The purpose of the study is to survey the current social status of Korean women pastors and find ways of mobilizing women resources: Professionalization. This study uses the survey and an open-ended questionnaire. The population of Korean women pastors (ordained and non-ordained) are estimated to be 4,000 (Annual Report on Korean Religion, 1996-1997). Fifty three women pastors (mainly non-ordained) were randomly selected. Percentile statistics was used for analysis. The result shows the social and cultural barriers that Korean women pastors are facing.
Since the first Sunday school (Girl's Sunday School) in Korea has been founded by Mrs. Scranton in 1886, a great many girls and women were educated and became human resources for evangelism in the Korean church. They became so-called "Bible Woman" who served and out-reached mainly for women and greatly contributed to the unprecedented phenomenal growth of Korean Church. Despite the fact that women pastors constitute a main evangelical force for the Korean church, only 4 percent of Korean pastors are women in 6 major denominations (Korean Church Woman Association, 2004). Although Korean women pastors are equally educated as men pastors, they are limited by gender bound, non-professional areas without minimum financial guarantees. They have been diligent toilers, silent workers, and patient servers. They are working as care-givers, educators for the young and counselors mainly for women. Their contracts remain annually with senior pastors. Their salary usually reaches a quarter of a senior pastor's.
Although women's resources have been indispensable human capital for the Korean churches, they have been under-utilized and undervalued because of the social and cultural barriers that Koreans are still facing. Although some denominations ordain women pastors, Korean women pastors remain to be fully mobilized for the Korean church community. Female church leaders are still invisible and are not recognized as valuable human resources in Korean churches.
The tradition of professionalism could be traced back to the so-called "Bible-Women" who sold Bibles and learned the Bible at church school. They were active drivers of rapid church growth. Hence, present and future Korean women pastors must practice to be professionals in order to carry out their roles. Many women pastors answered that the most urgent task is to be professionalized in many areas. Three professionalized tasks were suggested: first, possessing human capital; second, forming strongly tied social networks; and third, possessing technological dexterity.
in the 21st century, God opens new windows of opportunity for women pastors to improve their hidden capabilities and professionalize their core competences. If they could mobilize their hidden capabilities, they could be another engine for world church growth to expand God's Word as did early Korean ancestors of faith. How to adjust to the new era depends on the women themselves.


The purpose of this article is to report the clinical experience and performance of massively parallel sequencing‐based noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) as a screening method in detecting trisomy 21, 18, and 13 (T21/T18/T13) in a mixed‐risk population in Thailand.


Sociologist Grace M. Cho investigates the origins of a Korean dish called budae jjigae ("military base stew") and reveals its layered meanings for Korean American diasporic identity.


Sandia's Umbra modular simulation framework was designed to enable the modeling of robots for manufacturing, military, and security system concept evaluation. Umbra generalizes data-flow-based simulation to enable modeling of heterogeneous interaction phenomena via a multiple worlds abstraction. This and other features make Umbra particularly suitable for developing simulation federates. Umbra's HLA interface library utilizes DMSO's HLA Run Time Infrastructure 1.3-Next Generation (RTI 1.3-NG) software library to federate Umbra-based models into HLA environments. Examples draw on a first application that provides component technologies for the US Army JPSD's Joint Virtual Battlespace (JVB) simulation environment for Objective Force concept analysis.


Here presented are some focus issues associated with the design and construction of intelligent agents. Some key attributes and properties of intelligent agents are first summarized through reviewing and examining some basic concepts and well\|known definitions of agents. A template architecture for modeling intelligent agents is then proposed, which is a hybrid modularized framework and supports the construction of intelligent agents or agent\|oriented systems for various application needs. The functions and work process of the modules in the agent architecture are discussed in detail.


A wideband amplifier with low power consumption (50 mW) and small chip size (0.44 mm2) is demonstrated in a 0.13 µm CMOS technology. A power gain of 9.5 dB is measured with a 3 dB bandwidth covering from 0.1 GHz to 57 GHz as well as a gain-bandwidth-product (GBW) of 170 GHz. The proposed wideband amplifier has distinguished itself with the state-of-the-art performance of GBW/Pdiss (3.4 GHz/mW) and GBW/chiparea (386 GHz/mm2) [1–4], [6–7] which reveals its ability in accomplishing a wideband amplification with reasonable power and area consumptions.


ABSTRACT The title of this thesis is Juridical Position Overview Realtor In Agreement With Transport Cargo Ship In Port Palaran Samarinda. Our country has been awarded by the grace of God Almighty, an archipelago consisting of thousands upon thousands of islands, located aft underlined the equator between two continents and two oceans, therefore the state of Indonesia has a strategic position in the relations between nations. Transporting or transportation is a means to accelerate the economy, strengthen national unity and strengthen the relationship between the state, the importance of the transport is reflected in the implementation of development that affects all aspects of life of the nation and state, and the increasing need for transportation services for the mobility of people and goods within the country as well as to and from abroad. For the purposes of the business of each entrepreneur freight transport will be attempted to obtain continuous and high and low transportation costs, for all this required traffic regulations by land, sea, or air. Broker is an intermediary that connects entrepreneurs with the users of transport services to an agreement, In agreement by sea, there are three parties which have a relationship of mutual relation to one another. The research is juridical normatife and juridical empirical consisting of primary legal materials, legal materials secondary and tertiary legal materials, the legal research of this type, often laws are drafted as what is written in the regulations Legislation (law in books) or conceptualized as a legal rule or norm that is the benchmark of human behavior is considered appropriate. In addition to research resources in the form of legal materials, legal research can also use material non-legal, if deemed necessary, namely in the form of books on the science of Politics, Economics, Sociology, Philosophy, Culture or reports research is non - the law made in the field by means of questionnaires or interviews with sources and journals all have relevancy to the research topic. According to Article 62 Kitap Law - Commercial Law broker is a middleman appointed by the president has been declared competent authority. He organized his company to do the work, as referred to in Article 64, as they received wages or certain peropesi, on the mandate and the names of people with whom he did not have a stable relationship. In every relationship of cooperation, each party certainly do not want a loss that befell them. Because in principle every cooperation forged in the expected profit for each party. So is the case in cooperation between a broker by consumers as users of services in the field of transport by ship. Realtor in performing their duties must pay attention to the rights of consumers as users of services, because the broker will be accountable for their work to consumers. Because if the realtor can not do a good job, of course, his reputation as a realtor is going down and not even rule out the possibility he would be sued because it has been in default (broken promises). Broken promise is meant here is the lack of incapacity broker as an intermediary for the consumer to take care of the transport by ship which they had of the agreement. To the public or businesses engaged in trade, who want their goods to their destination faster then it's good to use the services of a realtor to look for and take care of and looking for a company to transport the goods to be sent. Keywords: Brokerages Port Palaran Samarinda


Recent attempts to enhance GPS performance in weaksignal environments have focused on high-sensitivity GPS (HSGPS) and Assisted GPS (AGPS). High sensitivity can be realized in a stand-alone mode by using long noncoherent integration times with relatively short coherent accumulations of between 1 and 20 ms. AGPS further enables weak-signal acquisition by narrowing code and frequency search spaces to reduce time to first fix (TTFF), and by potentially providing navigation data bits to allow long coherent integration without suffering the effects of 180° phase transitions. Major problems remaining with HSGPS and AGPS techniques include the additional system complexity required to provide assistance data, the limiting effect of local oscillator instability, and the major losses incurred by squaring weak signals for non-coherent integration techniques. A number of differential signal processing schemes have been proposed to address some of these issues. These schemes use the known properties of CDMA spreading codes to largely eliminate some of these issues, offering the potential for enhanced sensitivity, TTFF, or both, in systems with lower complexity than AGPS requires. This paper examines a set of differential processing schemes designed for the GPS L1 C/A signal both theoretically and with live GPS data. The results show benefits and limitations to all three techniques as compared with standard processing techniques. Suitable receiver applications for the various techniques are considered.


The development, control principle and control model of plate and strip laminar flow control cooling are stated as well as the control target, boundary conditions and technical difficulties. Besides the model is optimized with neural net.


The extraneuronal spontaneous efflux of (3)H-dopamine synthesized endogenously in dopamine terminals has been demonstrated in vitro, by collecting the (3)H amine in superfusates of isolated striatum of the rat previously incubated with (3)H-tyrosine. The (3)H-dopamine newly synthesized appears to be preferentially released. Furthermore, amphetamine and a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (Carton) markedly increased the release of (3)H-dopamine. This effect was also observed with substances normally contained in some striatal neurons: acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine.


This review summarizes recent results of the ion transport in narrow peptide nanochannels (PNCs) conducting ions and water molecules at various densities. The molecular structure of the nanochannel is a periodic continuation of the short selectivity pore of a biological potassium channel. The ion conductivity of a PNC can reach ion velocities up to 50 m/s. This phenomena is based on a fine tuned interplay between


The European Community is now well on its way to becoming an integrated single market. By the end of 1992, goods, services, capital and people will move freely across the internal borders of the 12 Member States to create a unified market of some 320 million people. The implications of the single market will have profound effects both for the members of the Community and their trading partners, especially their main competitors: the USA and Japan. This article provides industrial awareness of important issues by highlighting specific areas that will present implications for the engineering industries. It then suggests ways in which companies can evaluate their current position to take account of future changes. There are many new and exciting opportunities, but preparation is needed now so that such opportunities can be capitalised upon.


CORSINI, Camila Maria Mantovani, M. Sc. Universidade Federal de Viçosa, May, 2012. Evaluation of the incidence of surgical site infection, in operated dogs and cats at the UFV veterinary hospital, associated with risk factors, isolated bacteria and antimicrobial resistance profile. Advisor: Andréa Pacheco Batista Borges. Co-advisors: Maria Aparecida Scatamburlo Moreira and Abelardo Silva Júnior. The present study aimed to determine the rate of surgical site infection (SSI) in small animals surgery department at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Viçosa (UFV-VH) and associate this incidence to the following risk factors: surgery wound classification according to their potential contamination, antimicrobial prophylaxis, antimicrobial therapy and number of people present in the operating room during the procedure. For this, the residents were previously trained to standardize the diagnosis of SSI, as well as obtaining the data mentioned above. Animals from the surgical routine of the UFV-VH were included in the study, without changing it, from August 2, 2010 to July 01, 2011. During this period 401 animals were included, with 21 of them presenting ISC, determining an infection rate of 5.24%. After statistical analysis, an association was found between the incidence of SSI and a group of surgeries characterized by presenting contamination risk higher than 5%, which were the potentially contaminated, contaminated and infected surgeries, combined into a single group. Other risk factors evaluated showed no association with SSI, however, on the amount of people present in the surgery room, in absolute values, an SSI rate of 2.84 times higher was detected for surgeries in which the operating room had more than four people. Additionally, we aimed at using the same sample in the same period, to identify bacteria on the surgical wounds diagnosed with SSI in the UFV-VH, and trace its antimicrobial resistance profile. Thus, samples were collected from the 21 patients diagnosed with ISC, which were initially processed to obtain pure cultures. These 21 samples resulted in 61 isolates, which underwent biochemical tests for phenotypic characterization and subsequently by conventional PCR for their genotypic characterization. It was also determined the minimum inhibitory concentration for the most frequently


Double-layered porous oxygen electrode was manufactured with silver catalyst made by reduction of the silver salt and PTFE powder. The optimum PTFE powder content in catalyst layer was 15wt%. Ag-Bi-Ni-Ti catalyst containing dopants of 2wt% Bi, Ni, Ti showed the best catalytic activity, and this electrode exhibited stable electrode performance. In order to increase the porosity of catalyst layer, ammonium bicarbonate(ABC) was added. The electrode performance was improved by addition of ABC, and the optimum amount of ABC to catalyst layer was 2wt%.


Microalgae based biofuels are getting attention due to energy crisis and enviromental protection. In the present study, the Chlorella sp. was cultivated in BG-11 medium at batch mode. The effect of different nitrogen (sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate and urea) and organic carbon (glucose, glycerol and sucrose) sources were analyzed on growth and lipid accumulation on this species. The highest biomass growth and biomass productivity of chlorella sp. was found 1.29±0.04 g/l, 76.96±4.5mgl -1 d - 1 in urea. However in case of organic sources, the biomass growth and productivity was found maximum in glucose (1.43±0.075 g/l 86.04±3.2 mgl -1 d -1 ). The lipid content was examined using folch method and found better in potassium nitrate nitrogen source (11.84%) . Among organic carbon sources, the maximum lipid content (13.22% and lipid yield 189.94 mg/l were found in case of glucose, followed by glycerol and sucrose. Various properties of biodiesel obtained from chlorella sp. such as Cetane number, Saponification value, Iodine value and Degree of unsaturation were followed standerds set by the national petroleum agency (ANP255), ASTMD6751 and EN14214. Keywords: Biodiesel, Biomass growth, Chlorella sp., Lipid extraction, Transesterification


Marie Barberon studied plant biology at the University of Montpellier II, France. She then stayed in Montpellier for her PhD with Grégory Vert to work on iron transport and signalling, focussing on the trafficking and functions of a metal transporter. Marie then moved to Lausanne, Switzerland, and received an EMBO long-term fellowship to carry out her postdoctoral work with Niko Geldner. There, she investigated the function of the endodermis as a barrier for nutrient acquisition. Marie joined the University of Geneva in February 2018 as Assistant Professor, where she is combining her expertise in nutrient physiology, cell biology and development to uncover the mechanisms controlling radial transport of nutrients in roots.


New requirements have emerged for employment in higher learning institutions with the development of higher learning education.The lack of standardized employment management has been on the rise and has brought about the setbacks in higher learning schools in the last few years;consequently,a path to take must follow these points as a heightened awareness of the standardized management,institutionalization of the employment management,employment leasing,scientific employment planning,diversification of employment forms,and so on.


An attempt has been made to estimate reliability for mean of normal population with known CV. The reliability function is derived and curves have been shown for this reliability function. It is seen that effect of skewness is considerable but the effect of kurtosis is not much.


Introduction to PCR sample preparation RNA PCR methods detection of PCR products - specialized applications analysis of differential gene expression by PCR cloning by PCR cloning of PCR products mutagenesis by PCR.


Two methods were employed in irradiation of the hypophyseal area: external irradiation and irradiation by administration of Co/sup 60/preparations into the nasopharynx. Dosimetry of gamma-irradiation was determined in both methods of irradiation. The study of the doses in internal irradiation was carried out on a phaniom human head on the head of a cadaver. The dose which was received by the hypophysis in external irradiation from the gamma apparatus was compared with that received by the pntient from the radioactive preparations administered into the nasopharynx. The first method was found to be better than the second one. In the first method the hypophyseal area receives only 2% of the dose received by the soft tissues surrounding the radioactive preparation, while in the second method 40% of the dose on the surface of the head reaches the hyponphysis, the skin focal distance being 25 cm. (tr-auth)


In this paper, we propose a new class of segmentation technique for feature extraction based on the statistical and regional classification at each vertical or horizontal line of digital image data. Data is processed and clustered at each line, different from the point or space process. They are designed to segment gray-scale sectional images using a horizontal and vertical line process due to their statistical and property differences, and to extract the feature. The techniques presented here show efficient results in case of the gray level overlap and not having threshold image. Such images are also not easy to be segmented by the global or local threshold methods. Line pixels inform us the sectionable data, and can be set according to cluster quality due to the differences of histogram and statistical data. The total segmentation on line clusters can be obtained by adaptive extension onto the horizontal axis. Each processed region has its own pixel value, resulting in feature extraction. The advantage and effectiveness of the line-cluster approach are both shown theoretically and demonstrated through the region-segmental carotid artery medical image processing.


OBJECTIVE
There is a growing evidence base that unhealthy commodity industries (including alcohol and gambling) promote industry favourable framings of product harms and solutions. These framings adopt a focus on the individual while overlooking broader influences and solutions. One potential method to influence the framing of harms and solutions is funding and organising conferences. This study aims to examine how industry-funded alcohol and gambling conferences present themselves and frame product harms and solutions.

METHODS
We conducted a descriptive examination and framing analysis of industry-funded alcohol and gambling conference descriptions and agendas or programmes to examine how conferences were presented and how the included topics framed the issues of product harm and solutions. A hybrid approach (using both deductive and inductive coding) was used for framing analysis, informed by previous research.

RESULTS
All the included conferences were targeted at professionals outside of the respective industry, many specifically mentioning researchers or policy makers. Several of the conferences offered professional credits for attendance. We identified four key frames which are consistent with the existing evidence base: a complex link between product consumption and harm, focus on the individual, deflection from population-level approaches and medicalisation/specialisation of solutions.

CONCLUSIONS
We found industry-favourable framings of harms and solutions within the alcohol and gambling conferences included in our sample. These conferences are aimed at professionals outside of industry, including researchers and policy makers, with several offering professional credits for attendance. Greater awareness of the potential for industry favourable framings at conference settings is required.


Online social networks connect people together and facilitate them to share their experiences and thoughts, while they also enable users with extreme opinions to further publicize their opinions and influence others. Thus, it is critical to study users' opinion formation process and to design effective mechanisms to control the opinion dynamics in social networks. In this work, we consider the scenario where users with extreme opinions may change the network structure, e.g., by adding new links or tuning the edge weights, to further spread their opinions to the public, and theoretically analyze its impact on the network opinions at equilibrium. We also propose a robust opinion control scheme that can reduce the influence of such network structure perturbation on network opinions. Simulations verify the correctness of our analysis and the effectiveness of our proposed opinion control algorithm.


Abstract CMK-3 carbons were synthesized varying the carbonization conditions and studying the effect of the templates calcined at different temperatures. The textural characterization of different SBA-15 templates calcined at 350, 450, and 550 °C shows a variation of the specific surface area below 10%. Based on the results, the SBA-15 obtained at 350 °C (the more affordable condition) was used as the final template for the CMK-3 synthesis. The results show that varying the time (from 2 to 6 h) and the temperature (from 600 to 900 °C) on the carbonization step, the textural, structural, and morphological properties of the carbons do not vary in a meaningful way. Thus, a CMK-3 carbon synthesized (using as template an SBA-15 calcined at 350 °C) obtained at 600 °C during 2 h was chosen to be used as adsorbent in hydrogen storage in order to stablish the relationship between the textural properties and its performance. Regarding the hydrogen storage, capacities of 15 mg H2 g−1 (1.5% w/w), and up to 28 mg H2 g−1 (2.8% w/w) were obtained at 1 and 10 bar, respectively. At high pressure, an important influence of the large micropores and narrow mesopores on the hydrogen adsorption was found.


ABSTRACT We suggest that special education could die among common myths about it. That is, special education could cease to exist, at least as we know it, because its true nature and requirements for its functioning are misunderstood. We discuss only 12 common myths about special education, recognizing that there are many more myths and that the ones we write about could be stated differently. We conclude with comments about how the long roots of the idea that special education could become unnecessary might be traced to a publication by Evelyn Deno in 1970 and express our hope that special education will continue as a separate entity.


Cross-correlation can be used in energy detection applications, such as spectrum analyzers, but also frequency shift keying (FSK) receivers, to improve noise suppression. To achieve higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), integration in time may be used, but could make it rather slow for communication purposes. In order to achieve better data-rates in low SNR conditions, we propose to use multiple chains instead of the traditional two chains. In this paper, we show an analysis of the SNR improvement and the power consumption penalty for BFSK modulation when using more chains. It shows that for low noise correlation between the chains, the improvement in sensitivity is proportional to the number of chains. Also, we develop a figure-of-merit to evaluate the optimum number of chains for different parameters of the receiver design. Furthermore, two examples from literature are analyzed. At their optimum number of chains, they both show $\sim$6dB improvement in sensitivity with similar or even better figure-of- merit.


Vector-borne infections such as Lyme disease and co-infections, rickettsiosis, dengue, West Nile fever, and malaria that are known for their high morbidity, and even mortality, have been globally on the rise due to several key factors. Among these are the increased population of and exposure to ticks and mosquitoes that are caused by climate change and deforestation, as well as a generally more health-compromised population as evidenced by skyrocketing prevalence of chronic diseases. The implicated factors in chronic sickness are continual rise in environmental pollution, unhealthy diet and substance abuse, overuse of antibiotics leading to microbial evolvement into more aggressive forms, disturbed biome, secondary fungal infections and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Some of the most common vector-borne infections lack effective treatments, including chronic post-treatment Lyme disease with diagnostic tests not always being reliable. Additionally, Lyme's Borrelia Burgdorferi, that is the most common vector-borne disease in North America and Europe, presents a particular challenge to its treatments by existing in many different genotypes with some being particularly aggressive. This article presents a different approach to vector-borne, and infections in general, based on several principal factors. These concern the increased focus on the host innate immunity to defeat infectious agents using a novel diagnosis to ascertain reasons for suboptimal immunity, treatment to address this and elicit proper immune stimulation by vaccine-like action. Both diagnosis and treatment concern energy medicine, which is formally recognized by the NIH, and based on the physics of the living, water, and all matter in nature.


Abstract : In this paper we discuss key issues and considerations relating to evolving mobile network architecture design and integration. We provide a quick view of the role of several mobile network technologies at an architectural level and then describe ongoing related work in mobile network evaluation and testing. Finally, some newer design work and initial evaluation being done on mobile ad hoc multicast forwarding is presented. In conclusion, we present our viewpoint on present and future work areas relating to cross layer protocol design for mobile wireless networks.


Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ballhandling height frequency and barrier training on the ability to lay-up shoot basketball, to determine the effect of high and low agility on the results of lay-up shoot basketball, the interaction between ballhandling training methods and agility in extracurricular participants at SMK Negeri 1 Bengkulu Utara and North Bengkulu State Vocational School 2. This research method is experimental with a 2x2 design. The research sample was 21 athletes taken by total sampling technique. The instrument for measuring agility uses the zig-zag run test. The instrument measures lay-up shoot ability using a basketball lay-up shoot test. The data analysis technique was two-way ANOVA at a significant level of α=0.05. The results showed (1) there was a significant effect of high-frequency ballhandling and barrier training on the ability to lay up shoot basketball, (2) there was a significant difference in the results of significant high and low agility exercises on the ability to lay up shoot basketball. (3) There is no interaction between ballhandling and agility in determining the result of a basketball lay-up shoot. Then there is a significant influence between the influence of ballhandling exercises, height frequency and training obstacles and agility on the ability to lay up shoot basketball in extracurricular participants at SMK Negeri 1 Bengkulu Utara and SMK Negeri 2 Bengkulu Utara.


We report a rapid synthetic strategy to afford of new dendronised and dialkyl fluorene based hybrid polymer by employing Microwave radiations. This polymer was synthesized by the reaction of 2,7-dibromo-9,9-di(4-(2,3,4,5-tetraphenylphenyl)benzyl) fluorene with 2,7-dibromo-9,9-dipentyl fluorene under microwave irradiation using nickel catalyst. The synthesized dendronised and dialkyl fluorene based hybrid polymer was fully characterized by spectroscopic techniques. We believe that, this dendronised and dialkyl fluorene based hybrid polymer can be emerge as a promising material for blue-light-emitting diodes.


Serratia marcescens (isolate B2 from tomato phylloplane) inhibited markedly the growth of Botrytis allii, B. byssoidea, B. cinerea, B. fabae and B. tulipae on LB agar medium containing colloidal chitin. The conidial germination and hyphal growth of B. cinerea and B. fabae were also suppressed by culture filtrate of the bacterium. The inhibitory effect of the bacterium correlated with its chitinolytic activity. On leaf disks of broad bean, the bacterium could control chocolate spot disease caused by B. fabae. These results indicate the possibility of using S. marcescens as a biocontrol agent for Botrytis spp.


Abstract : Optical properties of fractal clusters are considered by means of a scale-invariant theory. Numerical simulations are carried out for three fractal types: self-avoiding walks, random walks and Witten-Sander's. Fractal are scale self-similar mathematical objects possessing nontrivial geometrical properties. There exist various physical realizations of fractals, and here we shall consider optical properties of what we believe to be one the most important such realizations, namely fractal clusters. A fractal cluster is a system of interacting material particles called monomers.


Use of high strength concrete require reliable predictions of correlations of compressive strength with tensile strength or splitting strength. Analysis of correlation between tensile strength of concrete and compressive strength, based on experimental results, is shown in this paper. It is proposed new simple correlation. Regression analysis that use, is based on the results of the experimental researches of compressive strength and splitting tensile strength, at specimens of high strength concrete. Comparative analysis of test results, gained for high strength concrete and normal strength concrete is performed. Analysis comprises the results of the experimental research of deep beams subjected to shear. Stresses measured on surfaces of high strength concrete beams subjected to shear and level of stresses that induce inclined cracks in concrete are applied. Relationship between concrete compressive strength and shear cracking stresses is studied, too. Experimental research was done at pairs of the beams made of concrete with high compressive strength and normal compressive strength. Estimation of validation of relations prescribed by the design codes for high strength concrete has performed.


Benign paroxysmal torticollis of infancy – a rare condition, characterize by episodes of torticollis with duration from several hours to several weeks, which appears in healthy children and is self-limited. It is proposed that this condition is predictor of migraine and connected with mutations in CACNA 1A and PRRT2. Differential diagnosis of benign paroxysmal torticollis includes, first of all, epilepsy. The article includes a short review and own description of 6 cases.


 Abstract — To the author's best knowledge, there are no published reports of effective methods for teaching fescue toxicosis and grass endophyte technology in the USA. To address this need, a group of university scientists, industry representatives, government agents, and livestock producers formed an organization called the Alliance for Grassland Renewal. One goal of the Alliance was to develop a teaching method that could be employed across all regions in the USA and all sectors of the agricultural community. The first step in developing this method was identification of experts who were familiar with the science and management of fescue toxicosis. The second step was curriculum development. Experts wrote a curriculum that addressed all aspects of toxicosis and management, including toxicology, animal nutrition, pasture management, economics, and mycology. The curriculum was created for presentation in lectures, laboratories, and in the field. The curriculum was in that it could be delivered across state lines, regardless of peculiar, in-state recommendations. The curriculum was also unique as it was unanimously supported by private companies otherwise in competition with each other. The final step in developing this teaching method was formulating a delivery plan. All experts, including university, industry, government, and production, volunteered to travel from any state in the USA, converge in one location, teach a 1-day workshop, then travel to the next location. The results of this teaching method indicate widespread success. Since 2012, experts across the entire USA have converged to teach Alliance workshops in Kansas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kentucky, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, with ongoing workshops in Arkansas and Tennessee. Data from post-workshop surveys indicate that instruction has been effective, as at least 50% of the participants stated their intention to adopt the endophyte technology presented in these workshops. The teaching method developed by the Alliance for Grassland Renewal has proved to be effective, and the Alliance continues to expand across the USA.


Spatial heterogeneity is a very important structural property in ecosystem and is closely associated with many ecological phenomena.Heterogeneity is defined as "the complexity and/or variability of a system property in space and/or time"-could be an important component controlling plant community structure and composition.The spatial distribution of biological and abiotic factors in ecosystem has the features of spatial heterogeneity.Although the effects of grazing on the vegetation patches in arid and semiarid ecosystems have been extensively described,knowledge of these ecological processes in China is rather poor,particularly in Inner Mongolian,northern China.In this paper,the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation under different grazing intensities was examined using geostatistical methods.The effect of grazing disturbance on plant functional group and community structure of grass community is an important component of community ecology.In the present study,we arranged 100 quadrats of 50 cm × 50 cm in three grassland sites with different grazing intensities(light,medium,and heavy) in the northeast Inner Mongolian steppe.There are 4 cells of 25 cm×25 cm in each quadrats.Through investigation of grass species,the spatial heterogeneities of small-scale species richness and small-scale species compositions were compared and studied.The Bray-Curtis was used to express the spatial heterogeneity of species composition with different grazing intensities.Results show that: The order of species richness for the entire area was light grazing moderate grazing heavy grazing.However,the order of species richness for small quadrat was medium grazing light grazing heavy grazing.Over all,the number of species occurring in each quadrat did not deviate substantially from the mean;in the heavily grazed site,quadrats with numerous species did not exist;in the medium grazing site,the distribution of spatial richness showed the "concave" pattern and the average distribution of species richness reduced(i.e.quadrats with numerous species existed).Over all,understanding the spatial heterogeneity in community structure the lightly grazed quadrats showed lower similarity.In the remaining two sites,the species composition was random distribution among quadrats.The grazing pressure could affect the small-scale species richness,species composition and the spatial heterogeneities of them.The Monte Carlo method modal of distribution frequency and the simulation of species composition could represent the spatial structure of species distribution and the dynamics of community succession.The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of grazing on spatial heterogeneity of soil organic matter and plant populations in Hulunbeir grassland using geostatistical methods.Moreover,we want to know the effect of grazing on the spatial heterogeneity of soil and the vegetation patches.This study would provide a scientific basis for the prediction and management of the grazing on grassland ecosystem in arid and semiarid grassland areas.


We provide new evidence of vertical foreclosure in the U.S. cable television market, primarily using a 2004 database of 680 cable systems. Focusing on four program network groups (basic outdoor entertainment, basic cartoon, basic movie, and premium movie), we find that more frequent carriage of affiliated networks and less frequent carriage of rival networks, a pattern identified by previous empirical studies, persists in spite of extensive channel capacity expansion and digitization of cable systems, as well as new competition from DBS - developments that might be expected to reduce or eliminate vertical foreclosure effects. We also find a new form of vertical foreclosure in the digital environment: integrated cable operators that do carry rival networks are more likely to position them on higher priced digital tiers, or in other ways that appear to limit demand for them.


Equinor has filed an amended plan for development and operation (PDO) with Norway's Minister of Petroleum and Energy to increase Oseberg gas production while reducing CO2 emissions from the Oseberg Field Centre and the Oseberg South platform.
 The estimated $1.1-billion plan signals a shift in the Oseberg field from being an oil producer to becoming a natural gas producer with large remaining gas resources. Two new compressors will be installed to boost recoverable gas volumes and the Field Centre and South platform will be partially electrified.
 "It is important to Equinor and the Oseberg partners to produce oil and gas with the lowest possible emission level," said Geir Tungesvik, Equinor's senior vice president for project development. "This investment decision allows us to increase production of Oseberg gas considerably in the future, while reducing CO2 emissions by an estimated 320,000 tonnes per year. We are now entering the execution phase with highly qualified suppliers."
 Aibel AS has been awarded a $443-million contract for engineering, procurement, construction, and installation for partial electrification of the Field Centre and South platform, as well as upgrading of the gas processing capacity on the Field Centre.
 Nexans has been awarded a $88.6-million framework contract by Equinor for delivering subsea power cables. Its first assignment will be to deliver a 132-km cable, to be installed by the Nexans Aurora in 2023.
 Heerema Marine Contractors has been awarded a contract for transport and installation at an estimated value of $6.6 million. In 2024, the Sleipnir vessel is scheduled for lifting in place the three big modules currently under construction at Aibel's yard in Haugesund.
 Equinor said rebuilding of the Field Centre will take 4 years and will be done while the plants are in full operation. Startup of the new facility is expected in 2026.
 Oseberg is the third-largest oil producer ever on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS). When it came on stream in 1988, it was expected to produce around 1 billion bbl of oil. Today, that number is expected to total around 3.2 billion bbl. Oil production is in the tail phase, but 60% of the gas resources are still in the ground. Oseberg is also one of the major gas fields; only Troll and Snøhvit have more remaining gas resources on the NCS.
 "With this investment we open a new chapter of the story of Oseberg, which is about to become one of the main Norwegian gas producers," said Geir Sørtveit, Equinor's senior vice president for exploration and production west. "We expect Oseberg to produce more than 100 billion sm3 of gas towards 2040. In terms of energy, the annual gas export from Oseberg will equal a quarter of all Norwegian hydropower."
 For the year 2020, Oseberg emissions totaled around 1 million tonnes of CO2. Since 2010, emissions have been reduced by around 15%, and Equinor aims to further reduce emissions by 50–70% by 2030.
 Equinor is the operator with a 49.3% stake. Partners include Petoro (33.6%), TotalEnergies EP Norge (14.7%), and ConocoPhillips (2.4%).

 Shell has abandoned plans to develop the Cambo oil field in the UK North Sea. The field had been a target of controversy for opponents that claim the project is at odds with the UK's goal of reaching carbon neutrality by 2050.
 "After comprehensive screening of the proposed Cambo development, we have concluded the economic case for investment in this project is not strong enough at this time, as well as having the potential for delays," a Shell spokesperson said in a statement.
 Private-equity-backed Siccar Point Energy, which owns a majority stake in the field, confirmed in a separate statement that "Shell has taken the decision to not progress its investment at this stage."
 The Cambo project off the Shetland Isles is estimated to hold around 170 million bbl of oil and associated gas.
 Shell holds a 30% working interest in Cambo; Siccar Point holds the remaining 70% stake.

 CNOOC Ltd. has started production from its Lufeng oil fields in the Eastern South China Sea. The field cluster includes Lufeng 14-4, Lufeng 14‑8, Lufeng 15-1, and Lufeng 22-1, with an average water depth of about 140–330 m. The main production facilities include two drilling production platforms and one subsea production system. Thirty-five development wells are planned to be put into production, including 26 production wells and 9 water injection wells. The project is expected to achieve its peak production of around 46,000 B/D of oil in 2023.
 CNOOC Ltd. owns 100% interest in the project.

 Lukoil has struck Miocene-aged oil sands with its Yoti West exploration well in Block 12 offshore Mexico. The initial oil in place is estimated to be around 250 million bbl. The Yoti West-1 EXP well was drilled 60 km offshore by the Valaris 8505 semisubmersible drilling rig. The well penetrated a sand reservoir in Upper Miocene sediments with high permeability and effective oil-saturated thickness of about 25 m. An assessment plan for the field will be developed based on this and future drilling results.
 Lukoil Upstream Mexico is the operator and holds a 60% working interest in the block. Partner Eni holds the remaining 40% stake.
 Two successful exploration wells were previously drilled at Block 10 offshore Mexico where Lukoil owns 20% and Eni is the operator. The resource base of the block is currently being assessed based on drilling results.
 In July, Lukoil agreed to acquire the 50% operator interest held by Houston-based Fieldwood Energy in Mexico's Area 4 offshore shallow-water project for $435 million, plus 2021 expenditures incurred up to the closing date of the transaction. Area 4 includes two blocks, 58 km2 in total, located 42 km offshore in water depths of 30–45 m. The Ichalkil and Pokoch oil fields within the blocks have recoverable reserves of 564 million BOE, of which 80% is crude oil.

 Petrobras encountered hydrocarbons with its Curaçao pre-salt well in the Aram block of the Santos Basin. Well 1-BRSA-1381-SPS is located at a water depth of 1905 m, 240 km from the city of Santos, Sao Paulo. The oil-bearing interval was verified through wireline logging and fluid samples, which will be further characterized by lab analysis.
 The data will allow evaluating the potential and directing the next exploratory activities in the area. The consortium will continue operations to complete the project to drill the well to the expected depth and verify the extent of the new discovery, in addition to characterizing the conditions of the reservoirs found.
 The Aram block was acquired in March 2020 in the 6th Bidding Round of the National Agency for Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Biofuels (ANP) under the production-sharing regime, with Pre-Sal Petróleo as manager. Petrobras is the operator of the block and holds an 80% share, in partnership with CNODC (20%).

 APA Corp. reported a successful flow testing at the Sapakara South appraisal well and disappointing drilling results from the Bonboni exploration well on Block 58 offshore Suriname.
 The company said earlier in 2021 that the Sapakara South-1 (SPS-1) well encountered approximately 30 m of net black-oil pay in a single zone of high-quality Campano-Maastrichtian reservoir. Restricted flow and subsequent pressure buildup tests averaged 4,800 B/D of oil for 48 hours. Without flow restrictions, a development well would produce at a significantly higher sustained rate, according to APA.
 Preliminary analysis of the data indicates a single reservoir in SPS-1 proved a connected resource of 325 to 375 million bbl of oil in place. Seismic imaging of the Sapakara reservoir supports the likelihood of more potential, said APA.
 The Bonboni-1 probe, the first exploration well in the northern portion of Block 58, was drilled in water depths of nearly 2000 m approximately 45 km from APA's discoveries in the Maka-Kwaskwasi-Sapakara-Keskesi trend and encountered high-quality, water-bearing reservoirs in the primary Maastrichtian and Campanian objectives. The well will be plugged and abandoned. APA said that while the well wasn't commercial, it extended the proved petroleum system in the area.
 Following completion of operations at Bonboni, the Maersk Valiant will drill the Krabdagu exploration prospect, located 18 km east of SPS-1. Krabdagu has a similar seismic signature to the two successful wells at Sapakara and the discovery well at nearby Keskesi. Success at Krabdagu could materially increase the scope and scale of a development in the central portion of Block 58. The company envisions a potential black-oil development hub that would accommodate production from Krabdagu, Sapakara, and Keskesi.
 APA Suriname holds a 50% working interest in the block, with TotalEnergies, the operator, holding the remaining 50% stake.

 Tullow Oil will leave Suriname following subpar results from its Goliathberg Voltzberg North-1 (GNV-1) well in Block 47 in the region. The well was drilled by drillship Stena Forth targeting more than 230 million bbl of oil. However, the well encountered only minor oil shows. Tullow and its partners notified the Government of Suriname that they have elected not to enter the next phase of Block 47, and the company confirmed it would exit the license on 31 December 2021.
 Prior to drilling, the block was estimated to contain more than 900 million bbl of oil in three different prospects, including Goliathberg Voltzberg North. Tullow operates the block with a 50% stake. Partners include Pluspetrol (30%) and Ratio Petroleum (20%).
 In addition, Tullow said it will exit Block 54 at year-end. In 2017, Tullow drilled the Araku-1 well in Block 54 but did not find commercial hydrocarbons. The move leaves the company without assets or operations in the country.


This Research [in] [doing/conducting] in May 2005 up to August 2007, to collect damage data and data of[is expense of from critical component [at] machine of Rough Mower. Intention of this research [is] to obtain; get time interval treatment of optimum machine [at] machine of Rough Mower, lessening the expense of treatment and repair of machine and also improve reliability [at] machine of Rough Mower. With applying of model of age replacement, determination of international replacement of critical component which proposed applicable [at] company utilize to degrade the expense of replacement of component. With this model have [in] determining international anti to component of Bedknife that is 50 day with machine reliability storey;level equal to 0,703 and Hidrolik Filter Oil 41 day with machine reliability storey;level equal to 0,722 so that in a period of period of year 2005-2007 there are cost-saving equal to Rp 9.405.750,- with C(Tp) old
Rp.18.000.000,- and C(Tp) new [of] 8.594.250,-for the component of HE cost-saving and cooling equal to Rp 1.051.750,- with C(Tp) old [of] Rp.9.100.000,- and C(Tp) new [of] Rp 8.048.250,- for the component of Valve.


Aim : Study the news overtures to prevention, diagnosis and therapy of caries disease. Methods : We conducted one randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT), one cross-sectional study and one systematic review with meta-analysis. The RCT evaluated the efficacy of the Carisolv and CeraBur. In the cross-sectional study we evaluated the efficacy of a new device to detect caries lesions: DIAGNOcam. The systematic review of the literature was conducted to evaluate efficacy of polyols in caries prevention. Results : We found a significantly difference in terms of time taken between control group and Carisolv (p<0.001). We found no difference in increment cavity size and in anti-microbial effect between techniques.
In the cross-sectional study we found a higher sensibility of the DIAGNOcam device respect to x-rays to diagnose caries in enamel (k=0.24); no statistically significant difference was found in dentin caries (k=1).
In the meta-analysis we found that xylitol gum showed a good antimicrobial effect against the mutans streptococci than control group (p Conclusion : The clinical efficacy of Carisolv and CeraBur seems as reliable as the rotary instruments. The study on DIAGNOcam showed that this new device might be a useful tool in early caries detection. The xylitol gums showed a role in caries prevention.


Nowadays the increasing complexity and dimensionality of modern power systems have given rise to low frequency electromechanical oscillations (LFOs). These oscillations pose a major threat to the stability of power system and cause unnecessary limitations to its smooth operation. For the fast damping of system and successful mitigation of oscillations, Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices are utilized. Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is one such versatile shunt connected FACTS device that controls the bus voltage influencing the power flow and enhancing the transient stability of the system very fast because no moving parts are involved. However the PID controller of STATCOM is a linear controller that cannot respond effectively to non linear power system. Hence taking non linearities into account, the PID controller of STATCOM is tuned dynamically with a very robust and powerful meta heuristic optimization technique called harmony search inspired from improvisation process of jazz musician. It is a relatively recent technique that is considered superior because of its easy execution and reduced modifiable parameters. However it also has some noticeable defects like less convergence speed and premature convergence. To overcome the shortcomings of HS, a Modified Harmony Search (M-HS) is proposed in this paper to obtain much better transient as well as dynamic stability results. To justify and validate the effectiveness of M-HS optimized PID in reducing oscillations it is compared and contrasted with HS optimized PID and conventional PID of STATCOM using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Furthermore the THD calculation in each case is carried out. The results depict the efficacy and potential of M-HS techniques over HS and conventional PID controller in damping out oscillations and restoring system stability.


This paper empirically investigates whether South Asian countries constitute an optimum currency area (OCA) by applying a structural vector auto-regression (SVAR) model to trace global, regional, and domestic shocks. Variance decomposition shows that domestic shocks dominate regional and global shocks, which contrasts with our findings for the European Union countries, used as a basis for comparison. We conclude that at the present time the South Asian region as a whole does not meet the prerequisite conditions of an OCA. The loss of an autonomous monetary instrument can outweigh the benefits of a common currency.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between lesions and serologic response in sheep with naturally acquired paratuberculosis and to evaluate the efficacy of agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and ELISA as diagnostic tests.

ANIMALS
134 adult sheep, culled by the owner from flocks with history of severe chronic weight loss.

PROCEDURE
Before euthanasia, blood samples were collected and serum was obtained. AGID and ELISA were performed, using a protoplasmic antigen of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Sensitivity and specificity of these techniques were evaluated, using histopathologic findings as a reference. Histologic studies were carried out focusing on specimens containing intestinal organized lymphoid tissue.

RESULTS
Of the sheep examined, 46.3% had lesions that were classified in 5 categories, according to their location, extension, cellular types, and presence of acid-fast bacilli. Regarding serologic test results, 37.1% of sheep with lesions had a positive AGID result, and all sheep without lesions had negative results. However, ELISA positivity was slightly greater--48.4% of sheep with lesions; however, by use of ELISA, 11.1% of sheep without lesions had positive results.

CONCLUSION
A close relation between pathologic findings and serologic response was determined, especially between presence of acid-fast bacilli (potentially heavily shedding sheep) in the intestinal lesions and positivity to serologic tests, especially AGID.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
On the basis of these results, together with its high specificity, reliability, and the difficulty of fecal specimen culture in sheep, AGID is proposed as a useful tool for seeking evidence of paratuberculosis in live sheep, and therefore, is suggested as the basis for control programs in areas in which the disease is a serious threat to sheep production.


This paper presents an overview of Carnap, a free and open framework for the development of formal reasoning applications. Carnap's design emphasizes flexibility, extensibility, and rapid prototyping. Carnap-based applications are written in Haskell, but can be compiled to JavaScript to run in standard web browsers. This combination of features makes Carnap ideally suited for educational applications, where ease-of-use is crucial for students and adaptability to different teaching strategies and classroom needs is crucial for instructors. The paper describes Carnap's implementation, along with its current and projected pedagogical applications.


This paper studies the problem of mining entity translation, specifically, mining English and Chinese name pairs. Existing efforts can be categorized into (a) a transliteration-based approach leveraging phonetic similarity and (b) a corpus-based approach exploiting bilingual co-occurrences, each of which suffers from inaccuracy and scarcity respectively. In clear contrast, we use unleveraged resources of monolingual entity co-occurrences, crawled from entity search engines, represented as two entity-relationship graphs extracted from two language corpora respectively. Our problem is then abstracted as finding correct mappings across two graphs. To achieve this goal, we propose a holistic approach, of exploiting both transliteration similarity and monolingual co-occurrences. This approach, building upon monolingual corpora, complements existing corpus-based work, requiring scarce resources of parallel or comparable corpus, while significantly boosting the accuracy of transliteration-based work. We validate our proposed system using real-life datasets.


THE need for an 'industrial' wind‐tunnel at Saab for tests in conjunction with test flying and project work has been felt for a long time and at the beginning of 1950 this need became acute. It then became necessary to project a serviceable transonic industrial wind‐tunnel which could be built in the shortest possible time and at reasonable cost.


The length of the response interval for flashing light signals to be activated depends upon the approach time of the highway vehicle, the speed of the train, and the relationship between certain signalling and operational conditions. Since safety requires the assumption of the fastest train when calculating the response interval, slower trains and trains that come to a stop before reaching the crossing impose longer waiting times, and cause annoyance to the highway users. This can be avoided by having the response made sensitive to the speed of the train, which will cause the response interval to be adjusted accordingly. This article describes this system, presenting mathematical equations, charts and tables of the data.


Journals have long been a staple in the history of the spread of mathematical ideas. This paper analyzes one the first attempts at such a journal in the United States: The Ladies and Gentlemen's Diary, and traces the evolution of the journal through its author and editor Melatiah Nash. The contributors and mathematics of the journal are also considered and the journal is compared to several of its contemporaries. Synthesizing all of this information reveals that Nash's publication contained a wide range of mathematics, reached a diverse group of people, and was relatively successful in how it was received and in reaching the editor's goals for the journal. Acknowledgements Editor's Note: Dr. Sloan E. Despeaux, Mathematics and Computer Science Department, Western Carolina University, served as the faculty mentor for this work. Dr. Dominic Klyve, Department of Mathematics, Central Washington University, served as guest editor for this article. This other is available in International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities: http://commons.pacificu.edu/ ijurca/vol7/iss1/2


Spectroscopy close toaninterface isappropriate toevaluate collisional effects, like pressure broadening and shifts, inanoptically opaquemedium, asoccurs atlarge atomic densities. Relatively tothevolumespectroscopy in comparable conditions, applicable onlyinthefarspectral wings, itprovides aninformation obtained close tothe resonance line-centre. However, itimplicitly assumes that thevicinity withthesurface hasnotmodified thecollisional features themselves. Thissupposes that theatomdynamics -i.e. thevelocity distribution andthepopulation distributionisidentical inthegasbulkandclose tothesurface, andthat soistheinteraction between anatomanditsperturber. To testsuchanassumption, we havestarted toinvestigate thecollisional effects innanocell spectroscopy [11, inthe elementary caseofaresonant transition. Indeed, therecentdevelopment ofnanocells ofatomic vapour, withthickness typically spanning from20to1000nm,offers aspectroscopic alternate tolong-time developed Selective Reflection (SR) spectroscopy ataninterface, withtheadditional possibility ofexploring avariable distance tothesurface. Presently, ourdetailed experiments, performed onthewell-resolved CsD1line(894nm),haveenabled a simultaneous comparison ofX/2andk/4thickness forvarious densities. Systematic experiments forshorter thickness areplanned forthenearfuture. Because nanocell spectroscopy, whenperformed under normal incidence irradiation, allows asub-Doppler resolution owing tothevelocity-selecti on


ABSTRACT Many real-world systems operate and make decisions using limited resources in dynamically changing environments, where the changes can be unpredictable. In this paper, the Restricted Finite State Machine is defined, and its optimality studied; it is a composed finite state machine with input restrictions that can handle limited resources. Then, the Recomposable Restricted Finite State Machine is defined, and its optimality investigated; it can handle unpredictably dynamically changing environments, by reacting to environment changes. In general, the local optimal policies do not generate the global optimal policy of the Recomposable Restricted Finite State Machine and global optimality cannot be achieved without knowledge of future. Thus, a heuristic method, Limited Breath First Search, is developed. The numerical simulation results indicate that the heuristic method performs well with proper parameters, and also indicates that local sub-optimal solutions can be better than the local optimal policies for the global policy/solution of Recomposable Restricted Finite State Machines.


Did Orwell ignore the United States? Was he so focused on England, Europe, Burma and the Soviet Union that he turned his back altogether on the country that in his lifetime was to become the most important in the world? The answer is no. Orwell wrote his most important wartime journalism for the US magazine Partisan Review. He wrote about American literature, most notably about Jack London. He was very concerned about the US influence on Britain, both political and cultural.

Towards the end of his life, he made clear that he regarded the Labour government's subservience to the United States as an obstacle to progress towards socialism and at the same time proclaimed that in the event of a war between the Soviet Union and the United States, he would support the United States. How did he come to these conclusions?


The development of Biology worksheet oriented by active learning with Mind Mapping strategies on the material structure and function of plant tissues in class XI SMA objectives describe the feasibility of theoretical and empirical the Biology worksheet were oriented by Active Learning with Mind mapping strategies in the subject matter on the structure and function of tissues plants from the aspects of the presentation by structure, content and language. This type of research is the development of research. The result showed that developed biology worksheet was very good category with validation value from LKS 1, LKS 2, LKS 3, LKS 4 was 91.4%, 92.4%, 95.6%, 95.6% Keywords: Active Learning, Mind Mapping strategy, structure and function of the tissues of plants


Electrical methods have now become a routine stratigraphical tool in ice core analysis. As well as providing palaeoclimatic information, they have also given most of the information now available about the relationship between electrical properties and chemical content of ice. In ice cores measured under controlled conditions, real permittivity is controlled by density in shallow ice, and by changes in fabric in deeper ice. Conductivity below the fim layer is determined by the chemical content. The electrical conductivity method (ECM) is the main dc method, responding only to the acidity of the ice. Dielectric profiling (DEP) is the main method at higher frequencies, and responds to chemical concentrations of acid, ammonium, and chloride. Good quantitative relationships can be determined. A combination of Jaccard theory and grain boundary conduction can be used to explain some of the findings, although there remain unanswered questions. A number of instrumental improvements can be envisaged, but the electrical methods can now be considered a mature and indispensable part of the ice core armoury.


Noninvasive localization of brain electrical activity from scalp potentials often involves computing the location and moment parameters of an inverse current dipole. The correct inverse dipole parameters are those that minimize the difference between measured scalp potentials and corresponding theoretical potentials generated by the inverse dipole in a numerical head model. Performance characteristics of the simplex algorithm often used to effect this minimization were investigated in simulation studies employing the three-concentric-spheres head model. A position constraint restricting inverse solutions to the brain region was utilized with the simplex algorithm. It is shown that this algorithm is surprisingly robust even in the presence of large errors in the forward transfer matrix used to compute theoretical potentials.


This paper presents an image communication system with improved decoding of compressed image information. A convolutional code protects the compressed image information from channel noise while a Reed-Solomon outer code gives additional protection to the critical image header information. A post-processor detects uncorrected channel errors in the reconstructed image and feeds error location information to a list-based iterative trellis decoder. This list-based decoder provides significant improvement in image quality. Experimental results are given for varying channel SNR and for varying bit rate.


The emergence of new means of attack, reconnaissance and methods of sabotage imposes special requirements on the technical means of protecting important state facilities (ISF). Modern trends in the construction of ISF physical protection systems are the integration of engineering barriers, perimeter signaling and detection tools. Detection tools should provide covert receipt of information about the approach of the intruder in "distant" intrigues. To do this, it is possible to use technical means built on the principle of semi-active bistatic radar with an external illumination source. However, in order to identify intruders in the ISF protection zone, it is necessary to have a priori information about the radar visibility of the combined location objects. The combined object is typically a complex object having both metallic and dielectric elements.
To this end, a technique has been developed for estimating the radar cross-section (RCS) of combined objects in the field of external illumination. The electromagnetic field (EMF) scattered by a combined object in the meter and decimeter wavelength ranges is calculated as a coherent sum of fields, taking into account their phase, scattered by its metal and dielectric elements. This made it possible to take into account the electromagnetic interaction of the elements of the combined object. The method of integral equations (IE) was used to find the current density and magnetic field strength.
The scatter diagrams of the person-intruder, the person-intruder in personal armor protection (PAP) under different conditions of irradiation and reception and illumination frequencies are obtained and analyzed. This made it possible to evaluate the effect of metallic elements on the scatter diagram of the combined object.
The obtained a priori information is of significant practical importance at the stage of optimizing signal processing algorithms and designing new means of covert detection


Cobalt substituted phosphotungstic heteropoly anion PW11O39Co (Ⅱ) (H2O)(superscript 5-) was synthesized in neutral aqueous solution, and was characterized by IR, UV-visible spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Experimental results show that PW11O39Co (Ⅱ) (H2O)(superscript 5-)has the Keggin structure, showing four characteristic vibrational absorptions within 700~1100 cm^(-1), and two UV absorption bands in the vicinity of 200 nm and 252 nm as well as two visible absorption bands in 400~470 nm and 470~650 nm, respectively. In addition to two pairs of W-O skeleton waves a pair of Co (Ⅱ)/Co (Ⅲ) redox wave appears at the potential of 1.341 V and 1.259 V.


........................................................................................................................................ iii Table of contents ........................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... vii Declaration of candidate contribution.......................................................................................... ix Chapter 1: General Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 1.


Abstract : Reports on projections of the supply of high quality male enlistees to each of the four military services which were prepared for the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense -- Manpower, Reserve Affairs, and Logistics. Supply equations are estimated using monthly data from the 1970s. The projections derived from them -- broken down by service, mental category, and economic assumptions -- show steady and substantial declines through the end of the next decade. The methodology followed in the study is detailed, and complete listings of the data employed are included. (Author)


ABSTRACT Background:  Sleep disorders are commonly observed in children with Down syndrome (DS) and can lead to significant behavioral and cognitive morbidities in these individuals. Objective:  To perform a systematic review evaluating sleep disorders in individuals with DS. Methods:  Search strategies were based on combinations of keywords: "Down syndrome"; "trisomy 21"; "sleep disorders"; "dyssomnias"; "sleep apnea"; "obstructive"; "sleeplessness"; "insomnia"; "parasomnias"; and "excessive daytime sleepiness". PubMed and Science Direct were used. Only original studies and retrospective reviews in English published between January 2011 and March 2021 were included. Results:  52 articles were included, most of them involving children and adolescents under 18 years of age. The main sleep disorder associated with DS was obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Some studies reported the presence of cognitive dysfunction in patients with DS and sleep-disordered breathing, and few have been found about parasomnia, insomnia, and daytime sleepiness in these patients. Movement disorders and unusual postures during sleep may be related to disordered sleep breathing in DS. The main treatment options for OSA are continuous positive airway pressure therapy (CPAP), surgery, and weight control. Computational modeling associated with MRI has been used to plan surgical interventions in these patients. Conclusions:  Individuals with DS are at high risk of developing sleep-related breathing disorders. The main sleep disorder associated with DS was OSA. The presence of sleep-disordered breathing contributes to a worsening of cognitive function in patients with DS.


PurposeThis study uses a diverse sample of residents living in Northern California to study factors that are associated with public perceptions of police bias. The authors also investigate whether perceptions of racial discrimination mediate the relationships between race/ethnicity and perceptions of police bias.Design/methodology/approachThe sampling frame of the study was constructed through two stages. First, the frame included 212 census tracts in the study setting that comprise the study population. The authors stratified the census tracts by using demographic information from the most recent American Community Survey. The authors also used a multi-mode address-based design in which a household adult was invited through mail to participate in a web-based survey.FindingsThe authors found that racial/ethnic minorities (i.e. Latino, African American and Asian respondents) were more likely to experience racism and report police as biased than White residents. Racial and ethnic disparities in assessments of police bias, however, disappeared when controlling for direct and indirect experiences of racism, suggesting that experiences with racism are key factors explaining variations in perception of police bias across racial/ethnic groups.Research limitations/implicationsThe generalizability of the findings is unclear. Future research should focus on multiple cities to advance the understanding of perceptions of police bias. Second, the measures of direct and indirect experiences with racism do not identify the source of the problematic encounters, and thus the authors are unaware of the experiences respondents had with police officers.Practical implicationsThis paper includes the implications for the perceptions of police bias and how to improve police-citizen interactions.Social implicationsThis paper will facilitate ongoing debate on police-citizens interactions. Specifically, how experiences of racism can improve the understanding of bias toward the police.Originality/valueThis paper fulfills an research need to study perceptions of police bias among diverse immigrant populations.


The piezoelectric coefficient of intrinsic AlN is not meeting the demand from some high-performance applications in MEMS compared with the commercialized piezoelectric ceramics. Therefore, we conducted a first principles calculation investigation of the piezoelectric properties of Mg-Hf co-doped AlN structures with the same doping proportion (Mg x/2Hf x/2Al1−x N) to further improve the performance of AlN materials. The analysis results suggested the co-doped structures show decreased band gap values with a non-symmetrical charges assignation. Consequently, both the elastic constant C 33 and Young's modulus are largely reduced. Furthermore, the co-doped structure shows a drastically improved piezoelectric coefficient d 33 compared with intrinsic AlN.


Regular monitoring and comprehensive assessment of water quality and its associated processes require sophisticated analytical models to reveal concealed instruments controlling their properties. This information is essential to design monitoring frameworks and sustainable management of the water resources. Intelligent data analysis techniques like multivariate statistical models can greatly assist in water quality management programs. This paper provides basic knowledge of the five multivariate data mining approaches, namely, cluster analysis, principal component analysis, factor analysis, multiple linear regression analysis and discriminant analysis, and highlights their applications in the characterization and classification of the surface water quality. The applicability of multivariate tools for the river basin management is the principal focus of this communication. Furthermore, this literature review also presents some of the basic concepts of the newly employed source apportionment receptor modeling technique involving multiple linear regression (MLR) and absolute principal component scores (APCS-MLR model) for extensive water quality assessment.


We generated a 1-Tb/s single-carrier PDM-16QAM optical signal using InP MUX-DAC modules and an integrated CSRZ-OTDM modulator. The high symbol rate of 125 Gbaud was achieved by combining electronic and optical time-domain multiplexing.


Abstract. Lightning-generated whistlers lead to coupling between the troposphere, the Van Allen radiation belts and the lower-ionosphere through Whistler-induced electron precipitation (WEP). Lightning produced whistlers interact with cyclotron resonant radiation belt electrons, leading to pitch-angle scattering into the bounce loss cone and precipitation into the atmosphere. Here we consider the relative significance of WEP to the lower ionosphere and atmosphere by contrasting WEP produced ionisation rate changes with those from Galactic Cosmic Radiation (GCR) and solar photoionisation. During the day, WEP is never a significant source of ionisation in the lower ionosphere for any location or altitude. At nighttime, GCR is more significant than WEP at altitudes


Background: This study aims to investigate the feasibility of a laparoscopic multifunctional operative device (LMOD) in laparoscopic hepatectomy in both pigs and patients. Patients and Methods: A new laparoscopic operative device was specially designed and applied for laparoscopic liver resection in 6 pigs and 25 human patients. Of these patients 11 were men and 14 women. Their mean age was 43.3 years (range 35 to 56 years). Ten patients were diagnosed to have primary hepatocellular carcinoma, with 6 of whom suffering from mild liver cirrhosis, and the other 14 had hepatic hemangioma. Time of operation, time of liver transection, blood loss, weight of resected specimen and operative complications were measured. Venous blood was drawn for liver function tests before and after the operation. Both gross and microscope examinations were performed in animals 4 weeks after the operation. Results: All operations were performed successfully. However, 2 pigs died from anesthesia complication after the operation. The other animals recovered uneventful. In animal studies, the mean time of liver transection was 4 min and the biggest specimen 5 × 4 × 2 cm. Histological investigations performed on liver specimens taken from the surface of the liver remnant showed that fibrosis and necrosis were significantly enhanced in animals in which hepatectomy was done. In the human patients, the mean operating time was 100 min. Blood loss was 460 ml on average, and the size of the resected specimen ranged between 4 × 3 × 2 and 10 × 9 × 7 cm. Operative complications did not occur. Liver enzyme values were elevated after the operation in both animals and patients, but turned to normal within 1 week after the operation, at least in human patients. Conclusion: The LMOD can be used very effectively in laparoscopic hepatectomy by allowing a considerable number of manipulations such as dissection, coagulation, curettage, irrigation, and aspiration. The use of this instrument can help to keep clear the operative field, to decrease the blood loss and to shorten the operating time. Its use in minimal invasive hepatobiliary surgery is promising.


at this time received twenty-one injections of serum. Treatment was then discontinued. Patient's condition remained unchanged, the temperature varying between 1000 F. and 1020 F. until February 11. On the latter date they obtained from the Lister Institute serum from a horse which had previously been highly immunised with numerous strains of meningococcus-a polyvalent serum. To this horse had been added the organisn isolated from three patients in this epidemic, including this particular patient. On February 11, 30 c.c. of this serum were given. From 1 c.c. of the fluid removed at this time fifty colonies of meningococci grew. On the following day, fluid removed at puncture gave only three colonies; 30 c.c. of serum were again injected. Next day the treatment was omitted. On the following day a further injection of 30 c.c. was given, and the fluid removed was on this occasion sterile. Clinical improvement set in imnmediately the new treatment was commenced, and in four days the temperature had reverted to the normal, and had now remained so for ten days. A decubitus had commenced to heal before, but now the healing became rapid, and the patient promised to make an uninterrupted recovery. He thought that the experience which he had related was gratifying, in that it suggested that even when the outbreak did not yield to stock sera, one could in a few weeks produce a serum from the organism isolated from the cases from which efficient results could be expected.


In this paper, we provide a bound of the continuous ARE solution in terms of a matrix associated with Lyapunov solutions. Based on the new matrix-type bound, we also consider various scalar bounds and compare them with existing bounds. The major advantage of our results over existing results is that the new bounds can be always obtained if the stabilizing solution exists, whereas all existing bounds might not be computed because they require other conditions additional to the existence condition. key words: continuous ARE, upper bound


This paper studies how to enhance the document representation for the bi-encoder approach in dense document retrieval. The bi-encoder, separately encoding a query and a document as a single vector, is favored for high efficiency in large-scale information retrieval, compared to more effective but complex architectures. To combine the strength of the two, the multi-vector representation of documents for bi-encoder, such as ColBERT preserving all token embeddings, has been widely adopted. Our contribution is to reduce the size of the multi-vector representation, without compromising the effectiveness, supervised by query logs. Our proposed solution decreases the latency and the memory footprint, up to 8- and 3-fold, validated on MSMARCO and real-world search query logs.


In the food industry field, heat sterilization, as a routine sterilization approach, is widely adopted. During such a process, the prepackaged foods in cans or pouches are put into a autoclave which is filled with the hot water or steam used as the medium of the thermal process. People can, under some particular requirements, have the appropriate control of the sterilization process by adjusting the temperature of the medium. After a planned time, the heat process is stopped and the hot water or steam is cooled, which finish the sterilization. In the whole procedure, the aim is twofold. One is, to the utmost extent, to destroy the microorganisms which cause the food spoilage, while the other one is to keep the nutrient ingredients of foods in sterilization as much as possible. The contradicting intents make the sterilization process control difficult to build a sensitive balance between them. If we keep the time long enough and the heating temperature high enough, the harmful bacterium can be fully killed but at the same time it also damages the nutrient ingredients largely. This is not a satisfying result that we want to attain. On the contrary, if we, in a short time, heat the food at the low temperature, the nutrient ingredients of foods will be well saved but the effect of sterilization is rebated. This also violates the original intention of the sterilization. To overcome these difficulties and get the ideal sterilization effect, not only the chemical and food engineers and agriculture engineers but also applied mathematicians try to find a really effective control strategy. It should be remarked that the first reference dealing with the problem from a mathematical point of view is Berḿudez & Mart́ınez (1994), where the 3D control problem is stated, an optimality


Gitelman syndrome(GS) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by mutations in the SLC12A3 gene located in chromosome 16q13. The incidence of GS is 1-10∶40 000. SLC12A3 encodes thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporters(NCC) which play key roles in Na+ and Cl- reabsorption. GS is characterized by hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis in combination with significant hypomagnesaemia and low urinary calcium excretion. There are some correlations between genotypes and phenotypes. In previous studies, more than 500 mutations have been identified and some of them have been functionally analyzed. We review genetic mutations and functional studies related to GS as well as the relationship between genotypes and phenotypes, and summarize the research process in molecular genetics of GS.

Key words:
Gitelman syndrome; Na+ /Cl- cotransporter; SLC12A3 gene mutation


The text searchs to argue the formation of teachers as an event. The formation as event is a politics production that inside provokes a radical displacement of one same place, creating heterotopias that transform the direction and transform the actions of formation into practical of a education-minor: small daily events that quiet slide for beyond the borders of the instituted one, practical of resistance that when inserting producing in the product, substitute the generic processes of alienation - that multiply and spread out in daily of the school - for processes of emancipation of the subjectivity - that they make possible the expression of the singularitys.


The equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) process,mechanical properties and microstructure of Cu-25.04%Zn-3.83%Al-0.2%Zr(wt%) shape memory alloy were studied.The alloy could be processed with ECAP at 200℃,250℃,300℃,350℃,but the work-hardening was severe when processed at 200℃ and the repeat numbers of ECAP were limitary.Though 250℃ was higher than the alloy's recrystal temperature, when the numbers of ECAP increased there were cracks on the sample.The grain size grew heavily at 350℃,so the alloy's best temperature of ECAP was 300℃.The alloy's Brinell hardness increased rapidly from 149 to 252 through the first ECAP at 300℃,then it increased slowly and tended to be stable with the increasing of the number of ECAP.The alloy's grain size did not reduce clearly by ECAP at 300℃,but the grain boundaries were more clear and the grains were more regular.There were more wide-angle equiaxed grains and the microstructure was optimized.


The present investigation reports on the extended study of the third spectrum of indium (In III). This spectrum was previously analyzed in many articles, but, nevertheless, this study represents a significant extension of the previous analyses. The main new contribution is connected to the observation of transitions involving core-excited configurations. Previous data are critically evaluated and in some cases are corrected. The spectra were recorded on 3-m as well as on 10.7-m normal incidence spectrographs using a triggered spark source. Theoretical calculations were made with Cowan's code. The analysis results in the identifications of 70 spectral lines and determination of 24 new energy levels. In addition, the manuscript represents a compilation of all presently available data on In III.


Citation for published version: Tillin, T, Hughes, AD, Godsland, IF, Whincup, P, Forouhi, NG, Welsh, P, Sattar, N, McKeigue, PM & Chaturvedi, N 2013, 'Insulin Resistance and Truncal Obesity as Important Determinants of the Greater Incidence of Diabetes in Indian Asians and African Caribbeans Compared With Europeans: The Southall And Brent REvisited (SABRE) cohort' Diabetes Care, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 383-393. DOI: 10.2337/dc12-0544


The framework of an era is the basis for setting the direction of politics, society, economy and education. What is the framework for explaining the contemporary era? The researcher intend to put the post-human era in that frame. Therefore, this study will examine the characteristics of the posthuman age, which is being discussed, and then discuss the direction and value of education. The representation of the Received(November 1, 2019), Review Result(November 23, 2019) Accepted(December 18, 2019), Published(December 31, 2019) Post-Doc, 46241, Dept. of Ethics Education, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, Korea E-mail: email@example.com Ph.D. Course, 46241, Dept. of Education, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, Korea E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com (Corresponding Author) Professor, Dept. of Education, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, Korea E-mail: email@example.com * This study was financially supported by the 『2019 Post-Doc. Development Program』 of Pusan National University" Education toward 'The Human' in the Posthuman Era Copyright c 2019 HSST 270 present age is condensed into two characteristics. First, human nature is threatened. This is due to the movement of scientific and technological development to upgrade the machine to human status according to the desire to go beyond human limits. And second, the rate of response between individuals and groups. This means that large societies do not immediately respond to changes in the times, while individuals experience and accept change quickly. In this age change, 'knowledge' is used as 'the source of creative knowledge' rather than the object of consumption. Therefore, the role required in the realm of education is to provide an opportunity for experience in the posthuman era and to promote thinking to understand the relevance between the realms. In conclusion, the direction and value of education that we should pursue should be directed towards 'the human', not as a machine, and we should end up using the creative knowledge through the convergence between each domain as a subjective human.


This paper examines the changing boundaries of statehood resulting from transformations in the nature and operation of public and private authority over local and global politico-legal orders. Transformations in the political purposes of states are being driven by powerful elites who advance a new form of constitutional governance. New constitutionalism, as evidenced by the investor-state regime, subordinates the interests, purposes, and rights of national citizens to those of foreign, transnational politico-legal, and economic elites. This regime is a highly privatized order that is expanding in influence, both in terms of the commercial activities under its remit, and in terms of its procedural operation and its normative influence. The specific focus of this paper is on the investor-state regime, which is contributing to the expansion of private power and authority in the settlement of investment disputes. This regime is effecting two transformations in the scope and nature of statehood. One transformation involves the imposition of severe limits upon the legislative and policy autonomy of national governments that are being developed and enforced by private commercial actors without public accountability. In agreeing to protect the private property rights of foreign investors against legislation or public policy that might impair foreign investment, states are also limited in their abilities to ensure the protection of the social, economic, or human rights of their peoples. However, this expansion of private power and authority is generating a countermovement in the form of resistance to the regime. This resistance is giving rise to a conflicting transformation in statehood as national governments seek to regain their policy and legislative autonomy. In some cases, the impetus comes from local sources, while in others it emanates from global and international human rights fora. This paper begins with an overview of the operational nature of the investor-state regime and new constitutionalism, revealing how the procedural and substantive provisions of the regime reach deep inside states to set clear limits on their legislative and policy autonomy. It then examines a selection of cases before investor-state tribunals that reveal contestation and resistance to the regime through the reassertion by state governments of their sovereignty and through the influence of international human rights. It concludes with an exploration of the potential for this regime to advance human rights protections and suggests a few changes that might enhance the regime's democratic legitimacy.


Assessment of the quality of care has come to prominence over the past two decades with the increasing realisation that healthcare delivery is an increasingly complex task, that mistakes happen and that the process can be treated as a system to which the same techniques as are used in industry can be applied.

Quality assurance and quality improvement are the twin aims of the recently revamped British Thoracic Society (BTS) audit system, which has the added benefit of providing nationwide snap shots of current practice which can feed into guideline review and patient advocacy programmes.

The web-based system currently runs eight …


ABSTRACT This research article challenges the normative construction of RPPs as an inherently equitable, post-racial and ungendered methodological framework. By utilizing critical race theory broadly, and whiteness as property in particular, we highlight how without explicit consideration for the racialization of research identities, RPPs are incapable of disrupting oppressive power structures that hinder equity and social change. As WOC researchers working on a large National Science Foundation granted study, we witnessed two issues in RPP methodologies: (1) institutional power granted by Academe is negated when whiteness is prioritized and minoritized race/gender identities are involved; and (2) niceness is weaponized as a means of protecting education and research as the property of whites in order to maintain the status quo. By utilizing our counterstories to unpack and interrogate the onto-epistemological and sociopolitical infrastructure of RPPs, we offer implications and best practices for how to foster more transformative and racially-just research partnerships. Specifically, we use CRT to theorize a Critical Race-RPP (CR-RPP) methodology that seeks to decentre whiteness and privilege the voices and needs of People of Color and other marginalized communities within schools and academia.


Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogen that is difficult to identify by using current methods. Therefore, this study aimed to detect S. maltophilia in raw milk and some dairy products. A total of 90 raw milk samples including dairy farms, dairy shops and street vendors (30 samples each) were examined. Also, 60 cheese samples (30 Damietta cheese and 30 Kareish cheese), 30 cream and 30 cooking butter samples were examined. Results showed that 25 and 14 Stenotrophomonas isolates were recovered from milk and some milk products samples and identified as S. maltophilia by biochemical tests and PCR assay, respectively.


This document is part of a larger project, the Crime and Violence Prevention Training,1 a modular course of around 15 days which has been running annually since 2011 as a collaborative project between United States International University and Kenya School of Government, the foremost institute for the training of policy makers in Kenya. The project is sponsored by Open Society Initiative East Africa as part of its Crime and Violence Prevention Initiative in the region. The project is now moving to the county level in response to Kenya's new devolved government structure, and begins in the counties of Vihiga and Nakuru with this survey, which aims to establish a basis for the Crime and Violence Prevention Training course in these areas.


Based on the investigation of NO_x formation mechanism, a coal-fired utility boiler whose capacity is 1 004 t/h was studied. Excessive air coefficient, inclination of bumer and the way of coal supply were investigated through experimental method. Resuits indicated that under the condition of same boiler efficiency and burn-off rate, the operation conditions adopting the lower excessive air coefficient, upward bumers' inclination and pyramid coal-supply could reduce NO_x emission.


Abstract. Foothills rough fescue (Festuca campestris) grasslands provide important foraging habitat for wildlife and livestock in the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada. Foothills rough fescue is sensitive to grazing during late spring —early summer but is believed to be more tolerant of grazing during winter—early spring. We evaluated vegetation and soil impacts from long-term winter—early spring grazing at 2 intensities (HG = heavy grazing, LG = light grazing). We studied a foothills rough fescue grassland in west central Montana, USA, that had been grazed almost exclusively by Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni ) during winter—early spring for 58 years. Foothills rough fescue tolerated LG but not HG, whereas bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) and Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis) did not tolerate either LG or HG. Decreased productivity of foothills rough fescue in HG was accompanied by decreased herbaceous ground cover and increased abundance of the invasive dense clubmoss (Selaginella densa). Soil nutrient status (OM, C, N, C:N ratio) did not differ between HG and LG; however, soil bulk density was 18% greater in HG, and the Ah horizon was 20% thinner in HG. Overall, our results indicate that long-term elk grazing during winter—early spring degraded this terrestrial ecosystem, and we conclude that periodic rest from ungulate grazing during winter— early spring is necessary to sustain foothills rough fescue grasslands.


Bioenergy is becoming increasingly relevant as an alternative to fossil fuels. Various bioenergy feedstocks are suggested as environmentally friendly solutions due to their positive impact on stream health and ability to sequester carbon, but most evaluations for bioenergy feedstocks have not evaluated the implications of bioenergy crop production holistically to date. Through the application of multi-objective optimization on 10 bioenergy feedstock rotations in a Michigan watershed, a Pareto front is searched to identify optimal trade-off solutions for three objective functions representing stream health, environmental emissions/carbon footprint, and economic feasibility. Various multi-criteria decision-making techniques are then applied to the resulting Pareto front to select a set of most-preferred trade-off solutions, which are compared to optimal solutions from each individual objective function. The most-preferred trade-off solutions indicate that a diverse mix of rotations are necessary to optimize all three objectives, whereas the individually optimal solutions do not consider a diverse range of feedstocks, thereby making the proposed multi-objective treatment an important and pragmatic strategy.