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Hakea sericea (silky hakea)
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Biology and Ecology
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall
- Rainfall Regime
- Soil Tolerances
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Plant Trade
- Impact Summary
- Impact
- Environmental Impact
- Impact: Biodiversity
- Social Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Distribution Maps
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IdentityTop of page
Preferred Scientific Name
- Hakea sericea Schrad. & J.C. Wendl.
Preferred Common Name
- silky hakea
Other Scientific Names
- Hakea acicularis (Vent.) Knight
- Hakea tenuifolia (Salisb.) Britten
Local Common Names
- Australia: needle bush; silky needle-bush
- New Zealand: prickly hakea
- South Africa: hakea boom; syerige hakea
EPPO code
- HKASE (Hakea sericea)
Summary of InvasivenessTop of page The factors contributing to the success of H. sericea as an invader in South Africa are its prolific production of canopy borne seeds in the absence of natural enemies, the high seed longevity in the canopy and efficient seed dispersal. In dense stands of H. sericea, seed densities of up to 7500 seeds per m² have been reported and the winged seeds of H. sericea facilitate dispersal over several kilometres in some cases. An additional factor that has contributes to the invasiveness of H. sericea is the regular wildfires that occur in the areas invaded by H. sericea. While H. sericea is a weed of pasture it is principally an environmental weed seriously threatening the biodiversity of the 'fynbos' Cape Floral Kingdom.
Taxonomic TreeTop of page
- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Proteales
- Family: Proteaceae
- Genus: Hakea
- Species: Hakea sericea
Notes on Taxonomy and NomenclatureTop of page Other names used for H. sericea include H. acicularis and H. tenuifolia (Henderson and Anderson, 1966). The plant was originally thought to have a wide native distribution in Australia but has now been divided into two distinct species. As a result, the southern populations of H. sericea have been transferred to H. decurrens, which is further divided into three geographical races (Barker, 1996).
DescriptionTop of page H. sericea is an erect, single-stemmed or much-branched shrub or small tree that can grow to a height of 2-5 m. It has dark-green needle-like leaves 1 mm in diameter and up to 40 mm long with sharply pointed tips. The stems and branches are sparsely pubescent with thin brownish bark. The cream-coloured inflorescences are borne in leaf axils from June to September. The mature fruit of H. sericea is a heat-resistant woody follicle comprising two dehiscent valves, each valve containing one blackish-brown winged seed. The fruit are solitary, ovoid, 25-30 mm long and 20-25 mm in diameter with two apical horns. In their first year the mature fruits are purplish-brown but become pale grey as the fruits age. The seeds are 20 mm long and 8 mm wide with the seed-body 8 mm long and 5 mm broad. The seeds produced annually are stored in the canopy. H. sericea produces a tap root during the seedling stage and thick sub-surface lateral roots up to 4m long as the plant matures. H. sericea also produces proteoid roots along the lateral roots.
Plant TypeTop of page Perennial
Seed propagated
DistributionTop of page H. sericea is native to south-eastern Australia and is found in Queensland (Mt Barney, Mt Maroon and Mt Mee) and New South Wales, with naturalized occurrences overseas, e.g. in South Africa, New Zealand and south-west Europe (Barker, 1996). H. sericea has been planted for reclamation of arid lands in Spain and Portugal and has become locally naturalized (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 2003). In South Africa, dense stands of H. sericea occur in the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces. Isolated plants have been recorded in Kwa-Zulu Natal. In New Zealand, H. sericea occurs north of Auckland and is considered an important invader because of its ability to invade Leptospermum and gumland communities (Beever, 1988).
Distribution TableTop of page
The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.Last updated: 23 Apr 2020
|Last Reported
|First Reported
|South Africa
|Present, Widespread
|Henderson and Anderson (1966); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
|Present, Localized
|Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2003); EPPO (2020)
|Present, Localized
|Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2003); EPPO (2020)
|CABI (Undated a); EPPO (2020)
|Present based on regional distribution.
|-New South Wales
|Present, Widespread
|Barker (1996); EPPO (2020)
|Present, Widespread
|Barker (1996)
|-South Australia
|Present, Localized
|Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney (2003)
|Present, Localized
|Barker (1996); EPPO (2020)
|Present, Localized
|Barker (1996); EPPO (2020)
|New Zealand
|Owen (1996); EPPO (2020)
History of Introduction and SpreadTop of page The earliest known occurrence of H. sericea in South Africa was 1858. The plant was introduced from Australia as a hedge plant but was also planted for sand binding and firewood production. Following its introduction into South Africa the plant became naturalized in nearly all the major coastal mountain ranges of the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces. Some farmers in the Bathurst district, Eastern Cape, recognized the plant as a potential threat as early as 1863. By 1925 the Knysna Farmers Union, Western Cape, requested that H. sericea be declared a noxious weed as it was invading valuable pasture land (Phillips, 1938). The rate of spread of H. sericea has been impressive in the south western region of the Western Cape Province, with the area invaded increasing from 9000 ha, to 111,345 ha, 279,200 ha and 360,000 ha by 1939, 1969, 1974 and 1983 respectively (Kluge and Neser, 1991). This plant was not actively dispersed by human agency and its widespread distribution can therefore be attributed to its own aggressive invasiveness (Shaughnessy, 1986).
Risk of IntroductionTop of page Further spread is possible if accidentally introduced as an ornamental. H. sericea has been declared a noxious weed in South Africa in terms of 'The Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act' (Act No. 43 of 1983).
HabitatTop of page H. sericea in its native range grows naturally in heaths and as the understorey of dry sclerophyllous forests on the coastal regions of south-eastern Queensland to south-eastern New South Wales, Australia. It has become naturalized in South Africa and New Zealand. In South Africa H. sericea occurs in sclerophyllous vegetation known as mountain fynbos (or 'macchia') which is virtually devoid of tree species.
Habitat ListTop of page
|Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural
|Natural forests
|Present, no further details
|Natural grasslands
|Present, no further details
|Harmful (pest or invasive)
|Coastal areas
|Present, no further details
|Harmful (pest or invasive)
Hosts/Species AffectedTop of page H. sericea is not a weed of crops but has been known to invade valuable pasture land in South Africa (Phillips, 1938). It is today, however, principally regarded as an environmental weed.
Biology and EcologyTop of page Physiology and Phenology
H. sericea flowers between late autumn and late spring. The newly set fruit is green, soft and juicy but as fruits mature they become woodier. The heat-resistant fruits, produced annually, are stored in the canopy and the seeds are only released once the plant has died. There is no seed bank in the soil. The nutrient-rich, thin-coated seeds can germinate throughout the year provided the soil is moist from an initial good precipitation. After germination, a taproot develops even before the first true leaves are formed which may contribute to the seedling's resistance to drought (Fugler, 1979). The juvenile stage is two years and mature H. sericea trees can live for up to thirty years.
Reproductive Biology
Propagation is by seeds, which accumulate on the plant throughout its lifetime. Large numbers of seeds are released following the death of the plant, usually by fire. The prolific seed production of H. sericea can result in estimated seed densities of up to 7500 seeds per m² in the ash bed following fires (Neser and Kluge, 1986). Beadle (1940) found that the seed of H. sericea was capable of withstanding temperatures of 110°C for four hours without a significant reduction in the germination percentage. No cases of vegetative reproduction have been found in South Africa although the plant can regrow vegetatively if damaged. The seed production of H. sericea is far more prolific in South Africa than in its native range. This has been attributed to the absence of natural predators in South Africa (Neser, 1968).
Environmental Requirements
H. sericea occurs mainly on well drained soils derived from sandstone and quartzite with low nutrient levels. These soils are low in available nitrogen and phosphorus and often lack copper, zinc and molybdenum (Specht and Rayson, 1957). The spread of H. sericea in South Africa has been restricted to some extent by barriers of unsuitable nutrient-rich substrata (Fugler, 1979). H. sericea is native to areas in Australia where the rainfall is relatively evenly distributed throughout the year. In South Africa however, it occurs in rainfall regimes including a Mediterranean-type climate with a summer drought, a summer rainfall region and an area with rainfall throughout the year.
Latitude/Altitude RangesTop of page
|Latitude North (°N)
|Latitude South (°S)
|Altitude Lower (m)
|Altitude Upper (m)
Air TemperatureTop of page
|Lower limit
|Upper limit
|Mean annual temperature (ºC)
|Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC)
|Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC)
RainfallTop of page
|Lower limit
|Upper limit
|Dry season duration
|number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall
|Mean annual rainfall
|mm; lower/upper limits
Rainfall RegimeTop of page Uniform
Soil TolerancesTop of page
Soil drainage
- free
Soil reaction
- acid
- neutral
Soil texture
- medium
Natural enemiesTop of page
|Natural enemy
|Life stages
|Biological control in
|Biological control on
|Aphanasium australe
|Carposina autologa
|Cydmaea binotata
|Dicomada rufa
|Erytenna consputa
|Glomerella cingulata
|South Africa
|Glomerella cingulata f.sp. aeschynomene
|Pestalotiopsis funerea
|Sousa et al., 2004
Notes on Natural EnemiesTop of page Surveys by South African researchers have discovered more than 40 insects in over 20 families that attack H. sericea in Australia (Kluge and Neser, 1991). Four host-specific herbivorous insects have been introduced from Australia for the biological control of H. sericea in South Africa. In addition, an indigenous fungus has also been utilized in the H. sericea biological control programme. Recent progress in determining the host range of a flowerbud-feeding weevil, Dicomada rufa, may soon allow the release of this agent. Thirteen indigenous herbivorous insects in nine families have been recorded on H. sericea in South Africa (Swain and Prinsloo, 1986), although none of these do any significant damage to the plant.
Means of Movement and DispersalTop of page Natural Dispersal (Non-Biotic)
Propagation is by seeds only, which are produced in large numbers and stored in the canopy (Richardson et al., 1987). These seeds are only liberated once the plant or a branch dies. The winged seeds of H. sericea are dispersed long distances by wind forming the nucleus of new infestations (Richardson et al., 1987).
Accidental Introduction
Only very occasionally are there instances of human dissemination via the collection of woody follicles for dried flower arrangements and their subsequent discarding on rubbish heaps.
Intentional Introduction
H. sericea was introduced into South Africa as a hedging plant and for sand binding and firewood production. It may have been introduced into other countries as an ornamental.
Plant TradeTop of page
|Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport
|Pest stages
|Borne internally
|Borne externally
|Visibility of pest or symptoms
|Fruits (inc. pods)
|Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
|Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches
Impact SummaryTop of page
|Animal/plant collections
|Animal/plant products
|Biodiversity (generally)
|Crop production
|Environment (generally)
|Fisheries / aquaculture
|Forestry production
|Human health
|Livestock production
|Native fauna
|Native flora
|Rare/protected species
|Trade/international relations
ImpactTop of page H. sericea poses a threat to the US$40 million industry exporting ornamental Protea spp. from South Africa. Other economic costs include direct costs resulting from H. sericea control programmes, and indirect, but considerable costs from the loss of water, biodiversity and amenities, but these are difficult to determine.
Environmental ImpactTop of page H. sericea is a serious invader of the floristically rich and unique mountain fynbos in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Infestations become so dense they alter the composition of plant and animal communities (Macdonald and Richardson, 1986). Thickets of H. sericea also increase the fire hazard. Wilgen and Richardson (1985) found that H. sericea invading two fynbos sites resulted in a 60% increase in fuel loads and lowered the moisture content of live foliage from 155 to 110%. Wildfires in dense stands of H. sericea can lead to increased fire intensities which may kill plant species that regenerate vegetatively and seeds in or on the soil. Dense stands of H. sericea also reduce the runoff in mountain catchments.
Impact: BiodiversityTop of page In South Africa dense H. sericea infestations threaten the biodiversity of the Cape Floral Kingdom ('fynbos'), which is one of the eight Floral Kingdoms of the World. Dense stands of H. sericea have brought about significant reductions in species richness in the unique and floristically rich mountain fynbos of the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa (Richardson et al., 1989).
Social ImpactTop of page H. sericea is an unpalatable, prickly plant that forms dense impenetrable thickets restricting access to mountain areas.
Risk and Impact FactorsTop of page Invasiveness
- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
- Highly mobile locally
- Has high reproductive potential
- Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
- Damaged ecosystem services
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Negatively impacts agriculture
- Negatively impacts tourism
- Reduced amenity values
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Produces spines, thorns or burrs
- Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant
- Difficult/costly to control
UsesTop of page H. sericea is grown as an ornamental and used as a barrier or hedge. It has some limited use in dried flower industry. It has also been planted for reclamation of arid lands in Spain and Portugal (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 2003).
Similarities to Other Species/ConditionsTop of page H. sericea is very similar to H. decurrens and has also been confused with H. gibbosa. The most obvious characteristic distinguishing H. decurrens from H. sericea are its thin fruits. H. gibbosa has longer, distinctly hairy leaves and larger fruits than H. sericea and H. decurrens.
Prevention and ControlTop of page
Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.Mechanical Control
The most successful method to control H. sericea is the fell and burn technique where adult plants are cut down and left for 12 to 18 months before they are burnt. Shortly after the plants are cut down, the fruits, which have accumulated over the plant's lifetime, split open and fall to the ground. The released seeds germinate the following winter. The area is then burnt before the seedlings become reproductively mature. One or two follow-up operations are necessary after the burn to eradicate any regenerating or coppicing plants. This is an extremely important facet of the operation as it ensures that no plants are left to produce viable seeds. Although this is a very effective control method, the increased fire intensities using this technique can have a negative effect on sensitive ecosystems (Breytenbach, 1989). It is not advisable just to cut and then leave the cut plants unburnt, as fire is needed to kill any seedlings that may germinate. Burning standing plants can be effective in some cases but may result in dense stands of seedlings and widespread dispersal. The manual eradication of seedlings is both time consuming and expensive.
A massive campaign was initiated in South Africa in 1996 called the 'Working for Water' programme. The objective of this programme is to increase and sustain water supplies by eradicating alien invasive plants from all rivers, wetlands, catchments and other water resources countrywide. Alien invasive plants, especially Hakea spp., Pinus spp. and Australian Acacia spp. are known to reduce water run-off and restrict stream flow and are being cleared as part of this campaign.
Chemical Control
Chemical control has not played a large role in the control of H. sericea as it can have a negative effect on the indigenous vegetation. The costs of chemical control are also high as H. sericea occurs in dense thickets and inaccessible areas. Tebuthiuron is recommended for the control of H. sericea in South Africa.
Biological Control
A biological control programme against H. sericea was initiated in South Africa in 1962. Priority was given to seed-attacking insects and the first insect releases were made in 1970 (Kluge and Neser, 1991). The first agent released was the hakea seed weevil, Erytenna consputa (Curculionidae: Erirhininae), the larvae of which destroy the green developing fruits. The adults of E. consputa live for 2-3 years and feed on shoots, buds, flowers and young fruit as these become available. The eggs are laid in or near young developing fruits from late winter to mid-summer. The larvae develop singly in the young fruit and can consume more than one fruit before they complete their development. Following its establishment, E. consputa has spread throughout the South African range of the plant. The weevil has drastically reduced the annual seed production of H. sericea at some sites (Neser and Kluge, 1985; Kluge and Neser, 1991; Gordon, 1999).
The hakea seed moth, Carposina autologa (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae), the larvae of which destroy the seeds in mature fruits of H. sericea, was introduced in 1972 to augment E. consputa. The moth is univoltine with no diapause or quiescent phase. The eggs are laid singly on the surface of mature fruits in autumn. The larvae enter the fruits along the suture on the axial surface of the fruit. Only one larva develops per fruit. The mature larva emerges from the fruit in summer and pupates in the soil. Despite difficulties rearing and releasing this agent, it has now become established at a number of sites in South Africa (Dennill, 1987; Dennill et al., 1987; Gordon, 1993). Studies and observations at release sites in the field showed that the moth has reduced the mean number of accumulated seeds on H. sericea by up to 80% (Gordon, 1999). Despite these promising results several factors are limiting its effectiveness. Firstly, an indigenous fungus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [Glomerella cingulata] causes death and die-back of H. sericea in some areas and the fruits on infected trees split open and seeds fall to the ground resulting in larval mortality as the larvae are unable to move to new fruits. Secondly, the moths are unable to distinguish between healthy and previously attacked fruits for oviposition resulting in larval mortality as few neonate larvae successfully find and enter pristine fruits. Thirdly, regular wild fires in the Western Cape cause local extinction of C. autologa and they take a long time to recolonize regenerating plants.
A second weevil, Cydmaea binotata (Curculionidae: Erirhininae) was introduced into quarantine as a contaminant in one of the shipments of E. consputa and was successfully cultured in quarantine. They were found to be so damaging to H. sericea seedlings that it was felt that their feeding would enhance the infection rate of C. gloeosporioides [Glomerella cingulata]. Their biology and host-specificity was studied and when the weevils were found to be host-specific permission was granted for their release in 1979. The larvae are most damaging as they tunnel down the leaves or distal sections of soft stems. Releases were made at 36 sites throughout the range of the weed but weevils have only since been recovered at four sites (Kluge and Neser, 1991). The impact of the weevil on H. sericea has not been investigated in South Africa because their effect on the density of seedlings has been negligible.
The stem-boring beetle, Aphanasium australe (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) was recently introduced not only to add impetus to the biocontrol of H. sericea project but also because it attacks the related weed Hakea gibbosa (Gordon, 2003). The larvae tunnel gregariously at the base of stems and in the sub-surface roots of the plant leading to stem bases developing a characteristic thickening due to the formation of scar tissue. Although A. australe does not kill mature plants growing under natural conditions, it is envisaged that trees subjected to additional stress i.e. from drought, may be killed by larval damage. The first releases of this agent were made during January 2000.
A flowerbud-feeding weevil, Dicomada rufa, is a promising agent that is being considered for release to negate perceived weaknesses in the programme for biological control of H. sericea. The effectiveness of E. consputa and C. autologa is being hampered by periodic wildfires. Regenerating H. sericea plants only set seed 2-3 years after a burn, causing local extinction of E. consputa and C. autologa as both agents require fruits for development. As D. rufa feeds on buds, flowers and succulent growth it is believed D. rufa could make a significant contribution by limiting fruit production at this critical stage (Gordon, 1999). The adults of D. rufa are 2-3 mm in length and dull grey-brown in colour. The larva is a cream coloured, legless grub that feeds on the flowers and succulent growth. Due to problems culturing this insect in quarantine, data on its host-specificity was obtained by developing a type of open-field testing method, the fixed- plot survey method, to show that D. rufa is host specific to H. sericea (Kluge and Gordon, 2004).
An indigenous fungus, Glomerella cingulata f.sp. aeschynomene, has been exploited for the biological control of H. sericea in South Africa. The fungus causes stem and branch lesions exuding quantities of colourless gum. Plants may be killed if lesions occurring on the lower regions of the main stem girdle the stem (Morris, 1981; 1991). Individual branches that are girdled can also die. The growing points of young seedlings are most susceptible resulting in necrosis extending down the stem killing the plant (Morris, 1981). Various methods of culturing and inoculating plants have been successfully developed. These include wound inoculations, knapsack and aerial applications of spore suspension of the fungus and the application of a dried preparation of fungal-colonized wheat bran onto young seedlings (Morris, 1989; Morris et al., 1999).
Integrated Control
The 'Working for Water' programme in South Africa is primarily involved with the mechanical control of H. sericea but has identified biological control as the only long-term solution to prevent further spread of the weed and the re-invasion of cleared areas. Although mechanical control is an extremely efficient method to control H. sericea, biological control needs to be in place to prevent re-invasion of the weed and limit the need for follow-up operations. However, large-scale eradication of H. sericea can lead to the local extinction of established biocontrol agents. The seed-feeding agents are particularly at risk because seedlings recolonizing burnt areas take a number of years before they set fruit. It is therefore essential that insect refuges or reserves be established in areas to be cleared. These insect refuges can then act as foci from which recolonization of re-invading H. sericea populations can occur and collections of agents for redistribution can be made. These reserves should be 1-5 ha in size, 10 km apart and consist of reproductively mature plants (Gordon, 1999).
ReferencesTop of page
Barker WR, 1996. Novelties and taxonomic notes relating to Hakea sect Hakea (Proteaceae), mainly of eastern Australia. Journal of the Adelaide Botanical Gardens, 17:177-209.
Beadle NCW, 1940. Soil temperatures during forest fires and their effect on the survival of vegetation. Journal of Ecology, 28:180-192.
Beever RE, 1988. Gumland scrub. Auckland Botanical Society Journal, 43:12-18.
Breytenbach GJ, 1989. Alien control: can we afford to slash and burn Hakea in fynbos ecosystems? South African Forestry Journal, No. 151:6-16
Dennill GB, 1987. The importance of technique in establishing biocontrol agents
Dennill GB; Gordon AJ; Neser S, 1987. Difficulties with the release and establishment of Carposina autologa Meyrick (Carposinidae) on the weed Hakea sericea (Proteaceae) in South Africa. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 50(2):463-468
EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm
Fugler SR, 1979. Some aspects of the autecology of three Hakea species in the Cape Province, South Africa. MSc thesis, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
Gordon AJ, 1993. The impact of the hakea seed-moth Carposina autologa (Carposinidae) on the canopy-stored seeds of the weed Hakea sericea (Proteaceae). Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 45(1-2):105-113
Gordon AJ, 1999. A review of established and new insect agents for the biological control of Hakea sericea Schrader (Proteaceae) in South Africa. Biological control of weeds in South Africa (1990-1998)., 35-43; [^italic~African Entomology Memoir^roman~, No. 1]; 20 ref.
Gordon AJ, 2003. Biology and host range of the stem-boring beetle Aphanasium australe, a promising agent for the biological control of Hakea sericea in South Africa. BioControl, 48(1):113-122; 14 ref.
Henderson M; Anderson JG, 1966. Common Weeds in South Africa. South Africa: Department of Agricultural and Technical Services.
Kluge RL; Gordon AJ, 2004. The fixed plot survey method for determining the host range of the flowerbud-feeding weevil Dicomada rufa (Curculionidae), a candidate for the biological control of Hakea sericea (Proteaceae) in South Africa. BioControl (in press).
Kluge RL; Neser S, 1991. Biological control of Hakea sericea (Proteaceae) in South Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 37(1-3):91-113
Macdonald IAW; Richardson DM, 1986. Alien species in terrestrial ecosystems of the fynbos biome. In: Macdonald IAW, Kruger FJ, Ferrar AA, eds. The ecology and management of biological invasions in southern Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Oxford University Press, 77-91.
Morris MJ, 1981. Gummosis and die-back of Hakea sericea in South Africa. In: van de Venter HA, Mason M, eds. Proceedings of the Fourth National Weeds Conference of South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Balkema, 51-56.
Morris MJ, 1989. A method for controlling Hakea sericea Schrad. seedlings using the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. Weed Research (Oxford), 29(6):449-454
Morris MJ, 1991. The use of plant pathogens for biological weed control in South Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 37(1-3):239-255
Morris MJ; Wood AR; Breey^umlaut~en Aden, 1999. Plant pathogens and biological control of weeds in South Africa: a review of projects and progress during the last decade. Biological control of weeds in South Africa (1990-1998)., 129-137; [African Entomology Memoir, No. 1].
Neser S; Kluge RL, 1985. A seed-feeding insect showing promise in the control of a woody, invasive plant: the weevil Erytenna consputa on Hakea sericea (Proteaceae) in South Africa. Proceedings of the VI International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds Ottawa, Canada; Agriculture Canada, 805-809
Neser S; Kluge RL, 1986. The importance of seed-attacking agents in the biological control of invasive alien plants. In: Macdonald IAW, Kruger FJ, Ferrar AA, eds. The ecology and management of biological invasions in southern Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Oxford University Press, 285-293.
Owen SJ, 1996. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand: A database. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand: DOC Science Publications. http://www.hear.org/weedlists/other_areas/nz/nzecoweeds.htm.
Phillips EP, 1938. The naturalized species of hakea. Farming in South Africa, 13:424.
Richardson DM; Macdonald IAW; Forsyth GG, 1989. Reductions in plant species richness under stands of alien trees and shrubs in the fynbos biome. South African Forestry Journal, No. 149:1-8
Richardson DM; Wilgen BW van; Mitchell DT, 1987. Aspects of the reproductive ecology of four Australian Hakea species (Proteaceae) in South Africa. Oecologia, 71(3):345-354
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 2003. Flora Europaea, Database of European Plants (ESFEDS). Edinburgh, UK: Royal Botanic Garden. http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/FE/fe.html.
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Shaughnessy GL, 1986. A case study of some woody plant introductions to the Cape Town area. In: Macdonald IAW, Kruger FJ, Ferrar AA, eds. The ecology and management of biological invasions in southern Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Oxford University Press, 37-43.
Sousa MF; Tavares RM; Gerós H; Lino Neto T, 2004. First report of Hakea sericea leaf infection caused by Pestalotiopsis funerea in Portugal. Plant Pathology, 53(4):535. http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ppa
Specht RL; Rayson P, 1957. Dark Island Heath (Ninety-mile plain, South Australia). I. Definition of the eco-system. Australian Journal of Botany, 5:52-85.
Swain VM; Prinsloo GL, 1986. A list of phytophagous insects and mites on forest trees and shrubs in South Africa. Entomology Memoir, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Republic of South Africa, No. 66:vi + 91pp.
Wilgen BW van; Richardson DM, 1985. The effects of alien shrub invasions on vegetation structure and fire behaviour in South African fynbos shrublands: a simulation study. Journal of Applied Ecology, 22(3):955-966
Distribution References
Barker W R, 1996. Novelties and taxonomic notes relating to Hakea sect. Hakea (Proteaceae), mainly of Eastern Australia. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens. 177-209.
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
EPPO, 2020. EPPO Global database. In: EPPO Global database, Paris, France: EPPO.
Henderson M, Anderson JG, 1966. Common Weeds in South Africa., South Africa: Department of Agricultural and Technical Services.
Owen S J, 1996. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand: a database. In: Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand: a database, Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand: DOC Science Publications. http://www.hear.org/weedlists/other_areas/nz/nzecoweeds.htm
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 2003. Flora Europaea, Database of European Plants (ESFEDS)., Edinburgh, UK: Royal Botanic Garden. http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/FE/fe.html
Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, 2003. Australia's Virtual Herbarium., Sydney, Australia: Royal Botanic Gardens. http://plantnet.rbgsyd.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh/avh.cgi
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by Dave Hodges
22 Nov, 2014
Peace is impractical. War is inevitable. That is what the globalists and their puppet media would have mankind believe. The problems that are created by war are man-made and therefore, can be solved by man. However, our right to self-determination and peace have been robbed from us by people like David Rockefeller.
When war becomes the number ONE business venture of the globalists, they obfuscate the benefits of peace and prevent the directing of a nation's assets towards the betterment of its people. Rockefeller, Rothschild et al, hold humanity in such disdain that they seek to make money on the forced decline of mankind. For in their eyes, mankind cannot be allowed to prosper and grow, man must be subjugated and turned into cannon fodder in the next bankster-created war.
One President saw things as they were and sought to shift the focus of the nation towards peace. That President had such dangerous ideas in the eyes of the elite. President John F. Kennedy was a visionary. He sought to remove the stranglehold that the banksters had on our government by reducing the oil depletion allowance, printing C-notes to slowly erode the Federal Reserve, enact a foreign policy to keep the U.S. out of Vietnam and above all else, he sought to reduce the threat posed by the previously unrestrained growth of nuclear weapons.
In June of 1963, JFK called out the elitist war mongers in his famous American University speech. Unfortunately, JFK's enlightened attitude was a threat to the prevailing establishment and he paid for his idealism with his life five months after delivering the American University Commencement speech.
We had never seen a President championing the virtues of peace and the elevation of the concern for the common man. We will not likely ever see this kind of leadership again. The following excerpts of JFK's American University speech show us what could have been and why the elite could not handle four more years of a JFK Presidency. For if JFK had lived, the following ideals would have formed the goals of an energized nation.
Here are the words of a young, idealistic President as spoken at American University in June of 1963:
The Rest…HERE

subset: commoncrawl


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I am still in awe over the amazing and loving response I got, when I was sharing some of the ways I practise self care on tough days on my Instagram story. You guys were not only understanding how I felt, you truly related, some of you even said you felt helped and understood. People relating to my texts, feeling like someone is listening or like they have received help still baffles me and makes me all tear eyed and giddy. So fist of all: THANK YOU, it truly means so much to me.
From this experience I have decided to start a little challenge for all of us. From Monday the 14th of January for four full weeks so for 28 days, we will focus on loving our self a little harder, taking care of ourselves a little better and building habits, which will benefit us. I am so excited to start this project with you guys, to motivate each other and to share pieces of advice.
What I want you to do is complete one little task every day. They may seem small, but after four weeks all of these little acts of kindness to yourself will add up and hopefully lead to liking yourself a little more, loving yourself a little harder, being a little kinder to yourself. I will publish one blog post a day for the next four weeks to help you with your tasks and make you feel a little more motivated and obviously to share my own struggles - and wins - along the way. I am also working on templates for your instagram stories that you can share so we can all connect. I would LOVE if you want to share your journey with me and others, so please send me pictures or texts or mails or if you feel like it tage me in your posts about this challenge. I think it would be super cool if we were all to use the hashtag #my28dayselflovejourney if we decide to share on social media, so you can find like minded people, who are handling the same tasks and work towards the same goal as you do. I am beyond excited for the next four weeks and can´t wait to check in with you guys over time. I am so proud of all of you for doing this, for taking better care of yourself and through being kinder to yourself become happier, more relaxed and last but not least a better friend, daughter, mother, lover... Because I truly believe once we truly love ourselves we can spread that love, share it with others and live happier, more fulfilled lives. So here is your schedule for the next four weeeks:DAY 1 - Write down every single thing you like about yourself. Keep the list somewhere, but don´t look at it until the end of this 28 days.
DAY 2 - Meditate for 10 minutes.
DAY 3 - Do Yoga for 30 minutes. Either go to a class or find an online class you like.
DAY 4 - Take yourself on a date. Wether it´s a coffee or lunch, treat yourself to something nice and enjoy some time with just yourself.
DAY 5 - Have a home spa night, make yourself a nice hairmask, paint your nails, watch your favourite cheesy movie.
DAY 6 - Make sure to drink at least two liters of waters today. Keep those organs hydrated.
DAY 7 - Cook yourself your favourite meal or get your favourite take out.
DAY 8 - Go on a nice long walk on your lunch break
DAY 9 - Take 30 minutes today for a hobby you like but have been "too busy" to do. This can be painting, bullet journaling, reading a good book...
DAY 10 - Get up 15 minutes earlier today to have a nice healthy breakfast and a good coffe (or tea) in peace.
DAY 11 - Put on your favourite feel good outfit.
DAY 12 - Try out something new today, which you always wanted to do. Maybe that is going to that hip new café you always wanted to try, or cooking that complicated dish or going to the workout class you were too scared to look clumsy in. You got this girl!
DAY 13 - Stand in the front of the mirror and say three nice things to yourself first thing in the morning.
DAY 14 - Medidate for 15 minutes.
DAY 15 - Work out today for 30 minutes. This can be a long walk, or a run or pilates. Get those endorphins flowing!
DAY 16 - Buy something nice for your flat. Maybe a new plant, maybe a candle that smells nice, something that makes your home more cozy and more you!
DAY 17 - Meet up with a friend, who really makes you feel good. Get some cofffee or dinner and have a nice long talk.
DAY 18 - Write down 5 things you are thankful for.
DAY 19 - Meal prep some healthy lunches for the week, so you don´t spend money eating out or eating junk.
DAY 20 - Have a big closet clean out. Throw away all of those old shirts, bags and faded socks you don´t wear anymore anyways.
DAY 21 - Only speak kindly to yourself for an entire day. Try to keep this up for a week.
DAY 22 - Do Yoga for 45 minutes.
DAY 23 - Watch your favourite silly show.
DAY 24 - In situations you have been talking to yourself in a mean way, imagine your baby self and wonder if you would speak to her or him that way.
DAY 25 - Put on your favourite happy playlist. Dance it out for 10 minutes.
DAY 26 - Get outside today. Go to a park or a lake or take a long walk in the woods.
DAY 27 - Make yourself a real weekend breakfast or go out to brunch with your friends.
DAY 28 - Write down all the things you like about yourself. Check back with your list from four weeks ago. Did it get a little longer?
Alongside these tasks I want to focus on a specific topic every Sunday. Some of you were so brave to share the struggles they experience with me and I want to honour that by going in a little more detail for these topics. If you also have a specific struggle, that you think a little extra work would help with please always feel free to message me! I hope we can keep this Selfcare Sundays going throughout this year even when this little challenge is over. So far I am planning more detailed posts about:
- Body image/positivity
- Self doubt and intrusive thoughts
- Taking me time
- Coping with an insecure future
I am actually buzzing to start this challenge with you lovely people and can´t wait for Monday. Before we all get started I want you to sit down and find a reason to commit to this challenge, kind of like a mantra that you will stick to for the next four weeks. This could be "I want to learn to love myself" or "I want to find ways to feel better everyday" or "I want to learn how to be kinder to myself when I fail". If you want share your resolution with me and others, or just write it down in a notebook and keep it to yourself. I want this to be a little reminder and a motivation for you to focus completely on you and the relationship with yourself for the next 28 days.
Now I am off to celebrate my second ever summer birthday, which is a huge deal for someone who usually has to celebrate in the most depressing of all months: January. I love you and I am so excited for Monday!


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This post was just published on ZYX Buy Change Alert.
FLXN is long from 18.75. The stock is trading at $23.19 as of this writing. The original thesis remains intact.
The new target zone is $38 to $44. However, there are many very near term risks that could cause the stock to pull back. Please remember this is a biotech stock and biotech stocks can be very volatile.
Consider taking partial profits on a 10% tranche right here and consider continuing to hold the remaining 10% as part of your speculative portfolio.
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Check out our enviable performance in both bull and bear markets.


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Starfall is our "Refuge of Awesome", where we should all enjoy great tunes, awesome peeps, and crazy ideas. Gay, Bi, Straight, etc? Doesn't matter - because we will have the best of times. Everyone is welcome! We're a mostly Rock and Alternative music hang out, with a mix of everything from Modern and Classic Rock, Industrial, Alternative, EBM, Disco, and just plain weirdness. We even have dancey stuff on occasion.
Monday, October 20, 2014
Starfall Schedule for Oct 20 thru Oct 26
Starfall Schedule for Oct 20 thru Oct 26
Monday Oct 20 - Beat OFF the Monday Blues
6PM DJ Kaj with Host Charley
Tuesday Oct 21
9PM DJ Dov with Host Ralphie - Monster Mashup set!
Wednesday Oct 22
6PM DJ Rustie with Host Jagger
Thursday Oct 23
7PM DJ Fieger with Host Ralphie
Friday Oct 24 - FAB-U-LUST FRIDAY
2PM DJ Esmiel with Host Shizuka
6PM DJ Dehrynn with Host Charley
8PM DJ Ralphie with Host Ian
Saturday Oct 25
6PM DJ Matt with Host Ralphie - Monster Mix Part 1!
8PM DJ Nishi with Host Sakito
Sunday Oct 26
6PM DJ Dehrynn with Host Shizuka - Twisted Dopplegangers! - Come as yourself, or someone else at Starfall, but a "twisted" version from a dark mirror !
If you have any questions or suggestions or have a problem you want to bring to our attention, please contact the Owner/Manager, Dehrynn Shepherd, or the Manager Shizuka Tsunenaga.
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18 Nov 2013
Vanished by Wil S Hylton
Fifty-three thousand Americans who fought in the Pacific during the Second World War are still listed as 'missing in action'. Journalist and author Wil S Hylton was with one of the J-PAC dive teams off the island of Palau when he stumbled upon the story of a man who has dedicated much of his life to finding missing aircraft from the era and area. His book 'Vanished: The Sixty-Year Search for the Missing Men of World War II' follows the search.


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JA2016 Final Risk Assessment Working Group Meeting
On 9 October 2018 PROSAFE has hosted in its headquarters in Brussels the final meeting of the Risk Assessment Working Group of the Joint Action 2016. This action is co-funded by the European Union (EU). Eleven authorities from ten EU countries and Turkey together with a representative from the European Commission gathered to share experiences, exchange knowledge and information. Amongst others, the workshop session identified in a group exercise the achievements and the new challenges for market surveillance in the European Union over the past ten years since the implementation of the first EMARS project.


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Group Booking Terms and Conditions
Because you are making a Group Booking, there are additional Terms and Conditions that apply. Please read them and click 'I Accept' below to continue with your booking
General Group Booking Terms
By making a group reservation through Hostelworld.com you agree to the following terms and conditions as set by Hostelworld.com and as set by the hostel in question.
- In order to make a group reservation on Hostelworld.com it is necessary to pay a deposit. The balance is due directly to the hostel according to their payment conditions.
- The booking deposit is non-refundable.
- Please note that any cancellations must be notified directly to the hostel at least 24 hours in advance of your scheduled arrival date, unless otherwise stated in the hostel's conditions.
- Hostelworld.com are not responsible for changes or amendments to your reservation once it has been processed. All correspondence with regard to changes to your booking need to be dealt with directly with the hostel.
- Cancellations for reservations must be made directly with the hostel and must conform with the individual hostels cancellation policy (see below)
- It is your responsibility to pay the balance of your accommodation cost to the hostel in accordance with their payment conditions (see below). Failure to do so may result in your reservation being cancelled by the hostel.
- Individual hostels may have special booking conditions relating to group stays, please read the hostel booking conditions carefully before making your reservation.
Hostel Specific Terms & Conditions
The remainder of the amount due will be charged to your credit card ???? Should numbers or room selection change, the per person deposit times the number of people who actually travelled will be deducted from the total accommodation charge levvied by the hostel.
The following group types are not accepted by this hostel: Holiday with Friends, Junior / Primary School, High / Secondary School, College / University, Business Trip, Stag/Hen/Bachelor Party, Sports Group, Cultural Group If you have misrepresented the type of group you are booking for, your booking may be cancelled by the hostel."
Any cancellations resulting from agreement to these terms and conditions under false pretences will result in loss of deposit.
Rezervasyonunuzu onaylamamız için hüküm ve koşulları okuyup anlamanız gerekir.
özellik Açıklama
***2019 HOSCAR (HostelWorld Oscar) Award Winner - Best Hostel in Puerto Rico***
BEST BEACH & NIGHTLIFE LOCATION: Closest to Beach (2 Blocks) and Best Real Nightlife in San Juan La Placita Santurce (1 Block)
BREAKFAST: Waffles, Eggs, Fruit, Toast, Coffee, Tea & more FREE / INCLUDED with Stay (8am to 10am)
LUXURY BUNKS: Deluxe Memory Foam Mattresses & Ultra-soft Microfiber Sheets.
AIR CONDITIONING: New Inverter ACs (dehumidify and cool) in All Bedrooms (7pm to 9am)
FANS: Available in all Rooms and Bedrooms.
SHEETS & TOWELS: Fresh, white and clean sheets and towels FREE/ INCLUDED with Stay.
FIBER OPTIC INTERNET: Fiber Optic 1 Gigabit Wifi
BATHROOMS: 6 Bathrooms + 2 Outdoor Showers + Vanity Room with Mirrors, Hair Dryer, Iron & Ironing Board.
ADDITIONAL SERVICES: Large Premium Beach Towels ($5/entire stay), Laundry $5 per load (Wash & Dry) Hostel Kurallarını Görüntüle
Uygunluğu Kontrol edin
- Havlu dahil
- Yatak Çarşafları Dahil
- Ücretsiz Internet Erişimi
- Ücretsiz Kahvaltı
- Ücretsiz WiFi
- Air Conditioning
- Anahtar Kart Erişim
- Açık Teras
- Bisiklet Parkı
- Buzdolabı
- Kambiyoyla rezervasyon yapın
- Kilitli Dolaplar
- Kiralık Kasa
- Microwave
- Mutfak
- Mutfak eşyaları
- Ortak oda
- Otopark
- Saç kurutma makineleri
- Saç Kurutucusu
- Sıcak Duşlar
- Tavan Vantilatörü
- Çamaşır Makinesi
- Ütü/Ütü Masası
- 24 Saat Güvenlik
- Bavul Saklama
- Bisiklet Kiralama
- Faks Hizmeti
- Internet Erişimi
- Kat Hizmetleri
- Resepsiyon (sınırlı saatler)
- Çamaşırhane Tesisleri
- Mevcut Yemekler
- Çay / Kahve yapma İmkanları
- Masa oyunları
- Oyun Odası
- Wi-Fi
1, Ülke Puerto Rico
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The Penrith rugby club was immediately axed from the Shute Shield this week, without even being given the option to finish the season and then perhaps revert to another competition.
A more mean spirited act could not have been more contrived, which can only reflect the total disdain win which Penrith rugby – after 27 years in the Shute Shield – is held.
Rugby administration in NSW resembles the fiefdom of eras of times gone past. The Rugby AU is control of all juniors, there is the Waratah franchise. The Brumbies control southern NSW up to Liverpool.
Sydney Rugby controls Sydney and somehow NSW Country overlaps and manages the rest. Six organisations managing the one asset!
Collectively the combined fiefdoms comprising NSW rugby Administration have ignored Western Sydney – the biggest rugby nursery in Australia and home of Kurtley Beale! And while other codes have poured their resources in Western Sydney, Rugby AU has cried poor.
Paul Culley's dissection of the Rugby AU balance sheet has shown just how well the Rugby AU looks after itself at the expense of just about everything else.
Penrith rugby existence has been one of marginalisation and no doubt travelling west of Parramatta has grated on the eastern suburb and north shore fiefdoms that control the game.
The player resource pool was not under its control and was underfunded by Rugby AU. An amazing marketing opportunity was lost when Israel Folau joined the Waratahs – now Israel will never play a Shute Shield match. Just imagine the marketing benefits if Israel had aligned with Penrith (instead of with the ultimate player cherry pickers – Sydney Uni).
It can only be hoped that Twiggy Forrest reads this article and establishes a Western Sydney franchise for his competition, as it is clear that those in charge of rugby right now are not interested.


text: Steel Flywheel for CT525 Engine. Includes bolts & two shims. Weighs 5.18 pounds. Steel flywheels are made from through-hardened, 4140 steel for increased strength and durability All flywheels and drive flanges have a SAE 10 tooth internal spline All flywheels feature an integral pulley for 8M-20 HTD timing belts All flywheels have 65 teeth Brinn flywheels only work with Brinn bellhousingsds


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Thursday, 28 May 2015
New Precision by Be Bop Deluxe - Record of the Week
Am so pleased to have found this on the web.
When this music was released, Be Bop were my favourite band of the moment and Bill Nelson was becoming a musical hero. Naturally, I went to see them on the tour to promote this and it was a real highlight.
A bit of history. Prior to 'Drastic Plastic', Be Bop Deluxe were seen as a prog-ish rock guitar band and, when your first album is called 'Axe Victim' you get an idea of the kind of thing we're talking about. But Bill Nelson always had this melodic and jazz-esque edge: it wasn't just noise or runs and riffs. No there was always something more to it as 'Adventures in a Yorkshire Landscape', amongst others, clearly demonstrates. So, for me, it was no real surprise when this track arrived in 1978 on their final studio album.
But the music press were confused and didn't quite know what to make of it, declaring that it wasn't a guitar album and that Bill was creating a vastly different sound and we'd all be disappointed. Well, this fan wasn't.
As you can clearly see and hear on this rendition of 'New Precision', Bills' guitar playing is very much to the fore and, if anything, has moved into another dimension. It's no longer the tried and tested blistering rock riffs and runs. Here we have a new wave, classy, intricate, melodic, complementary guitar brilliantly played (of course). On this record, Bill used a new guitar synthesiser (with a Yamaha SG2000) as well as the standard set-ups -- as seen here with that white Stratocaster. Or was it the other way round?
For me, this album is their best offering. I loved it then and I adore it now. A wonderful piece of work. And its partly down to that new guitar sound. Quite stunning.
A live version (may even be this same recording) of this can be found on the album 'Radioland -- BBC Radio 1 Live in Concert'...
Get the CD of Radioland from amazon...
or download Radioland from iTunes.
The studio version is on the album 'Drastic Plastic'...
Download 'Drastic Plastic' from amazon...
or download 'Drastic Plastic' from iTunes.
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Canada Casinos
The Canadian gambling world keeps growing by the day, as hundreds of new citizens join the ranks of many online casinos from all across the world. Canada has fewer restrictions than America regarding gambling rules, which makes the Canadian market a far more appealing one for global companies. In fact, many online sites have grown to support Canada when in the past they chose not to, and the Canadian gambling community has grown very massively as a consequence of this. There's no better place than The Casino Wizard to find out which sites are the best to visit by gamblers in the upper half of North America.
68 Casinos


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Dyno Test: Single-Plane Versus Dual-Plane Intakes
Taking sides in an argument is a time honored tradition, just ask any Camaro or Mustang owner. This competitive spirit carries over to carbureted induction systems, as the single-plane vs dual-plane feud has been going on for decades. The dual-plane camp plays the torque card, while the single-plane boys tout peak power. Who is right? Well, the reality is that both are right, albeit for different applications. Each intake has its place, as a dual-plane intake is every bit as wrong on a race motor as a single-plane is on a stock one. The question of extremes is usually pretty cut and dry, as you won't find a dual-plane on a NASCAR motor any more than you will find a single-plane on a typical 1960s OE offering. The problem arises in the middle ground, on modified (but not wild) motors, where the choice becomes less obvious.
To put this question to bed once and for all (a big LOL), we designed the following test. We took a mildly modified 351W crate motor and subjected it to the rigors of the engine dyno. The Ford crate motor was run with both a dual-plane and single-plane intake to show the respective power curves offered by each. Would the single-plane offer enough extra power on the big end to offset the loss in torque we have come to expect in a test like this? Could the dual-plane hang on at the top of the rev range to keep pace with the single-plane? There was only one way to find out, and that required our 351W test motor. Originally a 385hp crate combo from Ford Racing, the Windsor had been modified sometime in the last decade to include an unknown cam profile (it had been sitting for almost 10 years), a set of Holley aluminum heads, and Comp roller rockers. Though the cam was a mystery, previous testing with a pair of carbs and headers showed us the crate motor ran well and was healthy enough to compare the manifolds.
Looking at the intakes, the single- and dual-plane manifolds were decidedly different. The dual-plane Performer RPM Air Gap featured a divided plenum that effectively cut the motor into a pair of four-cylinders. Each half was fed by one primary and one secondary circuit of the carburetor. By comparison, the single-plane Victor Jr. intake relied on a common plenum, meaning both banks of the motor drew from a single reservoir. The single-plane design, with a central carburetor position, all but required four long and four short runners. The middle four (cylinders 2,3,6,7) were considerably shorter than the outer four (cylinders 1,4,5,8). The difference in runner length meant that the reflected waves offered by each set of four would be tuned to enhance power production at slightly different rpm ranges. This can be seen as a negative or a positive, as the effect is often to broaden the power curve. The two intake designs were optimized for specific engine speeds and power outputs, with the single-plane offering enhanced high-rpm power, and the dual-plane providing plenty of low- and mid-range torque.
To get things started, the 351W was configured on the engine dyno with a Meziere electric water pump (no accessories), a set of 1 -inch long-tube Hooker headers, and a Holley 750 Ultra XP carburetor feeding each intake. The difference in the intakes was evident by the change in jetting required for each, with the reduced signal offered by the single-plane requiring larger jets. Naturally we wanted to duplicate the air/fuel mixture for each intake to ensure a fair test. Both intakes responded to the same total ignition timing and all testing was run on 91-octane pump gas. Equipped with the single-plane Victor Jr. from Edelbrock, the 351W crate motor produced peak numbers of 423 hp at 6,000 rpm and 416 lb-ft of torque at 4,700 rpm. After swapping over to the dual-plane Performer RPM Air Gap, the peak numbers changed to 420 hp at 6,100 rpm and 429 lb-ft of torque at 4,200 rpm. Note that the peak horsepower output differed by just 3 hp, but the difference in torque was a much more significant 13 lb-ft. The dual-plane lost only 3 hp at the top, but offered as much as 24 extra lb-ft down low. For our mild 351W, the dual clearly won this duel!
On The Dyno:
RPM Air Gap vs. Victor Jr.
The classic intake battle between the racy single-plane and the dynamic dual-plane usually ends up looking something like this. Unfortunately for the single-plane, the mild 351W combination was much better suited to the dual-plane intake. The extra 2-3 hp offered by the Victor Jr. was hardly worth the loss of nearly 25 lbs-ft down low. For our street-friendly Windsor, the dual-plane Air Gap was definitely the right intake, but things may change if we add wilder cam timing, better heads, or more displacement.


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Maxime Michaluk / Belgium
Esther Agustí / Spain
Marko Milenković / Serbia
Nepomuk Braun / Germany
The Adelphi Quartet was founded in 2017 by four young European musicians at the Mozarteum University in Salzburg. It was their shared passion for chamber music that brought them together at the end of their instrumental studies which they completed with i.a. Igor Ozim, Rainer Schmidt, Thomas Riebl, Benjamin Schmidt, Reinhard Latzko, Heinrich Schiff and Clemens Hagen.
Soon after they started working together they got accepted in the class of Rainer Schmidt (Hagen Quartet), where they pursue a masters degree in chamber music. Further important musical influences include Eberhard Feltz, Gilles Millet and Valentin Erben.
Early on the Adelphi Quartet started to perform all over Europe and other parts of the world. With concerts in the United Kingdom, France, Austria, Germany, Canada and Switzerland amongst others.
1st Prize at the Irene Steels-Wilsing Foundation Competition, Heidelberger Frühling 2020
Mobile: +43 6802392075


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Just like any other holiday, folks do whatever they can to stay in February to get into the Black History month spirit. Black people are Black all day, everyday but even we need a shift sometimes from the traditional Black History Month celebration — like highlighting the same three heros, and listening to the same music, or watching the same old movies.
There's nothing wrong with tradition, but in order to grow, you gotta switch it up sometimes. So we put together a list of dope films to watch on Netflix right now that will certainly get you into the Black History Month spirit. Thank us later.
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13 Aug 2019
20 Coolest Bumble Shampoos 2019
Bumble and Bumble Alojoba Unisex Shampoo #ad - Made with jojoba seed oil, aloe vera, cucumber and chamomile to soothe and smooth your hair. . A fabulous shampoo for all hair types that hydrates, softens, silkens and shines. It is mild, vitamin-rich, moisture-rich, and lightweight.
Bumble and Bumble Gentle Shampoo 33.8 oz #ad - Directions wet hair. Suitable for dry or damaged hair types. Rinse thoroughly. About bumble and bumble gentle shampoo this innovative formulation makes your hair become healthy and strong again. Lather well. Avocado oil revives damaged hair and nettle extract enlivens and strengthens it. No need to repeat. Massage shampoo into hair.
Bumble and Bumble Invisible Oil Shampoo, Conditioner, Primer Travel Trio #ad - Travel size bottles. Bumble and bumble hairdressers invisible oil shampoo, hairdressers invisible oil conditioner, amd invisible oil primer 2 ounces.
Bumble and Bumble Shampoo, Thickening, 33.8 fl oz (1 lt) by Bumble and Bumble BEAUTY #ad - 8-ounce pump bottle of hair shampoo, formulated with panthenol, wheat protein, and aloe vera gel for moisture, softness and shine, makes fine hair look and feel fuller, with bounce and shine, moisturizes, helps heal split ends, and smoothes flyaways, color-compatible cleanser that's great for fine, thinning, or limp locks. One 33.
Bumble and Bumble Curls Conscious Shampoo for Fine-Medium Hair (8 Ounces) #ad - Offers mild, lightweight frizz control and softening to hair that needs just a little help. A mild cleanser that helps define curls while lightly moisturizing them. One 8-ounce bottle of shampoo for fine-medium hair. Moisture rich but never heavy works wonders on baby-fine curls. Perfect for anyone with fine, soft curls or wavy hair (natural or otherwise).
Bumble and Bumble Seaweed Shampoo 8.0 oz #ad - . A mild everyday cleanser with marine seaweed, spirulina and kelp to feed roots, add shine and keep scalps happy. Bumble and bumble seaweed shampoo is for normal hair.
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NEW ORLEANS (WVUE) - Ben Hicks 67-yard touchdown pass to James Proche with under two minutes to go, was the difference in a Tulane loss to SMU, 27-23. The Wave had one more shot to answer, but Jonathan Banks fumbled the ball away to the Mustangs.
The loss drops Tulane to 2-5 overall, and 1-2 in the American Athletic Conference.
"It's a big game for us, and it's very disappointing we were unable to get the outcome we wanted," said Tulane Head Coach Willie Fritz.
Tulane at one point led in the contest, 23-14, after a Banks 1-yard touchdown. Banks went 14-of-22 passing, for 153 yards and one interception.
With road games and USF still on the schedule, getting to six wins appears to be a tough proposition for the Wave.
"We've got to regroup. It's disappointing, but hopefully we've got some tough minded coaches and players and head coach. We've got to recover," said Fritz.
Copyright 2018 WVUE. All rights reserved.


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Strathmore Golf Centre
Last Updated:
What we say
Opened in 1996 and has quickly matured and gained a reputation as a fine, friendly all round venue. It has something for everyone: 18-hole par-72 Rannaleroch course, a nine hole layout, a 10-bay covered golf range, and a friendly clubhouse atmosphere.
Set in the heart of the Strathmore valley, Strathmore Golf Centre was opened in 1996 by Kathryn Marshall and has quickly matured and gained a reputation as the "Friendly Place to Play Golf".
The centre has something for everyone, the 18-hole Rannaleroch Course and the 9-hole Leitfie Links, 10 bay covered golf range, golf academy and a friendly atmosphere in the clubhouse. Memberships are available or pay as you play.
The par 72, Rannaleroch course has generous fairways, rolling greens and is a challenge to good golfers while forgiving for the "not so good".
At Strathmore Golf Centre, visitors, groups and societies are welcomed throughout the year. Corporate golf days are a speciality. Please note that we operate a dress code to which all golfers must adhere.
Course Summary
- Costs
- TG Rating
- Players Rating
- Address Leroch, Alyth, BLAIRGOWRIE
- Tel 01828 633322
- Website www.strathmoregolf.com
Course Information
|72 par
|Course Style
|Green Fees
|Mon Fri £36 (Round) £46 (Day) Sat-Sun £44 (round) £54 (Day)
|Course Length
|6,454 yards (5,902 metres)
|Course Membership
Course Features
- Course has: Bar
- Course has: Buggy Hire
- Course does not have: Driving Range
- Course has: Practice Green
- Course does not have: Pro Shop
- Course has: Restaurant
- Course has: Trolley Hire
- Course has: Dress Code
- Course does not have: Club Hire
- Course does not have: Handicap
Your Reviews
A great holiday golf course with some very good holes, the greens are always in good condition


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And it's going to be a productive one!
Today I'm heading into the school to get my class set up and tidy, and get some plans in order for Sept. Tomorrow Ari and I are helping out at the Family and Children's Services booth at KidsPARK, which is basically a combination fun event for families with activities, games, food etc., and where some community organizations who might have a children's bent (such as FACS, Block Parents, the Safety Village) can set up info booths and let the community know about the services they provide, and how to get involved. We'll be handing out tattoos, information, and playing games with interested passers-by, hopefully recruiting some new foster parents and volunteers.
And then it's one more work week for Ari until we're on vacation - and that week should be fun in the meantime. As well as my usual tutoring, I'll probably need to go in at least once more to get stuff organized and planned at the school, which I am SO ready to get back to at this point, let me tell you! And there may or may not be a trip in the works to Canada's Wonderland with cher in the works, depending on how we get our schedules together as it's a busy week ahead for her it sounds like, and mine's not TOO busy but the stuff I DO have to do is kind of broken up - an hour here, an hour there. We're thinking Wednesday is probably the most likely at this point. We'll see.
She's leaving again this weekend, :'( which makes me sad - this was a shorter visit than usual, and the poor girl has had to split her time a bit more as it's been harder to get mutual friends together, plus her parents are now BOTH in Kitchener - but we're going to make the most of this week! :D Even if Wonderland doesn't work out, we're getting together with our moms sometime this week, and it sounds like she's having some kind of get-together later this week which I will be at so ... cool. :D Some good times w/my best girlfriend.
And then it's time to visit with some old friends from high school, and Sauble, and then back to work! The summer is really winding to an end ... I feel like I didn't make the most of it in some ways as I've spent so much of my time getting the house in order, running errands that I hadn't gotten around to, tutoring (which has been an enjoyable way to make money through the summer and doesn't take up a LOT of my time by any stretch, but is just sort of timed in the middle of the day to make it difficult to do much else), getting the last few things ready to be approved to adopt, and now waiting for 'The Call' and feeling like things aren't quite complete around here until we get it.
But then I realize I DID tutor and enjoy it, I managed to completely move in to and SETTLE in to my new house, which I wouldn't have been able to if I were working full-time, I've gotten a lot accomplished, and still found time to go to some Highland Games to cheer on my brother, Canada's Wonderland, the beach at Port Dover, visits with parents for dinner and swimming, the zoo with friends, dancing, rediscovering church ... it has been a good one after all and I think I'm finally actually learning what my mom has been trying to tell me all these years - enjoy what's happening in your life while it's happening instead of stressing about the bad stuff and just looking forward to the NEXT good thing. Good things happen all around us, and we should be thankful for that. What are YOU thankful for?
Got my learning pants on - I've been trying to decide what to do with this little corner of the internet for some time now. While I'm still an expat and a trailing spouse I don't...
7 months ago


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Our Vision
We are part of the movement that craves meaningful relationships. We want
to bring back the sense of love and belonging to our lives
Our mission is to reinvigorate real world connections by building a platform to fulfill all social needs. To connect people looking for love or friendship with each other and cool experiences around them.
Mission Statement
Our Goal
Our goal is to build a privacy focused social app whose revenues are generated from services rather than selling user data. We plan to do big things that no social app is doing, to move mountains in the background and help you connect for real.
Our Values
Your privacy is our responsibility and it's at the core of everything blixr is built upon. We strive to ensure your information stays yours and always safe.
Inclusivity isn't just the right thing to do, it also make sense. Diverse points of view are the only way to grow ourselves and the movement.
We are committed to our users, our merchants and to making a genuine difference. We literally cannot succeed unless they are delighted.
We thrive on new ideas, the spirit of innovation is how we started and we always look to experiment.
Transparency in all we do. No matter where our journey takes us, we will remain true to who we are and never take actions that make you lose faith in us.
We have the courage to believe in what we do and the courage to adapt when it isn't working. Believe in yourself, break down barriers and build a better you.


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Christian Articles for All of your Publishing Needs!
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Abortion and How We Got Sidetracked v4
by Stephen Williamson
1/07/2016 / Politics
When we think about the morality of abortion, most people's instinct is to judge by sight. "Out of sight, out of mind." Then, if we pry deeper and try to get a picture of a fetus, we still judge by sight. "Is it human?" However, judging by inward qualities puts these responses in a different light. Suddenly, "out of sight, out of mind" is unthinkable, because we are looking for a person, and "Is it human?" is a whole different question, because we then have to examine our own humanity. Let us explore a little of what changes when we look on the inside.
We will begin by taking a hard look at the debate. We are trying very hard to answer whether a fetus is of the same class as an adult human; this is a ridiculous approach, thoughwe should be asking what class a human is. Let us look at an example: the acorn. If we asked an equivalent question of this other species, it might sound something like "Is the acorn an oak tree?". If we set aside for a moment how irrational this sounds and take it seriously, we find that we have no way of answering the question, for if it is not an oak tree, we are then tasked with identifying the stage that it truly becomes an oak tree, and this is completely arbitrary. Is it an oak tree when it first breaks out of the acorn with roots? If so, does that mean that anything with roots is an adult plant? Is it an oak tree when a shoot first breaks out of the ground? If so, does this mean something can be a tree without branches? Is it an oak tree when the first leaf grows? If so, then do oak trees stop being oak trees when they lose their leaves in fall? We are being inundated by unanswerable questions because we insist on judging by things on the outside.
However, what does reason tell us? It tells us something that we never hear in the confines of the debate over abortion: that if we want to know whether it is like us, we need to ask not whether it looks or acts like us in some critical way, but rather, whether we used to look like that. We need to ask whether we, at any point in our lives, used to look like a fetus. This leads us to transcend the event of birth and follow the person back as far as we can. Asking whether a fetus is human, that is, whether a fetus looks like us, is a trap.
Additionally, what does science tell us? It tells us another thing that we never hear in the debate over abortion: that when the sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell, a new life is formed. This new life has its own DNA, and self-directing behavior and growth, all independent of the mother, who only provides nutrients. Birth does not create new life, reproduction does.
In conclusion, contrary to what we hear in the convoluted debates, our humanity is actually something on the inside. We often try to ask whether a fetus is human, but we are then tracing our lives in the wrong direction; we need to ask whether we were once a fetus. We also often try to ask whether life begins at birth or conception, but then we are searching through events rather than looking for signs of life. Our humanity is something on the inside; tragically, we forget this in the clever side discussions that defenders of abortion lure us into.
By an ordinary writer who wants people to know the truth.
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Finally, Sebastian Vettel is back on pole position. It's been almost a whole year since Vettel lined up at the front of a Formula One grid, but he will do so for Sunday's Canadian Grand Prix after coming out on top in a thrilling duel with championship leader Lewis Hamilton.
Vettel and Ferrari have fallen short of expectations so far this year, with Mercedes able to turn in six victories from the first six races. In taking pole, Vettel has ensured it lived up to its billing of favourites on a circuit which was tipped to suit the Italian team's raw power advantage. Our round-up of the good, the bad and the ugly must therefore start with the four-time world champion.
Vettel sets up a thrilling Sunday: For a short while in Q3, it looked like Hamilton was going to spoil things a little bit as he sat in provisional pole after the first attempts in the top-10 shootout.
Ferrari have been quick all weekend through the long backstraight which makes up most of the final sector, but Hamilton appeared to have pulled out one of his special, Saturday afternoon performances to take top spot during the first attempts ... until Vettel rediscovered some of his old magic.
Vettel's 1:10.240 was 0.2 seconds quicker than F1's most prolific qualifier and gave him his first pole position since last year's German Grand Prix, where he infamously crashed out of the lead in the rain the following day. He has never quite been the same since that moment, and the cheer he let out on the radio after being told he had pole position showed it meant a lot to him. Beating Hamilton in qualifying is never an achievement to be downplayed, and the Ferrari man was quick to reference that fact.
After the session, Vettel said: "He's bloody good in qualifying, hard to crack. I'm full of adrenaline to be honest. You know the feeling in the car when it just keeps coming and then you feel the grip and you go for it. It was just one of those laps. Really nice, I really enjoyed it.
"Very happy, very happy for the team because the last weeks, the last 17 races ... no, but the last weeks have been tough for us."
This season absolutely needs Vettel or Charles Leclerc stood on the top step of the podium tomorrow. Ferrari handed victory to Mercedes in Bahrain two months ago and haven't been in this strong a position since then -- a win would surely be a huge lift for everyone at Maranello. Given the errors he has made since that moment in Hockenheim last year, Vettel in particular needs to remember how special that winning feeling can be.
Danny Ric steals the show: Vettel deserves plaudits for his pole lap, but the undoubted star of the session was his old Red Bull teammate Daniel Ricciardo. A lot has been written about the Australian's move to Renault for this season -- no-one would have predicted him finishing fourth on the grid this weekend.
Sure, that was helped by Max Verstappen's shock elimination from Q2 (more on that below), but Ricciardo beat Pierre Gasly and Valtteri Bottas on merit in Q3. Edging Gasly, the man who took his seat at Red Bull, must have felt especially sweet.
Surely no-one can forget the thrilling drives Ricciardo has turned in over the past few years, but it was a fantastic reminder to anyone who has just how big a talent the Honey Badger is. Renault spent big to lure him away from Red Bull and he looked to be worth every penny on Saturday.
It was no flash in the pan either -- Ricciardo qualified superbly in Monaco and deserved a strong finish, but he and the team were caught out by the early Safety Car period and shuffled down the order. A perfect chance to make amends awaits on Sunday.
A body-blow for Bottas?: We've talked all year about how crucial it is for Valtteri Bottas to keep Lewis Hamilton in striking distance in the championship. In Monaco Hamilton was able to open up a 17-point lead and Bottas did himself no favours on Saturday afternoon in that battle, spinning at the start of Q3 and ruining his first qualifying attempt and, crucially, leaving himself with it all to do with the final attempt.
It was a clumsy lap, with lock-ups at Turn 6 and the hairpin, consigning Bottas to his worst qualifying performance of the year so far - he'll line up in sixth position. The Finn refused to make any excuses afterwards.
"I'm not quite sure, just the first run was my mistake," Bottas said. "I had a bit of a snap out of Turn 2 and actually ended up in a spin while I trying to minimise the time lost and just get going, so then I was on a bit the back foot for the last run.
"I was still feeling confident that I could still do it but I had messy laps with many lock-ups, just missing the apexes. I just need to have a look in the mirror at what went wrong."
He has the chance to reverse his fortunes on Sunday, but he's given himself a big task and will need an aggressive start to ensure he's not locked out of the fight for the podium places.
Magnussen's double whammy: At the end of Q2, Kevin Magnussen became the latest name to be added to the list of victims claimed by Montreal's infamous Wall of Champions. The Dane got out of shape and spun across the track into the pit wall, immediately bringing out the red flags and effectively ending the session early.
Kevin Magnussen's qualifying came to a dramatic end in Q2#CanadianGP 🇨🇦 #F1 (sound on) pic.twitter.com/k2mAwcIMoR— Formula 1 (@F1) June 8, 2019
That had a massive drawback for Magnussen's team, as teammate Romain Grosjean -- who had not set a lap time earlier in Q2 -- was directly behind him on the race track and on a quick lap. That meant Grosjean was eliminated in 15th on a weekend Haas looked like a good candidate to get both its cars into Q3.
Grosjean couldn't believe his luck afterwards, opening his radio channel to say: "Mate, mate! I can't believe my luck, I can't believe my f---ing luck".
Another driver cursing Magnussen's mistake was Red Bull's Max Verstappen, who was in a similar situation. Red Bull had tried to get Verstappen through to Q3 on the medium tyre but the Dutchman had been nowhere near quick enough to be safe -- he went out for a late run on the soft tyres and was effectively locked into P11 as soon as Magnussen's car hit the wall. More on Max below, but first, let's stick with the Haas theme for a second...
Top trolling: Haas' title sponsor Rich Energy has arrived in Canada in a strange situation, having recently lost a trademark dispute over its logo. It asked Haas to remove the stag from its cars for this weekend's race as it prepares for further legal proceedings in UK courts against Whyte Bicycles.
Whoever is in charge of the team's social media accounts was happy poking fun at that situation, using a hashtag #BetterThanRedBull -- referencing Rich Energy boss William Storey's bold claim ahead of this season that his energy drinks company wanted to beat the industry leader on and off the track in 2019.
Oh deer. Looks like @rich_energy deleted this tweet. pic.twitter.com/fFlw8bInLW— Nate Saunders (@natesaundersF1) June 8, 2019
@redbullracing get on yer bike!! @Max33Verstappen should drink the world's premium energy drink @rich_energy and he would be a bit happier #givesyouhorns #richenergy #BetterThanRedBull #F1 #CanadianGP #kevinmagnussen #viking #Warrior pic.twitter.com/2Ek8ftpgMR— Rich Energy (@rich_energy) June 8, 2019
In a world that can sometimes take itself too seriously, it was a refreshing moment of utter ridiculousness.
(Note: Rich Energy's #BetterThanRedBull tweets were later removed)
Max in attack mode: Verstappen won't like starting so low down the order, but the director of F1's world TV feed might -- it means the Dutchman needs to come out all guns blazing on Sunday to get himself back into contention. Luckily, the Montreal circuit is one where overtaking is possible at a couple of places and we know Verstappen isn't exactly one to shy away from those chances anyway.
It shows you just how risky such a call can be in Q2. Ferrari was panned by some for trying it in Baku before Charles Leclerc slid into the wall and blew his shot at pole position and Red Bull are likely to face some flak for doing the same. There's a fine line between genius and foolishness and Red Bull showed how easy it can be to fall on the wrong side of that if Lady Luck isn't on your side when you take a gamble or two.


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Tuesday, October 14, 2014
Communication Kudos!
Communication between the school, families and communities is of extreme importance. As mentioned in an earlier blog post, our staff consistently looks for ways to increase our communication capacity. Our two first grade teachers, Mrs. Sheeran and Mrs. Leiferman have been consistently blogging about a variety of classroom happenings. To check out the true power behind blogging, please visit the following websites (blogs):
Mrs. Sheeran's Blog: http://jwpsheeran.blogspot.com/
Mrs. Leiferman's Blog: http://leiferman.blogspot.com/
Thank you teachers for putting in extra time to create strong communication with our families and communities!
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Communicate with the French Business Council
Would you like to share information about your business or business with FBC members and the business community?
The French Business Council Dubai & Northern Emirates offers various platforms and solutions to communicate on its monthly newsletter, the FBC Link, sur son site web, l'annuaire, mais aussi dans son magazine FBC Insights.
If you are a member of the FBC, do not hesitate to contact us to provide us with information about your company that we will publish for free as part of your membership!
Key Facts:
- 800 members in 400 companies,
- More than 8 000 followers/fans on 3 different social platforms (Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn)
- A database of around 7,000 contacts,
- A monthly newsletter with an average opening rate of 20%,
- Around 5 000 monthly users on the FBC website.
Download the pricing
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The FBC Directory
An essential marketing tool for anyone working or wanting to develop business in Dubai and the UAE!
The French Business Council Directory is recognized as the reference tool for professionals who want to develop their business with or within the French business community in Dubai. It provides contact details for all FBC members, as well as practical information on France, the United Arab Emirates and the French presence in the United Arab Emirates.
- Every year, in March
- Around 800 samples
- Government officials,
- Visiting clients,
- All members of the FBC,
- Network of French Chambers of Commerce
Know more:
Julia CARRE
+971 (0)4 312 6729
The FBC Magazine - FBC Insights
A unique communication tool for your company
The French Business Council magazine, the FBC Insights, is a unique communication tool for your company. It highlights your business, your expertise and your brand. It also provides in-depth articles on a specific theme, including testimonials from business leaders, news, and sectorial data.
- Bi-annual
- 1,500 à 2,000 samples
Distribution (printed version)
- Government officials,
- All FBC members and customers,
- Skyteam Business Lounge (DXB1),
- Accor Business Lounge,
- Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry,
- French Trade Commission in Dubai.
Distribution (digital version)
- FBC website and newsletter
- CCIFI (French Chamber of Commerce) network
Know more:
Claire-Anne RUSSELLE
+971 (0)4 312 6709