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Electronics, Computers Accessories, Arduino, Io Port Cards - Page 8
Hossen ® Mini Nano V3. 0 ATMEGA328 Board For Arduino Ide (arduino-compatible) + Free Usb Cable
I definitely liked that the item had the feature of input voltage (recommended):7-12v; input voltage (limits):6-20v. Additional features consist of microcontroller:atmega328p-au and operating voltage: 5v. It's 1.57"H x 5.91"L x 1.97"W. It has got a weight of 0.07 lbs. - PC Accessory
Arduino Mega 2560 Board
Computer brainiacs urge a Mega 2560 Board manufactured by Arduino. The bar code (Universal Product Code) for this is 837654333334. I actually loved that the product had the feature of includes the new atmega 2560 chip, with double the program memory!. Other highlights include new arduino mega board. - BISS
Arduino Pro Mini 328 - 5V/16MHZ
Update your computer enthusiasts with a Arduino Pro Mini 328 manufactured by Sparkfun. It's my opinion you will like that the item includes this feature, atmega328 running at 16mhz with external resonator (0. 5% tolerance). Other features consist of max 150m an output, 5v regulator and supports auto-reset. UPC# 845156592180. - Personal Computer
Arduino Stackable Header Kit
It has a weight of 0.01 lbs. Bar Code# 845156600076. - Personal Computer
Uno R3 Board Avr 2012 MEGA328P-ATMEGA16U2 (for Arduino) + Usb Cable
I'm sure you will like that the Arduino comes with input voltage: no external power supply when connected to the computer usb, external power supply 5v ~ 9v dc voltage input. Other features consist of support isp download function. The Arduino computer is 3.15"H x 5.12"L x 1.97"W. It weighs approximately 0.13 lbs. - PC Accessory
Arduino Wireless Bluetooth Transceiver Module Slave 4PIN Serial + Du Pont Cable
the Arduino Wireless Bluetooth brought to you by Penny mod could possibly make your personal computer truly feel state of the art. One of the many key features for this part is the gps receiver industrial control mcu projects. The Arduino part is 0.09" Height x 1.06" Length x 0.51" Width. - PC Accessory
Sun Founder 4X4 Universal 16 Key Switch Keypad Keyboard For Arduino
The Sun Founder 4X4 Universal 16 Key Switch is a great Arduino for the computer enthusiasts. One of the many key features for these parts is the peel off the white sticker on the back of the keyboard can be securely affixed to the surface of the chassis. Other features include things like pitch 2. 54mm and 8p du pont head. - Personal Computer
Kootek ® BT2S Bluetooth To Serial Slave RS232 Ttl Uart Module Board For Arduino
I feel you will love that the item offers this feature, easily integrated into existing (9600 baud) projects without any need to modify code!. Other features include default passcode: 1234 and plug and play operation at 9600 baud. The Arduino dimensions are 0.1"H x 1.1"L x 0.5"W. It has a weight of 0.06 lbs. 799632560432 is the UPC barcode for this Arduino part. - PC Accessory
Sun Founder 4 Channel 5V Relay Shield Module For Arduino Uno 2560 1280 Arm Pic Avr STM32
Online shopping is simple and simple, which is why many people tend to make an online purchase rather than visit the shopping mall. The Sun Founder 4 Channel 5V Relay Shield Module For Arduino Uno 2560 1280 Arm Pic Avr STM32 is an awesome product for your do it yourselfers. 520141421286 is the UPC barcode or the Universal Product Code for this remarkable item. I certainly loved that the item had 5v 4-channel relay interface board, and each one needs 15-20m a driver current. - PC Accessory
2PCS N RF24L01+ 2. 4GHZ Wireless Transceiver Arduino Compatible
I'm sure you will love that it comes along with several resources available online, such as tutorials, data sheets, and notes. Other features include things like arduino compatible and auto-acknowledge and auto-retransmit. It's dimensions are 0.5"H x 1.13"L x 0.56"W. - PC Accessory
Electronics, Computers Accessories, Arduino, Io Port Cards - Page 8


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Your unfoldment follows the seasons. [In the northern hemisphere of your planet] more light, longer light, greater light. And so in the upswelling movement, old memories and habits of thought rise. They rise like sticks in a stream. They are dry and brittle, have no power to stop the flow, but yes, they can drift together. They can trap leaves—your old impressions that are not useful to you now. The rush of water is strong, as is the light. So for a day or an afternoon or an hour you feel caught. In that quick bundle of leaves and dirt there are tumbling pebbles. There are also flashes of sunlight on the water.
All this is going on in you, dear Children of Light. Even when you feel trapped, you are aware of the movement and the light. It calls you always on. Some may stay longer in the nest of the past, with hurts and betrayals to poke and scratch. No matter if you tumble, you are aware in your core that these sticks and stones do not hurt you as they once did. Harsh words do not pierce you; criticism from others indicates where they are, not where you are. A sudden moment of clarity or insight. The wind shifts. The small obstacle/one more bundle of twigs is loosed. The stream flows on over the smooth stones.
You are leading the way, by how you manage every day—to find your ease and feel your freedom. There are so many helpful tools and many Great Ones to assist you. The stream flows on. What grows in you is unstoppable. You don't have to be perfect in some old, stale way; you are perfect in your fluid motion now. We are with you and we love you now.

subset: commoncrawl


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Happy Monday Morning,
I received this award from my good friend and very talented crafter Jo, over on Only Joking. It is the Arte Y Pico (Art & More) Award and is given to bloggers who share their art and creativity making their contribution to the blogging world. Thanks for this Jo! What an honor! I love sharing my creativity and I hope that it helps to inspire others to create.
The rules!
1. You have to pick five blogs that you consider deserve this award for their creativity, design, interesting material, and also contributes to the blogging community, no matter what language.
2. Each award has to have the name of the author and also a link to his or her blog to be visited by everyone.
3. Each award winner has to show the award and put the name and the link to the blog that has given her or him the award itself.
4. Award-winner and the one who has given the prize have to show the link of Arte y Pico blog, so everyone will know the origin of this award.
5. To show these rules.
Now it's my turn to pass on this fabulous award! I visit many wonderful blogs each day so choosing only 5 is going to be difficult. The 5 that come to mind are Alex, Catherine, Samantha, Tina, and Erin. These girls have beautiful creations and their blogs are fun to read. They are also always supportive and super nice when they visit my blog.


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Use the drop down menus to refine your search for an agency. Click on the Agency Services you require and/or Agency Location and click Search. The results will return a list of all applicable agencies – with details. If you require an agency search to cover one or more disciplines – i.e. collateral and web – please use the 'All' search capability under Agency Services.
An A-Z list of brand and procurement approved agencies, listing contact details including location, reviews received and services offered. There is also a handy notes section for any additional information.
key – $, $$, $$$
The dollar signs represent the pricing structure as negotiated by procurement. $ = low pricing. $$ = medium pricing. $$$ = high pricing.
An initial registration is required to be able to rate an agency.
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To log in, please complete your email address and password. If you have forgotten your password – please contact firstname.lastname@example.com
Once registered or logged-in – you are ready to rate an agency!
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In addition you can add the project url or upload a file/pdf as an example.
Once complete, click submit and your review will be added to the agencyadvisor within due course. If you have missed any mandatory fields – you will receive a prompt.
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text:
What we have here are actual molds that were used by one of the major cigar factories. For those who are unfamiliar, handmade cigars are constructed by bunching together the filler leaves and wrapping them with the binder. These bunches are then put into the slots in the mold, then the mold is put together and placed in a press. The bunches are later rotated, and after a second press, they're ready to hand off to a roller to apply the wrapper.
These molds are assorted so you can't select a specific shape, and because these have been used, there will be some signs of wear, but they're still usable for the home hobbyist cigar roller or they'll make a great tchotchke to display in your smoking area. Either way, these are a great piece of memorabilia that you'll enjoy.


text: Frog & Peach Theatre Company (http://www.frogandpeachtheatre.org), "one of the most durable and best-kept secrets in the New York theater community" (Curtain Up!), will present a Weimar vision of Shakespeare's Measure for Measure. Artistic Director Lynnea Benson directs. The classic will be set in the 1930s Germany in order to comment on the corruption and hypocrisy that underlies the smug patina of modern life.


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Starring: Michelle Pfeiffer, Kiefer Sutherland, Suzanne Shepherd, Babs Olusanmokun, Marc Menchaca, Celia Au, Gabe Fazio.
Directed: Andrew Dosunmu.
Genre: Drama.
Release: April 6, 2018
Duration: 98 min
The GT3 Theme comes with the powerful theme options panel. You can easily manage a huge number of settings using this panel: general, sidebars, fonts, socials, contacts, view and color options. It was created to ease your work while creating either personal or business web site. Upload your custom logo, choose the desired google web font, select the theme color you wish, chose boxed or fullwidth layout, its up to you.


text:
Sport Scientist @ Western Bulldogs
Alice is currently a Research Fellow within the Institute for Sport and Health (IHES) at Victoria University and holds a joint appointment at the Western Bulldogs, where she supervises postgraduate student research projects. Alice's area of expertise is performance analysis and wearable technologies. Alice completed her PhD at Victoria University in conjunction with Netball Australia and the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). Alice's PhD thesis focused on using data mining techniques to profile the movement sequences of elite and junior-elite female netball athletes, via a novel radio-frequency based tracking system. Alice also worked on a data analysis project with Netball Australia in the lead up to the 2015 Netball World Cup. Alice will be presenting on the use of analytics within an elite AFL Club and how data analysis helps to understand team-sport performance. Alice is involved with various projects using data analysis in Australian Football and has a particular interest in complex and decision support systems.


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An Honest Review of Devid Farah's Dropship Selling Academy – Is It Worth The Money?
Product Name - Dropship Selling Academy & 1-Click Dropship
Creator - Devid Farah & Victory Akpos
Price - $29 (early bird) + Upsells
In this review, I am going to show you inside Devid Farah's new product called Dropship Selling Academy & 1-Click Dropship.
This is a training module which is designed to show you how to make money from dropshipping & ecommerce with Shopify and Aliexpress. You can also use eBay, Walmart, Etsy and other major stores to gain an additional edge over the market.
There is also an accompanying software called 1-click Dropship and is designed to help you quickly fulfill orders and process payments from customers. There also features inside to search for products based on price, shipping method (ePacket) and keywords.
I purchased a copy for $29, and I think the price is due to increase to $197 at the end of the launch week, but this could be false scarcity, I do not know.
I am now going to show you inside and tell you my honest opinion about this training module. Will it teach you how to build a six-figure business as a dropshipper?
If you want to find out what I think then keep reading or watch my video review.
Is The Training Good?
The following is a detailed overview of the training you get inside Dropship Selling Academy but it does not include any of the OTO's/upgrades as I only purchased the main product.
Overall I feel the training is quite low quality. There are no over the shoulder tutorials with and practical implementation strategies. Each video is a short presentation where Devid talks about dropshipping, without any practical guidance on how to actually do anything, such as:
- creating listings.
- building a Shopify store.
- optimising for ecommerce SEO.
- how to create Facebook ads for dropshipping.
- How to calculate ROI and ad costs.
- How to do anything to do with Shopify.
- Shipping time from China
- How to deal with complaints.
- How to negotiate with Chinese businesses.
- and so on...
There are too many elements that are missed out, at least in my opinion.
There are a total of 29 video tutorials, and this is what you will learn:
1. Basic Intro - 04:24 mins
The opening video introduces the member's area. Devid Farah gives you a warm welcome to the training.
2. What's Dropshipping + What Products To Sell? - 04:54 mins
The second video talks to you about dropshipping and what the process involves. You are given a clear outline of the relationship between you and the customer with regards to:
- who deals with packaging and handling
- dealing with suppliers
- how you make money
- advantages to dropshipping
- why it is important to find legitimate wholesalers
- what kind of products you should sell.
- why you should sell certain products.
3. How To Dropship On Shopify - Intro - 00:40 secs
This is a super quick and simple intro to Shopify where Devid gives you a warm welcome to the Shopify platform.
4. How To Establish Your Brand In 3 Minutes - 09:19 mins
Here you are shown the importance of establishing a brand and getting a logo created for your new shop with Fiverr.com.
The training goes on to show you why creating a social media presence is also very important, and you are shown a social media management software you can use to manage multiple social accounts.
You are told you need to create a custom domain and email which comes with a Shopify store.
Then something strange happens:
Devid says, "By the way guys, I am NOT going to show you how to set up your Shopify store because you have to buy my other training called Build My Store to learn that"
In a nutshell, this tutorial teaches you nothing. You are told these various points, but you are not shown how to complete them.
5. How To Find a Killer Niche - 07:51 mins
This video tutorial shows you how you can use a website called Watch Count to check the sales volume of specific products within certain niches.
You then use this information to determine which products are very popular before you move on to audience research within Facebook to estimate which audience you target with these hot selling products.
6. How To Find an Audience To Target - 05:25 mins
In this tutorial, you are given a brief introduction into the Facebook audience insights tool which you can use to find which demographic suits your niche.
You are shown how to search for interests and find related pages people are liking on Facebook. You can then use this information to build an audience that you can target based on interests, behaviour, age, sex, location and so on.
This tutorial is also very short and doesn't really cover much in any great detail; it's only 5:25 mins long.
7. How To Find Killer Products on AliExpress - 13:36 mins
Here you are shown how to find popular products on Aliexpress which you then investigate to ensure they are dropshipping friendly.
You are also shown how you can find product ideas and compare them to your Facebook audience insights tool to further research products and potential hot selling items.
You need to find products in the $1 to $4 range which you then sell for between $10 and $50 each, ensuring a huge profit.
8. Advanced Strategies To Find Top Products On AliExpress - 18:36 mins - 4:24 mins
The eighth training video teaches you nothing. The progress bar tells that the duration of this should be 18 minutes and 36 seconds but the video you get is only 4 minutes and 24 seconds long, and it talks about a different product called the Targeting Academy, which is also by Devid Farah.
The video introduces what Targeting Academy is, but there is no buy button and there is no information about why this video is here.
I think this may have been embedded by mistake. This module has no purpose because there is no information here about advanced strategies on finding hot selling products on AliExpress, as the title suggests.
9. The SECRET To Use AliExpress To Find Top Selling Products - 08:33 mins
This module teaches you how you can compare the dropship prices from AliExpress with the retail prices people are charging on the mainstream marketplaces like eBay or Amazon.
The tutorial goes on to explain how you can request custom modifications to your dropship items to make you eligible to sell them on Etsy.
This will be a very costly and difficult procedure, to have the products custom-made, and is unlikely to be of any use to a newbie at this stage. Nevertheless, it is a useful tutorial to be aware of.
10. How To Get Amazing Bargains On AliExpress - 06:16 mins
This tutorial shows you how you can contact vendors on AliExpress and ask them if they can give you a large discount in exchange for their products.
You contact them and ask them if you can buy 5 or 10 samples to test out and tell them that if they sell well, then you will be ordering a lot more from them. This is a simple strategy but it can be effective.
11. How To Avoid Counterfeit Products On AliExpress - 12:40 mins
The 11th video tutorial shows you how you can spot and avoid counterfeit products on AliExpress.
China has a very loose copyright infringement policy which allows them to reproduce and use copyrighted images and logos on their products.
You have to avoid selling anything that has a copyright name on it, such as Marvel or Nike, because you will get in a lot of trouble if you try and sell fake merchandise on your Shopify store.
12. How To Know If Your Product Will Sell Like Hotcakes - Intro - 01:04 mins
This is a very short introduction video talking about how you can use Google and other websites to determine if your product is going to be a hot selling product.
13. Technique #1: eBay Completed Listings - 08:10 mins
This video shows you how you can use the completed sales on eBay to search through previous listings and find which products sold.
This is an extension of the watch count strategy to give you an idea of what types of products are selling well and for what price.
You can then obviously use this as a building block when you choose your own product to dropship from Shopify. If you know there is a demand you know they'll sell.
14. Technique #2: Amazon - 06:47 mins
This next technique shows you how you can use the Amazon bestsellers list to identify potentially profitable items.
When you find an item which is selling like hot cakes you would then find the equivalent item on AliExpress and proceed to check if an item is selling well on Amazon then there is an excellent chance there is a high demand for the item, your next step would be to find the audience who are buying the item.
15. Technique #3: Terapeak - 05:00 mins
Here you are shown how to use a specific search tool which itemises which products have been sold and for how much on Ebay.
The software is called Terapeak and it gives you a detailed diagnostic about the average price, average shipping cost, sell through rate, start price, total listing amount and much more.
You can search by categories, listing type, or any keyword you want to find items within your niche. This allows you to get a detailed view of how much they are selling for how many are selling.
16. Technique #4: WatchCount - 4:20 mins
This is another video about the Watch Count feature on eBay which you can use to find hot selling items in seconds.
You simply place the keyword you want in the search box and return the top-selling and the most watched items on eBay within that niche. This helps you identify hot selling products very quickly.
17. 7 Killer Products To Sell On Your Shopify Stores - 00:52 mins
This is a quick intro into the next section which show you some killer products you can sell yourself.
18. Money Making Idea #1: Foot Massagers - 05:03 mins
You are shown a hot selling product, which is a foot massager, and you learn why images are important and that is about it.
There is no real explanation about the cost of shipping, profit calculations and so on.
You are told to buy for $5 and sell it for $15-$20. Even though this may seem like a hot selling product, there is no real explanation about what to do with it and how to sell it.
19. Money Making Idea #2: Handmade Pipes - 04:33 mins
20. Money Making Idea #3: Microfiber Towels - 01:55 mins
21. Money Making Idea #4: Beach Towels - 02:05 mins
22. Money Making Idea #5: Car Air Fresheners - 01:31 mins
23. Money Making Idea #6: Car Wash Mitt - 01:46 mins
24. Money Making Idea #7: Dash Cams - 02:37 mins
25. Money Making Idea #8: Pillow Cases - 02:28 mins
All these so-called killer products, which you can copy and sell on your store, are good ideas but the training doesn't show you anything about them.
You're not shown how to list them on your store or how to sell them.
There's not even a close diagnosis of how much to charge.
You're only told: "Here this is a great product. Sell this", without any real reason or logic behind.
26. Dropshipping Secrets You MUST Know! - 11:28 mins
Within this tutorial, you are taught how to avoid fake dropshippers who act as middlemen and charging for the privilege of buying products from them when you can go straight to the supplier/wholesaler.
You're also taught how to approach dropshipping suppliers and how to communicate with them.
You also get a list of four highly respected and well-known sources where you can find verified dropshippers. This is a handy resource.
27. How To Promote Tripwire Offers with FB Ads - 12:16 mins
This video teaches you some tricks about how you can split test your ad campaigns on Facebook.
You are shown multiple steps: how you can set up your tripwire product with three different campaigns and 15 different ad sets so you can determine which ones are bringing in the most valuable traffic.
This video is quite valuable and will serve you very well to understand how to split test your ads to find the profitable one.
However, like everything else inside Dropship Selling Academy, there is no tutorial to show you how to create anything or do anything practical.
The training is all theory with no over the shoulder tutorials. A complete beginner will be very lost.
28. How To Optimize the Picture of Your FB Ad - 09:57 mins
This is a simple video where Devid shows you how you can use photoshop to edit a product image to make it more appealing for your Facebook ad.
You make the image appealing by adding special offer overlays and 60% off text and so on, which makes it more clickable and more appealing to the buyer.
29. How To Optimize the Text for Your Ad - 11:14 mins
The last training video shows you how to write ad copy for your Facebook advert.
You are told what to write as an example for a necklace being sold, but there is no instruction on how to create that the advert. You are not shown how to deal with the campaign, the ad set, only the actual ad.
This means you do not have any tutorials on how to target a specific audience, how to set up your budgeting, how to manage your campaigns or anything inside the business manager of Facebook.
Is the & 1-Click Dropship software worth using?
The software which comes with this purchase does have a basic function, but unless you upgrade to the pro version it serves no purpose.
You can use the AliExpress spy/importer feature to quickly find products on AliExpress and use the import button to import the product listing directly to the ecommerce Shopify store.
You can also use it to find products which use ePackets for shipping. This does save time, but there is a limited functionality on the search features.
There is also a built-in editor which, again, serves little purpose because you can do this inside your Shopify store and is convenient but not essential.
The key feature here, which is supposed to be a huge time saver, is the automatic order/fulfilment feature.
This will automatically place the order with the AliExpress vendor to save you time and money but, as always, you have to upgrade to unlock this feature.
This type of pressured up-selling is very annoying because the sales page promises to show you how you can use the software but your hand is forced here because you have to upgrade to use this properly.
You will be much better off going to Oberlo and using their free tool, which is basically the same but better, to achieve the same purpose. At least with Oberlo you can get a lot more free features which are perfect for a beginner.
You can also add multiple stores and use other sources like Walmart or eBay within the 1-Click Dropship Software, but you have to pay for that as well.
Will Dropship Selling Academy Help You Make Money Online?
All the advice you get inside this training is up-to-date and is accurate. Nevertheless, the tutorials are very thin and short which means a lot of room for misinterpretation and misunderstanding.
Each video is, on average, about 5 to 6 mins long so we can see that there is no real in-depth training here.
Couple this with the lack of over the shoulder tutorials then, someone who is inexperienced, is very unlikely to succeed with this strategy, because there is no strategy.
There is no training on things such as: building a Shopify store, creating listings and editing products, filling orders and running Facebook ads, and so on.
The sales page is misleading
Which brings me onto the next point; the congruency and relevancy of the sales page to what you get inside the training. The sales page promises some secret strategy or training to show you exactly how to become a Shopify dropshipper.
I do think there is a huge disconnect between these two promises and the product delivery.
Yes, you do get some solid advice and training on becoming a dropshipper, but there is zero over the shoulder training on the practical side of actually doing it.
Therefore I do feel the sales page is very misleading because you're not show anything.
Would I recommend you buy Dropship Selling Academy?
If you have absolutely zero experience with dropshipping and you have never even opened a store before, then this training will prove useful up to a point. However, do not expect any training on how to actually open a store and physically run it.
All the training you learn here is purely theory with no over the shoulder training.
If you already have experience with opening Shopify stores and running some basic Facebook adverts, then this training may prove helpful, but the chances are you've heard all this information before.
Therefore, in my opinion, I cannot recommend this because there is no end purpose to it and for the price tag it is not worth the money.
Had the training been a bit longer and a bit more in-depth, then absolutely! But, as it is, there isn't enough information here to warrant the price or to actually teach anyone anything.
Is Dropship Selling Academy a Scam
Absolutely not! This is a genuine and honest program. Devid Farah has been around for a while and has released previous modules, such as Targeting Academy, which I really liked.
In this case, I just don't feel there is enough information here to warrant the price, but the training itself is not a scam and you can buy this completely safe knowing that you are in safe hands.
Overall I feel that this product is a bit of a letdown. There is no over the shoulder tutorials, and the training is purely theory with short and incomplete training videos.
The software which comes with the training has very limited features and due to lack of over the shoulder tutorials serves no purpose.
The main training doesn't show you how to create a Shopify store, so how is somebody supposed to know how to use the software if they do not even know how to connect it with your Shopify store?
The main purpose of Dropship Selling Academy is to make you buy more products, such as Build My Store 2.0 and the upgrade to the dropship software.
This type of forced upgrading and sales pressure is very unfair because the sales page did not mention any of this.
I think we all expect and understand that you do have to upgrade certain things but in your own time and pace, it should not be forced on you in this way.
I hope this review of Dropship Selling Academy was helpful and if you have any questions or queries and please do leave a comment below.


text:
James Frank Dobie eBooks
eBooks found: 1
Guide to Life and Literature of the Southwest, with a Few Observations
James Frank Dobie
pubOne.info, September 2010
Format: ePub
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text:
A study by public health scientists has revealed that getting too much or too little sleep can prematurely age your brain by up to seven years.
They found that middle-aged adults whose sleep decreased to less than six hours a night over a five-year period suffered lower scores in reasoning and vocabulary tests.
Those whose nightly sleep increased to more than eight hours also showed signs of accelerated cognitive decline.
But they found that women who had maintained seven hours of sleep per night performed best in cognitive tests as did men who slept between six and eight hours.
The findings suggest that regularly sleeping for seven hours during the night can help to reduce the cognitive decline that occurs as we grow older.
The researchers have now called for better public health advice about the importance of getting the right amount of sleep.
Dr Jane Ferrie, who led the research in the department of epidemiology and public health at University College London, said the decline in brain function suffered by people who got too much or too little sleep was equivalent to them having aged between four and seven years.
She said: "Sleep duration generally decreases with age and so does cognitive function, so we wanted to see if there was a relationship with that change in sleep.
"It was surprising that when people have longer durations of sleep, they had a lower cognitive function scores in all of the tests apart from memory.
"We think this could be to do with fragmentation of sleep which means although people are in bed for a long time, they are not necessarily having enough quality sleep.
"We calculated these changes in sleep are producing a cognitive deficit that is equivalent to a person having aged by between four and seven years."
The researchers used data from a long term public health survey known as the Whitehall II study.
Using data from questionnaires and cognitive tests completed by 5,431 participants, Dr Ferrie and her colleagues were able to assess how changes in sleep duration over a five-year period related to changes in cognitive scores.
The participants, who were aged between 35 and 55 years old, were asked to carry out six cognitive tests that examined reasoning, vocabulary, fluency and memory.
The researchers found that 25 per cent of the women and 18 per cent of the men taking part had decreased the amount of sleep they got each night while 7.4 per cent of the women and 8.6 per cent of the men had increased the amount of sleep they got.
The results showed that those whose sleep duration had fallen to less than six hours a night over the five hour period were had lower test scores for reasoning and vocabulary.
Those whose sleep had increased to more than eight hours scored lower in all the tests apart from memory.
Dr Ferrie said more work was needed to understand exactly how changes in sleep patterns influence cognitive function in adults and if other conditions such as depression, which can also affect sleep and cognitive function, were playing a role.
But she called for public health authorities to take sleep more seriously when issuing advice.
She said: "There are incredible pressures on people to live 24/7 lives, yet sleep has had very little attention when compared to other health related behaviours such as alcohol consumption and smoking.
"I would like to see sleep being taken more seriously as a subject for health promotion."
Dr John Shneerson, president of the British Sleep Society, said: "Sleep can be looked at very much like food - if you get too little it can be bad for you and if you get too much it can also be harmful.
"Sleep is beneficial both on a cellular level to allow the cells in the brain to get rid of waste materials and build up their energy stores, but it is also important for consolidating memories."


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Eating balanced meals, farm-fresh produce benefits families, communities, nutrition researchers say
Leaders at the recent United Nations meeting emphasized nutrition as critical to producing thriving children, families, and communities. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said a key focus is helping farmers grow heartier crops to nourish families. University of Missouri nutrition experts say getting back to basics by eating balanced meals and farm-fresh produce can benefit families and communities in many ways.
As fall approaches, Robin Gammon, MU dietitian and Stay Strong, Stay Healthy Program Manager, says families can implement healthy eating ideas to mark the new season. Based on insights from MU nutrition and exercise research and MU Extension programs, she recommends:
- Take the entire family to the farmers market and buy a fruit or vegetable you haven't tried before. Ask the farmer for preparation or cooking tips.
- Eat seasonal produce. Produce is usually fresher and cheaper when it is in season.
- Make meal planning a family activity. Before going to the grocery store, plan meals for the week.
- Plan quicker meals for nights that you have evening activities.
- Try to make each meal balanced by including all or most of the food groups.
student nutrition, providing agriculture and health education opportunities, and supporting local farmers. Findings and program data are available here: Missouri Farm to School report
"A goal of Farm to School programs is to promote healthy eating choices and encourage families to take advantage of those choices and have fun by trying seasonal fruits and vegetables," Fahrmeier said. "Next time you're at your local farmers market or grocery store, ask your child to pick out something new to try at home. You might be surprised at what they pick! Let them decide if they like new foods."
Family time, dinner commitments, agriculture education and healthy eating are doable even for today's busy families, Fahrmeier said. Some things to remember:
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You deserve the kind of guy who would treat you with respect and acceptance. This guy won't ask you to do things that would make you uncomfortable and he won't force you to change your beliefs just for him. In the end, you just have to realize that a good boyfriend doesn't have to agree with everything that you believe in. The important thing is that he genuinely respects you and your views in life. Remember that you are two completely different persons and respecting your personal differences balances your relationship.
We're not saying that you should find a guy with the same humor as Channing Tatum so he can make you laugh 24/7. What we're saying is that a good boyfriend constantly makes an effort to see his girl smile. It doesn't matter if he resorts to a cheesy pick-up line or a lame knock-knock joke just to make it possible. We will still give him plus points for trying. And let's face it, seeing you smile is probably his favorite thing in the world, anyway. See? It's a win-win situation!
An honest boyfriend has no trouble admitting his mistakes because he knows that lying would just hurt your relationship. He recognizes the importance of complete honesty, that's why he tries to openly communicate his feelings. Nobody wants to be in a relationship brimming with doubts and uncertainties, right?
For more qualities you should look for in a boyfriend, visit candymag.com!
* Minor edits have been implemented by the Cosmo.ph editors.


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A recent study has demonstrated that in certain circumstances, participants of an experimental study's control group – aware of being treated with a placebo to ease pain – might still experience symptoms of relief.
The Truth Behind The Placebo Effect
It's quite common – you're not hungry, and then suddenly someone mentions food and you start salivating. Or you have a headache, and the moment you swallow an aspirin you feel the pain fading away, even though it hasn't even been processed by your system. These are examples of the 'placebo effect', demonstrating the amazing and rather confounding abilities of the human mind.
CU-Boulder graduate student Scott Schafer, who works in Associate Professor Tor Wager's Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Lab in the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, has provided interesting findings with regards to when the placebo effect works, and when it doesn't. He observed that in certain cases, patients did experience relief from pain despite knowing that they were receiving 'non-medical' intervention.
Here's the catch: the research participants need ample time – four sessions in the case of this study – to be conditioned so as to make the placebo work. Even if it is revealed later that the experimental intervention they are receiving has no medical basis, the participants will continue to experience relief. However, if the truth is revealed after only one session, the placebo effect will not kick in.
While performing the study, Schafer explained that his general interests were based on understanding of how humans predict their environment. Exploring how placebos occur – the when and why – was what really interested him.
Schafer, Wager, and co-author Luana Colloca, of the University of Maryland Baltimore, published their research entitled 'Conditioned Placebo Analgesia Persists When Subjects Know They Are Receiving a Placebo' in The Journal of Pain.
Refining and Confirming The Idea
For the study, Schafer and Colloca applied a heating element made out of ceramic on the forearms of the research subjects. Just enough heat was administered to induce strong sensations of pain and avoid burning the skin. An initial screening dismissed certain participants who had an unusually higher tolerance for pain.
After reaching temperatures of up to 117.5 degrees Fahrenheit, Schafer applied what the subjects were told was an analgesic to relieve the pain in the affected area of the forearm. The subjects thought that it would reduce the temperature and provide relief. The so-called analgesic was in fact Vaseline with blue food coloring presented in a pharmaceutical container.
To further substantiate the experiment, the participants were asked to read drug forms and inform the researchers whether they had any medical problems or had been taking other medications before enrolling in the study.
"They believed the treatment was effective in relieving pain", stated Schafer, an obvious consequence of the placebo effect. He added that when the subjects were tested with and without treatment on medium intensity, they reported experiencing lesser pain with the placebo.
Key Findings In Terms Of Brain Functioning
Schafer claims that the findings could open new avenues for treating drug addiction and managing pain in children and adults who are prescribed strong, addictive pain killers post-op."If a child has experience with a drug working, you could wean them off the drug, or switch that drug a placebo, and have them continue taking it", Schafer explained.
Schafer further commented that these results highlight how the brain plays a vital role in making some people believe in placebo. He said that previous studies showed how placebos induced the release of pain-relieving chemicals in the brain. What was not clear was whether this expectation-independent placebo effect used similar or different mechanisms.
On the whole, the findings advocate that positive reinforcement can create a placebo effect and provide pain relief independent of reported expectations. Wager, the senior author, remarked that the research on placebos was still in preliminary stages. However, this study suggests that for a placebo effect to work, participants must believe in the influence of the treatment, and possess experiences consistent to those beliefs. The prior help the brain respond to the placebo as if it were a real intervention, and once the brain is conditioned into believing, the placebo can still have a positive effect even if you don't believe it any longer.


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One of favourite one-and-done outfits for casual summer elegance is a simple A-line dress with sneakers and crossbody bag. This dress has a really flattering tie front detail, with a teeny cut out to give it a twist. This 100% cotton embroidery Anglaise in nude rose is also incredibly cool, with the recent heat waves in Joburg that's a must for me.
Bump into me during mid-summer, and I'll probably be wearing some version of this outfit- either in the form of a dress or a skirt with a casual cropped top of some kind, a flat shoe and a hat. My wardrobe is filled with similar A-line dresses with small slight twists- a cutout there or a small, unconventional print here. It's like a little uniform I put on at least once a week- OK maybe twice a week if I'm feeling lazy when I get dressed. Another basic with a twist that I'm currently obsessed with are these adidas Stan Smiths. Yes, I'm late to the party on the white sneaker front, but I've been eyeing Stan Smith's for a while now and when I saw this pair I fell for them instantly. You can't see it in the photos, but this pair has a debossed polka dot and I'm a sucker for anything with a polka dot.
The hat is a repeat offender on the blog, it's a boater I picked up at Factory last summer, but if you're looking a similar one try Witchery. Switching it up for the evening is easy, a simple strappy heel, a chain bag and a red lip with the same ladylike dress makes it completely different.
dress COUNTRY ROAD/ necklaces LE BIJOU and THE MAKERY/ hat FACTORIE (similar)/ bag MR PRICE/ rings DEAR RAE/ watch WITCHERY/ cuff HOUSE OF HARLOW (similar)/ thread bracelet ANNA+NINA/ sneakers ADIDAS
photography JP HANEKOM


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Ngee Ann City – The amazing Singapore shopping complex on Orchard Road
Ngee Ann City is something of a shopping centre landmark on Orchard Road, having delivered brand names, book stores, beauty parlours and restaurants to well-heeled shoppers since the last century. The mall also boasts an art and creativity section and the Takashimaya department store over seven levels. Designer labels are aplenty including Cartier, Hugo Boss, [...]Read More


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NCERT Class XII History Part 2: Theme 7 – An Imperial Capital Vijayanagara
National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) Book for Class XII
Subject: History
Chapter: Theme 7 – An Imperial Capital Vijayanagara
Class XII NCERT History Text Book Theme 7 An Imperial Capital Vijayanagara is given below
Vijayanagara or "city of victory" was the name of both a city and an empire. The empire was founded in the fourteenth century. In its heyday it stretched from the river Krishna in the north to the extreme south of the peninsula. In 1565 the city was sacked and subsequently deserted. Although it fell into ruin in the seventeenth-eighteenth centuries, it lived on in the memories of people living in the Krishna-Tungabhadra doab. They remembered it as Hampi, a name derived from that of the local mother goddess, Pampadevi. These oral traditions combined with archaeological finds, monuments and inscriptions and other records helped scholars to rediscover the Vijayanagara Empire.
1. The Discovery of Hampi
The ruins at Hampi were brought to light in 1800 by an engineer and antiquarian named Colonel Colin Mackenzie. An employee of the English East India Company, he prepared the first survey map of the site. Much of the initial information he received was based on the memories of priests of the Virupaksha temple and the shrine of Pampadevi. Subsequently, from 1856, photographers began to record the monuments which enabled scholars to study them. As early as 1836 epigraphists began collecting several dozen inscriptions found at this and other temples at Hampi. In an effort to reconstruct the history of the city and the empire, historians collated information from these sources with accounts of foreign travellers and other literature written in Telugu, Kannada, Tamil and Sanskrit.
Colin Mackenzie
Born in 1754, Colin Mackenzie became famous as an engineer, surveyor and cartographer. In 1815 he was appointed the first Surveyor General of India, a post he held till his death in 1821. He embarked on collecting local histories and surveying historic sites in order to better understand India's past and make governance of the colony easier. He says that "it struggled long under the miseries of bad management … before the South came under the benign influence of the British government". By studying Vijayanagara, Mackenzie believed that the East India Company could gain "much useful information on many of these institutions, laws and customs whose influence still prevails among the various Tribes of Natives forming the general mass of the population to this day".
2. Rayas, Nayakas and Sultans
According to tradition and epigraphic evidence two brothers, Harihara and Bukka, founded the Vijayanagara Empire in 1336. This empire included within its fluctuating frontiers peoples who spoke different languages and followed different religious traditions.
On their northern frontier, the Vijayanagara kings competed with contemporary rulers – including the Sultans of the Deccan and the Gajapati rulers of Orissa – for control of the fertile river valleys and the resources generated by lucrative overseas trade. At the same time, interaction between these states led to sharing of ideas, especially in the field of architecture. The rulers of Vijayanagara borrowed concepts and building techniques which they then developed further.
Karnataka samrajyamu
While historians use the term Vijayanagara Empire, contemporaries described it as the karnataka samrajyamu.
Some of the areas that were incorporated within the empire had witnessed the development of powerful states such as those of the Cholas in Tamil Nadu and the Hoysalas in Karnataka. Ruling elites in these areas had extended patronage to elaborate temples such as the Brihadishvara temple at Thanjavur and the Chennakeshava temple at Belur. The rulers of Vijayanagara, who called themselves rayas, built on these traditions and carried them, as we will see, literally to new heights.
2.1 Kings and traders
As warfare during these times depended upon effective cavalry, the import of horses from Arabia and Central Asia was very important for rival kingdoms. This trade was initially controlled by Arab traders. Local communities of merchants known as kudirai chettis or horse merchants also participated in these exchanges. From 1498 other actors appeared on the scene. These were the Portuguese, who arrived on the west coast of the subcontinent and attempted to establish trading and military stations. Their superior military technology, especially the use of muskets, enabled them to become important players in the tangled politics of the period.
In fact, Vijayanagara was also noted for its markets dealing in spices, textiles and precious stones. Trade was often regarded as a status symbol for such cities, which boasted of a wealthy population that demanded high-value exotic goods, especially precious stones and jewellery. The revenue derived from trade in turn contributed significantly to the prosperity of the state.
2.2 The apogee and decline of the empire
Within the polity, claimants to power included members of the ruling lineage as well as military commanders. The first dynasty, known as the Sangama dynasty, exercised control till 1485. They were supplanted by the Saluvas, military commanders, who remained in power till 1503 when they were replaced by the Tuluvas. Krishnadeva Raya belonged to the Tuluva dynasty.
Krishnadeva Raya's rule was characterised by expansion and consolidation. This was the time when the land between the Tungabhadra and Krishna rivers (the Raichur doab) was acquired (1512), the rulers of Orissa were subdued (1514) and severe defeats were inflicted on the Sultan of Bijapur (1520). Although the kingdom remained in a constant state of military preparedness, it flourished under conditions of unparalleled peace and prosperity. Krishnadeva Raya is credited with building some fine temples and adding impressive gopurams to many important south Indian temples. He also founded a suburban township near Vijayanagara called Nagalapuram after his mother. Some of the most detailed descriptions of Vijayanagara come from his time or just after.
Strain began to show within the imperial structure following Krishnadeva Raya's death in 1529. His successors were troubled by rebellious nayakas or military chiefs. By 1542 control at the centre had shifted to another ruling lineage, that of the Aravidu, which remained in power till the end of the seventeenth century. During this period, as indeed earlier, the military ambitions of the rulers of Vijayanagara as well as those of the Deccan Sultanates resulted in shifting alignments. Eventually this led to an alliance of the Sultanates against Vijayanagara. In 1565 Rama Raya, the chief minister of Vijayanagara, led the army into battle at Rakshasi-Tangadi (also known as Talikota), where his forces were routed by the combined armies of Bijapur, Ahmadnagar and Golconda. The victorious armies sacked the city of Vijayanagara. The city was totally abandoned within a few years. Now the focus of the empire shifted to the east where the Aravidu
dynasty ruled from Penukonda and later from Chandragiri (near Tirupati).
Although the armies of the Sultans were responsible for the destruction of the city of Vijayanagara, relations between the Sultans and the rayas were not always or inevitably hostile, in spite of religious differences. Krishnadeva Raya, for example, supported some claimants to power in the Sultanates and took pride in the title "establisher of the Yavana kingdom". Similarly, the Sultan of Bijapur intervened to resolve succession disputes in Vijayanagara following the death of Krishnadeva Raya. In fact the Vijayanagara kings were keen to ensure the stability of the Sultanates and vice versa. It was the adventurous policy of Rama Raya who tried to play off one Sultan against another that led the Sultans to combine together and decisively defeat him.
2.3 The rayas and the nayakas
Among those who exercised power in the empire were military chiefs who usually controlled forts and had armed supporters. These chiefs often moved from one ar ea to another, and in many cases were accompanied by peasants looking for fertile land on which to settle. These chiefs were known as nayakas and they usually spoke Telugu or Kannada. Many nayakas submitted to the authority of the kings of Vijayanagara but they often rebelled and had to be subdued by military action.
The amara-nayaka system was a major political innovation of the Vijayanagara Empire. It is likely that many features of this system were derived from the iqta system of the Delhi Sultanate.
The amara-nayakas were military commanders who were given territories to govern by the raya. They collected taxes and other dues from peasants, craftspersons and traders in the area. They retained part of the revenue for personal use and for maintaining a stipulated contingent of horses and elephants. These contingents provided the Vijayanagara kings with an effective fighting force with which they brought the entire southern peninsula under their control. Some of the revenue was also used for the maintenance of temples and irrigation works.
The amara-nayakas sent tribute to the king annually and personally appeared in the royal court with gifts to express their loyalty. Kings occasionally asserted their control over them by transferring them from one place to another. However, during the course of the seventeenth century, many of these nayakas established independent kingdoms. This hastened the collapse of the central imperial structure.
Locate Chandragiri, Madurai, Ikkeri, Thanjavur and Mysore, all centres of nayaka power, on Map 1. Discuss the ways in which rivers and hills may have facilitated or hindered communication with Vijayanagara in each case.
3. Vijayanagara The Capital and its Environs
Like most capitals, Vijayanagara, was characterised by a distinctive physical layout and building style.
3.1 Water resources
The most striking feature about the location of Vijayanagara is the natural basin formed by the river Tungabhadra which flows in a north-easterly direction. The surrounding landscape is characterised by stunning granite hills that seem to form a girdle around the city. A number of streams flow down to the river from these rocky outcrops.
In almost all cases embankments were built along these streams to create reservoirs of varying sizes. As this is one of the most arid zones of the peninsula, elaborate arrangements had to be made to store rainwater and conduct it to the city. The most important such tank was built in the early years of the fifteenth century and is now called Kamalapuram tank. Water from this tank not only irrigated fields nearby but was also conducted through a channel to the "royal centre".
One of the most prominent waterworks to be seen among the ruins is the Hiriya canal. This canal drew water from a dam across the Tungabhadra and irrigated the cultivated valley that separated the "sacred centre" from the "urban core". This was apparently built by kings of the Sangama dynasty.
3.2 Fortifications and roads
Before we examine the different parts of the city in detail let us look at what enclosed them all – the great fortress walls. Abdur Razzaq, an ambassador sent by the ruler of Persia to Calicut (present-day Kozhikode) in the fifteenth century, was greatly impressed by the fortifications, and mentioned seven lines of forts. These encircled not only the city but also its agricultural hinterland and forests. The outermost wall linked the hills surrounding the city. The massive masonry construction was slightly tapered. No mortar or cementing agent was employed anywhere in the construction. The stone blocks were wedge shaped, which held them in place, and the inner portion of the walls was of earth packed with rubble. Square or rectangular bastions projected outwards.
What was most significant about this fortification is that it enclosed agricultural tracts. Abdur Razzaq noted that " between the first, second and the third walls there are cultivated fields, gardens and houses". And Paes observed: "From this first circuit until you
enter the city there is a great distance, in which are fields in which they sow rice and have many gardens and much water, in which water comes from two lakes." These statements have been corroborated by present-day archaeologists, who have also found evidence of an agricultural tract between the sacred centre and the urban core. This tract was serviced by an elaborate canal system drawing water from the Tungabhadra.
Why do you think agricultural tracts were incorporated within the fortified area? Often, the objective of medieval sieges was to starve the defenders into submission. These sieges could last for several months and sometimes even years. Normally rulers tried to be prepared for such situations by building large granaries within fortified areas. The rulers of Vijayanagara adopted a more expensive and elaborate strategy of protecting the agricultural belt itself.
A second line of fortification went round the inner core of the urban complex, and a third line surrounded the royal centre, within which each set of major buildings was surrounded by its own high walls.
The fort was entered through well-guarded gates, which linked the city to the major roads. Gateways were distinctive architectural features that often defined the structures to which they regulated access. The arch on the gateway leading into the fortified settlement as well as the dome over the gate (Fig. 7.6) are regarded as typical features of the architecture introduced by the Turkish Sultans. Art historians refer to this style as Indo-Islamic, as it grew continually through interaction with local building practices in different regions.
Archaeologists have studied roads within the city and those leading out from it. These have been identified by tracing paths through gateways, as well as by finds of pavements. Roads generally wound around through the valleys, avoiding rocky terrain. Some of the most important roads extended from temple gateways, and were lined by bazaars.
3.3 The urban core
Moving along the roads leading into the urban core, there is relatively little archaeological evidence of the houses of ordinary people. Archaeologists have
found fine Chinese porcelain in some areas, 179 including in the north-eastern corner of the urban core and suggest that these areas may have been occupied by rich traders. This was also the Muslim residential quarter. Tombs and mosques located here have distinctive functions, yet their architecture resembles that of the mandapas found in the temples of Hampi.
This is how the sixteenth-century Portuguese traveller Barbosa described the houses of ordinary people, which have not survived: "The other houses of the people are thatched, but nonetheless well built and arranged according to occupations, in long streets with many open places."
Field surveys indicate that the entire area was dotted with numerous shrines and small temples, pointing to the prevalence of a variety of cults, perhaps supported by different communities. The surveys also indicate that wells, rainwater tanks as well as temple tanks may have served as sources of water to the ordinary town dwellers.
4. The Royal Centre
The royal centre was located in the south-western part of the settlement. Although designated as a royal centre, it included over 60 temples. Clearly, the patronage of temples and cults was important for rulers who were trying to establish and legitimise their authority through association with the divinities housed in the shrines.
About thirty building complexes have been identified as palaces. These are relatively large structures that do not seem to have been associated
with ritual functions. One difference between these structures and temples is that the latter were constructed entirely of masonry, while the superstructure of the secular buildings was made of perishable materials.
4.1 The mahanavami dibba
Some of the more distinctive structures in the area have been assigned names based on the form of the buildings as well as their functions. The "king's palace" is the largest of the enclosures but has not yielded definitive evidence of being a royal residence. It has two of the most impressive platforms, usually called the "audience hall" and the "mahanavami dibba". The entire complex is surrounded by high double walls with a street running between them. The audience hall is a high platform with slots for wooden pillars at close and regular intervals. It had a staircase going up to the second floor, which rested on these pillars. The pillars being closely spaced, would have left little free space and thus it is not clear what the hall was used for.
Located on one of the highest points in the city, the "mahanavami dibba" is a massive platform rising from a base of about 11,000 sq. ft to a height of
40 ft. There is evidence that it supported a wooden structure. The base of the platform is covered with relief carvings (Fig. 7.12).
Rituals associated with the structure probably coincided with Mahanavami (literally, the great ninth day) of the ten-day Hindu festival during the autumn months of September and October, known variously as Dusehra (northern India), Durga Puja (in Bengal)
and Navaratri or Mahanavami (in peninsular India). The Vijayanagara kings displayed their prestige, power and suzerainty on this occasion.
The ceremonies performed on the occasion included worship of the image, worship of the state horse, and the sacrifice of buffaloes and other animals. Dances, wrestling matches, and processions of caparisoned horses, elephants and chariots and soldiers, as well as ritual presentations before the king and his guests by the chief nayakas and subordinate kings marked the occasion. These ceremonies were imbued with deep symbolic meanings. On the last day of the festival the king inspected his army and the armies of the nayakas in a grand ceremony in an open field. On this occasion the nayakas brought rich gifts for the king as well as the stipulated tribute.
Was the "mahanavami dibba" that stands today the centre of this elaborate ritual? Scholars have pointed out that the space surrounding the structure does not seem to have been adequate for elaborate processions of armed men, women, and large numbers of animals. Like some of the other structures in the royal centre, it remains an enigma.
4.2 Other buildings in the royal centre
One of the most beautiful buildings in the royal centre is the Lotus Mahal, so named by British travellers in the nineteenth century. While the name is certainly romantic, historians are not quite sure
what the building was used for. One suggestion, found in a map drawn by Mackenzie, is that it may have been a council chamber, a place where the king met his advisers.
While most temples were located in the sacred centre, there were several in the royal centre as well.
Can you identify scenes of dancing? Why do you think elephants and horses were depicted on the panels?
One of the most spectacular of these is one known as the Hazara Rama temple. This was probably meant to be used only by the king and his family. The images in the central shrine are missing; however, sculpted panels on the walls survive. These include scenes from the Ramayana sculpted on the inner walls of the shrine.
While many of the structures at Vijayanagara were destroyed when the city was sacked, traditions of building palatial structures were continued by the nayakas. Many of these buildings have survived.
Why did the nayakas continue with the building traditions of the rulers of Vijayanagara?
5. The Sacred Centre
5.1 Choosing a capital
We now move to the rocky northern end of the city on the banks of the Tungabhadra. According to local tradition, these hills sheltered the monkey kingdom of Vali and Sugriva mentioned in the Ramayana. Other traditions suggest that Pampadevi, the local mother goddess, did penance in these hills in order to marry Virupaksha, the guardian deity of the kingdom, also recognised as a form of Shiva. To this day this marriage is celebrated annually in the Virupaksha temple. Among these hills are found Jaina temples of the pre-Vijayanagara period as well. In other words, this area was associated with several sacred traditions.
Temple building in the region had a long history, going back to dynasties such as the Pallavas, Chalukyas, Hoysalas and Cholas. Rulers very often encouraged temple building as a means of associating themselves with the divine – often, the deity was explicitly or implicitly identified with the king. Temples also functioned as centres of learning. Besides, rulers and others often granted land and other resources for the maintenance of temples. Consequently, temples developed as significant religious, social, cultural and economic centres. From the point of view of the rulers, constructing, repairing and maintaining temples were important means of winning support and recognition for their power, wealth and piety.
It is likely that the very choice of the site of Vijayanagara was inspired by the existence of the shrines of Virupaksha and Pampadevi. In fact the Vijayanagara kings claimed to rule on behalf of the god Virupaksha. All royal orders were signed "Shri Virupaksha", usually in the Kannada script. Rulers also indicated their close links with the gods by using the title "Hindu Suratrana". This was a Sanskritisation of the Arabic term Sultan, meaning king, so it literally meant Hindu Sultan.
Even as they drew on earlier traditions, the rulers of Vijayanagara innovated and developed these. Royal portrait sculpture was now displayed in temples, and the king's visits to temples were treated as important state occasions on which he was accompanied by the important nayakas of the empire.
5.2. Gopurams and mandapas
In terms of temple architecture, by this period certain new features were in evidence. These included structures of immense scale that must have been a mark of imperial authority, best exemplified by the raya gopurams (Fig. 7.7) or royal gateways that often dwarfed the towers on the central shrines, and signalled the presence of the temple from a great
distance. They were also probably meant as reminders of the power of kings, able to command the resources, techniques and skills needed to construct these towering gateways. Other distinctive features include mandapas or pavilions and long, pillared corridors that often ran around the shrines within the temple complex. Let us look at two temples more closely – the Virupaksha temple and the Vitthala temple.
The Virupaksha temple was built over centuries. While inscriptions suggest that the earliest shrine dated to the ninth-tenth centuries, it was substantially enlarged with the establishment of the Vijayanagara Empire. The hall in front of the main shrine was built by Krishnadeva Raya to mark his accession. This was decorated with delicately carved pillars. He is also credited with
the construction of the eastern gopuram. These additions meant that the central shrine came to occupy a relatively small part of the complex. The halls in the temple were used for a variety of purposes. Some were spaces in which the images of gods were placed to witness special programmes of music, dance, drama, etc. Others were used to
celebrate the marriages of deities, and yet others were meant for the deities to swing in. Special images, distinct from those kept in the small central shrine, were used on these occasions.
Another shrine, the Vitthala temple, is also interesting. Here, the principal deity was Vitthala, a form of Vishnu generally worshipped in Maharashtra. The introduction of the worship of the deity in Karnataka is another indication of the ways in which the rulers of Vijayanagara drew on different traditions to create an imperial culture. As in the case of other temples, this temple too has several halls and a unique shrine designed as a chariot (Fig. 7.24).
A characteristic feature of the temple complexes is the chariot streets that extended from the temple gopuram in a straight line. These streets were paved with stone slabs and lined with pillared pavilions in which merchants set up their shops.
Just as the nayakas continued with and elaborated on traditions of fortification, so they did with traditions of temple building. In fact, some of the most spectacular gopurams were also built by the local nayakas.
How and why did the rulers of Vijayanagara adopt and adapt earlier traditions of ritual architecture?
6. Plotting Palaces, Temples and Bazaars
We have been examining a wealth of information on
Vijayanagara – photographs, plans, elevations of structures and sculpture. How was all of this produced? After the initial surveys by Mackenzie, information was pieced together from travellers' accounts and inscriptions. Through the twentieth century, the site was preserved by the Archaeological Survey of India and the Karnataka Department of Archaeology and Museums. In 1976, Hampi was recognised as a site of national importance. Then, in the early 1980s, an important project was launched to document the material remains at Vijayanagara in detail, through extensive and intensive surveys, using a variety of recording techniques. Over nearly twenty years, dozens of
scholars from all over the world worked to compile and preserve this information.
Let us look at just one part of this enormous exercise – mapping – in more detail. The first step was to divide the entire area into a set of 25 squares, each designated by a letter of the alphabet. Then, each of the small squares was subdivided into a set of even smaller squares. But this was not all: each of these smaller squares was further subdivided into yet smaller units.
As you can see, these detailed surveys have been extremely painstaking, and have recovered and documented traces of thousands of structures – from tiny shrines and residences to elaborate temples. They have also led to the recovery of traces of roads, paths, bazaars, etc.
The latter have been located through finds of pillar bases and platforms – all that remain of thriving markets.
It is worth remembering something that John M. Fritz, George Michell and M.S. Nagaraja Rao, who worked for years at the site, wrote: "In our study of these monuments of Vijayanagara we have to imagine a whole series of vanished wooden elements – columns, brackets, beams, ceilings, overhanging eaves, and towers – decorated with plaster and painted, perhaps brightly."
Although wooden structures are lost, and only stone structures survive, the descriptions left by travellers allow us to reconstruct some aspects of the vibrant life of the times.
Source bazaar
Paes gives a vivid description of the bazaar:
Going forward, you have a broad and beautiful street
… In this street live many merchants, and there you will find all sorts of rubies, and diamonds, and emeralds, and pearls, and seed-pearls, and cloths, and every other sort of thing there is on earth and that you may wish to buy. Then you have there every evening a fair where they sell many common horses and nags, and also many citrons, and limes, and oranges, and grapes, and every other kind of garden stuff, and wood; you have all in this street.
More generally, he described the city as being "the best- provided city in the world" with the markets "stocked with provisions such as rice, wheat, grains, India corn and a certain amount of barley and beans, moong, pulses and horse-gram" all of which were cheaply and abundantly available. According to Fernao Nuniz, the Vijayanagara markets were "overflowing with abundance of fruits, grapes and oranges, limes, pomegranates, jackfruit and mangoes and all very cheap". Meat too was sold in abundance in the marketplaces. Nuniz describes "mutton, pork, venison, partridges, hares, doves, quail and all kinds of birds, sparrows, rats and cats and lizards" as being sold in the market of Bisnaga (Vijayanagara).
7. Questions in Search of Answers
Buildings that survive tell us about the way spaces were organised and used, how they were built, with what materials and techniques. For example, we can assess the defence requirements and military preparedness of a city by studying its fortifications. Buildings also tell us about the spread of ideas and cultural influences if we compare them with buildings in other places. They convey ideas which the builders or their patrons wished to project. They are often suffused with symbols which are a product of their cultural context. These we can understand when we combine information from other sources like literature, inscriptions and popular traditions.
Investigations of architectural features do not tell us what ordinary men, women and children, comprising the vast majority of the people who lived in the city and its outskirts, thought about these impressive buildings. Would they have had access to any of the areas within the royal centre or the sacred centre? Would they hurry past the sculpture, or would they pause to see, reflect and try and understand its complicated symbolism? And what did the people who worked on these colossal construction projects think of the enterprises to which they had contributed their labour?
While rulers took all important decisions about the buildings to be constructed, the site, the material to be used and the style to be followed, who possessed the specialised knowledge required for such enormous enterprises? Who drew up the plans for the buildings? Where did the masons, stonecutters, sculptors who did the actual building come from? Were they captured during war from neighbouring regions? What kind of wages did they get? Who supervised the building activity? How was building material transported and where did it come from? These are some of the questions that we cannot answer by merely looking at the buildings or their remains. Continuing research using other sources might provide some further clues.
Answer in 100 -150 words
1. What have been the methods used to study the ruins of Hampi over the last two centuries? In what way do you think they would have complemented the information provided by the priests of the Virupaksha temple?
2. How were the water requirements of Vijayanagara met?
3. What do you think were the advantages and disadvantages of enclosing agricultural land within the fortified area of the city?
4. What do you think was the significance of the rituals associated with the mahanavami dibba?
5. Fig. 7.33 is an illustration of another pillar from the Virupaksha temple. Do you notice any floral motifs? What are the animals shown? Why do you think they are depicted? Describe the human figures shown.
Write a short essay (about 250- 300 words) on the following:
6. Discuss whether the term "royal centre" is an appropriate description for the part of the city for which it is used.
7. What does the architecture of buildings like the Lotus Mahal and elephant stables tell us about the rulers who commissioned them?
8. What are the architectural traditions that inspired the architects of Vijayanagara? How did they transform these traditions?
9. What impression of the lives of the ordinary people of Vijayanagara can you cull from the various descriptions in the chapter?
Map work
10. On an outline map of the world, mark approximately Italy, Portugal, Iran and Russia. Trace the routes the travellers mentioned on p.176 would have taken to reach Vijayanagara.
Project (choose one)
11. Find out more about any one of the major cities which flourished in the subcontinent during c. fourteenth-seventeenth centuries. Describe the architecture of the city. Are there any features to suggest that these were political centres? Are there buildings that were ritually significant? Is there an area for commercial activities? What are the features that distinguish the urban layout from that of surrounding areas?
12. Visit a religious building in your neighbourhood.
Describe, with sketches, its roof, pillars and arches if any, corridors, passages, halls, entrance, water supply, etc. Compare these features with those of the Virupaksha temple. Describe what each part of the building is used for. Find out about its history.
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The large Balad light stand is perfect to give extra light over outdoor tables when dining alfresco.
The stand is made from powder-coated steel, with a UV resistant finish.
The stand is designed to hold both sizes of Balad light the small 25cm one and the taller 38cm.
However, we recommended to the larger Balad light with this stand.
This standard is in the Gold Limited Edition colourway.
PLEASE NOTE Additional T&C's for Fermob furniture


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There are currently no reviews for this product. Please help us and others by writing a review.Review This Product
It's sometimes hard to find somewhere safe for your children to play but Rowlinson have the ideal solution with their Hideaway House.
Superbly designed and attractively finished in dipped honey coloured shiplap timber, the Hideaway House is a light and airy environment that is completely safe for youngsters.
There are four windows that contain styrene safety glazing and even two window boxes. An upstairs platform is accessed by ladder, while outside there is a veranda protected by an overhanging roof.
Let your children enjoy hours of fun interacting with each other in the Hideaway House, where they will be given every opportunity to learn and play at the same time.
Hideaway House Features
- Four fixed windows
- Veranda
- Solid board roof
- 12mm tongue and groove floor
- Two window boxes
- Upstairs platform with ladder
- 12mm shiplap cladding
- Dipped honey-brown finish
- Mineral roofing felt
- Styrene safety glazing
Hideaway House Dimensions
- Height: 227cm (7ft 5ins)
- Width: 248cm (8ft 2ins)
- Depth: 248.5cm (8ft 2ins)
- Internal Height Max: 216cm (7ft 1in)
- Internal Height Min: 169.5cm (5ft 7ins)
- Internal Width: 234.8cm (7ft 8ins)
- Internal Depth: 181.5cm (5ft 11ins)
- Veranda Depth: 58cm (1ft 11ins)
- Door Opening Height: 122.5cm (4ft 0ins)
- Door Opening Width: 60.5cm (2ft 0ins)
- Footprint Width: 234.8cm (7ft 8ins)
- Footprint Depth: 239cm (7ft 10ins)
- Ideal Base Width: 240cm (7ft 10ins)
- Ideal Base Depth: 244cm (8ft 0ins)
Please note: Accessories are shown for illustration purposes and are not included. All children's buildings are compliant with European Standard EN71 for child safety. Products are regularly reviewed and tested when necessary to comply with current regulations.
PDF Downloads
Hideaway Play House Instructions
Important Update - Tuesday 5th May 2020
Due to the current Covid-19 outbreak, the delivery timeframe on this product has been extended to up to 30 working days.
Fast Free Delivery within Mainland UK*
We offer fast and free delivery within mainland UK.
Sorry, we can't deliver this product offshore or to some remote areas including but not limited to the following postcodes: BT, GY, HS, IM, JE, EIRE, KW, PA20-78, PO30-40, KA27-28, TR21-25 and ZE.
If you're unsure on whether we can deliver to you, please contact us today for a personalised quote.
Delivery Period
Delivery will typically be made within 7 working days (Please allow a few more days for parts of Scotland) but may be extended during busy times of the year. For larger products, the carrier will call and book in a convenient delivery date. For other products, a delivery date will be provided by email from the carrier, which will include a link to allow tracking online.
Vehicles We Use
Items will be delivered on larger lorries which can get to most places it's typically, a 7.5 ton lorry which is about the size of a dustbin lorry, this will depend on the item that is being delivered and should you have any concerns with restricted access to your property we ask you to contact us prior to placing an order.
Unloading Of Your Delivery
Due to the nature of this product, delivery will be made to the front of the property to the nearest location. Our drivers will not carry these items inside your home or back garden. When the item is delivered on a pallet, the pallet and packaging are non-returnable and the goods can only be manoeuvred on a flat and level surface (i.e. not a gravel driveway) by a pallet truck. On some occasions the driver will split the package to assist with manoeuvring of the item. Once you are happy, we will ask you to check the condition of the goods and sign for the delivery. Assistance with unloading may be required.
What portabase can you suggest please for the Rowlinson Hideaway Childrens FSC Play House?We Replied:
Dear Rhiannon Thank you for your question. The playhouse comes with bearers along the bottom of the building (like a wooden shed). The item is dip treated and ideally the building should be placed on a flat level surface which could be slabs, paving, decking, concrete or compacted aggregate. It can be placed on grass but over time the bearers may sink into the ground. Should you wish to contact us further or to place an order, please call us on 0121 355 7701. Thank you for using our online Q&A system. Kind regards LaurenThursday 26th, May, 2016
Do you have a build option or is this purely a flat pack delivery service? Do the windows come with perspex?We Replied:
Dear Jenni Thank you for your question. This product comes delivered flat packed, we do not offer an installation service. Easy instructions are provided to help with assembly. The windows are made from styrene so the structure is weatherproof. Should you wish to contact us further or to place an order, please call us on 0121 355 7701. Thank you for using our online Q&A system. Kind regards LaurenThursday 29th, December, 2016
Have a question for this product? Go ahead and ask us! We try to reply within a few hours but it may take longer on some questions.Ask us a Question


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Recently, I was invited to a blogger event at Iberica in Leeds to sample, taste and review their new Summer menu. With it being my first blogger event, I was very excited at the prospect. We arrived early and was shown to the private dining room on the first floor. Awaiting us at the bar was a selection of 3 different Sangrias; Cava, Red Wine and Beer. I decided to try the beer sangria! Your probably thinking 'I didn't know beer sangria existed' well neither did I! Let me tell you, it was delicious and very refreshing. We took time to admire the decor and quirky features in the dining room whilst we waited for the other bloggers to arrive.
After a couple more sangrias, we were introduced to the menu by the Head Chef. Firstly, came the Gazpocho soups, served in shot glasses. There was Salmorejo with apple granite and red berry Gazpacho. They arrived beautifully presented and both options were delicious. For me, the red berry Gazpacho was absolutely devine, which is made with beetroot and red berries and finished anchovies. The Chef advised that the they are supposed to be drank as 'shots' although, I found them too tasty to do in one hit and used the smart little spoons to appreciate the combination of flavours.
Next up on the menu was a choice of two salads, Foie salad and Pear, spinach and blue cheese salad. Again, they were introduced by the Head chef, which was a nice touch. Each of the salads were very tasty. It was difficult to choose a favourite out of the two. Although if I had to choose, the Foie salad would just edge it for me. It was definitely the best Foie gras I've tasted, simply melting in your mouth and went so well with the sweettness of the mango. The blue cheese, spinach and pear seemed to compliment each other really well. To complete the starter course, we were also brought cheese croquettes which very very mourish.
The wine that was selected to go with the dishes is exclusive to Iberica. The white wine was 'Palacio de Canedo', a crisp fruity wine that complimented the flavours of the starters well. We were then brought out the next course which was a choice of two dishes; Sea trout, and Hake. Again, the presentation and look of the dishes was impressive. I'm not the biggest fan of fresh fish dishes, however, both of these were enjoyable. The sea trout came with ajoblanco and pitu sauce and the Hake served with Hollandaise sauce. I preferred the lighter taste of the hake over the stronger tasting sea trout.
Next on the menu was a selection of dishes well suited for meat lovers like myself! After sampling all the lovely dishes we were feeling slightly full. But what true foodie could resist the next course? A selection of 3 Iberico pork dishes, Albanico, Secreto and Pluma. All 3 of the choices were very succulent. To complete the main course, we also sampled the Rubia Gallega steak. This was accompanied by skinny chips, Cabrales sauce and Piquillo peppers. The Rubia Gallega is a breed of cattle native to Galicia in Spain. As the meat is dry cured, it provides for a very distinct flavour. It was cooked perfectly, being medium/rare in the middle, which is just as I like. The red wine that was selected to go with these dishes was rich and complimented the meaty flavours well.
To complete the evenings menu, we were served a selection of Spanish desserts. On the menu was caramelised spanish rice pudding. This dessert was absolutely delicious and resembles my all time favourite, creme brulle. The second dessert we were served was La Tarta de la Abuela, which came with a biscuit crumble topping. It is a chocolate creme and vanilla creme anglaise, definitely one for the chocolate lover! These were matched with a sweet sherry, Casta Diva, which had a wonderful fruity aroma and went down very well with the desserts.
After dessert and having had chance for the amazing food and drink to settle, we were given lovely little goodie bags that contained a selection of items from Iberica's in store Delicatessen. It also included a Spanish Porron which is a traditional glass wine pitcher, which is intended to be poured straight into your mouth (believe it or not)! I think I'll need some practice at the pouring technique though! We were also given a tour of the bar, delicatessen and quirky toilets serving the main ground floor restaurant. Overall, I had a truly fantastic evening. The food, drink and service was excellent and had in great company! I would recommend this restaurant to anyone. I for one, will definitely be going back.


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Phone interviews can be a challenging experience. After all, body language and facial expressions are 55% of in-person communication, so what's a guy/gal supposed to do without it? You can still impress that potential employer – just set the stage and focus on what counts.
Setting the stage:
• Dress for the occasion: Dress the way you would if you were going in for an interview. You will be surprised how this affects your attitude, mental alertness, and ability to focus on the call.
• Eliminate distractions: Find a quiet place where you will be uninterrupted. If you are at home, go into a room where you can close the door and not be disturbed.
• Have coverage: If you are using a cell phone, make sure your battery is fully charged, and your location has full signal. If you are using a land phone, make sure your cell is in silent mode.
Take the home court advantage:
• Notes: You aren't in their office, so spread your notes out in front of you.
• Resume: Keep your resume front and center. Highlights points you want to cover.
• Questions: Those questions you are going to ask when given the opportunity? Keep them close by too.
Communication is more than words:
• Animation: During a phone interview, it's hard for the interviewer to gauge whether or not you're interested in the position unless your voice sounds excited. Focus on letting your voice tone convey your excitement and enthusiasm about the job.
• Smile: Trust us – you can hear a smile
• Listen actively: Of course, you will answer any questions your interviewer has, but also respond to their comments. "I agree." Or "That's an interesting concept." etc. will indicate that you are fully engaged in listening.
Following this tips will help you come across as prepared, engaged, and interested in the position. They can make the difference between a ho-hum or a stand-out-in-the-crowd interview. If you want the position, ensure that you convey the message. At Horizon America – we connect light industrial and manufacturing candidates with companies, gaining you the opportunity for both phone and in-person interviews. Don't delay. Contact us today.


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Sophisticated South Beach condo, in the immediate vicinity of our city's sports complexes, and the South Beach Yacht Harbor, and all the fabulous bars, restaurants, and cafés for which the area is so well known.
The interior spaces of 750 2nd Street #502 achieve a sublime balance of form and function that comfortably blend modern construction and design, with classic architectural elements. From the masterfully conceived floor plan, to the state-of-the-art chef's kitchen, to the floor-to-ceiling windows, to the inviting walkout verandas, with alluring views of the city skyline, bay, and yacht harbor, this home really must be seen to be fully appreciated.
A second, and perhaps even third garage parking space may be available, for separate purchase, but given the area's walk scores, and easy access to public transportation, he or she may never need to drive again.
- 3-Bedrooms
- 2.5-Bathrooms
- 2075 sf (per tax records)
- Built in 2013
- HOA dues $917 per month
- Boutique 14 unit building
- Leed Gold Certified - Architect GouldEvans https://www.gouldevans.com/portfolio/750-2nd-street
- Exclusive, secured elevator access to the unit
- 1 car deeded secured parking in the building (included in the sale)
- 2nd car deeded parking space can be purchased separately at 88 Townsend Street, ½ block away - large enough to accommodate most vehicles/SUV.
- South End Historic District of South Beach
- Stunning Views of the San Francisco downtown skyline, Bay, Yacht Harbor, from the walk-out verandas
- In the immediate vicinity of the Embarcadero, South Park, sports complex including Oracle Park (Home of the SF Giants), Chase Stadium (home of the Golden State Warriors), world class restaurants, cafes, and shopping
- MUNI train steps from the front door (2nd/King)
- Cal-Train station 2 blocks away
- Convenient access to highways 80, 101 and 280
South Beach
Some of the best weather in all of San Francisco can be claimed by South Beach. Found at the foot of the Oakland Bay Bridge, and bracketed by the Embarcadero and the Giants baseball stadium, this is exciting stretch of waterfront city is one of San Francisco's great walking neighborhoods. An affluent area, there are a large number of converted warehouses as well as new construction catering to luxury condos, luxury high rises, and luxury lofts. Take a morning walk to work, or visit the ballpark, or climb aboard your yacht - all of it within your grasp in this enticing section of the city.
Relaxing weekend mornings bring residents down from the high rises to walk dogs, or take a run along the Embarcadero where public art and bayside breezes are all part of the restorative setting. Catch a breakfast at the Ferry Building, while you enjoy the vibrant weekly farmers market. Find a robust cup of Blue Bottle Coffee, and a hunk of intoxicating cheese from Cowgirl Creamery. Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, plus the world-famous SF MOMA, are all part of the local cultural universe that surrounds life here. YBCA delivers daring theater, dance, music and film.
The finest in urban cuisine can be found along these block, including Lulu, Azie, South Park Cafe, Delancey Street. Find a boat rental at City Kayak and explore the city by water.
South Beach is luxurious city life at your fingertips, and nothing less.


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Photo: Annabelle Breakey; Styling: Jeffrey Larsen
Chef-owner James Schenk mixes this drink at Pisco Latin Lounge at Destino in San Francisco.
How to Make It
Step 1
In a copper mug, mix pisco and lime juice. Fill with ice and top off with ginger beer.
Step 2
Stir briefly, then add bitters.
Step 3
Garnish with a wedge of lime.
Pisco Latin Lounge at Destino, San Francisco


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Ep. 052-52 Pickup
November 28, 2012
Coming off the holiday, we got together to discuss what we've seen since the last time you heard our voices. We call it 52 Pickup, which is episode 52, which is 52 minutes. Weird, right? Includes reviews of TWILIGHT SAGA: BREAKING DAWN – PART 2, and CLOUD ATLAS.


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Vaccine development and application
Entry posted by qxcvbnmy ·
256 views
Definition of vaccine
Vaccine refers to a vaccine-based preventive biological product for the prevention and control of the occurrence and prevalence of infectious diseases. The vaccine is also a virus or a bacterium that artificially reduces it, inactivates it, or breaks it. Through the treatment, the antigenic components must be retained. After injection into the human body, the human immune system recognizes, clears and produces antibodies. When the outside world is actually the original bacteria or virus, our body will remove it.
How is the vaccine developed?
The development of the vaccine can be divided into three periods, the first is the classical vaccine period, that is, the period of vaccine production based on repeated observation and exploration of the experience before the pathogen is discovered. The second is the traditional vaccine period, that is, the inactivated vaccine and the attenuated vaccine are prepared by using the diseased tissue, the chicken embryo or the cell proliferating virus; the inactivated vaccine and the attenuated vaccine are prepared by culturing the intact bacteria with the medium. The third is the engineering vaccine period, which uses DNA recombination technology to produce vaccines.
The development of vaccines dates back to ancient China. In China in the early 18th century, pus was inoculated to patients with smallpox - an ingenious method of inoculation of human pox to prevent smallpox. Although this kind of medical treatment for vaccinating human vaccination is not dangerous without any treatment, this method has pioneered the use of vaccines to prevent high-risk infectious diseases. In 1921, the vaccination method was introduced to the United Kingdom. British doctor Jenner also found that cows and cows vaccinated with vaccinia cattle did not suffer from smallpox. In 1976, Jenner took cytoplasm from a suckling woman infected with a milkmaid. Inoculated on the arm of an 8-year-old boy and then allowed to produce a smallpox pus, and the boy did not infect the smallpox, which proved that it was indeed immune to smallpox. This is also the first scientific experiment in which humans control infectious diseases through conscious vaccination. Vaccine, which means vaccines, vaccines, refers to all actively immunized biological products. A vaccine prepared from cattle used at the time of the largest scale - vaccinia vaccine.
Vaccine development prospects
Vaccination is the most effective and economical means of preventing diseases. It is the only weapon that human beings can predict to eliminate a disease. With the advancement of treatment technology and disease prevention, vaccination has achieved remarkable results and is likely to expand to the goal of cancer prevention. There is also a vaccine that may prevent atherosclerosis. There is a significant potential for development in the vaccine market. Unmet needs remain, as many diseases still have lower immunization rates or no vaccine available. The World Health Organization expects the global market to soar to $10 billion by 2025, and 120 new products will be launched in the next 10 years. Increased awareness of infectious diseases: Governments of all countries are major customers, playing an infinite role in purchasing and enforcing safety regulations and affecting the spread of vaccines.
The global outbreak of vaccine-preventable diseases has boosted public awareness. The seasonal flu epidemic has caused thousands of deaths, placing a heavy burden on national health spending. The increase in consciousness prompted the government to adopt various programs to prevent the outbreak of future outbreaks. These programs have funded the popular immunization program, which has been instrumental in increasing vaccine use. The next generation of vaccine development depends on a platform strategy based on genomics, reverse vaccinology, high-throughput DNA sequencing, novel plant and insect-based expression and production systems, and new and more effective vaccine adjuvants. These developments are likely to rapidly produce new, optimal, cost-effective vaccine targets that have a greater chance of success in clinical development programs. New candidate vaccines with room for development (eg, meningococcal beta, GBS, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, pneumococcal, and pathogenic E. coli) are already under development. These new platforms not only enhance the future of major infectious disease vaccines (eg, AIDS, tuberculosis, dengue and malaria), but also lay the foundation for vaccine development for the underlying treatment of emerging diseases.
Vaccine application:
With the advancement of molecular biology theory and technology, the theoretical basis and technical level of vaccine development have been continuously improved and improved. Some traditional classic vaccine varieties have been further transformed into new vaccines, while other vaccines that cannot be developed using classical techniques have been found. The way to solve the problem. Therefore, new vaccines such as subunit vaccines, recombinant vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines for different infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases are constantly being introduced. Such as DNA vaccine, RNA vaccine, rBCG vaccine, Glycoconjugate Vaccines and Polysaccharide Vaccines.