled off to a fairly constant value before reaching zero by the time the polymer dissolved completely. Increase in molecular weight led to lesser number of crystals, but with larger average lamellar thickness, which were more stable in the presence of water. Increase in crystallization temperature or decrease in dissolution temperature led to larger average lamellar thickness. Based on these findings, a dissolution mechanism involving unfolding of the polymer chains of the crystal was proposed.


A newly uncovered class of plasmons in the strongly excited limit opens access to unprecedented Petavolts per meter electromagnetic fields with wide-ranging, transformative impact. Unlike conventional plasmons, such plasmons are constituted by non-perturbative, large-amplitude oscillations of the ultradense, delocalized free electron Fermi gas inherent in conductive media. Here structured semiconductors doped to have an appropriate conduction electron density are introduced to tune the properties of the Fermi gas for matched excitation of large-amplitude plasmons using readily available electron beams which enables immediate experimental validation. Specifically, an electrostatic, surface "crunch-in" plasmon is collisionlessly excited by the beam launched inside a tube. Strong excitation due to matching results in relativistic oscillations of the electron gas and unravels unique phenomena. Relativistically induced ballistic electron transport comes about due to relativistic multifold increase in the mean free path and also leads to unconventional heat deposition beyond Ohm's law. This explains the absence of observed damage or solid-plasma formation in past experiments on conductive samples interacting with electron bunches shorter than 10−13 seconds. Furthermore, relativistic momentum leads to copious tunneling of electron gas across the surface, which then crunches inside the tube. Relativistic effects along with large, localized electron density variations underlying these modes necessitate kinetic approach to theoretical and computational modeling. Kinetic model presented here demonstrates experimental viability of observing tens of gigavolts per meter plasmonic fields excited by matching readily available electron beams to plasmons in semiconductors with 1018cm−3 free electron density, and paves the way for Petavolts per meter plasmonics.


We are evolving toward an age of networked enterprises, in which the traditional hierarchies of the corporation will be supplanted by self-organizing systems collaborating on digital platforms.


This paper analyzes equilibrium superhelical cruciform formation in a topologial domain of DNA containing inverted repeat sequences. The cruciform conformation is shown to be stable when the molecule is sufficiently negatively supercoiled but not when it is positively supercoiled. For a particular sequence containing a single inverted repeat, onset of stability occurs at a degree of negative superhelicity that depends critically on the number of base pairs separating the repeat copies. The free energy associated with the stable cruciform state is constant, independent of the degree of superhelicity, up to the point where the complete inverted repeat participates in the cruciform. In contrast, the free energy of the alternative, unextruded state grows approximately quadratically with the superhelical deformation. Therefore, a degree of negative supercoiling occurs at which the cruciform state becomes energetically favored. The equilibrium properties of this cruciform extrusion transition vary with segment length, the positions and sizes of the inverted repeats involved, environmental conditions, and the degree of superhelicity imposed. In a segment containing multiple repeats, both tandem and inverted, of one or more sequences, the pattern of cruciforms that form is dependent on superhelicity in a complex way. Specific cruciforms may occur at equilibrium only in narrow ranges of superhelicity, their reabsorption being coupled to the extrusion of others.


The present paper focuses on Italian existential structures and onthe incidence of the clitic ci, allegedly locative, in the interpretationof the whole clause predicate, aiming to find out a link between theclitic's presence and the notorious changes in the lexical and syntacticconfiguration of the base verb. The comparisons made with Catalan,French and Spanish are intended to support such a hypothesis,given that these languages take haber as base verb for existentialstructures, whose possessive meaning has been confirmed in the firsttwo languages, a value that seems to be subdued in the presence ofthe element required (hi o y, respectively) in favour of the existentialinterpretation of constructions such as haver-hi o il y ha.


A electro-optic polymer variable optical attenuator(VOA) with reflection configuration based on guided wave resonance is proposed.The mechanism of VOA is investigated to electrically controlled the varying energy coupling efficiency of a incident light into a guided mode using electro-optic effect of polymer.This letter explains the principle of attenuator operation and presents experimental results obtained on a realization of the device.


Economics has evolved from a 'domain-focused' conception, i.e. the study of specific kinds of human activities, to a 'scarcity-based' conception, i.e. the study of a particular approach to all human choices. It thus enlarged its domain and narrowed its perspective: instrumental maximising. This paper maintains that economics should be domain focused, with a core of scarcity-based analysis of its domain, integrated into a broader analysis. It also holds that the scarcity-based analysis of realities falling outside the economic domain is not economics, but rather a social science broader in respect to the field but narrower in respect to the analysis, and thus partial in its conclusions. Section 2 introduces these versions of economics, Section 3 links them to specific conceptions of rationality, Section 4 provides arguments for the paper's thesis and Section 5 deals with two related versions of maximisation and argues for adopting one of them. Copyright , Oxford University Press.


Results of the dielectric spectroscopy, thermal and dilatometric measurements of the quartzite rock are presented. Based on the dielectric measurements performed in a wide range of the frequency (10 1 – 5 · 10 7 Hz) at temperature of 300K the piezoresonance in quartzite was found. A chemical composition of quartzite was examined by XRF. The anisotropy of the thermal conductivity was observed. The thermal conductivity coefficient changes from 13.2 [W/Km] to 5.6 [W/Km] for the [100] and [001] direction, respectively. Based on the thermal expansion measurement the thermal expansion coefficient of quartzite was estimated to be α Q = 8.0 · 10 -6  [K -1 ] ±0.7 · 10 -6 .


There are several production disadvantages inherent in the conventional SnO(2)/CdS/CdTe manufacturing processes. In this paper, we report a novel manufacturing process for fabrication of polycrystalline Cd(2)SnO(4)/Zn(2)/SnO(4)/CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells that yielded a CdS/CdTe device with an NREL-confirmed efficiency of 14.0%.


Abstract In this paper, the crystallinity (X c) of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) parts was adjusted within a wide range from 40 to 60%, and the influence of X c on wear performance and its relevant mechanism were surveyed. The volume wear rate of UHMWPE parts continuously decreased with increasing X c. Structural characterization revealed that the closely packing crystalline structure composed of high X c and large-size lamellae improves resistance to plastic deformation, which is responsible for excellent anti-wear performance. The efficiency of improving the wear resistance by high X c is comparable with the traditional method of irradiation-induced crosslink. But the latter may severely harm the anti-oxidation capacity. So, increasing X c is a promising candidate to develop high-performance UHMWPE materials with superior wear resistance.


Background and Objective Oral testosterone undecanoate (TU) is taken up by the intestinal lymphatic system. Thus, the dietary lipid content affects TU absorption. This study aimed to investigate the effect of combined omega-3 fatty acids (OMG3) and oral TU on serum testosterone levels in patients with testosterone deficiency (TD). Material and Methods Sixty consecutive patients with symptomatic TD and low serum total testosterone (TT) levels were enrolled and divided randomly into group 1, oral TU 80 mg twice daily for 30 days, and group 2, OMG3 and oral TU 80 mg twice daily for 30 days. Serum TT concentrations and male function scales were evaluated at baseline and 7 days and 1 month post-treatment. Dietary habits were investigated, and caloric and lipid intakes were measured during the treatment periods. Results The groups did not differ in terms of mean age, body mass index, comorbidities, initial serum TT concentrations, and IIEF/AMS scores. After 7 days and 1 month of treatment, serum TT concentrations were only significantly increased in group 2. The degree of increase in TT was higher in group 2 than in group 1 at 7 days and 1 month, although the difference was only significant at 1 month. Both groups Combination of omega-3 and oral testosterone undecanoate J Mens Health Vol 16(SP1):e43-e51; 25 June 2020 This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License. ©2020 Min Gu Park et al.


Rapid and correct detection of harmonics is the premise of suppressing harmonics in power system, and is also of great significance to the improvement of power quality. A new detection method for the harmonics based on TT-transform (Time-Time Transform) is proposed in this paper. In view of the instantaneous data of the power system, TT-transform is firstly used and diagonal element of the transformation result is got, then, FFT transform is used on diagonal element to extract the characteristic quantities of harmonics such as harmonic order, amplitude, and the start and end time of transient state, etc. The fundamental principle and characteristics of TT-transform are firstly presented, and then the detection method of harmonics in power system based on TT-transform is elaborated in detail. Finally, the steady harmonics, transient harmonics and the harmonics with noise are simulated respectively. The simulation results verify the efficiency of the proposed method, and show that it is also characterized by simple utilization, high accuracy, and good anti-interference performance.


Musical learning and training appear to have large cross-domain transfer effects: they are beneficial in various cognitive domains including language. The present study aimed to examine the role of musical expertise in how musical and linguistic information contained in songs is used. However, as the superiority of musicians could be attributed to improvements in executive functions (e.g., Bialystok & DePape, 2009), we tried to isolate the role of musical training by comparing music experts to both non-experts and language experts. To this end we used the tasks proposed by Schön and colleagues (2008), who compared artificial language learning (ALL) based on spoken sequences to ALL based on sung sequences. These authors concluded that songs, more than speech, allow fast and strong learning. In contrast to Schön et al. (2008), the benefit of ALL based on songs was not found among non-experts in our study. However, there was a highly significant interaction between type of expertise and materials. The music experts were the only group to benefit from the matching of linguistic and musical information, hence showing a different profile than language experts. The present data thus confirm the specificity of transfer effects linked to musical expertise.


The invention relates to an axial-flow compressor stator blade system with adjustable first and second half segments and a working method thereof and belongs to the field of mechanical technology of impellers. A single-stage stator blade is divided into a first half segment adjustable blade (1) and a second half segment adjustable blade (4). Sleeve ring structures (3) of the first and second half segment adjustable blades are connected via a connection cylinder (2). The connection cylinder (2) is arranged at the biggest thickness part of the last-stage stator blade and installed between an external casing and a stator inner ring. A stepping motor rotates so as to drive a worm, a worm wheel, a rotation ring, a cylindrical pulling block, and the first half or second half segment blade to rotate and move successively, thereby achieving adjustment of angles. Compared with the prior art, the stator blade system is advantageous in that 1) for a middle-stage stator blade, by rotating the first half segment blade, the blade is arranged at a favorable attack angle, and by rotating the second half segment blade, a rotator at the backward position of the stator is arranged at a favorable attack angle; and 2) an adjusting mechanism is simple and easy to realize in engineering.


In the present investigation the ethanolic leaves extract of Bixa orellana showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. The activity against B. subtilis and E. coli was more pronounced. The effective antibacterial activity observed against E.coli and B. subtilis. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of all the test Bacteria was determined. The preliminary phytochemical tests for the detection of secondary metabolites was performed.


In this paper, we study oscillatory properties of solutions for the nonlinear impulsive hyperbolic equations with several delays. We establish sufficient conditions for oscillation of all solutions.


Gasoline and diesel leaks in underground storage tanks contaminate soils with petroleum hydrocarbons. Various techniques using surfactants have been proposed to remedy this type of contamination. This study presents the application of different systems containing surfactants in vapor phase. It compares the removal efficiencies of diesel contaminated soils using vapor injection systems: surfactant water solutions, micro-emulsions, and nano-emulsions. The surfactant used in the experiments was ethoxylated alcohol UNTL-90 in aqueous solution, in nano-emulsion, and micro-emulsion systems. Among the systems investigated, the nano-emulsion showed the highest removal efficiency (88%), being environmentally friendly and technically feasible with a system that has a lower content of active matter.


Geoheritage conservation in Ethiopia: the case of the Simien Mountains Ethiopia constitutes one of the most significant environmental and cultural reserves on Earth. Ethiopia's natural and cultural tourist attractions are mostly associated with geological features: the active Ethiopian and Afar rifts as well as the Simien and Bale massifs are few examples. Ethiopia's cultural history, religious manifestations and civilization, like the rock-hewn churches of Lalibela and the stelae of Axum, are also imprinted in rock. Geomorphological and geological features, notably the isolation of the north-western highlands from the external world by the harsh Afar depression close to the sea, determined the route of Ethiopian history. Though tourism has been identified as a major sustainable development sector, systematic geoheritage evaluation and conservation strategies are lacking in the country. I this paper the Simien Mountains are presented as major geoheritages which should be prioritized for geoconservation in order to develop sustainable tourism (geotourism) in the area.


This study explores the roles played by the capable others in developing a second-language writer's autonomy ability in writing; reflection in particular. The study focuses on how the capable others i.e. peers, through web-based peer feedback assisted the writer to reflect wisely. Nine peers, responded to the writer's essays on the writer's blog entries. Data was collected from the written web-based peer feedback, interviews and essays. The data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings suggest that the writer benefitted from the roles played by the peers in four categories: establishment of e-learning community, motivation, monitoring, and scaffolding. Establishment of e-learning community and motivation were found to have indirect impacts whilst monitoring and scaffolding have direct impacts on developing the writer's reflection ability.


Diagnostic tool for performing measurements on the eye, the invention discloses a system and method. In one embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention, the left eyepiece is arranged on the part of the jwacheul visible path for the left eye is positioned so that the left eye can be considered a target, and the right eyepiece is part of the right visible path for the right eye is placed is positioned to the right eye is considered the target. Mechanism of the present invention is also a wavefront sensor disposed in the translatable stage also included, and the wavefront sensor is the translatable stage having an optical path to the image sensor, and is, the optical path of the wavefront sensor, in the first state the left in the aligned state with a portion of the visible path and the second state it is movable so as to position in a state aligned with a portion of the visible right path. The one or more light sources to the left and to spread light at least along a portion of the visible right path for illuminating the left eye and the right eye may be optionally provided. Ophthalmology, eye, aberration, correction


THE PHYSICAL CONCEPTION OF BLOOD PRESSURE It is not sufficiently recognized, I believe, that the measurement of systolic pressure alone gives but incomplete evidence of the state of circulatory tension. Other data seem essential to an understanding of the condition, such as the constant or diastolic pressure existing between systoles and the actual head, or pulse pressure, forcing the blood column toward the periphery. In a previous article 1 I have endeavored to establish a conception of the subject from the standpoint of dynamics and statics. In this conception the diastolic pressure represents potential energy, since the blood column exerts energy of position and not motion during diastole. During systole, when the intraventricular pressure equals or slightly exceeds the diastolic pressure in the aorta, the aortic valves open. The pressure of a given volume of blood leaving the left ventricle must, however, be considerably in excess of the diastolic


The invention provides a multi-media file recommendation method and a recommendation server. The method comprises the following steps that the recommendation server obtains N pieces of multi-media playing behavior information of N users, wherein N is a positive integer; the recommendation server clusters the N users according to the N multi-media playing behavior information so as to obtain M user groups, wherein M is a positive integer and is smaller than N; the recommendation server obtains multi-media playing behavior information of users to whom multi-media files are to be recommended, obtains user groups corresponding to the users to whom the multi-media files are to be recommended according to the multi-media playing behavior information, and recommends corresponding multi-media files to the users to whom the multi-media files are to be recommended according to the user groups. According to the multi-media file recommendation method, the problems that a multi-media file recommendation result is diverse, and the recommended multi-media files are not uniform in style and are not consistent with the preference of the users to whom the multi-media files are to be recommended are solved, the recommendation result is more stable, the influence caused by data sparsity and user playing behavior arbitrariness on the recommendation result is small, and user experience is improved.


PREPARATION OF NOVEL AMPHIPHILIC POLYMERS VIA RING-OPENING METATHESIS POLYMERIZATION AND STUDY OF THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES FEBRUARY 2005 MEHMET FIRAT ILKER, B.A., BOSPHORUS UNIVERSITY M.A., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Ph.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Prof. E. Bryan Coughlin This thesis adapted tools of organic and organometallic chemistry to achieve control over synthetic macromolecular architectures, with a focus on the systematic incorporation of polar and nonpolar chemical entities into polymers, and test these amphiphihc polymers for their interactions with living cells, bacterial and mammalian. The development of highly active well-defined catalyst systems for olefin metathesis, and their influence on the development of ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) has been a major inspiration behind our synthetic strategy towards the preparation of model amphiphilic polymer architectures with a high level of structural control. The first synthetic approach was the investigation of ring-opening metathesis copolymerization of polar and nonpolar cyclic olefins as monomers. This study leads to the discovery of alternating copolymerizations of a series of polar cyclic olefins with nonpolar cyclic olefins using ruthenium-based homogeneous catalyst system. Mechanistic studies revealed that steric factors induced from comonomer structures and catalyst type affect the degree of alternation on the polymer backbone.


EAT and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) convened through FReSH a Science to Solutions Dialogue (SSD) on Everyone Eating Well within Environmental Limits. This third dialogue took place from 4-7 December 2018 in Texcoco, Mexico, and brought together business, science and civil society to explore how to feed almost 10 billion people with sustainable and healthy diets. The summary of the discussion sets out three mutually supportive narratives to focus business action and the key solutions.


This paper surveys the literature on motor vehicle headlighting and its influence on the ability of drivers to avoid accidents. The review identifies the key relationships between headlamp design characteristics and driver and environmental factors. The major safety problems associated with headlighting are discussed, and issues needing the attention of the research community are identified.


The invention discloses an intelligent household four-meter outdoor monitoring system which comprises a controller and multiple data collection core boards. The controller and the data collection core boards are in wireless communication connection, the multiple data collection core boards are respectively mounted to a water meter, a gas meter, an electricity meter and a heat meter, the controller comprises a controller core, a controller antenna circuit, a controller power circuit, a peripheral circuit and an Ethernet interface, and the controller antenna circuit, the controller power circuit, the peripheral circuit and the Ethernet interface are all connected to the controller core comprising a controller core chip and a controller wireless communication chip which are connected through serial communication. By the above mode, online monitoring of multiple sets of metering equipment of intelligent household water, electricity, gas, heat and the like is realized by a set of the system, so that management efficiency can be improved and mounting and modifying cost can be lowered.


This paper deals with the factors that influence the weight of an object near the Earth's surface. They are: (1) the Earth's gravitational force, (2) the centrifugal force due to the Earth's diurnal rotation, and (3) tidal forces due to the gravitational field of the Moon and Sun, and other solar system bodies to a lesser extent. Each of these three contributions is discussed and expressions are derived. The relationship between weight and gravitation is thus established in a direct and pedagogical manner readily understandable by undergraduate students. The analysis applies to the Newtonian limit of gravitation. The derivation is based on an experimental (or operational) definition of weight, and it is shown that it coincides with the Earth's gravitational force modified by diurnal rotation around a polar axis and non-uniformity of external gravitational bodies (tidal term). Two examples illustrate and quantify these modifications, respectively the Eötvös effect and the oceanic tides; tidal forces due to differential gravitation on a spacecraft and an asteroid are also proposed as examples. Considerations about inertia are also given and some comments are made about a widespread, yet confusing, explanation of tides based on a centrifugal force. Finally, the expression of the potential energy of the tide-generating force is established rigorously in the appendix.


Purpose – This aim of this research was to discern the impacts that the visa application process has on destination perception and choice. Visas are used to respect border integrity, minimize illegal migration and reciprocate international relations. Design/methodology/approach – The research surveyed a sample of the Dubai resident population, targeting individuals who have previously been required to apply for travel visas. Findings – The outcomes of the research revealed that while visa application procedures were felt to be a "necessary bother", certain factors such as: visa processing times and fees left participants with a negative perception of the destination, especially for travellers motivated by travel budgets, flight prices and visiting family and friends at the destination. Research limitations/implications – With available technology and the benefits of visa facilitation: cost savings, increasing tourism revenue and creating loyalty with legitimate visitors, today's nations have no excuse for...


Effect of distribution of pores on sizes on capillary characteristics of products from material MR is researched. Expressions for a capillary pressure and a head for porous designs from material MR are gained.


SMEs are the main economic actors in terms of the healthy development of the countries' economies and the increase of social welfare level. The continuity and success of these enterprises also have some social effects. Socially, effective use of capital, employment creation potential, support for development and effective meeting of customer demands are among its most important and strategic features. The aim of this study is to determine the level of knowledge of SME managers in Karaman province about strategic management discipline tools and to reveal their views on strategic management. Within the scope of the research, SMEs in the Karaman Organized Industrial Zone were determined according to the complete count method and a questionnaire study was applied. The differences in opinion and knowledge level according to the demographic variables of the participants were analyzed. According to the results of the research, there is a significant positive relationship between education level and strategic management awareness.


This essay focusses on two music videos that filmmaker Alex Rivera directed in conjunction with the #Not1More campaign of the National Day Labor Organizing Network (NDLON). In creating these music videos, Rivera uses visual strategies to portray the "undocumented everyday," which involves the documentation of the mundane details of existence, such as representation of the indispensability of undocumented Latina/o migrants to everyday economies in the United States.


The banking Sector plays a vital role in the overall development and economic growth of the country. In India the banking sector is growing at a fast pace. The Present research paper examines the financial performance of selected public sector banks in India for the period of five years i.e from 2012-'13 to 2016-'17. This study is based on published secondary data of selected public sector banks viz. State Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, Indian Bank, Canara Bank & Vijaya Bank for period under study. The data collected is analysed using financial and statistical tools. During the study, it is found that financial performance of the banking companies is satisfactory. The companies short term solvency as well as long term solvency and profitability is also satisfactory.


We discuss the opportunities of performing associative processing based on the phase locking of coupled oscillators. The use of coupled oscillators, rather than Boolean logic, provides for implementations using emerging nano-technology such as magnetic spin torque oscillators and resonant body transistor oscillators, which each have the potential of lower energy operations and higher density scaling than traditional CMOS solutions.


This paper addresses the problem of the annulment of an arbitration award by national courts on the grounds that the arbitration proceedings were based on arbitration clause as an unfair contract term under the Council Directive 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts.The ECJ decided in the case Claro v Movil that arbitration award may be annulled by national court if it is based on arbitration clause which turns out to be unfair contract term. Moreover, according to the ECJ, consumer has no duty to object unfairness of the arbitration clause in the course of arbitration proceedings. Therefore, the national court may find the term unfair thus void on its own motion. The reasoning behind this was that the arbitration award was at odds with mandatory provisions of the Directive on unfair terms in consumer contracts, which form part, in the view of the ECJ, of the so called European public policy.Notwithstanding the different opinions on this case, the message from the ECJ is clear. The arbitration is a mean of settlement of disputes which is intended for the B2B disputes. On the contrary, the B2C disputes should be resolved in Alternative Disputes Resolution or before ordinary national courts.Consequently, I would like to offer some ideas on the potential impact of the Claro decision upon Czech legal order. Thus, particularly the existing legal frame for consumer disputes created by the Czech Arbitration Act and Civil Code is analysed.


Background For women with early-stage, invasive breast cancer (i.e. cancer extends beyond the basement membrane of the milk ducts into adjacent tissue), adjuvant chemotherapy provides the same proportional benefit regardless of prognosis. However, the absolute benefit of chemotherapy depends on the baseline risk of recurrence. For example, women with the best prognosis have small tumors, are estrogen-receptor-positive, and lymph node negative. These women have an approximately 15% baseline risk of recurrence; approximately 85% of these patients would be disease-free at 10 years with tamoxifen treatment alone and could avoid the toxicity of chemotherapy, if they could be accurately identified. Conventional risk classifiers estimate recurrence risk by considering criteria such as tumor size, type, grade, and histologic characteristics; hormone receptor status; and lymph node status. However, no single classifier is considered a gold standard, and several common criteria have qualitative or subjective components that add variability to risk estimates. As a result, more patients are treated with chemotherapy than can benefit. Better predictors of baseline risk could help women, who prefer to avoid chemotherapy if assured that their risk is low, make better treatment decisions in consultation with their physicians.


We consider the 'universal monodromy operators' for the Baxter Q-operators. They are given as images of the universal R-matrix in oscillator representation. We find related universal factorization formulas in the Uq(slˆ(2))?> case.


The uptake of ethanol from buffered solution by guppies has been studied. There was an apparent increase in the rate of absorption with increasing pH. In contrast, similar experiments made with goldfish failed to show an increase in absorption rate as the pH was increased. The guppy should be used with caution as a model for investigating the effects of varying pH upon drug absorption.


The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has developed a draft international standard entitled `Test Method for Laser Induced Damage Threshold of Optical Surfaces' (ISO/DIS 11254). It is based on the familiar single-pulse-per-site damage frequency procedure, and provides a consistent method for obtaining and comparing damage threshold results between different laboratories. A brief review of the draft standard's contents and its current status are given. (Abstract only)


"Roveja di Civita di Cascia" is a landrace of Pisum sativum grown in marginal land habitats of the Apennines, Central Italy, and is one of the eleven herbaceous crop landraces listed in the Regional Register of local varieties. The objective of the present paper was to assess its genetic structure using 62 morphological traits and five microsatellites. As many as 55 traits showed significant differences with the control entries (P. sativum subsp. sativum var. arvense and var. sativum). We tested P. sativum Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) for their transferability to "Roveja", and found that only 12 out of 35 performed well. Of these, we demonstrated that five were sufficient to assess the genetic structure of this landrace, characterized by several private alleles, differentiating it from Paladio and Bluemoon, which were used as controls. Phenotypic and genotypic data evidenced a genetic structure based on a blend of several pure-bred lines. The sustainability of on-farm landrace conservation is discussed.


Pan Ji-xun,the Ming Dynasty outstanding water conservancy experts,is the Ming Dynasty "technical bureaucracy".In this paper,the author discussed the technology bureaucratic culture of official of Ming dynasty.


In this talk, I will first introduce the open-source remote sensing imagery and AI platforms that can be used for decision-making in precision agriculture. I will then take you through a hands-on session to demonstrate a typical use case in precision agriculture. This talk will benefit a general audience interested in applied earth observation, remote sensing, AI, and precision agriculture.


The industrial world is currently growing rapidly. The need for JIS S45C as a structural steel is increasing which is used to manufacture machine components. Efforts to improve the mechanical properties of steel can use heat treatment and surface treatment. One of the surface treatments that is often used in the industrial world is shot peening. This study aims to determine the effect of annealing and shot peening treatment on S45C steel. The effect of treatment is indicated by changes in the results of both transverse and surface hardness tests and the microstructure of the treatment results. The result is a change in the value of hardness and microstructure changes in JIS S45C from the effect of annealing and shot peening treatments. The highest hardness in the annealing heat treatment and the 15 minute shot peening treatment was 252.08 kgf/mm2. The shot peening treatment causes the grains to become finer from the surface to the subsurface depending on the distance from the surface to the surface depth. These changes cause the surface and subsurface of JIS S45C carbon steel to increase in mechanical properties.


THE views expressed in this paper are not original. The work of Wittgenstein inspired it. The arguments which it contains are for the most part such as have been used by writers in Erkenntnis, notably by Moritz Schlick in his Positivismus und Realismus and Rudolf Carnap in his Uberwindung der Metaphysik durch logische Analyse der Sprache. But some may find my presentation of them 'the clearer. And I hope to convince others by whom the work of Wittgenstein and the Viennese school has so far been ignored or misunderstood.


e18862 Background: Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is a medically complicated, expensive and resource intensive medical technology. High health care costs are usually associated with high Out-of-Pocket (OOP) costs. In this population-based study, using deidentified administrative claims data from OptumLabs Data Warehouse, we describe total and patient level costs for one-year pre and post HCT and describe the characteristics of those with top 25% cost. Methods: Patients who had undergone an autologous or allogeneic HCT in 2015 to 2019 and had continuous health plan coverage for one year prior and post the index date-the date of the first claim for HCT, were included. We examined total costs, patient paid (OOP) and plan paid costs for one year before and after HCT. We also examined inpatient, outpatient, and pharmacy costs for the one year before and after the HCT. Logistic regression models examined factors including age, gender, race/ ethnicity, Charlson comorbidity index, geographic region and costs in the year prior to HCT (baseline costs) for their association with high total costs and high OOP costs (top 25%). Results: A total of 3,346 patients (2,344 commercial plan (CPE) and 1,002 under Medicare Advantage plan (MAPE) enrollees) were included in the study. Median one year post HCT costs for CPE was $ 612,517 (IQR 413,348- 960,456) and for MAPE was $ 521,000 (IQR 347,388-736,685). Median one year post HCT OOP costs were $ 5,407 (IQR 1,584 -10,000) in CPE and $7,199 (IQR 3,485 -16,396) in MAPE group. 625 subjects in the CPE and 253 subjects in MAPE group had overall costs in the top 25%. Median baseline costs were $482,107 vs. $846,943 in the low vs. high cost group in CPE and $278,656 vs. $343,633 in MAPE. There was a low correlation between OOP costs and overall costs (r = 0.17 for CPE and 0.15 for MAPE; p < 0.05). Younger age (OR for age 0.98; p < 0.001) and higher baseline costs (OR1.89; p < 0.001) predicted top 25% total costs post HCT in the CPE group. Not being African American (OR for African American 0.5; p = 0.02) and higher baseline costs (OR 1.07; p < 0.001) predicted top 25% total costs post HCT in MAPE group. Age (OR 0.97; p < 0.001), not being African American (OR 0.5; p = 0.001) and high baseline costs (OR 1.44; p < 0.001) also predicted higher OOP costs in the CPE group. The only factor that was associated with lower likelihood of OOP costs in top 25% in MAPE group was being Hispanic (OR 0.6; p = 0.004). Conclusions: HCT is an expensive treatment modality. High costs prior to HCT are associated with high post HCT costs both for patients on commercial and Medicare Advantage plan. The magnitude of correlation between patient level and total costs was low, likely due to differences in benefit plan. A careful assessment of benefits and costs of HCT is needed for providing high-value care and allow optimum allocation of the finite resources while minimizing patient level financial burden.


We compare two models that attempt to identify mispricing and growth option of firms: The residual income model (RIM) of Ohlson (1995) and a model developed by Rhodes-Kropf, Robinson, and Viswanathan (2005) (RKRV). For the sample of US publicly traded stocks for the period from 1971 to 2005, we find that we are able to calculate valuation measures for substantially more firm-years using RKRV than RIM. Sample firms for RKRV model tend to be smaller and have higher market-to-book ratio than sample firms using RIM model. More importantly, in a significant number of firm-years, these models disagree on whether a firm is misvalued or has high growth option considerably. We also find some differences between these two models in detecting misvaluation and/or growth option around events where extant literature suggests an important role for misvaluation or growth option, such as mergers and acquisitions, open market share repurchases, and stock splits.


This work aims to develop a new galvanically isolated high boost DC/AC inverter for grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system. It consist of high boost DC-DC block at the front, high frequency (HF) isolation transformer, seven level inverter and a small filter at output side. DC-DC converter helps to regulate the intermittent voltage of PV and helps to track MPPT of the system, HF transformer isolate the PV system from the grid, which avoids any leakage current to the grid and six switch seven level inverter produce high quality sinusoidal voltage and current helps to reduce equipment. Moreover, input side current is continuous with much simplified gate-drive circuit. The operating principle, design guidelines along with simulation results and prototype model of the proposed inverter will be presented in details for the design verification and validation.


The paper investigates the internal quantization error for a conventional triple-loop sigma-delta (/spl Sigma/-/spl Delta/) converter configuration. This is achieved through the derivation of the closed-form solution of the internal quantization error for a general input signal excitation assuming an overload-free quantizer operation. The resulting closed-form solution is subsequently applied to the determination of the quantization error associated with a sinusoidal input signal excitation for the spectral analysis and characterization of the /spl Sigma/-/spl Delta/ converter configuration. Computational results are included to confirm the validity of the closed-form solution.


This paper presents a new fault tolerant control based on LQ design method that may stabilize a given system both in the nominal situation, as well as in the situation where some of the actuators have failed. This new control result basically follows the design guideline of the recently developed adaptive two-stage LQ reliable control (ATSLQRC), and considers the faults not confined to a preselect set of actuators. The unified gain margin constraint of the ATSLQRC is presented. It is also shown that the ATSLQRC serves as a guaranteed cost control provided that its design parameters satisfy two new proposed guaranteed cost gain margin constraints. A numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed results. A potential application of the proposed results to design a passive fault tolerant control is also addressed.


[11113-59-0] CuF (MW 82.54)

InChI = 1S/Cu.FH/h;1H/q+1;/p-1

InChIKey = BMRUOURRLCCWHB-UHFFFAOYSA-M

(reagent used as a fluoride source; useful catalyst for a variety of synthetic conversions; in the absence of ligands such as phosphines CuF is unknown)

[7789-19-7] CuF2 (MW 101.54)

InChI = 1S/Cu.2FH/h;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2

InChIKey = GWFAVIIMQDUCRA-UHFFFAOYSA-L

Physical Data: mp ∼785 °C (N2 atmosphere); d 4.85  g cm−1.

Solubility: soluble in H2O (20 °C) = 4.7 g/100 mL, hydrolyzed to CuFOH in hot H2O.

[13454-88-1] CuF2·2H2O (MW 118.57)

InChI = 1S/Cu.2FH.2H2O/h;2*1H;2*1H2/q+2;;;;/p-2

InChIKey = CTRICEWDSISGPV-UHFFFAOYSA-L

Physical Data: dp >130 °C; d 2.93 g cm−1.

Solubility: soluble in H2O = 4.7  g/100 mL, hydrolyzed to CuFOH in hot H2O.

Form supplied in: blue powder; widely available.


The transformation in the education research funding landscape that has occurred in the UK and elsewhere over the last decade has extensive coverage in this Special Issue. Although there has been a...


Drawing on the yet unknown to researchers documents from the fonds of the Russian State Military Archive, the author assesses the qualification of the designated and cadre personnel of the Red Army tank troops in late 1930s. The peculiarity of documents involved is that they are reports of the NKVD special departments, which in addition to their direct duties informed the national command authority of the real circumstances in the armed forces. At this, the attention of special departments was focused on the shortcomings and disqualification of the units and formations command. The article examines reports of the special department for the Leningrad Military District, which informed the national military authority of the virtual disruption of the tank reserve commanders training and of failures in the maneuvers of regular units. The events of September 1939, associated with the campaign in Eastern Poland, demonstrated true levels of the Red Army combat efficiency. This was especially the case of designated personnel and equipment mobilization and of reserve soldiers and commanders qualification. Analysis of the reports on the armored troops' field activity reveals acute problems of command and control over the armed forces interactions with the national economic enterprises in the process of mobilization. The mobilization dragged on. The troops received useless tractors, automobiles and supporting means, and ill-trained personnel, and thus the effectiveness of units and formations was thwarted. These flaws in aggregate sprang from the Red Army command underestimating the complexity of mobilization and training of both reserve and cadre personnel of the Army units and formations. However, reporting documents on the performance in Poland showed optimism and gave assurances in the Army power to execute any order, which could but confuse the Soviet leaders' assessment of war preparedness.


An expert on addiction has backed the Scottish government's stance on introducing a minimum price on alcohol.

Peter Anderson, professor of substance use, policy, and practice at the Institute of Health and Society at Newcastle University, said that alcohol was the number one cause of ill health and premature death in Europe. He said that creating an environment where it was easier for the public to make healthy choices was the best way to reduce dependency on drink.

"The more affordable it is, the more available it is . . …


Free-surface flows with high sediment transport (as debris flow or hyper-concentrated flow) are composed by a mixture of fluid and solid phase, usually water and sediment. When these flows propagate over loose beds, particles constituting the mixture of water and sediments strongly interact with the ones forming the bed, leading to erosion or deposition. However, there are lots of other situations when the mixture flows over rigid bedrocks or over artificially paved transects, so there is no mass exchange between bed and mixture. The two situations are usually referred to as, respectively, mobileand fixed-bed conditions. From a mathematical point of view, the systems of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) that describe these flows derive from mass and momentum balance of both phases, but, the two resulting PDEs systems are different. The main difference concerns the concentration: in the mobile-bed condition, the concentration is linked to the local flow conditions by means of a suitable rheological relation, while in the fixed-bed case, the concentration is an unknown of the problem. It is quite common that a free surface flow with high sediment transport, in its path, encounters both conditions. In the recent work of Rosatti & Zugliani 2015, the mathematical and numerical description of the transition between fixedand mobile-bed was successfully resolved, for the case of low sediment transport phenomena, by the introduction of a suitable erodibility variable and satisfactory results were obtained. The main disadvantage of the approach is related to the erodibility variable, that changes in space, based on bed characteristics, but remains constant in time. However, the nature of the bed can change dynamically as result of deposition over fixed bed or high erosion over mobile bed. With this work, we extend the applicability of the mentioned approach to the more complex PDEs describing the hyper-concentrated flow. Moreover, we introduce a strategy that allows a dynamic time variation of the erodibility variable. The issue of the dynamic transition between fixedand mobile-bed condition is tackled, from a numerical point of view, using a particular predictor corrector technique that compare the transported concentration related with the fixed bed and the equilibrium concentration, deriving from a closure relation, associated to the mobile bed condition. Through a comparison between exact solution, built using the generalized Rankine – Hugoniot condition, and the numeric results, we highlight capabilities and limits of this enhanced technique.


A capture of tsetse flies was done between November 2014 and July 2016 in three localities around the Mbam and Djerem National Park. The biconic traps were used for the captures in Yoko, Mbakaou and Betare-Oya during 5 days. These traps permitted to capture 709 tsetse flies belonging to four species: Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (54.16%), Glossina fusca congolensis (29.34%), Glossina palpalis spp (7.19%) and Glossina calliginea (9.31%). The season did not influence the abundance of tsetse flies. In general, no significant influence was observed between the localities. Specifically, the Glossina palpalis spp species presented a significant difference in its distribution between the localities of Betare-Oya and Yoko (P=0.048). The Glossina calliginea species was also differently distributed between the traps close to a path in T4 enlightened area and the traps close to a path to T3 shade (P=0.042), presenting a direct link between the number of tsetse flies and the presence of cattle.


This article considers the key aspects of the development of contemporary Russian Kant studies and, in particular, the role of Vladimir Zhuchkov in it.


The presence of small phospho-anions, such as PPi and ATP in protein samples often complicates the robust detection of phosphoproteins by metal-based chemosensors and receptors. We herein report the development of a bis(Zn(2+)-cyclen)-triethylbenzene scaffold which can selectively sequester PPi and ATP without affecting the detection of a di-phosphorylated peptide by a ProxyPhos chemosensor.


Purpose
This paper aims to empirically analyze the impact of export diversification on gross domestic product (GDP) per capita growth.

Design/methodology/approach
Using system generalized method of moments (GMM), a nonlinear model in a dynamic panel data growth framework for 101 countries between 1995 and 2019 was estimated.

Findings
Results evidenced that export concentration, measured by the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI), is negatively associated with GDP per capita growth after controlling for the effects of other explanatory variables. Further, the squared term of HHI used in the model to measure the nonlinear relationship between export concentration and economic growth indicated that the low-income and lower-middle-income countries benefited from export diversification. At the same time, high-income and upper-middle-income countries perform well with their export specialization. The results of the robustness check validate the findings of nonlinear estimation.

Research limitations/implications
The findings recommend that low-income and lower-middle-income countries diversify their export basket to improve economic growth by generating stable export earnings. Similarly, high-income and upper-middle-income countries should focus on measures to close the product lines which no longer belong to their factor endowments and rebalance their export basket.

Originality/value
This study contributes to the existing literature by using the system GMM method, which is most appropriate for a dynamic panel data growth framework with up-to-date data. Further, this study segregates a large panel into 43 concentrated and 58 diversified countries to test the robustness of the empirical results.


Social scientists generally consider college education important in increasing tolerance toward other social groups, and studies show a positive relation between education and tolerance. Despite this positive relation, previous research generally does not examine the influence of fields of study on diversity outcomes. Moreover, prior research has used crude measures to test the influence of cognitive and cultural sophistication, the proposed mechanism through which education increases tolerance. Using longitudinal data of college students, this research addressed whether the i°liberalizingi± effects of college education on diversity outcomes are due to the increase in cognitive and cultural sophistication, as proponents claim or whether these liberalizing effects of college education on diversity outcomes differ by fields of study. Partial support was found that cognitive and cultural sophistication increase diversity outcomes. Students' need for cognition and peer discussions about diversity increases diversity outcomes. Little evidence was found that the influence of cognitive and cultural sophistication on diversity outcomes differs by fields of study. Although the influence of cognitive and cultural sophistication on diversity outcomes is similar across fields of study, differences in the degree of exposure to cognitive and cultural sophistication account for a large share of the gap in diversity outcomes by fields of study.


The present invention provides a kind of man-machine interaction method, human-computer interaction device and vehicle, wherein method and includes:Receive the first instruction that immediate communication platform or target vehicle are sent;If the instruction that first instruction is sent for the immediate communication platform, described first is instructed and is converted to the second instruction that vehicle can identify, and the described second instruction is sent to target vehicle, second instruction is performed for the target vehicle;If the instruction that first instruction is sent for the target vehicle, described first is instructed and is converted to the second instruction that user can identify, and the described second instruction is sent to the immediate communication platform.The present invention only needs just can easily realize the remote interaction between people's vehicle by immediate communication platform, and then the human-computer interaction of vehicle can be made to be more prone to, is more convenient.


We present an asymmetric bipolar model of conduction intended to describe temporal and spatial evolution of space charge density and external current in cross-linked polyethylene under a uniform applied DC field. Carriers of both polarities are provided by injection at the electrodes according to the Schottky law. Charge transport is described by a hopping mechanism in which carriers move from site to site by getting over a potential barrier. An exponential distribution of trap levels with a maximum limit in trap depth is adopted for the model. Net charge density profiles and external current are obtained by solving the continuity equation for electrons and holes and the Poisson equation for electric field coupled to transport equation. The aim of this work is to use the simulations to evaluate the influence of temperature and applied field on the net charge density profiles.


We report the successful fabrication of planar waveguides in rare‐earth doped fluoroindate glass substrates. A new procedure for waveguide fabrication using a thermally evaporated AgF nonmetallic film was developed. The refractive index changes of more than 0.03, associated to low propagation losses achieved, open new perspectives and show the potentiality of using this glass family toward further developments in fabrication and design of integrated optical devices for optical communication wavelengths.


A concentrated, alum-containing, formalin-inactivated measles virus vaccine was used in a double-blind field trial conducted among school children. The dosage schedule consisted of 0.5 ml. of either vaccine (330 children) or placebo (319 children), intramuscularly, followed by a second such dose a week later, and a final injection 21 days after that. Most children completed their series on schedule. Subsequent observation disclosed a decrease in measles of 96% if only cases noted 14 or more days after the third dose were considered. If all cases that occurred after the first dose were counted, then the protection amounted to about 65%. The vaccinated group had a marked decrease in school absenteeism.


Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a significant nosocomial pathogen, alongside prevalence in immunocompromised individuals, with multi-drug resistance capabilities. P. aeruginosa is able to live in complex environments, owing to a large genome, suggesting readiness to adapt. Lipid remodelling is the process by which bacteria selectively modify their membrane lipid composition in response to environmental stimuli, in particular low phosphate conditions. A recently identified lipid remodelling protein in marine bacteria, an intracellular phospholipase C (PlcP), shares 47% protein sequence similarity with a putative P. aeruginosa PlcP. This enzyme is hypothesised to cleave membrane phospholipids, liberating diacylglycerol to be used as the base for synthesising non-phosphate containing lipids. Here, the role of the PlcP homologue in P. aeruginosa lipid remodelling in response to clinically relevant low phosphate conditions is investigated. Additionally, a glycosyltransferase (Agt) located in operon with PlcP is reviewed for its role in glycolipid production. High performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) confirmed reduction in phospholipids and increased production of non-phosphate glycolipids and ornithine lipids in P. aeruginosa in response to low phosphate conditions. Heterologous expression of Agt in Escherichia coli elicited production of glycolipid monoglycosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG). A Caenorhabditis elegans infection model to reveal differences in lethality between wild type P. aeruginosa and mutants in lipid remodelling will be used. Given that the membrane is the first to encounter host cells or antimicrobials, it is of significant interest in terms of the multi-drug resistance arsenal of P. aeruginosa Abstract Chronic infections of the cystic fibrosis lung are poly-microbial. Robust laboratory models of multi-species biofilm infections are therefore needed to investigate bacterial interactions and the effects of antimicrobial treatment on a complex bacterial microbiota. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are both dominant organisms associated with airway infections of cystic fibrosis patients and their interactions are considered important for the clinical outcome of disease. We have previously described an ex vivo pig lung model (EVPL) of cystic fibrosis that demonstrates the influence of host tissue interaction and biofilm structure on the growth and persistence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. Here we show the progression of this model to support the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and the potential to establish mixed Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilm to further our understanding of inter-pathogen interactions in poly-microbial lung infections. Abstract The multidrug-resistant ESKAPE pathogens are the leading causes of nosocomial infections. E. cloacae (represented by the last "E"), are Gram-negative bacteria commonly isolated from nosocomial outbreaks. E. cloacae can infect several body systems, mainly in immunocompromised patients, ranging from the CNS to the GI tract, and many more. Unfortunately, minimal information exists on the virulence-associated properties and pathogenicity of E. cloacae . The aim of this study is to explore how E. cloacae interacts with human macrophages and identify the bacterial and host cell factors involved. This is based on our preliminary data supporting the hypothesis that E. cloacae specifically inhibits the function of the PANX1 channel in human macrophages, leading to the formation of membrane protrusions and cell fragmentation. Differentiated THP-1 cells and iBMDMs were infected with m-Cherry and GFP fluorescent E. cloacae for various lengths of time . Infection was analysed by confocal microscopy, focusing on the morphology of the infected macrophages and E. cloacae bacilli . Images were then analysed on ImageJ.Morphological changes could be seen in both infected iBMDMs and THP-1 macrophages. These changes resembled the morphology observed by chemically blocking the PANX1 channel in other cell types, such as Jurkat cells. As the phenotype requires live, intracellular E. cloacae , we speculate it is due to the secretion of bacterial effector proteins (or toxins) that remain to be elucidated, a process ongoing in our laboratory. Understanding the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of E. cloacae could lead to the development of newer treatment approaches as alternatives to antibiotics. Abstract Microbial community coalescence (mixing of multiple communities) is ubiquitous, from multi-species exchanges in human contact to utilisation in medicinal treatments. Interestingly, some microbial communities can form cohesive units and asymmetrically dominate others; yet the mechanisms which determine the outcomes of coalescence are not fully understood. One proposal is the niche-packing hypothesis which predicts that communities which utilise resources more efficiently will be more successful. This has had some support from studies linking increased community diversity to invasion resistance; however, this hypothesis is still to be tested from an evolutionary perspective in coalescence. As coevolution shapes the way in which microbial communities exploit resources, by selecting for species to reduce niche overlap (i.e. adaptive radiation, character displacement), we hypothesise that coevolution increases community cohesion. We tested this using the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens which diversifies into communities of niche specialist morphotypes. Here, we measured relative community success and morphotype fitness in competition trials, simultaneously testing the role of coevolution and diversity in community coalescence and invasion. Community coexistence occurred, irrespective of differences in intra-community coevolution between coalesced communities which suggests niche-partitioning evolved in parallel. Whilst diversity increased community success, this effect was driven by morphotypes being in the presence of a community member of the same genetic background. Therefore, this suggests coevolution may be important for individual relative fitness against invaders. Hence, this study highlights mechanisms shaping interactions of microbes and their communities: principles essential for understanding the role of microbiomes in health and disease. Abstract Insects are efficient vectors of bacteria and in the hospital environment they likely play a role in spreading nosocomial infections. This study examines the microbial community of flying insect populations collected from seven UK hospitals, focusing on the antibiotic-resistance profile of bacterial isolates. Insects were collected with ultra-violet (UV) light flytraps and professional sticky traps. Bacteria carried on the insects were isolated using traditional microbiological culture techniques and the isolates identified using macroscopic morphology, Gram staining, biochemical properties and metabolism. Kirby – Bauer disc diffusion method was performed to assess the antibiotic-resistance profiles of the bacterial isolates. From 19,937 individual insects collected in the study, 79 bacterial strains were isolated. The majority of bacteria belonged to Enterobacteriaceae Family (42 %), followed by Bacillus spp. (24 %) and Staphylococcus spp. (19 %). Less predominant were bacteria from Genus Clostridium (6 %), Streptococcus spp. (5 %) and Micrococcus spp. (2 %). Of a total of 68 strains tested for their antibiotic resistance profile, 52.9 % showed a resistant phenotype to at least one class of antibiotics. Staphylococcus spp. showed the highest percentage of resistant strains (83.3 %), followed by Bacillus spp. (60 %) and Enterobacteriaceae (31.3 %). These findings show that a variety of flying insects collected in the hospital environment carried potentially pathogenic bacteria with some antibiotic resistance. Insects have a potential role in spreading antibiotic-resistant strains and, therefore, could increase human exposure to drug-resistant bacteria. This study highlights the importance of pest control as part of infection control strategies in hospitals and healthcare facilities. Abstract The concept of the species "pangenome", the union of all "core" conserved genes and all "accessory" non -conserved genes across all strains of a species, was first developed in prokaryotes to account for intraspecific variability. The concept has recently been extended to eukaryote genomics and evidence for eukaryotic pangenomes has been demonstrated in plants, plankton and fungi. Using a previously published method based on sequence homology and conserved microsynteny in addition to bespoke processing pipelines, we have investigated the pangenomes of four exemplar fungal species ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Candida albicans , Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii , Aspergillus fumigatus ). Detailed analysis of the pangenome of Aspergillus fumigatus using 12 strain genomes reveals that on average 83% of genes in a given A. fumigatus strain's genome are syntenically-conserved core genes. This core A. fumigatus genome is enriched for many different housekeeping processes. The remaining 17% of accessory genes include many paralogs of both core and other accessory genes as well as horizontally-transferred genes, and are enriched for extracellular transport and protein modification processes. Mapping of the core and accessory complements of the A. fumigatus pangenome onto the genome of the reference Af293 strain shows "islands" of variable gene content within most of the eight A. fumigatus chromosomes, particularly in subtelomeric regions. Overall there is strong evidence for pangenomic structure in fungal species, and in A. fumigatus gene duplication appears to have some influence on the development of the species pangenome. Abstract Vibrio cholerae is an aquatic bacterium and the cause of cholera which remains a significant cause of endemic and epidemic disease particular