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Publication - Advice and guidance
Beef labelling: guidance
- Directorate:
- Agriculture and Rural Delivery Directorate
- Part of:
- Farming and rural
- 9780755994571
A guide on the compulsory beef labelling system and the beef labelling scheme (the approval system for other labelling claims) for people and organisations selling beef in Scotland.
Section C: New labelling rules on the marketing of meat of bovine animals aged 12 months or less
1. How should you categorise meat of bovine animals aged 12 months or less?
On slaughter, all bovine animals aged 12 months or less must be categorised into one of the following 2 categories:
- category V: bovine animals aged 8 months or less i.e. bovines from the day of birth until they reach the age of 8 months (ctegory identification letter "V")
- category Z: bovine animals aged more than 8 months but not more than 12 months ie bovines from the day after reaching the age of 8 months until the day they reach the age of 12 months (ctegory identification letter "Z")
Category "Z" includes fast growing young bulls reared under a normal beef finishing system that reach slaughter weight at less than 12 months of age as well as calves formerly reared to 8 months and over under a rosé veal system.
The categorisation must be carried out on the basis of the information contained in the passport accompanying the bovine animals, or failing this, on the basis of the data contained in the Cattle Tracing System (CTS). The category identification letters must be placed immediately after slaughter and must be indicated on the outside surface of the carcase by using labels or stamps. The labels must be of a size not less than 50cm² and in cases where stamps are used, the letter shall be not less than two centimetres in height. The labels or stamps must be applied on the hindquarters on the striploin at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra and on the forequarters, on the brisket between 10 and 30 centimetres from the cut edge of the sternum.
2. What labelling/sales descriptions should be applied?
The meat of bovine animals aged 12 months or less can only be marketed in the Member States under the compulsory sales description(s) as listed in the EU legislation. The sales description may be supplemented by an indication of the name or designation of the pieces of meat or offal concerned, if required.
For meat marketed in the UK the following sales descriptions apply:
- meat from animals slaughtered aged 8 months or less must be described as " veal"
- meat from animals aged more that 8 months but not more than 12 months must be described as " beef"
The sales descriptions vary between Member States. These are laid down in the relevant EU legislation, see Annex X1a to Regulation (EC) No. 1234/2007 as amended (previously Annex II of Council Regulation (EC) No. 700/2007).
At each stage of production and marketing, the meat must be labelled with the following information:
The age of the animals on slaughter using the wording:
- "age on slaughter: up to 8 months" in the case of animals aged 8 months or less
- "age on slaughter: from 8-12 months" in the case of animals aged more than 8 months but not more than 12 months
However, operators may at each stage of production and marketing, except on release to the final consumer, replace the wording above with the category identification letter (V or Z).
The relevant minimum sales descriptions as laid down for the UK in Annex Xia of Regulation (EC) No. 1234/2007 as amended (previously Annex II of Council Regulation (EC) No. 700/2007).
The indications of the age of the bovine animal on slaughter and the sales descriptions must be:
- clearly legible at each stage of production and marketing
- presented in the same visual field and on the same label at the point of sale of the meat to the final consumer
3. Can I mix batches of offal from bovines aged 12 months or less?
Mixing batches of offal is permitted provided that they are appropriately labelled. If the mixture includes offal from bovines of less than 8 months and of bovines between 8 and 12 months, both sales descriptions and age brackets should be shown on the label. The age brackets may be replaced by the corresponding category identification letter V or Z at each stage of production and marketing, except on release to the final consumer.
The use of the wording "calves liver" as a supplement to the sales description is acceptable in the case of liver from bovines aged less than 8 months (Category V). However, use of the wording "calves liver" should not be used in the case of bovines from 8 to 12 months (Category Z) in the UK because we have designated any meat of 8 months and above as "beef", and calling it "calves liver" could cause confusion among customers.
4. Can the meat of bovines aged up to 8 months and that of 8-12 months be mixed?
With the exception of offal, mixing of meat of different categories is not permitted, as the purpose of the Regulation is to separate the two types of meat by age. There is no requirement in the Regulation for physical separation of, for example, labelled boned out meat in chillers.
5. Can supplementary information be applied to my labelling?
Under the new Regulation, operators are permitted to supplement the compulsory descriptions "veal" (Category V) or "beef" (Category Z) on the label with optional information approved in accordance with the procedure laid down in Articles 16 or 17 of Regulation ( EC) No. 1760/2000 (under the provisions of the voluntary Beef Labelling Scheme). Operators may therefore apply under the voluntary scheme to use supplementary descriptions which, for example, refer to the manner in which the calves are reared in relation to their feeding and housing conditions, in order to produce welfare friendly veal or beef.
6. Can I use the term Rosé veal?
Producers and sellers of veal (Category V) are not permitted to label their product as "rosé veal". The term "rosé veal" appears in Annex XIa III 2(B) of Council Regulation 1234/2007 (as amended) for use with Category Z animals only and may only be used in this way in the Member States that have decided to do so. We have chosen to use the term "beef" to apply to Category Z animals.
7. Use of two or more descriptions
The sales description applicable for the Member State in which the meat is marketed needs to be put on the label. It is possible for the meat to have two or more different labels on it at the same time covering the sales descriptions in different Member States.
8. What are the recording obligations for operators?
At slaughterhouse level, operators must record an indication of the identification number and the date of birth of the animals.


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Mentor Graphics Corporation (Nasdaq: MENT) today announced that its SmartFill model-based planarity flow has been qualified for TSMC's 65 and 40 nanometer (nm) processes. By reducing metal thickness variability, model based metal filling can help improve systematic and parametric yield. The SmartFill flow integrates the Calibre® CMPAnalyzer and YieldEnhancer facilities, and TSMC's DFM (design for manufacturing) data kit (DDK). The SmartFill qualification is a continuation of the DFM between Mentor Graphics and TSMC under TSMC's Active Accuracy Assurance (AAA) program.
"Making the best use of foundry data in an accurate and consistent manner with EDA partners is a goal of our AAA initiative. We envision further collaboration with Mentor Graphics as AAA expands to capture more of advanced process technologies' inherent value," said S.T. Juang, Sr. Director of Design Infrastructure Marketing, TSMC.
The Calibre CMPAnalyzer tool is the foundation of the Mentor CMP solution. CMPAnalyzer is directly linked with VCMP, TSMC's CMP simulator, to provide 3-D hotspot detection and to determine an optimum filling strategy. CMPAnalyzer then passes the appropriate information to the SmartFill function of the Calibre YieldEnhancer tool, which adds the fill elements directly into the layout design database. The combination of accurate foundry data and intelligent fill analysis improves parametric yield by reducing thickness variation that affects resistance while minimizing the capacitance added to the design. CMPAnalyzer also generates thickness values that can be incorporated into the Calibre xRCTM tool for more accurate parasitic extraction. CMPAnalyzer and YieldEnhancer are built on the Calibre nm Platform, the industry's leading physical verification platform known for delivering best-in-class performance, accuracy, and reliability.
To see more of the press release, go to:

subset: commoncrawl


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CoherentRx Engage is the best way to save time while engaging your patients.
CoherentRx Engage is a powerful new service that helps healthcare workforces combat the risks of low patient comprehension.
The failure to properly educate patients is one of the foremost causes of workplace inefficiency, wasted spending and needless risk, dramatically increasing the potential for readmission, malpractice claims and governmental penalties.
This patient's lack of understanding will not only affect her treatment outcomes. It will waste your time and resources, putting her, your other patients, and your organization at risk.
With CoherentRx Engage, you will:
- Save time explaining when explaining diagnoses, treatment plans and procedures
- Increase patient satisfaction scores
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CoherentRx Engage Features:
- 3D ANATOMY: Our realtime 3D anatomy visuals are the best-in-class; easy to use and understand
- LABELS: Tap any body part to display its name; great for medical students, patients and for staff review
- MAKE YOUR OWN ANATOMY VISUALS: Use the drawing tool to help explain complex diagnoses, procedures and treatment plans
- SAVE TREATMENT INFO TO YOUR LIBRARY: Save annotated anatomy screenshots and upload your personal patient education materials to distribute them via text or email
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- IN-APP CAMERA: Photograph MRIs, X-rays, any anything else you'd like to quickly share with your patients


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The program shared tour of Sorrento, Positano, Pompeii:
Meeting time at 08.00: your driver will be waiting beside where your ship is berthed holding a name sign so you are able to identify him.
From there he will take you straight to Pompeii avoiding all the problems with parking as he will take you directly to the site. Your personal guide will be waiting for you, will explain to you the history of the city as you take in the baths, villas, theatres and wrestling grounds: a fascinating two-hour tour through this amazing place. Read more ... Then onto Sorrento passing through a magnificent landscape of cliffs beaches and the great view of the Volcano Vesuvius that you will leave behind you.
Finally onto Positano, your chauffeur will descend the winding one-way road that leads to the heart of Positano, a pretty village of seaside villas, covered in orange blossom and roses. Explore the busy central Piazza dei Mulini, connected to a narrow downhill path and some occasional flights of steps that lead to the seafront. Follow the streets to the shops selling ceramics, lemons, shoes and "Positano fashion" clothing, and don't miss the lovely Church of Sant Maria of the Assumption, with its characteristic majolica tiled dome and bell tower. Positano is one of the villages that symbolizes what the amalfi coast is all about.
Read less
Pompeii Ruins
The long catastrophic eruption of the Vesuvius in the year AD 79 drowned the thriving and bustling city of Pompeii in 20 to 23 feet of ash and pumice. It was lost for nearly 1700 years before its accidental rediscovery in 1749. Since then four-fifths of the city was excavated and a walk through the excavations is a once-in-a-lifetime journey into the past, offering an insight into the life of a city at the height of the Roman Empire. Surprisingly, many objects (such as bottles, glassware and silverware) were found intact in the city's homes, filled with splendid frescoes, some of which are on display in Naples' Museo Archeologico Nazionale. Being an important commercial centre in Campania felix, played a strategic role in the redistribution of goods between Rome, the inland cities and the ports on the Mediterranean. The life of the city centred around the Forum. Still today one can admire the remains of the Basilica, seat of justice and chamber of commerce, religious buildings and the Macellum, site of the marketplace. From the main square streets lead off to the ancient city, revealing majestic houses, such as the House of the Faun and the House of the Vettii, with their splendid frescoes. The shops in Via dell'Abbondanza, offer a lively impression of everyday life two thousands years ago. From here we carry on to the Stabian Baths, the oldest public baths in Pompeii, ending up at the massively impressive Amphitheatre, where even today, as in the Large Theatre, there are concerts and theatrical productions. Just outside the city, stands the Villa of the Mysteries, the most 'enigmatic' monument in Pompeii, with its grand fresco celebrating the mysterious cult of Dionysus. In summer the ruins can also be visited at night. 'Suggestioni al foro' is a theatrical production which, through sounds and voices echoing around the temples and houses, recreates the atmosphere of the 'lost' city. The visit ends with a multimedia show which reconstructs the dramatic phases of the eruption with special effects and filmed images. Today, this UNESCO World Heritage Site is one of the most popular tourist attractions of Italy, with approximately 2,500,000 visitors every year.
Sorrento is the most important city on the Sorrento Peninsula which puts out into the sea between the Bay of Naples and the Gulf of Sorrento. It is sing by poets and writers for its spectacular charm. Sorrento, not to be rhetorical, is indeed the land of colours which are bright or delicate depending on the change of the season: the blu of the sea, the light blu like the colour of the traditional crafts that the fisherman face the sea in, green like the pine and olive treets that frame the magnificent view of the gulf, like the orange and lemon treets that give the air its sweet smell, like the vegetation and the gardens that are the pride of the people of Sorrento. Many civilizations have passed through here: the Etruscans, the Greeks, who give the city its urban layout that is still clearly visible today in the historical centre, the Oscans, the Romans; later the subjugation to Byzantium, the seek by the Longobards, the conquest by the Normans, the influence of the Aragonese. After a long period of stagnation, the beginning of the 1700 saw a period of cultural and economic rebirth for the whole Sorrentine Peninsula, which reached its climax during the 1800. In this period Sorrento become a touristic destination and it was included in the so-called "Grand Tour", a journey through Italy that every noble European son had to make to complete his cultural formation. For that reason guests such as Byron, Keats, Scott, Dickens, Goethe, Wagner and Nitzsche come to stay in Sorrento in search of sun and inspiration. In the same time also the tourist industry was born that is now the most important sector of the Sorrentine economy. Today Sorrento is a charming city, rich of artistic sights as St. Francis's Church, Villa Comunale, Correale Museum and the Cathedral. As legends tell Ulisses resisted here the call of the sirens. The city is also the birthplace of Tasso (1544), the author of Jerusalem Delivered. The villa where he was born is now part of the well known Hotel Tramontano. In the many restaurants of the city you can taste several specialities of the traditional local way of cooking as the "pizza", "gnocchi alla sorrentina".
Set into the mountain, surrounded by rich mediterranean vegetation, Positano is so picturesque as to seem a spontaneous stage setting. Seen from the sea it looks like a huge nativity scene, a waterfall of little multicoloured houses clinging onto its sides. The town develops vertically. The homes, one on top of the other, are characterised by arched porticos that give onto the sea, and are painted in pastel colours, giving it the look of a multifaceted precious stone. It is not for nothing that Positano is called "the gem of the divine coast". The narrow streets, lined with boutiques, run downhill between the houses flowing onto the Spiaggia Grande, a wide beach. From here there is a beautiful view of the sea, as well as of the town as it clambers up the mountainside. On the main square of Positano is the parish Church of Santa Maria Assunta, there since the year 1,000. The great coloured majolica cupola is visible from all over town. The little beaches of Positano are charming, and easy to get to on foot or by boat: Fornillo, Fiumicello and Arienzo. Positano is a holiday destination appreciated for VIP vacations. Illustrious artists, fashion moguls and screen stars love to come here to relax. A few miles from the coast are Li Galli, or "Sirenuse", a tiny archipelago made up of three islets: the Gallo Lungo, the Rotonda and the Castelluccio, considered the ancient dwellings of the enchanting Sirens. Positano is not just about the sea: pleasant walks take one to visit the evocative areas around Lattari Mountains, like Montepertuso, so-called because it is said that the Madonna appeared here in a hole in the cliff ("pertuso" stands for hole) . A stairway of 1,700 steps takes you to Nocelle. It is from here that the famous Trail of the Gods (Sentiero degli Dei) begins, with beautiful views over the entire coast. Or you can reach the beautiful coastal Punta San Pietro, where there is a little church on a precipice over the sea.
|Mercedes Benz "Sedan"
|Mercedes Benz "Viano"
|Mercedes Benz "Vito"
|Shared Tour
|59,00 €/pax
|79,00 €/pax
|69,00 €/pax
|Private Tour
|1.120,00 €/vehicle
|420,00 €/vehicle
|470,00 €/vehicle
This tour will take you to the most interesting places in Naples. Depending on which port of call, the tour start around at 08.00am: your driver will be waiting beside where your...
A private day tour on the three main sites that represent the eruption of the volcano Vesuvius. Pompeii, Herculaneum and Vesuvius for visitors who are interested in Roman history...
A Great private Day Tour to explore the scenic grandeur of the Amalfi Coast with your own private driver excursion trained to chauffeur you from town to town on this private...


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July 14, 2019
La cohérence en œil de poisson : maintenir la synchronisation des données dans un monde géo-répliqué
Fisheye Consistency: Keeping Data in Synch in a Georeplicated World
Roy Friedman††thanks: The Technion Haifa, Israel, Michel Raynal††thanks: Institut Universitaire de France††thanks: Université de Rennes 1, IRISA François Taïani22footnotemark: 2 \authorheadR. Friedman, M. Raynal & F. Taïani
Au cours des trente dernières années, de nombreuses conditions de cohérence pour les données répliquées ont été proposées et mises en oeuvre. Les exemples courants de ces conditions comprennent la linéarisabilité (ou atomicité), la cohérence séquentielle, la cohérence causale, et la cohérence éventuelle. Ces conditions de cohérence sont généralement définies indépendamment des entités informatiques (noeuds) qui manipulent les données répliquées; c'est à dire qu'elles ne prennent pas en compte la façon dont les entités informatiques peuvent être liées les unes aux autres, ou géographiquement distribuées. Pour combler ce manque, ce document introduit la notion de graphe de proximité entre les noeuds de calcul d'un système réparti. Si deux noeuds sont connectés dans ce graphe, leurs activités doivent satisfaire une condition de cohérence forte, tandis que les opérations invoquées par d'autres noeuds peuvent ne satisfaire qu'une condition plus faible. Nous proposons d'utiliser un tel graphe pour fournir une approche générique à l'hybridation de conditions de cohérence des données dans un même système. Nous illustrons cette approche sur l'exemple de la cohérence séquentielle et de la cohérence causale, et présentons un modèle dans lequel, d'une part, toutes les opérations sont causalement cohérentes, et, d'autre part, les opérations par des processus qui sont voisins dans le graphe de proximité satisfont la cohérence séquentielle. Nous proposons et prouvons un algorithme distribué basé sur ce graphe de proximité, qui combine la cohérence séquentielle et la cohérence causal (nous appelons la cohérence obtenue cohérence en oeil de poisson). Ce faisant, le papier non seulement étend le domaine des conditions de cohérence, mais fournit une solution algorithmiquement correcte et générique directement applicable aux systèmes géo–répartis modernes.
Over the last thirty years, numerous consistency conditions for replicated data have been proposed and implemented. Popular examples of such conditions include linearizability (or atomicity), sequential consistency, causal consistency, and eventual consistency. These consistency conditions are usually defined independently from the computing entities (nodes) that manipulate the replicated data; i.e., they do not take into account how computing entities might be linked to one another, or geographically distributed. To address this lack, as a first contribution, this paper introduces the notion of proximity graph between computing nodes. If two nodes are connected in this graph, their operations must satisfy a strong consistency condition, while the operations invoked by other nodes are allowed to satisfy a weaker condition. The second contribution is the use of such a graph to provide a generic approach to the hybridization of data consistency conditions into the same system. We illustrate this approach on sequential consistency and causal consistency, and present a model in which all data operations are causally consistent, while operations by neighboring processes in the proximity graph are sequentially consistent. The third contribution of the paper is the design and the proof of a distributed algorithm based on this proximity graph, which combines sequential consistency and causal consistency (the resulting condition is called fisheye consistency). In doing so the paper not only extends the domain of consistency conditions, but provides a generic provably correct solution of direct relevance to modern georeplicated systems.
Asynchronous message-passing system, Broadcast abstraction, Causal consistency, Data consistency, Data replication, Geographical distribution, Linearizability, Provable property, Sequential consistency.
Systèmes par passage de messages asynchrones, Abstractions de diffusion, Cohérence Causale, Cohérence des données, Réplication des données, Distribution géographiques, Linéarisabilité, Propriété prouvables, Cohérence Séquentielle
1 Introduction
Data consistency in distributed systems
Distributed computer systems are growing in size, be it in terms of machines, data, or geographic distribution. Insuring strong consistency guarantees (e.g., linearizability [20]) in such large-scale systems has attracted a lot of attention over the years, and remains today a highly challenging area, for reasons of cost, failures, and scalability. One popular strategy to address these challenges has been to propose and implement weaker guarantees (e.g., causal consistency [3], or eventual consistency [39]).
These weaker consistency models are not a desirable goal in themselves [6], but rather an unavoidable compromise to obtain acceptable performance and availability [8, 13, 40]. These works try in general to minimize the violations of strong consistency, as these create anomalies for programmers and users. They further emphasize the low probability of such violations in their real deployments [15].
Recent related works
For brevity, we cannot name all the many weak consistency conditions that have been proposed in the past. We focus instead on the most recent works in this area. One of the main hurdles in building systems and applications based on weak consistency models is how to generate an eventually consistent and meaningful image of the shared memory or storage [39]. In particular, a paramount sticking point is how to handle conflicting concurrent write (or update) operations and merge their result in a way that suits the target application. To that end, various conditions that enables custom conflict resolution and a host of corresponding data-types have been proposed and implemented [4, 5, 10, 14, 26, 30, 36, 35].
Another form of hybrid consistency conditions can be found in the seminal works on release consistency [18, 21] and hybrid consistency [7, 16], which distinguish between strong and weak operations such that strong operations enjoy stronger consistency guarantees than weak operations. Additional mechanisms and frameworks that enable combining operations of varying consistency levels have been recently proposed in the context of large scale and geo-replicated data centers [38, 40].
Motivation and problem statement
In spite of their benefits, the above consistency conditions generally ignore the relative "distance" between nodes in the underlying "infrastructure", where the notions of "distance" and "infrastructure" may be logical or physical, depending on the application. This is unfortunate as distributed systems must scale out and geo-replication is becoming more common. In a geo-replicated system, the network latency and bandwidth connecting nearby servers is usually at least an order of magnitude better than what is obtained between remote servers. This means that the cost of maintaining strong consistency among nearby nodes becomes affordable compared to the overall network costs and latencies in the system.
Some production-grade systems acknowledge the importance of distance when enforcing consistency, and do propose consistency mechanisms based on node locations in a distributed system (e.g. whether nodes are located in the same or in different data-centers). Unfortunately these production-grade systems usually do not distinguish between semantics and implementation. Rather, their consistency model is defined in operational terms, whose full implications can be difficult to grasp. In Cassandra [22], for instance, the application can specify for each operation the type of consistency guarantee it desires. For example, the constraints QUORUM and ALL require the involvement of a quorum of replicas and of all replicas, respectively; while LOCAL_QUORUM is satisfied when a quorum of the local data center is contacted, and EACH_QUORUM requires a quorum in each data center. These guarantees are defined by their implementation, but do not provide the programmer with a precise image of the consistency they deliver.
The need to take into account "distance" into consistency models, and the current lack of any formal underpinning to do so are exactly what motivates the hybridization of consistency conditions that we propose in this paper (which we call fisheye consistency). Fisheye consistency conditions provide strong guarantees only for operations issued at nearby servers. In particular, there are many applications where one can expect that concurrent operations on the same objects are likely to be generated by geographically nearby nodes, e.g., due to business hours in different time zones, or because these objects represent localized information, etc. In such situations, a fisheye consistency condition would in fact provide global strong consistency at the cost of maintaining only locally strong consistency.
Consider for instance a node that is "close" to a node , but "far" from a node , a causally consistent read/write register will offer the same (weak) guarantees to on the operations of , as on the operations of . This may be suboptimal, as many applications could benefit from varying levels of consistency conditioned on "how far" nodes are from each other. Stated differently: a node can accept that "remote" changes only reach it with weak guarantees (e.g., because information takes time to travel), but it wants changes "close" to it to come with strong guarantees (as "local" changes might impact it more directly).
In this work, we propose to address this problem by integrating a notion of node proximity in the definition of data consistency. To that end, we formally define a new family of hybrid consistency models that links the strength of data consistency with the proximity of the participating nodes. In our approach, a particular hybrid model takes as input a proximity graph, and two consistency conditions, taken from a set of totally ordered consistency conditions, namely a strong one and a weaker one. A classical set of totally ordered conditions is the following one: linearizability, sequential consistency, causal consistency, and PRAM-consistency [25]. Moreover, as already said, the notion of proximity can be geographical (cluster-based physical distribution of the nodes), or purely logical (as in some peer-to-peer systems).
The philosophy we advocate is related to that of Parallel Snapshot Isolation (PSI) proposed in [37]. PSI combines strong consistency (Snapshot Isolation) for transactions started at nodes in the same site of a geo-replicated system, but only ensures causality among transactions started at different sites. In addition, PSI prevents write-write conflicts by preventing concurrent transactions with conflicting write sets, with the exception of commutable objects.
Although PSI and our work operate at different granularities (fisheye-consistency is expressed on individual operations, each accessing a single object, while PSI addresses general transactions), they both show the interest of consistency conditions in which nearby nodes enjoy stronger semantics than remote ones. In spite of this similitude, however, the family of consistency conditions we propose distinguishes itself from PSI in a number of key dimensions. First, PSI is a specific condition while fisheye-consistency offers a general framework for defining multiple such conditions. PSI only distinguished between nodes at the same physical site and remote nodes, whereas fisheye-consistency accepts arbitrary proximity graphs, which can be physical or logical. Finally, the definition of PSI is given in [37] by a reference implementation, whereas fisheye-consistency is defined in functional terms as restrictions on the ordering of operations that can be seen by applications, independently of the implementation we propose. As a result, we believe that our formalism makes it easier for users to express and understand the semantics of a given consistency condition and to prove the correctness of a program written w.r.t. such a condition.
The paper is composed of 6 sections. Section 2 introduces the system model and two classical data consistency conditions, namely, sequential consistency (SC) [24] and causal consistency (CC) [3]. Then, Section 3 defines the notion of proximity graph and the associated fisheye consistency condition, which considers SC as its strong condition and CC as its weak condition. Section 4 presents a broadcast abstraction, and Section 5 builds on top of this communication abstraction a distributed algorithm implementing this hybrid proximity-based data consistency condition. These algorithms are generic, where the genericity parameter is the proximity graph. Interestingly, their two extreme instantiations provide natural implementations of SC and CC. Finally, Section 6 concludes the paper.
2 System Model and Basic Consistency Conditions
2.1 System model
The system consists of processes denoted , …, . We note the set of all processes. Each process is sequential and asynchronous. "Asynchronous" means that each process proceeds at its own speed, which is arbitrary, may vary with time, and remains always unknown to the other processes. Said differently, there is no notion of a global time that could be used by the processes.
Processes communicate by sending and receiving messages through channels. Each channel is reliable (no message loss, duplication, creation, or corruption), and asynchronous (transit times are arbitrary but finite, and remain unknown to the processes). Each pair of processes is connected by a bi-directional channel.
2.2 Basic notions and definitions
This section is a short reminder of the fundamental notions typically used to define the consistency guarantees of distributed objects, namely, operation, history, partial order on operations, and history equivalence. Interested readers will find in-depth presentations of these notions in textbooks such as [9, 19, 27, 31].
Concurrent objects with sequential specification
A concurrent object is an object that can be simultaneously accessed by different processes. At the application level the processes interact through concurrent objects [19, 31]. Each object is defined by a sequential specification, which is a set including all the correct sequences of operations and their results that can be applied to and obtained from the object. These sequences are called legal sequences.
Execution history
The execution of a set of processes interacting through objects is captured by a history , where is a partial order on the set of the object operations invoked by the processes.
Concurrency and sequential history
If two operations are not ordered in a history, they are said to be concurrent. A history is said to be sequential if it does not include any concurrent operations. In this case, the partial order is a total order.
Equivalent history
Let represent the projection of onto the process , i.e., the restriction of to operations occurring at process . Two histories and are equivalent if no process can distinguish them, i.e.,
Legal history
being a sequential history, let represent the projection of onto the object . A history is legal if, for any object , the sequence belongs to the specification of .
Process Order
Notice that since we assumed that processes are sequential, we restrict the discussion in this paper to execution histories for which for every process , is sequential. This total order is also called the process order for .
2.3 Sequential consistency
Intuitively, an execution is sequentially consistent if it could have been produced by executing (with the help of a scheduler) the processes on a monoprocessor. Formally, a history is sequentially consistent (SC) if there exists a history such that:
is sequential,
is legal (the specification of each object is respected),
and are equivalent (no process can distinguish —what occurred—and —what we would like to see, to be able to reason about).
One can notice that SC does not demand that the sequence respects the real-time occurrence order on the operations. This is the fundamental difference between linearizability and SC.
An example of a history that is sequentially consistent is shown in Figure 1. Let us observe that, although op occurs before op in physical time, op does not see the effect of the write operation op, and still returns . A legal sequential history , equivalent to , can be easily built, namely,
2.4 Causal consistency
In a sequentially consistent execution, all processes perceive all operations in the same order, which is captured by the existence of a sequential and legal history . Causal consistency [3] relaxes this constraint for read-write registers, and allows different processes to perceive different orders of operations, as long as causality is preserved.
Formally, a history in which processes interact through concurrent read/write registers is causally consistent (CC) if:
There is a causal order on the operations of , i.e., a partial order that links each read to at most one latest write (or otherwise to an initial value ), so that the value returned by the read is the one written by this latest write and respects the process order of all processes.
For each process , there is a sequential and legal history that
is equivalent to , where is the sub-history of that contains all operations of , plus the writes of all the other processes,
respects (i.e., ).
Intuitively, this definition means that all processes see causally related write operations in the same order, but can see operations that are not causally related () in different orders.
An example of causally consistent execution is given in Figure 2. The processes and observe the write operations on by (op) and (op) in two different orders. This is acceptable in a causally consistent history because op and op are not causally related. This would not be acceptable in a sequentially consistent history, where the same total order on operations must be observed by all the processes. (When considering read/write objects, this constitutes the maim difference between SC and CC.)
3 The Family of Fisheye Consistency Conditions
This section introduces a hybrid consistency model based on (a) two consistency conditions and (b) the notion of a proximity graph defined on the computing nodes (processes). The two consistency conditions must be totally ordered in the sense that any execution satisfying the stronger one also satisfies the weaker one. Linearizability and SC define such a pair of consistency conditions, and similarly SC and CC are such a pair.
3.1 The notion of a proximity graph
Let us assume that for physical or logical reasons linked to the application, each process (node) can be considered either close to or remote from other processes. This notion of "closeness" can be captured trough a proximity graph denoted , whose vertices are the processes of the system (). The edges are undirected. denotes the neighbors of in .
The aim of is to state the level of consistency imposed on processes in the following sense: the existence of an edge between two processes in imposes a stronger data consistency level than between processes not connected in .
To illustrate the semantic of , we extend the original scenario that Ahamad, Niger et al use to motivate causal consistency in [3]. Consider the three processes of Figure 3, , , and . Processes and interact closely with one another and behave symmetrically : they concurrently write the shared variable , then set the flags and respectively to , and finally read . By contrast, process behaves sequentially w.r.t. and : waits for and to write on , using the flags and , and then writes .
If we assume a model that provides causal consistency at a minimum, the write of by is guaranteed to be seen after the writes of and by all processes (because waits on and to be set to ). Causal consistency however does not impose any consistent order on the writes of and on . In the execution shown on Figure 4, this means that although reads in (and thus sees the write of after its own write), might still read in (thus perceiving '.write(1)' and '.write(2)' in the opposite order to that of ).
Sequential consistency removes this ambiguity: in this case, in Figure 4, can only read (the value it wrote) or (written by ), but not . Sequential consistency is however too strong here: because the write operation of is already causally ordered with those of and , this operation does not need any additional synchronization effort. This situation can be seen as an extension of the write concurrency freedom condition introduced in [3]: is here free of concurrent write w.r.t. and , making causal consistency equivalent to sequential consistency for . and however write to concurrently, in which case causal consistency is not enough to ensure strongly consistent results.
If we assume and execute in the same data center, while is located on a distant site, this example illustrates a more general case in which, because of a program's logic or activity patterns, no operations at one site ever conflict with those at another. In such a situation, rather than enforce a strong (and costly) consistency in the whole system, we propose a form of consistency that is strong for processes within the same site (here and ), but weak between sites (here between on one hand and on the other).
In our model, the synchronization needs of individual processes are captured by the proximity graph introduced at the start of this section and shown in Figure 5: and are connected, meaning the operations they execute should be perceived as strongly consistent w.r.t. one another ; is neither connected to nor , meaning a weaker consistency is allowed between the operations executed at and those of and .
3.2 Fisheye consistency for the pair (sequential consistency, causal consistency)
When applied to the scenario of Figure 4, fisheye consistency combines two consistency conditions (a strong and a weaker one, here causal and sequential consistency) and a proximity graph to form an hybrid distance-based consistency condition, which we call -fisheye (SC,CC)-consistency.
The intuition in combining SC and CC is to require that (write) operations be observed in the same order by all processes if:
They are causally related (as in causal consistency),
Or they occur on "close" nodes (as defined by ).
Formal definition
Formally, we say that a history is -fisheye (SC,CC)-consistent if:
There is a causal order induced by (as in causal consistency); and
can be extended to a subsuming order (i.e. ) so that
where is the restriction of to the write operations of and ; and
for each process there is a history that
(a) is sequential and legal;
(b) is equivalent to ; and
(c) respects , i.e., .
If we apply this definition to the example of Figure 4 with the proximity graph proposed in Figure 5 we obtain the following: because and are connected in , by and by must be totally ordered in (and hence in any sequential history perceived by any process ). by must be ordered after the writes on by and because of the causality imposed by . As a result, if the system is -fisheye (SC,CC)-consistent, b? can be equal to or , but not to . This set of possible values is as in sequential consistency, with the difference that -fisheye (SC,CC)-consistency does not impose any total order on the operation of .
Given a system of processes, let denote the graph with no edges, and denote the graph with an edge connecting each pair of distinct processes. It is easy to see that CC is -fisheye (SC,CC)-consistency. Similarly SC is -fisheye (SC,CC)-consistency.
A larger example
Figure 6 and Table 1 illustrate the semantic of -fisheye (SC,CC) consistency on a second, larger, example. In this example, the processes and on one hand, and and on the other hand, are neighbors in the proximity graph (shown on the left). There are two pairs of write operations: and on the register , and and on the register . In a sequentially consistency history, both pairs of writes must be seen in the same order by all processes. As a consequence, if sees the value first () and then the value () for , must do the same, and only the value can be returned by x?. For the same reason, only the value can be returned by y?, as shown in the first line of Table 1.
|Sequential Consistency
|Causal Consistency
|-fisheye (SC,CC)-consistency
In a causally consistent history, however, both pairs of writes ( and ) are causally independent. As a result, any two processes can see each pair in different orders. x? may return 2 or 3, and y? 4 or 5 (second line of Table 1).
-fisheye (SC,CC)-consistency provides intermediate guarantees: because and are neighbors in , and must be observed in the same order by all processes. x? must return 3, as in a sequentially consistent history. However, because and are not connected in , and may be seen in different orders by different processes (as in a causally consistent history), and y? may return 4 or 5 (last line of Table 1).
4 Construction of an Underlying (SC,CC)-Broadcast Operation
Our implementation of -fisheye (SC,CC)-consistency relies on a broadcast operation with hybrid ordering guarantees. In this section, we present this hybrid broadcast abstraction, before moving on the actual implementation of of -fisheye (SC,CC)-consistency in Section 5.
4.1 -fisheye (SC,CC)-broadcast: definition
The hybrid broadcast we proposed, denoted -(SC,CC)-broadcast, is parametrized by a proximity graph which determines which kind of delivery order should be applied to which messages, according to the position of the sender in the graph . Messages (SC,CC)-broadcast by processes which are neighbors in must be delivered in the same order at all the processes, while the delivery of the other messages only need to respect causal order.
The (SC,CC)-broadcast abstraction provides the processes with two operations, denoted and . We say that messages are toco-broadcast and toco-delivered.
Causal message order
Let be the set of messages that are toco-broadcast. The causal message delivery order, denoted , is defined as follows [11, 34]. Let ; , iff one of the following conditions holds:
and have been toco-broadcast by the same process, with first;
was toco-delivered by a process before this process toco-broadcast ;
There exists a message such that .
Definition of the -fisheye (SC,CC)-broadcast
The (SC,CC)-broadcast abstraction is defined by the following properties.
- Validity.
If a process toco-delivers a message , this message was toco-broadcast by some process. (No spurious message.)
- Integrity.
A message is toco-delivered at most once. (No duplication.)
- -delivery order.
For all the processes and such that is an edge of , and for all the messages and such that was toco-broadcast by and was toco-broadcast by , if a process toco-delivers before , no process toco-delivers before .
- Causal order.
If , no process toco-delivers before .
- Termination.
If a process toco-broadcasts a message , this message is toco-delivered by all processes.
It is easy to see that if has no edges, this definition boils down to causal delivery, and if is fully connected (clique), this definition specifies total order delivery respecting causal order. Finally, if is fully connected and we suppress the "causal order" property, the definition boils to total order delivery.
4.2 -fisheye (SC,CC)-broadcast: algorithm
Local variables
To implement the -fisheye (SC,CC)-broadcast abstraction, each process manages three local variables.
is a local vector clock used to ensure a causal delivery order of the messages; is the sequence number of the next message that will toco-deliver from .
is a vector of logical clock values such that is the local logical clock of (Lamport's clock), and is the value of as known by .
is a set containing the messages received and not yet toco-delivered by .
Description of the algorithm
Let us remind that for simplicity, we assume that the channels are FIFO. Algorithm 1 describes the behavior of a process . This behavior is decomposed into four parts.
The first part (lines 1-6) is the code of the operation . Process first increases its local clock and sends the protocol message tocobc to each other process. In addition to the application message , this protocol message carries the control information needed to ensure the correct toco-delivery of , namely, the local causality vector (), and the value of the local clock (). Then, this protocol message is added to the set and is increased by (this captures the fact that the future application messages toco-broadcast by will causally depend on ).
The second part (lines 8-15) is the code executed by when it receives a protocol message tocobc from . When this occurs adds first this protocol message to , and updates its view of the local clock of () to the sending date of the protocol message (namely, ). Then, if the local clock of is late (), catches up (line 12), and informs the other processes of it (line 13).
The third part (lines 17-19) is the processing of a catch up message from a process . In this case, updates its view of 's local clock to the date carried by the catch up message. Let us notice that, as channels are FIFO, a view can only increase.
The final part (lines 21-34) is a background task executed by , where the application messages are toco-delivered. The set contains the protocol messages that were received, have not yet been toco-delivered, and are "minimal" with respect to the causality relation . This minimality is determined from the vector clock , and the current value of 's vector clock (). If only causal consistency was considered, the messages in could be delivered.
Then, extracts from the messages that can be toco-delivered. Those are usually called stable messages. The notion of stability refers here to the delivery constraint imposed by the proximity graph . More precisely, a set is first computed, which contains the messages of that (thanks to the FIFO channels and the catch up messages) cannot be made unstable (with respect to the total delivery order defined by ) by messages that will receive in the future. Then the set is computed, which is the subset of such that no message received, and not yet toco-delivered, could make incorrect – w.r.t. – the toco-delivery of a message of .
Once a non-empty set has been computed, extracts the message whose timestamp is "minimal" with respect to the timestamp-based total order ( is the sender of ). This message is then removed from and toco-delivered. Finally, if , is increased to take into account this toco-delivery (all the messages toco-broadcast by in the future will be such that , and this is encoded in ). If , this causality update was done at line 5.
theoremalgoimplementscccbroadcast Algorithm 1 implements a -fisheye (SC,CC)-broadcast.
4.3 Proof of Theorem 4.2
The proof combines elements of the proofs of the traditional causal-order [12, 34] and total-order broadcast algorithms [23, 8] on which Algorithm 1 is based. It relies in particular on the monoticity of the clocks and , and the reliability and FIFO properties of the underlying communication channels. We first prove some useful lemmata, before proving termination, causal order, and -delivery order in intermediate theorems. We finally combine these intermediate results to prove Theorem 4.2.
We use the usual partial order on vector clocks:
with its accompanying strict partial order:
We use the lexicographic order on the scalar clocks :
We start by three useful lemmata on and . These lemmata establish the traditional properties expected of logical and vector clocks.
Lemma 1
The following holds on the clock values taken by :
The successive values taken by in Process are monotonically increasing.
The sequence of values attached to tocobc messages sent out by Process are strictly increasing.
Proof Proposition 1 is derived from the fact that the two lines that modify (lines 5, and 32) only increase its value. Proposition 2 follows from Proposition 1 and the fact that line 5 insures successive tocobc messages cannot include identical values.
Lemma 2
The following holds on the clock values taken by :
The successive values taken by in Process are monotonically increasing.
The sequence of values included in tocobc and catch_up messages sent out by Process are strictly increasing.
The successive values taken by in Process are monotonically increasing.
Proof Proposition 1 is derived from the fact that the lines that modify (lines 2 and 12) only increase its value (in the case of line 12 because of the condition at line 11). Proposition 2 follows from Proposition 1, and the fact that lines 2 and 12 insures successive tobobc and catch_up messages cannot include identical values.
To prove Proposition 3, we first show that:
For , can only be modified at lines 10 and 18, by values included in tobobc and catch_up messages, when these messages are received. Because the underlying channels are FIFO and reliable, Proposition 2 implies that the sequence of and values received by from is also strictly increasing, which shows equation (1).
From equation (1) and Proposition 1, we conclude that the successive values taken by the vector in are monotonically increasing (Proposition 3).
Lemma 3
Proof We first show that if has been toco-delivered by , then , outside of lines 31-32. This implication follows from the condition at line 24, and the increment at line 32.
We prove the reverse implication by induction on the protocol's execution by process . When is initialized is null:
because the above is true of any process, with Lemma 2, we also have
for all message that is toco-broadcast by Process .
(2) and (3) imply that there are no messages sent by so that , and the Lemma is thus true when starts.
Let us now assume that the invariant holds at some point of the execution of . The only step at which the invariant might become violated in when is modified for at line 32. When this increment occurs, the condition of the lemma potentially becomes true for additional messages. We want to show that there is only one single additional message, and that this message is , the message that has just been delivered at line 31, thus completing the induction, and proving the lemma.
For clarity's sake, let us denote the value of just before line 32, and the value just after. We have .
We show that , where is the causal timestamp of the message delivered at line 31. Because is selected at line 29, this implies that . Because , we have
at line 24, and hence
At line 24, has not been yet delivered (otherwise it would not be in ). Using the contrapositive of our induction hypothesis, we have
Because of line 5, is the only message tobo_broadcast by whose causal timestamp verifies (7). From this unicity and (7), we conclude that after has been incremented at line 32, if a message sent by verifies , then
either , and by induction assumption, has already been delivered;
or , and , and has just been delivered at line 31.
Theorem 1
All messages toco-broadcast using Algorithm 1 are eventually toco-delivered by all processes in the system.
Proof We show Termination by contradiction. Assume a process toco-broadcasts a message with timestamp , and that is never toco-delivered by .
If , because the underlying communication channels are reliable, receives at some point the tocobc message containing (line 8), after which we have
might never be toco-delivered by because it never meets the condition to be selected into the set of (noted below) at line 24. We show by contradiction that this is not the case. First, and without loss of generality, we can choose so that it has a minimal causal timestamp among all the messages that never toco-delivers (be it from or from any other process). Minimality means here that
Let us now assume is never selected into , i.e., we always have
This means there is a process so that
If , we can consider the message sent by i just before (which exists since the above implies ). We have , and hence from (11) we have
Applying Lemma 3 to (12) implies that never toco-delivers either, with (by way of Proposition 2 of Lemma 1), which contradicts (9).
If , applying Lemma 3 to when toco-broadcasts at line 3, we find a message sent by with such that was received by before toco-broadcast . In other words, belongs to the causal past of , and because of the condition on (line 24) and the increment at line 32, we have
As for the case , (11) also implies
which with Lemma 3 implies that that never delivers the message from , and with (13) contradicts 's minimality (9).
We conclude that if a message from is never toco-delivered by , after some point remains indefinitely in
Without loss of generality, we can now choose with the smallest total order timestamp among all the messages never delivered by . Since these timestamps are totally ordered, and no timestamp is allocated twice, there is only one unique such message.
We first note that because channels are reliable, all processes eventually receive the tocobc protocol message of that contains (line 8 and following). Lines 11-12 together with the monotonicity of (Proposition 1 of Lemma 2), insure that at some point all processes have a timestamp strictly larger than :
Since all changes to are systematically rebroadcast to the rest of the system using tocobc or catchup protocol messages (lines 2 and 12), will eventually update with a value strictly higher than . This update, together with the monotonicity of (Proposition 3 of Lemma 2), implies that after some point:
and that is selected in . We now show by contradiction that eventually progresses to


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In most cases, people expect to live comfortable off their retirement while expecting to leave portions of what is left to those listed in wills. Why would this not be an expectation considering how hard people work to build up assets and gain property throughout their lives? If this sounds like you, and you are concerned about the assets and properties you have accumulated, consider legacy … [Read more...] about Ways to Avoid Probate Nightmares Part 1
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text:
Pinball FX2 VR is now available for Oculus Rift! See our blog post for more info and a trailer!
Pinball FX2 VR is now available for Oculus Rift! See our blog post for more info and a trailer!
There seems to be some discrepancy in some of the reviews I've read. One suggests that when you start playing a table the view angle locks in place, another suggests a free floating camera angle while playing. How does the camera view work when actually playing a table?
Also, I'd like to make a suggestion for a table to convert from Pinball FX2. Of all the ones I can think of the one I think would benefit the most from VR is the Star Wars: Starfighter Assault table. There are multiple modes with stuff happening off the table already, with X-Wings fighting TIE Fighters above the table, or Calamari Cruisers fighting Star Destroyers to the right and left of the table. How much cooler would that look in VR?
Hi !
I'm really looking forward to try this version... but for now, I can't buy an occulus just for FX2.
I agree with you that VR technology will evolve suddenly this year, and I'm really proud that you've thought it before many others.
You've always been precursors, pioneers in the genre, and it's really great to follow your evolution.
French fans forum : www.LUPsClub.com
From this I experimented with moving my head closer to the screen and the pressing the button to recalculate and then moving back to my normal sitting position. I did this several times , each time having my head closer to the sensor/screen when recalculating. This worked like a treat. I managed to get my stance at the table much further away while sitting in my normal playing position like this.
Last edited by shaderbytes; 03-31-2016 at 05:22 PM.
I am loving this, playing in VR is so much nicer than trying to pick a single view.
Is there any chance of more tables being added to the VR version of the game in the near future?
Hi Barbie (and others)
As a long time supporter and purchaser of fx2 on steam I feel that you should grant me and the other loyal supporters with a key for the vr version of fx2 along with ALL of the tables that we ALREADY purchased. I have paid for every fx2 table you have released (except 2).
Please do the right thing by rewarding your supporters with free access to this new version!
I'm sure that many people like me would be playing the same tables on the same pc.
That's just horrible customer service as far as I'm concerned.
its actually quite amazing, im so frickin glad you guys got this out there right at launch, kudos on that, and really the 3 tabes you picked to do I almost NEVER play on steam and I found myself enjoying the crap out of them with a new found appreciation for them and for VR and pinball simulation in general, this medium allows all the "hokus pokus fantasy" pinball stuff that you guys do a place to really shine, great job I cant wait to see more and congrats on getting this out there and so nicely polished in time for official CV1 launch, I happen to beta test for another pinball game that was quick to announce oculus rift support but like every other promise they make to their customers it probably wont happen before VR is out and holograms are in....
Do you work for free? I think not. Zen are great in that they often have sales on steam and humble bundle and also support vendor cross purchases etc.. They are a generous bunch already. Saying you already paid for a regular desktop version of the table means you should get a VR table free is just plain greedy.
The unfortunate truth is that even though it frustrates me, I know I will be paying for these tables all over again because..
I love pinball, I love VR, and I think the fx2 tables really are fantastic.
Hopefully they will give us repeat customers some kind of a discount.
dude this conversation is pointless because this is flying right over your head because UNTIL you try these tables on the oculus headset and not just sitting there all bothered because these tables are previously released under a different format in a different store, think of it like this in terms of both an analogy for technology and basic business alike, what i'm hearing along with everyone at zen and everyone else on this forum is you saying "i bought these games for sega genesis and now I want them for free on Xbox One because I bought them years ago on an old platform, even though the technology has improved by 1000000% and its a completely different experience on a different platform."
I'm sorry bud but you sound like a greedy ignorant child who thinks the world or in this case ZEN owes you which I assure you neither owes you anything man, try being thankful that they took a chance on VR at all and did these tables all three of which are OLD I think 2 of them from the core pack so these titles are years old and more often than not neglected or flat out cast aside and never played on the steam version especially mars and deep (and I base that statement off of both my personal gameplay and the scores of the 30+ players on my friends list) and all three of these are actually really amazing tables that i'd never given a proper chance until now that I have experienced them on this revolutionary new platform I feel that I had NEVER experienced them before even on my virtual cabinet (which is now just a piece of rubbish, yes VR is that good, Im gonna saw the front off of it where the buttons are and keep that and toss the rest, its worthless now thanx zen lol :cool: ) I cant wait for more!!! I have about $20k worth of pinball machines in my dining room (whirlwind, theatre of magic, pin magic etc etc good titles) and since I got the pinfx2 vr launch pack 3 days ago I haven't played my real games even 20% as much as I have played these 3 VR tables, well 2 of them, I am yet to dig into mars properly which I will do as soon as I post this. So far I have on the OVERALL leaderboard 2nd place on secrets of the deep and 1st place on epic quest and now its time to go dig into mars, thanks ZEN studios and I hope your working on more already because if your not your management needs to crack the whip!!! get on it VR is here for good. -nodzpinfx2_zpss5ejqjb3.jpg
Last edited by nodz509; 04-02-2016 at 09:50 PM.
Deep do you have a table in the upcoming 3 pack? American Dad is the only one of the BOG pack that I play regularly, love your work bud thank you for all your effort, your dedication shows in your work and your name is an accurate descriptor of your rulesets. kudos.
I already said he was right and I'm paying for the tables.
I'm dropping it.
Ordered a Rift back on launch day, look forward to giving it a go with FX.
Really impressed with how this plays guys, and can't wait for more tables, STAR WARS FORCE AWAKENS would be nice.
Official Pinball Guides (PFX3 etc.) - Written & Video Form
PSN = SrkToTheChin
Xbox Live = SrkToTheChin
*Send a msg with any Friend Request!*
Well I have to say...
I bought the game and played it today and I am VERY impressed. It's really awesome to play these first 3 tables in VR. Even though I'm only using my DK2 right now, it looks and plays just beautifully. I'm looking forward to seeing the graphical improvement once I receive my CV1 and Vive.
One thing I really love is the positional audio. Moving my face in closer towards the backbox and hearing the audio change accordingly makes the immersion more "real".
Hopefully more tables are released soon.
Southpark and Portal please!!
Great job Zen Staff!


text:
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text:
Lehninger, Albert Lester
Lehninger, Albert Lester
Born Feb. 17, 1917, in Bridgeport, Conn. American biochemist; member of the US National Academy of Sciences (1956) and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1959).
Lehninger graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 1940 and taught there from 1942 to 1945. He taught at the University of Chicago from 1945 to 1952. He has been a professor and head of the medical school of Johns Hopkins University since 1952. He lectured at the university in Frankfurt-am-Main in 1951 and at Cambridge University in 1951–52. Lehninger's main works deal with the structure and function of mitochondria, oxidative phosphorylation reactions, electron transfer in the respiratory chain, and ion migration through membranes.
WORKSBioenergetics. New York, 1965.
Biochemistry, the Molecular Basis of Cell Structure and Function, 4th ed. New York, 1971.
In Russian translation:
Mitokhondriia. Moscow, 1966.


text:
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- Hands on experience with Linux and C/C++
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- Experience with publishing applications to the Google Play Store
Founded in 2012, Peloton is a global interactive fitness platform that brings the energy and benefits of studio-style workouts to the convenience and comfort of home. We use technology and design to bring our Members immersive content through the Peloton Bike, the Peloton Tread, and Peloton Digital, which provide comprehensive, socially-connected fitness offerings anytime, anywhere. We believe in taking risks and challenging the status quo by continuously innovating and improving. Our team is made up of passionate brand ambassadors, and we know that together, we go far.
Headquartered in New York City, with offices, warehouses and retail showrooms in the US, UK and Canada, Peloton is changing the way people get fit. Peloton has been named to many prestigious industry lists, including Fast Company's Most Innovative Companies, CNBC's Disruptor 50, Crain's New York Business' Tech25 and Fast50, as well as TIME's Genius Companies. Visit www.onepeloton.com/careers to learn more about joining our team.


text:
FABULLUS IS INVITED TO A POET'S SUPPERThou'lt sup right well with me, Fabúllus mine,
In days few-numbered an the Gods design,
An great and goodly meal thou bring wi' thee
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text: Mesa Arch in Canyonlands National Park is such an iconic place that every landscape photographer wants to have a photo of sunrise there. So, we decided to go to capture our own versions of Mesa Arch. When we arrived at the parking lot before dawn, there were about 5 vehicles there including a large van. We looked at each other and thought it must be crowded. A short hike later, we saw the famous arch with about 10 tripods lined up in front of it. Reluctantly, we squeezed between photographers and setup our tripods. My hope of capturing something unique was already out of window at this moment. 15 minutes before sunrise, there came a bus load of 30 some tourists. My inner peace was out of window. Nevertheless, the sunrise at Mesa Arch is breathtaking. Every photographer and non-photographer should have their own versions of the view, not for the sake of capturing a unique image, but for the soul cleansing experience through the mother nature.


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Cody Simpson made the trip to New York City on December 18 to sit down with Build and talk about his Broadway musical debut in Anastasia, but not before he showed off his intricate outfit! Scroll through to get all the details.
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Room with pleasant comfort
The hotel has a junior suite with a 210 cm double bed.
The room has a small living room with a desk and a sitting area.
There is also a telephone, TV and free wireless internet via fiber.
The bathroom has a bath and a private sauna.
Pets are not allowed.


text: justanothermopar Posted May 22 Brett Bodine's Thunderbid the way it was running, I believe, the 1992 season. I had to take the earlier Buick decals and mix them with the Quaker State decals from a later Thunderbird. Actually that car was the first car model I built, which was more than 25 years ago. I found that Irvine Thunderbird in a box and decided to re-do it properly. Result is far from perfect, the green color I guess not exactly the right one. Anyway... 🙂 Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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2017 Ford Escape Titanium FWD
Internet Price: $20,991
City 0/Hwy 0 Estimated By E.P.A. - Actual Mileage May Vary
Dealership Information
Harrisonburg Ford Inc
Harrisonburg Ford's Sales Department
3155 South Main Street
Harrisonburg, VA 22801
Recent Arrival! Certified Ford Dealer, Escape Titanium, 4D Sport Utility, EcoBoost 2.0L I4 GTDi DOHC Turbocharged VCT, 6-Speed Automatic, FWD, Adaptive Cruise Control, Equipment Group 300A, Navigation System, Panoramic Vista Roof, Wheels: 19" Machined Aluminum (Discontinued). CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Certified. Ingot Silver Metallic 2017 Ford Escape 6-Speed Automatic FWD EcoBoost 2.0L I4 GTDi DOHC Turbocharged VCT Titanium ASK ABOUT OUR VETERAN'S DISCOUNT!! 22/29 City/Highway MPG Ford Certified Pre-Owned Details: * Powertrain Limited Warranty: 84 Month/100,000 Mile (whichever comes first) from original in-service date * Roadside Assistance * Warranty Deductible: $100 * Limited Warranty: 12 Month/12,000 Mile (whichever comes first) after new car warranty expires or from certified purchase date * Includes Rental Car and Trip Interruption Reimbursement * Vehicle History * Transferable Warranty * 172 Point Inspection Awards: * 2017 KBB.com 10 Best SUVs Under $25,000 * 2017 KBB.com 10 Most Awarded Brands * 2017 KBB.com Brand Image Awards
*Tax Tags and $499 Processing Fee additional. Not Responsible for errors or content that is incorrect. All vehicles are subject to prior sale.
*Tax Tags and $499 Processing Fee additional. Not Responsible for errors or content that is incorrect. All vehicles are subject to prior sale.
- Air Conditioning
- Alloy Wheels
- Cargo Area Tiedowns
- Child Safety Door Locks
- Driver Airbag
- Driver Multi-Adjustable Power Seat
- Electrochromic Interior Rearview Mirror
- Fog Lights
- Front Power Lumbar Support
- Front Side Airbag
- Front Side Airbag with Head Protection
- Interval Wipers
- Keyless Entry
- Leather Steering Wheel
- Passenger Airbag
- Passenger Multi-Adjustable Power Seat
- Power Windows
- Rear Spoiler
- Separate Driver/Front Passenger Climate Controls
- Side Head Curtain Airbag
- Steering Wheel Mounted Controls
- Subwoofer
- Telematics System
- Telescopic Steering Column
- Tire Pressure Monitor
- Traction Control
- Trip Computer
- Vehicle Stability Control System
- Voice Activated Telephone


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GRAV is a sand box experience where you explore a multitude of planets, hunt strange alien creatures, build and defend outposts, craft weapons and armor, and attempt to survive against other players in a hostile environment.We here at BitMonster has been working on GRAV for about 5 months and feel that getting the community involved earlier is vital to a great game. We plan to launch GRAV as Early Access and work closely with the community on how we evolve and move GRAV forward! - The planets of GRAV are procedurally generated from composite parts. This allows for a near infinite combination of biomes, alien sites, and dungeons. - Genre re-defining visuals allow you to experience fear, excitement, and trepidation in a way never seen before. - Compared to the zen-like calm of harvesting resources, combat is a wild ride which you can only hope to survive. Both Melee and Shooting are the tools of death in GRAV. - Create alliances with other players, viciously kill them and take their belongings, or run from it all! It's up to you how you interact with your fellow players. - GRAV is all about enjoying the experience with your friends. GRAV is client-server based so put up a server or join an official one! - Supporting a modular contextual room based construction system allows for building bases quickly. GRAV's building system can be used for creating an entire city, a quick base to fight off enemy players, or building an outpost deep in a dungeon to defend against the aggressive hordes. - Anything you can harvest or kill has a chance to drop Crafting Materials. Building everything from the armor you wear, weapons you kill with, to the actual bases themselves comes from crafting. - GRAV employs a procedural system to create world events for players. A night could consist of blossoming night flowers, meteors raining down from the heavens, or even a horde of very angry alien wildlife trying to kill you and anything you have ever made. - The planets of GRAV are full of dungeons that are created specifically for that planet. Full of rare resources, dangerous foes, and environmental obstacles that provide a high-risk high-reward play area. - Alien planets have a combination of semi safe areas and just plain you-are-probably-going to die locations! The planets of GRAV are places where you must do whatever it takes to survive.
|Steam score:
|BitMonster, Inc.
|BitMonster, Inc.


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Chalk paint kitchen cabinets – All you need are a few simple tools and easy to find in any hardware store.Brushes and rollers , some pieces of cloth to clean, paint your favorite color (preferably enamel paint) of matte or shiny,a primer to help adhere the new color, something to protect floor paint stains, one or two sheets of medium grade sandpaper, something soft soap and water to clean your furniture before painting, and a screwdriver to remove the washers and handles of your furniture.
The first thing to chalk paint kitchen cabinets you should do is make sure your furniture is free of dirt and moisture to avoid marks and imperfections . If you have drawers, remove them and work with them individually. If the paint or varnish current is too bright or is cracked bald spots, use sandpaper to smooth the surface. If there hinges, handles or slums who wants not accidentally paint, remove them.
Then, you should cover your furniture with some basic color of your choice, making sure to cover all areas that will be painted later painting. You may want to apply another layer to make sure the job is well done. Each time you apply the primer, you must wait for the wood to dry, that is, not less than five hours. Once it has dried, you have a chalk paint kitchen cabinets board texture. Now you are ready to paint your furniture. To guarantee a good result, be sure to give two coats of paint, waiting five hours apart.


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Case Presentation:
A 30‐year‐old Guatemala‐born man presented with severe, nonradiating epigastric and right upper quadrant abdominal pain, intermittent for the past 2 years, requiring several prior hospitalizations. Pain was accompanied by moderate nausea, vomiting, and his "skin turning yellow." He also reported several episodes of his 4‐year‐old son turning yellow when sick. Physical examination revealed an afebrile jaundiced young man with scleral icterus, right upper quadrant tenderness, and marked splenomegaly. Laboratory examination revealed microcytic anemia with an elevated reticulocyte count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, total and direct bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lipase.Abloodsmearwas notable for anisocytosis and numerous spherocytes. Right upper quadrant ultrasound showed gallstones with common bile duct dilation. Computed tomography showed massive splenomegaly, gallstones, and obstruction of the common bile duct with evidence of early pancreatitis. The stones were radio‐opaque, suggesting pigment composition. An osmotic fragility test was also positive in both our patient and his son, supporting ourclinical suspicion of hereditary spherocytosis. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and splenectomy were carried out, and the patient was discharged after 4 days without complications. Follow‐up tests after 2 weeks of surgery revealed that his liver function, lipase, and bilirubin levels had returned to normal ranges.
Hereditary spherocytosis is the most common hemolytic anemia due to red cell membrane defects. It can present with anemia, jaundice, and splenomegaly. Cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis are common complications, especially in adults with severe hemolytic disease. This case illustrates that hyperbilirubinemia caused by hemolytic anemia can present with signs and symptoms of gallstone pancreatitis. In one prior study, 20 of 54 patients with hereditary spherocytosis developed gallstones over 25 years of follow‐up. Our case highlights the importance of a suggestive family history, which redirected the investigation toward a disease that was relatively unlikely in a Hispanic patient. It has been concluded by some authors that for patients with hereditary spherocytosis, combined prophylactic splenectomy and cholecystectomy may provide a substantial gain in quality‐adjusted life expectancy both for asymptomatic patients younger than age 39 with gallstones and for patients younger than age 52 with gallstones accompanied by occasional episodes of biliary colic.
Patients presenting with hemolytic anemia (jaundice, anemia, and splenomegaly) or pigment gallstones should be investigated for red cell membranopathies. In such instances, a complete family history and peripheral‐blood smear can be enough to yield the diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis.
Author Disclosure:
H. S. Singh, None; J. Chadha Singh, None; P. J. Rosenthal, None.


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Taking The Leap: 3 Critical Lessons For A Career In Photography
Everyone at some point hopes to work in a field they are passionate about. But how? How does one make that leap of faith and dive headfirst into their passion? I recently sat down with Karaminder Ghuman to ask him about his own journey. Karaminder…
Deep Singh 6 min read 350 Shares
Join millions of dreamers and doers who are upping their game every day. Sign up to access thousands of free lessons taught by industry greats.SIGN UP NOW
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Please note we are currently closed due to government advice regarding Coronavirus.
Below is our timetable of regular classes.
Please contact the individual teachers for enquiries about specific classes, prices and bookings.
Please note that no onsite parking is available to students, unless they are members of the Chepstow Club. We ask that all students park in one of the many nearby car parks, such as those located at Marks and Spencers or on Welsh Street.
For mobile users, please click on a specific date to view available classes.


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These are links to pages where I have shared recipes. The links name the recipe/dish, but some of the recipes are tucked away within a post, so you'll need to scroll down to find the details.
This page is a work in progress. :-)
Bon appetit!
Almond Butter Toffee
Barley-Feta Casserole
Blue Cheese Pecan Icebox Crackers
Buttery Rhubarb Muffins
Creamy Avocado Alfredo Pasta
Easy Spinach-Feta Pie
Feta Salsa
Irish Brown Bread
Italian Coffee and Walnut Cake
Lemon Tea Cookies
Pasta with Uncooked Tomato Sauce
Potato Mushroom Sausage Soup in the Crockpot
Quick Vegetable Hash Skillet Dinner
Sheila's Applescotch Crisp
Veggie Packed Freezer Ready Breakfast Sandwiches


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In October 2019, Focus on Europe published a news item about the current situation in the Red Light District of Amsterdam. In the video you also get a glimpse behind the scenes of Casa Rosso.
In the summer of 2019, beautiful Marina Valmont filmed an item for Naked News Canada at Casa Rosso. She interviewed owner Jan Otten and several artists and she had lots of fun participating in a show!
Casa Rosso peep show formed the decor of the new video of Kiddy Smile. This French artist filmed the clip of his song 'Slap my Butt' from his debute album 'One Trick Pony'.
The Sex Palace Peep Show can be found op de Oudezijds Achterburgwal 84.
Singer-songwriter, rapper and producer FurAgain (Giordon With) filmed the video of his new song Fa Ye Dansi in Casa Rosso.
Director/Cinematographer/Editor - Chris Cole
Producer - Sofia Karlson Executive
Producer - Marc Walboomers
Cast - Rosé Savage & FurAgain
Special thanks to Evan Warner David & Marcel Kaatee
Filmed entirely in Amsterdam, Netherlands
Dynamic Motion Pictures LLC
Music credits "Fa Ya Dansi"
Produced and composed by Quintin Stephen Performed and written by FurAgain
(P)(C) 2018 Walboomers Music
All rights reserved
Rapper/singer Dio has chosen Casa Rosso as the location for his music video. For his song Paranoia he collaborated together with dj James Watss in a production of Spanker.
Direction: Diorno Braaf
Editor: Paul Roest
D.o.p: Thijmen Doornik
1st A.D: Christiaan van der Knoop
Gaffer: Berend Holtkamp
Grading: Remi Lindenhovius
Best Boy: Andrea Raffaeli
Producer: Felicity Jeane Productions
Co-producer: Marc Derby/CORNERMAN
Production assistant: Linda Schager
Styling: Clyde Semmoh
Make up: Gitte van Wijk
Model: Sheila Janet
Bananas play an important part in this surprising bar.
Do you dream about being cared for by a sexy nurse?
An exciting must-see collection of eroticism.
The one and only peepshow in the Netherlands.
This toilet is a true Red Light Experience.
Oudezijds Achterburgwal 86


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After my rainy climb of Mount Ibuki, I hopped a train to Kyoto, and then an hour south to Nara Prefecture (the home of the ancient capital city of Nara, but also many even more ancient historical sites – as well as mountains). The following morning, I traveled even farther south, to Dorogawa Onsen (an onsen is a Japanese hot spring resort) and Omine-san, one of Japan's most sacred peaks. It remains so sacred, in fact, that women are not allowed to climb it.Read more
Mount Ibuki – Hyakumeizan #9
This morning, I braved the rain in Nagahama (just north of Kyoto) to attempt a climb of my ninth hyakumeizan, Ibukiyama (Mount Ibuki: 伊吹山). At 1,377 meters, Ibukiyama is the highest mountain in Shiga Prefecture, and one of four hyakumeizan in the Kanto region. The climb started inauspiciously – with pouring rain – and my first sight of the mountain towering high above the surrounding plain gave me more than a little pause. Even so, I was already on the bus to the trailhead, and my research suggested the mountain would not be too difficult to climb in the rain.Read more
Zao, Kumano, Jizo, and the Sixth of the Hundred Summits
On Tuesday, I completed my sixth hyakumeizan – 1,841-meter Mt. Zaō in Yamagata Prefecture. As a complex volcano, Zaō-san has many peaks, the highest of which is actually Kumano-dake (hence the name on the summit sign in the photo). As the most active volcano in the Tohoku region of northern Honshu, Zao continually emits volcanic gases (and the summit smells of sulfur).Read more
Climbing Mount Hakkoda – And Conquering Fear
Today's climb of Mount Hakkoda–a volcanic range located in Aomori Prefecture, just south of Aomori City–actually involved three summits: Akake-dake, Ido-dake, and finally Ōdake (the latter being the highest peak in the Hakkoda volcano group). If you're counting, that means I actually bagged three summits today, though for hyakumeizan purposes only Ōdake counts–and it counts as one.Read more
Climbing Mt. Iwaki
Today, I climbed Mt. Iwaki in Aomori Prefecture – my first Tohoku hyakumeizan. Tohoku is the northernmost part of Japan's largest island, Honshu – the same island where Tokyo and Kyoto are located, but many hours' travel to the north, via shinkansen (bullet train). It took me almost 7 hours to travel from Tokyo to Hirosaki, the closest town to Mt. Iwaki – four hours on a high-speed shinkansen, and another 2:45 on a local train. These mountains are spread all across Japan, which means I get to travel the entire length of the country while I'm climbing.Read more
To the Summit of Mt. Akagi!
Yesterday (May 20, 2018) I climbed my first hyakumeizan peak – Mt. Akagi, in Gunma Prefecture. While many of the details will have to wait for the book (100 SUMMITS is under contract with Prometheus Books, for release in 2020) I'll be sharing photo essays about my climbs, and some fun details about the mountains, here on the blog in the months to come.Read more
A Visit to the Tengu's Seat
After visiting Musashi-Mitake Shrine, which sits on the summit of Mount Mitake, I descended the stairs to the base of the shrine and followed the path around the mountain toward the hiking trail that leads through the "Forest of the Gods." The trail wound through a towering forest. Crows called overhead, and every once in a while they flew across my path. One even landed on a nearby branch and stared down at me as if wondering why I chose to intrude on his territory. Even though the rain had stopped several hours before, I didn't see anyone else on the path. Aside from the crows, andRead more
Hiking Mount Mitake Part 2: A Path Through Shrines & Flowers
(For the story of the cable car ride up Mount Mitake, click here.) After leaving the cable car, I spent some time at the viewing platform enjoying the misty view of Tokyo. Although the platform sits almost an hour's walk below the summit of Mount Mitake, it still has a fantastic view. On the morning I arrived, mist swirled up from the valley and distant clouds obscured the view of central Tokyo, which lies a little over an hour by train from Mount Mitake. Even so, the view made me realize just how quickly Japanese trains can transport people from the crowded city toRead more
Hiking Mount Mitake, Part 1 – Adventures on the Cable Car
Mount Mitake lies about an hour by train from downtown Tokyo, in Chichibu Tama Kai National Park.Read more


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January 29, 2015 – The Mid-Missouri Regional Planning Commission held its quarterly luncheon discussion on Wednesday, January 28th at the Masonic Lodge in Ashland. The featured speaker for the luncheon was John Baker, Executive Director of the Community Foundation of Central Missouri. Over 20 individuals were in attendance representing local governments, chamber of commerce, or civic organizations.
Baker reviewed with attendees how community foundations work, and the resulting funds that would result to invest for designated purposes. He informed participants that communities can establish an affiliate foundation – where funds can be controlled and directed to local established priorities. The Community Foundation of Central Missouri would serve as the fund manager. Baker also reviewed the significant "transfer of wealth" that will occur within the Region in the next 10 and 20 year time periods, and how if a small portion of that wealth was invested in community foundations could benefit local philanthropic efforts.
A brief Mid-Missouri Regional Planning Commission meeting was held following the community foundation discussion. Ed Siegmund, Director of the RPC reviewed financial statements and staff activities underway.


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The Parliaments adoption of the new law facilitates that VPS is authorized as a CSD under CSDR.
It is still not clear when the new law will enter into force and VPS will be able to apply for an authorization. The EEA Joint Committee decided to include CSDR and technical standards to CSDR in the EEA-Agreement on 8 February 2019. It does however follow from the decision that the entry into force of the decision is dependent on the three EFTA-countries lifting their article 103 reservations. The timing for when this will be completed is not clear, but it is expected that the Norwegian parliament will lift its reservation in Q2 2019.
VPS has been working to prepare for CSDR for a long time and have already implemented many of the new requirements. We refer to the VPS' Road Map and the revision of the VPO NOK rules that has been out for consultation. A consultation document on VPS Rules for registration of financial instruments, implementing CSDR and the recently adopted Norwegian law, will be published shortly. VPS' process to implement CSDR into our solutions and operation will continue in parallel with VPS' preparation of the application for a new authorisation.
In addition to implementing CSDR into Norwegian law, the law regulates certain issues that CSDR does not regulate, i.e.:
– the use of account operators,
– legal rights to securities registered in a central securities depository and to securities registered in the register of a nominee that holds securities on behalf of customers in a Norwegian CSD
– rules on confidentiality and exemptions from this
– liability of a CSD and account operators
– CSDR sets up a right for certain issuers to arrange for its securities to be recorded in a CSD, in the Norwegian law this right is extended to issuers not covered by the rule in CSDR.
– the Norwegian law extend the right to open an account with the CSD compared to the regulation in CSDR.
These additional Norwegian rules are largely a continuation of current Norwegian law. It is however important to notice that the role of account operators are clarified in the Norwegian law. According to section 6-1 a Norwegian CSD decides whether to use account operators or not and to what extent. The role and responsibility of account operators, if used, is however clarified in the law. Certain duties of account operators will follow directly from the law, other duties shall according to section 2-2 of the law, be decided in the rules of the CSD. Account operators should also be aware of the regulation in section 9-2 on account operator's liability, and the regulation in Section 11-9 and 11-10 on sanctions for infringements.


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Vintage fashion is something that has always been in trend, and it's common to see celebrities adorned in stunning vintage dresses in those red carpet events. There are a lot of smart women who have taken advantage of vintage clothing to great effect. You to can be one of them after you've learned the nitty-gritty of vintage dressing.
Although vintage fashion may seem to be steeped in too much of complexity, there's no need to be scared of it. Undoubtedly, it's quite easy to walk into a shopping mall and pick up an in-line ensemble; however when you wish for a unique and perfect get-up, vintage dresses can be the perfect thing to look for. Vintage fashion is basically getting a fresh new look using clothing and accessories from older times. Once you enter the vintage shopping stores there is the whole lot of variety on the offer, giving you a tremendous opportunity to mix and match things to create that perfect new look. Vintage fashion runs around the old proverb "one man's trash is another man's treasure"
You need not pick up a complete ensemble from a vintage store, just look up for some interesting pieces of fashion accessories such as jewelry, bags, hats etc. to mix and match it with some of your existing dresses lying there in your closet. And for certain the results will be smashing, creating a very singular style.
Luckily, to aid the novices, most vintage stores have experienced and knowledgeable staff who can provide you with some good advice in making selections. They can be of great assistance in identifying styles and cuts which will look more appealing on you.
Vintage clothing forms a great styling statement primarily because of the excellent fabrication and the finesse with which the vintage dresses were crafted and which is hard to be found elsewhere. When you go the vintage style you can get that swish look for a fraction of the price, since it is fairly budget friendly, especially when you contrast it with the exorbitant price that you would pay for designer clothing.
For those of you, who often have that craving for some exclusive fashion, vintage fashion has a world of wonderful treasurers on the offer. So go on and experiment.