NASA s Propulsion and Cryogenic Advanced Development (PCAD) project is developing enabling propulsion technologies in support of in support of the Exploration Initiative with a particular focus on the needs of the Altair Lunar Lander. To address Altair's need for deep-throttling cryogenic engines, PCAD has enlisted Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems (NGAS) in a technology development effort associated with a LOX/LH2 expander cycle engine known as the TR202. This engine features independent turbopump assemblies and a variable area pintle injector similar to that used on the TR200 Apollo Lunar Module Descent Engine (LMDE). The TR202 program has completed a Conceptual Design (CoDR) of a possible throttling engine and has designed and built injector test hardware to demonstrate stable high performance over a 10:1 throttling range while providing the heat flux necessary to close the engine cycle. NGAS has partnered with NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), which supplied the ablative and calorimeter thrust chambers for the injector test program and provided the test facility as well as test and engineering support personnel. An extensive hot-fire test campaign comprising more than 50 tests was initiated and successfully completed during 2009 on MSFC's Test Stand 116 using pressure-fed liquid oxygen and gaseous hydrogen propellants. All planned test objectives were met. The test program was structured in two distinct phases: Phase 1 relied on ablative chambers to demonstrate injector hardware durability and to obtain early deep-throttling results, while Phase 2 used a water-cooled calorimeter chamber to obtain detailed performance and heat flux measurements at various power levels and mixture ratios. This paper focuses on the early part of the test program and describes final hardware build and test integration efforts, injector water flow testing, igniter and engine operational sequence development, and results from the ablative chamber tests. Challenges encountered during this phase of the program are outlined along with their eventual solutions. Details of the calorimeter chamber testing, injector performance results, and current program status are presented in companion papers (1,2).


In order to study the torsional behavior of cast insite RC floor girder, the typical mechanics models are established and more than 100 examples are precisely calculated using Sap90 solid element in this paper. Comparing the solid elements with the frame element within the Sap90 program, the calculation error existing in frame element structural software is analysed. Furthermore, this paper presents an amendment for the torsion and the torsional rigidity of cast insite RC floor girder of frame element structural analysis software, which can be used as reference in engineering structure design.


We are interested in the consequences of imposing edges in $T$ a minimum spanning tree. We prove that the sum of the replacement costs in $T$ of the imposed edges is a lower bounds of the additional costs. More precisely if r-cost$(T,e)$ is the replacement cost of the edge $e$, we prove that if we impose a set $I$ of nontree edges of $T$ then $\sum_{e \in I} $ r-cost$(T,e) \leq$ cost$(T_{e \in I})$, where $I$ is the set of imposed edges and $T_{e \in I}$ a minimum spanning tree containing all the edges of $I$.


Abstract Calculations were performed for the first time for the equation of state, the energetic band structure, and the densities of states for a novel allotropic modification of carbon that was synthesized previously and established recently to consist of the simple cubic lattice built from molecules C24 (SCF‐C24) copolymerized by square faces, known previously as "cubic graphite." Volume dependence of total energy was shown to have the equilibrium minimum under an inter‐carbon distance aCC=0.1550 nm, intermediate between diamond (0.1544 nm) and graphite (0.1421 nm). Band structure consisted of five bands with semiconducting band gap ∼1.9 eV. On the density‐of‐state curve the sharp peaks are pronounced as a peculiar feature of zero‐dimensional fullerene molecules. In conclusion the SCF‐C24 was shown to be the diamond‐like, direct‐band molecular semiconductor combining a nonpolarizability and porosity with its mechanical strength (bulk modulus B=308 GPa), chemical inertness, thermal stability, high thermal conductance, and compatibility in lattice parameter (0.5933 nm) with number of semiconductors. All of these point to the SCF‐C24 as a high promising low‐dielectric material (ϵ<5.7) for fast interconnectors and integrated circuits substrates in future nanoelectronics.


We demonstrate a QAM-FOFDM system by transmitting the real and imaginary parts separately in different subbands. Each part is modulated by interleaved DFT, which doubles the spectral efficiency than ordinary OFDM.


Choosing and optimizing the additives for formulation of base oils has some trial and error aspects which needs time and cost consuming experiments. Among the various types of additives, friction modifiers are used in the formulation of a wide range of industrial lubricants. In this paper the results of using contact mode Atomic Force Microscope for studying the nanotribological behavior of mica in the absence and presence of lubricants are presented and compared with the results of macro scale evaluations by FZG test.APolyol Ester (POE) base oil and a formulation of itwith a combination of a friction modifier and an antiwear agent have been used as lubricants.


We investigated the reliability of our silicon atomic model and the influence of non-local thermodynamical equilibrium (NLTE) on the formation of neutral silicon (Si i) lines in the near-infrared (near-IR) H-band. We derived the differential Si abundances for 13 sample stars with high-resolution H-band spectra from the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE), as well as from optical spectra, both under local thermodynamical equilibrium (LTE) and NLTE conditions. We found that the differences between the Si abundances derived from the H-band and from optical lines for the same stars are less than 0.1 dex when the NLTE effects are included, and that NLTE reduces the line-to-line scatter in the H-band spectra for most sample stars. These results suggest that our Si atomic model is appropriate for studying the formation of H-band Si lines. Our calculations show that the NLTE corrections of the Si i H-band lines are negative, i.e., the final Si abundances will be overestimated in LTE. The corrections for strong lines depend on surface gravity, and tend to be larger for giants, reaching ∼−0.2 dex in our sample, and up to ∼−0.4 dex in extreme cases of APOGEE targets. Thus, the NLTE effects should be included in deriving silicon abundances from H-band Si i lines, especially for the cases where only strong lines are available.


Magnetic recording has shown it has great possibilities in quality and economy and the use of this facility for the sound with motion pictures is attractive. The use of 1/4-inch tape without sprocket holes is more flexible than film because of its thinness, it takes up less space, and it gives excellent quality of reproduction. Synchronization between picture and sound on the tape—an important problem—has been accomplished.


Chromosome 6p25 deletion syndrome is a rare neurocristopathy with variable clinical features. The objective of the current study was to describe a novel phenotype for autosomal‐dominant chromosome 6p25 deletion syndrome. The presentation included bilateral basal ganglia and subcortical calcifications and juvenile parkinsonism, resembling primary familial brain calcification.


This paper considers the single machine scheduling problem. It is assumed that jobs have the same basic processing time, but the actual processing time of each job grows linearly with its starting time. Based on the analysis of the problem, optimal algorithms are presented for the problems to minimize the sum of earliness penalties subject to no tardy jobs, to minimize the total resource consumption with makespan constraints, and to minimize makespan with the total resource consumption constraints.


To improve clustering performance of CMR routing protocol, a new effective algorithm is proposed and implemented to improves it. The new algorithm chooses node which holds a higher connectivity to be a cluster head, so that the cluster head elected would be more appropriate for the topology. The method to gain and compute connectivity is complete distribute algorithm with a low time complexity. At last, experiment proves the improve algorithm is correct, effective and practical.


The authors report on the fabrication of 980 nm InGaAs strained quantum well lasers with hybrid materials of InGaAsP as waveguide and AlGaAs as cladding grown by metal organic chemical vapour deposition. The InGaAs/InGaAsP/AlGaAs diode lasers (100 x 800 mu m) with broadened waveguide structure exhibit a threshold current of 180 mA, a slope efficiency of 1.0 W/A, and a high characteristic temperature coefficient (T-0) of 230 K.


This paper analyzes aspects of a little-known work in the context of grammar and history of Spanish language teaching in Portugal, the Gramática espanhola para uso dos portugueses (Oporto, 1947) by Julio Martínez Almoyna: the possible reasons for its publication in Portugal in the mid-twentieth century, the structure of the lessons and its didactic characteristics. Regarding the first aspect, the writing of the work is framed in the Luso-Spanish socio-political context of the time. Regarding specifically methodological issues, we analyze in detail the microstructure of the lessons and the underlying didactic criteria. In order to examine the didactic characteristics of the manual, we put it in contrast with other works published in Portugal for the teaching of Spanish; specifically, the Gramática elemental de la lengua española(Lisbon, 1947), by Pablo Gayán Hernanz, and Español para lusitanos. Método práctico de lengua española (Coimbra, 1952), by José María Viqueira Barreiro.


Time-lapse 2-D high-resolution seismic reflection surveys successfully imaged and mapped changes in structural features associated with a sinkhole that formed catastrophically after dissolution of the Permian-age Hutchinson Salt in central Kansas (Figure 1). Symmetric steep sided cone structure defined by reverse faults formed instantaneously continuing over time to gradually enlarge and elongate along normal fault planes. Two orthogonal high-resolution seismic lines were acquired, in 1998 and 2004, to map the upper thousand feet and resolve structural features controlling development subsidence rate preferential dissolution mechanism for fluid movement and to predict future growth. High frequency vibrator and high-resolution seismic methods were used to acquire data from a 204 channel fixed spread. Stations used in 1998 were as close as possible reoccupied on the 2004 survey. Common mid-point stacked sections depict a very disturbed subsurface that has undergone multiple discrete phases of loading, failure, and subsidence. Stress built up in roof rock overlying the salt void until its strength is surpassed when failure, and subsidence occurs (Figure 2 (a), (b), and (c)). Strain associated with layers bridging voids outside the tensional dome appears to be controlled by normal faults. Oilfield disposal practices provided original fluids and pathway that initiated the dissolution process. Currently shallower groundwater fuels the dissolution process with little or no contribution from oil-field brines. Growth appears to be controlled by geologic trends with failure occurring much more plastically during the later years, which initially growth was characterized by rapid brittle


It is commonly known that chaotic systems are extremely sensitive to initial parameters and these systems can be very helpful in the field of cryptography from this reason. Logistic maps of deterministic chaos can be used for the generation of encryption key. This key is then used for the image encryption. This paper proposes usage of chaotic encryption and its application in the wavelet domain of dyadic decomposed image. Modification of wavelet components leads to massive degradation of image. Decryption with unauthorized key is very difficult due to the initial parameter sensitivity of this encryption scheme. Keywords-component; encryption; decryption; wavelet; domain; chaotic maps;


The Freshman Empowerment Program is a group process designed to support first generation freshmen. This article discusses the research compiled regarding the success of this program following its initial implementation. Results indicate that GPA was significantly higher for those students involved in the program compared to similar students who chose not to be involved. ********** Incoming students who are from low-income families and/or who are first-generation college attendees are often at-risk in the university setting. They have transitional needs not generally met by traditional support services and often find themselves in academic limbo. These students will often either fail out or drop out when they cannot discover a meaningful connection between themselves and the university community. A student's willingness and ability to participate fully in his or her own education is necessary for holistic learning to take place. Studies show that many students who do not succeed at the university level are either reluctant students and/or passive students (Upcraft & Gardner, 1990). They need assistance in developing relationships with other learners and with the university setting; they need assistance in developing a strong sense of their academic selves. Traditional academic remedies fail these tentative, yet often talented students. When they lose at education, society loses their potential as enthusiastic, professional individuals. And the students themselves lose their academic identity and sometimes their economic stability. These tentative seekers have a great deal at stake, as does the community at large. The numbers at our medium-sized, mid-western university were, at first glance, puzzling. Freshmen enrollment had risen slightly over the past few years from 2,575 to 2,743. High school grade point averages had remained fairly consistent between 3.14 and 3.17, and ACT scores are stable between 21.3 and 21.7. In the past year the first-time freshmen persistence rate had dropped from 74%, to 69.6%. The academic probation rate had risen from 10.3% to 11%. This rise was interpreted as likely to be a precursor of another decline in the first-time freshman persistence rate. Who are these non-persistent students and why don't they stay in school? Experiential evidence and research both suggest that these non-persistent students are not connected to their goals, to the community of other learners, or to the university community (Willimon, 1997). In an attempt to alleviate this situation and ultimately help more students stay in school, we initiated a project to assist these students. The Freshmen Empowerment Program (FEP) was designed to support at-risk freshmen as they move from high school to college. It is critical that they become active thinkers and develop from their traditional state as passive students to a newly evolved state as active and passionate learners. They can only become active and passionate learners if they can gain the necessary skills to understand and self direct themselves, to become full participants in the academic community, while still maintaining a strong connection to family and home. We know that the strongest single source of influence on the development of the student is the student's peer group (Astin, 1996). Therefore the cornerstone of this project was a small group intervention where students could engage in dialogue with other students. Peer and adult co-leader teams facilitated these groups. This article describes the initial research compiled at the end of the first year of the program. It was believed that participation in these groups would positively affect grade point average (GPA), with the assumption that academic success is related to retention. Longer-term research is planned to investigate the effect of the group participation on actual retention rates. Method Participants Study participants were first-semester, first-generation college freshmen enrolled at as full-time students during the fall semester. …


isoniazid in urine. Am Rev Respir Dis 106: 923, 1972 13. JORGENSEN HE, WIETH JO: Dialysable poisons. Haemodialysis in the treatment of acute poisoning. Lancet 1: 81, 1963 14. MAHER JF, SCHREINER GE: The dialysis of poisons and drugs. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 13: 369, 1967 15. Cocco AE, PAZOUREK U: Hazards to health. Acute isoniazid intoxication management by peritoneal dialysis. N Engi J Med 269: 852, 1963 16. AAcK R, KISSANE J: Generalized seizures following isoniazid therapy for tuberculosis in a patient with uremia. Am J Med 53: 765, 1972 17. KATZ BE, CARVER MW: Acute poisoning with isoniazid treated by exchange transfusion. Pediatrics 18: 72, 1956


Douglas' chapter further explores these conditions in relation to the possibility of Hine's (1998) understanding of non-violent vigilantism. Deanonymisation of hate speech through doxing is presented as a viable practice, notably when coupled with de-radicalisation programmes and other forms of the potential reintegration of the target. Vigilantism is always context-specific, and even progressive forms of engagement may raise unanticipated outcomes. Yet the arguments considered in this section are especially helpful in beginning to decouple acceptable from unacceptable forms of denunciation.


Introduction: Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction, in addition to restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities. The Primary Care Units are the entryway to the Unified Health System (SUS) for patients with ASD, and it is important that health professionals have knowledge about the topic. Aim: To investigate the knowledge of health professionals (physicians and nurses) who work in Primary Care in a municipality in the interior of Sao Paulo, in relation to ASD. Methods: The study consisted of applying the KCAHW questionnaire (Knowledge about Childhood Autism among Health Workers) to 40 health professionals (physicians and nurses), who work in Primary Care Units in the municipality. KCAHW assesses the professional's knowledge about ASD, being divided into 4 domains and with a total of 19 questions. Results: There was a significant difference in the mean of total correct answers between physicians (mean = 14.3; standard deviation = 2.4) and nurses (mean = 12.8; standard deviation = 2.1) and no difference was found between the experience time and the total number of correct answers. Conclusion: The physicians have a better knowledge in relation to ASD when compared to the nurses, however, it is necessary to have a continuing education program about ASD for health professionals who work in Primary Care.


The following descriptions and examples are based on: Preminger JE. (2003) Should significant others be encouraged to join adult group audiologic rehabilitation classes? J Am Acad Audiol 14:547–558. Element names marked with an asterisk (*) are mandatory. Enter data for other elements as appropriate. Abstracts must be limited to 500 words. Background* Statement concerning the context of the study or the problem it addresses: summarizing a trend, presenting a statistic, or reporting the state-of-the-art in some area to explain why it is important.


Towing condition is one of the most important conditions in the security evaluation of the self-elevated platform, and the inertia load must be considered in this condition. Usually, the calculation of the inertia load is carried out by an assumption of simple harmonic motion for the platform with unknown reliability. For the determination of the inertia load of a self-elevated platform under the towing condition, this paper solves its motion RAOs by the direct numerical method of linear potential theory and SESAM software. The heave, sway and pitch are predicted and compared with the assumed simple harmonic motion, which has been proved to be more conservative.


Rural labor migration to modern sector in urban areas is considered to be a crucial mechanism to sustain China's economic development.Based on Harris-Todaro model,the paper analyzes the influences on labor migration caused by wage differences,production scale differences and total factor productivity differences in a dual economy.Besides,the paper calibrates the model with China's macroeconomic statistics in recent ten years and finds out that compared with unban sector in China,productivity in rural sector lags far behind.The only sustainable way to further liberate rural surplus labor and to accelerate the China's industrialization and urbanization is to raise labor productivity in rural sector.


This quick-reference guide can be used as a student's handbook of drug therapy. With its easy access style and concise presentation, it is of immediate value to any health care student involved with prescription drugs.


GRAAL is the adaptive optics module feeding the wide-field IR imager HAWK-I at the VLT observatory. As part of the adaptive optics facility, GRAAL is equipped with 4 Laser-guide star wave-front sensors and provides a large field-of-view, ground layer correction system to HAWK-I. After a successful testing in Europe, the module has been re-assembled in Chile and installed at the Nasmyth-A platform of Yepun, the fourth Unit telescope of the observatory. We report on the installation of GRAAL on the mountain and on its first testing in stand-alone and on-sky.


Under heavy and dynamic traffic, the SPF routing algorithm often suffers from wild oscillation and severe congestion, and results in degradation of the network performance. In this paper, we present a new routing algorithm (SPF-EE) which attempts to eliminate the problems associated with the SPF algorithm by providing alternate paths as emergency exits. With the SPF-EE algorithm, traffic is routed along the shortest-paths under normal condition. However, in the presence of congestion and resource failures, the traffic can be dispersed temporarily to alternate paths without route re-computation. Simulation experiments show that the SPF-EE algorithm achieves grater throughput, higher responsiveness, better congestion control and fault tolerance, and substantially improves the performance of routing in a dynamic environment.


Ready, Set, Move! is a hybrid program of our popular " Walk on Wednesdays " & " Walk to Win " programs with increased opportunities for encouragement, excitement & engagement. Here's how it works: • Register between April 15 – 24 online (link below), or by sending an email to firstname.lastname@example.com • As a registrant, you can choose to participate as an individual, as part of a team, or both. • Participants will receive weekly emails with tips to get you moving, fun quizzes & challenges, program statistics and much more! • Participants have opportunities to win lots of prizes! Visit the program homepage for more details.


The research location is in Middle School Sungai Tabuk 3 and Sungai Tabuk 4. Sungai Tabuk is a sub-district in Banjar Regency with a high threat level of floods and forest and land fires. Data collection through questionnaires, observation, and tests competence students. Data analysis with t test. The results showed 140 social studies teachers in Banjar Regency 56.6% had integrated natural disasters in social studies learning, the model developed was modified scientific inquiry learning frompre-disaster, disaster events, and post-disaster. There is an increase in student competence regarding disaster risk reduction, where t (count)> t ( table) on trials first at SMPN 4 with trials second at SMPN 3. These findings lead to the conclusion that learning scientific with effective inquiry for student disaster risk reduction, relevant for social studies learning, relevant to increasing student activity, an effective inquiry model for improving the quality of social studies learning processes and products in junior high schools. The findings of this study have positive implications for the development of social studies learning about natural disasters in junior high schools. The practical implications of the findings of this study are an increase in the ability of social studies teachers and the socialization of inquiry models for reductionrisk disaster in Junior High School


While software subcontracting is a common business transaction in the information technology field, metrics specifically aimed at effectiveness of software subcontracting arrangements are not commonly available. This text makes a review of the literature and derives such metrics from fields of software quality, COTS acquisition and IS success. A case study is performed on software subcontracting projects of a Turkish defense contractor, and the project metrics are compared according to their success. The results suggest that metrics regarding the requirements are good indicators for subcontracting success and that larger projects may enjoy more success compared to smaller ones.


In a wireless ad hoc network with multihop transmissions and interference-limited link rates, can we balance power control in the physical layer and congestion control in the transport layer to enhance the overall network performance, while maintaining the stability, robustness, and architectural modularity of the network? We present a distributive power control algorithm that couples with the original TCP protocols to increase the end-to-end throughput and energy efficiency of the network. Under the rigorous framework of nonlinearly constrained optimization, we prove the convergence of this coupled system to the global optimum of joint power control and congestion control, for both synchronized and asynchronous implementations. The rate of convergence is geometric and a desirable modularity between the transport and physical layers is maintained. In particular, when the congestion control mechanism is TCP Vegas, that a simple utilization in the physical layer of the router buffer occupancy information suffices to achieve the joint optimum of this cross layer design. Both analytic results and simulations illustrate other desirable properties of the proposed algorithm, including robustness to channel outage and to path loss estimation errors, and flexibility in trading-off performance optimality for implementation simplicity.


Abstract Both the origin of the quiescent prominences and their eruption related to CMEs are still a matter of extended studies. The small scale dynamic aspects like vortex structures and counter- flows are now seriously taken into account having in mind that the flows are a good proxy of the line of force of the omnipresent but rather unknown in detail force free or not magnetic field. Large scale vortex has been detected in a high latitude prominence observed on November 13- 14, 2011 before its eruption.


An urban and rural water environment monitoring network system characteristic of distribution,real time and dynamical expansion is set up by use of GSM(global system for mobile communication) and the com-puter network with new technology.The system consists of the spot measuring unit and monitor center.It can be used to monitor many parameters of environment in urban and rural areas,and the serious pollutant emission of some large unit in real-time.


Though stream-baiting has proven useful for early detection of new terrestrial infestations of Phytophthora ramorum, the biological and ecological rationale behind the success of baiting are unknown. Our current studies address the central theme of "why baiting works," focusing on specific questions including: i) what are the inoculum sources in streams?, ii) is there an inoculum threshold for baiting?, iii) can zoospore cysts undergo diplenetism to infect bait leaves?, iv) what are the trophic niches of P. ramorum. To address the potential for P. ramorum to persist on aquatic or riparian plants, several plant species were collected from a P. ramoruminfested pond in Humboldt Co., CA. Aboveground plant parts and roots were baited with rhododendron leaf disks; however, thus far, P. ramorum was not recovered from any plant tissues. Additionally, aquatic plants have been inoculated to determine their susceptibility to P. ramorum, but the pathogen has not been successfully re-isolated. To assess the role of trophic niche on bait detection of P. ramorum, living and dead rhododendron leaves were incubated in stream water (in vitro and in vivo). In streams, P. ramorum only colonized living baits; however, under laboratory conditions, P. ramorum colonized both living and dead baits. The inoculum threshold necessary for bait detection and the potential for cysts to undergo diplanetism (form zoospores) was investigated. The disparity between bait infectivity in the presence/absence of a surfactant suggests that cysts may diplanetise, and cysts were detected at concentrations as low as 102 cysts/ml by leaf disk baits. Phytophthora ramoruminfested wetland in McKinleyville, CA Sampling aquatic plants for P. ramorum OBJECTIVES 1. Assess aquatic plants for infection by P. ramorum under natural conditions and subsequently determine susceptibility of these plants during controlled inoculations in the laboratory. 2. Determine whether P. ramorum infects living versus dead rhododendron leaf baits. Assess whether the pathogen may behave as a saprotroph in streams. 3. Investigate potential for diplanetism of zoospore cysts and the threshold of inoculum required for bait detection of cysts. 4. Assess the influence of turbulence on detection of cysts at low concentrations. METHODSOBJECTIVE 1 ● A P. ramoruminfested wetland was identified in Humboldt Co, CA. ● Aquatic and riparian plants were collected and Individual plant parts (roots and shoots) were surface sterilized and baited with rhododendron leaf disks for detection of P. ramorum. ● Because P. ramorum was not detected on any plants collected, the same specimens were incubated in di water and inoculated with a zoospore suspension of P. ramorum. ● One week after inoculation, plant specimens were washed, surface sterilized and baited for determination of infection by P. ramorum. Cattail (Typha sp.) Monkey flower (Mimulus sp.) Cattail (Typha sp.) Duckweed (Lemna minor) Red Alder (Alnus rubra ) RESULTSOBJECTIVE 1 ** P. ramorum was not found to infect any of the aquatic or riparian plants sampled**including Lemna minor, Mimulus sp., Ranunculus sp., Rumex obtusifolia, Typha sp., Veronica americana & two unidentified grasses. METHODSOBJECTIVE 2 ● Fresh, frozen, and oven-dried rhododendron leaves were maintained in mesh bags at three sampling points in streams flowing through one redwood and one mixed evergreen forest in Sonoma County for three week intervals, from February through April 2009. ● Upon retrieval, bait leaves were surface RESULTS – OBJECTIVE 2


Adult learners have some unique characteristics that distinguish them from children. These characteristics influence their learning to a large extent. Adults by virtue of their age have accumulated knowledge through their various life experiences and this knowledge can be used as a learning resource. Therefore, their learning is more self-directed. It is on this premise that the concept of "andragogy" was popularized by Malcolm Knowles. He distinguishes this from the concept of pedagogy which is more concerned with the teaching of children. Children unlike adults come into the class or learning environment as blank slates depending on the teacher to bank knowledge in them and basically control all aspects of the teaching and learning situation. Learners contribute only when the teacher wants them to. Adult education practitioners have argued that such method if applied in adult learning will not produce the desired result.This paper, therefore, examined in details the difference between andragogy and pedagogy.


Preface 12th International Conference "Aerophysics and Physical Mechanics of Classical and Quantum Systems" – APhM –2018 was held from 27 to 29 November 2018 at the Ishlinsky Institute for Problems in Mechanics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPMech RAS), Moscow, Russia. The conference was devoted to the 20-year anniversary of laboratory of Radiative Gas Dynamics of IPMech foundation. The aim of the Conference was to bring together leading scientists and discuss experience of new research findings, databases, computer codes, information on new instruments and methods of computational and experimental aerothermodynamics, physical experiments in the field of physical and chemical kinetics in gas dynamics, gas discharge physics, and plasma physics in the processes of combustion and explosion. This year the main scientific focus of the Conference was on high speed aerothermodynamics, and, first of all, development of numerical technology of validation of author's computer codes. Founders, Organisation, Organising Committee, Program Committee, Editors and Invited Editors also present in this pdf.


Patch testing following a standardized protocol is reliable for identifying the culprit drug in cutaneous adverse drug reactions (CADRs). However, these patch tests (PTs) require pharmaceutical material and staff, which are not always easily available.


Brick ontology is a unified semantic metadata schema to address the standardization problem of buildings' physical, logical, and virtual assets and the relationships between them. Creating a Brick model for a building dataset means that the dataset's contents are semantically described using the standard terms defined in the Brick ontology. It will enable the benefits of data standardization, without having to recollect or reorganize the data and opens the possibility of automation leveraging the machine readability of the semantic metadata. The problem is that authoring Brick models for building datasets often requires knowledge of semantic technology (e.g., ontology declarations and RDF syntax) and leads to repeated manual trial and error processes, which can be time-consuming and challenging to do without an interactive visual representation of the data. We developed VizBrick , a tool with a graphical user interface that can assist users in creating Brick models visually and interactively without having to understand the Resource Description Framework (RDF) syntax. VizBrick provides handy capabilities such as keyword search for easy find of relevant brick concepts and relations to their data columns and automatic suggestions of concept mapping. In this demonstration, we present a use case of VizBrick to showcase how a Brick model can be created for a real world building dataset.


previously seen. It was felt that the IFLA Journal is the best forum to present a bibliography on UAP, as that is one of the main programmes being developed by IFLA, the work of which reverberates throughout all Sections and Divisions. Mr. Vickers has asked for help from readers in up-dating this bibliography, and we are considering, as a regular feature, publishing such up-dates on IFLA's programmes. Ms. Hannesd6ttir's article, a report on the Seminar on the Education of School Librarians, could possibly have appeared in the news section, but it was believed that, because of its format and its educative design, it should be given different treatment and published in our article's section. Although not a formal requirement, representatives of IFLA to meetings and seminars of other organizations do send in reports and additional documents to HQ. The reports are published in the news section, but very often the quality of these additional papers and the questions raised for consideration should reach a larger audience. It is hoped that this expanded report will fulfill that function. Presented also is an article by Mr. Dougherty on ISO Standards and other considerations in starting new journals. Although he does not mention IFLA's UBC programme by name, its influence can be felt in the requirement that new publications be presented in a format that can be assimilated easily into the world's bibliographic structure.


The new agenda in Indian agriculture should have a goal that explicitly focuses on improving agricultural systems and addresses rural development in an integrated manner. While Indian agriculture has crossed the threshold of traditional farming to modern agri-business, the objective of ensuring equity and sustainability becomes all the more important. Agriculture must change to meet the rising demand, to contribute more effectively to the reduction of poverty and malnutrition, and to become ecologically more sustainable. The challenge is daunting but feasible. This paper analyses the issues related to sustainable agriculture development. There is hope for positive changes as more and more farmers are becoming open-minded and government is coming up with new initiatives. The study recommends that problems – largely institutional, structural, and administrative – need to be overcome for development in general and sustainable agricultural development in particular.


The dominant structural linkage in the abundant renewable energy resource, lignin, is the arylglycerol-β-aryl ether commonly referred to as the β-O-4 linkage. The simplest representation of this linkage, unadorned by substituents, is phenethyl phenyl ether (PhCH2CH2OPh; PPE). Our prior detailed kinetic studies of the pyrolysis of PPE at 330–425 °C showed that a free-radical chain mechanism is involved that cycles through radicals formed at both the α- and β-carbons. The previously unrecognized competing path involving rearrangement of the β-carbon radical by an O,C-phenyl shift accounts for ca. 25% of the products. In this paper, we explore the effect of aromatic hydroxy and methoxy substituents on both the rate and product selectivity for the pyrolysis of these more complex lignin model compounds. The pyrolysis reactions are conducted in biphenyl solvent at 345 °C and low conversions to minimize secondary reactions. The pyrolysis rates were found to vary substantially as a function of the substitution pa...


Cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) are brain responses evoked by sound and are processed in or near the auditory cortex. ACC is a cortical auditory evoked potential (P1-N1-P2) elicited by a change within an ongoing sound stimulus.

 To reach the best stimuli that can elicit ACC and act as an objective tool for assessment of cortical auditory discrimination in normal hearing children.

 The present study was originally designed to standardize ACC evoked response in 41 children aged from 2 to 10 years. The mean age in our study group was 6.2 years with no significant difference between males and females. Stimuli used in this study were specifically designed to be used by AEP equipment that is capable of uploading short duration stimuli (500 msec.), thus can be used in a regular AEP lab. ACC was elicited by three groups of stimuli. Gap-in-tones stimuli represent temporal change (6, 10, 30 and 50 msec. gap introduced to 1000 Hz tone separately), frequency pairs stimuli represent frequency change (2%, 4%, 10% and 25% change from base freq. 1000 Hz) and vowel pairs stimuli represent spectral change (/i-u/, /u-i/, /i-a/. /a-i/, /u-a/, /a-u/). ACC response parameters were compared when using the different stimuli as regards percent detectability, morphology, latency and amplitude.

 Gap-in-tones at 6 msec. and 4% frequency change could elicit ACC response in 100% of subjects. For spectral change, /u-i/ was the highest in eliciting ACC (78%) followed by /i-u/ (68.2%) then /a-i/ (58.5%). ACC had the same morphology of the onset response in the majority of subjects, with longer latency and smaller amplitude. ACC amplitude is a better indicator of cortical discrimination compared to latency because it is consistently affected by magnitude of change.

 ACC is a good electrophysiological tool for cortical auditory discrimination for temporal, frequency and spectral change.


The utility model relates to an apparatus blowing air into a metallurgy container and the metallurgy container. The apparatus works as an air blowing plug. The apparatus comprises (a) a main body extending along a central axis; the main body comprises (b) at least one air flowing channel (3) connecting fluid from an air inlet (3a) arranged on one end of the main body with fluid of an air outlet (3b) arranged on the opposite end along the axis; and the air flowing channel (3) is in the shape of a slit limited by a first and a second relative surfaces. The apparatus blowing air into metallurgy container prevents filtered fusion metal or slag from obstructing the apparatus.


Bycatch is a constraint to the Atlantic sea scallop fishery, the most valuable single-species fishery along the eastern coast of the United States. To characterize trends in the bycatch of three flatfish species, a fishery-independent scallop dredge survey was conducted in two sea scallop access areas (Closed Areas I and II) on Georges Bank from 2011 to 2014. Generalized additive mixed models were used to identify seasonal bycatch hotspots of yellowtail, winter, and windowpane flounder. In all cases, spatially explicit models best fit the data (deviance explained: 47–73%) and provided insight into the spatial distribution underlying the seasonal trends in each area. Modeled catch rates for the three flatfish species suggested localized catches at discrete times of the year. Catches of yellowtail and windowpane flounder were highest in Closed Area II in the fall and winter, respectively. Winter flounder were caught in the highest numbers in Closed Area I during the summer and fall, and were largely absent from catches in Closed Area II. Our results suggest consistent seasonal trends that may help managers identify the optimal times to open the access areas to the scallop fleet in order to reduce flatfish bycatch.


We investigated laypersons' agreement with technical claims about the spread of the Sars-CoV-2 virus and with claims about the risk from COVID-19 in the general public in Germany (N = 1,575) and compared these with the evaluations of scientific experts (N = 128). Using Latent Class Analysis, we distinguished four segments in the general public. Two groups (mainstream and cautious, 73%) are generally consistent with scientific experts in their evaluations. Two groups (doubters and deniers, 27%) differ distinctively from expert evaluations and tend to believe in conspiracies about COVID-19. Deniers (8%) are characterized by low risk assessments, anti-elitist sentiments and low compliance with containment measures. Doubters (19%) are characterized by general uncertainty in the distinction between true and false claims and by low scientific literacy in terms of cognitive ability and style. Our research indicates that conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 cannot be linked to a single and distinct motivational structure.


This essay presents brief considerations about the viewpoint of contact with the unidentified in two artistic productions: El angel exterminador movie by Luis Bunuel, and Solaris novel by Stanislaw Lem. This analysis was motivated by the other one did by columnist Inacio Araujo (2020), who proposed Bunuel's films as the primary point to explain Brazilian actuality, under the influence of the COVID-19. The text here devised aimed to verify in theses productions another possibility to conceive the state of seclusion which is configured not only in the fleshly field but to see confined people as a result of an impossibility to establish contact with the unexplained. To accomplish these goals was presented theoretical references across the formalist studies of Literary Theory (Ostrananie), Surrealism and the unfamiliarity effect (Verfremdungseffeckt) used in Studies of Theater.


This paper focuses on the relationship between the openness of systems and erroneous U-series ages based on 82 precise ICP-MS 230Th dating measurements of two big stalagmites LL1 (aragonite-calcite stalagmite) and LL5 (aragonite stalagmite) from Lianhua Cave,Longshan County,Hunan Province,China. The concordant changes of 234U/238U vs. 230Th /238U,lithology characteristics and 230Th ages in the stalagmites,suggest that aragonite minerals of stalagmite LL1 in Lianhua Cave kept close system during U/Th isotopes decay and provide credible 230Th ages during the Holocene. From 10 ka to 40 ka,U and Th isotopic system of the stalagmite LL1 was in alterations of open/close system,leading to occurrence of unexpected ages. Stalagmite LL5 essentially kept close system from 60 ka to 80 ka,resulting in 230Th ages in order of stratigraphic sequence. A conclusion can be drawn that the openness of U/Th isotopic systems in aragonite stalagmites in one cave do not always increase as age increases. Many complicated factors,such as cave hydrologic conditions,geochemical property of solutes and diagenesis after its formation,may contribute to the erroneous U-series ages. Our preliminary study on U and Th isotopic system provides great potential for calibrating erroneous U-series ages in aragonite-calcite stalagmites and thus establishing a correct age-growth length model.


Typical contacts to n-Ge result in high specific contact resistivity (ρC) or rectifying behaviour due to Fermi level pinning (resulting in high barrier heights) and low dopant activation generally observed for n-Ge. In this work, we fabricated and studied ohmic contacts to n-type Ge prepared by Ni germanidation of samples with As ion implantation for two different approaches: (1) dopant activation by sub-melt laser anneal (LA) prior to germanidation and (2) Snowplow, i.e., dopant segregation during Ni germanidation without previous thermal activation. Low resistivity ohmic contacts of 8 × 10−7 Ω cm2 for LA and 2 × 10−5 Ω cm2 for Snowplow were obtained using circular transfer length method to determine ρC. We show contacts to be thermally stable to 350 °C. Furthermore, by studying the temperature dependence of ρC, we clarify that the underlying cause of the low contact resistivity for both approaches is the high active dopant concentration obtained. We find the results in both cases to be consistent with t...


Party politics in municipal affairs in England is nothing new although it has greatly stimulated by the Labor Party. Party elections receive encouragement from all party organizers, for they enable local party machines to be kept alive. Municipal administration, however, is seldom influenced by party spirit, and party cnntrol is not too emphatic


This study evaluated whether there are ethnic factors which affect the severity and progression of bronchiectasis in our adult multi‐ethnic population in Auckland, New Zealand.


was acting in his capacity as a representative or officer of the Crown in carrying out his relevant function under section 1 of the Agricultural Marketing Act, 1931. He went on to doubt whether any person could in the circumstances act in an official capacity, but not representing the Crown. Neither in Harper's case nor Merricks' case could it be alleged that the plaintiff had suffered a tortious injury and therefore in neither case could the Crown have been sued under section 2 of the Crown Proceedings Act (apart from the procedural bar against an injunction lying which is imposed by section 21 in favour both of the Crown and also of its officers, if the effect of granting the injunction could be to give relief against the Crown which could not have been obtained in proceedings against the Crown). But the Crown Proceedings Act is an Act to enable proceedings to be brought against the Crown. It is not (apart from the stated exceptions in section 9 and section 10) an Act to protect Crown servants from liability. If therefore a Minister commits an ultra vires act in the course of his duties, it is difficult to see why in an action for a declaration an order should not be made against him, or, in the appropriate case, why certiorari or prohibition orders should not lie, just as he can be held personally liable for his tortious acts in the unlikely event of his committing a tort in the course of his official duties. The desire not to provoke a conflict between the courts and Parliament as to their respective spheres of activity—which was a relevant issue in both these cases—should not be allowed to obscure the salutary rule that for a breach of law, whether a common law tort or an excess of statutory power, a servant of the Crown remains personally liable.


We consider the task of labeling an entire data set, given the ability to query the labels of specific points within it. Specifically, we define the "finite population annotation" (FPA) problem as follows. The input consists of: a set of n data points, each of which has an associated label that is initially missing; and parameters delta, epsilon. The algorithm is given the ability to ask for any of the missing labels, and has to produce a set of n labels such that with probability at least 1-delta, at most an epsilon fraction of them are incorrect. The goal is to meet this statistical requirement without asking for very many labels. This problem is motivated by scenarios in e-discovery and active learning. We describe three algorithms that solve it by exploiting different types of structure in the data. In each case, we characterize the types of data for which the algorithm requires few labels, and we give experimental illustrations of its behavior. This is joint work with David Lewis and Matus Telgarsky.


The attention in this paper is directed to the power control in an induction heating system for seamless pipes consisting of a single-phase voltage source inverter with L-LC resonant load supplied by a three-phase full controlled bridge rectifier. The maximal power transfer from the inverter output to the work piece is ensured by the proper design of the matching inductor. The power control is achieved through the inverter output current by making use of a Proportional-Integrator-Derivative controller designed according to the Modulus Optimum criterion in Kessler variant. An experimental platform based on dSPACE DS1103 control board is used for the practical implementation of the control system. It works together with Matlab/Simulink environment and the conceived graphical user interface allows interacting with the experiment. The experimental setup of the induction heating system is presented and the assessment of the control system performance under different tests is performed. Depending on the prescribed value of the inverter output current and the imposed operating frequency, different situations may occur. The possibilities of diminishing the switching losses through zero-current switching and of increasing the power when the operating frequency is over the resonance value are also pointed out. All the results illustrate the proper operation and good performance of the control system.


This project investigated the relationship between predicted and measured girder cambers. For more than three years, researchers collected camber data on girders of various depths and lengths from the time of strand release until shipment to the job site. Researchers used three camber prediction methods to compare with the measured values: PCI method, Branson's time-step approach, and "CRACK" analysis program by Ghali et. al. The Branson time-step approach resulted in the closest predictions to the measured cambers. The PCI method, although simple, gave reasonable long-term camber results compared with the more detailed methods.


This article examines the emergence of the Soviet regulation of foreign travel in a specific context: the space in which Soviet international aspirations overlapped and interacted with Party–intelligentsia relations at home. The discussion ties together two major, international aspects of Party–intelligentsia relations. The first is a detailed discussion of the regulation of foreign travel, exploring the manner in which access to the outside world in the early Soviet years was, like other scarce or highly sought-after resources, subject to bureaucratic monopolisation and, as a result, became not only subject to party-state regulatory agendas but also a prime staple of patronage transactions. The second is an examination of how the emergence of Soviet cultural diplomacy in the 1920s began to influence Soviet domestic interactions with the non-party intelligentsia. Specifically, the article examines the particular way in which the intelligentsia was enlisted in foreign cultural relations by the All-Union Society for Cultural Ties Abroad (VOKS). The article shows the policies and attitudes behind the creation of VOKS as an ostensibly non-governmental association and dissects the many aspects of its intricate engagement with the non-Party, intellectual public known by the Russian term obshchestvennost'. The analysis suggests that the widespread assumption that personal and bureaucratic relations are dichotomous or fully separable ignores the way in which institutional agendas and personal connections were routinely intertwined in Soviet patronage. Furthermore, key stages in the Soviet handling of the intelligentsia's access to international contacts, from the New Economic Policy to Stalin's 'Great Break' to the Great Purges, were fundamentally shaped by the intense ideological and cultural significance invested in the foreign cultural resources as they were transformed from prized assets to fatal sources of contagion.


Objective To approach the effect of taurine on endothelial cell function and hemorheology of hyperhomocysteinemia.Methods 60 hyperhomocysteinemia were selected and divided into 2 groups randomly:control group and taurine treatment group.Control group was treated with folic acid and methycobal.Treatment group was treated with taurine,folic acid and methycobal.The changes of endothelial cell function and hemorheology in two groups were detected,and the role of taurine was observed.Results Two groups' treatment could protect the blood vessel endothelium and reduce the blood viscosity,and the comparison between before and after treatment was statistically significant(P0.05).Treatment group showed improvement of RBC distortion and RBC aggreagation,and the difference of two groups after treatment were statistically significant(P0.05).Conclusion Taurine has the significant function of protection the blood vessel endothelium and improving hemorheology.


Reaction of [Fe(acac)3], Et4NCl and N(CH2CH2SH)3 (NS3H3) in MeCN gave [Et4N][FeCl(NS3)] 1 and metathesis the azide [Et4N][Fe(N3)(NS3)] 2, but reaction of [Fe(acac)3], R4NOAc and NS3H3 in MeCN gave [R4N][Fe4(NS3)3] (R = Et, 3; Me, 4). Complex 1 is reduced under various conditions giving R′[Fe(NS3)] (R′ = Et4N, 5; Tl, 6; N2H5, 7) which probably contain sulfur-bridged [{Fe(NS3)}n]n− anions. Under CO, 1 is reduced to the paramagnetic [Et4N][Fe(NS3)(CO)] 8 from which Tl[Fe(NS3)(CO)] 9 may be made by metathesis. Compound 8 reacts with metal chlorides in acetonitrile giving trinuclear [M{Fe(NS3)(CO)}2-S,S′] (M = Fe, 10; Co, 11). The above complexes were characterised by microanalysis, IR and Mossbauer spectra and magnetic measurements; crystal structure determinations were carried out on 1, 2, 8, 10, and 11. The properties of the anions of 1 and 8 and of the hypothetical anions [Fe(NS3)]− and [Fe(N2)(NS3)]− have been investigated by density functional theory calculations. Compounds 8 and 10 have ν(CO) in the range 1960–1880 cm−1 and model aspects of carbon monoxide binding to the cofactor of nitrogenase. Related cyanide complexes [Et4N][M(NS3)(CN)] (M = Co, 12; V, 13) have been characterised, 12 by X-ray analysis.


The aim of this research is to examine the impact of leadership styles on organizational learning in health care context at Abu Dhabi Health Services Company (SEHA) in Al Ain region. The study uses a quantitative methodology to answer the research questions. The findings suggest that both transactional and transformational leadership styles are associated with organizational learning. The transformational leadership is linked with organizational learning through learning goal orientation and trust in leaders whereas transactional leadership style is linked with organizational learning through performance goal orientation. The research findings can help senior executives to put strategic plans for their organizational learning development. Also, the research is expected to provide a baseline for health care policy makers on how they can initiate and create a context of organizational learning through enhancements of the leadership role.


The Huaihe Basin is in eastern China and a major grain production area.Wheat is a major crop during summer,summer corn is a major autumn crop in the north of the basin,and rice is an autumn crop in the south of the basin.Here,we use the water requirements and effective precipitation during a crop's whole growth period to calculate the crop water surplus deficit index based on meteorology data from 171 sites from 1971 to 2010 in the Huaihe basin.The results show that the average water surplus deficit index for wheat's whole growth period is between-0.66 and-0.43;each region showed a water deficit,tendency of yearly variation is not apparent,zonal distribution characteristics is apparent,and water deficit is much more serious in north than in south.The average water surplus deficit index for corn's whole growth period is between 0.05 and 0.17;tendency of yearly variation is increase,the increase tendency of both northern plains summer corn area and central plains summer corn area is apparent,the value is 0.099/10a and 0.097/10a,zonal distribution present northwest-southeast distribution characteristics.Average water surplus deficit index for rice's whole growth period is 0.05;increase tendency is 0.024/10a,zonal distribution present middle area is much less serious.We only analyzed water surplus characteristics for three main crops in the Huaihe Basin,and water surplus characteristics of each growth stage require in-depth analysis in the future.


Grating-coupled excitation of surface plasmon-polariton waves guided by the interface of a metal and an anisotropic dielectric material evinces morphological effects arising from the divergence of structural anisotropy (grating) from constitutive anisotropy (dielectric material). Even if the metal is replaced by an isotropic dielectric ma- terial, the same effects are seen in the excitation of Dyakonov surface waves. The morphological effects vanish with constitutive anisotropy, as exemplified with a columnar thin film (CTF) as the dielectric material. Both p-polarized and s-polarized incident plane waves can excite the surface plasmon-polariton (SPP) waves as well as Dyakonov surface waves, provided that either the plane of incidence and/or the morphologically significant plane of the CTF do not coincide with the grating plane.


It has been found that the decay of light triggered ATPase activity is paralleled by nonexchangeable type of binding of one ADP per mol of CF1. Inactivation of light triggered ATPase activity is a continuous process. It can be described mathematically as shown in this paper. Three simplified reaction schemes are described, each of them describing the mode of ATPase inactivation in a mechanistic way. A computer simulation of each model was performed and the results were compared to the observed experimental data. In the presence of phosphate our results were explained best by a model assuming that there is at first a rapid binding of ADP to "exchangeable" sites. Due to a slowly occurring change in the CF1 protein with prolonged incubation, an increasing portion of the nucleotides can be found bound in a non-exchangeable way after some seconds of incubation. Our model does not rule out that this reaction sequence might be a part of a catalytic cycle in vivo. - Another result was the finding that there is an additional diminution of ATPase activity when phosphate is lacking


Silicone rubber samples having various concentrations and mean particle sizes of either alumina tri-hydrate or silica filters, prepared by room temperature and heat cured under pressure (hot pressed), are tested for erosion resistance in the ASTM D2303 inclined plane tracking and erosion test. Their corresponding thermal conductivities are determined using a transient temperature technique in which an infrared laser is employed as the heat source and a thermal imaging camera as a temperature detection device. Scanning electron microscope observations show greater filler bonding to the silicone matrix in the hot pressed samples than in the room temperature vulcanized samples leading higher thermal conductivity and increased resistance to erosion, for both ATH and silica filled samples. The correlation study shows a strong relationship between the erosion resistance and the thermal conductivity of the tested samples, highlighting the importance of an outdoor insulating material to have high thermal conductivity in order to withstand dry band arcing. The results can be used to provide guidance on filler selection for silicone rubber compounding for outdoor insulation applications.


p. 83. Yoshida Y, Matsuda S. Ikematsu N. Kawamura-Tsuzuku J, Inazawa J, Umemori H. Yamamoto T. 1998. ANA, a novel member of Tob/ BTG1 family, is expressed in the ventricular zone of the developing central nervous system. Oncogene 16:2687±2693. Yoshida Y, Matsuda S, Yamamoto T. 1997. Cloning and characterization of the mouse tob gene. Gene 191:109±113. Zhu J, Jiang J, Zhou W, Chen X. 1998. The potential tumor suppressor p73 differentially regulates cellular p53 target genes. Cancer Res


Three types of CFRP/aluminum (Al) alloy riveted joints, single-rivet joint, double-rivet joint and three-rivet joint, were prepared by the riveting technique. The fatigue limit of the three-rivet joint was 27.35 MPa. The fatigue failure mechanism of the joint was that Al alloy cracks on the surface of rivet holes and propagates to fail.


The study describes a model developed to delineate primary recharge contributing areas on a large watershed based on the field-measured parameters. The procedure uses measured values of soil water content, bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, and depth to water at 31 locations, to generate kriged overlays of input in a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) framework. The number of locations was a compromise between sampling efficiency and requirements of the geostatistical analysis. Mathematical operations on the overlays are carried out on a pixel-by-pixel basis to predict distributions of water flux from below the root zone, travel time to the groundwater, and recharge flux pulse at the water table. Comparison with field data suggests that flow may occur through only a portion of total pore space. Field application is illustrated on a 123 km 2 catchment in Pennsylvania.


The accurate predication of traffic flow is an essential job in ITS. In order to predict traffic flow exactly, the FOA-SVR prediction model combining Support Vector Regression (SVR) and fruit fly optimiza- tion algorithm (FOA) is presented to forecast railway traffic flow. Using fruit fly optimization algorithm to optimize training parameters of Support Vector Regression, which can obtain superior SVR prediction model. The experiment results show that the FOA-SVR model has more accuracy, which provides a new approach for traffic flow prediction.


A Research Report Submitted to The College of Economics And
Management in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for The Award Of A Bachelor's Degree In Business Administration-Finance And Accounting Of Kampala International University


In the light of ecofeminism,some researchers have reexamined Hemingway and his works and got new findings in the recent years.They think Hemingway is a writer with ecological and ecofeminist consciousness.From Hemingway's social background and life experiences,it is not difficult to find that he has taken into consideration the relationship between man and nature and the relationship between men and women for a long time.This paper makes an attempt to explore the formation and expression of Hemingway's ecofeminist consciousness from social,familiar and personal aspects.


This special issue focuses on the Philosophy of Psychedelics (OUP 2021) by Chris Letheby in the form of a book symposium. Introduced by Matthew Johnson (2022), Letheby presents the main claims of this book that explores the apparent conflict between psychedelic therapy and naturalism in a précis (Letheby, 2022a). Seven contributions criticize, expand or comment on Letheby's arguments, focusing either on his proposed mechanism for psychedelic therapy (Colombo, 2022; Hoffman, 2022; Lyon and Farennikova, 2022; Martin and Sterzer, 2022) or on the epistemic implications (Bortolotti and Murphy-Hollies, 2022; Caporuscio, 2022; Fink, 2022). The symposium concludes with Letheby's replies to these commentaries (Letheby, 2022b).


not that it matters, but the statue of Andrew J. is often dressed for the holidays. beyond that are the minstrel boys in makeshift tap shoes giving shuck—desperate okey-doke, pawned out by unfortunate (no, parents) resulting in—you should always blame the welfare system, teachers in the school system, fuck your system. to the left the fat couple slurping juicy drinks toxic and pink faced from Ohio or thereabouts. take a picture of the fortune tellers beyond the fence, pierced dogeared, what isn't in the cards small black man pushing a cart (not matter what there is a cart) wheels about during the rainy season and sings satchmo tunes for coffee. on farther, typical of any city open mouthed, miscegenation laws, deep fried po' boys glistening as window dressing sequence out the people with homes here (you live where?) from where, beyond the levee, beyond the water , where they dam you in.


The present paper reports a survey conducted among 250 learners of Japanese language in Iran. The aim of the survey was to study the Iranian users of Japanese dictionaries and their preferences, behaviors and habits concerning dictionaries. The participants of the study were from various groups with different backgrounds, and the results revealed that most Japanese learners in Iran are frequent users of dictionaries. The most frequently used dictionaries are Japanese-English bilingual dictionaries, although a large group of users are using them only because they do not have access to appropriate Japanese-Persian dictionaries. Besides, it seems that many learners do not use Japanese-Persian dictionaries because they provide inaccurate and inadequate meanings and equivalents, they do not have electronic versions and they are out of date. The findings of the survey also showed that most learners are highly dependent on their smartphones and some of them would not use any other dictionaries if they do not have smartphone application versions. The results of the study also revealed that a large group of learners do not have enough knowledge and skills about dictionary use and need explicit training on dictionaries as a part of their language learning process.


Discrete event simulation models development of processes evolving in time such as inventory or service stations, where change in the state (inventory level or number of waiting customers) are caused by events occurring at discrete points of time, such as the arrival of a new customer. The model is a program which imitates the process and collects statistics from which conclusions can be drawn. For example, what is the impact of a given policy on inventory level or of priority rules on queue size? Dedicated languages have been developed for writing simulation programs such as GPSS, Simscript, SLAM, SIMAN. However, it is possible to extend ordinary C (and of course C++) by an appropriate library providing nearly all the services that dedicated languages offer. In the following we give a short tutorial on simulation using a simple problem, coding it in C and calling functions from the library to demonstrate that the library approach is a respectful alternative to dedicated languages. We also discuss shortly how to fit the C library to various environments and review two real life problems where the library was successfully used. (Similar libraries are available for compiled BASIC, Pascal and FORTRAN, all for a PC.)


It has been stressed repeatedly that prior knowledge of the absorption characteristics of all components present in a mixture is an asset to spectrometric analyses. Admittedly, such knowledge is highly desirable but, unfortunately, is seldom available to the average ultraviolet analyst. Detection and identification of all extraneous absorbing materials, together with calculations of the effects upon the sample type, is impossible from the standpoint of time involved.


The aim of this book is both "didactic" and "scientific". On the didactic front, it wants to "broaden the understanding [...] of state-of-the art corpus linguistic techniques for the study of conceptual structure in Cognitive Semantics" (p. 1); on the scientific front, it is meant to "advance the state-of-the-art of those techniques" (p. 1) by applying them to a number of problems which illustrate the over-arching issue of polysemy and synonymy. The twofold aim is reflected in the structure of the book, whose first "scientific" section ("Polysemy and synonymy") contains eleven studies focussing on selected phenomena of polysemy and synonymy, whereas the "didactic" Section 2 ("Statistical Techniques") contains seven chapters offering introductions to a selection of these techniques. The opening chapters of the sections, both by editor Dylan Glynn, offer general considerations which contextualise the more specific contributions that follow. According to Glynn, "Cognitive Linguistics is undergoing a paradigm shift" (p. 1). This paradigm shift is visible above all in a change from corpus-exemplified to corpus-driven research (p. 9), from introspective to empirical methods (pp. 20– 25), and, most importantly, in a growing sophistication of statistical techniques. With one exception, "the entire body of corpus-driven research" between 1985 and 1999 was "restricted to raw counts" (p. 25). The change from corpus-exemplified to corpusdriven research is certainly a welcome move in the direction of methodical rigour, but the problem of representativeness remains. Glynn is certainly right when he says:


The paper is a status report on the facilities and planned operations at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) that will support Space Shuttle launches. The conversion of KSC facilities to support efficient and economical checkout and launch operations in the era of the Space Shuttle is nearing completion. The driving force behind the KSC effort has been the necessity of providing adequate and indispensable facilities and support systems at minimum cost. This required the optimum utilization of existing buildings, equipment and systems, both at KSC and at Air Force property on Cape Canaveral, as well as the construction of two major new facilities and several minor ones. The entirely new structures discussed are the Shuttle Landing Facility and Orbiter Processing Facility. KSC stands ready to provide the rapid reliable economical landing-to-launch processing needed to ensure the success of this new space transportation system.


Levopimaradiene and dehydroabietane are two direct precursors of ginkgolides and exist only in the root tissue of Ginkgo biloba. To study the biosynthesis of ginkgolide, we chose undifferentiated G. biloba root tissue stem cells, which contain all the information needed for plant growth and development. Only dehydroabietane and abietadiene were determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry in G. biloba root stem cell cultures. The results are consistent with the fermentation products of levopimaradiene synthase present in Escherichia coli under ultrasonic and bright light conditions. In addition, the products were also changed with changes in light and ultrasonic conditions and with just changes in light, indicating that levopimaradiene is converted to either dehydroabietane or abietadiene in the original plant in response to changes in external regulation and the plant's own needs.


In this paper,the predator-prey model with Holling type II functional response incorporating a prey refuge is studyed.Firstly,the asymptotic behavior of spatially inhomogeneous solutions is investigated according to the comparison argument for parabolic problem.Secondly,by the linearized stability theory,the locally asymptotically stability of positive constant steady-state solution is discussed.Finally,the globally asymptotically stability of positive constant steady-state solution is established using a Lyapunov function.


An investigation of the quality of mass spectra obtainable by the Finnigan ion-trap detector (ITD) and on how this quality may depend on sample size is described. For compounds which are not very thermolabile or too prone to fragmentation, near-normal spectra can be expected if the sample sizes do not exceed amounts of the order of 100 ng. Analyte loads which generate acceptable total ion current chromatograms with narrow-bore capillary columns (about 500 ng) could still produce ITD mass spectra having enhanced quasi-molecular ions, [M + 1]+, abnormal distributions of peak intensities and unusual fragments. Even under optimum conditions, certain analytes, e.g. acyclic alkanes, n-alkanols and pyridines, will manifest spectral characteristics which are strictly typical of the ITD. In favourable cases, the formation of quasi-molecular ions can be exploited for relative molecular mass determination. Even under conditions of self-chemical ionization, the ITD spectra of most analytes generally retain enough electron impact mass spectral character to be readily recognizable by inspection or by library algorithms.


A concise and inexpensive route to 2-cyano aziridine-2-carboxylates and 2,2-dicyano aziridines is reported by reaction of the easily obtainable corresponding α,β-unsaturated nitriles with sulfonyloxycarbamates in the presence of calcium oxide.


ABSTRACT How can one create more by showing less? That is the central question in this article. Through a visual approach, we will look at emptiness as a generator of standing, exclusiveness, luxury sign value. One of the guiding cultural mechanisms of creating exclusiveness is the use of horror vacui, the fear of the empty. Using both psychological theory and civilization theory, the article connects the concept of emptiness and horror vacui to the creation of exclusiveness, of luxury. This theoretical argumentation is then confronted with a visual research on the use of emptiness in show windows. It shows that luxury boutiques or shops selling predominantly luxury products use emptiness in their shop windows in order to create a luxurious and exclusive atmosphere.


The advent of attosecond science, with main objectives to probe and to control ultrafast dynamics in quantum systems, brought in the past few years a fresh look on photoemission. This very fundamental process was indeed recently revisited in the time domain, in a series of pioneering experiments that were soon accompanied by an intense theoretical activity devoted to the interpretation of the reported "photoemission delays". At the conference, we will present some contributions of our group to this topic, with a focus on the characterization of photoemission dynamics in terms of "scattering delay" and "transition delay" as evidenced in numerical experiments performed on simple model systems.


Through studying the technical teaching of artistic gymnastics, the author found out that the combination of information feedback principle with teaching experiment could effectively promote the student's enthusiasm and improve the teaching quality.


Bio-oxidation is the process of oxidation of metal sulfide using variety of microorganisms for leaching the metal. The aim of the present study was to assess the capacity of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, on the bioleaching of lead from galena concentrate. While the process carried out under the sulfur concentration about 6%, the results showed that the maximum of 79.8% Pb was leached from the galena. © 2017 Elixir All rights reserved. Elixir Renewable Energy 102 (2017) 44258-44260 Venkatesa Prabhu.S et al./ Elixir Renewable Energy 102 (2017) 44258-44260 44259 The medium had the following chemical composition: FeSO47H2O (40 g/L), (NH4)2SO4 (2 g/L), MgSO47H2O (500 mg/L), K2HPO4 (25mg/L) and ddH2O at initial pH of 2.5 using 1N H2SO4. The target bacterium, pure strain of A. ferrooxidans was developed by numerous sub-cultures from serial dilutions. In order to increase the tolerance of the microbe, A. ferrooxidans bacterium was made adapted to mixed ore mineral by sub-culturing (10% v/v) using the medium containing components as given in 9K medium provided with 1% (w/v) of galena concentrate. The cultivation conditions of temperature 37 o C, initial pH 1.5 and rotation speed of 150 rpm were also maintained. The initial pH of the media was adjusted using 1N H2SO4. The resulting adapted culture of A. ferrooxidans was used as inoculums for bioleaching experiments. 2.2 Galena Concentrate Collection The Galena concentrate was collected from the Agucha mine province in Bhilwara district of Rajasthan state of India. The sample was crushed using laboratory jaw crusher then ground by ball mill. The particle size fractionation was carried out using ASTM sieves. The particle size ranged from 100 to 1200 μm with an average particle size of 300 microns ground ore was used in the bioleaching experiments. The chemical analysis of the galena concentrate showed the composition mentioned in Table 1. Table 1. Chemical composition of the mixed ore (Galena) Compound Percentage %


This paper analyzes the contradictions in the maintenance of land ownership on the part of the Rural Workers Settlement of Batatal, Municipality of Mangaratiba, state of Rio de Janeiro. Owing to the lack of financial resources of said Settlement, the workers are forced to go back to work for their former employers, whose land has been appropriated by the government by means of Land Reform. Further, now they have to work under a formal contract; and that has been the strategy devised by those workers in order to remain on their job and to continue to produce. However, said strategy is nothing less than the persistence of both a dependence relationship and also a ruling procedure on the part of the employer, an integral part of the common Brazilian way of reasoning according to which the person involved obtains seeming advantages and the state just legitimates the situation. The outcome of such scheme is the outbreak of dissension among the workers in the Settlement, which is a factor contributing to their demobilization


This paper addresses the geological design for horizontal well drilling in the thin heavy oil reservoir of Block Qi604. Horizontal well trajectory is controlled through numerical simulation and injection-production parameter optimization. The practical production performance of horizontal well is compared with that of vertical well. The result shows that horizontal well is feasible for recovering the thin heavy oil reservoir in Block Qi604 by cyclic steam stimulation.


This 3-axis MEMS accelerometer are used in various applications like human–machine interactive games; for this application, hand gesture problem is used. This setup includes a number of 3-axis accelerometers on fingers and back of the palm to measure dynamic and static gestures, a programmable microcontroller to detect hand postures of American Sign Language and send them to a host via serial communication and analog multiplexer. The apparatus consists of sensors such as accelerometers on the fingers and thumb and two accelerometers on the back of the hand to detect motion and orientation of the hand. The sensors are connected to a microprocessor which is to be used for searching a library of gestures and generate output signals that can then be used to produce a synthesized signal. These sensors transmit the data to the microprocessor to determine the shape, position and orientation of the hand relative to the body of the user. Keywords: Accelerometer, dynamic gestures, static gestures, microcontroller, sensors, microprocessor Cite this Article Sudhir S Mathapati, Kamlesh Chavan. RF Based 3-Axis Robotic Arm using MEMS. Journal of Control & Instrumentation. 2018; 9(3): 15–20p.


By means of numerical experiment the authors investigate dependence of conventional rupturing stress and mechanical fracture energy at uniaxial tension from fractional composition of dispersed filler, plasticizer volume fraction in polymer binder, effective density of transverse bonds, applied to development of covering for different purposes and with advanced service life in temperature range from 223 to 323 K. They compare mechanical characteristics of polymer composite materials (PCMs) based on high- and low-molecular rubbers. It was shown that rupturing stress of high-molecular rubber-based PCM is of a higher magnitude than the stress of low-molecular rubber-based one at almost invariable rupturing deformation. Numerical simulation by variation of composition parameters and molecular structure enables evaluation of its maximum fracture energy which is 1000 times higher than mechanical fracture energy of similar composites based on low-molecular rubbers.


Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804 - 1864) and Emily Bronte (1818 - 1848), are both full of romanticism. They comprehended the human beings from the point of civilization and nature, which is also the tradition of romanticism. They regarded the human beings as the victims of civilization who seek the comfort from nature. Both of the novels deal with the irreconcilable contradiction between the love of civilization and nature. The writers believe that in reality the love of civilization will eventually win, because society is vital to individuals, and no one can be free its domination; in spirit, the love of nature has its unique and glory. The meaning of life is in the course of constantly pursing freedom and love, which is the eternal topic of romanticist writers.


In this paper, a novel approach of intelligent vehicle to interact and cooperate with other human driving vehicles is proposed at the freeway entrance ramp scenario. The system consists of a Safety Alert Module and Vehicle Control Module. The Safety Alert System module includes intention estimation and conflict judgment. A two dimension Hidden Markov Model (2DHMM) is used to estimate social vehicle's driving intention in the intention estimation module. Then the conflict judgment module predicts the potential conflicts between the intelligent vehicle and social vehicle. Moreover, the hybrid state system (HSS) is introduced to control the intelligent vehicle while considering its decision making, states and dynamics. Co-simulation using PreScan and Simulink is conducted. The experiment results show that the intelligent vehicle performs well with a commendable social behavior in the freeway entrance ramp.


100-Gb/s dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) transmitter and receiver photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are demonstrated. The transmitter is realized through the integration of over 50 discrete functions onto a single monolithic InP chip. The resultant DWDM PICs are capable of simultaneously transmitting and receiving ten wavelengths at 10 Gb/s on a DWDM wavelength grid. Optical system performance results across a representative DWDM long-haul link are presented for a next-generation optical transport system using these large-scale PICs. The large-scale PIC enables significant reductions in cost, packaging complexity, size, fiber coupling, and power consumption.


We report a fast one-pot protocol for the direct vinylation of azlactones [oxazol-5-(4H)-ones] by using as a key step an aldol addition with 2-(phenylselenenyl)acetaldehyde followed by dehydroxyselenation. The acid hydrolysis of the oxazolone ring gave the desired fully deprotected α-vinyl quaternary α-amino acids in almost quantitative yields. An enantioselective variant of the method was also developed by using catalytic chiral bases. The use of Sharpless ligand (DHQD)2PHAL produced the final quaternary amino acids in good overall yields (62–78 %) and with ee values up to 86 %. Scaling up the optimized protocol to gram quantities did not affect the yields and ee values. We also demonstrated that the vinyl moiety installed onto the oxazolone ring can be exploited as a handle for the attachment of aryl groups through a Heck coupling reaction.


In Jamaica, bauxite mining is considered to be one of the most significant reasons behind deforestation. Within the last few decades, large areas of forest have been cleared on the island due t ...


OBJECTIVE:To compare cost- effectiveness of glimepiride combined with metformin in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS:198 cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus were divided into group A (96 cases)and group B (102 cases).Group A was received glimepiride(1 mg,qd)combined with metformin (0.25 g,tid)and group B was received glimepiride(2 mg,qd). To observe FPG,2hPG,HbA1c,blood fat,renal function,BMI,and adverse effect and so on. RESULTS:Total effective rates and incidence rates of adverse effect of group A and group B were no significant difference. C/E of group A and B after 8 weeks were 2.43/2.43 and 3.83/3.76 based on FPG and 2hPG respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Therapeutic effect is no significant difference between glimepiride group and combination group. The cost of combination therapy is lower than that of glimepiride therapy.


(57) Abstract: The present invention provides a having a critical current density and critical current density retention rate was improved in the presence of a magnetic field (Bi, Pb) SCCO-2223 oxide superconductor composites. 0.1T magnetic field the critical current density at (77K, perpendicular to the ab plane) is disclosed larger than 35%. Significant improvement in the oxide superconducting wire current transmission capacity in the magnetic field is subjected to a heat treatment after forming the oxide superconducting composite, reducing (Bi, Pb) the amount of lead SCCO-2223 phase, rich in lead obtained by forming a non-superconducting phase. Heat treatment is carried rich phase lead to conditions such that localized high energy sites of the composite.


A survey of helminth parasites of the alimentary canal of C. garienpinus was carried out in Kano, between January, 2002 and June 2002. A total of 700 fish samples were examined out of which 281 (40.14%) were infected. The parasites recovered include: Cestodes (Polyonchobothrium sp. and Monobothroids sp.), nematodes (Procamallanus sp. and Paracamallanus sp) and metacercarial cysts of trematodes. Of all the parasites recovered nematodes have the highest occurrence of (40.82%). There was higher infection with increasing fish weight. There was also a high correlation between weight and length of fish (P AJAZEB Vol. 6 2004: pp. 36-40


This paper explores voting patterns in the Council of the European Union (EU) between May 2004 and the end of December 2006, studying the full set of voting records for this institution. It analyzes government vote choices in the Council on the basis of ordered logistic regression analysis, explaining the propensity of EU member states to vote 'yes', abstain from voting, or vote 'no'. The paper explains voting behavior in the Council on the basis of selected independent variables, notably governments' absolute and relative positions on the left-right policy dimension, support for European integration among
domestic audiences, member states' population size and their positions as either net beneficiaries or net payers into the EU budget. Our empirical analysis reveals that voting behavior is markedly different for the group of the EU's older as compared to its newer member states, with some of our explanatory variables even displaying opposite signs for these two groups in our statistical analyses.


Purpose
Based on the theory of performance feedback, this study aims to explore the theoretical relationship between performance shortfalls and the financialization of non-financial enterprises. It further analyzes the moderating effect of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and organizational redundant resources.

Design/methodology/approach
Multiple regression analysis is used on 16,555 initial samples of 2,658 Chinese A-share issuing enterprises from 2007 to 2019 to empirically test the relationship between performance shortfalls and the financialization of non-financial enterprises, and an instrumental variables-generalized moments estimation model is also used to verify the robustness of the results.

Findings
The results reveal that the greater the performance gap below the aspiration level, the higher the degree of enterprise financialization. Moreover, EPU strengthens the relationship between performance shortfalls and financialization, whereas organizational redundant resources weaken the relationship between performance shortfalls and financialization.

Practical implications
Decision-makers should determine the aspirated performance level of enterprises to make investment decisions that are most conducive to the long-term development of enterprises. Each enterprise should establish scientific management evaluation and supervision systems to avoid financial investment behaviors that place too much emphasis on short-term performance.

Originality/value
This study finds that financialization is one of the reactions when performance of enterprises is lower than the aspiration level, thus expanding the functional dimensions of performance feedback and supplementing the research on the influencing factors of enterprise financialization. The results also reveal information about situational factors, helping identify the boundary conditions through which performance below aspirations affects enterprise financialization.


With the adoption of ITs, a large amount patient-related documents is compiled by healthcare organisations. Quite often, this data is needed to be released to third parties for research or business purposes. The inherent sensitivity of patient's information has brought to the definition of legislations to protect the privacy of individuals. To meet with these legislations, redaction or sanitization of patient-related documents is needed before their release. This is usually done manually, which is costly and time-consuming, or by means of ad-hoc solutions that just protect structured types of sensitive information (e.g. social security numbers), or that are based on removing sensitive terms, which hampers the utility of the output. In this paper, we propose an automatic sanitization method for textual medical documents that is able to protect sensitive terms and those that are semantically related, while retaining the utility of the output as much as possible. Different to redaction schemas, which are based on term removal, our method improves the utility of the protected output by replacing sensitive terms with appropriate generalisations retrieved from medical and general-purpose knowledge bases. Experiments conducted on highly sensitive documents and in coherency with current regulations on healthcare data privacy show promising results in terms of output's privacy and utility.


A series tests were carried out on AZ31 Mg alloy sheets in different thickness and different conditions,using V-bending die with different bending radius. The bending springback was calculated. The influence of thickness and relative bending radius on springback was analyzed. The results show that when the bending radius is unchanged,the thicker the sheet,the smaller the springback;when the sheets thickness is unchanged,the greater the relative bending radius,the greater the springback. The sheets with smaller thickness are influenced more than that with greater thickness by bending radius. Bending performance of heat-treated sheets is better than that of the cold-rolled sheets of AZ31 Mg alloy.


Reliability methods have being adopted by oil and gas operators for integrity management decisions. These methods explicitly account for all relevant uncertainties and are designed to provide consistent safety. Consequently, a risk or reliability based approach is a very appropriate basis for decision making in the face of uncertainties. However, as in the effective use of any powerful methodology the sensitivities of the method to assumptions and limitations of applicability need to be well understood. This paper presents how improvements were made to reliability based integrity program by understanding its limitations and sensitivities. First the inputs that have the highest impact on the results were identified. These inputs are the most appropriate areas for improvement and data gathering. It is also very important to understand how the results are to be used and for what purpose. The results of this particular inline inspection based reliability assessment are used to make better excavation and repair decisions. A defect-based and joint-based decision making process is essential for determining with sufficient confidence if each defect and joint is in a safe condition. Consequently, the improvements are focused on discriminating between the myriad of defects found during an inline inspection run. Distinct field characteristics of corrosion growth are also taken into account in these improvements. The paper presents the implementation of effective area methods for future integrity probabilistic evaluations. It also describes the benefit of applying defect-specific growth rates. Finally, case studies are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the changes.Copyright © 2010 by ASME


Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) is used to measure the phase shift (Δφ) between two light beams related to relative length difference (ΔL) of MZI's two arms. The phase shift of the interferometer output is represented by output Free Spectral Range (FSR). Thus the FSR can be configured by setting its length difference of the two arms, to vary the phase shift. In this paper, the FSR of two couplers MZI are compared with three couplers MZI with two configurations based on the two couplers MZI's length difference. Length difference of the two couplers MZI is utilized for both of the length differences for the first configuration of three couplers MZI. As for the second configuration, each of the three couplers MZI length differences is half of the two couplers MZI length difference. The two couplers MZI are designed to have FSR at 10 nm, which can be obtained by using 0.166 mm as the length difference. 3 dB couplers are used for all of the configurations. Only one input port is utilized and the outputs are simulated in a normalized graph form. The MZIs simulation shows that the FSR of three couplers MZI first configuration is 5 nm, half of the FSR of two couplers MZI, while the FSR of three couplers MZI second configuration is 10 nm, the same as the FSR of two couplers MZI.


The primary aim of the present study was to identify the incidence of injuries among competitive footballers. The investigator has made an attempt to classify or define the groups of footballers based on the age of the footballers. Accordingly three groups of footballers were targeted; jun ior, young and senior group football players aged between 14 to 30 years. The information of injuries was collected, individually through a questionnaire from 685 football players. The investigator personally contacted the players and the purpose of the study was explained to them. Further instructions were given by the investigator to the players for the completion of questionnaire. A questionnaire prepared by Cromwell & Gromely (2007) for elite Gaelic football players and modified by the investigator was used. Result reveals that 72.10% junior, 27.72% young and 15.85% senior groups football players were absent from training due to their injuries. Meanwhile, 8.18% junior, 37.91% young, and 39.28% senior groups football players were affected their play due to their injuries. Doctor treats maximum percentage of injuries to football players.