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Structures are classes look a like. You can create a Person class like this
class PersonClass { // properties var name : String = "" var age : Int = 0 // method func getInfo() -> String{ return ("My name is \(name) and my age is \(age)") } }
If you want to create a structure of Person just replace the word 'class' with 'struct'
struct PersonStruct { // properties var name : String = "" var age : Int = 0 // method func getInfo() -> String{ return ("My name is \(name) and my age is \(age)") } }
and your structure is ready to use. Structures can have variables and methods exactaly same like class. You can access them same like class. Check this example :
// Class object declaration var pc = PersonClass() pc.name = "Khan" pc.age = 30 // Structure variable declaration var ps = PersonStruct() ps.name = "Khan" ps.age = 30
There is no difference between classes and structures, But few
Difference between Class and Structure
- Structures cannot inherit other structures.
- Structures do not have deinitializers.
- Structures have built in initializer.
- Structures can have only one reference to one instance.
First two points are quite straight forward. There is no inheritance in structures and there is no deinitializer method available in structures. Lets discuss point 3 and 4 in detail.
Built in initializers
In previous articles about classes, you have seen in detail that Swift is very strict with member initialization. You must assign some values when variables is declared or provide init() for variable initialization.
class PersonClass { // properties var name : String var age : Int init(personname :String , personage:Int){ name = personname age = personage } }
But Structures on the other hand are very relaxed. You don't need to assign values to variables within structure's body or to create any initializer method. Following structure is correct and Swift compiler will not throw any error.
struct PersonStruct { // properties var name : String var age : Int }
When you are creating structure variable, you can assign values at the same time because Swift provides built-in init method for structures.
var ps = PersonStruct(name: "Khan", age: 30)
Structures cannot have multiple references
For understand this point, create two functions. One function will take PersonClass as a parameter
func iAmTenYearsOlder(var p : PersonClass) { p.age = p.age + 10 }
and second function will take PersonStructure as a parameter
func iAmTenYearsOlder(var p : PersonStruct) { p.age = p.age + 10 }
Now Create a PersonClass object and assign "Khan" to name and 30 to age. After variable initialization, call iAmTenYearsOlder() method and pass PersonClass object pc to it.
var pc = PersonClass() pc.name = "Khan" pc.age = 30 iAmTenYearsOlder(pc) pc.age
iAmTenYearsOlder() will add 10 in current age. Now pc.age has value 40. Lets do exact same thing with Structure PersonStructure.
var ps = PersonStruct(name: "Khan", age: 30) ps.age iAmTenYearsOlder(ps) ps.age
Now structure member variables are initialized, name = Khan and age = 30. Call iAmTenYearsOlder() method and pass PersonStructure variable ps to it. iAmTenYearsOlder() will add 10 in current age. But notice that when you will check ps.age, the value of age will not change. ps.age has same old value which is 30.
When you pass structure as a parameter to function, you create an independent copy of a structure not a reference to structure. When you add 10 in structure's age, it does not effect the original structure. But when you pass object as a parameter you pass reference to that object not a copy, so when you add 10 in class's age, you change the original one. This is the difference between pass by value and pass by reference.
Check this simple code, which help you to understand the difference between reference and copy
// Pass by Reference var pcobj1 = PersonClass() pcobj1.name = "Khan" pcobj1.age = 25 // Create new object by assiging pcobj1 var pcobj2 = pcobj1 // check pcobj2.age value pcobj2.age // Update pcobj1 by assiging pcobj1.age = 50 pcobj1.age = 50 // Check pcobj2 is also updated, because pcobj2 is a // reference to pcobj1 not an independent copy pcobj2.age // Pass by Copy var psstruct1 = PersonStruct(name: "Khan", age: 30) psstruct1.age // create psstruct2 by assigining psstruct1 var psstruct2 = psstruct1 // update psstruct1.age psstruct1.age = 60 //but notice that there is no effect on psstruct2.age // because both are independent copies psstruct2.age
Download file from GitHub


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Rowan Loves Cotton Lustre & All Seasons Cotton
$17.95 Each
This fourth collection from the Rowan Loves series supports Cotton Lustre & All Seasons Cotton. Featuring 9 designs which can be knit in either yarn, giving you plenty of options for these transeasonal classics. Several designs offer design options to make it uniquely your own.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
During Himachal Pradesh Assembly's budget session, Congress MLA Mukesh Agnihotri accused the newly-elected BJP government of showing dead employees on the list of transfers during its two-month tenure.
The Opposition also alleged the government had transferred 20,000 employees during the period.
BJP Minister Suresh Bhardwaj said the Opposition was trying to create an issue out of a non-issue.


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Hotels in Darlinghurst (Sydney), New South Wales
Beauchamp Hotel
Beauchamp Hotel The Hotel is opposite the former Albury Hotel (closed November 2001.) The Beauchamp Hotel was built in 1867 as the Ice Hotel. In 1900 renamed the Beauchamp Hotel after the Governor of NSW at the time. Completely renovated...
Beresford Hotel
Beresford Hotel The Hotel was established in 1870 as the Albion Hotel, 1893 renamed Crowther's Family Hotel and 1897 The Beresford Hotel. The Hotel has just under gone a $30m refit (2008/9). * Beer Garden (Monday Night classic Movies)...
Brighton Hotel
Burdekin Hotel
Colombian Hotel
Courthouse Hotel
East Village Hotel
East Village Hotel The former Tradesman's Arms Hotel, the Pub had a notorious reputation in the 1920's – 1950's when the razor gangs, prostitution, stolen goods etc were at their height. Now a Popular bar and Restaurant with floors of function...
Exchange Hotel
Flinders Hotel
Gaslight Inn
Green Park Hotel
Kinselas Hotel
Lord Roberts Hotel
Lord Roberts Hotel, The hotel was once owned by "Candy" Johnson of the Purple Onion Nightclub fame. * Great Rooftop Beer Garden * Two bars * Restaurant * No accommodation. * 10 beers on tap. Field Marshal Lord Roberts commanded the...


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Looking for the best idle clicker games to play on your smartphone? Unsure what to download and which is the best game to test your skills while bringing you hours of entertainment? Look no more, luckily for all of you, we did our research and we found for all idle gamers out there, one incredibly addictive and exciting idle clicker game that will push your skills to its limits while you try to uncover the mysteries, looting and collecting coins to become the loot master.
What is Loot Drop?
Developed for Android and iOS users, this thrilling and fun to play idle clicker game offers addictive hyper-casual tapper gameplay with amazing graphics and sounds that will put yours looting skills on the test. With bad puns, many mysterious mysteries and questionable storyline to keep player's attention, the game requires you to become the ultimate loot master by collecting shiny coins from pre-defeated monsters, avoiding many dangers and completing levels to uncover the mysteries.
How to play?
Loot on the loo with the game' simple gameplay and put your skills on the test by looting shiny coins from conveniently pre-defeated monsters. In order for you to focus on the shiny loot, the monsters on your way will be completely useless. Be careful and watch out for the quirky dangers and traps on your way and to get the shiny coins you need to avoid them. For getting rid of the chemical burns, searing flames and other forms of ridiculousness, just shake your device.
Patently incompetent bosses need to be defeated for you to unlock awesome gloves and collect more of those shiny coins. Over 40 of these exciting levels are available to challenge your skills as well for an obligatory lava level to challenge you. In this quirky idle clicker uncover the mysteries and unlock new monsters, exchanging your hard earned stars if you like to reveal a super-secret.
Download the game on Google Play and App Store for free to get rid of traps, avoid dangers and uncover mysteries!
Official Website: Loot Drop
App Store Download Link: Loot Drop
Google Play Download Link: Loot Drop


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The new study presents an overview of the influence of EQAVET and ECVET on national and European VET policies, as well as their relationship with other EU instruments.
The study outlines options for the future direction of the two instruments, in line with the current European VET policies. It specifically highlights five possible options for the future of ECVET, provides a detailed assessment of each of the options and recommends which one would be the best solution.
The study on VET instruments (EQAVET and ECVET) is available here.


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As professional wedding planners one of the questions that we are frequently asked is, what is the ultimate wedding? So, we created it and it's called the "Elegant Affair Plus" wedding package. It's our wedding dream package wrapped up in a big bow, just for you. The "Elegant Affair Plus" package is the perfect "big" wedding for an intimate group of 25 guests. It includes the ceremony, hors d'oeuvres and a buffet dinner. A licensed Officiant will perform a standard civil ceremony. Upon request, religious, cultural and commitment ceremonies may also be performed.
This package is available for dates in 2021 & Beyond
The "Elegant Affair Plus" package for up to 25 guests plus the couple includes:
- Assistance in Obtaining your Marriage License
- Designated Wedding Consultant
- 4.5 Hours in the Chapel (Additional Time Available)
- A Private Ceremony in The Toronto Wedding Chapel
- Beer, Red Wine, and White Wine
- A Licensed Officiant
- Ceremony and Reception Music
- Dance Party
- Strobe Lights
- Uplighting Backdrop
- Menu cards
- Couple's First Dance (optional)
- 3.5 Hours of Photography to Capture Your Most Memorable Moments – Unlimited and unedited photos
- Faux Floral Décor and Lit Candles
- Standard – 1 Fresh Bouquet and 1 Fresh Boutonniere / 2 Fresh Bouquets/ 2 Fresh Boutonnieres
- Welcome Drink
- Bubbly Toast with Strawberries
- Linen and Table Décor
- Ring Box
- Rhinestone Napkins
- Choice of 4 Hot and Cold Hors D'oeuvres (view our menu options)
- Buffet Meal (Breakfast, Brunch, Lunch & Dinner options available)
- Gin, Vodka, Crown Royal & Rum (1 bottle of each)
- SOP Permit (Special Occasion Permit) from the LCBO
- Non-alcoholic Beverages
- Coffee & Tea
- 3 Tier Wedding Cake
- 15 Invitations
- Frame with table number and guest seating
- Smart Serve Certified Wait Staff
- Wi Fi
- Re Sound
- We take care of completing and submitting the legal paper work
$6,795.00 plus applicable taxes and gratuity
Like this package but want more? Check out the The "Ultimate Elegant Affair" package.
We offer many Options to enhance your wedding experience including offsite and onsite professional wedding photography starting at $199 plus applicable taxes.
All packages can be customized for Renewal of Vows Ceremonies.
The Toronto Wedding Chapel is in mid-town Toronto, the heart of the city, easy to access via TTC and Uber.
Please note that pkg may change due to gov. regulations. Package prices are an Estimate Only and May Vary Due to the Time Demands of the Event. Package prices may change without notice. The marriage license and/or divorce decree is not included in the above estimate. 50% is due at time of booking, the remaining balance is due two weeks before the event.


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Hopefully may be you are not the regular sufferer of PST file deletion. But few situations may arise sometime when users may face their PST data deletion problem. So how to overcome the situation of PST data loss? Is there any feasible solution which will allow to bring back lost or deleted data immediately? Once which PST files you have lost, is it possible to get back the files on MS Outlook application? Well the answer to your query is yes. This is possible to bring back deleted files over any of your MS Outlook 2007 account. Just keep little more patience and go through this article. I hope you will probably get your required solution here. Outlook 2007 PST recovery is an easy task to perform without any data loss problem.
You can get back repaired PST files instantly as long as the files are recoverable on you computer. Any Outlook 2007 PST files are actually remain saved on the computer hard drive. So any kind of data loss problems related with computer hard drive will also effect saved Outlook 2007 PST files. So just after realizing that your PST files got deleted don't try to install or save any new files or data on the same place. If you opt to do so, your precious documents will be impossible to regain as the files will get overwritten with other newly saved PST files or any other files on the same drive. The most preferable software available these days for successful lost data recovery is mentioned here.
To fulfill recovery procedure of the PST files on your Outlook account, you need to go through few simple mouse clicks and it is absolutely guaranteed that your lost Outlook 2007 PST files will be with you. To know details about this utility you should follow the below mentioned link, which can possibly guide you towards your PST file recovery. Here is your software link, http://www.outlookpst-recovery.net/. Undoubtedly this software will stop the inaccessibility on your Outlook PST files and you will be access them once again as before. A handful features allow the software to become the most useful in competition to other PST file recovery software. Usefulness of this Outlook application is very much helpful in case of keeping PST files safe and secure from data damage or file deletion during the procedure of accessibility to the PST files. As this MS Outlook application allows you to keep records of your everyday emails, meeting records, journals etc. and so many other attributes, then it is for sure that this is the most useful for them who likes to keep their details always within their reach.
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So many other reasons are there which are also responsible for the saved data deletion. One best Outlook PSt Recovery software and all of the deleted PST files will be with you. In the initial stage of PST file deletion, Outlook will try out to bring back deleted or lost items. In extreme cases only you need to be dependent on this PST recovery tool. You can use the same software to get back your lost PST data on Windows XP, Windows 7, Vista etc. With the free trial edition of the utility you can examine the reflectivity of the software. If you want, later you can purchase the complete package.


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3 •Gelnon, Aloof Tactician
•Archaeology •Law •Leadership •Science •Treachery
When you play this personnel, if each of your non-headquarters missions is an mission, you may download a Jem'Hadar and place it aboard your ship.
"I was initially quite skeptical about you and the other new Jem'Hadar bred in this quadrant. But this is a most impressive debut."
Integrity 4 Cunning 6 Strength 4
This card is a foil.
Related Rulings:
Downloading to Alternate Locations
Card Extras:
Gelnon, Accurate Estimator
Image Source: Deep Space Nine: "One Little Ship"
Legal Card Pools: Complete Traditional Virtual Academy Excelsior Hall of Fame
Legal Rules Sets: Standard Slipstream
Recent decks using this card";


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Tuesday, February 05, 2008
posted by Chi-Chi at 2/05/2008 | Permalink
Ciara and Ludacris performing at Super Bowl XLI event
Oprah Winfrey at Barack Obama rally: "Don't Call Me Small". [Sandra Rose]
Check out the album covers seen in Erykah Badu's "Honey" video. [Soul Bounce]
Deion Sanders hits the reality TV circuit. [Mrs. Grapevine]
New music from Brandy: "Feel So Good". [Blogxilla]
Stevie Wonder falls and brushes it off. [Necole Bitchie]
Janet Jackson goes a mature look in a new photo spread. [Toya's World]
Check out the black celebrity political contributions supporting the Democrats and Republicans. [Concrete Loop]
Why 50 Cent is supporting Hilary Clinton. [Straight Outta NYC]
Meet Miley Justin Simmons-Rev Rev's adopted daughter. [Real Gossip 101]
Jennifer Lopez's father David confirms that J.Lo is having twins. [People En Espanol]
Diddy urges the youth to vote on Super Tuesday. [NME]
Kelly Rowland and Mary J Blige promoting in London. [Cake & Ice Cream]
video spotted at Kevipod Music
Labels: Must-Read Hoopla
0 Comments:


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Blurb from goodreads.com Possession. Power. Passion. New York Times bestselling novelist M. J. Rose creates her most provocative and magical spellbinder yet in this gothic novel set against the lavish spectacle of 1890s Belle Époque Paris.
Sandrine Salome flees New York for her grandmother's Paris mansion to escape her dangerous husband, but what she finds there is even more menacing. The house, famous for its lavish art collection and elegant salons, is mysteriously closed up. Although her grandmother insists it's dangerous for Sandrine to visit, she defies her and meets Julien Duplessi, a mesmerizing young architect. Together they explore the hidden night world of Paris, the forbidden occult underground and Sandrine's deepest desires.
Among the bohemians and the demi-monde, Sandrine discovers her erotic nature as a lover and painter. Then darker influences threaten—her cold and cruel husband is tracking her down and something sinister is taking hold, changing Sandrine, altering her. She's become possessed by La Lune: A witch, a legend, and a sixteenth-century courtesan, who opens up her life to a darkness that may become a gift or a curse.
This is Sandrine's "wild night of the soul," her odyssey in the magnificent city of Paris, of art, love, and witchery.
My Review
Genre: gothic, historical fiction, paranormal
I loved it, what a great character is Sandrine, strong and willful in such a masculine world, she knows what she wants, but then again is it really her???. It started a little slow, but it was important as it gave depth for the rest of the novel. I loved the art references and details, well written and descriptions of the era and place, Paris in the 1890´s. This is a love story, ghost story and historical fiction. No as dark as it could be but it was just the right amount for me.
Great title and cover art. My favourite part was the Eiffel Tower part. thrilling moments. There are some erotic moments which I enjoyed, but other readers might not, if this is the case skip them, don´t miss this book just for this.
This is the first time I have read anything written by this author and I am very much looking forward to the second in the series.
M.J. Rose grew up in New York City mostly in the labyrinthine galleries of the Metropolitan Museum, the dark tunnels and lush gardens of Central Park and reading her mother's favorite books before she was allowed. She believes mystery and magic are all around us but we are too often too busy to notice… books that exaggerate mystery and magic draw attention to it and remind us to look for it and revel in it.
Rose lives in CT with her husband the musician and composer, Doug Scofield, and their very spoiled and often photographed dog, Winka.
Her most recent novel THE COLLECTOR OF DYING BREATHS (Atria/S&S) was chosen as an Indie Next Pick and her next novel, THE WITCH OF PAINTED SORROWS will be released March 2015.
Rose is a New York Times and USAToday bestseller whose work has appeared in many magazines including Oprah Magazine and she has been featured in the New York Times, Newsweek, WSJ, Time, USA Today and on the Today Show, and NPR radio. Rose graduated from Syracuse University, spent the '80s in advertising, has a commercial in the Museum of Modern Art in NYC and since 2005 has run the first marketing company for authors – Authorbuzz.com
The television series PAST LIFE, was based on Rose's novels in the Reincarnationist series. She is one of the founding board members of International Thriller Writers and currently serves, with Lee Child, as the organization's co-president.
About the Book
Series: The Daughters of La Lune
Hardcover: 384 pages
Publisher: Atria Books (March 17, 2015)
Language: English


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Massive programmed translational jumping in mitochondria
Edited by W. Ford Doolittle, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, and approved March 7, 2014 (received for review November 26, 2013)
During translation, ribosomes decode mRNAs in a sequential fashion. In this paper, we report the discovery of more than 80 translational bypassing elements (byps) 27–55 nt long in mitochondrial protein-coding regions of the yeast Magnusiomyces capitatus. We demonstrate experimentally that byps are retained in mRNA but not translated into protein. Byps somewhat resemble the single bypass element in bacteriophage T4 but also display unique features. We further discovered byp-like sequences in other yeast species, indicating that these inserts are mobile genetic elements. In contrast to byps, byp-like sequences are not bypassed during translation. When inserted in variable protein regions, they have the potential to drive the evolutionary diversification of protein structure and function.
Programmed translational bypassing is a process whereby ribosomes "ignore" a substantial interval of mRNA sequence. Although discovered 25 y ago, the only experimentally confirmed example of this puzzling phenomenon is expression of the bacteriophage T4 gene 60. Bypassing requires translational blockage at a "takeoff codon" immediately upstream of a stop codon followed by a hairpin, which causes peptidyl-tRNA dissociation and reassociation with a matching "landing triplet" 50 nt downstream, where translation resumes. Here, we report 81 translational bypassing elements (byps) in mitochondria of the yeast Magnusiomyces capitatus and demonstrate in three cases, by transcript analysis and proteomics, that byps are retained in mitochondrial mRNAs but not translated. Although mitochondrial byps resemble the bypass sequence in the T4 gene 60, they utilize unused codons instead of stops for translational blockage and have relaxed matching rules for takeoff/landing sites. We detected byp-like sequences also in mtDNAs of several Saccharomycetales, indicating that byps are mobile genetic elements. These byp-like sequences lack bypassing activity and are tolerated when inserted in-frame in variable protein regions. We hypothesize that byp-like elements have the potential to contribute to evolutionary diversification of proteins by adding new domains that allow exploration of new structures and functions.
The traditional view of translation is that mRNA is read sequentially, one codon at a time. However, low-level nonprogrammed translational bypassing (i.e., the occasional skipping of a few nucleotides) can be triggered by various factors, including tRNA paucity, unusual codons, and homo-polymer sequence tracts (1). In addition, programmed translational bypassing of 50 nt has been demonstrated for the gene 60 transcript of bacteriophage T4 (2⇓–4). In vitro mutagenesis experiments showed that efficient translational "jumping" or "hopping" in T4 requires matching takeoff and landing codons (most effective is the wild-type GGA), a stop codon, and both a hairpin RNA secondary structure directly downstream of the takeoff site, and a Shine–Dalgarno (SD) sequence a few nucleotides upstream of the landing codon. Finally, a particular amino acid sequence in the nascent peptide encoded upstream of the takeoff site confers highest jumping efficiency. Additional cases of programmed bypassing have been postulated but currently lack supporting evidence (e.g., ref. 5), making the T4 gene 60 expression the only confirmed instance.
Here, we report the massive occurrence of translational bypassing elements in mitochondria of the opportunistic human pathogen Magnusiomyces (also known as Blastoschizomyces or Geotrichum) capitatus (6), which belongs to a deeply branching lineage of Saccharomycetales (Fig. 1A). Our findings suggest that translational bypassing might be more widespread than previously thought.
Protein-Coding Genes Interrupted by Dozens of Insertions.
We sequenced mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) from five Magnusiomyces strains (M. capitatus, M. ingens, M. magnusii (2 isolates), and M. tetrasperma (Table S1). The identified genes specify a standard set of highly conserved proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation (atp6, -8, and -9; cob; cox1, -2, and -3; and nad1, -2, -3, -4, -4L, -5, and -6) and translation (rps3), two ribosomal RNAs (rnl and rns), and 25 transfer RNAs (trnA-Y). During comparative genome analysis, we identified 57 short insertions (30–55 bp) in protein-coding regions of otherwise typical genes in M. capitatus mtDNA (Fig. 2). Using covariance models for computational searches, we detected 24 additional inserts (27–54 bp) in intron ORFs of this mtDNA (Table 1 and Table S2). The most "infested" gene is nad5 with 12 inserts, increasing the overall gene size by more than 20%. In total, these inserts make up 7.2% of the M. capitatus mitochondrial genome sequence. The four other magnusiomycete mtDNAs lack these particular insertions, which therefore allowed their precise positioning by sequence alignment. All but 4 of the 57 ORF inserts introduce frameshifts and/or internal stop codons (Table S2). If translated, the inserts would abolish oxidative phosphorylation in this obligate aerobic yeast; yet, M. capitatus grows well on nonfermentable carbon sources (Fig. 1B).
To produce functional proteins, the inserts must be either removed from the RNA or ignored during translation by a programmed translational bypass. These two possibilities can be readily distinguished by comparing mRNA and protein sequences. Analysis of reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) products of cob, cox1, nad2, nad3, and rps3 transcripts shows that the inserts are included in mRNAs (Fig. 3A) whereas mass spectrometry analysis of mitochondrial proteins demonstrates that amino acid sequences corresponding to the inserts are absent from proteins. Specifically, we found peptides for 10 insert-containing genes and three insert-containing endonuclease-encoding intron ORFs (Fig. 3B). Many of the peptides originate from regions preceded by a stop codon- and/or frameshift-bearing insert, and none of the observed peptides corresponds to a translated insertion sequence. Therefore, inserts must have been circumvented, with potential mechanisms including nonsense suppression, single-nucleotide frameshifts, or translational bypassing. Notably, four distinct peptides bridge three insertion points (Fig. 3B and Fig. S1 A–C), providing compelling evidence for effective and precise translational jumping. We posit that all insertion elements in M. capitatus, which we term "byps," are translationally bypassed. This conjecture is based on the structural similarities shared by all byps and their similarity with the phage T4 hop element (see Mechanism of Translational Bypassing).
Byps share several structural features, which apparently instruct the mitochondrial translation machinery to bypass a precise mRNA interval (Fig. 3 C–F). (i) The 5′ portion of these elements consists of a G+C-rich stretch able to fold into a hairpin structure with a variable-length A+U-rich loop. (ii) In nearly all instances, the codon preceding byps and the triplet at the 3′ end of byps (putative takeoff and landing sites, respectively) are identical or differ only in the third position (e.g., GGA and GGU in Table S2). (iii) The three nucleotides at the 5′ end of byps, most frequently CGA or UCC, represent codons not used in M. capitatus coding regions (for codon frequencies, see Tables S3–S8). Avoidance of UCC codons is a common feature of mitochondria, with a general bias against codons ending in C or G (7). CGA, in contrast, is probably not decoded in M. capitatus mitochondria, because the only mitochondrion-encoded tRNAArg in this system has an ACG anticodon, which will not decode CGA (unless the A in the anticodon's wobble position is converted to inosine posttranscriptionally).
Most byps fall into two groups referred to as CGA and UCC (Fig. 2 A and B and Table 1), based on sequence similarity and a shared unused codon following the takeoff site. Using sequence comparison and covariance models (8) (Materials and Methods), we found 24 additional byps in seven out of eight intron ORFs (Table 1). Interestingly, none of the intron ORF-included byps belongs to the CGA group, and five are members of the intron-only ACC group. No significant match was detected in the nuclear protein-coding genes of M. capitatus.
Mechanism of Translational Bypassing.
In vitro mutagenesis experiments in T4 showed that translational jumping or hopping requires matching takeoff and landing codons (most effective is the wild-type GGA), a stop codon, and a hairpin RNA secondary structure both directly downstream of the takeoff site, and a Shine–Dalgarno (SD) sequence a few nucleotides upstream of the landing codon. Further, a particular amino acid sequence in the nascent peptide encoded upstream of the takeoff site confers highest jumping efficiency across the single bypassing element ("hop") in T4 gene 60 (2⇓–4, 9). We posit that translational bypassing in M. capitatus mitochondrial mRNAs follows a similar mechanism as T4 gene 60 expression. Mito-ribosomes will stall at a takeoff codon immediately upstream of an untranslatable codon; then the peptidyl–tRNA complex will dissociate from mRNA and reassociate further downstream at the next available cognate (landing) codon. The byp landing site is rarely identical to the takeoff but typically belongs to the same codon family according to the extended superwobble rules of tRNA recognition (10). Exceptions are cox1-I3-byp3 and nad2-byp3, where takeoff and landing sites (GCU and GUU, respectively) belong to different codon families (Fig. 2D and Table S2). Mass-spectrometry data for Nad2 show that the corresponding peptide has an alanine at the position of the takeoff codon, followed by a lysine that corresponds to the predicted codon immediately downstream of the landing site (Fig. 3B and Fig. S1A). This result strongly suggests that the takeoff GCU is decoded by tRNAAla(ugc) and translated accordingly as alanine whereas the landing codon (GUU, corresponding to valine) is ignored during translation. We infer that the anticodon of tRNAAla(ugc) associates well enough with the GUU landing site by forming a G-U (instead of a G-C) pair in the second position of the codon–anticodon interaction.
There are additional differences between byps in M. capitatus mitochondria and the hop element in the T4 gene 60. In T4, the codon immediately downstream of the takeoff site is a stop, and the hairpin has a UUCG tetraloop (tightly packed at the 3D level) rather than a variable A+U-rich region. Further, the T4 element has an SD motif upstream of the landing site whereas byps do not have recognizable sequence conservation in that region [note that most mitochondria lack bacterial SD motifs except jakobid flagellates (11) and that yeast mitochondria use long untranslated leader sequences for gene-specific translation initiation instead (12)]. Moreover, the T4 element requires for effective bypassing a sequence motif (MKKY) in the nascent peptide at positions −33 to −30 (4). In M. capitatus, however, upstream sequences may be as short as 10 aa (e.g., rps3-byp1) and do not share significant sequence similarity among each other (Fig. S2), nor do they have numerous positively charged amino acids known to delay translation (13), which may increase translational bypassing. Finally, translational bypassing in M. capitatus must be by far more efficient than in the T4 gene 60 transcript where it occurs successfully only half the time (14). With suboptimal performance, the multiple byps per gene (e.g., 12 in nad5) would lead to insufficient amounts of functional protein plus presumably intolerable quantities of abortive polypeptides.
Because of the similarities between translational jumping in the T4 gene 60 case and the mitochondrial system, we tested whether Escherichia coli ribosomes are able to bypass M. capitatus byps, including variants carrying T4 gene-60 features (1), such as a stop codon immediately downstream of the takeoff codon, a UUCG tetraloop, an SD motif, and the nascent peptide sequence of the host mitochondrial gene. However, the number of E. coli transformants was extremely low, and the few clones obtained had the byp hairpin partly or fully deleted (Table S9). This finding indicates that the expression in E. coli is toxic, presumably due to extensive ribosome stalling. Apparently, bypassing elements have coevolved with their particular translation machinery and are not interchangeable between different systems.
Distribution of Byp-Like Elements Suggests Mobility.
GC clusters are frequent in intergenic mtDNA regions of a broad range of eukaryotes, predominantly fungi (15⇓⇓–18). GC clusters in several Saccharomycetales mtDNAs are reminiscent of byps in that they have flanking ≥3-nt-long repeats and an internal hairpin (Figs. S3–S6). These byp-like elements are mostly inserted in intron ORFs: for example, in the cox3 intron 1 ORF of one out of two analyzed M. magnusii strains (Fig. S3), the cox1 intron ORF of three out of six examined Lachancea species (Fig. S4), and in the cob intron 2 ORF of one among three species of the Yarrowia clade (Fig. S5) (19, 20). The only "regular" mitochondrial gene harboring byp-like elements in Saccharomycetales is rps3, a gene previously designated var1 due to its variable size and poor sequence conservation (Fig. S6). These byp-like elements in rps3 do not disrupt the reading frame in conceptual translation and have thermodynamically more stable hairpins than M. capitatus byps. Mass spectrometry data from S. cerevisiae show that, in contrast to byps, rps3-ins1 is fully translated (Fig. 2F).
Byps and byp-like elements are likely mobile, spreading within the same mtDNA and across species boundaries. Intragenome proliferation is exemplified by two identical copies of an insertion element, one in rps3 and the other in an intergenic region of S. cerevisiae isolate FY1679 (Fig. S6 A and B), and two almost identical copies in the cob intron 2 ORF of Yarrowia (Fig. S5 A and B) (19). Horizontal transfer is most convincingly illustrated by the presence of highly similar byp-like elements in Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae mtDNA (Fig. S6C).
In phage T4, the hop element, together with a homing endonuclease ORF, constitutes a mobile DNA cassette that is able to invade related bacteriophages. Bonocora et al. (21) show that the hop element protects the ORF against self-cleavage by its own gene product, providing a rationale for horizontal (co)transfer of hop. In contrast, mitochondrial byps and byp-like elements probably transpose by themselves, because they do not carry along additional sequence, and the flanking short direct repeats may have arisen by target-site duplication typical for transposons (Figs. S3A, S4A and S5 A and B). However, the mobility of byp and byp-like elements may also be enabled or at least facilitated in trans by group I intron-ORF encoded LAGLIDADG_1 endonucleases, which make up the overwhelming majority of intron ORFs in Saccharomycetales.
Although byp-like elements are distributed broadly across Saccharomycetales mtDNAs, translational bypassing seems confined to M. capitatus. Essential mitochondrial protein-coding genes in other yeasts appear to tolerate elements only if they are inserted in highly variable protein regions, do not shift the reading frame, or do not contain stops or unused codons. Therefore, byp-like elements have the potential to contribute to evolutionary diversification of proteins by adding new domains with accelerated sequence change, as, for instance, byp-like elements in rps3 (Fig. S6C) and intronic ORFs in M. magnusii or Lachancea sp. (Figs. S3A and S4A).
We discovered a plethora of bypassing elements in M. capitatus mitochondria, suggesting that programmed translational jumping is more frequent than previously thought. Given the apparent mobility of byps and byp-like elements, it is conceivable that they also occur in mtDNAs outside fungi and in nuclear genomes. We posit that the mitochondrial translation system is particularly "predestined" for acquiring translational jumping, owing to relaxed codon:tRNA-anticodon recognition. A weaker interaction between the ribosomal P-site and tRNAs aids dissociation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the takeoff codon and its reassociation with a landing site that may even belong to a different codon family. Another presumed requirement is that certain codons are unused in mitochondrial translation so that this codon can be used in new, creative ways. In M. capitatus, untranslated codons are exploited as a translation barrier for bypassing undesired sequences. In other instances, such codons are reassigned to new amino acid identities by a codon capture mechanism [e.g., CUN (leucine) to CUN (threonine) in baker's yeast (22)]. It will be interesting to decipher the particular adaptations of the mitochondrial translation system in M. capitatus that enable such astoundingly effective programmed translational bypassing as reported here. It will also be interesting to unravel the mechanisms involved in horizontal transfer and integration of these "selfish" elements into genomic DNA.
Materials and Methods
Detailed descriptions of materials and methods can be found in SI Materials and Methods.
Yeast Strains and Culture Conditions.
Yeast strains (Table S1) were obtained from C. P. Kurtzman and J. Swezey (National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL) and R. A. Zvyagilskaya (Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Moscow, Russia). Yeast cells were cultivated at 28 °C in synthetic medium containing either glucose, glycerol, ethanol, or lactate as the sole carbon source.
DNA Purification and Sequencing.
Mitochondrial DNA from the Magnusiomyces magnusii strain 270 was prepared as described previously (23), used for random library construction, and sequenced by the dideoxy-chain termination method (24). For the other magnusiomycete strains, total cellular DNA was isolated as described earlier (25). Mitochondrial DNA was sequenced along with nuclear DNA using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 and paired-end (2 × 100 nt) technology, and assembled with Velvet (version 1.1.06) (26).
Mitochondrial Genome Annotation.
Gene annotation of Magnusiomyces mtDNAs was performed with the automated tool MFannot, developed in-house. MFannot predicts genes for structural RNAs and proteins and group I and II introns by using the search engines Erpin (27), Exonerate (28) and HMMER (29). Translation table 4 was used for conceptual translation. Termini and precise exon-intron boundaries of structural RNA genes were predicted manually using comparative structure modeling.
In Silico Search for Byps.
Byp insertions in M. capitatus were initially identified with TFASTA (30), by comparison with protein sequences from other Magnusiomyces strains without byps. For in silico searches, byp sequences were aligned with Muscle version 3.6 (31), and the resulting multiple alignment was manually curated for optimal fit of primary sequence and secondary structure predicted by RNAalifold (32). Byps were searched for with covariance models (8), based on the alignment of UCC and CGA byps in mitochondrial protein genes of M. capitatus. Only confidently aligned nucleotides were used for model building by applying the –hand option. Searches were performed with a cutoff E-value of 0.01.
Mapping of rRNA Termini in M. magnusii.
The termini of mitochondrial large and small rRNAs of the M. magnusii strain 270 were mapped using an RNA circularization procedure (33). The regions containing ligated rRNA termini were amplified by RT-PCR, cloned, and sequenced. Sequences of the identified rRNA termini are conserved across the analyzed magnusiomycetes.
Mitochondrial RNA Isolation and Transcript Analysis by RT-PCR.
Purified mitochondria were isolated as described earlier (34⇓–36), and their RNA was extracted with the RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen), treated with DNase I, and used for cDNA synthesis primed with random hexamers. The cDNA was used as a template in PCR reactions using gene-specific primer pairs. Control PCR reactions were performed using the following templates: (i) genomic DNA (positive control), (ii) mitochondrial RNA treated with DNase I, and (iii) cDNA prepared from mitochondrial RNA treated with DNase I and RNase A (negative controls). Amplicons were separated by electrophoresis in a 1% agarose gel, and selected products were sequenced using the dideoxy-chain termination method.
Identification of Mitochondrial Proteins by Mass Spectrometry.
Isolated mitochondria were solubilized with digitonin and homogenized, and the remaining membranes were removed by centrifugation. The supernatant was electrophoretically separated on a nondenaturating poly-acrylamide gel (37), individual bands were cut out and analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) (38, 39), and peptides were annotated by Mascot (40).
LacZ Constructs of Byps and Expression in E. coli.
For LacZ constructs of byps and expression in E. coli., see SI Materials and Methods.
Phylogeny of Yeast Species Based on mtDNA-Encoded Protein Sequences.
Thirteen inferred protein sequences (Cob, Cox1, -2, and -3, Atp6 and -9, and Nad1, -2, -3, -4, -4L, -5, and -6) were aligned with FSA (41). Columns with posterior probability <0.9 were discarded, and alignments were concatenated. The final dataset includes 44 species and 3,254 positions. Sequences except those for Magnusiomyces species were downloaded from the Organelle Genome Resources at National Center for Biotechnology Information. The phylogenetic tree was constructed with PhyloBayes (42), the CAT/GTR model, six discrete categories, four independent chains, 14,000 cycles (corresponding to ∼770, 000 generations), and the –dc parameter to remove constant sites. The first 10,000 cycles were discarded as burn-in.
We thank M. W. Gray (Dalhousie University), D. Morse (Université de Montréal), J. Ling (Yale University), and L. Kovac and J. Kolarov (Comenius University) for insightful discussion and comments. This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Canada) and the Canadian Research Chair Program (B.F.L.), Canadian Institutes of Health Research Grant MOP-79309 (to G.B.), Slovak Research and Development Agency Grants APVV 0123-10 (to J.N.) and 0035-11 (to L.T.), and Slovak Grant Agency Grants VEGA 1/0405/11 (to J.N.), 1/0311/12 (to L.T.), 1/1085/12 (to B.B.), and 1/0719/14 (to T.V.).
↵1B.F.L., M.J., and E.H. contributed equally to this work.
- ↵2To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: Franz.Lang{at}Umontreal.ca or nosek{at}fns.uniba.sk.
↵3Present address: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.
↵4Present address: Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
Author contributions: J.N. conceived the study; B.F.L., L.T., and J.N. designed experiments; B.F.L., M.J., E.H., R.D., L.F., P.K., D.F., M.N., P.G., L.T., and J.N. performed experiments; B.F.L., M.J., E.H., R.D., L.F., B.B., T.V., P.K., D.F., M.N., L.T., G.B., and J.N. analyzed data; and B.F.L., G.B., and J.N. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
Data deposition: The sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the GenBank database [accession nos. KJ459950 (M. ingens), KJ459951 (M. tetrasperma), KJ459952 (M. capitatus), KJ459953 (M. magnusii 270), and JQ236859 (M. magnusii CBS 234.85)].
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1322190111/-/DCSupplemental.
- ↵Wills NM (2010) Translational bypassing: Peptidyl-tRNA repairing at non-overlapping sites. Recoding: Expansion of Decoding Rules Enriches Gene Expression, Nucleic Acids and Molecular Biology, eds Atkins JF, Gesteland RF (Springer, New York), Vol 24, pp 365–380.
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Five Chemical Engineering students recognized at Engineering Awards Banquet
The following students in the Chemical Engineering Department were honored at the annual Engineering Awards Banquet, held on March 13 as part of Engineers' Week:
Outstanding Junior: Emily Cheng of Ballwin, Mo.
Outstanding Junior: Levi Morris of St. Charles, Mo.
Outstanding Senior: Sonja Glaser of Wildwood, Mo.
Outstanding Master's: Hang Xiao of Anqing, China
Outstanding Doctorate: Peng Wan of Wuhu, China


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"A Man That You Could Not Help Likeing": Joseph Smith and Nauvoo, Illinois, Portrayed in a Letter by Susannah and George W. Taggart
This daily feature is an introduction to a full article by Ronald O. Barney. Each Wednesday we focus on an aspect of church history, beginning in New York in the early 19th century and progressing throughout the year to Utah in the 20th century. To read the full text of this article, follow the link below.
The Prophet Joseph Smith's call for members of The Church of Jesus Christ Latter-day Saints to gather to Nauvoo, Illinois, had a wide effect once the settlement acquired the trappings of civilization. What had been the obscure riverside village of Commerce soon evidenced expansion and progress: new inhabitants and bustling construction. Among those who gathered to Nauvoo were Washington and Susannah Taggart, who converted to Mormonism in 1841 or 1842 in Peterborough, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire. Taught the gospel by Elder Eli P. Maginn, the Taggarts soon planned their departure for the Mormon capital. Their eldest son, George Washington Taggart, and a younger son, Oliver, also embraced Elder Maginn's teachings of the Restoration. But three sons—Albert, Samuel, and Henry—revolted at what they saw as the family's credulity. The converted Taggarts moved to Nauvoo in mid-1843, while the other three sons remained behind.
The document reproduced here is Susannah and George's letter to those three young men, describing the experiences the converted Taggarts had in Nauvoo. Included in the letter are comments on the unfortunate deaths of father Washington and son Oliver in September 1843, just months after settling in Nauvoo; an appraisal of the city; and, perhaps most significantly, a contemporary description of Joseph Smith.


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We applied for reconsideration of a naturalisation refusal for our 4-year-old daughter in July 2016 and have still not heard any response from the nationality team.
Does any one know how long it takes to get a response of reconsideration results from the Home Office?
Both parents are British through naturalisation. Our daughter was on a family of a settled person visa for three years. The refusal stated she was not old enough. We challenged stating, as both parents are now British and daughter stayed in UK for more than three years, please consider our case.
Now our main concern is how long will they take to respond on that reconsideration, as her current visa expired we are stuck without travelling anywhere. Tried out of six months standard period but no response.


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Where: The Gaiety, Carrick Street, Ayr KA7 1NUWhen: Saturday 29 August 2020 at 7:30pm
ABBA Forever is one of the UK's leading international tribute shows and theatre audiences from across Great Britain and Sweden have long enjoyed this superb recreation of possibly the world's greatest pop band. The unique ABBA sound is replicated with an incredible attention to detail, using a six-piece band featuring electric and acoustic guitars, keyboards and piano, drums and bass guitar. Two outstanding ABBA girls complete the line-up, adding the essential glitz and glamour to a well-polished and gently humorous show. The wonderful lyrics penned by Benny and Bjorn are sung in wonderful harmony by all six performers on stage. Dynamic non-stop choreography, stunning visuals, top class musicianship and an ALL LIVE performance ensures that the ABBA Forever show captivates audiences from the opening refrain to the final sing-along chorus of this two-hour spectacular.
Cost £: £20 - £30
Use these contact details for more information about the event.
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iFixit revealed a full teardown of Magic Leap One Creator Edition recently along with some long-awaited clarity about how the system operates.
The teardown from iFixit credits Oculus founder (and former Facebook employee) Palmer Luckey with helping tear down the "Lightwear" glasses, which rely on a "Lightpack" processing unit that's wired and worn on your side. Head on over to iFixit to see all the teardown photos or to Luckey's website to read his review of the device. He also, by the way, suggests the headset sold fewer than 3,000 units so far.
The following illustration from iFixit breaks down the basic way the system functions as content flows from Lightpack to Lightwear:
Diving a little deeper, iFixit explains Magic Leap One uses color-specific waveguides to deliver visuals at two distinct focal planes, each composed of red-green-blue. This makes Magic Leap One a fixed multifocal display.
Not Exactly A Light Field Display
Don't take it as a definitive guide, but the chart below shows a variety of display types for mixed reality as seen in a presentation by Facebook Reality Labs researcher Douglas Lanman at Display Week earlier this year.
Lanman's presentation explained Facebook's steps toward an opaque varifocal headset for VR. That's quite a bit different from a see-through fixed multifocal headset like Magic Leap is using for AR.
In the chart above, you can see fixed focus headsets at the top. Those are the types of headsets we have today like HoloLens, Rift, Vive, PSVR, Daydream, and Gear VR. Fixed focus headsets usually fix your focus at a distance and render the environment and all digital elements at that distance.
From the chart above, a varifocal headset like Half Dome and a multifocal headset like Magic Leap One have something in common — they both depend on eye tracking to get digital objects to the right focal depth. Magic Leap One apparently decides on which plane to put content by flashing imperceptible lights into the corners of your pupil and measuring changes in the reflections.
Here are those lights as seen through a high-frame rate camera:
Tracking eye movements is not unique to Magic Leap. Apple bought SMI, one of the leaders in this area, and many other companies are exploring the technology with partners like Tobii. StarVR's new ultra-high end commercial VR headset relies on eye-tracking to enable foveated rendering over an ultra-wide field of view and VRgineers' enterprise XTAL headset uses eye-tracking to adjust IPD mechanically. If Facebook's Half Dome ever makes it to market it likely will need eye-tracking too.
Optics And Eye Strain
Will VR and AR headsets be comfortable enough for most people to wear most of the day? The answer to this question may be related to the type of optical design used.
So far, most headsets from HoloLens to Oculus Rift and Vive Pro have been fixed focus headsets which struggle with the vergence-accommodation conflict. When you focus on digital objects that should be closer to you digitally, your eyes naturally want to point inward toward one another. Since the headset is focusing your eyes at a different distance the mismatch can create eyestrain in current headsets. In Stanford researcher Jeremy Bailenson's book Experience on Demand he noted "most academics and thought leaders in VR believe this problem will prevent long-term use of headsets."
I asked Bailenson for clarification to see if a fixed multifocal or varifocal headset would make a difference.
"There is a generally shared viewpoint among engineers and perceptual scientists that solving the vergence-accommodation conflict will reduce eye-strain for longer use cases of AR and VR," Bailenson wrote in an email. " I have only seen one demo that can linearly shift the focus of a display (as opposed to swap between a handful of focal points). It was incredible from pure 'amazement' standpoint. But there is not data that I am aware of that quantifies the degree of improvement there will be regarding simulator sickness, especially in terms of long-term use."
Here's how Lanman described the problem to me earlier this year:
"Nearly all consumer HMDs present a single fixed focus. Some have focus knobs, but most just lock the optical focus of the displays to something around two meters. When you look at a near object, vergence (eye rotation) and accommodation (deformation of the eye's crystalline lens) move together. As your lens deforms to focus on a nearby virtual object, it is focusing away from the fixed focus of the HMD. So, most people report seeing some blur. Sustained vergence-accommodation conflict has been linked, in prior vision science publications, to visual fatigue, including eye strain."
Magic Leap One appears to be the first standalone AR headset which begins to track eye movements to place digital content at a couple different depths. Is this approach more comfortable for your eyes? The answer isn't clear yet, but Luckey's technical breakdown notes getting this right "is even more important for AR than VR, since you have to blend digital elements with real-world elements that are consistently correct."
While a modern VR headset already delivers digital content over a far wider field of view than current AR headsets, the varifocal Half Dome architecture Facebook debuted earlier this year would also track eye movements to get the focal distance right all the time, at least theoretically.
Half Dome physically moves elements of the display in tandem with pupil movement:
So with a headset based on Half Dome you'd see more of a virtual world in your periphery than current VR headsets and your eyes might be more relaxed and able to see clearer objects up close. Compare this possible roadmap for VR headsets to what we've seen from AR.
The field of view on the original HoloLens AR headset is so limited that certain applications, like gaming, generally aren't fun when you constantly see characters or objects getting cut off.
Magic Leap One improves field of view so wearers note the limitation less frequently. Microsoft's next generation HoloLens, due in 2019, could improve the field of view further for AR. Does the next HoloLens also ditch the fixed focus display?
Indoor vs. Outdoor
There is a long way to go before AR and VR headsets can meet in a middle ground where one headset could be a dual-mode "mixed reality" device great for both use cases.
Something that often gets muddled in discussion of VR and AR is outdoor use. Current headsets don't have tracking systems in place to make outdoor operation safe and reliable yet. I'm also not sure people will want to wear fanny packs filled with batteries in order to enjoy AR throughout their day. Plus, see-through AR displays are usually most effective indoors in relatively dimly lit locations. For all these reasons, using any headset outdoors is mostly an academic concept in 2018. The dream of "mixed reality" is one day for a single headset to turn from perfectly transparent (AR) to completely opaque (VR) with digital objects shown throughout its wearer's entire field of view in either mode. But there are hard engineering problems to overcome.
One simple approach is to slap a sunglasses-like filter onto a transparent AR display, effectively turning it into a VR display at any moment. This quick fix won't change the underlying optics and field of view, though, or reduce the needs of power-hungry tracking systems which are necessary to establish a sense of safety and confidence for the person wearing a headset.
Fixed focus VR displays, though, like the kind popularized in part by Luckey and Oculus, are very cheap and work great indoors. You could turn the lights out and dance in the dark with an Oculus Rift on and you could still feel like you're standing on the beach on a sunny day. Facebook's Half Dome might be years away from transformation into something consumer ready, but by increasing field of view, and adding both eye-tracking and variable focus to a VR headset, Facebook is showing that it is effectively trying to engineer the perfect display technology specifically for VR and indoor use.
Magic Leap raised more than $2 billion over the last six years or so, to some degree, by promising a revolution to AR optics by way of a "photonic light field chip" and a whale that could fill a gymnasium.
But that's not Magic Leap One, and it is not clear how Magic Leap Two or Three would improve things. Instead of a whale, you can enjoy a small car darting around your room with Magic Leap One. The car is likely to keep you so interested in its movements that you'll never notice the edge of the display as it darts around directly in front of you. That's about the best an AR headset can do in 2018.
this "Drive" developer sample is quickly becoming a favorite among new leapers… no idea why it wasn't included in ML1! pic.twitter.com/PCRWbmbxDI
— andrés ornelas ?? (@andres) August 24, 2018
Don't Use Mixed Reality When You Mean AR or VR
Some investors and entrepreneurs remain entranced by the potential of AR headsets to change the way we carry out our everyday lives both inside and outside our homes. Luckey seems to think it is these people — not developers — who represent the bulk of the folks buying Magic Leap One. That partially explains why Luckey refers to Magic Leap One as a "Tragic Heap." For years, Magic Leap's CEO Rony Abovitz raised money to build this headset while complaining publicly about the optics of current VR systems and promising a "photonic lightfield chip" to leap ahead of the market. Even now. Abovitz claims their headset "utilizes our unique optics to correct issues found in classic stereoscopic systems."
Well the time for Magic Leap hype is over. Language like Abovitz uses might be good at raising money for a startup, but it does little to lure true developers into making a $2,300 purchase. It looks like Magic Leap One is a solid AR developer kit but there's nothing magical about these optics and enthusiasm for AR shouldn't come at the expense of a clear picture of the overall market. The perfect AR display remains elusive just as the perfect VR display is still only a concept. In the meantime, lots of people using the terms "XR" or "Mixed Reality" to describe the market as one single thing may be doing themselves and others a disservice by oversimplifying things too early.
What's important to remember is that Mark Zuckerberg's 2014 acquisition of Oculus has already seen the release of three completely different consumer VR headsets in an attempt to zero in on a gadget that is compelling to both developers and buyers. We expect that gadget to arrive in Q1 2019, precisely when Magic Leap should be thinking about how it can raise more money to build successive generations with a better field of view and a better outdoor tracking system. Facebook has the personal information of billions of people to target the sale of ads against, helping to fund the development of next generation technology. Even with its billions raised so far, though, I'm doubtful Magic Leap has the cash necessary to develop a headset delivering on the true promise of "mixed reality".
While Magic Leap is delivering one of the first headsets on the market with eye-tracking built into every device, it won't be the last. Eye-tracking is looking like it will be critical to major advances in AR and VR optics, cost and usability, but it also comes with enormous privacy risks.


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An excellent opportunity for a Corporate M&A lawyer to join this international city firm's corporate team.
Due to the groups continued growth, the firm are now looking for a 2-4PQE M&A Lawyer to join their busy team. The role will cover a full spectrum of corporate transactions including M&A, private equity, venture capital and ECM. You will be working on a wide variety of sectors including energy, transport, infrastructure, real estate, TMT, and finance services.
You will be a 2 - 4 year PQE lawyer, who has trained in an equally leading London firm or in a strong regional legal practice, with UK focused corporate experience.
It's a fantastic opportunity to join a practice which offers a broad range of work, where you can expect a good deal of responsibility and will be encouraged to run deals.
Please note our advertisements use PQE/salary levels purely as a guide. However we are happy to consider applications from all candidates who are able to demonstrate the skills necessary to fulfil the role.
Please note that your personal information will be treated in accordance with our Privacy Policy.


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WEST HOLLYWOOD, Calif. (AP) — A list of the nominees for the 26th annual Screen Actors Guild Awards, announced Wednesday in West Hollywood, California:
Actor: Christian Bale, "Ford v Ferrari"; Leonardo DiCaprio, "Once Upon a Time … in Hollywood"; Adam Driver, "Marriage Story"; Taron Egerton, "Rocketman"; Joaquin Phoenix, "Joker."
Actress: Cynthia Erivo, "Harriet"; Scarlett Johansson, "Marriage Story"; Lupita Nyong'o, "Us"; Charlize Theron, "Bombshell"; Renee Zellweger, "Judy."
Supporting actor: Jamie Foxx, "Just Mercy"; Tom Hanks, "A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood"; Al Pacino, "The Irishman"; Joe Pesci, "The Irishman"; Brad Pitt, "Once Upon a Time … in Hollywood."
Supporting actress: Laura Dern, "Marriage Story"; Scarlett Johansson, "Jojo Rabbit"; Nicole Kidman, "Bombshell"; Jennifer Lopez, "Hustlers"; Margot Robbie, "Bombshell."
Cast: "Bombshell"; "The Irishman"; "Jojo Rabbit"; "Once Upon a Time … in Hollywood"; "Parasite."
Actor in a TV movie or miniseries: Mahershala Ali, "True Detective"; Russell Crowe, "The Loudest Voice"; Jared Harris, "Chernobyl"; Jharrel Jerome, "When They See Us"; Sam Rockwell, "Fosse/Verdon."
Actress in a TV movie or miniseries: Patricia Arquette, "The Act"; Toni Collette, "Unbelievable"; Joey King, "The Act"; Emily Watson, "Chernobyl"; Michelle Williams, "Fosse/Verdon."
Actor in a drama series: Sterling K. Brown, "This Is Us"; Steve Carell, "The Morning Show"; Billy Crudup, "The Morning Show"; Peter Dinklage, "Game of Thrones"; David Harbour, "Stranger Things."
Actress in a drama series: Jennifer Aniston, "The Morning Show"; Helena Bonham Carter, "The Crown"; Olivia Colman, "The Crown"; Jodie Comer, "Killing Eve"; Elisabeth Moss, "The Handmaid's Tale.""
Actor in a comedy series: Alan Arkin, "The Kominsky Method"; Michael Douglas, "The Kominsky Method"; Bill Hader, "Barry"; Andrew Scott, "Fleabag"; Tony Shalhoub, "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel."
Actress in a comedy series: Christina Applegate, "Dead to Me"; Alex Borstein, "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel"; Rachel Brosnahan, "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel"; Catherine O'Hara, "Schitt's Creek"; Phoebe Waller-Bridge, "Fleabag."
Ensemble in a drama series: "Big Little Lies"; "The Crown"; "Game of Thrones"; "The Handmaid's Tale"; "Stranger Things."
Ensemble in a comedy series: "Barry"; "Fleabag"; "The Kominsky Method"; "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel"; "Schitt's Creek."
Life achievement award: Robert De Niro
Online: http://www.sagawards.org/
Copyright © 2020 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, written or redistributed.


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Galaxy S8
Infinitely amazing
Infinity Screen
Big, brilliant, and HDR certified.
Smart, sharp, selfie-friendly.
Intelligence that learns from you.
360 and VR
A new way to discover, capture and share your experiences.
Expand your world.
Take your pick.
With several color options in two sizes, there's a Galaxy S8 or S8+ for everyone. Go big or standard, go midnight black or arctic silver—the choice is entirely yours.
The world's first Infinity Screen
The Galaxy S8's expansive display stretches from edge to edge, giving you the most amount of screen in the least amount of space. And the Galaxy S8+ is even more expansive- our biggest screen yet.¹
Catch every shot.
The Galaxy S8's camera still takes amazing photos in low light, and now has an enhanced front-facing camera so you can take better, clearer selfies.
Expandable memory
Hybrid SIM
Keep all your important files, photos, and videos with memory that's expandable up to 256GB, or insert a local SIM card when traveling abroad.²
Designed around you.
Meet Bixby.
Bixby is the intelligent interface that is built into the Galaxy S8. With every interaction, Bixby can learn, evolve and adapt to you. Whether it's through touch, type or voice, Bixby will seamlessly help you get things done. (Voice coming soon)
Look at your world in a new way.
Bixby is built into your camera, so you can identify landmarks, translate foreign languages or shop for products online right when you see them. Focus on an object in your viewfinder and tap the Bixby eye icon to get a deeper understanding of what you're looking at.⁴
Create and Explore in 360.
A whole new VR experience with completely intuitive responses on the in-hand controller, and a Gear 360 that shoots in 4k and fits in your pocket.⁵
Do even more.
Unlock new possibilities, from your wallet to your home, with apps and services designed to help you live better.
The Galaxy S8 advantage
See how the GS8 and GS8+ compare to the iPhone 7, Google Pixel and other smartphones.
Samsung Health
Monitor everything from activity to sleep to nutrition, live chat with a doctor and stay motivated with notifications.⁶
Samsung Pay
Carry all your cards on your devices so you can pay in-person or in-app. Plus get extra rewards for the same purchases you make every day.⁷
Samsung Connect
Control hundreds of devices and appliances – whether you're at home or out of the house.⁸
DeX Station
Connect your Galaxy S8 to a monitor, keyboard and trackpad for a desktop-like experience.⁹
Get exclusive benefits when you order the Galaxy S8 on Samsung.com.
Enjoy Premium Care, low monthly payments and free expedited delivery.
Committed to quality
We've re-assessed every step of the smartphone manufacturing process and developed our 8-Point Battery Safety Check. It involves putting our batteries through extreme testing, inside and out, followed by careful inspection by X-ray and the human eye to ensure highest quality. This program is our commitment to safer devices now and in the future.
Unlocked by Samsung
Unlocked by Samsung lets you pick more than just your smartphone. You can choose your carrier, data plan, services, features and apps, so you can get your phone exactly the way you want it.¹⁰


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Home Downloads Incredible Numbers App Review
Check out a review for Prof. Ian Stewart's app 'Incredible Numbers' [Mathematics TODAY JUNE 2014].
Useful maths apps for students.
EDF Energy is one of the UK's largest energy companies and largest producer of low-carbon electricity. They generate around one fifth of the UK's electricity and employ around 15,000 people in the UK.
As the country's central bank, the Bank of England plays a fundamental role in the UK economy – ensuring monetary stability and contributing to financial stability. Their work has an impact on the entire nation.
Copyright 2020 Maths Careers. All rights reserved. Registered in England and Wales. Registered number 1017777.
Hosted by Measured Designs


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My last QPR post was back in March,so I thought it was time to bring you
up to speed on some products that I've been trying since then.
up to speed on some products that I've been trying since then.
Brand : Mineraline
Product : Invigorating Aloe Vera Gel
Price : R125
Aloe Vera is well known for treating burns, skin abrasions and irritations,
by quickly cooling and soothing the affected area.
My tube of Mineraline Invigorating Aloe Vera Gel was put to the test recently
when the London "Kiddiewink" arrived for a month's holiday
and managed to over expose his skin, in other words he got sunburnt.
Initially this soft green tinted gel feels quite sticky on application
but when it dries down the stickiness disappears and leaves the skin
feeling soothed and calmed.
It turned out to be a life saver and the inclusion of Dead Sea Minerals
and Vitamin B5 ensured that the skin was left feeling moisturised.
I've been using as an all over body gel and I'm loving both the consistency
and the cooling effects of the gel.It would be great for a Summer body gel.
Apparently it can also be used to calm an irritated scalp.
This product offers great value for an affordable price of R125
for a generous 250mls of product and is definitely one to add to
your shopping list.
Verdict : 8/10
Brand : Dove
Product : DermaSpa Goodness3 Hand Cream
Price : R49.95 (Current price as its 20% off at Clicks)
Dove have recently launched a hand cream as part of their
DermaSpa range of products.On application It immediately smells spa-like, as it's fragranced with Vanilla,
Musk and coconut and blended with Omega Oil.
Without doubt it leaves your hands feeling comfortably moisturised and velvety
soft.It's fast absorbing and great to massage into your cuticles and nails, its
like giving yourself a hand spa treatment at home.
This is, a good affordable hand cream backed by the research and development
of Dove.
Verdict : 7/10
Brand : Rimmel
Product : Lip Liner 1000 Kisses
Shade : Cappuccino
Price : R95.00
On a previous QPR post I reviewed the inexpensive Ultra Last Lip Liner from
Essence and I was suitably impressed and it encouraged me to try
another lip liner, this time one from Rimmel.
Not being "big" on lining my lips I only have the essence one to compare
this Rimmel one to.
I found this one to be a much harder pencil and not as long lasting, despite
the colour being good, I much prefer the texture of the essence and it
comes in way cheaper than the Rimmel.
Verdict : 5/10


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Oil Change Service Get a Quick Oil Change Near You
We handle over 19,000 oil changes every day. Make an appointment & get our best oil change service at our best price!
Lexus GS400 Oil Change
What's the Lexus GS400 Recommended Oil Type?
When you visit your neighborhood Firestone Complete Auto Care, you can bet you're getting the best oil type for your Lexus GS400. We'll make sure your car gets the right oil at the right price, because your wallet needs to be satisfied too. What happens during one of our oil change services? An ASE-certified technician will change your GS400's oil, properly recycle your old oil and filter, check all of your other major filters, top-off necessary fluids, and do a full 19-point inspection of your entire vehicle, for free! If your engine needs high mileage motor oil, a synthetic blend, or a basic synthetic oil, you can drive easy knowing that we'll always do what's best for your vehicle and take into account your driving style, climate, and mileage. Give your car what it needs and it'll give you back a whole lot more. At your convenience, go ahead and schedule your Lexus oil change appointment online and let our oil professionals care for your car's engine. For your convenience, our locations are open late and on weekends.


text: Mastered this record for the boys at Wolfmusic, loved it from the start. My friends tell me the original was pretty big, but I didnt know it and KRL's incredbile house take on it blew me away. KRL & the super hot Wolfmusic crew are giving this stunner away in conjunction with one of my favorite bloggers feelmybicep…I take that as proof that maybe now…this Aloe Blacc guy does actually have a dollar or two.


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The eastern states such as Victoria, New South Wales & Queensland are riddled with roads. It seems everybody wants to own a vehicle but how are we suppose to power these vehicles, through war it seems, but war is futile, obviously more fossil fuel oil pools need to be discovered, coal may need to be converted into oil. Their is gas like coal seam gas & natural gas but little has been done in regards to producing vehicles to run on gas. A reasonable amount of vehicles have been distributed to run on diesel & this tells us that this is because of international biofuel or biodiesel outlines. The proposal of growing biofuel crops such as oil palms in south asia, papua new guinea & northern australia & other places around the world was first put on the table in the 1930's by english & australian botanists. In the 1970's algae was found to be the the most efficient biofuel.
Alot of work has to be done before Biofuels will replace fossil fuels, Australia actually lags behind many other countries around the world in the field of biofuel cultivation. Reason being its going to take alot of work by alot of people to establish biofuel production.
Most efficient Biofuel crop yields, in order . . .
algae (open pond)
Copaifera langsdorffii
Millettia pinnata
oil palm
chinese tallow
brazil nuts
macadamia nuts
pecan nuts
castor beans
opium poppy
cacao (cocoa)
tung tree
mustard seed
pumpkin seed
flax (linseed)
lupin (lupine)
cashew nut
maize (corn)
Will electric machinery & vehicles replace fuel powered vehicles ?
Possibly they could but this would involve investing in renewables like Geothermal, Hydroelectricity, Solar energy, Tidal power, Wave power & Wind power. Alot of machinery would have to be made to be electric instead of running on fuel. Possibly vehicles will run on roads that have a rail at the same level as the road, note the vehicle does not have to make contact with the rail for a tesla coil can transmit electricity without wires, this would do away with cumbersome batteries & a overhead electric grid.
[1] Biofuels ! Robotic machinery can cultivate biofuel crops, suck up carbon, produce oxygen, clean option . . .
[2] Conversion of rock into fuel, like coal & other rocks ! Thermal depolymerization) & other scientific methods, more research & development required.
[3] Conversion of ocean, atmosphere & rock into fuel ! Thermal depolymerization & other scientific methods, more research & development required.
[4] Electric propulsion ! Well we are getting their slowly.
Shall we agree that [1] & [4] be our current options.
Bring back my donkey
Their may be more oil pools yet to be discovered
Coal Seam Gas
End To Class Wars
Has the world misused fossil fuels
Australian engineering a lost cause
Theirs a variety of transport options
[1] Solar vehicle
[2] Compressed air vehicle
[3] Road rail vehicle
[4] Hybrid fuel & electric vehicle
[5] electric vehicle
[6] Hydrogen vehicle
[7] Gas vehicle
[8] petroleum & diesel vehicle
Whats needed is a transformer like hybrid vehicle made out of a combination of all the features of [1], [2], [3], [4] to [5]
Its possible their may be a future with [6], [7] & [8] but their days could be numbered unless we invest in biofuels or Conversion of ocean, atmosphere, coal & other rock into fuel
Its cheaper to extract oil, gas & coal out of the ground
Its cheaper to extract oil, gas & coal out of the ground, but we should remember that these fossil fuels should be used to construct renewable energy infrastructure. The logistics involved in transporting fossil fuels from the oceans is very expensive as is the importation of fossil fuels into the country.
The Global economy is a failure
Technologies like the internet make the global economy work. Freedom of access to technologies, designs, patents & scientific & academic development.
However the logistics of global trade can consume so much energy that global trade becomes very energy
demanding & may even have to be stopped, however their can still be the global trade of information,
freedom of access to technologies, designs, patents & scientific & academic development through
technologies like the internet.
Electric propulsion is 20 times more efficient than fossil fuel propulsion
Electric propulsion requires investing in renewables like Geothermal, Hydroelectricity, Solar energy, Tidal power, Wave power & Wind power.
We have to use fossil fuels & biofuels very wisely, fossil fuels & biofuels should be used to create renewable energy infrastructure like those mentioned above & they can also be used in offroad applications
especially in the field of biofuel establishment.
Shouldn't we be exporting electricty to Asia
Wouldn't the better option be to export electricity to Asia via cable, Japan would be a good starting point.
The high australian dollar causes alot enviromental damage, for the logistics involved in transporting goods into & out of australia via overseas burns alot of energy resources.
People have no idea how much enerhy resources are wasted by importing & exporting goods overseas.
Its about time machinery was manufactured in Australia & the only way for this to happen is when Australia has a low dollar value.
Australia really needs marshall law
Australia needs marshall law to implement all of the above in this article called Australia is doomed, otherwise we may as well go back to the horse & cart.
Why global trade is not working
Electric propulsion is 20 times more efficient than fossil fuel
Electric propulsion is 20 times more efficient than fossil fuel propulsion. So what do we use fossil fuels for ? We use fossil fuels to build renewable energy infrastructure.[/size]
Killer biofuels
I wish people would stop touting biofuels. Land clearance for fuel plants kills and impoverishes people in Asia, South America and Africa. The land used to grow biofuels for Europe alone could instead be used to feed 127 million people - more than five and a half times the population of Australia. There is a plethora of evidence on how destructive biofuels are. Click here.
I want to puke every time I see the Shell ad on TV saying they're working with their Brazilian partners to produce clean, alternative fuel.
That fuel is ethanol, produced from sugar cane and exported largely to Europe and the US.
Through its partners in that country, Shell is implicated in massive violations of national and international human rights provisions.
For years, the indigenous community of the Kaiowá-Guaraní Indians in Mato Grosso do Sul has suffered from consequences of the expansion of sugar cane fields. They have been displaced; community members were maltreated and killed. For this reason, the Guaraní are suffering from severe malnutrition and the highest suicide rate in Latin America.
The Shell/Cosan Group owns substantial shares of regional sugar factories and is a major purchaser of sugar cane that is being cultivated at the expense of the local population.
Displacing the indigenous people from their own, legally recognised, land is a crime under Article 231 of the Brazilian Constitution. Shell's subsidiaries and business partners in Brazil also violate Article 10 of the UN General Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
As an internationally operating large corporation, Royal Dutch Shell is morally and legally responsible for safeguarding binding social and environmental standards at all production levels. Shell is obliged to demand such standards from their partners as well and to ensure their implementation. In failing to do so, Shell not only goes against its own corporate policies but will remain complicit in the breach of national and international laws.
Scientists of renowned research institutes have demonstrated in a study that further expansion of sugar cane plantations will contribute to the destruction of the Amazon rainforest in Brazil. Scientific evidence shows that ethanol production in Brazil does not comply with Shell's environmental and sustainability policies.
Shell's maintaining their one-sided focus on so-called biofuels contradicts their self-imposed sustainability criteria and environmental regulations.
Electric propulsion is 20 times more efficient than fuel or gas
Electric propulsion is 20 times more efficient than liquid fuel propulsion or gas propulsion.
We have approx 200 years to realise a 80% to 100% renewables target, depends what happens in the following decades.
We should be hoping to have reached a 80% renewable energy target by at least 100 years from now.
World's uranium supplies to run out In 250 years
If we can not meet this renewable energy target, then we may as well all become indigenous again & work with permaculture & utilise the horse & cart, in other words bye bye industrial revolution & hello to rural serfdom.
Alot more needs to be done to establish renewable energy infrastructure . . . Will require conscription or marshall law for decades. . .
Renewable energy infrastructure involves . . .
Solar energy
Tidal power
Wave power
Wind power
Eventually Australia will have a homegrown diversified continental based robotics industry but in the mean time we may have to export electricity to Asia via cable, this is a far more efficient option than transporting fossil fuels to our northern neighbours.
Lasers beamed from telegraph poles to power electric vehicles
AUSI, Australien Universal Space Industries have developed a system where lasers are beamed from telegraph poles onto passing vehicles to give them power for their electric motors.


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