The climb rate and climb gradient of small fixed-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), characterized by extremely compact and lightweight design, are typically limited by the maximum allowable temperature of the engine cylinder head, especially in hot environment conditions. The problem is often overcome by alternating climb and levelled flight phases to let the engine cool down, but the resulting performances are far from satisfactory. This paper aims to evaluate the feasibility of a reconfigurable hybrid propulsion system based on the integration of the UAV internal combustion engine with its electric generator, temporarily (during climb) converted into motor and supplied by the battery pack, to maintain/boost the propeller thrust while reducing the combustion engine temperature. With reference to the lightweight surveillance UAV Rapier X-25 (maximum take-off weight up to 25 kg) by Sky Eye Systems (Italy), a detailed nonlinear model of the reconfigurable hybrid propulsion system is developed and coupled with the models of the propeller and the vehicle flight dynamics. The system dynamic performances during severe climb manoeuvres are thus characterized, by demonstrating that the proposed solution can both improve the UAV climb rate and, by reducing the combustion engine power request, limit the temperature increase of the cylinder head.


The aims of this study was to identify and analyze the socio-political factors behind the high voter toward the Election of the Governor and Vice Governor of Bengkulu in 2020. This research was a mixed research between quantitative and qualitative method. Using the purposive sampling technique with informants who represent various elements directly related to the Pilkada (Local Distric Heads Election) of Governor and Vice Governor which were held simultaneously in Indonesia. on December 9, 2020. Information collection techniques were carried out using Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and in-depth interviews. The results of the study were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman technique by doing reduction, display, and triangulation. The results of the study showed that there were several socio-politic factors that had a direct contribution to the high voter toward the Election of the Governor and Vice Governor of Bengkulu Province in 2020 (77.68 percent). These factors were transactional politics (money politics), the role of the media, the role of General Election Commission (Komisi Pemilihan Umum-KPU) and General Election Supervisory Agency (Badan Pengawas Pemilu-Bawaslu), the role of candidates and the pattern of visiting campaigns. The conclusion of the study is that there is no single factor that dominantly affects voter participation in the Bengkulu Governor and Vice Governor Elections. Voter participation is a product of the interdependence of various social and political factors.


ABSTRACT The effects of the presence and typicality of detail in a witness1 testimony on mock juror judgments were investigated. In Experiment I, 50 subjects generated or rated exemplars for use in Experiment II. In Experiment II, 283 participants read a summary of a crime and the subsequent trial that contained conflicting testimony from two eyewitnesses. The testimony of the eyewitnesses varied in use of detail (typical, atypical, or no detail). Participants were asked to answer a series of questions regarding the credibility, honesty and quality of the memory of both eyewitnesses and to make judgments of the defendant's guilt. Generally, the presence of detail affected the ratings of the witnesses. When atypical. or typical detail was provided by one witness, and no detail was provided by the opposing witness, assessments of the witness providing detail were enhanced.


An accurate room localization system is a powerful tool for providing location-based services. Considering that people spend most of their time indoors, indoor localization systems are becoming increasingly important in designing smart environments. In this work, we propose an efficient ensemble learning method to provide room level localization in smart buildings. Our proposed localization method achieves high room-level localization accuracy by combining Hidden Markov Models with simple discriminative learning methods. The localization algorithms are designed for a terminal-based system, which consists of commercial smartphones and Wi-Fi access points. We conduct experimental studies to evaluate our system in an office-like indoor environment. Experiment results show that our system can overcome traditional individual machine learning and ensemble learning approaches.


Computer courses are highly practical curriculum in vocational school, the teaching methods must highlight initiative and the active participation of students. In order to reach the goal of teaching and improve students' ability, under the guidance of Constructivism Theory, we can follow the "six activities" of the main clue of the teaching in project teaching. That is, "have a think, have an action, have a try, have a comment, have a talk and have a practice".


ABSTRACT The adoption of remotely sensed data in forest applications has grown significantly. Whereas high spatial resolution sensors have been successful in mapping and monitoring commercial forests, their cost, accessibility, and spatial coverage remain a critical challenge. Hence, it is was necessary to investigate the value of new and improved freely available sensors in forest species mapping using the Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). This study evaluated the performance of new freely available and improved raw and pan-sharpened Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) imagery in discriminating seven key plantation forest species in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Accuracies achieved using the Landsat (OLI) imagery were benchmarked against the WorldView-2 imagery. Results show that raw and pan-sharpened bands successfully delineated commercial forest species, with overall classification accuracies of 79% and 77.8%, respectively. Although these accuracies were lower than the 86.5% achieved from the higher resolution Worldview-2 image data, our findings demonstrate that the Landsat 8 OLI's lower spatial resolution (30 m) generated a plausible performance in discriminating forest species. Hence, Landsat 8 OLI could be useful in providing existing and historical preliminary forestry assessment due to its free availability, wide spatial coverage as well as its rich archive dating back to the 1970s.


This thesis deals with Out-Of-Step conditions in a network, how to detect the events and
how to make improvements on the protection devices that are being used today.
Power systems and stability analysis are studied in general and Out-Of-Step conditions
are reviewed in detail. Experiments with a one machine against an infinite bus are
performed to connect theory with reality. The laboratory model is exposed to transient
faults in the range 100 ms to 800 ms. A PMU is used to measure voltages and currents at
the generator bus and at the infinite bus.
The thesis includes the development of an algorithm that can detect power swings. The
algorithm is programmed in MATLAB. This algorithm detects faults in the system and
predicts loss of synchronism. The data collected with the PMU from the laboratory
measurements are run in the program to be able to determine the capability of the
algorithm.
The thesis also includes design and assembly of two voltage transformers. The voltage
transformers are needed to be able to connect the PMU to the laboratory model. The
voltage transformers are rated 400:110 V, 45 VA.


THE existence of a peculiar and exceedingly fatal form of intraparietal or eroding variety of hyd&diform mole was first described by Volkrnan.' The cases he described had a tendency to produce rupture of the uterus and intraperitoneal haemorrhage, which were followed by peritonitis and septicaemia. Schroeder' referred to two similar cases of this variety, in one of which rupture of the uterus occurred, and,another in which intrapentoned haemorrhage occurred and was fallowed by fataI peritonitis. The destructive character of this type of case was attributed to some dmown morbid condition of the uterine walls supposed to be the TSU# of malnutrition. In 188g %gerS described a case in which a pecnliar form


In our paper, we present a method for incorporating available linguistic information into a statistical language model that is used in ASR system for transcribing spontaneous speech. We employ the class-based language model paradigm and use the morphological tags as the basis for world-to-class mapping. Since the number of different tags is at least by one order of magnitude lower than the number of words even in the tasks with moderately-sized vocabularies, the tag-based model can be rather robustly estimated using even the relatively small text corpora. Unfortunately, this robustness goes hand in hand with restricted predictive ability of the class-based model. Hence we apply the two-pass recognition strategy, where the first pass is performed with the standard word-based n-gram and the resulting lattices are rescored in the second pass using the aforementioned class-based model. Using this decoding scenario, we have managed to moderately improve the word error rate in the performed ASR experiments.


In this paper, the coordinate section grade line method for accurately positioning the horizontal and vertical control points in the steep side slope construction is introduced, and the practical settingout method by means of modern survey measures is also described.


The absorption of heavy metals like chromium, copper and zinc present in the sewage waste water using aquatic plant, water hyacinth - Eichhornia sp were studied. The experimental setup (100% untreated and treated sewage samples) was prepared and the water hyacinth plants were introduced into the tubs. After 96 hrs, sewage samples were analysed and the results showed an active reduction in physicochemical parameters and heavy metals. The biotreated sample was reused for Aquaculture of fish - Tilapia mossambica for a period of 60 days. The growth study was carried out and the maximum growth was recorded in biotreated samples. After the growth study, the histology procedures were carried out on the target organs such as brain, gills, liver and muscles. The histology and histopathology results revealed the degeneration of nerve cells, fusion of secondary lamella of gills, vacuolization of hepatocytes, swelling and longitudinal splitting of muscle fibres were seen in 100% untreated and treated sample but the 100% biountreated and biotreated sample resembled as like control animals.


The citizens' initiative right enables them to directly articipate in the law-making process. Issues of great social importance can thus be brought to the attention of the ordinary legislator who is called to embed into a normative content the will of those whom it represents. The importance of the citizens' initiative right for the strengthening of democracy led to its enshrining into States' Constitutions, as well as its stipulation into EU regulations. Nonetheless, even though, in theory, the citizens' initiative right represents a basic element in terms of participation of the people in the democratic decision-making process, in practice, the purpose of the regulation has not been reached. Thus, the citizens' initiative right is rarely exercised, also because of a lack of information on its utility, significance and mechanisms. Based on these realities, within this study, we shall carry out an examination of the regulations concerning citizens' legislative initiative in Romanian law and at the Europea...


A summary of conventions, symbols, quantities, units, and constants which are important for high-resolution molecular spectroscopy is provided. In particular, great care is taken to provide definitions which are consistent with the recommendations of the IUPAC "Green Book", from which large parts of this article are drawn. While the recommendations in general refer to the SI (Systeme International), the relation to other systems and recommendations, which are frequently used in spectroscopy, for instance atomic units, is also provided. A brief discussion of quantity calculus is provided as well as an up-to-date set of fundamental constants and conversion factors together with a discussion of conventions used in reporting uncertainty of experimentally derived quantities. The article thus should provide an ideal compendium of many quantities of practical importance in high-resolution spectroscopy.

Keywords:

conventions;
symbols;
quantities;
units;
fundamental constants;
high-resolution spectroscopy;
quantity calculus;
reporting uncertainty in measured quantities;
IUPAC


Background: RCT have shown that a slight delay in clamping the cord benefits preterm infants by reducing intraventricular hemorrhages and donor blood transfusion. One ethical problem with such study is obtaining informed consent from parents at a time when they are very vulnerable and stressed by expecting a preterm baby. Aim: To evaluate parents' perception of including their unborn infant < 33 weeks' gestation into a RCT on a slight delay in clamping the cord or four times milking the cord. Methods: Prospective, single centre study. Parents, whose infants had participated in the RCT, were offered to take part in a structured interview either performed at the hospital or at home. Recorded interviews were transcribed. The interview analysis was performed by a researcher, who was blinded to the infant's allocation, by using NVivo software. Analysis was then summarized by using systematic thematic analysis. Results: 37 (31.9%) of 116 eligible parents agreed to take part in the interviews (22 female, mean age 29.9 years (19-41), 15 male mean age 33.12 years (21-46)). The results identified five main themes for parents: Conclusions: On the basis of the sample there was no difference in parents' perceptions even when related to infants' CRIB scores between milking the cord (mean 2.52; SD 3.19; n=27) and delaying clamping the cord (mean 2.75; SD 4.15; n=28).


* B.A. 1966, J.D. 1969, University of Oklahoma; LL.M. 1970, Harvard University. A. Allen King Scholar and Professor of Law, Washington College of Law, The American University. This Article relies on research commenced while the author was Co-Director of the Washington College of Law's Law Program in Chile in June and July, 1990. The research is supported by The American University Law School Alumni Association Fund, whose assistance is gratefully acknowledged. Far too many Chilean professors, lawyers, and government officials contributed to the author's attempts to understand the transition in Chile fairly to be named. However, the author thanks Professors Eduardo Soto Kloss, Director of the Department of Public Law at the University of Chile, who made this research less daunting, and Arturo Aylwin, the Comptroller General of the Republic of Chile, whose cooperation and that of his staff provided many and useful insights. Thanks also go to the author's colleagues, Claudio Grossman and Richard Wilson, for their helpful comments on an earlier draft of this Article. Of course, none of the persons who have helped is responsible for any of the author's errors, nor does their assistance necessarily suggest agreement with the author's conclusions. Thanks also to Juan Milanes for his assistance in Chile and for his translation of a number of Spanish materials.


Objective: Melatonin, a multitasking indolamine, seems to be involved in a variety of physiologic and metabolic processes via both receptor-mediated and receptor-independent mechanisms. Design and Method: The aim of this study was to determine whether melatonin can affect blood pressure and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in the model of metabolic syndrome (MS) represented by obese, spontaneously hypertensive rats [SHR/ND mcr-cp (cp/cp)]. Animals were divided into two groups: male 6-week-old MS rats treated with melatonin (10 mg/kg/day) for 3 weeks and age-matched MS controls. Blood pressure was measured by tail-cuff plethysmography once a week. NOS activity was determined by measuring the formation of L-[3H] citrulline from L-[3H] arginine in the aorta, heart, kidney, cerebellum, brain cortex and brain steam. Results: Blood pressure was decreased by 10% already after the second week of melatonin treatment and this decrease persisted till the end of the treatment in comparison with age-matched untreated MS rats. While melatonin treatment faild to affect NOS activity in the aorta, heart and kidney, it was able to increase total NOS activity in all brain parts investigated. As no changes in NOS activity in peripheral organs were found, we hypothetised that nitric oxide produced in brain may be responsible for blood pressure decrease after 3 weeks of melatonin treatment in rats with metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: These data suggest that melatonin might play an important role in blood pressure decrease via increasing brain NOS activity in rats with metabolic syndrome.


To achieve the development of a proposal for the treatment of wastewater from the process of production of fruit pulps of the company Alimentos SAS SAS, different experimental analyzes were carried out, led by the homogenization of the residual water and the characterization of this, by means of a profile of solids, COD, BOD, and physical characteristics such as odor, color, pH and conductivity. After obtaining a general characterization of the residual water from the process, tests are carried out for pretreatment, that is, roughing and homogenization and as a primary coagulation-flocculation treatment. For this, different types of filters are tested by means of supports with PVC tubes with different filter materials and the one with the greatest reduction in solids, COD, BOD, color, odor, pH and conductivity is chosen. After having carried out the test with the best filter, we continue to choose the best coagulant and / or flocculant for the process, having different bibliographical references of similar projects to the present work, selecting some chemicals such as aluminum sulphate, aluminum polychloride, asefloc , anionic polymer, ferric chloride and aluminum polychloride, where the most reduction is chosen in color, odor and conductivity, leading to final COD and BOD determination and thus having a comparison of initial values in the initial characterization and a final value after coagulant and / or flocculant..


A part of research about durability and a research of basic about RAC had been gone. Therefore, for application to structure of RAs substantially, we grasp special quality of freezing-thawing resistivity, the stress - strain relation, shear stress - shear strain and drying shrinkage that influence directly in durability of concrete structure. The result is as following. 1) The effect of the quality and the replacement ratio of RAs that get in stress-strain curve of a RAC are very small. 2) The shear stress-strain relation of a RAC receives big effect by the grade and replacement ratio of RAs. 3) The relative dynamic elasticity modulus of RAC by increase of freezing-thawing cycle number rises as the replacement ratio of RAs increases. 4) The freezing-thawing resistance of RAC receives bigger effect by proper interior air content and concrete moisture content than the replacement ratio of RAs. 5) The weight change ratio by freezing-thawing cycle is high as the replacement ratio of RAs increases. Specially, weight decrement by freezing-thawing is very high in used the RG than RS.


The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of delivering a high-probability instructional sequence on generalized consumption of nonpreferred foods with similar properties to treatment foods. The participant was a 5-year-old, typically-developing child with a history of food selectivity. The participant was asked to complete each step of an instructional sequence in which the final step was consumption of a nonpreferred food. Praise was delivered after compliance to complete each step and a preferred food was delivered after compliance with the Varsovia Hernández Eslava, Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones en Conocimiento y Aprendizaje Humano (CEICAH), Universidad Veracruzana, Jonathan K. Fernand, Aurora University. The first author was supported by grant #264560 from CONACYT. Correspondence concerning this study should be addressed to Varsovia Hernández, Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones en Conocimiento y Aprendizaje Humano, Av. Orizaba No. 203, Fraccionamiento Veracruz Xalapa, Veracruz. México, C. P. 91120. email@example.com Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta • Mexican Journal of Behavior Analysis 2018 | Núm. 2 • diciembre | No. 2 • December | Vol. 44, 97 115 http://dx.doi.org/10.5514/rmac.v44.i2.68546 final step. The high-probability instructional sequence was effective in increasing consumption of nonpreferred foods and generalization was observed to nontarget foods with similar properties. The importance of tailoring procedures to treat food selectivity displayed by typically developing children is discussed.


The present publication is the result of the presentations made by the speakers of the Cyber Tools On-Line Search for Evidence (CTOSE) Conference 'Collecting and Producing Electronic Evidence in Cybercrime Cases'. The Conference was organized by the Centre de Recherches Informatique et Droit (CRID), University of Namur, Belgium, on 8 and 9 May 2003. Indeed, this was an excellent context to discuss an issue that has not been tackled enough from a legal point of view. However, without clear concepts and solutions to deal with electronic evidence in a legally compliant fashion, any cybercrime case could be impossible to solve and, as a consequence, the identification and prosecution of the wrongdoer would be frustrated. This concern guided the speakers, chairpersons and more than 100 participants in an exiting and very active exchange of ideas. The high quality of those experts was fundamental in exposing the problem and trying to find solutions. The aim of the Conference was, namely, to explore three questions:


The purpose of this paper is an improvement of propeller shaft NVH performance for premium passenger car. Propeller shaft in using premium passenger car has a large influence on ride quality, stability and NVH performance. Propeller shaft where is used in the high-class passenger car is characterized by high torque stiffness, light weight and hign quality. It is used generally in SUV and are demanding the matter of NVH performances of the formation passenger car are more important. In this paper, the propeller shaft manufacturing process about weight of the factor which influences to NVH performances and factor between analysis uses 6 sigma techniques and analyzes with to decide the factor which is important influences vehicle NVH performances, under improving high-class passenger car Propeller Shaft NVH performances.


[EuTe( ξ )/PbTe(η)] n short period superlattices (SLs) were grown by MBE along the [111] growth direction, with ξ denoting the number of monolayers of EuTe separated by η monolayers of nonmagnetic PbTe, whereby 2 ≤ ξ ≤5 EuTe layers alternate with 6 ≤ ξ ≤ 15 PbTe layers, such that η= 3 ξ. We find that SLs with f = 4 show an antiferromagnetic-like phase transition; those with ξ = 3 and 5 show a ferrimagnetic-like phase transition, while bulk EuTe is a simple two-sublattice antiferromagnet. The transition temperatures T c for these short period SLs are determined by temperature-dependent magnetization (i.e., M(T)) measurements with field cooling (FC) and zero field cooling (ZFC) cycles. The magnetic ordering temperatures quickly converge from below to the bulk phase Neel temperature 9.6 K, as ξ increases from 2 to 5. We propose a canted antiferromagnetism model to describe M(T) for SLs with ξ = 2 and ξ = 3, consistent with a mean-field analysis of T c . We also discuss why the magnetic character of EuTe can be modulated from antiferromagnetic to ferrimagnetic.


The primary purpose of this study was to determine the relative contribution of the nasal and the conjunctival mucosae to the systemic absorption of topically applied timolol in the pigmented rabbit. The nasal mucosa was found to be about 2.5 times more efficient than the conjunctival mucosa in contributing to systemic timolol absorption, which occurred to the extent of 74% of the instilled dose. In addition, a minimum of 5-10 min prolongation of ocular contact time was determined to be necessary for significantly reducing systemic drug absorption and indirectly enhancing ocular drug absorption. The pharmaceutical implication of this finding is that ophthalmic vehicles such as polymeric inserts and gels would provide more favorable ocular to systemic drug absorption ratios than vehicles such as aqueous solutions and low-viscosity polymer solutions.


Place, race, and the law intersect powerfully in the passage of early 20th century zoning ordinances requiring "the use of separate blocks, for residences, places of abode, and places of assembly by white and colored people respectively" State v. Gurry, 121 Md. 534 (1913). Baltimore enacted a comprehensive racial zoning ordinance in 1910 and cities throughout the South quickly followed, adopting similar or identical laws. One consequence of these segregation ordinances was a profound shift in judicial conceptions of property rights and regulations. The first three state courts that considered these racial zoning ordinances invalidated them as trammeling unconstitutionally upon property rights. The next three state courts to consider these laws, however, upheld them as a reasonable response to congested municipal conditions. What can explain why state courts responded so differently to these identical laws? These state court decisions, I find, are differentiated by a shift from a theory of property as a natural right to an analysis of property through a utilitarian calculus. This shift facilitated important equitable restrictions on property rights. The utilitarian emphasis on the greatest good for the greatest number, without consideration for who benefits and who sacrifices, however, also enabled these early municipal segregation ordinances.


The use of multinomial regression, with particularly attention to classification, may be made complicated by the occurrence of multicollinearity issues. This is true, for instance, in chemometrics when soil texture classification is accomplished by reflectance spectrometry, since the set of measurements at different wavelengths constitutes a high dimensional set of highly correlated predictors. A solution to deal with multicollinearity is the use of the Principal Component Multinomial Regression. Its actual employ depends on the ability to select a very low dimensional set of components. Here, a procedure is described to select the components to be used that is based on the grouped LASSO.


In this paper,the activities of various coarse Douchi fibrinolytic enzymes were determined with Agarose-fibrin plate method.Experimental results showed that the sample DC-H8 taken from guiyang naming district had the highest fibrinolytic activity(285.759IU/ml).The optimal purification conditions were further determined.Firstly,4% active carbon was added into the solution of fibrinolytic enzyme and fibrinolytic enzyme was decoloured for 35min under 4℃.In the experiment of salting-out,some miscellaneous protein was removed by 15% ammonium sulfate,and then the fibrinolytic enzyme was separated by 75% ammonium sulfate.Finally,fibrinolytic enzyme was filtered by Sephadex G-50 chromatography,and purified Douchi fibrinolytic enzyme was obtained by collecting the high active component.Under these conditions,the purified rate and the recovery of final fibrinolytic enzyme were 27.7 folds and 69.7%,respectively.The activity of Douchi fibrinolytic enzyme was 13946.1IU/mg.


The history of the Prophet Adam Alaihi salam became the starting point of human civilization, as the caliph and the first man of course the history and pearl of education became the focus for researchers to see further the appropriateness of the value of the caliph's education to be applied at this time. Looking at the value of the caliph's education as a prospered of the earth will lead to the creation of universal human well-being because it will return to the principles of education per the nature of human creation. The history of the prophet Adam alaihi salam is a solution that can be a reference to the model of Islamic education because basically the prophet and apostle are the first teachers (educators) sent to this earth to guide his people not to deviate from the concept of its creator. On the other hand, the history of the Prophet Adam Alaihi Salam is among the 25 prophets and messengers mentioned in the Quran and the implications of the pillars of faith that must be believed and believed to be true, in this case studying the story are part of the guidance of the pillars of faith that certainly affect the journey believers, This paper can to some extent provide a new formula in exploring the Islamic education system through the study of the history of the Prophet Adam Alaihi Salam starting from its creator, the interaction between angels and God as well as the influence and involvement of the devil in heaven as a process of maturity.


The present invention provides a digital forensic watermarking (102) a random method for selecting the orientation and / or embedding protocol for digital forensic watermark 102 to be embedded in an information signal 100. After that, the present invention embeds the digital forensic watermark 102 in the selected direction in the information signal 100. Embedding is for each instance to embed the forensic watermark applied to the different orientation for digital forensic watermark 102. This averaging and over - makes it frustrated the attack and can be embedded forensic tracking (generational forensic tracking) of the three.


This white paper describes the real-time capabilities provided by SGI REACTTM Real-Time for Linux. software. REACT enables SGI Linux-based system platforms to deliver hard real-time (HRT) capabilities including an interrupt response time of 30us or less. A brief review of current real-time Linux capabilities, a description of typical real-time applications, and a comparison of SGI real-time capabilities for Linux versus IRIX are also included.


: Chloride induced steel corrosion is the greatest problem for the durability of reinforced concrete structures exposed to marine environment. A cause of chloride induced steel corrosion is fundamentally due to diffusion of chloride ion into concrete, which is greatly affected by the alkali ions in the pores. When alkali ion concentration increased in the pore, Si in C-S-H was substituted by Al. So-called C-A-S-H is produced by Al substitution. However the prediction model of diffusion of chloride ion is not still established when the alkali concentration is varied. Therefore, experiments were carried out using specimens with different alkali contents. It was confirmed experimentally that the alkali ions influenced the diffusion of chloride ion and then enhanced our previous model integrated with phase equilibrium model, surface complex model and multi-component diffusion model considering that C-A-S-H changed adsorption ability of chloride and also varied the equilibrium constant in surface complexation reaction. Moreover, it was considered that the C-A-S-H formation influenced tortuosity of diffusion of chloride ions because slag cement paste included C-A-S-H had different tortuosity from OPC paste constituted of C-S-H. Refined model with modifying equilibrium constant in surface complexation reaction and tortuosity could predict preciously the experimental data. Therefore it is concluded that diffusion of chloride into hardened cement paste was influenced by C-A-S-H. This required the more detailed study on the effect of Al substation for Si in C-S-H on the diffusion of chloride to accurately predict the chloride ingress into concrete.


The response of the heart to increased work is an indication of its reserve strength. This response is measured clinically in various exercise tests, with observation of pulse and respiratory rate changes. These tests operate, at least in part, by increasing the return of venous blood to the heart. A similar mechanism is brought into action by increasing the volume of the venous return to the heart by injecting fluids intravenously. If such fluids are injected rapidly and in large volume, an increased load is put on the right side of the heart. Since the introduction and widespread use of simple methods of infusion, there has been much discussion of the proper rate of injection of such fluids. In the investigation of this problem, observation of the venous pressure before, during and after the infusion offers the most direct physiological evidence of the ability of the vascular system to accommodate the rapidly increased blood volume. The venous pressure measurements give a partial indication of the power of the heart to respond to increased load by increased work. Venous pressures have been measured during infusions given in cases of diabetic acidosis and post-operative shock. Large volumes of fluid have been injected, up to 2,500 cc. of normal saline in one hour, without any alteration of the venous pressure from a normal level. (Table I.) In making these determinations a three-way stop-cock has been used connecting the needle in the vein with the infusion reservoir and the venous pressure apparatus (of Moritz and v. Tabora), and pressure readings have been taken at intervals of 2 to 5 minutes. For extending this method in an attempt to develop an infusion test of cardiac function, the technique used has been to inject 1,500 cc. of normal saline solution into one of the arm veins in 30 minutes, with venous pressure values recorded at 2 minute intervals.


Global educational experiences can help engineering students attain intercultural skills and understand how cultural differences impact engineering practice. Effective global programs make appropriate links and project meaningful pathways for students from the advancement of cultural orientation to the development of global competency. This study examines the extent of current engineering students' awareness and potential acceptance of cultural similarities and differences. We conducted survey assessment using the Miville-Guzman Universality-Diversity Scale short form (MGUDS-S) to measure and compare orientation toward diversity among four groups of engineering student populations, including those entering three different types of global engineering programs and a baseline population of first-year engineering students. We proposed and tested a set of research hypotheses for multiple group comparisons of MGUDS-S results, including across three subscales, and concluded with a series of significant results. In particular, significantly higher levels of universal-diverse orientation (UDO) among students opting into global programs suggest that these individuals are predisposed to participate in global experiences due to their more advanced cultural outlook. Further, significant differences in UDO among student populations participating in different types of international program suggest a self-selection factor at work among the participants when choosing the type, duration and orientation of global engineering programs. These results are useful for instructors and administrators as they recruit students into global programs and then tailor orientation and program activities based on different levels of cultural awareness and appreciation among participants. These results also point to new opportunities for further research. Particularly, this study represents a significant step towards developing and testing an integrated assessment model for global engineering programs that brings together measures of readiness assessment, orientation toward diversity, and global engineering competency.


The Subject Teacher Conference (MGMP) as an association or association of teachers plays a strategic role in improving and strengthening teacher competence through discussion and training. Its main role is to facilitate teachers in the same field of study in exchanging opinions and experiences. However, there are still many teachers who are not active so that they do not develop and are static even though they have participated in MGMP activities. In addition, due to the limited number of roles that can be performed by the MGMP, the ability of teachers to teach as indicated by the indicators of student success is still low. The purpose of this study was to find out how "the revitalization of the MGMP Program To Improve the Pedagogic Competence of Science Teachers at SMA in Karawang Regency is actually through the "POAC" management theory approach from GR Terry. In particular, this study describes and analyzes (1) planning, (2) organizing, (3) implementing and (4) assessing the MGMP in science subjects. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. Collecting data by conducting observations, interviews, and documentation studies as well as validation of research results. The results of the study indicate that the MGMP Revitalization Program is a classification of the findings from the identification process of the MGMP Revitalization Program which is carried out specifically so that the profile obtained in the MGMP is based on factual, objective and precise data. The follow up in the MGMP Program Revitalization lies in understanding the teacher team and how they must coordinate, cooperate and follow up when handling MGMP.


In this study a solar module design and application to charge mobile phones using solar energy was made in Karabuk University Renewable Energy Engineering Research and Application Center. The module has an ability to charge mobile phones with charge requirements 5V-500mA (and around). To connect the module to the most mobile phones without needing an external connection an USB A type female connector was placed. The module with power production capacity of 2,5 Wp has 10 cells with 0,5 Vp and 500 mAp and size of 22x70 mm 2 . The module size is 15,2x13,6 cm 2 . The module production was made using our own design lamination device which is designed and realized by Research Center.


The choice and development of leading industries is the key to regional economic structure adjustment and optimization.It is necessary for Anhui Province to choose the regional leading industries and provide Anhui-led industrial development policy support.According to the choice of indicators and related calculation and analysis of the leading industries in Anhui Province,the article concludes that Anhui should be based on four categories of industries as the leading industries,which are intensive processing agricultural and sideline products,machinery manufacturing,household electrical appliances manufacturing,new building materials and high-quality metallic materials industry.Anhui Province should establish and apply policies to promote the development of leading industries.


Lipotoxicity is the pathological consequence of lipid overflow in non‐adipose tissue, mediated through reactive lipid moieties which may lead to lipid‐induced cell death (lipoapoptosis). This derailment of cellular and organismal fat homeostasis contributes substantially to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.


On the basis of the basic model of the kinetic theory of aging of living systems, mathematical modeling of various characteristics of aging of mankind, state, generation, human body, organs and cells has been carried out. These results are compared with experimental and calculated data of other authors. The analysis of the works presented here and those carried out earlier gave reason to believe that the basic mathematical model of the evolution of aging of living dynamic systems of various hierarchical levels and nature is the invariant differential equation of the kinetic theory of aging, as a manifestation of the fractality property of living systems.


Services such as Platform as a Service (PaaS), Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS) are provided by Cloud Computing. Subscription based computing resources and storage is offered in cloud. Cloud Computing is boosted by Virtualization technology. To move running applications or VMs starting with one physical machine then onto the next, while the customer is associated is named as Live VM migration. VM migration is empowered by means of Virtualization innovation to adjust stack in the server farms. Movement is done fundamentally to deal with the assets progressively. Server Consolidation's main goal is to expel the issue of server sprawl. It tries to pack VMs from daintily stacked host on to fewer machines to satisfy assets needs. On other hand Load balancing helps in distributing workloads across multiple computing resources. Also in the presence of low loaded machines it avoids machines from getting overloaded and maintains efficiency. To balance the load across the systems in various cases, live migration technique is used with the application of various algorithms. The movement of virtual machines from completely stacked physical machines to low stacked physical machines is the instrument to adjust the entire framework stack. When we are worried about the energy consumption in Cloud Computing, VM consolidation & Server Consolidation comes into scenario in Virtual Machine movement method which itself implies that there is low energy consumption.


This paper outlines a probabilistic neural network developed on the basis of time-series discriminant component analysis (TSDCA) that can be used to classify high-dimensional time-series patterns. TSDCA involves the compression of high-dimensional time series into a lower-dimensional space using a set of orthogonal transformations and the calculation of posterior probabilities based on a hidden Markov model that incorporates a Gaussian mixture model expressed in the reduced-dimensional space. The analysis can be incorporated into a neural network so that parameters can be obtained appropriately as network coefficients according to backpropagation through time-based training algorithm. The network is considered to enable high-accuracy classification of high-dimensional time-series patterns and to reduce the computation time taken for network training. In the experiments, the validity of the network was demonstrated for high-dimensional artificial data. The results showed that the network can achieve high discrimination performance in a relatively short learning time. The applicability to biosignal classification was also demonstrated through an EEG discrimination experiment.


The ANDRILL Southern McMurdo Sound (SMS) Project was carried out in December of 2007 by an international interdisciplinary team. The AND-2A core recovered the most complete Neogene stratigraphic record from Antarctica, spanning the past 20.2 million years. Analyzing particle size distributions of samples throughout the core can determine environmental conditions of the past, such as the advance or retreat of glaciers and the rise and fall of sea level. Over 300 samples were taken at approximately 3 m intervals from the 1138.54 m AND-2A core. Samples were processed and analyzed using a Malvern Instruments Mastersizer 2000, laser diffractometer which has the capability to measure sediments from 0.2 pm to 2000 pm. Statistical measures, such as the mean particle size, volume percent grain size, and distribution are analyzed to characterize the lithology, depositional environment and paleoclimate. The volume sand percent and sorting indicated a warming period during 15.6-15.7 Ma known as the middle Miocene climatic optimum (MCO) when ice-distal conditions existed, and a cooling period during 14.2-13.8 Ma known as the middle Miocene climatic transition (MMCT) that was ice-proximal. The MMCT is believed to have started the icehouse conditions in Antarctica that have existed for the past 14 million years. The changes in the particle size distribution give a better understanding of the hydrological processes and climate changes in Antarctica through the Neogene which will help predict future global environmental changes. PALEOENVIRONMENT AND PALEOCLIMATE OF COASTAL EAST ANTARCTICA DURING THE MIDDLE MIOCEN^/ PARTICLE SIZE RESULTS OF THE ANDRILL SOUTHERN McMURDO SOUND PROJECT A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science by Candice Joy Falk Montclair State University Montclair, NJ May 2009 Copyright © 2009 by Candice Joy Falk. All rights reserved. Acknowledgements Thank you to my thesis advisor, Sandra Passchier, for introducing me to this unique project and for sharing her expertise. I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my committee members, Stefanie Brachfeld and Eric Stern, for their continuous guidance and support. I would like to thank all of those involved with the ANDRILL program for providing funds and resourceful information to complete this project. I'd like to thank Gary Acton, for supplying me with the age model from the chronology team for the core before it was even published. I would like to thank Ian Johnson who processed the samples in the upper 120 m of the core. To Nancy, thank you for showing me why we got into science in the first place and what life is like outside of New Jersey. Shira, thank you for inspiring me to keep reaching for the stars. To my officemates and lab partners who always made things interesting. I would like to thank my sisters, friends and family for being there when I needed them the most. This thesis is dedicated to my mother, Susan A. Falk, with whom I got to share this special time in my life.


The invention provides a self-adaption mass information transmission framework which comprises a media server, an intelligent distribution unit, a wireless broadcasting network and a mobile cellular network. The media server is used for providing media information, the intelligent distribution unit is used for obtaining multimedia information from a multimedia server and then analyzing contents of the multimedia information to extract common contents which are commonly concerned by majority users, and surplus contents are individual need contents of the users, and then common contents and the individual need contents are distributed to the wireless broadcasting network and the mobile cellular network. The wireless broadcasting network is used for transmitting the contents distributed by the intelligent distribution unit to the users in a broadcasting or multicast mode, and the mobile cellular network is used for transmitting the contents which are distributed by the intelligent distribution unit to the users in a unicast mode. The self-adaption mass information transmission framework can distribute transmission contents to the wireless broadcasting network and the mobile cellular network in a dynamic mode according to content types and user channel state quality, and therefore, broadcasting or multicast and unicast modes are respectively adopted to transmit to the users.


The decision of smoke-exhausting volume was an important factor for smoke-prevention and smoke-exhausting system design.A mathematical model for the smoke flow in high-rise building and ak-e three-dimension turbulence model with two equations were used to simulate the smoke situation of the corridor on different smoke-exhausting volumes and the same volume but on different smoke exhaust fan quantities.The optimum volume smoke-exhausting 72m3/h for every square meter was obtained by analyzing the smoke temperature and the consistency at the height of 1.5 m when meeting the maximum safety evacuation time.And the smoke situation can be controlled by adding the quantity of the smoke exhaust fan when the smoke-exhausting volume was unchange.Also,the study provided a reference for designing rational smoke-prevention and smoke-exhausting system.


Air dissolved under pressure in a film, made from natural rubber, causes its slight dilation. Sudden decompression of this film leads to its large transient dilation that afterwards vanishes within less than a minute (τ ≈ 20 s). Such transient expansion is apparently caused by internal stresses due to oversaturation. This behavior is analogous to the previously reported transient increase in the permeability to gases of the suddenly decompressed polymeric membranes. A clear correlation between results derived from the dilation and the permeability measurements seems to be evident.


ABSTRACT In this paper I focus on duties we owe refugees from conflict zones. I argue that it is important to distinguish between two types of duties one might have with respect to refugees from conflict zones. Belligerents from wars that resulted in excess numbers of refugees, I argue, have a stringent duty to remedy past harms and provide for resulting refugees. Other states have a duty to aid which is context-dependent and can be in some cases as stringent as the duty to remedy past harms. I argue that making a distinction between the grounds and types of duties different actors have with respect to refugees from conflict zones has significant consequences both for just war theory (and in particular proportionality calculations ad bellum and in bello), but also for practical questions about how best to discharge our duties to refugees from conflict zones.


Abstract : Centers on the development of new medical therapies and regenerative medicine approaches for the treatment of injured soldiers, and the improvement of the overall health and performance of military personnel. Over the past year we designed to develop aerosol therapies to save lives in patients with pulmonary edema and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS; we evaluated the anti-malarial activity of an oral angiogenesis inhibitor developed in past grant funding periods, called Lodamin, that is a methionine aminopeptidases 2 (MetAP2)inhibitor; and, we developed new microsystems technologies to harvest rare circulating stem cells for tissue engineering applications, such as blood vessel precursor cells for tissue revascularization.


This paper aims to analysis the conception of customer management in service corporate in recent years, and emphatically combining with tourism industry, discus such concrete measures:customers' rank-management, customers' file-development, customers' connection feedback, frequent-customers' preference, building customers' organization and customers' lasting-education.


We have observed an extremely large micro-watt laser induced photorefractive effects in nematic liquid crystal doped with C/sub 60/ and single-wall carbon nanotubes. The effective refractive index change coefficient can be as large as 20 cm/sup 2//Watt.


Situated on the east side of Toronto's downtown core, in one of the oldest sections of Canada's largest city, is an 1870s house that is home to the largest collection of dance material in Canada. Dance Collection Danse (DCD) is an archive and research center focused on artifacts and records pertaining to Canada's theatrical dance history. DCD also publishes print and electronic publications that reflect that history. After twenty-five years based in the founders' home, the organization is now entering a period of transition as it seeks to find a permanent space that can accommodate the growing collection and accompanying programming.


The CYP2C19*2 allele is a common variant associated with high platelet reactivity and increased rates of adverse events after percutaneous coronary


The area of fractal modeling is a present-day applicative growth. Fractals contain unlimited amount of information in contradiction to conventional geometric shapes. A well-established method of creating fractals is by means of Iterated Function Systems, with extra ordinary work done on 2D IFS, where the rendering of the same acquired in an easy and effective manner. Though the 3D IFS transpires/takes shape as a natural world derived add-on, more research has to be carried on it in real-world fractal science and engineering. Here 3D IFS is used to get enchanting fractals by applying algorithms. The methods used here have a widespread use in fractal science very, an example being, recursive fractals elucidated through algebraic transformations. Also presented is a suitable algorithm for processing of arrays. Finally, the outputs obtained are passed through shading and exposure to get a viewing picture. The processes used above result in producing modified versions of objects in a variety of shape and texture.


Now that, with the help of our rather provocative title, we have successfully managed to draw your attention to our Editorial, we would like to engage in a brief reflection on the current state of the business ethics literature, future trajectories and ways to position scholarship in this evolving field, by identifying avenues for wider circulation and greater impact. For the impatient reader who is short of time, let us provide a quick answer to the question posed in the title: yes, of course, business ethics matters! At the same time, there is no doubt that scholarly perceptions and interactions with business ethics as a discipline are changing, and traditional business ethics theorizing is at risk of being marginalized. As a lot of you will know, we have recently revised our aims and scope as well as our title (Jamali et al., 2020, 2021). These revisions were based on the recognition that, over the years, BEER has moved away from a classical business ethics journal, with a general European focus, to one that is much broader in scope, in terms of empirical settings, themes related to business ethics, and managementrelated disciplines covered. In many ways, we have simply adjusted the scope and title to the reality of our journal, the nature of the scholarship that we are receiving, and the demands and expectations of our readership. In short, we have adapted the journal to the varying nature of the scholarly field of business ethics based on the changing needs and expectations as will be further explained below. Historically, BEER has never been firmly positioned within one single discipline. However, the increasing pace of globalization and the emergence of global governance (Zaman et al., 2020), grand challenges (George et al., 2016), wicked problems (Reinecke & Ansari, 2016) or the SDG discourse (Kolk et al., 2017), have contributed to a much broader and increasingly interdisciplinary outlook of business ethics. This means that the role of business ethics visàvis bordering disciplines is also changing. Even though it is arguably difficult to draw an exact demarcation line between business ethics and other related fields of enquiry, such as sustainability, a common denominator is that the vast majority of highly cited articles in business ethics outlets, such as Business Ethics Quarterly, Journal of Business Ethics, Business & Society or BEER, have tended to be increasingly interdisciplinary in nature, interfacing and boundary spanning with other subject areas. Notable examples of recent business ethics scholarship that has been widely embraced and circulated include research focusing on corporate sustainability (Hahn et al., 2015), circular economy (Murray et al., 2017), global value chains (Gereffi & Lee, 2016), corporate social responsibility (CSR) (Iglesias et al., 2020), responsible finance (Revelli & Viviani, 2015; Wang et al., 2016), and social entrepreneurship (Littlewood & Holt, 2018). Other more traditional scholarship that has also attracted attention in the business ethics field includes stakeholder theorizing, responsible leadership and responsible HRM, albeit at much lower levels in terms of citation counts. It is therefore clear that business ethics is not only important in several related areas of business research, but also has the potential to inform and advance the areas that provide an ethical angle to their argumentation. The same trends can be observed by looking closely at recent scholarship published in BEER. Some of the most wellcited articles in recent years in BEER deal with CSR. Whilst some of these articles focus explicitly on CSR, others intersect CSR with other managementrelated fields (e.g., communication, finance). An example of the former would be the 2020 BEER Best Paper Award winner by Frynas and Yamahaki (2016), which reviews the theories related to the external and internal drivers of CSR that have been used by previous literature to explain CSR. In addition, the paper suggests some relevant avenues for future research in the field of CSR, particularly emphasizing the need for multitheory studies and research using multiple levels of analysis. An example of the latter would be the 2020 BEER Best Paper Award runnerup by Revelli and Viviani (2015), which combines CSR with finance, and examines how socially responsible investing (SRI) relates to financial performance to determine whether including CSR in portfolio management pays off. Another example is the sofar most cited BEER article by Morsing and Schultz (2006), which intertwines CSR with the field of communication, and concludes that organizations ought to enhance the role of stakeholders in CSR communication processes, in order to improve legitimacy, reputation and firmstakeholder relationships. The paper also argues that the communication of CSR initiatives should be a twoway, iterative, sensegiving and sensemaking process, taking place between the organization and its stakeholders.


Let G be a graph and let m i,j ( G ), i, j ≥ 1, be the number of edges uv of G such that { d v ( G ) , d u ( G ) } = { i, j } . The M-polynomial of G is M ( G ; x, y ) = (cid:80) i ≤ j m i,j ( G ) x i y j . A general method for calculating the M-polynomials for arbitrary graph families is presented. The method is further developed for the case where the vertices of a graph have degrees 2 and p , where p ≥ 3, and further for such planar graphs. The method is illustrated on families of chemical graphs.


Despite biogas renewability, it is mandatory to experimentally assess its combustion products in order to measure their pollutants content. To this purpose, the Authors selected six in-operation biogas plants fed by different substrates and perform an on-site experimental campaign for measuring both biogas and engines exhausts composition. Firstly, biogas measured compositions are compared among them and with data available in literature. Then, biogas engines' exhaust compositions are compared among them, with data available in literature and with measurements obtained from an engine characterised by the same design power but fuelled with natural gas. Finally, the Health Impact Assessment analysis is used to estimate the damage on human health caused by both biogas and natural gas engines emissions. Results show that biogas causes a damage on human health three times higher than the natural gas one. But, this approach does not consider biogas renewability. So, to include this important aspect, also an analysis which considers Global Warming categories is carried out. Results highlight that natural gas is twice harmful than biogas.


We read with great interest the study by Pereira et al. (2007) and the accompanying Perspectives by Bers (2007) which were recently published in the The Journal of Physiology. These reports discuss a novel role for Epac, a cAMP-activated guanine nucleotide exchange factor, in the regulation of Ca2+ release during cardiac excitation–contraction (EC) coupling. The study of Pereira et al. found that electrically evoked Ca2+ release in adult rat cardiomyocytes was reduced following Epac activation by the selective activator 8-CPT. Moreover, this decrease in Ca2+ release during EC coupling was due to a Ca2+–calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII)-dependent reduction in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ load that results from an increased frequency of Ca2+ sparks leading to SR Ca2+ leak and store depletion. While these results implicate an exciting and novel role for Epac activation in the regulation of cardiac EC coupling, they diverge with prior published results from our laboratories showing clear Epac-mediated potentiation of Ca2+ release in adult mouse ventricular myocytes (Oestreich et al. 2007). Given the divergent conclusions of the two studies, we feel that it is important to reconcile these differences by providing a fair and comprehensive comparison of the experiments conducted in both reports. Additionally, such an examination might lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the potential physiological role of the Epac signalling pathway in cardiac myocyte function.

Oestreich et al. (2007) demonstrated that acute activation of Epac by 8-CPT increased electrically evoked Ca2+ release in single mouse ventricular myocytes, while 8-CPT had no effect on Ca2+ release in myocytes isolated from mice lacking phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase Cɛ (PLCɛ). Moreover, adenoviral-mediated PLCɛ expression in myocytes from PLCɛ knockout mice restored 8-CPT enhancement of electrically evoked Ca2+ release. Thus, Epac-dependent regulation of electrically evoked Ca2+ release in the heart is entirely dependent on the presence of PLCɛ. This is logical because previous work by us and others demonstrated that PLCɛ enzymatic activity is directly regulated by Rap, making a direct connection between Epac and PLCɛ through Rap activation (Schmidt et al. 2001; Kelley et al. 2004). Importantly, inhibition of Rap activation with RapGAP significantly inhibited β-adrenergic receptor (AR)-dependent enhancement of Ca2+ release, placing this pathway downstream of βAR signalling. Consistent with a role for Epac and PLCɛ in acute βAR-dependent enhancement of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR), β-adrenergic-dependent stimulation of CICR was significantly reduced in myocytes isolated from PLCɛ−/− mice. The relative role of the Epac and PKA pathways in βAR signalling was examined with specific inhibitors (H89, Rp-cAMPs) and activators (6-Bnz-cAMP) of PKA. Surprisingly, these experiments revealed that only 50–60% of βAR-dependent increase in evoked Ca2+ release could be attributed to PKA, with the remainder dependent on the novel Epac–Rap–PLCɛ pathway (Oestreich et al. 2007). This conflicts with some reports where H89 completely inhibits βAR-dependent increases in CICR (Curran et al. 2007). A potential explanation for this difference is that all of our experiments were performed during strong stimulation of the βAR pathway (1 μm isoproterenol (ISO; isoprenaline)). Thus, it is possible that the PKA-independent Epac pathway only operates during strong βAR signalling, consistent with the lower affinity of cAMP for Epac relative to PKA. A still unanswered question in these studies is the ultimate mechanism for how PLCɛ activity alters Ca2+ release during EC coupling.

The recent work by Pereira et al. potentially sheds new insight on this question. This work shows that activation of Epac by 8-CPT leads to CaMKII phosphorylation at the auto-phosphorylation site and subsequent CaMKII-dependent phosphorylation of the ryanodine receptor (RyR2). Epac activation also increased Ca2+ spark frequency in a CaMKII-dependent manner. Since an increase in spark frequency reflects a higher sensitivity of RyR2 to activation by basal Ca2+ levels, this effect could account for the enhanced electrically evoked Ca2+ release observed in our prior study (Oestreich et al. 2007). In fact, CaMKII activation has been shown to contribute to ISO-dependent increases in CICR in the heart (Wang et al. 2004; Maier et al. 2007; Curran et al. 2007). How Epac activates CaMKII is not clear from the Pereira et al. study. Consideration of our previous work demonstrating PLCɛ dependence of the acute effects of Epac activation on cardiac Ca2+ handling suggests that the missing link between Epac activation and CaMKII activation may involve products of PLCɛ activity. PLCɛ hydrolyses PIP2 to produce IP3 and DAG leading to subsequent IP3 receptor-dependent Ca2+ release or PKC activation, respectively. Interestingly, O-Uchi et al. (2005) found that α1-adrenoceptor stimulation in the heart leads to CaMKII activation in a PKC-dependent manner. However, further work will be required to determine if the Epac activation of CaMKII observed in the experiments of Pereira et al. results from an Epac–PLCɛ–PKC pathway. Additionally, PLCɛ is a unique PLC isoform in that in addition to its traditional catalytic function it also contains a guanine nucleotide exchange factor domain that functions as an activator of Rap. Clearly, delineating the relative role of the different PLCɛ-dependent signalling elements in CaMKII activation during βAR stimulation will require further investigation.

A caveat of this discussion is that the observed effect of Epac activation on Ca2+ release during cardiac EC coupling are diametrically opposed between the studies of Oestreich et al. (2007) and Pereira et al. (2007) (see Fig. 1). Specifically, we found that acute treatment with 8-CPT increased electrically evoked Ca2+ release whereas the work by Pereira et al. showed a reduction. The reason for these disparate results are not completely clear, but one possible explanation is that the experiments conducted by Oestreich et al. involved acute exposure to 8-CPT for only 20 s prior to 60 s of 1 Hz electrical stimulation. Significant SR Ca2+ depletion may not occur during this brief exposure period, and in fact, we have observed that caffeine-induced responses were not different between control and 8-CPT-treated myocytes (authors' unpublished results). On the other hand, Pereira et al. found that significant SR Ca2+ depletion was observed using a longer (5 min) treatment protocol. However, it is important to consider that βAR stimulation of the Epac pathway occurs in parallel with PKA stimulation, which would limit SR Ca2+ depletion through PKA effects on phospholamban phosphorylation and SERCA-mediated SR Ca2+ reuptake. Alternatively, differences between the two studies might also reflect inherent species differences between rat and mouse myocytes.

Figure 1

Roles for the Epac–PLCɛ pathway in cardiac calcium release A, treatment of isolated cardiac myocytes with 10 μm 8-CPT activates Epac and PLCɛ, ultimately leading to CaMKII-dependent phosphorylation of RyR2 and either enhancement ...

Complete resolution of the physiological impact of Epac activation on Ca2+ dynamics during EC coupling requires further analyses. Additional insight into the physiological role of this novel pathway could be gleaned from the cardiac phenotype of PLCɛ−/− mice (Wang et al. 2005). Since the Epac-dependent Ca2+ release pathway is completely dependent on PLCɛ(Oestreich et al. 2007), these mice lack Epac signalling in the heart. Isoproterenol-dependent enhancement of left ventricular developed pressure is significantly reduced in PLCɛ−/− mice, consistent with the Epac–Rap–PLCɛ pathway being regulated by βAR-dependent activation of Epac through cAMP (Wang et al. 2005; Oestreich et al. 2007). Surprisingly, PLCɛ−/− mice are more sensitive to the development of hypertrophy. This result is inconsistent with the putative prohypertrophic role of CaMKII (Maier & Bers, 2007; Anderson, 2007) and the previously reported prohypertrophic effects of Epac activation (Morel et al. 2005), but is consistent with a protective role for Epac activation described by Dodge-Kafka et al. (2005). One possibility is that Epac activation of PLCɛ may activate additional cardioprotective pathways that balance the prohypertrophic effects of CaMKII activation. Overall, the recent studies of Epac regulation of cardiac Ca2+ regulation (Wang et al. 2005; Oestreich et al. 2007; Pereira et al. (2007) provide exciting evidence for a novel signalling mechanism for the control of cardiac Ca2+ dynamics during EC coupling in health and disease.


Aims  Excess iron has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. This study documents the assessment of plasma iron indices and the correlation between transferrin saturation with biochemical and clinical parameters in a cross‐sectional survey of 820 patients with diabetes in long‐term follow‐up in a single clinic.


Purpose: This article demonstrates the effects of tubing length and coupling type (foam tip or personal earmold) on hearing threshold and real-ear-to-coupler difference (RECD) measures. Method: Behavioral thresholds from 0.25 through 8 kHz are reported at various tubing lengths for twenty-eight normal-hearing adults between the ages of 22 and 31 years. RECD values are also reported for 14 of the participants. All measures were made with an insert earphone coupled to a standard foam tip and to each participant's personal earmold. Results: Threshold and RECD measures completed with a personal earmold were significantly different from those obtained with a foam tip on repeated-measures analyses of variance. Onesample t-tests showed these differences to vary systematically with increasing tubing length, with the largest average differences (7-8 dB) occurring at 4 kHz. Conclusions: This systematic examination demonstrates the equal and opposite effects of tubing length on acoustic and behavioral measures. Specifically, as tubing length increases, sound pressure level in the ear canal decreases, affecting both hearing thresholds and the real-ear portion of the RECDs. This demonstration shows that when the same coupling method is used to obtain the RECD and hearing thresholds, equal and accurate estimates of real-ear sound pressure level are obtained.


For some disadvantages in the traditinal meter reading technology,a new remote automatic meter reading system based on ZigBee technology was designed.Using micro control system and CC2430 to control and read water meter,ammeter,gas meter and so on.And combining ZigBee technology and other part of the system to construct a network framework for meter reading.


To identify beta emitters with spectrometric methods, an exact determination of beta endpoint energy is nec- essary. This requires spectrometer energy calibration under various quenching conditions. Beta energy calibration is a corre- lation of beta endpoint energy with the channel position for the spectral endpoint of beta spectrum. In this paper, we demonstrate that energy calibration function is a linear function with specific and constant slope and with zero intercept for a given quenching condition. When the slope or the reciprocal slope of the energy calibration function is defined as shift factor versus suitable quench parameter of the external standardization, it represents the endpoint of the Compton electron spectrum and it should get a new calibration function. If the chemical quench is predominant and not too strong, this function of the shift


302 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co In this communication, current reliability problems related to bonding wires and solder paste are shown and possible solutions are discussed. Since around 2002, reliability problems have often been found to occur at the ball bonds after wire bonding or reliability-testing procedures. The failure mainly appears as ball lift-off or reduced pull-force values. Applying focused ion beam (FIB) techniques as well as scanning electron microsocopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), alternative failure modes in addition to Kirkendall voids are found, which can be divided into five morphological categories. These failures include the lack of any Au-Al intermetallic-compound (IMC) formation at the pads after wire bonding; a lack of uniform horizontal/ vertical IMC formation after wire bonding; micrometer-scale cracks between the interface IMC and the Au ball during reliability stressing; micrometer-scale cracks between the interface of the two IMCs during temperature-aging; and corrosion of the interface IMC/Au ball during temperature-aging or humidity testing. Although there are strong indications that part of these failure modes are related to front-end process steps, the practical limitations resulting from the separation between manufacture of the semiconductor and the assembly line require a back-end solution. It is shown that the use of an improved high-security (HS) or high-reliability (HR) wire contributes significantly to the improvements in reliability. Thewires contain special dopants that reduce the IMC and defect growth. The influence of these wires on the reliability of the bonds will be explained and shown in selected examples. The continuing trend towards miniaturization of surfacemount technology (SMT) assembly production demands a commensurate reduction in powder-particle size, and the use of a compatible fluxing system. In addition, the production process should ensure that the stencils and printing equipment are stable and of the highest quality. Componentmounting procedures should also be of the highest quality, in, for example, executing System-in-Package SiP technology for 01005-type assemblies. We set out the basic principles for specifying solder pastes, especially with regard to the powder used. Some practical examples are used as illustrations. It is also shown how a judicious selection of the powder type can improve printing and soldering quality, and thus expand the process-operation window, as well as improve the reliability requirements for the final products. Comparing wire-bonding technology with solder joints for Flip Chip applications, failure mechanisms, like Kirkendall voids, are present and will be discussed.


In Sangan iron mine nearly two million tons of low-grade iron ore has been extracted and deposited in the mining site and currently no action is made on them. On the other hand, the mining site is located in the semi-arid region and wet processing has been restricted due to water shortage. In this research, the upgradation of Sangan low-grade iron ore from mine B has been performed by dry low-intensity magnetic separation (DLIMS) to solve both problems of unprocessed low-grade iron ores and water scarcity. The X-Ray diffraction analysis showed that the ore minerals of the sample are magnetite and to less extent hematite and the main gangue minerals of the sample are quartz and calcite. The Fe, FeO and sulfur contents of the sample were determined to be 36.86%, 8.1%, and 0.12%, respectively. The scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis showed that the full liberation of the iron minerals is achieved in the particle size less than 30 μm. The Davis Tube tests in three different magnetic field intensities of 1420, 2340 and 3800 Gauss confirmed the good amenability of the low-grade iron ore to low-intensity magnetic separation. A concentrate assaying 47.15% Fe with a yield of 68.56% was produced by DLIMS. The process development for the upgradation of Sangan low-grade iron ore by DLIMS was performed and a flowsheet was proposed. The results showed that after two steps of DLIMS it is possible to produce a concentrate with iron grade more than 50% which can be sold as high-grade iron ore or fed to the on-site processing plants.


For a significant period of time, from the late 1970s into the 1990s, the Speech Communication department at the University of Illinois achieved distinction as the most prominent center in our field for constructivist research. Constructivism is a distinctive approach to analysis and communication research that places central focus on interpretive structures and practices that shape conduct within communicative contexts (Delia, O'Keefe, & O'Keefe, 1982). In this essay, I want to comment on building departmental excellence through creating the conditions for development of the kind of focus that emerged at Illinois. Constructivism's central tenet is that the human world is invested with meaning through cultural and individual processes of interpretation within the ongoing fabric of social interaction. Individuals enter into and are shaped by their location within history and culture, but they have available personal and social resources for applying cultural and experience-based constructs to navigate novel contexts. With experience, individuals and groups develop stable structures for interpreting the social contexts of everyday life and the people who are part of them, and their communicative practices can, in part, be understood through analysis of these stable structures. Hence, much of the constructivist research on which our department has focussed analyzes the patterns of social construal and communication strategies associated with stable differences in the complexity of individuals' constructs for perceiving and thinking about persons. There is an important continuity in this kind of analysis at the individual and interactional levels with that of such analysts as Thomas Kuhn (1970) in the concern with the historically embedded paradigms that shape practice within fields of study. This orientation provides the starting point for the present discussion.


Map of a preliminary survey of intake canal from Lake McGrew Reservoir to Lone Tree Creek in Weld County. Sheet 2 of 3.


The aim of this research is to find the connection between school conduct and achievement and behaviour disorders with elementary school children (N=242) and to establish its predictive values. The research's aim is linked to planning of adequate interventions for elementary school children at risk or with already evident behaviour disorders based on the obtained indicators. The results have shown that there is a connection between school conduct and smoking as a problematic form of behaviour, while the connection between school achievement and behaviour disorders has not been shown as statistically significant. The applicative value of the obtained results is shown through the identification of guidelines for preventive interventions on the level of the local community. It is also shown through guidelines for the production and implementation of different programmes in the area of school education and spending free time (sports activities).


Numerical computations of the entropylike quantity are given to the equilibrium electrons in a collective free- electron laser. Results show that a reversed guide field may present better beam quality than a positive guide field.The conclusions from the comparison of the entropylike quantities principally coincide with the experimentalphenomena observed by the MIT researchers.


Nonadiabatic dynamics arising from the breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, which in principle separates the fast electronic motion from slow nuclear motion coexisting in a molecule, gives birth to various characteristic chemical reactions. We here study a classical analog of nonadiabatic dynamics. The notion of adiabatic elimination gives a basic principle frequently adopted in nonlinear physics, in which the mechanisms of generation of slow and large amplitude modes (or order parameters in statistical mechanics) are sought for. The slaving principle of Haken also rests on the adiabatic elimination methodology. It presents a scenario for slow modes to be evolved in time, eventually dominating the entire system and letting the many fast modes follow "faithfully". The slaving principle sets a theoretical foundation of many of natural and even social sciences. We here shed light on the characteristic roles of the fast modes that can result as a nonlinear recoil from the system regularity (order) formed by the slow modes and can trigger reorganization of the whole system dynamics, which may look like uprising by the slaved.


A pressure cell has been designed to study the magnetostrictive properties of a material as a function of both pressure and magnetic field. For changes in length on the order of 2000 ppm, it is necessary to have a substantial compliance in the pressure cell to retain a constant stress over the length of travel.


Objective: To assess the safety of recombinant human Apo-2 ligand(rh-Apo2L) in patients with advanced cancer.Methods: Twenty-two patients with advanced cancer who were negative to intradermal allergy test were intravenously infused with a cohort escalating doses of rh-Apo2L over 2 hours daily for 14 days.Cohorts of three or six patients were accrued to six dosing of rh-Apo2L from 10 to 300 μg·kg-1·d-1 based on "3 plus 3 principle".Results: Two out of 22 patients were screen failure due to a positive reaction to the intradermal allergy test.The major incidences of adverse reactions of rh-Apo2L included grade Ⅲ system inflammatory reaction,and gradeⅠ/Ⅱfever,fatigue,debility,skin or mucosa alteration,GI dysfunction,cardiovascular system toxicity,myelosuppression,hepatic or renal dysfunction.All adverse reactions could be recovery in 2 weeks after termination of the last dose.Maximally tolerated dose(MTD)was 200 μg·kg-1·d-1.Conclusion: The intravenous rh-Apo2L with appropriate safety profile in patients with advanced cancer is recommended further to conduct a phase Ⅱclinical trial.


It discloses protection system for an electrical system. The electrical system includes a spot network and / or the grid system, to detect and release the disorders which may occur in the electrical system, it can be designed and used a variety of protection systems. For example, using a Rogowski coil pair, to detect the current along the conductors in the individual locations on the conductor, a corresponding signal, the multi-function differential relay comprising a plurality of voltage and current inputs Output possible it is. By comparing the signals from the Rogowski coil, the differential relay can determine whether the point along the conductors between the Rogowski coil failure exists. Furthermore, the relay in response to the fault, trips the circuit breaker or other network protection device, it is possible to cope with failure.


Single‐shot echo‐planar imaging techniques are commonly used for diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) but offer rather poor spatial resolution and field‐of‐view coverage for species with short T2. In contrast, steady‐state free precession (SSFP) has shown promising results for DWI of the musculoskeletal system, but quantification is generally hampered by its prominent sensitivity on relaxation times. In this work, a new and truly diffusion‐weighted (that is relaxation time independent) SSFP DWI technique is introduced using a double‐echo steady‐state approach. Within this framework (and this is in contrast to common SSFP DWI techniques using SSFP‐Echo) both primary echo paths of nonbalanced SSFP are acquired, namely the FID and the Echo. Simulations and in vitro measurements reveal that the ratio of the Echo/FID signal ratios of two double‐echo steady‐state scans acquired with and without diffusion sensitizing dephasing moments provides a highly relaxation independent quantity for diffusion quantification. As a result, relaxation‐independent high‐resolution (0.4 × 0.4 − 0.6 × 0.6 mm2 in‐plane resolution) quantitative in vivo SSFP DWI is demonstrated for human articular cartilage using diffusion‐weighted double‐echo steady‐state scans in the knee and ankle joint at 3.0 T. The derived diffusion coefficients for cartilage (D ∼ 1.0–1.5 μm2/ms) and synovial fluid (D ∼ 2.6 μm2/ms) are in agreement with previous work. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Partial oxidation of methane (POM) was studied over a series of Co/Mg-Al catalysts. Various commercial hydroxides with different Mg/Al ratios were used as precursors of the oxides employed as catalytic supports, as well as MgO prepared in the laboratory. The effects of Co loading, Mg content, and calcination temperature (400-750 oC) were studied in the POM reaction. The catalytic performance was evaluated at 800 oC in a fixed-bed tubular quartz reactor under a high space velocity of 300 L N CH4/(gcat·h) and a O2/CH4 molar ratio of 0.5. A very high activity was obtained during 3.5 h on-stream with a 20 % (m/m) Co catalyst prepared with a Mg-Al mixed oxide support having a MgO content of 63 % (m/m). This catalyst gave CH4 conversions (91.3 %) very close to the maximum corresponding to the thermodynamic equilibrium. Such notable performance could be attained with the catalyst precursor subjected to calcination at 500 C for 6 h and subsequent in situ reduction under H2 flow at 800 oC for 2 h. Two main types of deactivation were generally observed in most of the samples that suffered either a very rapid cobalt re-oxidation upon their exposure to the POM reaction atmosphere or significant deposition of carbonaceous deposits of different kinds. The characterization of the spent samples by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the presence of carbon


Although the potential value of an event portfolio strategy has been suggested in the literature, there are no empirical studies exploring the nature and implementation of event portfolios. To fill this gap, the purpose of this study was to understand an event portfolio by uncovering the interrelationships and synergies that assemble different events together as valuable community assets and foster an integrative mindset toward their use. Ethnographic fieldwork was conducted in the rural community of Fort Stockton, Texas, investigating its event portfolio. Results show that event interrelationships are grounded on the instrumental connectivity of events in terms of sharing common elements, objectives, and resources. This cultivates an organic event relatedness that capitalizes on experiential capacity, maintenance of volunteer pools, and generation of new or complementary markets. The local governmental structure enables collaboration setting mutual objectives, sharing common resources, and coordinating event implementations. However, strategic planning is not employed, and subsequently, events in the portfolio are not cross‐leveraged, leaving missed opportunities to magnify its value. The findings of this study have implications for event policy and management. A holistic policy approach is required if it is to foster and fully exploit the potential of event portfolios. Event planners need to create synergies among different events and integrate associated economic, tourism, leisure, sport, or socio‐cultural objectives by formulating and implementing joint strategies. A focus on event interrelationships can ultimately help event planners find the best means to leverage event portfolios.


A novel patterning technique that creates magnetization patterns in a continuous magnetostrictive film with surface acoustic waves is demonstrated. Patterns of 10 μm wide stripes of alternating magnetization and a 3 μm dot of reversed magnetization are written using standing and focusing acoustic waves, respectively. The magnetization pattern is size-tunable, erasable, and rewritable by changing the magnetic field and acoustic power. This versatility, along with its solid-state implementation (no moving parts) and electronic control, renders it as a promising technique for application in magnetic recording, magnonic signal processing, magnetic particle manipulation, and spatial magneto-optical modulation.


This paper analyzes the effect of market power on innovation using the data of manufacturing firms in Suzhou IT industry.The main results of the paper are as follows:The power in vertical related markets has a significant positive effect on firm innovation,while the power in horizontal has a significant negative effect on firm innovation.Based on empirical results,some policy recommendations are given.


The aim of this paper is to understand the leaching behavior of copper from the waste printed circuit boards
(PCBS) containing 22.01 % Cu, 6.7% Ca, 0.68% Sn, 0.59% Pb, 2.705% Al, 0.215% Fe, 0.09'% Ni, 0.063'% Mn, 0.021%Zn. 0.013% Ag, 0.005% Au etc. by sulfuric acid in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid. The different pro-cess parameters viz. Temperature, concentration of sulf-uric acid and hydrogen peroxide, agitation speed solid liquid ratio were studied for leaching copper along with minor metals associated with PCB. The leaching of copper was found to increase with increase in sulfuric acid
concentrcation up to 1.2 M sulfuric acid and 10.0 vol, % hydrogen peroxide and decrease in leaching of copper was observed from 75.80 to 56.68% with increase in pulp density from 25 to 125 g/L. The studies showed the optimum dissolution of 75.70% Cu under the experimental condition of 323 K, 1.2 M sulfuric acid 10.0 vol. % hydrogen pero-xide, 500 rpm, 100 g/L pulp density in 4 h. The other metals leached with copper were 0 10 g/L Pb, 0 16 g/L Al, 0.13 g/L Fe, 0.79 g/L Ca, etc. With nitric acid, almost total dissolution 98.3% was obtained under, the optimum condition of 3 M nitric acid, 800 rpm, 333 K in 5 h at solid/liquid ratioto 100 g/L, the leaching of copper decreased marginally to 95.95% and leach solution: contained 21.12 g/L Cu along with other minor constituents as 0.52 g/L Pb, 0.91 g/L Al, 0.13 g/L Fe, 1. 70 g/L Ca etc. A solid lirecipitate has been obtained in the leach liquor of PCBs as stannic oxide and calcium aluminum oxide in nitric acid and gypsum in sulfuric acid medium.


Comment 2: The organization is poor (most of the conclusions talk about the costeffectiveness of this solution, instead of pulling ideas together from the paper). Reply 2 : Effectively the original section 8 was both a discussion and conclusion. The cost-effectiveness of the solution proposed is now on a separate discussion chapter 9 (pages 61-64) and the conclusion on chapter 10 (p64-67) now gathers the ideas of the article, summarizing the numerous cooling effects found and the pros and cons of the proposal made, in particular by introduction of table 3.


Increasing sales of organic milk require powerful and reliable methods to test the authenticity of milk. The composition of milk, especially the contents of ?3-fatty acids (FA), is fundamentally influenced by feeding. Therefore, near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was evaluated as a possible alternative to gas chromatography (GC) for the quantitative analysis of FA. Furthermore, the applicability of NIRS for discrimination between organically and conventionally produced milk was examined.
To record the variable effect of feeding, including seasonal effects, two conventional brands and one organic brand of retail milk were purchased biweekly during a period of 18 months. Additionally, one organically produced milk sample was collected in the same intervals directly from a farm.
FA contents were determined by GC, and NIRS calibrations were developed with these reference data by PLS regression. As a result, a standard error of prediction (SEP) of 0.099 % for C18:3?3 and a regression coefficient (Rval) of 0.9 were obtained. For the prediction of C20:5?3, the SEP was 0.014 %, and the Rval 0.83. The contents of ?3-FA predicted by NIRS reflected seasonal differences, with higher levels in organic milk samples. The average amount of C18:3?3 content in organic milk fat was 0.73 ± 0.16 %, and in conventional milk fat 0.42 ± 0.1 %. The average amount of C20:5?3 content in organic milk fat was 0.12 ± 0.02 % and in conventional milk fat 0.08 ± 0.01 %. Under time resolved analysis of milk samples from both production systems, the differentiation was successful.
The results indicated that NIRS could be used to predict ?3-FA in milk samples and had the potential to be used as fast method to discriminate between the milk production systems.


Objective To discuss Fushun centre of adverse drug reaction (ADR) monitoring about community health service reported cases of ADR, study the ADR monitoring of community health service system in China. Methods The ADR reports collected from Fushun in 2006 was analyzed whidh reported by community health service. The analysis was based on the sex and age distribution of patients and drug use. Results People above 40 elderly occured ADR accounting for 60%. The constitution of antimi-crobial drugs and traditional Chinese Medicine adverse reactions was relatively high. New and serious adverse reactions made up 30%. Conclusion Fushun centre of ADR monitoring that reevaluating ADR reports was benefit for community health service, which provided reference and guided rational use of drug for the community healthcare.


This paper is concerned with the evaluation of permeability of fractured rock mass due to the cover stress re-establishment, which is a major factor in controlling water and gas flow rate induced by mining operations in fractured rock. The case study considered in this paper is based on the results of observations of groundwater inrush and a decrease in water inflow from the fractured roof strata due to mining advancing in the Taiping Coalmine, Shandong Province, China. A conceptual model of an effective porous media was used to assess the permeability distribution in the fractured zone induced by coal mining. The cover stress re-establishment in gob fractured rock mass was evaluated using an empirical formula based on the surface subsidence. A simplified conceptual model of the fractured zone was used to evaluate the deformation of fractured zone along with the evaluation of changes in the rock permeability above the gob due to the cover stress reestablishment. These data were then used to calculate the water inflow rate into the panel. Predicted water inflow rates have been found to be in good agreement with those from monitoring data. This study improved the understanding of the mechanisms of the post-mining cover stress re-establishment on permeability change of the overburden fracture rock strata. These results can then be applied for numerical simulations of the process of overburden failure and consequent groundwater inrush due to coal mining.


The electromagnetic flow control was simulated using magnetohydrodynamic equations including the Hall effect to clarify the electromagnetic effects measured in an arcjet flow. The result showed that the combined effect of the Hall effect and an insulative boundary in the flow activates the electromagnetic flow control: an ideal uniform ionized flow without any insulative boundary in the flow was found to be unsuitable to investigate the electromagnetic flow control experimentally. In addition, the present study computes the flow with an artificial insulative plume boundary to imitate the non-uniformity of the experimental flow. As a result, the measured drag increase was reproduced if an artificial insulative boundary is set to the location identical to the plume radius estimated on the basis of the measurements. Consequently, the measured drag increase in the arcjet flow results from the plume boundary serving as an insulative boundary.


An established technique for the study of structural dynamics at atomic time and length scales is ultrafast X-ray diffraction. Laser-driven table-top hard X-ray source at kHz repetition rate brought this technique to a laboratory scale [1]. The X-ray flux can be maximized by using long wavelength few-cycle pulses with energies of several millijoule which was impressively demonstrated with an $5-\mu\mathrm{m}$ optical parametric chirped pulse amplifier (OPCPA) driver at 1 kHz recently [2]. For time resolved investigations an X-ray pump-probe line was added to the system. The setup of our midwave-IR-OPCPA-driven $\text{Cu}-\mathrm{K}\alpha$ X-ray source is shown in Fig. 1(a). A small part of the $5-\mu\mathrm{m}$ driver pulses is currently used as pump for the X-ray pump-probe experiments. For the investigation of other samples of interest pump pulses beyond $10\ \mu\mathrm{m}$ are required. Here we report on the extension of the system by adding a single-stage OPCPA delivering high-energy ultrashort idler pulses at $11.2\ \mu\mathrm{m}$.