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Ji-ho (JUNG HAE-IN) tries to explain that he would like to occasionally come to see Jung-in (HAN JI-MIN), but doesn't want her to know about it, kind of like that day at the library. She flatly refuses, calling him selfish for only caring about his wishes. Frustrated, he steps out of the car to blow off steam while she ignores Ki-seok's calls. While dropping her home, Ji-ho suggests that they end whatever they have going immediately.
Jung-in's parents have another argument about her marriage, with her mother taking her side. But when Jung-in shows up at her mom's art class the next day, she gets a cold shoulder. Mom is still upset that she didn't tell her about Jae-in moving back. After a bit of pestering, she opens up and the mother and daughter catch up. From Jung-in's vague statements about marriage, her mother guesses that it's not working out between her and Ki-seok (KIM JUN-HAN) and wistfully notes that the heart can't control what it wants.
Seo-in (LIM SEONG-EON) decides to reject the talk show that was offered to her. Si-hoon zeroes in on a building for his clinic's expansion, getting annoyed when his broker expresses doubts about his ability to afford it. Jung-in brings up Si-hoon over dinner with Ki-seok and asks him not to get involved with her brother-in-law. They end up arguing about marriage again, leading Jung-in to break down and call him out for never making the effort to understand her feelings about his parents' disapproval of her. Ki-seok tries to placate her, but she storms off.
When a woman visits the pharmacy asking for hangover medicine, Ji-ho is momentarily stunned into silence as he remembers meeting Jung-in for the first time. His boss wants to know if the woman he's seeing knows about Eun-woo but Ji-ho, still ruffled by his last meeting with Jung-in, jokes to evade her question.
Chairman Kwon surprises Jung-in's dad by wanting to know more about his daughter and going out to lunch with him. He gets a call from Ki-seok and makes a big show of asking his son to get married instead of playing basketball with his buddies. Jung-in's father tries to put in a good word for her but Kwon advises him to not believe everything his children tell him.
Jung-in announces her plans to break up with Ki-seok. Yeong-joo (LEE SANG-HEE) seems skeptical about Ki-seok backing off, especially after finding out that she has feelings for someone who was his junior in college. Jung-in doesn't think she can date Ji-ho either, leaving Yeong-joo very confused.
Ji-ho's mom wants to set him up with a divorced single mom, worrying that her son is going to grow old alone. His dad inquires about news of Eun-woo's real mom, but gets warned against mentioning her unless he wants to see Ji-ho "go crazy" again. Eun-woo gets back from school and asks to go to the library with "that teacher."
Hyun-soo (LIM HYUN-SOO) accidentally mentions Eun-woo's mom while he's with Ji-ho, shushing immediately when Ji-ho fixes him with a withering stare. He promptly changes the topic to Ki-seok and notes that while the man keeps saying he'll marry his girlfriend, it doesn't seem like he actually wants to, causing Ji-ho to get mad on Jung-in's behalf. They wonder where Young-jae (LEE CHANG-HOON) is and declare that their friend must be studying extra hard.
Young-jae, meanwhile, is stuffing his face at dinner with Jae-in (JOO MIN-KYUNG), who seems to be going smoothly until Seo-in shows up on TV and Young-jae says something about her being close to his ideal type. It puts Jae-in in a bad mood—she cuts the dinner short and asks for the bill. When she finds out Ji-ho and Hyun-soo are out for drinks and wants to join them, Young-jae warns her against pursuing Ji-ho because he's already head over heels for someone. Jae-in gets home and reports this information to Jung-in, who gets annoyed and asks Jae-in to mind her manners.
Ki-seok meets Si-hoon to discuss his loan application. Sensing that Ki-seok is about to reject his loan, he mentions asking Jung-in's parents to push her to marry him, rendering Ki-seok unable to turn down the guy who is doing him a favor. Jung-in texts Ki-seok that she would like to meet.
Seo-in visits Si-hoon's clinic to inform him that she has put their house up for sale and asks him to hand over his legal seal. Before going in, however, she hands one of his assistants some cash to run an errand for her. This proves useful when an irate Si-hoon tries to hit her again, because the assistant comes back and Seo-in is able to slip away with her.
Ki-seok calls off the meeting with Jung-in, citing work. Jung-in tries calling Ji-ho instead and gets frustrated when he doesn't pick up. She walks to his building, then to his apartment. Ji-ho is stunned to see her outside his door. She gets emotional, wondering if she's the only one having a hard time. Unable to see her miserable, he suggests going back to being strangers but she puts a hand over his mouth to shut him up, and starts crying.
He asks if she has eaten, then takes her to a restaurant nearby. He confesses to already having eaten and she notes that he must be feeling good enough to not skip meals, unlike her. She unleashes her famous "bold streak," making him laugh. After a while, Ji-ho turns serious and becomes worried about them following their feelings and hanging out like this. He reveals just how much he's been holding himself back with her and urges Jung-in to come to a decision about their relationship.
Ji-ho drops Jung-in home and bumps into Jae-in and Young-jae. Jae-in announces her plans to invite them over for coffee and Jung-in rushes to clean her messy apartment before Ji-ho gets there. Jae-in changes her mind about coffee, stepping out with Young-jae to get alcohol and leaving Ji-ho and Jung-in alone. They begin to giggle at the turn of events but sober up when she gets a call from Ki-seok, asking what she wanted to talk about. Looking straight at Ji-ho, Jung-in says, "Let's break up."
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A new health warning has been issued today for Lake Whangape, due to a rise in cyanobacteria levels. The health warning issued in 15th January 2019 for Lake Kainui, has now been lifted, after two consecutive tests showed cyanobacterial levels to be once again below the warning level.
Lakes' Ngaroto and Waikare continue to have a cyanobacterial health warning in place. Waikato Regional Council has recently increased the number of lakes it regularly tests for cyanobacteria. Lakes' Puketirini, Te Koo utu, Rotokauri, Hakanoa and Waahi, the other lakes that are tested regularly by Waikato Regional Council, currently remain below the warning level for cyanobacteria.
Waikato DHB's Medical Officer of Health Dr Richard Hoskins recommends that where cyanobacteria health warnings are in place, lakes should not be used for any activity that involves skin contact with the affected water.
"Swallowing water from lakes affected by blooms should also be avoided," said Dr Hoskins.
"Scums are a particular risk because they contain a high level of toxins. If contact with scum does occur, skin should be rinsed clean and clothing changed as soon as possible. This warning is particularly important for children."
"If people still choose to use the lakes when warnings are in place, or any other lake where there are visible changes to water colour, they should shower and change their clothing as soon as possible afterwards, even if no symptoms are noticeable," he said.
Symptoms include rash, skin and eye irritation; allergy symptoms such as hayfever and asthma; and possibly stomach upsets including diarrhoea and vomiting.
These symptoms may not appear until some time after contact with the affected water. Long-term exposure to cyanobacterial toxins may cause additional health risks.
The cyanobacteria biovolume has risen to 38.6 mm3/L at Lake Whangape. Biovolume is the measure used to decide when a health warning should be issued, with the cut-off value for a health warning set at 1.8mm3/L.
Cyanobacteria are a form of algae which can produce toxins harmful to the health of humans and animals exposed to or swallowing the water where the algae are growing.
Waikato DHB's Public Health Unit would like to be informed about health problems that develop after exposure to any of the Waikato lakes. Health advice is also available from the Public Health Unit on (07) 838 2569.
Up-to-date information on cyanobacterial cell counts is available from local councils and Waikato Regional Council.
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text: Great Moments in Rock'nRoll Irony Ace Backwords Backwords from Ace April 2, 2017September 8, 2017 1 Minute . Share this:FacebookLike this:Like Loading... Related TaggedBob Dylancomic stripJohn LennonMichael JacksonPaul McCartneyPete TownsendPink FloydrocknrollRolling StonesTwisted Image Published by Ace Backwords Ace Backwords is a former cartoonist, writer and semi-normal human being. He's been sleeping in the bushes in the Berkeley hills for the last ten years with his four feral cats, Moo Cat, Fatty, Mini Scaredy and Micro Scaredy. Future plans include growing old and dying. Preferably in that order. View all posts by Ace Backwords Published April 2, 2017September 8, 2017


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Andrew Barto
A neuron embedded in a complex network can influence its own input via feedback loops within the network and possibly via longer feedback loops that extend through the animal's external environment. Computational study of hypothetical synaptic learning rules, which I call closed-loop learning rules, allow a learning element to adjust its behavior so as to influence its input in a "desirable" manner, that is, to control aspects of its input. Signal timing plays a key role in these learning rules due to the range of time delays associated with the feedback loops in which the element is embedded. Learning rules of this kind belong to the area of machine learning known as Reinforcement Learning. Although some of these ideas have become well known, such as the Actor-Critic architecture and the TD-algorithm's success in modeling phasic activity of dopamine neurons, this talk will focus on other implications of closed-loop learning rules that are less well-known and that may have implications for our understanding of time dependencies in synaptic plasticity.
Upinder Bhalla
Orchestrating learning: signaling across scales in synaptic plasticity
Many processes must mesh precisely to achieve sustained state changes in synaptic plasticity. There is an intricate interplay between input activity patterns from the network, through cellular biophysics and calcium dynamics, and down to molecular and gene-regulatory events.
I will discuss two converging efforts of our work to understand these events. First, we have been performing a breadth-first analysis of a wide range of biochemical signaling pathways that are implicated in plasticity. These include G-protein and kinase networks, receptor trafficking, control of local dendritic protein synthesis, and transcriptional control. Second, we have been developing capabilities for a vertical, mutiscale analysis of interactions between network, electrical, and chemical signaling. These models put plasticity into the context of the larger networks, both electrical and molecular. The goal is to work out how the cell orchestrates not just the processing and storage of input activity, but also the maintenance and reconfiguration of its own structure.
Guo-Quiang Bi
Modulation of Synaptic Plasticity
Robust rules of activity-induced synaptic plasticity such as spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) are important for learning and memory. However, these rules can take quantitatively and qualitatively different forms under different context of extrinsic and intrinsic modulation. For example, neuromodulator dopamine can dramatically enhance the sensitivity of STDP while reducing its temporal contrast in cultured hippocampal neurons. In addition, the evolution of network activity also suggests that plasticity as well as its molecular mediator can be altered by activity history of different timescales. Furthermore, synaptic plasticity rules characterized in vivo can be shifted by severe stress and rescued by antidepressant. Thus, modulation of synaptic plasticity is likely to play important roles in both physiological and pathological learning.
Nicolas Brunel
A calcium-based plasticity model explains sensitivity of synaptic changes to spike pattern, rate and dendritic location
Mariano Casado
Presynaptic NMDA receptors as burst detectors. How the biophysical properties of a receptor define a plasticity rule
Synaptic plasticity stands for changes in the functional properties of synapses as a result of their history. Different activity patterns may result in different forms of plasticity. We study how activity patterns are selected. More precisely which actors at the molecular level determine the activity patterns resulting in synaptic plasticity.
In young rodents, the glutamatergic cerebellar synapses between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells lack of postsynaptic NMDA receptors. However, synaptic plasticity is NMDA receptor dependent. We show how presynaptic NMDA receptors are responsible for this effect. NMDA receptors need simultaneous bound glutamate and membrane depolarization. This makes of them widely recognized coincidence detectors. When present on a postsynaptic membrane this is translated into simultaneous presynaptic (synaptic glutamate) and postsynaptic (depolarization) activities. When present on a presynaptic membrane, the very same biophysical properties translate into a different learning rule. These receptors may function as autoreceptors in glutamatergic synapses but the necessary depolarization is here associated with the passage of action potentials. Here we show how only repetitive activity at precise frequencies can activate presynaptic NMDA receptors and thus result in plasticity.
Carson C. Chow
Calcium time course as a signal for spike timing-dependent plasticity
Claudia Clopath
Storage of correlated patterns in binary Purkinje cell models
Purkinje cells (PCs) of the cerebellar cortex have long been considered to perform similarly as perceptrons: Given an input pattern in the granular layer, they should learn to provide an adequate motor output, thanks to plasticity of the parallel fiber (PF) to PC synapses, under the supervision of the climbing fiber input which is assumed to carry an error signal (Marr 1969, Albus 1971). Supervised learning in the perceptron model has been studied extensively in the case of random uncorrelated input/output associations. In particular, it is known that when synapses are constrained to be positive (to account for the fact that PF-PC synapses are excitatory), the synaptic weight distribution at maximal storage capacity is composed of a large fraction of zero-weight synapses ('silent' synapses, Brunel et al. 2004). However, in the case of the cerebellum, the assumption of uncorrelated inputs and outputs is clearly unrealistic, as any naturalistic inputs/motor sequences will carry some substantial degree of temporal correlations.
We therefore investigated both the capacity and the optimal connectivity in feed-forward networks learning associations between temporally correlated input/output sequences. We first consider a perceptron with binary inputs and outputs, in which sequences are defined as simple Markov chains with a given correlation. We show analytically that the capacity is independent of the correlation in the output if inputs are not correlated. However, if the inputs are correlated, we show numerically that the capacity grows with output correlation. The weight distribution at maximal capacity is shown to be independent on the level of the correlations and has a finite and large fraction of silent synapses.
We then consider a bistable output to mimic the postulated bistability of the PC (Yartsev et al. 2009, Loewenstein et al. 2005, Williams et al. 2002, Oldfield et al. 2010). We show analytically that, for a given output correlation, there is an optimal bistable range maximizing the capacity. In addition, we show numerically that the capacity indeed grows with the optimal bistability, however only when the output correlation is bigger than the input correlation. The weight distribution of the PF-PC synapses also consists of a large number of silent synapses.
Dominique Debanne
Activity-dependent regulation of intrinsic excitability in hippocampal neurons: Hebbian plasticity and homeostatic regulation
Synaptic plasticity is not the exclusive mode of memory storage, and persistent regulation of voltage-gated ionic channels also participates to information storage. Long-term changes in neuronal excitability have been reported in several brain areas following learning. Synaptic activation of glutamate receptors initiates long-lasting modification in neuronal excitability (reviewed in Debanne & Poo, Front Syn Neurosci 2010). I will first present experimental evidence showing that the spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) rule defined for synaptic transmission is also valid for plasticity of dendritic integration in CA1 pyramidal neurons (Campanac & Debanne, J Physiol 2008). Regulation of dendritic integration requires NMDA receptor activation, results from modification in EPSP amplification and is input specific. The role of hyperpolarization-activated cationic (H) channels in the expression of facilitation in dendritic integration will be discussed (Campanac et al., J Neurosci 2008). Synergistic potentation in synaptic and intrinsic excitation may eventually lead to hyper-excitable circuits if they are not compensated. I will discuss two possible mechanisms limiting over-excitation in hippocampal CA1 circuits: i) homeostatic regulation of intrinsic excitability in pyramidal neurons and ii) long-lasting potentiation in intrinsic plasticity in a subset of GABAergic interneurons.
James Di Carlo
Title available soon
Nicolas Fremaux
Functional Requirements for Reward-modulated STDP
As a biologically plausible paradigm for learning in spiking neural networks, spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) has been shown to perform well in unsupervised learning tasks such as receptive field development. However, STDP fails to take behavioral relevance into account, and as such is inadequate to explain a vast range of learning tasks in which the final outcome is conditioned
on the prior execution of a series of actions.
In this talk, I will show that the addition of a third, global, reward-based factor to the pre- and post-synaptic factors of STDP is a promising solution to this problem, with strong experimental and theoretical motivations. I will derive simple functional requirements for these rules, and illustrate them in a motor sequence learning task. These requirements suggest that the brain needs a "critic" structure, constantly evaluating the potential for rewarding events. I will propose a biologically plausible implementation of such a structure, that performs motor or navigational tasks.
Rob Froemke
Long-term cortical synaptic plasticity improves sensory perception
Synapses and receptive fields of the cerebral cortex are plastic. However, changes to specific inputs must be coordinated within neural networks to ensure that excitability and feature selectivity are appropriately configured for perception of the sensory environment. Here I will discuss previous and unpublished results showing how long-lasting positive and negative changes to auditory cortical synapses were induced by pairing sounds with activation of the cholinergic neuromodulatory system. Synaptic modifications were precisely orchestrated across entire receptive fields, conserving mean excitation while reducing overall variance, and parameters of cortical synaptic receptive fields (here, sound frequency and intensity) could be modified independently of the other. Computational analysis indicated that decreased variability should increase detection and discrimination of near-threshold or previously imperceptible stimuli, and we confirmed this psychophysically in behaving animals. I will also describe newer results comparing the effects of acetylcholine to the other main attention-related modulator, noradrenalin. Our work indicates that direct modification of specific cortical inputs leads to wide-scale synaptic changes, which collectively support improved sensory perception and enhanced behavioral performance.
Stefano Fusi
A multi-stage memory model: the computational advantage of memory consolidation processes
Long-term memories are likely stored in the synaptic weights of neuronal networks in the brain. The storage capacity of these networks depends on the plasticity of the synapses, as very plastic synapses provide for strong memories which are quickly overwritten, while unlabile synapses result in long-lasting yet weak memories.
Here we show that the trade-off between memory strength and lifetime can be overcome by initially storing memories in a highly plastic network, which then transfers patterns of synaptic weights to less plastic downstream networks during an off-line mode. This model is reminiscent of the process of memory consolidation, whereby memories are transferred from the hippocampus to cortical sites for long-term storage. This work has been in done in collaboration with Alex Roxin.
Wulfram Gerstner
Modeling Synaptic Plasticity across Multiple Timescales
Induction of synaptic plasticity depends on voltage, spike timing, and frequency- as known from in vitro experiments. But synaptic plasticity can play its role for memory 'in vivo' only if the induced changes are stable for a long time after the induction. In this talk, present our model of plasticity induction and stabilization.
The induction step depends on postsynaptic voltage and, as a consequence, also in spike timing and frequency. As in the tagging hypothesis of Frey and Morris, the induction of plasticity sets tags at the synapses, but a further triggering step is needed before the synapse is consolidated.
A few applications of the induction and stabilization process in the Tag-Trigger-Consolidation model are presented, with a potential link to behavioral results.
Claudia Clopath, Lars Busing, Eleni Vasilaki and Wulfram Gerstner (2010)
Connectivity reflects coding: A model of voltage-based spike-timing-dependent-plasticity with homeostasis.
Nature Neuroscience, 13:344 – 352
Claudia Clopath, Lorric Ziegler, Eleni Vasilaki, Lars Busing, Wulfram Gerstner (2008)
Tag-Trigger-Consolidation: A Model of Early and Late Long-Term-Potentiation and Depression
PLoS Computational Biology 4(12): e1000248
U. Frey and R. M. Morris (1997)
Synaptic Tagging and Long-Term Potentiation,
Nature 385:533-536
Matthieu Gilson
Spike-timing-dependent plasticity in recurrently connected networks
This talk will outline the relationship between the weight dynamics generated by spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) and the emergence of network structure in a recurrently connected network stimulated by external pools of input spike trains, where both input and recurrent synapses are plastic. The weight dynamics is determined by interplay between the neuronal activation mechanisms, the input spike-time correlations, dendritic delays, and the learning parameters. A theoretical framework is used that is based upon Poisson neurons with a temporally inhomogeneous firing rate and the asymptotic distribution of weights generated by the learning dynamics. Different network configurations will be discussed and an overview of the current understanding of STDP in recurrently connected neuronal networks presented, in which the resulting neuronal self-organization can be seen as a first step towards the emergence of neuronal maps induced by activity-dependent plasticity.
Christian Hansel
Calcium-dependent plasticity in cerebellar Purkinje cells
Cerebellar parallel fiber (PF) – Purkinje cell synapses can undergo postsynaptically expressed long-term depression (LTD) or long-term potentiation (LTP) depending on whether or not the climbing fiber (CF) is coactivated during tetanization. Larger calcium transients are required for LTD than for LTP induction, thus cerebellar bidirectional plasticity is governed by induction rules that provide a 'mirror image' to their neocortical and hippocampal counterparts. The LTD / LTP balance can be shifted by factors that influence synaptic strength and /or calcium signaling, such as ampakine drugs. Similarly, plasticity of the instructive CF signal can shift the probabilities for LTD and LTP induction, respectively. Finally, a novel type of intrinsic plasticity in Purkinje cells, which is mediated by a modulation of small-conductance calcium-dependent SK2-type K channels, affects the LTD / LTP balance, and furthermore affects the Purkinje cell spike output.
Eugene Izhikevich
Jason Kerr
Changing a visual cortex neuron's outlook using in vivo STDP: rules of engagement
Stimulus features that cause a neuron to spike emerge during sensory map formation and can change with experience, and after removal of visual input. Although visual cortex neuronal responses and receptive fields in the mammalian brain are known to be highly plastic, how these large-scale changes in spiking across neuronal populations arise from single spikes in individual neurons remains unclear. While in vivo STDP-like plasticity protocols have produced small and short term changes in receptive fields and orientation tuning and weak and variable subthreshold receptive field shifts, these were not as striking as model predictions and cannot account for suprathreshold receptive field changes across neuronal populations in vivo. What is missing is the link between the observed changes in spiking across the receptive field and changes in subthreshold responses induced by STDP at the single neuron level. Therefore it remains unclear whether an STDP protocol with a few tens of spikes can induce plasticity reliably in vivo to change a neuron's stimulus response from non-spiking to spiking, and whether these changes can simultaneously alter both the subthreshold and suprathreshold receptive fields as strongly as observed with traditional protocols based on firing rates. In this presentation I will outline some results from our lab addressing these issues.
Christian Leibold
Synaptic Tagging, Evaluation of Memories, and the Distal Reward Problem
A network model of online learning will be motivated by in-vivo and in-vitro physiology of the hippocampus, specifically sequence replay during sharp-wave rippels in the slow-wave-sleep state. Subsequently this model will be used to study the effect of synaptic tagging on memory retention times. Synaptic tagging is implemented by multistate synapses with unstable early and stable late states. It is shown that an
equilibrium distribution exists, which is very susceptible to the storage of new items: Most synapses are in a state in which they are plastic and can be changed easily, whereas only those synapses that are essential for the retrieval of the important memory items are in the stable late phase. The model can solve the distal reward problem, where the initial exposure of a memory item and its evaluation are temporally separated. Synaptic tagging hence provides a viable mechanism to consolidate and evaluate memories on a synaptic basis.
Mate Lengyel
The morning after: the consequences of synaptic plasticity for memory retrieval
Storing memories of the past is only useful if we can retrieve them in the future. While substantial work has been done to analyse the amount of information stored by various synaptic plasticity rules, it is unclear how efficiently the information once stored can be retrieved by neural circuit dynamics. We have shown that retrieving memories from synaptic efficacies presents unique computational challenges and predicted how the retrieval dynamics of a circuit need to be matched to the properties of the synaptic plasticity tule that was used to store those memories. In particular, we have shown that spike timing-based interactions between CA3 pyramidal cells in the hippocampus are optimally matched to retrieve memories stored by spike timing-dependent plasticity. More recently, we have analysed the effects of the limited dynamical range of synapses on memory retrieval and found that several motifs of hippocampal circuit dynamics, including feedback inhibition, homeostatic plasticity, and network oscillations, can be seen as adaptations to the task of retrieving palimpsest memories from such synapses.
This work has been done in collaboration with Cristina Savin, Peter Dayan, and the group of Ole Paulsen.
Carole Levenes
The control of cerebellar long-term depression by NMDA receptors of mature Purkinje cells
John Lisman
LTP—-Solved and Unsolved Problems about this Memory Mechanism
I will try to give an overview of the LTP process, with special emphasis on the cells of the CA1 hippocampal region. The ability to excite single spines using 2-photon uncaging has established that LTP is specific to the stimulated spine. Under most conditions, LTP induction is dependent on Ca entry through NMDARs and the subsequent activation of the enzyme CaMKII. In order for NMDARs to open, the postsynaptic cell must be depolarized. Synatically-induced LTP does not backpropagating Na spikes; thus the depolarization necessary to open NMDARs probably results from NMDA spikes and Ca spikes. It now seems clear that the spine head is a quasi-independent electrical compartment and that understanding spine-dendrite voltage gradients will be important for understanding the events in spines during plasticity. Both Ca elevation and CaMKII activation are localized to the active spine and thus explain the synapse-specificity of LTP. The diffusion restriction provided by the thin spine neck is important for this localization. The Ca signals in spines are integrated by CaMKII over about one minute; integration involves the cumulate autophosphorylation of T-286. Activated CaMKII binds to the NMDAR, where it enhances AMPAR-mediated transmission by 1) phosphorylating GluR1, thereby enhancing AMPA channel conductance and 2) phosphorylating the AMPAR auxiliary subunit, stargazin, which allows more AMPA channels to be captured at the synapse by binding to PSD-95. This explains early LTP, but later, protein-synthesis dependent late-LTP requires additional processes. Late LTP is "neoHebbian"; a third factor, dopamine activation of D1 receptors, is required to allow the required protein synthesis. Dopamine is released by reward, aversive stimuli and novel stimuli, making late LTP dependent on systems-level processes. Late LTP involves a trans-synaptic process that enlarges the synapse; there is thus more presynaptic release of vesicles and more postsynaptic AMPAR. The molecular mechanisms that maintain late LTP involve a persistent CaMKII/NR2B complex. Adhesion proteins such as cadherins coordinate the presynaptic and postsynaptic growth. The question of how these changes persist despite protein turnover remains to be worked out.
Yonatan Loewenstein
Covariance-based synaptic plasticity and the dynamics of reinforcement learning
Huib Mansvelder
STDP in adult human synapses and modulation in disease
Henry Markram
Plasticity of the Neocortical Microcircuitry
Jack Mellor
Regulation of postsynaptic excitability by muscarinic receptors and the facilitation of synaptic plasticity
Activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) facilitates the induction of synaptic plasticity and enhances cognitive function. In the hippocampus, M1 mAChR on CA1 pyramidal cells inhibit both small conductance
Ca2+-activated KCa2 potassium channels and voltage-activated Kv7
channels. Inhibition of KCa2 channels facilitates long-term potentiation
(LTP) by enhancing Ca2+calcium influx through postsynaptic NMDA receptors (NMDAR). Inhibition of Kv7 channels also facilitates LTP by enhancing depolarisation during and after a burst of action potentials. Thus, during the induction of LTP by coincident presynaptic and postsynaptic activity,
M1 mAChRs enhance NMDAR opening by two distinct mechanisms namely inhibition of KCa2 and Kv7 channels.
Paul Miller
Memory, associations and solving cognitive tasks by plasticity in randomly connected neural circuits
The innate properties of neurons, when coupled with experience of their local biophysical environment, enable them to connect together into neural circuitry that can produce an amazing wealth of animal behaviors.
We focus on how local, biophysically realistic synaptic plasticity rules can sculpt initially randomly connected recurrent circuits of spiking neurons and enable animals to solve behavioral tasks. We focus on tasks fundamental to cognition that require responses to specific pairs of stimuli and/or require short-term memory. We find that plasticity of inhibitory-to-excitatory synapses enhances the selectivity of responses, improving the network's ability to produce solutions to tasks that require the formation of stimulus-pair selective cells. However, functional and structural plasticity of connections between excitatory cells are required to produce the selective persistent activity necessary to solve tasks with a delay between stimuli. Using a winner-takes-all decision-making network as a behavioral readout, we show how synaptic facilitation boosts performance in our tasks as its intrinsic nonlinearity can produce the solution to linearly non-separable tasks. In many cases network behavior is very sensitive to initial conditions and parameters, suggesting the need for homeostatic mechanisms stronger than those characterized to date.
Ole Paulsen
Role of NMDA receptors in Hebbian and non-Hebbian cortical synaptic plasticity
Timing-dependent long-term potentiation (t-LTP) and timing-dependent long-term depression (t-LTD) both depend on NMDA receptors. At cortical layer 4-to-layer 2/3 synapses, we recently demonstrated that, whilst NMDA receptors responsible for induction of t-LTP are located postsynaptically, NMDA receptors required for induction of t-LTD are located presynaptically. In this presentation, I will discuss experimental data demonstrating more precisely the location of these receptors, and the locus of expression of t-LTD. I will show that postsynaptic metabotropic and Ca2+-dependent mechanisms are, in fact, not required for induction of LTD at this synapse, and discuss the computational versatility of employing presynaptic, rather than postsynaptic, NMDA receptors in the induction of LTD.
Klaus Pawelzik
Synaptic Learning as Dynamic Filter
A minimal set of differential equations is proposed for variables driven by pre- and postsynaptic activities that in combination contribute to synaptic changes. While this phenomenological model can quantitatively reproduce a range of experiments on spike-timing dependent plasticity the postulated variables are related to known biophysical processes at the synapse. In particular, we find that mechanisms related to NMDA-receptors and Calcium are critical for explaining the dynamics of factors contributing to the LTP-part of synaptic plasticity. The proposed contribution dynamics makes a range of testable predictions. In particular, it reveals a maximal sensitivity of synaptic modifyability to oscillatory firing rate modulations to a frequency in the theta-range. When modulated by a factor signaling reward the model can be used as a learning rule for excitatory connections in recurrent networks. However, in this case weight changes depend on an intricate mixture of reward-related and activity dependent signals which I will discuss.
Jean-Pascal Pfister
A triplet STDP model generalizes the BCM rule to higher-order spatio-temporal correlations
Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP) is often expressed as a function of pairs of spikes (1 pre and 1 post). However, it has been shown recently that triplets of spikes (1 pre and 2 post) are more appropriate to describe a wide range of experimental data on synaptic plasticity. In this talk I will describe the functional consequences of the triplet model of STDP. Firstly, I will demonstrate that in the case of rate-based patterns this triplet STDP model can be mapped to the well-known Bienenstock-Cooper-Munro (BCM) synaptic learning rule, which has been shown to maximize the selectivity of the postsynaptic neuron. Secondly, I will show that for input patterns consisting of higher-order spatio-temporal correlations, the triplet STDP rule also elicits selectivity thereby generalizing the BCM learning rule. Moreoever this sensitivity to higher-order correlations can be used to develop direction and speed selectivity.
Wolfram Schultz
Neuronal correlates for basic terms of reward prediction, reinforcement learning and value updating.
The functions of rewards are based primarily on their effects on behavior and are less directly governed by the physics and chemistry of input events as in sensory systems. Therefore the investigation of neural mechanisms underlying reward functions requires behavioral theories that conceptualize the different effects of rewards on behavior. The investigation of behavioral processes by animal learning theory has produced a theoretical framework that can help to elucidate the neural correlates for reward functions in reinforcement learning. Individual neurons are studied in the reward systems of the brain, including dopamine neurons, orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala. Neural activity in these brain structures can be related to the basic theoretical terms that govern reward prediction, learning and value updating, namely contingency and prediction error.
Walter Senn
STDP modulated by global factors: the more, the better
Decision making and learning in general is likely involving neuronal populations and global modulatory factors across several stages. For a single synapse to make a meaningful update it is important to have access to downstream information relevant in the decision process. In a reinforcement learning scenario where binary decisions are based on the activity of a neuronal population this information includes both the global population signal and the reward signal. We show how a spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) rule can be derived from maximizing the expected reward. The rule depends on 4 factors: the pre- and postsynaptic activities, the population- and the reward signal. These signals are integrated within a single synapse by eligibility traces of increasing memory lengths reflecting the processing time of the synapse, the neuron, the decision making, and the reward feedback, respectively. We show that the rule succeeds in quickly learning stimulus-response associations, that it can deal with long reward delays, and that it learns non-Markovian tasks where e.g. TD-learning fails. We also apply the rule to the classical worker-employer game and show that it finds the Nash-equilibrium and reproduces human learning curves.
Work done together with Robert Urbanczik and Johannes Friedrich (University of Bern)
Harel Shouval
Learning Reward Timing Using Reinforced Expression of Synaptic Plasticity
Neuronal plasticity affects not only the static properties of cortical neurons, but the temporal aspects of their responses as well. One relatively simple example of temporal dynamics with behavioral implications is the ability to represent interval timing. It has been commonly believed that the underlying neural mechanisms for representing time reside in high order cortical regions but recent studies show sustained neural activity in primary sensory cortices that can represent the timing of expected reward. Here I show that local cortical networks can learn temporal representations through a simple framework predicated on reward dependent expression of synaptic plasticity. I assert that temporal representations are stored in the lateral synaptic connections between neurons and demonstrate that reward-modulated plasticity is sufficient to learn these representations. I will also describe mean field theories that capture the major qualitative properties of the networks that can represent temporal intervals, and how this leads to a contrast invariant representation. The plasticity model depends on assumptions about the cellular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. However, the methods currently used in experiments prevent us from being able to either support or reject these assumptions, and I will point out how such methods could be improved.
Jesper Sjöström
Synaptic Plasticity in Cortical Circuits
Henning Sprekeler
Balancing excitation and inhibition with inhibitory plasticity
A number of recent studies suggest that the excitatory synaptic input received by individual cortical neurons is balanced by concurrent inhibition, possibly down to the level of individual synaptic events.
This balance is thought essential for maintaining stability of cortical networks, it may explain the highly irregular activity patterns that are observed in cortical neurons and probably has a strong influence on how information propagates in the brain. Despite the recent interest in this phenomenon, no mechanism has been suggested that allows the establishment of such balanced networks and its maintenance in the presence of plasticity.
We show analytically and in simulations that such a balance can be dynamically established and maintained by a simple plasticity rule in inhibitory synapses (ISP). For networks with feedforward inhibition, ISP leads to a detailed balance: inhibitory synapses adapt such that excitatory and inhibitory currents develop the same stimulus tuning.
In recurrent networks, ISP establishes a balance that stabilizes the asynchonous irregular state that most resembles cortical activity patterns in vivo. When synaptic memories are introduced into the network in the form of Hebbian assemblies, ISP causes a rebalancing of the network until a global asynchronous irregular state is reached and network activity no longer reveals the memories. The memory can be recalled, however, by reactivating a subset of the neurons in a given assembly.
Mark van Rossum
Stochastic approaches to plasticity
Fred Wolf
Title available soon


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We're planning an even bigger and better Wheelock Reads this year. Wheelock Reads is when our school community celebrates Books, Reading and Authors. Starting the week of May 14th, we'll have lots of fun activities planned. Check them out the details below. Let's get booked!
Author Visits
Grade 2 Author Visit:
Marty Kelley
On May 15th
Marty Kelley is an author and illustrator of my fun and funny picture books. He also used to be a second grade teacher, cartoonist, animator, drummer in a heavy metal band and so much more.
Author Website: Check out more about the author by going to his site.
Grade 3 Author Visit:
Suzy Kline
On May 15th
Suzy Kline was born in Berkley, CA. As a child she loved to write. She has lived and taught in many places, but finally settled in CT. Using her elementary teaching experience, Suzy Kline has written many fun and exciting children's books.
Author Website: Check out more about the author by going to her site.
Horrible Harry Challenge
Try to complete the Horrible Harry Challenge! Can you read at least 10 Suzy Kline books in 2 weeks? Pick up a bookmark in the library to keep track.
Dress-Up Days Reminder
More details on above Wheelock Reads Schedule
Author Schedule


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635 Ratings
The Dreaming Tree Crush Red
Wine Details
Wine Description
A blend of the North Coast's finest varieties, Crush Red Blend pulls you in with a smoky berry note and then jumps up with a raspberry jam. Around the dinner table or out on the patio, it's a wine you're going to want to share with your favorite people.
This is a wine at Outback Steakhouse that is a robust full flavored wine. Goes well with filet.
Not bad, forgot to aerate first go. Second time around was much smoother. Slightly sweet.
A dry red with a fruity aftertaste. Very light, good aroma, and great with steak
Drank with black cub. While drunk sarah was bitching. Loved it 10.6.15
Fabulous! Smooth and fruity, a good wine for sipping on its own.


text: If you use LR Enfuse to merge HDR image, which Brian does and a decent amount of his commercial real estate shoots, then you know how flat the images look coming out of Enfuse. Now you can apply the same preset Brian uses after blending images using LR Enfuse. if you want to get that flat image popping again, this gives you a great start before applying your minor tweaks!


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AMHERST, Mass. -- In a battle of top-ten teams in New England, Amherst College took a two set lead but visiting Wellesley College rallied to defeat the Mammoths in five sets (23-25, 21-25, 25-18, 22-17, 15-13), on Friday night at the Hall of Fame Invitational at Le Frak Gymnasium.
Amherst, who opened the season 14-1, now falls to 14-3 overall, while Wellesley (17-3) earned their 12th consecutive victory.
Amherst senior Emily Kolsky (Los Angeles, Calif.) had 19 kills on 55 attempts and 29 digs in the setback. Kolsky finished two digs shy of first year Sami Underwood (Los Angeles, Calif.), who led all players with 31 digs. Junior Jamie Dailey (Newport Beach, Calif) added 11 kills and first year Caroline Tilton (Los Angeles, Calif.) chipped in with 10 kills for Amherst. Jacqueline Kortekaas (Manhattan Beach, Calif.) and Charlotte Duran (Laguna Beach, Calif.) split the setting duties, finishing with 29 and 21 assists, respectively.
Junior Lauren Gedney (Huntersville, N.C.) surpassed 1,000 career kills for Wellesley, totalling 28 kills and five blocks to lead the Blue. Sophomore Nicole Doerges (San Marino, Calif.) and junior Nikki Jensen (Castro Valley, Calif) each tallied double-doubles. Doerges had 15 kills, 20 digs, and five aces, while Jensen racked-up 14 kills and a team-high 24 digs. Senior Meghan Shoop (Cypress, Calif.) matched Jensen with a team-high 24 digs and junior Molly Likes (Oklahoma City, Okla.) added 14 digs. Sophomore setter Izzy Seebold (Concord, N.C.) tallied 56 assists and added 14 digs.
Trailing 22-23 in the first set, Amherst scored the final three points in the frame to take a 1-0 lead in the match. Kills from Dailey and Cameron Hendricks (Glastonbury Conn.) and a Wellesley error helped the Mammoths earn the 25-23 win. The hosts carried the momentum into the second game, taking a 19-10 lead following a kill by Tilton. Wellesley rallied to within three, at 21-8 and 22-19, but a pair of kills from Dailey gave Amherst a 25-21 win a 2-0 lead in the match.
The Blue put together the team's best offensive performance of the night in game three, finishing with 16 kills and a .325 attack percentage to extend the match to a fourth set. Doerges totaled seven of Wellesley's 16 kills in the third set, while Gedney had four, including the final kill to give the Blue a 25-18 victory. Trailing 6-5 at the start of the fourth set, Wellesley used a 6-0 run to take an 11-6 lead. The Blue had the lead for the remainder of the set, with Doerges tallying the final kill to send the match to a fifth game with a 25-20 Wellesley win.
The Blue took a 7-2 lead in the fifth set, only to see Amherst rally back to tie the match at 8-8. The teams exchanged points to run the score to 11-11, before Amherst took a 13-11 lead on kills from Tilton and Kolsky and forced a Blue timeout. After the timeout, Gedney countered with four straight kills to win the match for the Blue, 15-11.
Amherst returns to their home court for two matches on Saturday at the Hall of Fame Invitational. The Mammoths will play Clark at 11:00 AM and then Roger Williams at 3:00 PM.
Wellesley also continues play at LeFrak tomorrow, with a 1:00 PM match-up versus Roger Williams and a 3:00 PM tilt against Bates.


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The Freakonomics guys, Stephen Dubner and Steven Levitt, take a look at well intended laws with unintended consequences. As if it is somehow an insight that such laws exist. We all know that laws can encourage behavior that is undesired and, in most cases, unexpected. It happens all the time.
One of the most famous examples (which is not in the article) is the Aid to Dependent Children program: "During the New Deal, President Roosevelt's Secretary of Labor, Frances Perkins, argued against extending federal benefits to unwed mothers because she believed that subsidizing illegitimacy would lead to the breakdown of the family. Ms. Perkins was right."
Of course, people don't want to look back and see how they screwed things up. Instead, they look ahead without self-recrimination. Every mistake just creates a new need for further intervention. As I sometimes joke, being a liberal means never having to say you're sorry. But that's not my point here.
My point is that the Freakonomics article discusses three laws that had unintended results: the Americans with Disabilities Act, the Endangered Species Act -- and the rules about the sabbatical (shmita) year in the Torah. They do this to show how long this problem has existed, but, in my view, they don't quite get to the correct conclusion.
The rules in the Torah are quite relevant now, because it's generally accepted that this year is the sabbatical year. As the article notes:
As commanded in the Bible, all Jewish-owned lands in Israel were to lie fallow every seventh year, with the needy allowed to gather whatever food continued to grow. Even more significant, all loans were to be forgiven in the sabbatical.Naturally, the result of mandated loan-forgiveness is that people won't lend as the sabbatical year approaches. And the Torah makes clear that this is what happened. So the Freakonomics guys shouldn't, strictly speaking, include this within the rubric of unintended consequences, because while the consequences were unintended, the law clearly anticipated them from the outset.
Deuteronomy explicitly recognized that people would be inclined to refuse to lend money as the sabbatical year approached, because they wanted to avoid the remission of debt. If they lent in year six, whatever wasn't repaid by the end of the sixth year was, by force of law, forgiven.
Thus, Deuteronomy 15:9-10 states:
Beware lest you harbor the base thought, "The seventh year, the year of remission, is approaching," so that you are mean to your needy kinsman and give him nothing. He will cry out to the Lord against you, and you will incur guilt. Give to him readily and have no regrets when you do so, for in return the Lord your God will bless you in all your efforts and in all your undertakings.Here, God asserts a threat (you will incur guilt) and a promise (He will bless you) in order to motivate people to overcome their natural and rational economic behavior. I call this a literal deus ex machina. This kind of economic law can't possibly work unless God commands the law and people believe in Him.
And it actually didn't work even when everyone believed in God; people still would stop lending as the seventh year approached. As the Freakonomics guys point out, it took the great rabbi Hillel to devise the solution:
His solution, known as prosbul, allowed a lender to go to court and pre-emptively declare that a specific loan would not be subject to sabbatical debt relief, transferring the debt to the court itself and thereby empowering it to collect the loan. This left the law technically intact but allowed for lenders to once again make credit available to the poor without taking on unwarranted risk for themselves.It was the prosbul that encouraged people to engage in economic behavior that the idealistic rules of the Torah discouraged.
A similar legal fiction was established to deal with the rules requiring land to remain fallow during the sabbatical year. This legal fiction of temporary sale of the land to a non-Jew, by the way, is the cause of much consternation in Israel today, with many of the religiously right-wing orthodox declaring that food grown on land that has been temporarily sold should not be eaten. (Far be it from me to be critical, but anyone who uses a "shabbos clock" shouldn't be so concerned about legal fictions. But that is not my point here, either.)
We see something different, but analogous, in the of another economic law of the Torah, the prohibition of charging interest to fellow Jews. In Leviticus:
Do not lend him your money at advance interest, or give him your food at accrued interest. I the Lord am your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, to give you the land of Canaan, to be your God.As moderns, we have to ask: How could people have lent money for an extended period of time without interest? Again, the answer seems to be that they did so, because God commanded them to. "I the Lord am your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, to give you the land of Canaan, to be your God."
There's a very interesting passage from Paul Johnson's wonderful book, A History of the Jews. Johnson, a Christian philo-semite, offers Jewish history from an interesting perspective, given that nearly all Jewish history has been written by Jews. What Johnson says is this:
One of the greatest contributions the Jews made to human progress was to force European culture to come to terms with money and its power. Human societies have always shown an extraordinary unwillingness to demystify money and see it for what it is – a commodity like any other, whose value is relative. * * * Men bred cattle with honour; they sowed grain and reaped it worthily. But if they made money work for them they were parasites and lived on "unearned increment," as it came to be termed.So the Jews eventually understood that prohibiting interest couldn't possibly work as an economic matter and "force[d] European culture to come to terms with money and its power."
The Jews were initially as much victims of this fallacy as anyone else. Indeed, they invented it.
My point, finally, is that the economic laws of the Torah and the legal fictions that have been developed to get around those laws are proof that idealistic economic laws having no relationship to real economic behavior have severe limitations. They don't even work when God commands them.
As the rabbis might say, how much more so do they fail to work when imposed by humans.


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Genesis New Life Apostolic Faith Churches, Inc. (Mother Church) 1900 East Broad St, Savannah, Ga will be in its 22nd Annual Women's and Men's Day Services continuing Wednesday, May 12th thru Sunday May 16th, 2010, nightly at 7:30 pm. Closing Sunday at 2:00 pm Come and be blessed with powerful words of God each night from our guest speakers.
Don't miss the closing of Sunday's service with the crowning of Genesis New Life 2010 King and Queen. Who will it be? Come and see for yourself. Again, looking forward to seeing you in this special occasion.
Bishop Myles A. Latimer, Founder.


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November already? Oh, heck! The trouble with being an indie author, is that I'd like to be writing, and I can't. I should write more, since that's what I do. But once I get some stories written, they need to
Percy Pig: Life gets in the way of blogging
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Free books at Smashwords through July
I have free books for you at Smashwords all through July. I also have some at half price. So if you want to catch up on the Princelings series, or you missed out on the giveaway for my father's memoirs,
Off to Camp NaNoWriMo at the weekend!
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How's it going? #AtoZChallenge
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#IWSG | Too many books spoil the froth
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The Monday post
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I'm so tired
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The Happy New Year Post
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Sunday, December 11, 2011
"And God said to Solomon, Because this was in thine heart, and thou hast not asked riches, wealth, or honour, nor the life of thine enemies, neither yet hast asked long life; but hast asked wisdom and knowledge for thyself, that thou mayest judge my people, over whom I have made thee king: wisdom and knowledge is granted unto thee;…" (2 Chronicles 1:11,12 KJV).
If there was one notable attribute of King Solomon, it was his wisdom. How did Solomon ever acquire this wisdom? Today's Scripture says that God gave it to him! But why?
In verse 6, God was pleased with Solomon's faith that motivated him to offer "a thousand burnt offerings" to God. So, the LORD asks Solomon what he desires (verse 7). Solomon asks not for wealth, riches, honor, his enemies' lives, or for a long life. Instead, he asks for wisdom and knowledge so that he can guide God's people, Israel (verses 8-10). What wise choices!
"And God gave Solomon wisdom and understanding exceeding much, and large of heart… And Solomon's wisdom excelled the wisdom of all the children of the east country, and all the wisdom of Egypt. For he was wiser than all men…" (1 Kings 4:29a,30,31a).
Solomon's great, divinely-given wisdom is demonstrated in 1 Kings 3:16-28. Two harlots (prostitutes) are arguing over which of them is the mother of a baby. They come before wise King Solomon for a solution. Solomon tells the women he will divide the baby in half, and give each woman a piece. He thereby exposed the mother because she showed great emotion for the child (she would rather have the other woman keep her own child than have him killed).
Interestingly, the wisdom God gave to Solomon (a type/preview of Christ) is the same wisdom with which Christ Jesus will rule Israel forever once He establishes His earthly kingdom (at His Second Coming). When the Bible says in 1 Kings 3:28, "the wisdom of God was in him, to do judgment," it was not only speaking of King Solomon, but also of King Jesus Christ!


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CoachellaArt direction: David J Weissberg
David (also an artist on the C&C roster) approached me to create an artwork based on song lyrics for Coachella's CAMP magazine. I chose HAIM's The Wire. You can see an online version of the magazine here.
A sketch, ready to be inked to create the final artwork.
A time-lapse of the sketching and inking process.


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Europe's premier club rugby competition returns this weekend as round one of the European Champions Cup Rugby takes center stage. Leinster are the defending champions and start as 2/1 favourites to repeat the feat, while Saracens who are targeting a third win in four years are second at 10/3. With so many quality sides and a group stage to negotiate before the knock-out clashes, anything is possible. However, expect the above two and a few French sides like Montpellier 8/1 and Racing 92 at 16/1 to be hanging around the draw at the business end of the tournament. With the opening exchanges upon us let's take a look at what is on the cards with our preview and predictions for round one of the European Champions Cup.
Leinster Rugby v Racing 92 (Final) – Highlights
Leinster v Wasps
In pool one, Leinster begin their title defence at home to Wasps on Friday night at the RDS Arena. Last season Leinster were supreme on their way to lifting the title unbeaten when they edged Racing 92 15-12 in a pulsating final. Since losing their opening Pro14 clash of the season to the Scarlets, they have rattled off four consecutive wins, including a 30-22 win over old enemy Munster on the weekend.
Last season Wasps failed to make it out of the group stages despite finishing second to La Rochelle, and with Bath and Toulouse also in the group they, could struggle to get through again. Their early season Premiership form has been decent with four wins from six although they do come into the game off the back of a 35-21 home loss to Gloucester.
With rain expected in Dublin, don't expect to see a fluid affair between two attacking minded teams.
Prediction: Leinster to get the home win
Bath v Toulouse
Like Wasps, Bath failed to get out of the group stages last year, while Toulouse are back in Europe's elite after missing out last season. With just two wins from their opening six games of the season, Bath's form is not where they would want it to be. That said, they will be happy with the fact that their opening game is at home, with a win setting them up nicely in Group one.
Toulouse have had a reasonable start to the season with four wins from their opening seven matches in the Top 14, although their points difference of -22 must be a worry for coach Ugo Mola.
Prediction: Bath to get the home win
Montpellier v Edinburgh
Montpellier are one of the favourites to win the tournament and when you look at their squad and coach it is easy to see why. Vern Cotton has done an outstanding job since he took charge last season, guiding his team to the final of the Top 14 before losing to Castres. They have plenty of world class quality in Louis Picamoles, Ruan Pienaar, Benjamin Fall, Frans Steyn and Bismarck Du Plessis and come into the game with just the two losses from their first seven games of the season including a 29-17 win on the weekend over Toulon. Unfortunately, one of their form players of the season Johan Goosen will not feature after injuring his ankle and looks set to miss the next two months.
Edinburgh have won three of their opening six games in the PRO 14, however wins over the Cheetahs, Benetton, Connacht are hardly on a level of Europe's elite. With Toulon and Newcastle, the other two sides in their group five, I don't expect them to do too much.
Prediction: Montpellier to get the home win
Exeter v Munster
The Chiefs have exceeded expectations domestically but under achieved in Europe. Last year they never progressed from the group stage. Surely this is the year that they up their game to the next level? Their early season form has seen them reel off six consecutive wins, and with an opening clash at the fortress of Sandy Lane, a good performance against Munster could be just the boost they need as they look to get through to the business end of the tournament.
Munster are past masters in Europe and were edged 27-22 in the semifinals last season by eventual winners Racing 92. Coach Johann Van Graan will be the first to admit that consistency to their early season form has been lacking, supported by their stats so far that reads, W, L, W, L, W, L. Looking that that sequence it appears a win is on the cards this weekend? Perhaps if they weren't playing a rampant Chiefs.
Prediction: Chiefs to get the home win
Scarlets v Racing 92
I like the look of this opening clash in Pool 4, last season's losing finalists against last season semifinalists. The Scarlets looked good last season before losing to Leinster and have started their PRO 14 campaign in decent form with four wins from their six. They will be delighted to be opening their European campaign at home against the French giants, especially considering their slightly indifferent Top 14 form at the start of the season.
Racing have managed just the four wins from their opening seven Top 14 games including a 13-19 loss to Lyon last weekend. However, this is a side that performs on the big stage and I expect them to battle through to an opening win.
Prediction: Racing 92 to get the away win
How Can Hamilton Win The F1 Championship At The US Grand Prix?
Ulster v Leicester
Ulster were unlucky not to get through to the quarterfinals after putting on a good showing in the pool stages with four wins. Unfortunately, the same can't be said of the Tigers that registered only one win from their six pool games.
Both teams have struggled to find their best form in their respective leagues this season, Ulster coming into the game off the back of two losses and a draw, while Leicester have at least bounced back from their loss to Worcester with wins over Sale and Northampton.
Tough one to call, however the fact that Leicester have found a way to score points away from home leads me to believe they can get the points this weekend in Belfast.
Prediction: Leicester to get the away win
Gloucester v Castres
The Cherry and Whites are back in the big time and few can argue the impact coach Johan Ackermann has had on their progression. This is a guy that guided the Lions to the final of Super Rugby in consecutive seasons, experience that will stand him in good stead in the European competition.
Their early season form has been pretty good with three wins from their opening six games including an excellent 35-21 win away to Wasps last weekend. Danny Cipriani will be relishing the opportunity of being in the mix at this level, and must use this as a platform to increase his stock and get back into the mindset of Eddie Jones.
The fact that they are opening their European adventure at home is a bonus, although Castres are the Top 14 champions and have started their season with four wins from seven games.
One would think that the French with their superior European experience should get the points here, however I am going to back the home team on this occasions based on their outstanding form last weekend.
Prediction: Gloucester to get the home win
Lyon v Cardiff Blues
Interesting clash between two tournament newcomers. Cardiff have impressed early season in the PRO 14. Their opening three games saw them lose by a point to Leinster and by two points to both Zebre and Benetton, before bouncing back with a convincing win over Munster. They come into the game off the back of three consecutive wins and will be looking to make that four this weekend.
That said Lyon are an outstanding team and with wins over Racing 92, Montpellier, Perpignan and Grenoble already this season, I can see the Blues having a tough day in the office.
Prediction: Lyon to get the home win
Toulon v Newcastle
Toulon are not the same team that saw them win the Champions Cup three years running. Last season they scraped through to the quarterfinals before being beaten by a point in the dying minutes of their clash with Munster. With just two wins from their opening seven Top 14 games, the once powerhouse of European rugby find themselves languishing third last in the table.
Despite only beating Worcester this season, the Falcons will fancy their chances this weekend. They pushed Saracens in their opening game, scored 33-points away to Leicester and still lost, were down by in-form Exeter by just seven points and by Wasps by just a point. These stats suggest that they are up for a good scrap and can score points, although I see the wounded animal in Toulon opening their account with the win.
Prediction: Toulon to get the home win
Glasgow Warriors v Saracens
Glasgow registered just the one win in Europe last season, while Saracens scraped through to the quarterfinals before being ousted by Leinster. Cast that aside and focus on the early season form and we could have a cracker on our hands!
Glasgow have lost just the one game from their first six matches, while Saracens have yet to taste defeat. Saracens may have swept all before them in the Premiership this season, however the reality is they need to step up their game if they are going to clinch their third European title in four years.
Their away clash against a very good Glasgow side is just the sort of challenge they need in their opening game. I expect Mark McCall's team will be up for this and that they will edge a tight contest.


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If you are migrating to Magento CE 1.8 one of the big upgrades is how the VAT / Tax is being handled.
The configuration looks very much the same as in previous releases, however the way there has been many changes behind the scenes including many fixes on VAT rounding.
You can read a lot more about these fixes here http://www.magentocommerce.com/knowledge-base/entry/magento-ce-18-ee-113-tax-calc#overview.
One the big changes if you are setting up the store from scratch or upgrading and editing the VAT / Tax settings is that you cannot include rules that have 'Zero Calculations'. So for example if you are selling B2C from the UK then an products in the order for the USA would incur "0%" VAT / Tax (whilst the shipping would still incur 20%)
In the past you could have rules set up with the "0% rate" used – so that if the rate increased and you needed to change the rate you could do, without having to create the rule – it was there – but calculating "0%"
well this is no more – no VAT / Tax – no rule.
It does make for a cleaner VAT / Tax dashboard… and if you really want to still use these then there are some code hacks that seem to allow it (but we havent tested them)


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The couple have been married for two years, and while they haven't filed for divorce, they are 'taking some time apart and working on their marriage,' a rep confirmed to Star.
Sources have claimed the former Beverly Hills 90210 star's split from aspiring actor Abrams came as no surprise.
'Jennie and Dave got married before they really got to know each other' a source dished to Star. 'No one would be surprised if they're having problems. The honeymoon phase has been over for a while now.'
'They've been having problems for some time,' another source also revealed, 'Dave hasn't had much luck landing acting jobs, and Jennie's tired of seeing him bumming around at home.'
In fact, Jennie hinted towards her marriage troubles on Instagram.
Captioning an inspirational quote, 'Resilience means the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties.
'But it doesn't mean we'll never experience sadness. It proves we're able to spring back into shape after struggle has pushed us further than we ever imagined we could go. Resilience allows us to overcome and bounce back from heartache stronger and more flexible than before. I am resilient You are resilient.'
Star also reports that the 45-year-old actress has been seen without her wedding ring in recent months, and has even been seen 'cosying' up to her personal trainer.
'She's with her trainer all the time,' dished a source to the publication.
Garth shares daughters Luca, 20, Lola, 14, and Fiona, 11, with ex-husband Peter Facinelli. The former couple, who split in 2012 after 11 years of marriage, finalised their divorce in 2013.


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Arrow Builder 5.3.1 - 6 July 2016
Arrow Builder 5.3.1 is a patch release that includes several bug fixes.
As of this release, the previous Arrow Builder Tools patch release is no longer supported. Note: Major and minor releases continue to be supported according to their nominal lifetime. See Axway Appcelerator Deprecation Policy and Nominal Lifetimes documents for details.
Fixed Issues
- API-1222 - If you edit an existing Arrow model, the model's fields will not appear in the Build UI
- API-1272 - Trying to display/read Swagger.json throws an Internal Server Error
API-1280 - Swagger.json is exposing invalid schema.required array for path parameters
- API-1300 - Invalid parameters in PUT method for the new model in swagger file


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How to Turn Millennials into Money-Makers
By 2025 millennials (the generation born between 1980 and 2000) will make up 75% of the world's working population (forbes.com). The median age of Realtors is now much younger than in the past as more (young) people are entering the real estate profession.
What does this mean for your brokerage?
Continually attracting fresh blood and cultivating a strong team is important when it comes to building a profitable brokerage. There are a few things to consider when managing the millennial workforce in order to maximize their potential as top producers.
Leverage Technology
Young agents expect to be in an environment that embraces technology. Raised with smartphones in their hands and the Internet at their fingertips, millennials live comfortably with technology and make efficient use of all the platforms at their disposal.
Their tech savvy nature allows them to be highly mobile, connecting from the car or between appointments. Make sure you can equip them with the tools they need to stay connected and you'll be pleased with the level of productivity that results. On the flip side, millennials will become frustrated with antiquated or out-of-date processes and systems.
Figure out what kind of technology you use and what you might be missing. Consider offering virtual meetings and paperless operations. Tap into their ability to network online by encouraging the development of social media profiles as sales tools.
Don't Manage – Lead
Millennials infamously lack respect for traditional structures of authority. They respond to mutual respect and look for mentorship. This group is highly entrepreneurial and often the line between work and personal time is an artificial boundary for them. They are more motivated by a flexible schedule and working environment than a traditional 9 to 5 desk job, which makes them a natural fit for real estate.
They are driven, but they do need guidance. While flexibility is highly valued so are feedback and clear expectations. Millennials do well when goals are clearly stated and progress is assessed regularly so be prepared to invest a fair amount of mentorship time with them.
Recognition is also extremely motivational for this group, making a point of acknowledging their accomplishments is a particularly effective leadership strategy with this demographic.
Cultivate Company Culture
Millennial employees are attracted to companies with a strong culture and values that are in line with their own ideals and lifestyle. They want to feel like they are making a difference in their company and their community. Fostering a culture that supports these values will pay dividends in the form of highly motivated and loyal team members.
Create a collaborative work environment through common goals, brainstorming and co-working spaces. Meetings should be focused on team problem solving, not a forum where leadership delegates work based on pre-determined solutions.
Continual learning is also highly valuable to millennials. In fact, a recent study stated 65% of millennials said that one of the most influential factors in accepting their current job was the opportunity for development. Tap into their desire for knowledge by offering ongoing training programs and development opportunities.
While attracting millennials can bring fresh perspectives and the potential for innovation, it is crucial to keep their needs in balance with those of your established agents. Integrating millennials with your existing team is important; you don't want your seasoned team members to feel any less valued than their novice counter-parts. Find ways to create incentives for teamwork and promote the mutual benefits of mentorship.
Why Millennials Matter
Everyone is talking about managing millennials because frankly, they are the future. They are exceptional at multi-tasking and are not afraid of change. They excel working in teams and have a natural affinity for networking. Understanding their characteristics and managing them effectively can be a game changer for growing brokerages.
In a nutshell; providing a collaborative work environment, an entrepreneurial culture, high earning potential, ongoing training, flexible work hours and a degree of autonomy will turn your millennial agents into money makers and net a healthy ROI for your brokerage.
Check out our resources below for more real estate best practices and insights:
How-To Guide: 5 Simple Steps to Close 4X the Deals
Blog Posts:
Things Every Broker Can Learn From Elon Musk
7 Habits of Highly Effective Brokerages
Learn more about how Inside Real Estate's Kunversion can help your team drive more leads to your business, build better relationships with your clients, and close more deals by requesting a live demo.By Mike Alder Filed in: Best Practices
Tagged: , Company Culture, Leadership, Millennials, Real Estate Technology
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August 5, 2020
DRAPER, UTAH, August 5th, 2020 Inside Real Estate, one of the fastest growing independently-owned real estate software companies and […]Read More
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Thread: Hey folks
10th Nov 2019, 02:01 PM #1New Member
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- Nov 2019
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Hey folks
How's it going and hello!
Found this forum when I was trawling the net, great to see an Aussie centric forum and thought it best to pop in and do the intro thing )
I'm currently figuring out the best way replace some tired King Slide draw runners on a customised bathroom cabinet (has a basin on-top of it).
The top draw gets the most use and doesn't close properly anymore.
I'm thinking of swapping the bottom runners for the top ones (as a quick fix).
I do wonder if the runners are any good (fit for purpose) or if I should upgrade them.
A little bit about me - I'm from Perth, live out in the hills.
Most people call me Boof.
Been a sparky since the mid 90's and a project manager for 10 years now (wow I forget it's been that long! Regularly miss being on the tools, you know, grass is always greener and all that jazz).
Have a long list of DIY jobs to do at home including plenty of woodwork, there's no doubt I'll be reading and appreciating the knowledge found here.
Thanks for reading D
Sent from my SM-G973F using Tapatalk
10th Nov 2019 02:01 PM # ADSGoogle Adsense Advertisement
- Join Date
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- Advertising world
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10th Nov 2019, 04:36 PM #2
G'Day & Welcome to a top forum "Boof".
There are a stack of members in Perth and surrounds plus the rest of the country.....
You'll find a heap of helpful & knowledgeable blokes & ladies on the forum and for most very willing to assist.
Make sure you show off your handiwork as everyone loves a photo, especially WIP [Work In Progress] photos with build notes.
Enjoy the forum.
Enjoy your woodwork.
Cheers crowie
PS - Please give that beautiful cabinet it's own thread with some more photos in either general or furniture....
10th Nov 2019, 05:29 PM #3GOLD MEMBER
- Join Date
- May 2013
- Location
- Rockhampton QLD
- Age
- 64
- Posts
- 1,789
Welcome to the forum.
11th Nov 2019, 04:39 AM #4
Welcome to a top forum
11th Nov 2019, 10:27 PM #5Senior Member
- Join Date
- Jul 2008
- Location
- geelong
- Posts
- 235
Sorry King slide means nothing much (pics would help more) However if there is about 12.5 mm free on the sides the cheap (and durable) full extension ball race runners cost not much more as apposed to soft close that might require new drawer boxes and be $30+per unit rather than something less than $10 Will far outlast any nylon wheel types. Can also be gotten in self close format as well. slightly more expensive.
12th Nov 2019, 09:02 AM #6
Welcome to the forum.
12th Nov 2019, 09:27 PM #7SENIOR MEMBER
- Join Date
- Jul 2004
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- Adelaide
- Age
- 72
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Welcome to the forum.
19th Nov 2019, 10:43 AM #8
Hi and welcome Boof. Hope you enjoy your stay.
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California employers won yet another important victory Friday in the fight to allow the use of mandatory employment arbitration agreements in California. See our previous articles on AB-51 here and here. In December, the California Chamber of Commerce filed a lawsuit challenging AB-51 because it runs afoul of federal arbitration law.
In late December, a federal court in California issued a temporary restraining order blocking AB-51 from taking effect on January 1, 2020 pending an additional hearing scheduled for last Friday. During Friday's hearing, the court decided the ban on AB-51 should stay in effect until at least January 31, 2020 as the judge further considers arguments from the state and additional case law on the subject matter. The court previously expressed serious concerns regarding whether the new law is preempted by the Federal Arbitration Act and concerns over how this new law will disrupt the current employment agreement process and potentially send a flood of cases to an already over-crowded civil court system. Therefore, the court ruled that the current ban will stay in place, at least for the remainder of the month, and ideally, through this litigation.
We will continue to monitor this important case and provide further updates as the litigation develops. For now, AB-51 has no authority over California employers. Stay tuned for future E-Blasts from the employment law experts at The Saqui Law Group, a Division of Dowling Aaron Incorporated.


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Port Colborne Meals on Wheels
Website: http://mealsonwheelspc.ca
Our Purpose
- To provide meal services at a reasonable cost to convalescents, elderly, persons living with a disability or caregivers.
- To provide a social contact and a security check.
- To assist those wishing to maintain independence in their own homes.
Self referrals are welcome. Also, clients may be referred by professionals (e.g. doctors, public health nurse, hospital discharge planner), or family members, or friends.
Hot meals are delivered between 11:30 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. Monday through Friday to the Port Colborne, Gasline/Sherkston and Wainfleet areas.
Frozen meals are ordered and delivered on a weekly basis.
Programs Available
Hot Meals
Meals are prepared by the dietary staff at Port Colborne General Hospital. Menus consist of soup, entrée of meat, fish, poultry or alternate, two vegetables, fruit and/or dessert. Specialized diets are available. Current cost is $4.00
Frozen Meals
Frozen meals are available in addition to the hot meal deliveries for use on weekends, non-delivery days, when company is coming, as an evening meal, or when a hot meal is missed because of an appointment, outing or an emergency. Frozen meals include an entrée plus a dessert. Current cost is $4.70
Wheels to Meals
This program gives persons the opportunity to have lunch out, usually the last Thursday of each month, at McKellar Hall, Port Colborne General Hospital. Transportation is provided if necessary. Clients are encouraged to bring a friend or relative along. Current cost is $4.00
Bills are issued monthly for all meals received during the previous month.
Payment may be made by cash, cheque or e-transfer.
If a meal is to be cancelled, 24 hours notice is requested if possible.
Meal delivery is usually cancelled when the schools are closed due to inclement weather. An announcement will be made on Spirit 91.7 FM radio station. Every effort is made to notify recipients of any changes in service delivery.
Meals on Wheels relies on volunteers to assist with meal deliveries, with kitchen assembly and with the Wheels to Meals program. Volunteers also serve as members of the Board of Directors. New volunteers are always welcome.
Program Funding
Support for our programs comes from:
- The Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care
- The United Way of South Niagara
- Public donations including bequests and memorial donations
Official receipts for income tax purposes are issued for donations over $5.00
We are a member agency of:
Ontario Community Support Association
Ontario Community Support Association
Port Colborne General Hospital
260 Sugarloaf Street
Main Floor East, Room #11
Port Colborne, Ontario
Tel: 905-835-1581
Fax: 905-835-8708
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Website: http://mealsonwheelspc.ca/


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Petrobras in non-binding phase of Bauna, Tartaruga Verde sale process
Petrobras has started non-binding phases for the sale of Bauna and Tartaruga Verde fields offshore Brazil.
The company is divesting its entire stake in Baúna field located in shallow waters in the Santos Basin and is also looking to sell a 50 percent of its non-operated working interest in Tartaruga Verde field and Module III of Espadarte field, both located in deep water in Campos Basin.
Petrobras said that, at this stage, the interested parties qualified in the previous phase will receive instructions on the divestment process, including guidelines for the elaboration and submission of non-binding proposals, and access to a virtual data room containing more information about the assets put up for sale.
To remind, two years ago, Petrobras had been in exclusive talks Australia's Karoon over the sale of an interest in Bauna and Tartaruga Verde fields, however, shortly after the starts of negotiations, court proceedings were initiated against the potential sale of the assets, alleging that Petrobras did not follow the correct sale process. An injunction was granted on November 19, 2016, suspending the potential sale.
List of related news articles
Posted: 12 days ago
Karoon changes terms for Brazilian oilfield acquisition
Karoon has executed a binding agreement to amend the sale and purchase agreement to acquire a 100 pe...Posted: 12 days ago
Posted: 23 days ago
Trident Energy wraps up buy of ten offshore fields from Petrobras
Trident Energy has completed the acquisition of the Pampo and Enchova clusters offshore Brazil from ...Posted: 23 days ago
Posted: about 1 month ago
Petrobras looking to sell Tartaruga field stake
Brazilian oil firm Petrobras has started the opportunity disclosure stage (teaser) regarding the sal...Posted: about 1 month ago
Posted: 2 months ago
Total renegotiates terms of non-core North Sea assets sale with NEO Energy
HitecVision and NEO Energy have renegotiated terms for the acquisition of a portfolio of operated an...Posted: 2 months ago


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Official Manufacturer of Commemorative Coins Since 1965
Product Code: L4C68503
Latest Update (05/08/2020): Standard delivery time for orders is currently 7-10 working days with Royal Mail. Please note, this does not include any pre-order items.
Please note, whilst social distancing measures are still in place, a small number of colleagues are undertaking a number of responsibilities from different departments which means delays will occur. Whilst we endeavour to try and deal with customer enquiries as quickly as possible, our response time will be slower than usual but our team is working as hard as they can during these strange times. Our phone lines are still currently closed.
Dispatch for orders will be delayed by 3-5 working days at present, and next day delivery is not currently an option
Pre-Order Delivery Update - Island Games will be dispatched from Monday 10th August as we are taking extra care to ensure numbers are allocated correctly. The majority of the Gentoo Penguin 50p Orders will be dispatched tomorrow (6th August) and any remaining orders will be dispatched from Monday 10th August.
The Rock of Gibraltar is one of the Pillars of Hercules, the peninsulas that flank the entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar, a narrow strait which connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Gibraltar from Morocco in Africa. At the narrowest point, Europe and Africa are only separated by 7.7 nautical miles of ocean.
The Red Colobus monkey can be found in Western, Central and Eastern Africa are tree-dwelling and specialised herbivores that are active during the day. They live in groups of up to 100 individuals and are social animals like most primates. They have special calls that communicate different messages used for warning of danger and also for mating.
The diet of the Red Colobus is made up mainly of leaves from over 60 different varieties of trees and plants. Most animals are unable to access the nutrition in leaves because they cannot digest them but Red Colobus monkeys have a large four-chambered stomach filled with beneficial bacteria which allows them to digest the cellulose filled leaves.
It has been reported that Red Colobus monkeys are probably the most threatened taxonomic group of primates in Africa as they are highly sensitive to habitat destruction and hunting.
The coin features an adult Red Colobus monkey. With the coin available in stunning colour, these endangered primates are really brought to life and the coin highlights the fact that these stunning animals are in danger of becoming extinct.
**This coin is sold in a capsule inside a blue pouch. If purchased with an album no pouch will be supplied. If more than 14+ coins have been purchased, please note no pouches will be included and your coins will be dispatched in tubes.**
|Coloured Cupro Nickel Diamond Finish 50p Coin
|Issue Limit
Pobjoy Mint aims to dispatch all in stock items within 48 hours.
UK (Including Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey) delivery charges:
- FREE Standard UK Delivery - 3-5 business days
- £8.99 - Next Day Delivery (When ordered before 1:00pm)
- £11.22 - Next Day Delivery Saturday (Guaranteed by 1.30pm)
- £19.26 - Next Day Delivery Saturday (Guaranteed by 9.30am)
Europe (Excl United Kingdom) delivery charges:
- £0 - £59.99 £5.00
- £60.00 - £149.99 £7.50
- £150.00 - £300.00 £10.00
- £301.00 - £799.99 £15.00
- £800.00 - £4999.99 £25.00
Rest of the World delivery charges:
- £0 - £300.00 £15.00
- £301.00 - £799.99 £20.00
- £800.00 - £1249.99 £50.00
- £1250.00 - £2999.99 £80.00
- £3000.00 - £4999.99+ £100.00
For more details on postage charges please see our Delivery Information page.
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Events with MyDefence
View our events below and make contact with us – either for a discussion on countering UAV or just to learn more about us.
Event Information:
Tue12Dec2017Thu14Dec2017Central LondonMyDefence Exhibiting
Who's going
Our sales and technical team manager Søren Pedersen will be present at the event, discussion and teaching about countering drone technology. Contact us here to get in touch with Søren and arrange a meet with him in London.
About the event
A year has passed since the inaugural Countering Drones conference. Policy developments have been few and far between and, in most cases, regulation has continued to prevent law enforcement and security professionals from engaging potential drone threats effectively. Compounding this, our sector surveys and ongoing research with the user community have highlighted that there is an asymmetry between existing knowledge of industry solutions, and the products that are actually being developed for market.
Read more here: https://counteringdrones.iqpc.co.uk